I HC NNG

Khoa C kh, Trng i hc Bch Khoa

Tp bi ging

Mn hc
My Cng C
iu Khin Chng Trnh S




Bin son theo cng mn hc
chuyn ngnh c kh HBK N



Ngi bin son : Bi trng V
Khoa C kh, Trng i hc Bch khoa
i hc nng.





Nng - Nm 2007
2
MC LC
Phn m u 3
Chng 1 iu Khin S ( KS ) v h thng KS My Cng C
1.1. Cc khi nim 8
1.2. H thng KS My cng c 9
1.2.1. Cc c im to hnh b mt trn cc my cng c KS 9
1.2.2. H thng d liu KS 13
1.2.3. H thng o v tr trn my cng c KS 17
1.2.4. Cc ngun ng lc dng cho my cng c KS 22
Chng 2 Lp trnh cc my cng c KS
2.1. M u v iu khin cc my cng c KS 29
2.2. Lp trnh gia cng trn my cng c KS 33
2.2.1. Cu trc chng trnh 33
2.2.2. Lp trnh nng cao 46
Chng 3 My cng c KS- Phn tch ng hc v kt cu
3.1. Cu trc tng th cc my cng c KS 54
3.2. Phn tch c im ng hc My 54
3.3. Phn tch c im kt cu 58
3.4. Cc my 4 v 5 trc - Cc trung tm gia cng KS 76
Chng 4 Ch to c h tr bng my tnh
4.1. Ngn ng APT 80
4.2. Cc h thng lin kt CAD/CAM/CNC 87
4.3. Ch to lin kt qua my tnh- CIM 91
Chng 5 Truyn d liu n cc My cng c KS 94
Ti liu tham kho 102
Chng 6 Ph chng: Bng ph lc- Bi tp thc hnh 1 v 2- Ph lc I & II
Bng ph lc m my G & M (My PC Mill 155) 103
Bi tp thc hnh 1- Bi tp thc hnh 2 106
Ph lc I & II : Bng tra ch ct & Hng dn s dng My 118



3
Phn m u
NC,CNC
CNC vit tt ca cc t Computer Numerical Control, xut hin vo khong u thp
nin 1970 khi my tnh bt u c dng cc h iu khin my cng c thay cho
NC, Numerical Control (iu Khin S). Trc khong thi gian ny, cc chng
trnh NC thng phi c m ho v x l trn cc bng c l, h iu khin phi
c b c bng gii m cung cp tn hiu iu khin cc trc my chuyn ng.
Cch ny cho thy nhiu bt tin, chng hn khi sa cha, hiu chnh chng trnh,
bng chng mn, kh lu tr, truyn ti, dung lng b... H iu khin CNC khc
phc cc nhc im trn nh kh nng iu khin my bng cch c hng ngn bt
thng tin c lu trong b nh, cho php giao tip, truyn ti v x l, iu khin cc
qu trnh mt cch nhanh chng, chnh xc.
Cho n nay, cc my CNC c mt hu ht cc ngnh cng nghip. y c th
ni l mt lnh vc mi c s kt hp chc ch gia my tnh v my cng c, iu
khin cc hot ng gia cng trn my da vo vic khai thc cc thnh tu k thut
s hin i, m ra nhiu trin vng pht trin sn xut. Tuy mc ch v phm vi ng
dng ca tng loi my cng c CNC c th khc, cc li ch m cc my ny mang
li kh ging nhau.
Li ch u tin l nng cao mc t ng ha. S tham gia ca ngi trong qu
trnh ch to c gim bt hay loi tr. Nhiu my CNC c th hot ng sut c chu
trnh gia cng khng cn n s c mt ca ngi th, nh vy gip lm gim s mt
mi, t li sai st gy ra do ngi. Thi gian my cho mi sn phm hu nh xc nh.
My hot ng t ng theo chng trnh nn khng cn n bc th cao mi khi gia
cng cc chi tit phc tp trn my truyn thng.
Li ch th 2 ca cng ngh CNC l cung cp sn phm bo m, tin cy. Mt khi
chng trnh qua kim tra c a vo sn xut, hng lot cc chi tit cng loi c
th c to ra mt cch chnh xc v n nh.
Mt li ch na m cc my CNC mang li l tnh linh hot. Gia cng cc chi tit
khc nhau trn my ch cn thay i chng trnh. Cng c th lu, sa i v dng
chng trnh cho ln khc khi cn n, lm d thay i mt hng. Ngoi ra, khng
phi mt nhiu thi gian chun b gia cng trn cc my CNC, do vy rt ph hp vi
k thut sn xut hin i.
4
My CNC v my truyn thng
Cc my CNC thay th cho cc thao tc bng tay ca qu trnh sn xut trn cc my
truyn thng. Ly 1 v d n gin nht: trng hp khoan l .
Mt my khoan thng thng, mun khoan l trc ht phi g, kp chc mi khoan
vo u trc chnh, sau la chn (bng tay) s vng quay mong mun cho trc
chnh ( v d i v tr dy ai trn puly bc) v bt trc chnh. khoan l, phi di
chuyn u khoan n v tr tm l chi tit (chng hn xoay tay gt dch chuyn u
khoan) trc khi thc hin n dao. Ni mt cch khc, mun khoan l cn n nhiu
ng tc can thip ca ngi. Nu s lng l tng ln hoc lot chi tit ln, cng vic
tr nn t nht, mt mi. Hn th na, nu l cng vic phc tp, r rng trn cc my
truyn thng khng nhng i hi k nng ngi th m cn tim n nhiu nguy c
mc li, d gy ph phm do phi lp i lp li mt cch n iu .
Trong khi mt my khoan CNC khoan l, cc thao tc cn thit u c th lp
trnh c, v d y bao gm: g t mi khoan vo u trc chnh, bt trc chnh,
a mi khoan nh v tm l gia cng, thc hin khoan l, v dng trc chnh.
Vi nt v hot ng ca CNC
Nh cp, hu ht cc thao tc trn my truyn thng u lp trnh c vi cc
my CNC. Sau khi chun b, cng vic cn li kh n gin vi ngi vn hnh,
chng hn o c, kim tra v hiu chnh my bo m cht lng gia cng. Cc chc
nng c th c lp trnh trn cc my CNC:
Lp trnh iu khin chuyn ng
Cc kiu my CNC u c 2 hay nhiu trc chuyn ng theo lp trnh. Mt trc
chuyn ng c th l thng (dc theo mt ng thng) hay trn ( xoay quanh 1 trc).
Mt trong nhng c im k thut u tin cho bit phc tp ca mt my CNC
chnh l s trc chuyn ng n hin c. Ni chung, cng nhiu trc, my c phc
tp cng cao, dng c cng d tip cn vi b mt gia cng c hnh dng bt k.
S trc ca mt my CNC dng cung cp chuyn ng chy dao cn thit trong
qu trnh gia cng. v d khoan l, cn 3 trc: nh v dng c ct ( mi khoan)
tm l theo 2 trc v gia cng l (vi trc th 3). Cc trc c k hiu vi cc ch
ci. X, Y, Z l 3 trc tnh tin v A, B, C l 3 trc quay.
Lp trnh theo chc nng cho cc trang b, c cu my
Kh nng cng ngh ca mt my CNC b gii hn nu ch c th dch chuyn chi tit
5
theo 2 hay nhiu trc, do vy, cn phi lp trnh c cho nhiu chc nng khc na.
Hu ht cc my phay CNC cha nhiu dng c trong tr v khi cn, mt dng c
bt k trong tr c th c g t mt cch t ng vo trc chnh. iu khin thay
i tc trc chnh (v/ph) cng nh i chiu quay d dng. Bt, tt trc chnh cho
php thc hin qua lp trnh. Nhiu nguyn cng gia cng cn n dung dch lm
ngui, v thao tc ny phi c cp, ngt mt cch t ng trong qu trnh gia cng.
Chng trnh CNC
Mt chng trnh CNC l 1 tp hp cc ch dn gia cng theo tng bc, c vit
di dng cu ch v h iu khin thc hin chng trnh theo trnh t .
Mt s cc t CNC (m CNC) quy nh cc chc nng cn thit ca my. Cc m
CNC bt u vi cc a ch theo ch ci ( nh F-tc chy dao, S-s vng quay trc
chnh, v X,Y & Z vi chuyn ng trc...). Khi c t cng nhau theo th t, nhm
cc m CNC to thnh lnh.
H iu khin CNC
H iu khin CNC nhp v ct ngha 1 chng trnh CNC thc hin cc lnh theo
th t c thit lp. Khi c chng trnh, h iu khin kch hot thch hp cc
chc nng my, to chuyn ng trc v thc hin theo cc ch dn cho trc trong
chng trnh. Cc h iu khin CNC hin i u cho php sa i cc chng trnh
nu tm thy li, thc hin cc chc nng kim tra (nh chy m phng) trc khi gia
cng tht trn my, ngoi ra cn cho php tch 1 s d liu quan trng khng cn a
vo chng trnh, chng hn cc gi tr chiu di, bn knh dng c... Ni chung h
iu khin CNC cho php ngi x dng lp v kim tra chng trnh gia cng, cng
nh iu khin my mt cch thun tin nht.
H thng CAM
cc ng dng n gin ( nh v d khoan l), chng trnh CNC c th c lp
bng tay. Vi cc ng dng phc tp, nu thng xuyn phi lp cc chng trnh
mi, vit chng trnh bng tay tr nn bt tin. lm n gin qu trnh lp trnh,
cn n mt h thng h tr ch to qua my tnh (CAM). y l 1 chng trnh phn
mm chy trn my tnh ( v d my tnh c nhn) gip ngi lp trnh thc hin la
chn, kim tra cc phng n gia cng trc khi ch to.
Cc h thng CAM thng phi hp vi bn v thit k t h thng CAD, nh
loi tr s cn thit phi chun b li d liu v kch thc v bin dng hnh hc chi
6
tit. Ngi lp trnh ch ra trnh t cc nguyn cng gia cng cn thc hin v h thng
CAM to chng trnh CNC mt cch t ng.
H thng DNC
Khi c chng trnh (hoc bng tay hoc qua h thng CAD/CAM), chng trnh
ny phi c ti n h iu khin CNC. Mc d ngi vn hnh my c th nhp
trc tip vo h iu khin, tuy nhin cng vic nh vy r rng mang tnh th cng,
v d vi cc chng trnh di...
Chng trnh CNC c c qua h thng CAM ang dng file vn bn trn my
tnh, cn nu lp bng tay, c th nhp vo my tnh bng chng trnh x l vn bn
thng thng. Vi chng trnh ang dng file vn bn, mun chuyn n h iu
khin my CNC cn c h thng DNC (Direct/Distributive Numerical Control).
Mt h thng DNC cho php my tnh c ni mng vi 1 hay nhiu my CNC.
Mi cho n gn y, giao thc truyn thng ni tip qua cng RS232C vn c
dng truyn chng trnh. Cc h iu khin mi c kh nng truyn thng hin i
hn, c ni mng theo nhiu cch ( Ethernet,...), x dng mt trong cc cch ny, c
th ti chng trnh CNC n my thc hin qu trnh gia cng mt cch nhanh chng,
thun tin.
Cc loi my CNC
Nh cp trn, cc loi my cng c CNC n nay chng t c vai tr quan
trng hu ht cc ngnh sn xut, p ng c yu cu t ra trong qu trnh ch
to sn phm. Nhiu qu trnh gia cng c ci thin trong thc t v mang li hiu
qu r rt qua vic s dng cng ngh CNC. Th im qua mt s lnh vc sn xut
c ng dng CNC.
Gia cng ct gt kim loi
Cc qu trnh gia cng ct gt kim loi trn cc my truyn thng u c th tin
hnh trn cc my CNC v d nh tt c cc dng phay ( phay mt phng, phay theo
ng bao, phay rnh,...), khoan, khot, doa l, v ct ren. Cng tng t, tt c cc
dng tin nh tin mt u, khot, tin ngoi, ct rnh, kha nhm, tin ren u gia
cng c trn cc my tin CNC. Cc my mi CNC cho php thc hin cc nguyn
cng mi nh mi trn ngoi, trn trong. CNC cn m ra mt trin vng mi khi dng
cho mi, l mi theo bin dng theo cch tng t nh tin m trc y ch c th
tin hnh bng phng php chp hnh trn cc my truyn thng.
7
Gia cng bng bin dng do
Cc nguyn cng bin dng to hnh i vi cc sn phm c kh bao gm xn, ct
bng la hn hay plasma, t l, ct bng tia laser, un, v hn. Cng ngh CNC c
th ng dng cho tng thao tc ca ngnh gia cng bin dng do kim loi, v d h
thng CNC trn cc my xn xc nh chnh xc chiu di tm c xn. Ct CNC
bng tia laser hoc plasma cng c dng. Cc my t dp lin hp CNC c th gia
cng cc l c hnh dng, kch thc ty , v to thnh phm dng tm vi cc my
un CNC...
Gia cng n mn tia la in
Gia cng bng phng php n mn phng in qua in cc (Electrical Discharge
Machining-EDM) l qu trnh ly i kim loi qua vic s dng cc tia la in t
chy kim loi. CNC-EDM c 2 dng, EDM thng ng v EDM dy in cc. EDM
thng ng dng 1 in cc ring bit (thng c gia cng trn my CNC) c dng
ging hnh dng ca l su hoc hc lm cn gia cng trn chi tit. EDM dy in cc
ng dng ch to chy, ci, cc b khun ... Hnh dng yu cu ca chi tit t
c thng qua s iu khin hnh trnh lin tc NC ca in cc dy. Bng cch ny
m cc khun dp, cc tm mu...c th c ct theo chng trnh.
Gia cng g
Cc my CNC dng nhiu cc xng ch bin g thc hin cc cng vic nh
phay theo bin dng, khoan..Nhiu my phay g c th cha nhiu dao v thc hin
c cc nguyn cng khc nhau trn cng chi tit.
Cc kiu my CNC khc
Cc h thng vit ch v chm tr cng mang li hiu qu kinh t khi ng dng cng
ngh CNC, ct vt liu dng a bng tia nc p lc cao, ngay c cc ngnh sn
xut chi tit trong ngnh in nh cc my qun dy CNC, cc m hn CNC...
Kt lun
C th ni rng vi s xut hin ca cc my CNC, b mt ca cc ngnh sn xut
nhn chung thay i. i vi nc ta, nhng nm gn y cc my CNC c
tng bc trang b trong mt s nh my, vin nghin cu v cc cng ty lin doanh.
Hiu bit mt cch y v khai thc trit cc u th ca loi my ny l mt
nhim v thit thc trong vic ch to sn phm ni ring cng nh thc y v pht
trin sn xut ni chung.
8
Chng 1: iu Khin S ( KS ) v h thng KS My Cng C
1.1. Cc khi nim :
H thng KS My Cng C: l h thng cho php iu khin cc hot ng
ca my cng c (c th tng phn hay ton b ) thc hin gia cng chi tit theo cch
truyn lnh s. H thng ny nhn v bin i cc ch dn chuyn ng cho trc
thnh cc tn hiu s, thng dng th hiu (h iu khin) cp cho cc ng c
dn ng c cu chp hnh (b phn truyn ng).
Cu trc v phn loi: Cc h thng KS thng c phn thnh 2 loi theo
bn cht ca phng php iu khin chuyn ng: h thng iu khin vng h (
khng c lin h ngc ) v h thng iu khin vng kn (c lin h ngc).
o o o
o o
o o o
o o
o o o
o o o
M
1 2 3
HGT
4
1: B c
2: B gii m (b phn x l d liu)
3: B khuch i
4: Bn my
M : ng c ca cm truyn ng; HGT : Hp gim tc
H1.1a. H thng KS (NC) vng h
Bng c l(b phn np d liu)
X

S khc nhau gia vng iu khin kn v h l ch, i vi vng iu khin h tn
hiu tc ng iu khin khng c so snh vi kt qu thc hin, trong khi vng
iu khin kn lun c s kim tra mt cch lin tc gia tn hiu tc ng iu khin
v kt qu thc hin, khi c sai lch pht hin nh cc thit b o, ngay lp tc h c
tc ng hiu chnh da trn cc mi quan h ca vng iu khin kn. iu khin
chuyn ng theo cch ca h vng h l iu khin thun- khng c lin h ngc,
cn vi h vng kn c gi l iu khin c phn hi-c lin h ngc.
i vi h thng iu khin vng h, ngun ng x dng l cc loi ng c bc.
Tn hiu tc ng iu khin chnh l s bc trong mt n v thi gian v kt qu
9
thc hin ph thuc vo gc bc ng c cng nh cc thng s ng hc ca h
thng truyn ng.
o o o
o o
o o o
o o
o o o
o o o
1 2
3 M
HGT
4
1: B c
2: B gii m (b phn x l d liu)
3: B khuch i
4: Bn my
M : ng c ca cm truyn ng ; HGT : Hp gim tc
H1.1b. H thng KS(NC) vng kn
Bng c l(b phn np d liu)
5
6
5: B so snh
6: Cm bin o v tr
+
-
X

Hu ht cc h thng truyn ng My cng c KS hot ng theo cch iu khin
vng kn, vi cc thnh phn ti thiu ca mch ng lc bao gm 1 cm bin (6) v 1
ngun ng ( ng c M ). ng c truyn dn thng x dng l ng c dng 1
chiu c th iu chnh v cp tc bng dng kch t, cn nu l ng c dng
xoay chiu, iu chnh v cp tc bng b bin i tn s. Cc loi ng c ny cho
php o chiu quay n gin, d thay i s vng quay, v t ph thuc vo ti bn
ngoi.
Cm bin o v tr trn cc my cng c KS phi nhy vi lng dch chuyn c
hc nh, do vy thch hp nht l cc loi lm vic theo nguyn l cm ng, hoc s
dng cc thc (a) khc vch dng km vi h thng quang hc v cc t bo quang
in. Cc dng c o nh trn c th cho php t chnh xc o c n hng m.
1.2. H thng KS My cng c
1.2.1 Cc c im to hnh b mt trn cc my cng c KS:
Trn my cng c KS, chuyn ng to hnh b mt c thc hin da vo cc
dch chuyn ta theo nhiu trc, ph thuc vo s trc my hin c, v s phi hp
chuyn ng gia cc trc ny.
C th phn thnh cc dng iu khin chuyn ng to hnh nh sau :
10
1.2.1.1 Dng iu khin theo im :
Dng c cn thc hin chuyn ng chy dao nhanh n cc to im c lp
trnh, v ch khi t ti cc im ch, qu trnh gia cng mi c thc hin.
Cn ch l cc trc c th chuyn ng k tip nhau hoc tt c cc trc c th
chuyn ng ng thi tuy nhin gia cc trc khng c mi quan h hm s. Nu cc
trc c chuyn ng ng thi, hng chuyn ng to thnh gc 45
0
v khi mt trong
hai to t c, trc th hai c ko theo n im ch.
iu khin im c ng dng cho cc my gia cng l ( khoan , doa...) hoc thc
hin cc chuyn ng nh v cc thit b hn im...
H1.2 : Cc dng iu khin [I]
a) iu khin im
( m rng theo ng )
b) iu khin 2D c) iu khin 2
1
/
2
D
d) iu khin 4D e) iu khin 5D
z

iu khin im m rng theo ng (H1.2a ) to ra cc ng chy song song vi
cc trc my, v b mt gia cng c hnh thnh trong qu trnh chy dao. Do vy,
khi 2 trc ca my chuyn ng vi tc nh nhau ng thi, ta c th gia cng b
mt cn c gc 45
0
. Cc lng chy dao c th c la chn vi tc khc nhau,
nhng yu cu ch thc hin trn tng trc mt ( cc trc vn khng b rng buc bi
quan h hm s ). Dng iu khin ny dng cho gia cng cc b mt tr n gin, hay
my phay khi gia cng cc bin dng song song vi cc trc.
1.2.1.2 Dng iu khin theo bin dng
y l dng iu khin cho php to ra cc ng bao ty trong mt phng hay
trong khng gian nh chuyn ng ng thi theo hai hoc nhiu trc to , gia cc
trc ta ny c mi quan h hm s.
11
Da trn s lng cc trc c iu khin ng thi, iu khin theo bin dng
c phn chia thnh cc nhm: iu khin 2D ( H1.2b ), iu khin 2
1
/
2
D (H1.2c ),
iu khin 3D v iu khin c nhiu hn 3 trc iu khin ng thi (H1.2 d,e ).
i vi dng iu khin theo bin dng, cc h thng truyn ng c lp trn mi
trc ta phi iu chnh c v tr theo thi gian thc m bo quan h ph thuc
hm s gia cc chuyn ng ng thi trn cc trc. Gi tr bin vo - ng vi mt v
tr tc thi trn 1 trc - c xc nh mt cch tun t ( theo nhp iu khin ) ng
vi rng buc hm s ca bin dng cn gia cng. Vic xc nh cc v tr tc thi ny
thc hin bi mt chng trnh ni suy thch hp lm nhim v tnh ton cung cp cc
gi tr to v tr trung gian (c mt dy ) theo cc trc sao cho chuyn ng
phi hp gia chng l chuyn ng to hnh ca bin dng gia cng. Cc gi tr ta
v tr trung gian t cc chng trnh ni suy ny chnh l cc d liu mi iu khin
chuyn ng cc trc my.
1.2.1.3 Cc chng trnh ni suy
1.2.1.3.a Ni suy thng
Gi s cn dch chuyn theo 1 on thng c chiu di L trong h to xOy vi tc
chy dao khng i V (H1.3a).
tnh ton cho nhng im trung gian, chn cch m t phng trnh ng thng
theo tham s ph thuc vo thi gian thc. y thi gian c chia thnh cc
khong thi gian nh thch hp t thng qua 1 tn s chu k f
T
( t = 1/f
T
vi f
T
l tn
s chu k do ngun vo cung cp).
Cc biu thc dng cho qu trnh ni suy :

+ =
+ =

=
1 n
1 i
y 0
1 n
1 i
x 0
t V y y
t V x x
(1.1)
trong V
x
, V
y
: cc tc thnh phn ; x
0
, y
0
: gi tr to im xut pht

=
=
y t . V
x t . V
y
x
l cc gia s on ng thc hin khong thi gian t
Cc tc thnh phn c tnh theo t l gia on chy dao v chiu di L:

=
=
V
L
L
V
V
L
L
V
y
y
x
x
; do gia s on ng theo tng trc to s l :
12

= =
= =
T
x
y
T
x x
f
1
. V
L
L
t V
L
L
y
f
1
. V
L
L
t V
L
L
x
trong L
x
/L; L
y
/L : dc cc on chy dao thnh phn.
Cc gia s c xc nh nh trn x v y khng c ln hn n v o ca h
thng o (v d 0,01mm hay 0,001mm) cho trong qu trnh ni suy khng c v tr
no v mt tnh ton li vt qu gii hn sai lch 1 n v dch chuyn. Mt b m
s kt thc qu trnh ni suy khi on ng t c.
1.2.1.3.b Ni suy ng cong
Gi s ta c phng trnh ng cong biu din theo tham s:

=
=
sin R y
cos R x

R: bn knh ng cong . (H1.3b)
Cn dch chuyn theo ng cong trn vi tc chy dao khng i V.
Biu din ng cong trn theo thi gian bng ta gc :

=
=
t
R
V
R
V
&
hay

=
=
t
R
V
sin R y
t
R
V
cos R x
.
Vi phn phng trnh trn:

= =
= =
x
R
V
cos R
R
V
dt
dy
y
R
V
sin R
R
V
dt
dx
. Nh vy :

+ =
=

t
0
0
t
0
0
xdt
R
V
y y
ydt
R
V
x x
(1.2)
Chuyn qua tch phn s (thay cc lng vi phn bi cc s gia):

+ =
=

=
1 n
1 i
0
1 n
1 i
0
t x
R
V
y y
t y
R
V
x x
(1.3) trong

= =
= =
y
f
1
x
R
V
t x
R
V
x
f
1
y
R
V
t y
R
V
T
T
l cc gia s thc hin
c ca cc on ng thnh phn trong 1n v thi gian t v chng phi nh
hn 1 n v dch chuyn.
Php ni suy vng s dng b tch phn s nn c xut hin sai lch, ngha l mi
im tnh ton thng qua ni suy khng nm chnh xc trn ng cong m c th
ln cn. iu kin gii hn sai lch l cc im ni suy khng c vt qu gi tr
cho php th hin bi gc [] ( H1.3c ).
13
y
O
a
x
a
y
a
R
i

x
b) Ni suy vng
H1.3a,b,c) Php ni suy
x
y
O
1 2 4 3 5
V
P(x
0
,y
0
)
L
x
L
y
1
2
3
4
5
1
O
1 2 4 3 5
O
1 2 4 3 5
L
x
x
t
x
t
y
t
L
y
y
t
a. L=f(x,y) b. x=x(t) c. y=y(t)
a) Ni suy tuyn tnh

=
R
max _ tol R
cos a ] [
y
O
a
x
a
y
a
i

tol_max
2

c) iu kin ni suy vng

1.2.2 H thng d liu KS
1.2.2.1 Chng trnh gia cng chi tit: Nhng d liu thng tin cn thit gia
cng chi tit c tp hp mt cch h thng gi l chng trnh gia cng chi tit.
Chng trnh ny c th :
c son tho v lu tr trong vt mang tin ( bng c l, bng t, a t
hoc a CD) v c a vo b nh h KS qua b phn np tng ng.
c a vo h KS thng qua cc phm iu khin bng tay trn bng
iu khin .
c chuyn trc tip t b nh ca mt my tnh bn ngoi n h KS
ca tng trm gia cng (iu khin DNC).
Cc d liu chng trnh gia cng chi tit hin nay c tiu chun ho v qun l
theo tiu chun ISO 6983, bao gm 3 lp d liu :
D liu hnh hc (d liu to hnh hay cc s liu v ng dch chuyn ca
dng c ct).
D liu cng ngh (s vng quay trc chnh, chiu quay, lng chy dao,
chiu su ct, gi dao, hiu chnh my v dao, bm ti dung dch lm ngui...).
Cc d liu h tr khc.
M ho d liu thc hin vi h nh phn theo bng m tiu chun ISO-7bit, mi mt
k t m ho c trnh by qua s t hp ca 7 bit, v b sung thm bit th 8 - bit
chn l dng kim tra - v d nu s bt d liu l chn bt kim tra s l s chn v
14
ngc li( bng 1.1 ). Bng 1.1
Bit- Nr. (K= bit kim tra) K 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
S rnh (T= rnh chu k) 8 7 6 5 4 T 3 2 1
M nh phn 2
4
2
3
2
2
2
1
2
0
Nr K t T hp cc s 0 v 1
1 NUL 0 0 0 0 0
o
0 0 0
2 BS 1 0 0 0 1
o
0 0 0
3 HT 0 0 0 0 1
o
0 0 1
4 LF 0 0 0 0 1
o
0 1 0
5 CR 1 0 0 0 1
o
1 0 1
6 SP 1 0 1 0 0
o
0 0 0
7 ( 0 0 1 0 1
o
0 0 0
8 ) 1 0 1 0 1
o
0 0 1
9 % 1 0 1 0 0
o
1 0 1
10 : 0 0 1 1 1
o
0 1 0
11 / 1 0 1 0 1
o
1 1 1
12 + 0 0 1 0 1
o
0 1 1
13 - 0 0 1 0 1
o
1 0 1
14 0 0 0 1 1 0
o
0 0 0
15 1 1 0 1 1 0
o
0 0 1
16 2 1 0 1 1 0
o
0 1 0
17 3 0 0 1 1 0
o
0 1 1
18 4 1 0 1 1 0
o
1 0 0
19 5 0 0 1 1 0
o
1 0 1
20 6 0 0 1 1 0
o
1 1 0
21 7 1 0 1 1 0
o
1 1 1
22 8 1 0 1 1 1
o
0 0 0
23 9 0 0 1 1 1
o
0 0 1
24 A 0 1 0 0 0
o
0 0 1
25 B 0 1 0 0 0
o
0 1 0
26 C 1 1 0 0 0
o
0 1 1
15
27 D 0 1 0 0 0
o
1 0 0
28 E 1 1 0 0 0
o
1 0 1
29 F 1 1 0 0 0
o
1 1 0
30 G 0 1 0 0 0
o
1 1 1
31 H 0 1 0 0 1
o
0 0 0
32 I 1 1 0 0 1
o
0 0 1
33 J 1 1 0 0 1
o
0 1 0
34 K 0 1 0 0 1
o
0 1 1
35 L 1 1 0 0 1
o
1 0 0
36 M 0 1 0 0 1
o
1 0 1
37 N 0 1 0 0 1
o
1 1 0
38 O 1 1 0 0 1
o
1 1 1
39 P 0 1 0 1 0
o
0 0 0
40 Q 1 1 0 1 0
o
0 0 1
41 R 1 1 0 1 0
o
0 1 0
42 S 0 1 0 1 0
o
0 1 1
43 T 1 1 0 1 0
o
1 0 0
44 U 0 1 0 1 0
o
1 0 1
45 V 0 1 0 1 0
o
1 1 0
46 W 1 1 0 1 0
o
1 1 1
47 X 1 1 0 1 1
o
0 0 0
48 Y 0 1 0 1 1
o
0 0 1
49 Z 0 1 0 1 1
o
0 1 0
50 DEL 1 1 1 1 1
o
1 1 1
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9)
(1): Bit kim tra
(2): Vng bit dnh cho cc k t ch ci
(3) (4): Vng bit dnh cho cc k t ch s thp phn
(5): Cc gi tr s trong h nh phn
(6): Rnh dn bng
(7) (8) (9): Cc gi tr s trong h nh phn
16
Cc thng tin cn thit cho hot ng ca my cng c KS c m t theo cc k
t ( m NC ) nh sau:
% : K t bt u chng trnh
L : S hiu chng trnh con
N : S th t lnh
G : Chc nng dch chuyn
M : Chc nng ph tr
A : Gc
D : Hiu chnh dng c
F : Tc chy dao
I, J, K: Cc thng s vng trn
P : S ln chy chng trnh con
R : Tham s chu trnh
S : Tc trc chnh
T : Gi dao
U : Bn knh vng trn
X, Y, Z : D liu v tr
LF(hoc ";"): i dng
1.2.2.2 Cc h thng h tr gia cng t ng
S ng dng rng ri cc my tnh c nhn hin nay gp phn ng k vo vic
pht trin cc h thng h tr gia cng t ng trn my cng c KS. Hot ng ca
cc h thng h tr ny c th chia lm 3 tin trnh:
u tin, da vo d liu thng tin hnh hc to ra vt th chi tit qua h
thng CAD.
Tip theo, l qu trnh la chn gia cng trong cc d liu v ch ct,
v ng dch chuyn ca dao c c tnh ton v x l ( tin x l ).
Cui cng, sau khi kim tra v sa i, chuyn thnh m NC c th hiu
c bi 1 my cng c KS c th (x l tip theo).
1.2.2.2.a H thng CAD (Computer Aided Design)
Cc h thng CAD pht trin da trn cc phng php m t hnh hc trong lnh vc
ha my tnh (computer graphics) cho php m hnh ha vt th chi tit. D liu t
qu trnh ny l c s thc hin cc phn tch k thut cn thit k c khu t chc,
17
qun l sn xut. S dng h thng h tr CAD c cc u im ni bt
Nng sut v cht lng thit k cao hn.
Tnh ton, phn tch chi tit nhanh chng, chnh xc hn
C th lu tr, cp nht thng tin lin tc do vy d ci thin cht lng sn
phm
To iu kin ch to v t chc sn xut d dng
1.2.2.2.b H thng CAM (Computer Aided Manufacturing)
Cc h thng CAM lm vic trc tip trn d liu ca m hnh hnh hc vt th
cung cp d liu v ng dch chuyn ca dng c, cng vi cc d liu t chc sn
xut (lng vt liu c ct gt, thi gian gia cng...). Nu s dng cc giao tip d
liu theo nh dng chun : DXF, IGES ... c th ni kt CAD/CAM v to m NC
chun b chng trnh gia cng chi tit mt cch t ng.
1.2.2.2.c H thng CAD/CAM/NC
Mun gia cng c trn mt my cng c KS nht nh, cc m NC tng ng
ca my phi c to ra giai on x l tip theo NC ( post processor).
Vi cc h thng h tr gia cng t ng, c th lp chng trnh gia cng t ng,
m phng qu trnh sn xut gia cng trn my, cng nh qun l d liu mt cch h
thng cho nhiu mc ch khc nhau..., nh vy ton b thi gian thc hin quy trnh
thit k v gia cng chi tit gim i ng k.
1.2.2.3 Cc c im kinh t- k thut ca h thng KS my cng c
Nhng li ch m h thng KS mang li :
Thi gian chun b cho gia cng gim mnh, c th t ng ha trong sn
xut n chic v lot nh.
C kh nng thay i mt hng nhanh, ngay c vi sn phm c hnh dng
hnh hc phc tp.
Cht lng sn phm d c ci thin.
chnh xc gia cng cao nh ng dng cc h thng iu khin phn hi
(c lin h ngc).
Gi thnh sn phm h, d n nh gi thnh sn xut.
Mc d vn u t ban u ln nhng thi gian hon vn thng ngn.
1.2.3 H thng o v tr trn my cng c KS
chnh xc dch chuyn theo cc trc ta trn my cng c KS ph thuc ch
18
yu vo chnh xc ca h thng o. Cc h thng ny ghi v bin i cc thng s
o c thnh cc tn hiu tng thch phn hi n h KS thc hin nhim v
iu khin, do vy cn gi chng l cc cm bin. Cc i lng o v tr c th l
chuyn v di hoc chuyn v gc.
1.2.3.1 Cc phng php o v tr trn my : C cc phng php o v tr nh
sau :
1.2.3.1.a Phng php o v tr tuyt i
Theo phng php o ny, mi mt gi tr o u c so vi im 0 ca thc o
v c du hiu ring c m ho, do vy cn gii m c gi tr o..
i vi phng php o v tr tng t / tuyt i, ng vi mi gia s v tr trong
phm vi ng dch chuyn l mt thang in p c bit. Trng hp phm vi dch
chuyn ln, ngi ta thng chia ton b phm vi thnh nhng khong tng c ln
bng nhau, trong phm vi mt khong tng, php o c thc hin theo phng php
tuyt i. Gi tr o ti v tr ang o c tnh bi :
x = n.i + x
abs
(1.4)
( n =1,2,3); vi i : gi tr mt khong tng ; n : s khong tng.
i vi phng php o v tr s / tuyt i, mi mt gia s v tr c nh du bng
m nh phn.
u im ca phng php o v tr tuyt i l ti mi thi im o hoc sau mi ln
mt in p, v tr tuyt i so vi im 0 c nhn bit ngay. Nhng mt khc, cc
h thng o v tr tuyt i thng c gi thnh ch to cao, bi th trong cc thit k
mi chng hu nh khng cn c ng dng na.
1.2.3.1.b Phng php o v tr kiu gia s
Ton b phm vi dch chuyn c chia thnh cc bc tng (khong gia s) c
ln nh nhau, khng c du hiu ring nn chng khng cn gii m, ch cn b m.
V tr tht nhn bit bi tng cc bc tng m c, cc gia s vt qua phi c
cng vi nhau hoc tr i cho nhau ty theo chiu chuyn ng. Gc o c th chn
bt k im no bng cch t li b m.
Nhc im ca phng php o ny l khi mt ngun in lm mt gc 0 ca h
thng o. Mun o phi xc nh li gc 0. Ngoi ra, khng o c v tr tuyt i
m ch o s thay i gia s v vy sai s o c tnh tch ly. Gi thnh ca cc h
thng o kiu gia s l r hn so vi h thng o v tr tuyt i.
19
1.2.3.2 o v tr bng i lng tng t:
on ng hay gc cn o c chuyn i lin tc thnh 1 i lng vt l tng
ng hay cn gi l i lng tng t, v d chuyn i thnh in p hoc cng
dng.
o v tr theo i lng tng t, trn cc my cng c KS thng x dng cc
loi dng c hot ng theo nguyn l cm ng, da trn hin tng khi c mt cun
dy dn di chuyn trong t trng, mt hiu in th cm ng E c sn ra trong
cun dy v c cng ph thuc vo khong cch 2 vt dn.
1.2.3.2.a u o Resolver :
Cn gi l thc o gc quay cm ng, c cu to gm 2 phn: Stato v r to
(H1.4a).
Trn stato b tr 2 cun dy qun c nh, cc cun dy ca n t vung gc v c
cp cc in p xoay chiu lch pha v in l 90
0
: Usin v Ucos. Thng qua
chuyn ng ca c cu dn (vt me), gc quay r to thay i lm cm ng trn cun
dy r to mt hiu in th U
F
c ln ph thuc vo gc quay r to i vi vc t t
trng.
Tn hiu in p t l vi gc quay r to t u o Resolver cung cp mt tp th t
cc gi tr o tuyt i trong phm vi 1 chia trn r to. Thng thng, mt bin i
thng trn di 2mm ng vi mt vng quay r to ca Resolver.

H1.4a: Nguyn l lm vic ca u o Resolver
1.2.3.2.b u o Inductosyn:
Cn gi l u o cm ng tuyn tnh (o chuyn v di)(H1.4b). Nguyn tc tc
dng ca n tng ng vi mt u o Resolver qun dy phng, cu to bao gm
mt thc o vi mt cun dy phng qun theo dng gp khc ch nht c lp c
20
nh trn thn my. Vi mc ch o lng, bc dy qun l = 2mm. Bn trn thc
o c mt on thc dn c 2 cun dy phng t lch nhau 1/4 chia. on thc
dn c lp trn bn my di ng m ta cn o cc bin thin v tr ca n. Con trt
cng vi on thc dn lun cch u 0,1mm so vi mt thc o. Trong cun dy
ca thc o chnh c mt in p tn s cao U. Qua lp cch, trn cun dy ca
thc dn cm ng mt in p c cng ph thuc vo v tr ca n so vi cun
dy trn thc o chnh. Mc in p ny c nh gi trong h iu khin v a ra
gi tr o v tr bn my theo bc ca thc.

H1.4b: Nguyn l lm vic ca u o Inductosyn
1.2.3.3 o v tr vi h thng quang in: Thc o chiu di lm vic theo
nguyn tc quang in (H1.5a).
H1.5a trnh by 1 u kch quang gm thit b chiu sng, mt thu knh hi t, mt
li chia kch quang v cc phn t tip th kch thch ( t bo quang in).
Trn thc o c nhng vch soi thu v khng thu t k tip nhau. Tia sng gp
phi vch soi thu s c t bo quang in hp th. Khi u kch quang c chuyn
ng tng i so vi thc o, thc ny chy gia thu knh hi t v li chia, nh
cc t bo quang in b tr thnh hai hng lch nhau 1/4 bc , ta nhn c 2 tn
hiu lch pha 90
0
, qua h iu khin bit c chiu chuyn ng (chiu sm hoc
tr pha gia 2 tn hiu).
Cng tng t nh thc o s v tr di, H1.5b l thc o s v tr gc.
Trong cc h thng o v tr kiu s/gia s, khi mt in p ngun, cc gi tr o v tr
bn my cng mt theo. ti hin s o ny, thc o c th c trang b thm mt
21
hay nhiu mc o chun .

1 Ngun sng
2 Thu knh hi t
1
2
3 Thc o
3
4
4 Li chia
5 T bo quang in
5
6
6 M chun
H 1.5a:Thc o chiu di theo nguyn tc quang-in


H1.5b: Thc o gc theo nguyn tc quang in
Cng sng nhn c ca h thng o chiu di theo phng php quang-in
(H1.5c) c khuch i thnh dng xung ch nht nh mt b to xung in t v
ty theo chu k chia cng nh chia i hi, cc tn hiu c ni suy tng t v
chia nh thm t 5 n 25 ln.
1.2.3.4 o v tr bng kiu s/tuyt i:
Trong cc h thng o v tr kiu s/tuyt i, mi gia s v tr ca thc trn ng
dch chuyn u c vch du ring. Nu cc h thng o v tr kiu s/ gia s ch
cn thc o 1 khong chia l , th cc h thng o kiu s/tuyt i cn thc o
nhiu khong chia ng vi cc gia s v tr khc nhau. Nhng vng soi thu trn thang
22
o ng vi gi tr 0, cn nhng vng khng soi thu trn thang o tng ng vi gi
tr 1 ca h nh phn. Theo cch , thc o c chia vch theo m nh phn v trn
cc khong chia u c kch quang thch hp.
Do gi thnh ch to cao, cc h thng o vi phng php o v tr kiu s / tuyt
i hin nay khng cn c s dng rng ri.

H1.5c: Biu hnh thnh xung in p ca h thng o quang-in
1.2.4 Cc ngun ng lc dng cho My cng c KS
Thng s dng cc loi ng c sau lm ngun ng lc:
1.2.4.1 ng c in mt chiu
Nh kh nng iu chnh v cp tc ng c mt cch d dng, o chiu quay
n gin, nhanh chng, tc dng nhanh, cc ng c in mt chiu c ng dng
rng ri trn my cng c KS, c bit i vi truyn ng chy dao.
C 2 kiu chnh :
1.2.4.1.a Loi c t trng khng i (iu khin tc bng dng in phn
ng): Stato ca ng c bao gm , trc, mch t. Cc mch t ca stato to ra mt
t trng ngang qua r to. R to gm trc v cc cun dy qun phn ng. C gp vi
cc phin gp bng ng c ghp cch in ni vi cc u dy theo cch ng
c c chiu quay khng i.
Nguyn tc lm vic ca ng c da trn nh lut Lorentz qua biu thc :
B V q F
r r r
= (1.5)
Khi ng c quay, cc thanh dn ct t trng s cm ng mt sc in ng c
chiu theo quy tc bn tay phi. Do chiu ca sc in ng cm ng ngc vi chiu
23
dng in i
a
nn cn gi l sc phn in E
b
, vi :
E
b
= K
e
(1.6)
k
e
: hng s phn in ; : tc quay ca ng c.
B qua in p trn cun cm, th hiu vo V
i
= R
a
i
a
+k
e
= +

e 1
m
a
k M
k
R
(1.7)
M
1
= k
m
i
a
=

a
m e
i
a
m
R
k k
V
R
k
=

i
e
i
a
m
V
k
1 V
R
k
=

max
i
a
m
1 V
R
k
(1.8)
trong :
e
i
max
k
V
= ; M
s
=

i
a
m
V
R
k

v M
s
c gi l ngu nh mc.
Quan h gia ngu v tc ng c: M
1
() = M
s

max
1
(1.9)
Tc khng ti :
m e
a s
e
i
max
k k
R M
k
V
= =

(1.10)
Cng sut : P() = M
1
= M
s

max
1
Tc khi cng sut cc i :
max
2
1
=

(1.11)
Dng nh mc :
a
i
s
R
V
I =
(1.12)
Phng trnh m t hot ng ca ng c t khi cp V
i
n khi t tc :

= + +
= +
i e a a
a
a
t a m
V k i R
dt
di
L
M i k b J &
(1.13)
C th vit li nh sau : Ngu M
1
= k
m
i
a
= J
dt
d
+M
f
-M
t
(1.14)
trong , M
1
: Ngu sinh ra do ng c ; M
f
: Ngu ma st ; M
t
: Ngu ti; k
m
: hng s
ngu ca ng c ; R
a
, L
a
: in tr v cun cm mch in ng c. J= J
a
+ J
L
vi
J
a
: Momen qun tnh ca ng c; J
L
: Momen qun tnh ca ti.
Gii phng trnh (1.21) ta c th tm c quan h gia v th hiu t vo V
i
c
k n s tr ca cc thnh phn.
1.2.4.1.b Loi c t trng quay (iu khin tc bng iu khin trng)
Vi cc ng c loi ny, r to (phn quay) l mt nam chm vnh cu v stato (phn
tnh ) l li thp v cc cun dy qun c nh (khng c chi in).
Khi c dng in cung cp trn cun dy stato s to nn t trng quay. Cc php
tnh cng tng t nh loi c t trng c nh, ch khc y khng c sc phn
in to nn trong mch trng ca n (E
b
= 0)
24
Cc ng c in mt chiu c th c ch to vi cng sut ln n 7KW. Hng s
thi gian v c trong khong (2050)ms . Khi dng cho cc h thng truyn ng gim
tc ln, qun tnh ca r to ng c tng mnh do vy khng thch hp trong cc
trng hp ny.
1.2.4.2 ng c bc
ng c bc rt thch hp vi tn hiu s do my tnh cung cp, thng dng lm
ngun ng lc cho cc h thng iu khin v tr vng h vi cng sut truyn ng
nh.
Cu to ca ng c bc gn ging vi ng c in mt chiu khng chi in vi
stato a cc v r to khng c cun kch thch. Gi l stato a cc bi v trn stato c
th c hai cc, ba cc hoc bn cc... R to cng c nhiu cc, cn gi l rng. S
rng (cc) ca r to phi hp vi s cc ca stato xc nh kch thc ca bc - gi
l gc bc. Gc bc bng 360
0
chia cho s bc trn mt vng quay.
ng c bc c 3 loi chnh : kiu t tr bin i (variable reluctance), kiu nam
chm vnh cu (permanent magnet) v kiu hn hp (hybrid).
ng c bc kiu t tr bin i khng dng nam chm vnh cu, do vy
r to ng c c th di chuyn t do. Khi dng in chy qua 1 cun cm trn stato,
sinh ra 1 t trng lm cho rng trn r to ng thng hng vi rng trn stato. Khi
dng in c chuyn sang 1 cun khc, r to chuyn dch 1 gc bc v to ra mt
s thng hng mi ca rng. Loi ng c ny c dng nhiu nhng trng hp
khng cn ngu cao .

H1.6: ng c bc kiu t tr bin i
V d H1.6 m t mt ng c bc kiu t tr bin i vi r to c 4 rng v stato
c 6 cc (3 i cc) .
ng c c 3 cun cm, vi mi cun qun quanh 2 cc i din theo s hnh v.
Cc cun c cp in theo th t, gi s cun 1 c in, rng X ca r to quay n
cc cc ca cun ny. Nu cun 1 ngt, cun 2 c in, r to quay 30
0
theo chiu kim
25
ng h cho cc rng Y nm thng hng vi cc cc 2 v tng t cho cun 3. Qu
trnh tip din, ng c s quay lin tc, vi gc bc 30
0
.
ng c bc kiu nam chm vnh cu c r to dng a mng, khng c
rng (cc), v c lm bng vt liu t tnh. Khi cc cun dy stato c cp in
theo th t, t trng thay i s lm cho r to quay 1 gc bc. Loi ng c ny c
kt cu n gin, gi thnh r, lm vic tc thp v ngu nh, nhng c c tnh
ngu kh n nh.
ng c bc kiu hn hp kt hp cc c tnh tt nht ca 2 loi ng c
trn vi 1 stato a cc v 1 r to nam chm vnh cu.
Cc ng c bc kiu hn hp tiu chun c r to 200 rng, quay vi gc bc 1,8
0
,
ngoi ra cn c th thit k sn s u dy cho php to gc bc 0,9
0
v 3,6
0
. Loi
ng c ny c ngu tnh v ng cao, v lm vic vi tc bc rt cao, do vy
chng c ng dng rng ri trong cng nghip.
1.2.4.2.a Cc phng n to bc
C cc phng n to bc khc nhau ty thuc vo cch cp xung in iu khin.
Nu cp xung ln lt theo th t, ta c bc y. Tuy nhin c th to vi bc, v d
r to c th dng li gia 2 v tr y bc khi cung cp dng in ng thi cho c 2
vng pha.
H1.7a,b,c trnh by minh ha v cch to bc (loi ng c bc kiu nam chm
vnh cu unipolar 4 pha).

H1.7a: Cp in 1 cun H1.7b: Cp in 2 cun ng thi
26

H1.7c: iu khin to na bc
1.2.4.2.b Cc c tnh chnh:
Cng thc chung dng cho xc nh gc bc :

SZ
360
] [
0
0

= (1.15)
trong S : s cp cc ca stato ; Z: s rng r to
: h s k n chu k iu khin, v d = 1 khi to y bc; = 2 khi
to na bc ...
S vng quay ca ng c :
360
f
n
c

= [v/s] (1.16)
f: tn s chu k iu khin hay s xung in cp vo trong 1 giy [Hz].
1.2.4.2.c ng c bc v b khuch i momen
S dng ng c bc kt hp vi cc b khuch i thy lc chuyn ng quay l
gii php ph bin tn dng tnh d iu khin v kh nng nng cao cng sut
truyn ng thch hp vi ngun ng lc cc My cng c KS (H1.8)
Trc vo 3 nhn chuyn ng t tn s ngun cung cp ca 1 ng c in bc.
Trc ny c gn c nh vi chc 1 trong khi bc 2 ghp cng vi trc ra 5. v tr
trung gian ca chc 1, du t bm qua cc l 6 v 10 i vo cc bung tng ng nh
27
hnh v.

H1.8: ng c bc dng vi b khuch i momen
Khi chc 1 quay 1 gc bng gc bc
/c
, du t cc bung qua l 13 v 9 ni vi
ng du cao p, v du ra qua l 7, 8,11,12 ni vi ng x. Bc 2 cng vi trc 5
quay theo chiu kim ng h cho n khi chc tr v v tr trung gian bt u 1 gc
bc tip theo.
Cc b khuch i momen c chnh xc v tr t n 0,01mm ng vi mi gc
bc v s vng quay trc ra 5 ln n (500-1000)
vg
/
ph
. gim min khng nhy
ca b khuch i, ti v tr trung gian ca chc 1 khe h khng qu (0,05-0,08)mm.
H s khuch i momen ca b khuch i
1
2
M
M
k =
(1.17)
trong , M
2
: Momen trc ra 5; M
1
: Momen quay ca ng c bc.
1.2.4.3 ng c in xoay chiu
i vi ng c in xoay chiu, vic thay i v cp s vng quay da vo b bin
tn theo cng thc:
n =
p
) s 1 ( f 60
(1.18)
trong
f l tn s dng in; p: s i cc; s: h s trt
iu chnh tc bng cch thay i h s trt lm gim cng ca ng c
tnh c v khng p dng cho truyn dn My .
Ngy nay do gi thnh phi chng ca b bin tn m loi ng c in xoay chiu
c ng dng trong mi trng hp, trong vic khng cn bo dng ( kt cu
khng cn n c gp, chi qut) l mt u im ni bt.
28
Cc cu hi Chng 1:
1. Phn bit c im to hnh b mt trn cc my cng c truyn thng v cc
my cng c KS.
2. M t cu trc khi ca 1 h thng KS My cng c v gii thch cc thnh
phn. Cho bit mt vi chng trnh ni suy thng gp.
3. CNC, DNC, CAD, CAM, CAD/CAM, CAD/CAM/NC l g ? Vai tr ca chng
trong sn xut c kh ?
4. Phn bit cc dng iu khin trn My cng c KS v phm vi ng dng.
5. Trnh by nguyn tc hot ng ca 1 loi cm bin o v tr c ng dng cho
My cng c KS
6. Phn bit chnh xc v tr(v/d 3m), chnh xc lp li(v/d 8m) v
phn gii(bc dch chuyn nh nht o c(v/d 2,5m)) trn my cng c KS.
7 Liu ng c c khi ng v gia tc nhanh ? Qun tnh ti l g ?
= (M
m
- M
t
)/J
8 Gii thch ngha ca cng thc (1.18 ) dng xc nh tc ln nht m
ng c c th cung cp.
9 C cn ghp thm mt b truyn hay mt hp tc ?
J
t
=
2
m
t
t
J

29
Chng 2 Lp trnh cc my cng c KS
2.1 M u v iu khin cc My cng c KS
2.1.1 H trc ta : xc nh cc tng quan hnh hc trong vng lm vic
ca my cng nh trong phm vi chi tit gia cng ..., cn mt h trc ta v cc
im gc chun.
+A
+B
+C
+Z
-Z
+X
-X
+Y
-Y
H2.1: H trc to
a) H trc to theo quy tc bn tay phi
Khi trc Z nm ngang Khi trc Z thng ng

H thng cc trc to vung gc c xc nh theo quy tc bn tay phi (H2.1a).
Cc chuyn ng chnh ca my cng c KS thit lp theo cc trc ta X,Y v Z
( H2.1b,c ) trong :
Trc Z chy song song trc chnh ca my, c chiu dng chy t chi tit n
dng c (hay dng c chy xa khi chi tit )
Trc X c phng theo phng bn trt di nht v lun lun vung gc trc
Z
Trc Y cng vi cc trc X v Z lp thnh h trc ta tun theo quy tc bn
tay phi.
H trc ta c bn c gn vi chi tit, v khi lp trnh, quy c rng dng c
chuyn ng tng i so vi h thng trc ta , chi tit ng yn.
Trn cc my cng c KS cn c cc trc quay nh trc ca bn quay,
quay...Chuyn ng quay quanh cc trc c k hiu bng cc ch ci A, B v C v
c th t tng ng vi cc trc tnh tin X,Y v Z.
Ngoi cc trc ta X,Y, Z, cn c th c cc trc ta khc song song vi chng.
30
Cc trc ny c k hiu U ( song song vi X ),V ( song song vi Y ) v W ( song
song vi Z ) hoc P,Q v R...tng ng .
o Cc im chun : xc nh v tr gc h trc ta c bn gn ln chi tit
trong vng lm vic ca my, cn mt s im chun sau:
R
O
w
O
M
O
T
H2.2a: Cc im chun trn my phay
P
T


H2.2b: Cc im chun trn my tin
+ im 0
M
cu my : Cc im 0
M
l im gc cc thc o trc ta
my v thng l v tr gii hn dch chuyn.V d vi cc my tin KS l giao
im ca trc Z vi mt t ca mm cp trn bch trc chnh, hoc trn cc my phay
KS, im 0
M
nm cc im gii hn dch chuyn ca bn my.
+ im 0
W
ca chi tit: im 0
W
ca chi tit l gc h trc ta gn ln
31
chi tit. V tr ca im 0
W
do ngi lp trnh t la chn sao cho d xc nh bin
dng trn bn v chi tit gia cng nht.
Trc khi gia cng cn iu chnh im gc h ta chi tit v im gc h ta
my sao cho 0
W
0
M

+ im 0
P
ca chng trnh : y l im xut pht hay tr v ca dng
c khi gia cng chi tit. Thng im 0
P
c chn sao cho dng c c th thay i
mt cch thun tin v an ton.
+ im chun R ( Reference Point ) : L mt im xc nh ca h iu
khin trong vng lm vic ca my h iu khin ng b vi v tr ca my. Mun
vy, ngay khi khi ng, cc trc phi c chy v im chun ca n trn tng trc,
sau h iu khin mi bt u m cc khong gia s cng nh thng bo nu bn
trt hay trc dng c thc hin hnh trnh vt qu gii hn...Vi mc ch ny, cc
h iu khin my cng c KS u c yu cu t cc trc my v im chun R khi
bt u vn hnh.
Dch chuyn tr v im chun R c thc hin nh mt phm chuyn dng trn
bng iu khin hoc l nh mt lnh chng trnh chuyn dng.
+ im chun g dao O
T
: y l im do nh ch to quy nh ( v d
khong cch t im ny n vai trc g my phay KS c cho trc trong thuyt
minh my, dng nh l mt im xut pht ca tt c cc kch thc lp dao khc )
nhm hiu chnh chiu di khi lp t cc dng c ct c kch thc khc nhau.
+ Cc im chun khc : Tu theo tng loi my cng c KS cn c
th c thm cc im chun khc.
2.1.2 Chun ha kch thc :
Trn mt bn v, thng cc s o kch thc khng c a vo trc tip, chng
phi c tnh li tm ra cc thng tin v ng dch chuyn dng cho lp trnh, v
d chuyn cch ghi kch thc o theo chui thnh cc kch thc o tuyt i hoc
tnh ton thm cc ta cha r...Thng tin v kch thc ca chi tit gia cng c
th hin trong bn v theo h thng ghi kch thc tuyt i hoc ghi kch thc theo
gia s.
a) Ghi kch thc tuyt i : Trong cch ghi kch thc tuyt i, tt c cc
kch thc c ghi xut pht t nhng ng thng chun, cn gi l ghi kch thc
theo chun. Giao im ca nhng ng chun l im gc ta v nn trng vi
32
im 0
W
ca chi tit ( H2.3a).
4
8
12
30
68
1
0
2
0
1
7
,
6
7
7
2
5
25
17,677
12 18 13
7,232 17,677
17,677
7,232
1
0
1
0
7
,
2
3
2
1
7
,
6
7
7
1
7
,
6
7
7
7
,
2
3
2
H2.3 : Ghi kch thc cho gia cng KS
a) Ghi kch thc tuyt i
b) Ghi kch thc theo gia s
O
W1
O
W2

b) Ghi kch thc theo gia s: Trong cch ghi kch thc theo gia s, mi
mt kch thc c ghi lun xut pht t v tr kch thc trc n, cn gi l ghi
kch thc tng i (H2.3b). Cch ghi kch thc ny nh hng nhiu n kt qu
gia cng, do trong thc t t dng.
c) Ghi kch thc nh cc bng:

H2.3c): Ghi kch thc nh cc bng
Khi ghi kch thc qua cc bng, ngi ta thay th cc kch thc trn bn v bng
cc s th t v tr. Nhng gi tr ring ca cc im ta c in vo trong cc
bng ta nh l cc s liu b sung, v d nh ng knh hoc dung sai ....( V d
H2.3c - Bng 2.1 )
33
Bng 2.1
Bng ta (mm)
To
Gc
ta

S v tr
A B
ng knh
l
1 1 0 0 -
1 1.1 12 10 5H7
1 1.2 30 20 10H7
2 2 68 50 -
2 2.1 0 25 5H7
2 2.2 17,677 17,677 5H7
2 2.3 25 0 5H7
2 2.4 17,677 17,677 5H7
2 2.5 0 -25 5H7
2 2.6 17,677 17,677 5H7
2 2.7 -25 0 5H7
2 2.8 17,677 27,677 5H7
2.2 Lp trnh gia cng trn my cng c KS
Tnh kinh t ca cc my cng c KS ph thuc nhiu vo h thng lp trnh s
dng to ra cc lnh iu khin. Yu cu i vi ngn ng lp trnh phi n gin,
d nh, m t y h thng d liu v s dng bng m tiu chun. Cc chng
trnh hon ho ( khng li ) c to ra v np vo my cng nhanh, cng d dng th
qu trnh gia cng KS cng tr nn linh hot v kinh t.
2.2.1 Cu trc chng trnh
Chng trnh gia cng l ton b cc ch dn gia cng cn thit khi gia cng 1 chi
tit. Cc ch dn gia cng ny c sp xp di dng mt dy cc cu lnh m t
ng dch chuyn dng c cng nh cc iu kin gia cng....
Mi mt chng trnh gia cng thng c bt u bng mt k t bt u chng
trnh (v d k t %), tt c cc lnh ng trc k t % s khng c h iu khin
n. M k t NC tun theo tiu chun EIA RS-274.
Kt thc chng trnh c nh du bi mt chc nng ph.
K t bt u chng trnh
V d: %1234 trong 1234 l s hiu chng trnh.
34
K t kt thc chng trnh
V d M30
Cc lnh NC
V d : N0100 G01 X25 Y20 Z-17
T lnh
V d : Z-17
a ch
V d : Z
Cc phi hp s (i vi a ch trc thnh thong km theo du)
V d : -17
Mi mt cu lnh l mt tp hp cc thng tin iu khin, bt u bng s th t cu,
gm 1 ch ci N v mt con s t nhin ng ng sau. S th t cu lnh ch n
thun gip ngi lp trnh d theo di, kim tra chng trnh, ch khng nh hng
n s lm vic ca h iu khin. Tip theo s th t cu lnh l cc t lnh c cha
ng cc thng tin hnh hc v cng ngh ca chng trnh.
Mi t lnh bao gm mt k t ( a ch ) v mt dy s c hoc khng c du. Du
nm gia k t v dy s ( v d X-25). Dy cc con s c th l s thp phn, ngi
ta tch phn nguyn v phn thp phn bng mt du chm (v d X 173.45). Khi ghp
ti thiu cc t lnh, ta c mt cu lnh thc hin mt chuyn ng hay mt chc
nng ca my.
Theo quy chun, cc k t c mt ngha xc nh. C 5 nhm lnh ( nhm a ch
theo k t m NC ) sau y :
Cc lnh hnh hc iu khin chuyn ng tng i gia dao v phi l
X,Y,Z,A,B,C,U,V,W,P,Q,R...
Cc lnh cng ngh quy nh t s tin dao ( F ), s vng quay ca trc
chnh ( S ), v cc loi dao ( T )
Cc lnh dch chuyn theo hnh trnh quyt nh kiu chuyn ng ( G ),
chng hn hnh trnh nhanh, ni suy ng thng, ni suy ng trn...
Cc lnh dch chuyn thay dng c; cc chc nng ph nh ng, m dung
dch trn ngui; quay, dng trc chnh ; chiu quay trc chnh ( M ) , cc lnh hiu
chnh b chiu di dng c, bn knh dao ct, bn knh mi dao cng nh cc x
dch im chun, thit lp v tr gc ta ...
35
Cc lnh chu trnh hay chng trnh con.
Th t, a ch v cu trc ca tng t lnh ring l trong mt chng trnh gia cng
KS c xc nh theo tiu chun ISO 6983. Tuy vy, do s pht trin nhanh chng
trong lnh vc ch to my cng c KS nn c th c s khc bit gia cc nh ch
to h iu khin khc nhau.
2.2.1.1 Cc lnh thit lp v tr gc to :
Thit lp v tr gc to :
Hu ht cc h iu khin u c kh nng cho php dch chuyn dng c n mt v
tr v sau qua 1 phm chuyn dng, t im 0
w
cho v tr dng c ang . Cng c
cc h iu khin s dng lnh chng trnh chuyn dng theo m G dnh cho thit
lp v tr gc to 0
w
.
V d:
Cc lnh G54,G55,G56,G57 dng hiu chnh cc ta O
M
O
W
hoc c dng
khi gia cng cc chi tit khc nhau mt ln g t .
Cc chc nng x dch gc chun:
Lp trnh x dch ( hoc xoay ) gc chun trn chi tit G58 & G59
Vic s dng nhiu ln x dch ( hoc xoay ) gc chun trn chi tit cho php ta lp
li chng trnh gia cng nhiu ln ti cc v tr bt k trn chi tit gia cng, v d
khoan cc dy l ging nhau hoc gia cng cc ng bao nh nhau...( H2.4).
H2.4: Lp trnh c x dch im chun trn chi tit
O
M
O
W1
O
W2
G59 X
Mu lnh:
G58/G59 A...X...Y...

Hy b x dch gc chun bng chc nng G53
36
Cc chc nng m t phng php ghi kch thc:
Lp trnh theo kch thc tuyt i v tng i G90 & G91
G90 biu th dng lp trnh theo v tr cc im ch, cn G91 biu th dng lp
trnh c im ch vi cc gi tr ta ca n lun gn vi v tr ca dng c ct
n trc , ngha l v tr ca cc im xut pht c mt ngha quyt nh t
c cc im ch mong mun. G91 c ng dng ch yu cho cc chu trnh hoc
chng trnh con ( H2.5)
O
M
O
W
G90 Xtuyt i
G91 Xtng i
H2.5: Lp trnh theo kch thc tuyt i-tng i

2.2.1.2 Cc lnh dch chuyn
+X
+Y
40
5
6
3
0
.
5
30
O
ct
G00 Chy dao nhanh
Mu lnh
N.... G00 XYZ
Cc bn trt chy dao nhanh n im c ta c lp trnh
( v tr thay i dng c, im bt u cho gia cng)
Ch
1 lng chy dao F b v hiu ha nu ang thc hin G01
Tc chy dao nhanh c xc nh theo my sn c
Nt chy dao u tin ang hot ng
V d :
Tuyt i G90
N50 G00 X40 Y56
Gia s G91
N50 G00 X-30 Y-30.5
H2.6 : Chy dao nhanh G00

37
Cc lnh dch chuyn c biu th bng k t (a ch) G v mt con s 2 ch s t
00 n 99 ng sau. Cc lnh dch chuyn theo m G hu ht c chun ha .
Mt s lnh dch chuyn G thng gp :
G00 Chy dao nhanh
G01 Ni suy ng thng
+Y
O
ct
G01 Ni suy ng thng
Mu lnh
N.... G01 XYZF...
Cc chuyn ng thng vi lng chy dao c lp trnh theo
mm/vng (trng thi ban u)
V d : Tuyt i G90
...
N20 G01 X40 Y20.1 F0.1
Gia s G91

N20 G01 X20 Y-25.9 F0.1

+X
40
2
5
.
9
2
0
.
1
20
S
E
H2.7: Ni suy ng thng G01

G03 G02
G17
G02
G03
G19
G18
G02
G03
X
Y
Z
S
E
I
J
U
M
G02 Ni suy ng trn theo chiu kim ng h
G03 Ni suy ng trn ngc chiu kim ng h
Mu lnh
N....G02/G03 XYZIJKF
hay
N.G02/G03 XYZUF
X,Y,Zim cui ca cung ( tuyt i hay gia s )
I,J,K..tham s vng trn theo gia s ( khong cch t
im bt u n tm cung , I theo phng X, J theo phng Y
v K theo phng Z )
U..bn knh ca cung c th nhp thay cho tham s I,J,K
( cung nh hn
1
/
2
vng trn : +U, ln hn
1
/
2
vng trn : -U )
Ch :
Ni suy vng trn c thc hin ch trong mt phng
gia cng
I,J,K c gi tr 0 c th khng cn nhp
V tr im cui cung trn s c kim tra, vi khong
dung sai cho php ( cc sai s tnh ton v lm trn )
Chiu ca G02, G03 lun c nhn t trc vung gc vi
mt phng gia cng
H2.8: Ni suy ng trn

G02 Ni suy ng trn theo chiu kim ng h
G03 Ni suy ng trn ngc chiu kim ng h
38
Cc ni suy ng dch chuyn:G00 , G01, G02 & G03 c lin quan n vic cung
cp ng dch chuyn dng c cn thit cho b mt to hnh, trong :
G00, l chc nng chy dao nhanh n ta c xc nh theo tc ln nht c
sn trn my.
G01, ni suy ng thng; G02 & G03, ni suy ng trn cng chiu & ngc
chiu kim ng h, tng ng.
2.2.1.3 Lp trnh vi h to cc
Mt s h iu khin my cho php lp trnh trong h ta cc bn cnh h ta
Cartesian. Khi mun xc nh ng dch chuyn dng c, h iu khin cn bit
gc to tm cc, bn knh v gc.
Cc m lnh :
G10 : Chy dao nhanh trong h ta cc
G11 : Ni suy ng thng
G12 : Ni suy ng trn theo chiu kim ng h
G13 : Ni suy ng trn ngc kim ng h
A
B
A
1
A
2
G10
G11
P
Y
1
X
1
+X
+Y
G10 X
1
Y
1
A
1
U
G11 A
2
V d 1
V d 2
+Y
+X
P
1
2 3
4
5 6
45
100
75
G42 D01
G00 Z10
G00 X145Y75
G01 Z-7 F200
G11 X100Y75U45A60 / im 2 /
A120 / im 3 /
A180 / im 4 /
A240 / im 5 /
A300 / im 6 /
A0 / im 1 /

Bn knh dng k t ( a ch ) : U
Gc : A , gc tnh l 0
0
theo chiu dng ca h trc ta Cartesian.
To tm cc xc nh khi lp trnh ban u theo h to Cartesian vi h
thng ghi kch thc tuyt i.
39
2.2.1.4 Cc lnh vn hnh my :
Cc lnh vn hnh my bao gm cc t lnh biu th ch ct ( s vng quay ca
trc chnh S, lng chy dao F ), dng c ct v cc chc nng ph M. Phn ln cc
lnh ny th hin phn cng ngh ca 1 chng trnh gia cng KS.
T lnh biu th thay dng c ct bao gm ch ci a ch T v 1 con s ng sau n.
Trn cc my cng c KS khng c b phn thay dao t ng v khng c cha
dao, t lnh T c th lm pht ra mt tn hiu quang hc hoc mt tn hiu m thanh
bo cho ngi vn hnh my thay dao bng tay.
T lnh biu th cc chc nng ph bao gm ch ci a ch M v mt s m 2 ch s
( 00-99), cn gi l chc nng vn hnh my. Cc chc nng ph c th l mt thao
tc ng m n gin, v d ng m dung dch trn ngui hoc l cc qu trnh phc
tp hn v d thay dao...
V d 1.a: Lp trnh gia cng bin dng rnh theo bn v chi tit km theo (H2.9)
Chun b cho lp trnh cn la chn phng php ghi kch thc, h to , g t
phi, dng c, ch ct...Ch im bt u n dao v im thot dao.
N00 %VD1a
N05 G54G90
N10 M06T04 / Thay dng c T4/
N15 M03S /Quay trc chnh theo chiu kim ng h tc
v
/
ph
/
N20 G00X50Y-10Z12 / Ch dn im bt u ca dng c /
N25 Z2M08 /Chy nhanh n im X50Y-10Z2, m d/d lm ngui /
N30 G01Z-7F /Chy dao n Z -7 vi lng chy dao F
mm
/
ph
/
N35 Y0 / Chy dao n im 1 /
N40 X Y / Chy dao n im 2/
N45 Y / Chy dao n im 3/
N50 G02X52I20 / Ni suy ng trn n im 4/
N55 G01X / Chy dao n im 5 /
N60 Y / Chy dao n im 6 /
N65 G02X75Y0I-12 / Ni suy ng trn n im 7/
N70 G01X50 / Chy dao n im 1/
N75 G00Z12 / Ch dn im rt dao nhanh n Z12 /
N80 M09 / Tt dung dch lm ngui /
40
N85 M05 / Dng trc chnh /
N90 M30 / Kt thc chng trnh /
Y
X
H2.9 : Bin dng rnh

Thng ghi nhn xt cc cu lnh d kim tra.
V d 1.b: Lp trnh gia cng bin dng trc
H 2.10 : Bin dng trc
X
Z

N00 %VD1b
N05 G54G90G95 / Lng chy dao mm/vg /
N10 M06T01
N15 M03S1200
41
N20G00X0Z1M08 / im bt u n dao /
N25 G01Z0F0.8 / im 1/
N30 X15 / im 2/
N35 G03X20Z-5I0K-5
N40 G01Z-12
N45 G02X30Z-22I10K0 / Kt thc gia cng /
N50 G01X40
N55 G00X70M09 / im thay dng c /
N60 Z100
N65 M05M30
2.2.1.5 Hiu chnh dng c
c th gia cng c vi nhiu dng c ct c kch thc khc nhau m khng
cn vit li chng trnh mi, cn hiu chnh dng c.
H2.11 : Hiu chnh dng c
X
Z P
O
T
a
L
z
L
x
b) Tin
P
O
T
L
z
a
Z
a) Phay

Cc vn v hiu chnh dng c
Cc gi tr bn knh v chiu di ca dng c ct c xc nh trc bng mt u
o dao chuyn dng hoc bng mt dng c so dao lp trn u cha dao nhm xc
nh v tr im ct thc t ca dng c, chng c a vo h iu khin dng lm
cc gi tr hiu chnh.
Khi lnh hiu chnh c gi trong chng trnh, h iu khin c nhim v tnh ton
li qu o chuyn ng ca dng c theo cc gi tr hiu chnh ny, do vy to ra
42
c chuyn ng chnh xc ca im ct trn dao dc theo ng bao gia cng m
khng cn phi xc nh li ta bin dng hnh hc ca chi tit nu kch thc dao
thay i.
Khi lp trnh, la chn cc s liu hiu chnh khc nhau ph thuc vo phng php
gia cng (v d tin hay phay...). Trn cc my phay v cc trung tm gia cng cn
hiu chnh chiu di v bn knh dao, cn trn my tin, cn hiu chnh v tr dao (
hiu chnh chiu di dao theo hng X v Z ) v hiu chnh bn knh nh dao.
Cc lnh hiu chnh dng c
Hng hiu chnh khi hiu chnh bn knh ( dao bn tri hoc phi ng bao gia
cng nhn theo ng chy ca dao ) c biu th bng lnh G41 hoc G42, tng
ng (H2.12).
Hy hiu chnh ny bng lnh G40.
Cc ch :
Thng khng cho php thay i trc tip gia G41 v G42 m trc
phi hy vi G40
Khi s dng hiu chnh dng c, c th dng vi G00 hay G01. G40 thng
c lp trnh lnh thot dao khi vng gia cng n im thay dao. Cng cn
ch phi thit lp ng dch chuyn dng c khi vo v ra khi bin dng chi tit
sao cho dng c khng ct lm vo chi tit (H2.13).
c) ng dch chuyn dng c
khi ct bin dng ngoi 1 chi
tit vi gc bin dng > 90
0
ng dch chuyn lp trnh
ng dch chuyn thc t
R: Bn knh dao phay
b) ng dch chuyn dng c
khi ct bin dng ngoi 1 chi
tit vi gc bin dng < 90
0
R
R
G42
G41
H2.12: Hng hiu chnh
vi G41 & G42
a) ng dch chuyn dng c
khi ct bin dng trong 1 chi
tit
R
R
G42
G41
R
R
R
R
G42
G41
R

43
b) ng vo v ra pha sau
1 bin dng gc
G42
G40
R
a) ng vo v ra pha trc
1 bin dng gc
G42
c) ng vo v ra pha sau
1 bin dng gc
G40
R
R
G42
R
G40
R
ng dch chuyn lp trnh
ng dch chuyn thc t
H2.13 : Hy hiu chnh
vi G40
R
R
O
P
O
P
O
P

i vi trng hp gia cng trn my tin, hng hiu chnh cng ging nh trong
hiu chnh bn knh dao phay, c hai iu kin dch chuyn G41 v G42 xc nh theo
qu o ca dao bn tri hoc bn phi ng bao gia cng ( H2.14a).
8
1 2
6
5
7
3
4
c) Cc gc phn t ca dao
d) Gc phn t th 3 v 7
a) Hng hiu chnh khi tin
H2.14 : Hiu chnh dao tin
X
Z
G42
G41
b) Cc thng s hiu chnh ca dao tin

Ngoi ra khi lp trnh v tr ca im ct P nm trn mt nh nhn l thuyt, trong
khi thc t dao c gc ln nn khng th ct v tr ny. Do vy cho nh mi dao
trng vi v tr ct thc t ( khng lm sai lch bin dng gia cng), cn hiu chnh bn
knh mi dao(H2.14b).
44
Trn nhiu h iu khin ca cc my tin c trang b cc loi h thng ph tr hiu
chnh, cho thy khi gia cng li ct ca dao n vo chi tit di gc no, qua
d dng xc nh c cc im ct thc t trn dao ty theo gc iu chnh ca dao
tin (H2.14c, d).
Tt c cc s liu nu trn v kch thc dng c c ghi vo b nh hiu chnh.
Thng chn b nh hiu chnh thng qua k t T ( phng php gia cng tin ), hoc
D ( phng php gia cng khoan, phay ) km theo nhm ch s ng sau cc k t
trn ng vi b nh ci t cc gi tr hiu chnh ca dng c .
V d 2.a : Lp trnh c hiu chnh dng c khi phay ( H2.15)
Y
X
H2.15 : Hnh v d 2.a

N00 %VD2a
N05 G54G90
N10 M06T01
N15 M03S1200
N20 G41D01
N25 G00X10Y10
N30 Z2M08 / im bt u n dao /
N35 G01Z-10F150
N40 Y60
N45 X16Y90
N50 X80
45
N55 G02X90Y80I0J-10
N60 G01X90Y60
N65 X70Y10
N70 X9 / Kt thc gia cng /
N75 G00Z10M09
N80 G40D00 / V im thay dao /
N85 X0Y0 / Hy hiu chnh dng c /
N90 M05
N95 M30
V d 2.b : Lp trnh c hiu chnh dng c khi tin ( H2.16 )
X
Z
H 2.16: Hnh v d 2.b

N00 %VD2b
N05 G54G90
N10 M06T0101
N15 M03S1200
N20 G42G00X0Z2M08 / im bt u n dao /
N25 G01Z0F120
N30 X15
N35 X18Z-3
N40 Z-35
N45 X21
46
N50 G03X25Z-39I0K-4
N55 G01X25Z-71.7
N60 G02X27.35Z-77.3I8K0
N65 G01X35Z-85
N70 Z-92
N75 X41M09
N80 G40G00X100Z20T0100/ V im thay dao, hy hiu chnh /
N85 M05M30
2.2.2. Lp trnh nng cao
2.2.2.1 Cc chu trnh v chng trnh con:
Chu trnh l mt tp hp cc thao tc nht nh c thc hin ch vi 1 m G duy
nht, v d cc chu trnh gia cng l c tiu chun, thng c 6 thao tc:
1. nh v tm l theo cc trc X v Y
2. Chy nhanh n mt phng R
3. Khoan, doa hay ct ren
4. Thao tc y l
5. Li nhanh v mt phng R
6. Tr nhanh v v tr xut pht ( nu khng gia cng l tip theo)
Tin chm
Li nhanh ly phoi
Tin nhanh
N...G83 Z...R...Q...F...
a) Chu trnh G83(khoan l su)
NG87 ZRPF
b) Chu trnh G87(khot rng)
H2.17: V d ng dch chuyn ca 1 s chu trnh gia cng l
Tin chm
Li nhanh
im n
Z
Q

Dng tm thi

Mt phng chun R Mt phng chun

Q
d
d
Z
im n
R

Ngoi chu trnh gia cng l, nhiu h iu khin my CNC cn c th c cc chu
trnh phay, tin khc nhau tuy chng cha c tiu chun.
47
a) Tin th dc trc b) Tin th mt u
H2.18 : V d ng dch chuyn
ca 1 s chu trnh tin
c) Tin th song song bin dng
im O
p
G00
D
U
W
im bt u
bin dng tinh
im kt thc
bin dng tinh
G00
D
U
W
im kt thc
bin dng tinh
im bt u
bin dng tinh
G00
Bt u tin th
Bt u tin tinh
im kt thc
bin dng tinh
U
W
I
K
im O
p
im O
p

Chng trnh con l mt dy cc thao tc do ngi s dng t son tho theo cc yu
cu c bit ca mnh v lu li vo b nh ca h iu khin, khi cn, c th gi qua
tn chng trnh con lu, t bn trong chng trnh chnh hay cng c th gi t
bn trong 1 chng trnh con khc. N c dng lm gim thi gian lp trnh i vi
cc thao tc lp i lp li.
%1234
L222P5
M30
L222
M17
5x
a) Cu trc chng trnh con bn trong
chng trnh chnh
%1234
M30
L222
M17
5x
L222P5
L333
M17
L333P2
2x
b) Cu trc chng trnh con
bn trong chng trnh con
H2.19: Cu trc chng trnh con

Cc h iu khin dng mt k t ( v d k t L) vi dy s ty chn gi chng
trnh con. Cu trc lnh bn trong chng trnh con ging nh chng trnh chnh, v
48
khi kt thc chng trnh con (bng mt chc nng M hoc mt chc nng G, v d
M17 hoc G99 ), li nhy tr v chng trnh chnh.
Bng ta chng trnh con
Chng trnh chnh
N00 G90
N05 G59 X20Y8
N10 L90
N15 G59 X42Y33
N20 L90
N25 G59 X75Y15
N30 L90
Chng trnh con
L90
N901 G00 X0Y0
N902 G01Z-5
N903 Y14
N904 X10
N905 G00Z2
N906 G53
N907 M17
H2.20: V d chng trnh con

Li gi chng trnh con chng trnh chnh : V d : L123P1LF
L: Gi chng trnh con ; 123 S hiu chng trnh con
P1 S ln chy chng trnh con (ln nht 99)
2.2.2.2. Lp trnh gia cng i vi mt s nguyn cng c bit
1.) Gia cng ren :
im bt u
ct ren
im kt thc
ct ren
A
a. Ren tr
X
Z
b. Ren cn
im bt u
ct ren
im kt thc
ct ren
Z
(X
0
,Z
0
)
(X
3
,Z
3
)
(X
0
,Z
0
)
(X
3
,Z
3
)
(X
1
,Z
1
)
A
G90G00X(X
1
)
G33X(X
2
)I
()
K(P)
G00X(X
3
)
Z(Z
0
)
G76X
-
Z
-
D
-
K
-
A
-
F
-
X: ng knh chn ren
Z: v tr cui chiu di ren
D: gia s chiu su ct
K: chiu cao ren
A: gc dung c
F: bc ren [
mm
/
vg
]
V d 1 chu trnh tin ren
K
h
H/8
H/6
Chiu su ren: h = H-H/8-H/6
H2.21 : Ct ren
X
(X
2
,Z
2
)

a. Lnh gia cng ren: G33 X/Z I/K V d G33Z-122K2M08
49
trong X/Z: Chiu di ren theo trc X/Z; I/K: Bc ren theo trc X/Z.
Chc nng G33 xc nh s ph thuc gia s vng quay trc chnh v lng chy
dao. Trong trng hp My khng c chc nng G33, phi tnh ton s ph thuc ny.

d
v 1000
n

= [
vg
/
ph
] chn n
t
c trn my v tnh F= n
t
t
p
[
mm
/
ph
]
b. Cc s ct ren : Khi ct ren thng phi chia thnh nhiu bc. Ty theo
s ct ren (ct bng 1li ct hay 2 li ct...) xc nh ng dch chuyn dng
c v tnh ton cc thng s cn thit, v d gia s x
i
cho mi ln ct x
i
=h/i vi h:
chiu cao ren, i: s bc; v tr u v cui ca ren mi bc (cc to X
i
v Z
i
).
c. Cc ch khi ct ren :
im xut pht ct ren nn c khong cch so vi im bt u ren thc
l 3 bc ren
Khi ct ren khng c rnh thot, im kt thc ren l thuyt phi nm
ngoi im ht ren mt khong bng 2 bc ren
Cc loi ren vung, ren thang giai on u cng thng ct tam gic,
sau dng dao nh hnh sa ng.
Tin dao vi 2 li ct chu lc ln nhng c 2 cnh ren u nhn, c
dng ct tinh trong khi tin dao vi 1 li ct tham gia ct gim c lc tuy nhin b
mt ren km nhn, do vy thng dng khi ct th.
d. Gia cng ren bng mi tar (H2.22)
- Ct ren bng ta r ht chiu di ren
(t 1 2)
- Dng trc chnh X giy (t 2 3)
- Trc chnh quay ngc a dng c
tr v mt phng thot dao (t 3 4)
- o chiu trc chnh nu mun ta r
l tip theo
R02
R10
R
0
9
R03
R04
R06
R07
1
2 3
4
H2.22 : Ct ren bng dng c ta r ren

50
2.) Ct rnh
a. Tin rnh (H2.23a)
b. Phay rnh (H2.23b,c) : C 2 trng hp
Dao c kch thc d < b (b rng rnh):Vi 0,5b < d < 0,9b, ng
dch chuyn dng c nh H2.23b.
Dao c kch thc d =b(b rng rnh): ng dch chuyn dng c nh
H2.23c
H2.23 : ng dch chuyn gia cng rnh ca dng c
1
2 3
- n dao t im 1 2
- Phay rnh t im 2 3 2
- Rt dao v im xut pht 1
b
b. Phay rnh vi dao c kch thc 0,5b < d <0,9b
1
2 3
- Khoan 2 l d. Thay dao
- n dao t im 12 3
- Rt dao v im xut pht 1
c. Phay rnh vi dao c kch thc b = d
im bt u
n dao (X
0
,Z
0
)
im kt thc
n dao (X
1
,Z
1
)
Dich chuyn nhanh at kch thc b rng rnh
Dng tin dao X giy, phi quay
a. Tin rnh

c. Phay rnh trn ng tm: Tng t vi cc dao d = bv 0,5b<d< 0,9b
Ch phng php n dao vo chi tit : Trng hp n gin nht l n dao dc trc
dao theo l khoan c sn. Ngoi ra, khi gia cng tinh vi bin dng l ng bao,
im bt u n dao nn chn ti v tr theo cung trn tip tuyn vi bin dng, c u
im lc ct thay i t t, gim sai s gia cng.
3.) Phay nh dng h lm ch nht (H2.24a)
i vi h lm ch nht :
ng knh dao phi nh hn cnh ngn ca h (d < b)
gc ln ca h phi bng hay ln hn bn knh dao
n dao t im gia 1 2
phay m rng 2 3, bc m rng khong (0,60,8)d
m rng k tip 3 4 (m kiu l xo: bn cht qu trnh phay khng thay
51
i, c phn bit vi m kiu ziczc).
rt dao nhanh v mt phng an ton, chy nhanh v im gia n dao ln 2
(nu nhiu ln n dao) hoc rt dao nhanh v im 1 (nu mt ln n dao)
4.) Phay nh dng khoang trn (H2.24b)
i vi khoang trn :
n dao t im gia 1 2
phay m rng 2 3 (cung trn c B l tm, vi AB = h/2)
phay cung trn 3 4 (ni suy trn c A l tm )
m rng k tip 4 5 (cung trn c B l tm), m kiu l xo, bc m rng
khong (0,60,8)d
phay cung trn 5 6 (ni suy trn c A l tm )
m rng k tip 6 7 (cung trn c B l tm )
phay cung trn 7 8 7 (ni suy trn c A l tm )
rt dao nhanh v mt phng an ton, chy nhanh v im gia n dao ln 2
(nu nhiu ln n dao) hoc rt dao nhanh v im 1 (nu mt ln n dao).
2
2
'
3
4
4
1
1
2
3 4
5 6
7
8
9
A
B
a. Phay nh dng h lm ch nht
b. Phay khoang trn
Bc xon h = (0,6 0,8)d
A,B: cc tm cc
H2.24: ng dch chuyn ca dng c
khi phay nh dng h lm v khoang trn
h
b
d
d
2
2
'
d
d
d: khong gia s theo chiu su h

2.2.2.3 Lp trnh vi cc tham s ( Lp trnh Macros)
Mt chng trnh tham s ( hay 1 macros) l mt dy cc thao tc tng t nh mt
chng trnh con. S khc nhau gia chng trnh con v macro l cc gi tr bng s
cc a ch c th thay bng nhng tham s tng trng, v khi dng, khai bo gi tr
52
c th cho cc tham s ny phn u chng trnh, nh vy thun tin hn chng
trnh con trong trng hp cn phi thc hin cc ng dch chuyn dng c tng t
v mt hnh hc, chng hn gia cng mt h cc chi tit ( ging v hnh dng hnh hc
nhng khc v kch c) ch cn vi mt chng trnh tham s.
Do vic lp trnh macros cha c tiu chun ha nn thao tc lp trnh rt khc
nhau gia cc nh sn xut h iu khin.
Thng thng, cc tham s ca 1 macro cho php m t cc thng tin nh cc gi tr
to , lng chy dao F, s vng quay trc chnh S, d liu chu trnh... thay v dng
cc gi tr c nh. Cc macros cn c th thc hin cc php ton gia cc tham s,
cc iu kin lgic cn thit trong lp trnh gia cng... nh vy gip cho vic lp trnh
tr nn linh hot v phong ph hn.





















53
Cc cu hi Chng 2:
1. Lp trnh :
Bi 1: V bn v v vit chng trnh m G
Bi 2: To file .ncl, nhp chng trnh TH.C, chy chng trnh v nhn
xt kt qu ca chng trnh m G. M rng cho thut gii
2. Phn bit gia chu trnh v chng trnh tham s
3. Chuyn ng G00 c dng
a. thc hin cc nguyn cng gia cng nhanh trn chi tit
b. nh v nhanh dng c n v i khi cc v tr ct gt.
c. to cc chuyn ng theo ng vng trn chi tit.
d. gia cng vi mt tc chy dao nht nh theo mt ng thng.
4. Chuyn ng G01 c dng
a. thc hin cc nguyn cng gia cng nhanh trn chi tit
b. nh v nhanh dng c n v i khi cc v tr ct gt.
c. to cc chuyn ng theo ng vng trn chi tit.
d. gia cng vi mt tc chy dao nht nh theo mt ng thng.
5. Tc chy dao khng cn phi c lp trnh tng lnh dch chuyn, ngay
c gia cc lnh chuyn ng thng v trn. ( , S )
6. Mt khi mt kiu chuyn ng nht nh c la chn ( bi G00, G01,
G02 hay G03), khng cn phi c lp trnh li cho n khi kiu chuyn ng thay
i. ( , S )
7. Lit k 3 yu t m tt c cc kiu chuyn ng u c chung.
a. Chng u c chung mu lnh
b. im cui ca chuyn ng c lp trnh mi lnh chuyn ng.
c. Tt c cc chuyn ng u ph thuc vo ch tuyt i/gia s
(G90/G91)
d. Ch c cc trc chuyn ng mi cn c a vo lnh dch chuyn.
8. Cng tc ng/ ngt no lm vic theo m M01 trong chng trnh?
Dng c chn lc (Optional Stop)



54
Chng 3 My cng c KS- Phn tch ng hc v kt cu
3.1 Cu trc tng th cc My cng c KS
Cc My cng c KS cng c b cc tng t nh cc my cng c truyn thng,
tr mt s trng hp, cu trc tng th My c nhng thay i nht nh ph hp
vi v tr ca n trong h thng sn xut, v d tnh thun tin khi b tr cc c cu cp
v thay th t ng dng c hoc cp, tho phi t ng ...

H3.1: My phay iu khin chng trnh s PC Mill 155
3.2 Phn tch c im ng hc h thng truyn ng My cng c KS
Ngoi nhim v truyn c cng sut ct gt hay cng sut chy dao cn thit, cc
h thng truyn ng My cn phi cung cp 1 phm vi iu chnh tc v cp
rng cng nh p ng c cc tiu chun i vi c tnh ng lc hc My.
tho mn cc yu cu trn, cc ngun ng lc c chn thng l cc loi ng c
in 1 chiu hoc ng c bc, hoc c th l ng c in xoay chiu dng km vi
cc thit b bin tn.
3.2.1 Cc c im ca h thng truyn ng dng ng c 1 chiu (DC)
H thng truyn ng loi ny cung cp phm vi iu chnh tc cn thit bng
cch mc ni tip ngun ng lc iu chnh v cp vi mt hp tc truyn ng
phn cp. Nh vy, h c ng truyn ngn nhng vn bo m c phm vi tc
trc ra.
Mc ni tip ngun v cp vi 1 hp tc phn cp
y l phng php c ng dng rng ri. Gi s ngun v cp c phm vi iu
chnh R
B
=
'
min
'
max
n
n
c ghp ni tip vi 1hp tc phn cp c q t s truyn i
1
, i
2
,..,i
q
.
55
Chn nhm v cp lm nhm c s, do R
B
=
Tng ng vi cc t s truyn i
1
, i
2
,...,i
q
ta c q phm vi thay i tc trc ra:

'
min 1
n i
'
max 1
n i


'
max 2
'
min 2
n i n i
K K K K K K

'
max q
'
min q
n i n i
n
min
n
'
max
i
1
i
2
i
3
n
'
min n
"
max
n
max
C B C B C B
H3.2: Li kt cu Hp Tc
Cn tm quy lut phn b cc t s truyn i

V d cho trng hp hp tc c 3 t s truyn i
1
, i
2
, i
3
. i vi nhm truyn v
cp, i ph thuc vo ti trng, do khi chu ti, b truyn phn cp c th to ra
nhng khong trng khng c tc . Nhim v thit k l phi bo m iu kin tc
ra lin tc, hay ni mt cch khc, n
B
n
C
Ta c : n
B
= n
'
min
i
2

n
C
= n
'
max
i
1
iu kin : n
B
n
C
i
2

1
'
min
'
max
i
n
n
= R
B
i
1
(3.1)
Tng t : i
3
R
B
i
2
=
2
B
R i
1

Mt cch tng qut : i
q

1 q
B
R

i
1

1 q
B A
1
q
R R
i
i

= (3.2)
i
q
= ( )
1
1 q
B
i kR


vi k 1 v q : s cp tc ca hp tc phn cp (3.3)
56
Do vy, cc t s truyn ca b phn cp phn b theo quy lut cp s nhn c cng
bi = kR
B
.
Xc nh q :
Phm vi iu chnh ca cc t s truyn b phn cp :
R
A
= ( )
1 q
B
1
q
kR
i
i

= (3.4)
Nu gi R l phm vi iu chnh chung : R=R
A
R
B
, ta c :
( )
B
1 q
B
1 q
B
B
R lg
R lg
q R kR
R
R
=

hay
B
min
R lg
R lg
q = (3.5)
Cng c th xc nh c gi tr h s k . Bi v ( )
1 q
B
B
kR
R
R

= , ta c :
1 q
B B
q
B
1 q
R
R
R
1
k R R k

= = v t l trng tng i W trn cc im tip gip BC :

100
i ) n n (
i n i n
W
1 q
'
min
'
max
q
'
min 1 q
'
max %

= ;
Thay i
q
=kR
B
i
q-1

100
1 R
) k 1 ( R
100
) n n (
kR n n
W
B
B
'
min
'
max
B
'
min
'
max %

= (3.6)
V d : Thit k h thng truyn ng cho 1 my CNC trong ng c cho php
bin i v cp tc t (1200 3000)
vg
/
ph
c ghp vi 1 hp tc sao cho s
vng quay trn trc ra n
min
= 40
vg
/
ph
v n
max
= 1600
vg
/
ph

Gii :
Cc phm vi iu chnh R= 40
40
1600
n
n
min
max
= = ; R
B
= 5 , 2
1200
3000
=
S cp tc ca hp tc : 4
5 , 2 lg
40 lg
R lg
R lg
q
B
min
= = =
H s 1
5 , 2
40
5 , 2
1
R
R
R
1
k 3 1 q
B B
= =

.
Do = kR
B
= 2,5
Hp tc c PAKG 22
PATT I II
(1) (2)
Li kt cu nhn c nh H3.3.T li kt cu, tin hnh v th vng quay, tnh
57

H3.3: Li kt cu

ton s rng trong hp phn cp, v v s ng theo cch nh i vi my cng c
truyn thng (H3.4a,b).
3.2.2 Cc c im ca h thng truyn ng dng ng c bc
i vi ng c bc, gc bc
/c
c mi quan h vi chuyn v n v ca c cu
chp hnh theo biu thc :
s =
/c
i k
v
(3.7)
trong : i=
c
c
n
n
vi n
c
, s vng quay trc ra hp gim tc [
vg
/
s
]
n
/c
, s vng quay ca ng c bc [
vg
/
s
]
k
v
: h s ph thuc vo c cu dn, nu c cu dn
l vt me-ai c, ta c: k
v
=t
x
, cn vi c cu dn l b truyn bnh rng-thanh rng,
k
v
= mz , m v z l m un v s rng ca bnh rng dn ng thanh rng.
58
Gi V
s
[
mm
/
ph
] : tc chy dao bn my, k
v
c xc nh theo biu thc:
k
v
=
c
s
n 60
V
[mm]
La chn cc thng s ng hc ca h thng truyn ng dng ng c bc cn
cn c vo :
chnh xc ng hc yu cu, tc l phi bo m s [s]
[s]: sai s cho php ln nht ca c cu chp hnh, hay ik
v

c
] s [

(3.8)
Kh nng truyn c lc ko cn thit, hay ik
v

Q
M
1
(3.9)
M
1
: gi tr trung bnh ca momen ng c bc
Q : lc ko ln nht ; : hiu sut truyn dn
Kh nng thc hin tc chy dao nhanh nht ca bn my
ik
v

c
max s
f
V

(3.10)
Chn t s truyn i ca hp gim tc cng cn phi ch n yu t ng lc hc h
truyn ng.
3.3 Phn tch c im kt cu
Cu trc mt h truyn ng My KS bao gm ng c, cc thnh phn truyn
ng v mt h iu khin. H iu khin nhn d liu u vo dng lnh, v d lnh
U VO
cc chuyn ng my
( m ho )
MY
v
h iu khin
U RA
cc chuyn ng
thc t
nhiu
Cc chuyn ng ca my
c m t theo tn hiu m ho
p ng ca phn cng
theo lnh gi n
H3.5: Cu trc my cng c KS

chuyn ng ch dn mt tp hp ta cc im trong khng gian m dng c cn i
59
qua..., x l v bin i cc d liu ny thnh tn hiu iu khin ng c sau khi qua
mt s h thng con ca h chp hnh, v d mch khuch i cng sut, mch bin
i dng...Tip n l h truyn ng c hc, phn ln s dng cc b truyn bnh
rng, ai rng, trc truyn, vt me...v c cu chp hnh (bn my mang phi, trc g
dao...)(H3.5)
u ra ca h truyn ng l chuyn ng my thc t theo mt trc, v l p ng
ca h i vi u vo, sao cho khi u vo ( i lng dn ) bin i, u ra phi theo
kp s bin i ny trong thi gian ngn nht. Do vy, mun xc nh c tnh lm
vic ca h thng truyn ng My, cn phn tch m hnh thit lp cho h tm mi
quan h gia i lng u vo cung cp v i lng u ra ( chuyn ng thc t ),
qua ch ra cc yu t chi phi s hot ng cng nh nh gi cht lng hot ng
ca ton h.
Gi bin u vo h u(t) l mt i lng thay i theo thi gian t. Bi ton iu
khin cho bit vi u vo u(t), ta nhn c mt p ng nht nh hay u ra y(t).
H thng truyn ng v phn loi bi ton iu khin:
Gi s chuyn ng tnh tin dc mt trc no c thc hin bng cch dng
ng c bc ghp ni tip vi b truyn vt me - ai c bi cung cp chuyn ng cho
bn my mang chi tit.
c lng dch chuyn cn thit, phi chn gc bc cho ng c cng nh s
bc trong mt n v thi gian v xc nh cc thng s ng hc ca h thng
truyn ng.
Cc thnh phn h bao gm ng c, trc, vt me v bn my ( H3.6).

H3.6: Cc thnh phn ca h thng truyn ng
Lng dch chuyn ca bn my d dng tm ra da vo mi quan h gia cc thng
60
s ng hc ca h chn v nh bit, y l h thng vng h. Tuy nhin, gi tr
thc t ca s bc nhn c, tc bc v do vy qung ng dch chuyn
thng khc hn so vi tnh ton. Tc u ra cn ph thuc vo ti ko, khe h
trong h truyn ng v s tr gia th hiu t vo cho n khi bn my bt u
chuyn ng C th hiu chnh cc sai lch nh trn bng cch chn ng c c
cht lng tt hn hoc nu bit ngun gy ra sai lch v nh hng ca chng nh
th no, ta c th thit k mt hiu chnh cho chng, chng hn nu bit ngun nhiu
cng vi tc ng ca n n lng dch chuyn cn thit, ta c th thm hoc bt i
mt s bc ng c b tr. y l bi ton iu khin thun.
Mt phng php iu khin khc c dng trong hu ht cc my cng c l thay
th vic xc nh s bc bng cch o lin tc vi tr thc t, so snh n vi v tr
mong mun v hiu chnh sai lch. iu ny c ngha l v tr thc t c kim tra v
mt tn hiu nhn bit s sai lch, h sau c tc ng hiu chnh lm gim sai
lch ny.
Cng ly v d cn thc hin chuyn ng tnh tin theo mt trc, nhng s dng h
thng truyn ng c phn hi. Ngun ng dng y l loi ng c in mt chiu
cung cp chuyn ng cn thit cho bn my hay dng c ct (H3.7).

H3.7: Cc thnh phn ca h thng truyn ng c phn hi
xc nh cc yu t nh hng n lng dch chuyn bn my, cn thit lp m
hnh h.
Cc m hnh thnh phn v ca h
+ H bc nht : u ra ca h l v tr gc trc ng c hay tc gc rad/s v
61
u vo l th hiu V
i
(t).
ng c, th hiu t vo V
i
(t) cung cp mt dng in i
a
(t) qua cun dy qun
phn ng trong mt t trng. Momen sinh ra t l vi dng theo biu thc:
M
1
= k
m
i
a
(3.11)
k
m
: hng s momen ca ng c
B qua ma st, ton b momen c dng ko trc ng c mang ti, khi c
th m t hot ng ca ng c nh sau
k
m
i
a
(t) = J
dt
d
(3.12)
vi J: momen qun tnh ca ng c cng vi trc mang ti.
Mch in bn trong ng c c cc thnh phn (nh kho st Chng 1):
E
b
= k
e
. (3.13)
E
b
l sc phn in.
Coi in p ri trn cun cm l b so vi in p in tr R
a
, ta c th vit:
V
i
- E
b
= i
a
R
a
(3.14)
Gii (3.14) tm i
a
v thay i
a
cng vi (3.13) vo (3.12):

dt
d
k k
JR
e m
a

+ =
e
i
k
V
(3.15)
Phng trnh trn l phng trnh vi phn bc mt biu th quan h gia th hiu cp
cho ng c V
i
v tc u ra ng c .
Nhn xt v h s ca s hng u tin
e m
a
k k
JR

mi thnh phn l mt hng s do s hng trn l hng s
n v ca h s ny l thi gian, ( giy nu n v ca l rad/giy)
s hng ny c g l hng s thi gian, T

, ca h.
M hnh ng c c biu th di dng tng qut:
T
dt
d
+ =
e
i
k
cV
(3.16)
trng thi xc lp ( khng c s thay i chuyn ng hay s thay i th hiu), ta
c:
dt
d
= 0 v =
ss
=
e
i
k
cV

trong c c gi l h s khuch i ca ng c. Kt qu ny l p ng xc lp
62
ca m hnh khi u vo dng nc.
im ch y l p ng ca h ph thuc vo h s c ca ng c v hng s
thi gian h T. Khi m t hot ng ca h thng, thng x dng c tnh p ng
nc-p ng ca mt u vo nc hay ni mt cch khc bin u vo h thay i rt
nhanh t gi tr c nh ny sang gi tr c nh khc.
ng dng p ng nc cho m hnh ng c
xc nh gi tr h s khuch i ca u ra ( h s khuch i tnh)
nh gi s bin i ca u ra trc khi h tin n trng thi xc lp (p ng
qu ).
Vi u vo nc t 0 1 ti thi im t= 0 ; iu kin u ca tc gc = 0, p
ng l thuyt ca ng c l li gii ca phng trnh vi phn bc mt ca m hnh
ng c :
T
dt
d
+ =
e
i
k
cV
; V
i
= 0 khi t< 0; V
i
= 1 khi t 0 (3.17)
Kt qu nhn c:

=

T
t
ss
e 1 (3.18)
Cng c th trnh by kt qu theo t l tc
ss
) t (

. Thi gian tnh theo n v ca

hng s thi gian T.
Li gii ca phng trnh m t m hnh cn c dng phn tch cho mt s
trng hp cn thit, v d mun nh gi p ng ca ng c khi u vo chu kch
thch hnh sin tn s no
Phng trnh (3.17) c trng cho h kho st l phng trnh vi phn bc 1 c mt
u vo-mt u ra vi gi thit cc p ng thnh phn khng c s tr. Mt cch
tng qut, cc h ny c gi l cc h bc nht.
+ H bc hai: H thng truyn ng My gm ng c, cc thnh phn truyn ng
cng vi c cu chp hnh l bn my hay trc dng c (H3.8 ).
Cu trc thu gn ca h thng truyn ng c phn hi trn H3.9. V tr bn my phi
c o mt cch lin tc v thng tin ny dng ch dn cc lnh chuyn ng k
tip.
H thng truyn ng quy i tnh ton nh H3.10, trong :
b: h s ma st tng ng
k
t
: cng tng ng ca h.
63
Tn hiu
chun
B so snh
B iu khin
K
ng c
Hp
gim tc
Bn my
Vt dn
Tc k
sai lch tc
+

Tn hiu phn hi
Cm bin v tr
v tc
H3.9: Cu trc ca h thng truyn ng c phn hi
ng c
Hp
gim tc
Trc truyn
Ti
Tn hiu
iu khin

i

o
H3.8: M hnh h thng truyn ng

Bin kho st l v tr gc ca trc truyn, . V tr cui ca bn my l u ra h
o

v v tr cui ca ng c l u vo h
i
. Momen xon cn truyn gy ra bin dng
i vi trc v do lm thay i chuyn ng trc.
cng ca h c gp vo trc ra vi cng xon tng ng k
t
.

H3.10: M hnh h quy i
Momen xon trn trc
M
t
= k
t
(
i
-
o
) (3.19)
Hu ht cc h truyn ng thng x dng ma st ln gia cc b mt i tip.
Momen ma st khi l: M
ms
= b
dt
d
o

(3.20)
b: h s ma st ln
Phng trnh cn bng m t chuyn ng ca h:
J
o

& &
= k
t
(
i
-
o
) - b
o

&
(3.21)
64
hay
o

& &
+
J
b
o

&
+
J
k
t

o
=
J
k
t

i
(3.22)
y l phng trnh c trng ca m hnh h cho bit mi quan h gia u ra
o

v u vo
i
- (3.22) c dng phng trnh vi phn tuyn tnh bc hai.
Phng trnh cui thng c vit li dng cc s hng m t bn cht vt l ca
h.
o

& &
+ 2
n

o

&
+
2
n

o
= g
2
n

i
(3.23)
vi tn s ring khng cn ca h l
n
. nh hng ca yu t ma st c m t bng
gi tr , hay t s cn. H s khuch i g, tn s ring
n
v t s cn c trng cho
hot ng ca h thng kho st.
Mt cch tng qut, cc h ny c gi l cc h bc hai. Li gii ca phng trnh
(3.23) cho bit hot ng ca h trong min thi gian. Ngoi ra, da vo li gii, c
th phn tch c tnh dao ng ca h trong nhiu trng hp ng dng c th .
i vi cc h thng truyn ng my cng c ni chung v my CNC ni ring,
thnh phn truyn ng thng s dng l cc cp truyn ng bnh rng, truyn ng
ai, ly hp, khp ni..., chng c yu cu cao v cng, bn mn v tnh chu
nhit, trong yu t c trng ca thnh phn l cng.
cng ca thnh phn truyn ng c nh gi qua chuyn v (chuyn v di
hoc chuyn v gc).
Tu theo cc thnh phn ca h c ghp ni tip hay song song, cng tng
ng ca h truyn ng c tnh ton khc nhau.
-- ghp ni tip
2 1
k
1
k
1
k
1
+ =
k
1
k
2
-- ghp song song
k= k
1
+k
2
k
1
k
2
cng ca cc thnh phn truyn ng thng gp :
H3.11 : M hnh cc thnh phn truyn ng
3.3.1 : c im tnh ton

65
1. Trc :
cng ca trc c tit din trn :
k =
l 32
d G
4

[
Nm
/
rad
] (3.24)
trong
d : ng knh trc; l : chiu di trc;
G : m un n hi chng xon
G 7,510
10

N
/
m2
i vi thp
2,510
10

N
/
m2
i vi nhm
2. Bnh rng :
Gi s bnh rng ch ng cng, cng ca bnh rng b ng :
k = C
g
br
2
[
Nm
/
rad
] (3.25)
trong
b : b rng rng ;
r : bn knh vng chia ca bnh rng b ng ;
C
g
: h s tip xc b mt rng; C
g
1,34 10
10 N
/
m2

i vi thp
3. cng trc ra ca h truyn ng
x
x
k
1
k
2
M
1
M
2
N
I
II
Ta c : M
1
= k
1 1

M
2
= k
2 2

trong
1
,
2
l chuyn v gc ca trc I
v trc II, tng ng
M
2
= NM
1
2
=
1
N
1

N>1: t s truyn hp gim tc

Do vy: k
2
= 1
2
1
1
2
2
k N
N
1
NM M
=

H3.12 : H truyn ng
J
1
J
2
(3.26)

V d : Cho k
1
= 500
Nm
/
rad
, b truyn bnh rng c t s truyn gim tc N=10. Bnh
rng b ng c cng k
br
= 5000
Nm
/
rad
. Tm cng ca h.
Gii :
66
Do cng trc ra k
2
= N
2
k
1
, ta c k
h
c xc nh theo cng ca 2 thnh phn
truyn ng ghp ni tip :

) 500 ( 10
1
5000
1
k N
1
k
1
k
1
k
1
k
1
2
10
2
br 20 br
+ = + = + =

4545
11
50000
k =

Nm
/
rad
Nhn xt : Khi thnh phn cui ca h thng truyn ng l thnh phn gim
tc ln, cng ca cc thnh phn trc c th b qua
4. ai truyn : cng ca b truyn ai :
k
B
=
l
AE
(3.27)
trong A : tit din ai [mm
2
] ; E : m un n hi ca ai [
N
/
mm
2
]
l : chiu di ca on dy ai t do gia cc puly cng vi
1
/
3
chiu di ai
tip xc vi cc puly [mm]
5. Ni trc
Coi ni trc nh 1 dm chu un v tnh cng im cui. i vi ni trc c tit
din trn, cng ca ni trc c tnh theo cng thc
k =
3
4
1
4
2
l 64
) d d ( E 3
(3.28)
trong d
1
, d
2
: ng knh trong v ngoi ca ni trc; l : chiu di trc
E : m un n hi chng un E 2 10
11

N
/
m
2
i vi thp

2
/
3
10
11

N
/
m
2
i vi nhm
i vi ni trc tit din vung, cng k c tnh
k =
3
4
1
4
2
l 4
) w w ( E
(3.29)
trong w
1
, w
2
: cc kch thc trong v ngoi ca ni trc
6. H thng truyn ng tng ng
Kho st h thng truyn ng H3.12.
Vit phng trnh chuyn ng cho h thng trn vi cc gi thit :

1
,
2
:chuyn v gc ti v tr t khi lng 1 v 2 .
b
1
, b
2
: h s ma st trn trc 1 v 2, tng ng .
(J
1
1

& &
+b
1
1

&
)+
N
1
(J
2
2

& &
+b
2
2

&
) = M
1

67
thay
2
=
N
1

, ta c:
(J
1
+ )
N
J
2
2
1

& &
+(b
1
+
2
2
N
b
)
1

&
= M
1
=
N
M
2
(vit theo bin
1
)
hoc : (J
2
+N
2
J
1
)
2

& &
+(b
2
+N
2
b
1
)
2

&
= M
2
(vit theo bin
2
)
Nh vy, h thng trn c th quy v 1 h thng thu gn, vi qun tnh tng ng
ca a 2 so vi a 1 l
2
2
N
J
( hoc qun tnh tng ng ca a 1 so vi a 2 l
N
2
J
1
) v cc h s cn tng ng
2
2
N
b
hoc N
2
b
1
ty theo bin chuyn v cn xt.
xc nh cng tng ng ca h quy i, c th da theo phng php xc
nh cng chung ca h ph thuc vo cng thnh phn v cch ghp.
Vi b truyn bnh rng-thanh rng dng lm c cu chp hnh:(H3.13a)
Vi b truyn vt me-ai c dng lm c cu chp hnh : (H3.13b)
R
x&

&
J
0
m
Gi s J
0
: momen qun tnh ca bnh rng
n khp vi thanh rng
m : khi lng bn my
Khi m
t
= m +
2
0
R
J
hoc J
t
= J
0
+ mR
2
x&
J
0
m

&
s
Gi s J
0
: momen qun tnh ca vt me
bn my
m : khi lng bn my
Khi m
t
= m +
0
2
2
J
s
4
hoc J
t
= J
0
+
2
2
4
ms

s : bc vt me bn my
H3.13a : C cu Bnh Rng-Thanh Rng
H3.13b : C cu Vt me-ai c

3.3.2 c tnh cht lng ca h truyn ng
Gi tr hng s thi gian tng ng ca cc h thng truyn ng ( h bc hai) c
th c tnh theo cc cng thc sau :
i vi h truyn ng thc hin chuyn ng quay
T =
t
t
b
J 2
[s] (3.30)
i vi h truyn ng thc hin chuyn ng tnh tin
68
T =
t
t
b
m 2
[s] (3.31)
Ch : T 6 , 4 T
% 1
s
= ; T 4 T
% 2
s
= ; T 3 T
% 5
s
=
Cc v d ng dng:
Phn ln cc trng hp khi kho st h truyn ng thu gn, c th quy v s
tnh ton gm 2 khi lng

H3.14: S tnh ton h quy i 2 khi lng
Phng trnh chuyn ng c dng:

( )

=
=
) ( b k j
) ( k ) ( b M j
1 2 2 1 2 2
2 1 2 1 1 1 1
& & & &
& & & &
(3.32)
hay
( )

=
= + +
0 k ) ( b j
M ) ( k ) ( b j
2 1 2 1 2 2
1 2 1 2 1 1 1
& & & &
& & & &
(3.33)

1
1
2 1
1
2 1
1
1
j
M
) (
j
k
) (
j
b
= + +
& & & &

v 0 ) (
j
k
) (
j
b
2 1
2
2 1
2
2
=
& & & &

Do ( ) ( )
1
1
2 1
2 1
2 1
2 1
2 1
j
M
j
k
j
k
j
b
j
b
) ( =

+ +

+ +
& & & & & &
(3.34)
hay
1
1
2 1 2 1
j
M
j
1
j
1
k
j
1
j
1
b =

+ +

+ +
& & &


1
1
2 1
2 1
2 1
2 1
j
M
j j
j j
k
j j
j j
b =

+
+

+
+
& & &
(3.35)
Khi T =
) j j ( b
j j 2
2 1
2 1
+
(3.36)
V d : Xc nh qun tnh tng ng v cng tng ng ca h thng truyn
ng sau
69
j
1
H3.15 : H thng truyn ng c gim tc 2 cp
Cc gi thit :
J
m
: Momen qun tnh ca r to ng c
j
1
, j
2
, j
3
, j
4
: Momen qun tnh ca cc bnh rng trong hp
N
1
, N
2
: Cc t s truyn gim tc ( >1)
b
1
, b
2
, b
3
: Cc h s ma st trn cc trc I, II, III
x
x
x
x
J
m
M
1
N
1
N
2
j
2
j
3
j
4
J
t
1

& b
1,
2

&
b
2
b
3
I
II
III
k
1
k
2
k
3
3

&

Gii :
Vit phng trnh chuyn ng ca h, trong gi s chuyn v gc ti u v cui
trc I (trc ng c )l nh nhau (
1
), chuyn v gc ti u v cui trc II l nh nhau
(
2
=
3
), chuyn v gc ti u v cui trc III l
4
.
(J
m
+j
1
)

1

& &
+b
1
1

&
+ ] b ) j j [(
N
1
2 2 2 3 2
1
+ +
& & &
+ ] b ) j j [(
N N
1
4 3 4 t 4
2 1
+ +
& & &
=M
1
(3.37)
Thay
1
1
2
N

= ;
2 1
1
4
N N

= ta c :
[(J
m
+j
1
)+
2
2
2
1
t 4
2
1
3 2
N N
j j
N
j j +
+
+
]
1

& &
+(b
1
+
2
2
2
1
3
2
1
2
N N
b
N
b
+ )
1

&
= M
1
(3.38)
Nh vy, qun tnh tng ng vit theo chuyn v gc
1
l
J
t1
= (J
m
+j
1
) +
2
2
2
1
t 4
2
1
3 2
N N
j j
N
j j +
+
+
(3.39a)
hoc nu vit theo chuyn v gc
4
, ta c :
J
t2
= ) j j ( ) j j ( N ) j J ( N N
t 4 3 2
2
2 1 m
2
2
2
1
+ + + + + (3.39b)
cng tng ng ca h thng :

0
III 4 br
k
1
k
1
k
1
+ =

(3.40)
trong
70

III III III
k
1
k
1
k
1
i 0
+ = vi
0 i
II
2
2 III
k N
1
k
1
=
v
II I
2
1 2 br II II 2 br II
k
1
k N
1
k
1
k
1
k
1
k
1
k
1
0 i 0
+ + = + + =
Do

+ + + =
0 0
I
2
1 II 2 br
2
2 III III
k N
1
k
1
k
1
N
1
k
1
k
1

hay
0
I
2
2
2
1 II
2
2 2 br
2
2 III 4 br
k N N
1
k N
1
k N
1
k
1
k
1
k
1
+ + + + =

(3.41)
k
h
3.3.3 Mt s c cu c bit trong My cng c KS
3.3.3.1. C cu vt me - ai c bi
Vt me l phn dn ng cui cng ca truyn ng chy dao trong phn ln cc my
cng c KS, do vy cn s dng cc vt me c chnh xc cao, chu mn, v m
bo cng vng. Loi c cu vt me- ai c bi (H3. 16) c tip xc gia vt me v ai
c l tip xc ln nn c th coi ma st khng ng k v p ng c cc yu cu
lm vic k trn.

H3.16: C cu vt me ai c bi
C vt me v ai c u c profil ren dng cung trn c gia cng chnh xc dn
bi. Cc rnh dn bi chy theo ng ren v vng tr li theo mt ng dn bn trong
ca ai c bi. Rnh ca vt me v ai c c ch to c hnh dng cung na vng trn
bn knh r
1
v r
2
, t s r
1
/ r
2
chn t (0.95 0,97), vi r
1
: bn knh bi, r
2
: bn knh ca
rnh ai c. Khe h ng knh chn sao cho gc tip xc 45
0
.
Cc u im chnh :
71
Tn tht ma st b, hiu sut ca c cu vt me-ai c bi c th t ti 0,9
trong khi cc vt me-ai c trt ch t t (0,2 0.4)
cng dc trc cao nh cc bin php to lc cng s b ban u.
Lc ma st khng ph thuc vo vn tc, do m bo chuyn ng n
nh.
m bo chnh xc lm vic lu di.

H3.17a, b, c: Kt cu rnh hi bi v profil ren
c im tnh ton :
1. Xc nh lc ko cho php Q : Xut pht t iu kin bn tip xc gia vt
th ln bi-rnh xon c, tr s ng sut tip xc ln nht c cho bi cng thc Hertz
3
2
2
2
1
2
1 2
2
k
r r
) r r ( PE
4 , 1

=

2
cm
kg
(3.42)
trong P: ti trng tnh tc dng ln 1 vin bi [kg]; E: m un n hi ca vt liu [

kg
/
cm
2
]. i vi thp E 210
11
[
N
/
m
2
] = 210
6
[
kg
/
cm
2
]; r
1
, r
2
[cm]
Vi
2
1
r
r
bng 0,96 v chn vt liu thp, thay vo cng thc trn:
3
2
1
3
k
d
P
10 3 , 4 =

2
cm
kg
(3.43)
trong , d
1
: ng knh bi [cm]
ng sut tip xc cho php ph thuc vo cng b mt tip xc:
[
k
] = (2,5 3) 10
4

60
HRC

2
cm
kg

72
Gi s ly
k
[
k
] = 2,5 10
4

2
cm
kg
(ng vi b mt tip xc t HRC= 60), t
cng thc (3.43), c th xc nh ti trng gii hn i vi 1 vin bi:
P 200 d
1
2
[kg] (3.44)
Lc ko cho php tc dng ln vt me:
Q Pz
t
sin cos[kg]
hay Q 200z
t
d
1
2
sincos [kg] (3.45)
trong , z
t
: s bi tnh ton, c th ly z
t
= 0,7z
: gc tip xc, ly = 45
0
: gc nng ng vt, ( 2 3 )
0
, do coi cos 1
Thay cc gi tr bng s, cui cng ta c :
Q 100z d
1
2
[kg] (3.46)
Tnh ton theo tui th ca b truyn : quy v vic xc nh h s tui th k
0
:

3
7
i
Q 0
10
TnC 60
k k = (3.47)
vi, T : thi hn phc v[g], v d T = 5000gi ; n[v/ph]: s vng quay tnh ton ca
b truyn, tnh theo cng thc
n = ( n
max
+ n
min
) / 2
C
i
: s chu k ti trng trong 1 vng quay, c tnh: C
i
= 0,5z
t
( 1 +
0
1
r
r
cos )
trong , r
0
: bn knh tm bi.
k
Q
: h s bin i ti trng, ly k
Q
0,9
Nu T = 5000 g, C
i
20/2 = 10, k
Q
0,9, ta c : k
0
= 0,6
3
n (3.48)
Ch rng khi k
0
1th theo (3.48), s vng quay trung bnh n < 5, iu kin tui th
c m bo khi m bo bn, cn khi k
0
> 1, dn n cng thc cui cng l:
Q
0
2
1
k
zd 100
(3.49)
2. Xc nh cng vt me
a. cng dc trc
k =
d
dQ
(3.50)
vi : chuyn v dc trc ca vt me.
k ph thuc vo cc tham s hnh hc ca b mt tip xc v m un n hi ca vt
73
liu.
C th chng minh c rng [9]
k = 0,8
3
2
t c 1
z Q d (3.51)
Q
c
: lc cng s b [kg]. Theo kinh nghim, ly Q
c
= 0,35 Q, do vy thay z
t
= 0,7z, ta
nhn c :
k = 2 d
1
z

m
kg
(3.52)
b. cng xon ca vt me
Gi tr cng xon ca vt me c xc nh theo chiu di vt v ng knh trung
bnh ca ren : k =
vm
4
tb
l 32
d G
(3.53)
Cc thng s kch thc chnh ca b truyn vt me- ai c bi c th tham kho trong
cc bng (5.1) v (5.2) [11].
3.3.3.2. Cc c cu cp v thay th t ng dng c
Yu cu chung i vi c cu cp v thay th t ng dng c:
Cha c nhiu dao
Thi gian thay dao ti thiu
Thay dao theo chu trnh t ng, v d u R vn ve :
+ Tho lng dao va gia cng xong
+ Quay thun thay dao
+ Quay nghch kp chc dao mi, kt thc thay dao.
1. Cp dng c bng u R vn ve
Thng gp trn cc my phay, khoan, tin ...Loi ny c nhc im l s lng
dao t, t (6 12) dao. Dao quay chim khng gian lm vic v c th gy tr ngi cho
cc thao tc iu khin. Thi gian thay dao vo khong (4 6 )s
2. Cp dao bng tay my
Loi ny thng c 2 b phn chnh : tr dng c v tay my.
tr dng c c th lp trc tip ln thn my, trc chnh, hoc lp ngoi my khi
cn b tr s lng dao ln. Tay my t gia tr dng c v trc chnh. Cc dao
trong tr u c m ho. Thi gian thay dao vo khong (1 2)s.
Cc tr dng c mi nht c mch iu khin c sp xp chc ch vo mt vi
mch EPROM ( Electrically Programmable Read-Only Memory) trong cha c hai:
74
k hiu dng c v cc s liu v v tr, cho php chuyn i t ng s liu dng c
vo b ghi d liu dng c my KS mt cch nhanh chng v chnh xc. kch
hot cc loi tr ny cn c thm mt phn mm PLC chuyn dng ( EPROM).
1. u R vn ve
2. Tay my

H3.18 : C cu cp v thay th t ng dng c
3.3.3.3. Cc kt cu c bit khc :
1. Cc loi bn my chuyn i c
gim ti a thi gian ph, mt s my cn trang b cc loi bn my chuyn i
c cho php g t chi tit gia cng bn ngoi my v a vo chuyn i bn my
thch hp .
2. Cc thit b kim tra chi tit
3. Cc thit b o kim v hiu chnh dng c
4. B phn KS

H3.19: B phn iu khin my KS
75

H3.20: Mn hnh v cc phm iu khin
Hai hnh H3.19 v H3.20 m t mt b phn KS in hnh. Chng gm :
bn phm k t -s (address and numeric keyboard) dng cho vic nhp trc
tip d liu chng trnh.
cc phm iu khin my (machine control keys), cc nt over-ride (nt
thc hin ch u tin)
1 mn hnh v cc phm mm (screen and soft keys).

H3.21: S thit k ca 1 h iu khin s my cng c (Ngun [7])
76
B phn KS cha tt c cc mch in t, phn cng ca b iu khin.., lin kt tt
c chc nng nh nhp v x l d liu, cung cp d liu ra, hin th thng tin, chy
cc chng trnh iu khin v chng trnh ng dng trong b nh, cc cng ghp
ni vi thit b ngoi vi... thc hin iu khin my (H3.21).
Trn my cng c CNC thng cho php hot ng cc ch sau :
Manual: Dng cc phm iu khin bng tay dch chuyn bn my. Ch
ny ch yu dng cho vic g t hiu chnh chi tit trn my. V d cho trc chnh
quay, cho trc chnh chuyn ng theo phng Z, cho bn my chuyn ng theo
phng X, phng Y...
Manual Data Input (MDI) : nhp cc lnh m my (m G & M) vo h iu
khin qua cc phm bng iu khin. Mc d c th nhp ton b chng trnh gia
cng vo h iu khin, ch MDI thng dng son tho, sa i cc chng
trnh c sn trong b nh hoc g t trc dng c.
Single Block : ch chy tng dng lnh. Ch ny dng vo vic kim
tra, hon chnh trc khi chuyn ch t ng (automatic)
Automatic : ch chy t ng chng trnh gia cng.
Cc ch dng chng trnh:
+ Dng khn cp (Emergency Stop): Dng tc khc cc chuyn ng ca
my, mi thng tin ca b nh cng tc u b xo. Khi ng mch tr li cho h iu
khin, phi thc hin li chuyn ng tr v im chun
+ Dng chy dao (Feed Hold): Dng ton b cc chuyn ng chy dao,
khi cc s liu v v tr trn cc trc chuyn ng khng b mt. Chc nng ny
thng dng kim tra dao, sau chng trnh c th c tip tc nh 1 phm
REPOS (Reposition) dao tr li v tr cng tc trc khi dng chy dao
Mt c tnh b sung ca b phn KS l kh nng lp trnh theo kiu hi thoi. Lp
trnh theo kiu ny s dng cc m lnh d nh, qua vt liu dng c, vt liu phi
c th nhp, bin dng hnh hc ca chi tit v ng dch chuyn dng c c xc
nh, cc m G cng c to ra t ng. Ngi lp trnh cn c th m phng bng
ha ng dch chuyn dng c trn mn hnh, th v kim tra ln cui chng
trnh.
3.4 Cc my 4 v 5 trc - Cc trung tm gia cng KS
3.4.1 Cc c im chung ca 1 my 5 trc (H3.22):
77

H3.22: My 5 trc
Cc chuyn ng tnh tin theo cc trc X-, Y-, v Z- v cc chuyn ng
quay A- v B- (phi hp ng thi)
C th thay i hng dng c ct ng thi ngay trong qu trnh gia cng.
Nu c phn b mt no cn gia cng nhng dng c ct khng th tip
cn c trong mt ln g t, cn chn my KS 5 trc.
H3.23: Gia cng trn my 5 trc so vi my 3 trc
a: Gia cng trn my 3 trc
b: Gia cng trn my 5 trc

So vi my 3 trc, gia cng trn my 5 trc c nhiu u im vt tri, nh nng sut
cao hn, c tnh d tip cn ca dng c vi cc b mt gia cng phc tp, d ci thin
cht lng b mt.... H3.23 l 1 s trng hp in hnh cc b mt gia cng trn my
5 trc v my 3 trc.
Cc trung tm gia cng KS thc cht cng l cc my cng c KS nhng c th
78
tch hp nhiu nguyn cng khc nhau ch vi 1 ln g t phi. N c thit k
phay, khoan, doa, khot l, ct ren, k c cc bin dng phc tp. Vi kh nng tp
trung nguyn cng cao, cc trung tm gia cng cho php gia cng hon ton mt chi
tit phc tp m ch cn mt ln g t phi, do vy chng c coi l nhn t chnh
i vi vic t ng ho sn xut lot nh v n chic.
3.4.2 Cc vn v hiu chnh dng c theo 3 kch thc
V tr im ct thc t ca dng c so vi im chun P
T
nhn c qua php cng
vc t gia cc vc t v tr im b mt P
M
v cc vc t ni t im ct thc t n
im chun P
T
, ph thuc vo loi dng c ct c dng (dao phay chm cu, cu
hay dao phay mt mt ).

H3.24: Hiu chnh dng c 3 kch thc
V tr im chun dng c P
T
c xc nh bi phng trnh:
[ P
T
] = [ P
M
] + [O
1
] +[O
2
] +[O
3
] (3.54)
trong
2 1
R n O
r
r
= (3.55)
) R R ( n O
2 1 xy 2
=
r
r
(3.56)

2 3
R k O
r r
= (3.57)
V d vi dao phay cu (hnh 3.24b): O
B
=
2 2
R k R n
r
r

Vi dao phay ngn (hnh 3.24c): O
C
=
1 xy
R n
r

[ P
M
] : to v tr im ct gt trn b mt
: n
r
vc t php n v ti im ct gt trn b mt
: n
xy
r
hnh chiu ca vc t php n
r
ln mt phng xy. C th vit:

= 0 ,
n
n
,
n
n
n
xy
y
xy
x
xy
r
(3.58)
k , j , i
r r r
: cc vc t php n v ca cc mt phng h trc to
79
Cc cu hi v bi tp chng 3:
1. Thit k 1 ng truyn chy dao cng tc my CNC s dng ng c 1
chiu iu chnh v cp (6502600)
vg
/
ph
. Cho s
min
= 10
mm
/
ph
; s
max
= 500
mm
/
ph

2. Thit k 1 ng truyn hp tc my CNC s dng ngun 1 chiu iu
chnh v cp (7002800)
vg
/
ph
. Phm vi tc : n
min
=12,5
vg
/
ph
, n
max
=2000
vg
/
ph
.
3. Thit k 1 ng truyn chy dao nhanh dng ng c bc. Cho bit gc
bc
/c
= 1,8
0
. Tc dch chuyn nhanh yu cu V
smax
[
m
/
ph
]=10. chnh xc dch
chuyn cn t 1m. Hi tn s f v s vng quay ca ng c ?
4. Thit k 1 ng truyn chy dao dng ng c bc . Yu cu :
V
smax
= 4,8
m
/
ph
(nhanh); V
s
=(0,0030,5)
m
/
ph
(cng tc) . chnh xc dch chuyn
[s] = 0,01mm S : i = 30/125; k
v
= 10mm ; f
max
=12kHz v
/c
= 1,8
0

5. Xc nh cng tng ng v qun tnh tng ng cho cc h truyn
ng theo H3.25
j
0
m
M
1
j
m x
x x
x
N
1
N
2
I
II
III
a: H tnh tin
M
1
j
m
x
x
x
x
N
1
N
2
I
II
III
x
x
N
N
j
t
N
j
1
j
2
j
3
j
4
j
2N-1
j
2N
b: H chuyn ng quay

H3.25: Cc h truyn ng
6. Cc ch cng tc ( mode) thng gp trn my cng c KS. Ch
lm vic no h iu khin ch thc hin mt lnh trong chng trnh ti mt thi
im v sau dng ? Single Block
7. c im chung v kh nng cng ngh ca 1 my CNC 5 trc.
8. Gii thch phng trnh vect hiu chnh dng c theo 3 kch thc. ng
dng cho trng hp dng c ct l dao phay ngn.
80
Chng 4 Ch to c h tr bng my tnh
Vi s h tr ca my tnh, cc chng trnh gia cng c to ra mt cch nhanh
chng v tin cy hn hn so vi k thut lp trnh bng tay. c im chung ca cc
chng trnh h tr ny l ng dch chuyn ca dng c c xc nh da trn cc
ngn ng lp trnh t ng trc khi chuyn i sang cc chng trnh m G v M cho
1 my CNC c th, v nhp vo h iu khin bng 1 trong cc cch, v d nh bng
c l, CNC(Computer Numerical Control), hoc DNC(Direct Numerical Control).
4.1 Ngn ng lp trnh t ng APT ( Automatically Programmed Tools)
Ngn ng lp trnh t ng u tin l ngn ng APT pht trin vo nm 1955 ng
dng cho gia cng 3 ta . APT cho php lp trnh ng dch chuyn dng c theo
bin dng hnh hc c nh ngha trc, lm gim nh nhng tnh ton cn thit
i vi ngi lp trnh.
u im chnh ca APT l bin son theo mt tiu chun chung c th dng lp trnh
cho tt c cc my cng c. Hu ht cc ngn ng lp trnh t ng ngy nay u da
trn ngn ng ny.
Cu trc ca ngn ng APT bao gm cc t kha xc nh c ghp ni vi nhau
theo mt nguyn tc c php cho trc, dng biu din bin dng hnh hc, ng
dch chuyn ca dng c v cc yu t cn thit ca ch gia cng.
Cc nhm lnh ca ngn ng APT:
M t bin dng hnh hc t cc nh ngha v im, ng, mt ...
M t ng dch chuyn dng c theo bin dng hnh hc nh ngha.
Cc lnh m t v ch ct cng nh cc thng tin v my, dng c ct, cc
iu kin gia cng....
Cc lnh h tr x l cc s liu v min dung sai ca dng c v chi tit.
V d 1 on chng trnh APT (H4.1):
...
P0=POINT/0,-1.0,0
P1=POINT/6.0,1.125,0
P2=POINT/0,0,0
P3=POINT/6.0,0,0
P4=POINT/1.75,4.5,0
L1=LINE/P2,P3
81
C1=CIRCLE/CENTER,P1,RADIUS,1.125
L2=LINE/P4,LEFT,TANTO,C1
L3=LINE/P2,P4
PL1=PLANE/P2,P3,P4
FROM/P0
GO/TO,L1,TO,PL1,PAST,L3
GORGT/L1,TANTO,C1
GOFWD/C1,PAST,L2
GOFWD/L2,PAST,L3
GOLFT/L3,PAST,L1
GOTO/P0


H4.1: V d 1 on chng trnh APT
Cc chng trnh APT thng m u bng cc lnh gii thiu chng trnh :
PARTNO__
MACHIN/__
Cc lnh m t bin dng hnh hc
...
Cc lnh m t ng dch chuyn dng c v iu kin gia cng
...
FINI
4.1.1 M t bin dng hnh hc
Dng tng qut ca cc lnh m t :
K hiu = khai bo hnh hc / d liu m t
M t im ( yu t hnh hc n gin nht APT )
82
p=POINT/x,y,z : mt im trong h trc ta vung gc.
p=POINT/l1,l2 :giao im ca 2 ng thng l1 v l2.
p=POINT/c :tm ca 1 vng trn.
p=POINT/YLARGE,INTOF,l,c: im ct c y ln nht ca 1 ng thng vi 1 vng
trn.
*Ch : C th l YSMALL,XLARGE,XSMALL thay cho YLARGE
V d:
im P1 c ta X=100mm, Y= 200mm v Z= 300mm c m t :
P1=POINT/100.0,200.0,300.0
ng thng
l=LINE/x1,y1,z1,x2,y2,z2: ta cc im cui trong h trc ta vung gc.
l=LINE/p1,p2: cc im cui.
l=LINE/p,PARLEL,l : 1 ng thng qua 1 im v // vi 1 ng thng khc.
l=LINE/p,PERPTO,l :1 ng thng qua 1 im v vi 1 ng thng khc.
l=LINE/p,LEFT,TANTO,c :1 ng thng ni t 1 im n 1 im tip xc bn tri
trn 1 vng trn.
l=LINE/p,RIGHT,TANTO,c : 1 ng thng ni t 1 im n 1 im tip xc bn
phi trn 1 vng trn.
l=LINE/LEFT,TANTO,c1,LEFT,TANTO,c2 : xc nh bi cc tip tuyn ca 2 vng
trn.
l=LINE/LEFT,TANTO,c1,RIGHT,TANTO,c2 : xc nh bi cc tip tuyn ca 2
vng trn.
l=LINE/RIGHT,TANTO,c1,LEFT,TANTO,c2 : xc nh bi cc tip tuyn ca 2
vng trn.
l=LINE/RIGHT,TANTO,c1,RIGHT,TANTO,c2 : xc nh bi cc tip tuyn ca 2
vng trn.
ng trn
c=CIRCLE/x,y,z,r : cc to 1 tm v bn knh.
c=CIRCLE/CENTER,p,RADIUS,r : 1 im l tm v 1 bn knh.
c=CIRCLE/CENTER,p,TANTO,l : 1 tm v tip xc vi 1 ng thng.
c=CIRCLE/p1,p2,p3 : xc nh bi 3 im.
c=CIRCLE/YLARGE,l1,YLARGE,l2,RADIUS,r:tip xc vi 2 ng v bn knh.
83
*Ch : C th l YSMALL,XLARGE,XSMALL thay cho YLARGE.
Cc yu t hnh hc phc tp hn
PLANE/ : xc nh 1 mt phng.
QUADRIC/a,b,c,d,e,f,g,h,i,j : xc nh 1 dy s da vo cc gi tr.
GCONIC/a,b,c,d,e,f : xc nh 1 mt nn bi cc h s phng trnh.
LCONIC/p1,p2,... : xc nh 1 mt nn qua nhng im chn.
RLDSRF/ : 1 mt k c to ra bi 2 ng k .
POLCON/ : xc nh 1 mt bng cc tit din ngang.
PATERN/ : s lp li 1 chuyn ng theo mng s liu thng hay trn.
Sau khi c c y cc yu t hnh hc, ta c th ch dn dng c i theo
ng dch chuyn cn thit.
4.1.2 M t ng dch chuyn
Dng tng qut ca cc lnh m t :
Lnh dch chuyn / d liu m t
Cc lnh c bn
FROM/p : ch dn 1 im khi u.
FROM/x,y,z : ch dn 1 im khi u qua ta im.
GOTO/p : dch chuyn n im cui.
GOTO/x,y,z : dch chuyn n im cui.
GOTO/TO,p : dch chuyn cho n khi dng c n 1im.
GOTO/TO,l : dch chuyn cho n khi dng c n 1ng.
GOTO/TO,c : dch chuyn cho n khi dng c n 1vng trn.
GOLFT/l1,TO,l2 : dch chuyn bn tri ng l1cho n khi dng c n ng l2
GORGT/l1,TO,l2:dch chuyn bn phi ng l1cho n khi dng c n ng l2.
GOBACK/l1,TO,l2 : o chiu chuyn ng dc theo l1 n l2.
GOBACK/l1,TO,c1 : o chiu chuyn ng dc theo l1 n c1.
GOUP/l1,TO,l2 : dch chuyn ln dc theo l1 n l2.
GODOWN/1l,TO,l2 : dch chuyn xung dc theo l1 n l2.
GODLTA/x,y,z : thc hin 1 dch chuyn theo gia s.
*C th l PAST,ON ch dn hoc tm dng c i qua yu t hnh hc, hoc tm
dng c dng trn yu t hnh hc thay cho TO.
Cc lnh dch chuyn dng c phc tp hn
84
POCKET/ : ct 1 h lm
PSIS/ : yu cu dng mt gia cng
Cc v d:
Lnh dch chuyn t im xut pht P1, vi im ny c coi l im xut pht ban
u ca ng dch chuyn dng c :
FROM/P1
Lnh dch chuyn n im P2 :
GOTO/P2
hay nu dch chuyn theo h thng ghi kch thc tuyt i n im c ta
X=100mm,Y=200mm, v Z=300mm :
GOTO/100.0,200.0,300.0
Lnh dch chuyn theo h thng ghi kch thc gia s t v tr hin ti:
GODLTA/100.0,200.0,300.0
Lnh dch chuyn dng c v pha trc, vi hng dch chuyn dng c bn tri
b mt u tin S1 , v i qua b mt gii hn S2, c vit :
GOLFT/S1,PAST,S2.
4.1.3 Cc lnh h tr v ch dn gia cng
CUTTER/n1,n2 : xc nh ng knh n1 v bn knh n2 ca dng c
MACHIN/n,m : dng mt chng trnh x l tip theo cho my n, phin bn m
COOLNT/n : hoc MIST, FLOOD hay OFF
TURRET/n : a u dng c n v tr mi
TOLER/n : thit lp khong dung sai cho gia cng
INTOL/n1: khong gii hn di so vi kch thc danh ngha
OUTTOL/n2: khong gii hn trn so vi kch thc danh ngha
FEDRAT/n : t lng chy dao n
SPINDL/n,CW : ch dn s vng quay n [v/ph] v chiu quay trc chnh.
TOOLNO/n:dng c s n
UNITS/Inch,mm: n v dng
STOP: dng chng trnh
* Mt s ch dn ph tr cn thit trong lp trnh
REMARK : bt u 1 dng ch gii
$$ : cng cho php dng ch gii, nhng sau cc lnh khc
85
NOPOST : tt chng trnh x l tip theo
CLPRNT : in ra 1 lot cc v tr tm dng c ti cc thi im khc nhau
SQRTF(n) : tnh cn bc 2 cho 1 s thc
FINI : dng chng trnh
PARTNO/n : cho php ngi dng t tn chi tit
LOOPST v LOOPND : cc lnh vng lp
RESERV/n,m : nh ngha mng kch thc n x m
JUMPTO/n : nhy n dng s
*C th khai bo cc bin, thc hin 1 s php ton , dng cc hm c sn
Cc v d:
Lnh thit lp lng chy dao 100 mm/ph :
FEDRAT/100,MMPM
Lnh t s vng quay trc chnh 1500 vg/ph theo chiu kim ng h :
SPINDL/1500,RPM,CLW
Lnh m dung dch lm ngui:
COOLNT/ON
Lnh gi dao s 1
TURRET/1 hoc LOADTL/1
4.1.4 Mt s ngn ng lp trnh t ng ( ngn ng tiu chun c du *)
ADAPT (ADaptation of APT): Mt tp con ca APT
*APT (Automatically Programmed Tool): Mt ngn ng da trn cc yu t hnh hc
c s to ra chng trnh dch.
AUTOSPOT (AUTOmatic System for POsitioning Tools): Mt ngn ng 2D c
pht trin do hng my tnh IBM, sau ghp vi ADAPT.
COMPACT/COMPACTII : Mt ngn ng bc cao c thit k cho cc nh ngha
hnh hc cc chi tit, nhng n khng i hi phi bin son.
EXAPT : A european flavor of APT: Mt phin bn m rng ca APT.
*G-Codes (EIA RS-274 G&M codes): Cc m G&M tiu chun.
STEP-NC (ISO 14649) v STEP-NC m rng (ISO 10303): Hng mi ca ISO 6983
MAPT (Microcomputer APT) - Cng l mt phin bn khc ca APT.
UNIAPT : chng trnh lin kt APT cho cc h thng my tnh s lng nh.
4.1.5 V d lp trnh vi APT (H4.2)
86
X
Z
H 4.2: Bn v chi tit gia cng
L
8
L7
L9
L
6
C2
C1
L
4
L5
L
2 L3
L
1

Chng trnh APT Gii thch
PARTNO/0815
MACHIN/__
REMARK Geometric definition
P1=POINT/0,0
L1=LINE/PLAN,.0
L2=LINE/36,-2,ATANGL,45
L3=LINE/DIA,36
L4=LINE/PLAN,-35
L5=LINE/DIA,50
L6=LINE/70,-85,ATANGL,-45
L7=LINE/DIA,70
L8=LINE/PLAN,-92
L9=LINE/DIA,80
C1=CIRCLE/XSMALL,L5,
ZSMALL,L4,
RADIUS,4
C2=CIRCLE/XLARGE,L5,
ZSMALL,L6,RADIUS,8
S hiu chng trnh
My tin KS_
Khai bo bin dng hnh hc
im P1 c ta X0Z0
ng L1, theo mt u, Z0
ng L2, qua im X36Z-2gc45 so vi L1
ng L3, ng knh 36
ng L4, theo mt u Z-35
ng L5, ng knh 50
ng L6, qua im X-70Z-85 gc-45
ng L7, ng knh 70
ng L8, theo mt u Z-92
ng L9, ng knh 80
Vng trn C1. Ta tm c X nh hn tip
xc vi L5. Ta tm c Z nh hn tip xc
vi L4. Bn knh R4
Vng trn C2. Ta tm c X ln hn, Z nh
hn tip xc vi L5, L6. Bn knh R8
87
REMARK Motion command
FROM/0,200
TOOLN0/13,GETN0,5
CUTTER/0.8
SPINDL/1500,CCW
COOLNT/ON
RAPID
TLRGT
GOON/L1
FEDRATE/0.2
GORGT/L1
GORGT/L2
GORGT/L3
GORGT/L4
GOFWD/C1
GOFWD/L5
GOFWD/C2
GOFWD/L6
GOLFT/L7
GORGT/L8,ON,L9
COOLNT/OFF
SPINDLE/OFF
FINI
Khai bo lnh dch chuyn
im xut pht ca chuyn ng dng c
Dao 13. B nh hiu chnh N 5
Dao c bn knh nh dao R0.8
S vng 1500v/ph,chiu ngc kim ng h
M dung dch lm ngui
Chy dao nhanh.
Dao bn phi ng bao gia cng
Chy ln L1
Lng chy dao 0.2mm/vg
Chy sang phi, dc L1
Chy sang phi, dc L2
Chy sang phi, dc L3
Chy sang phi, dc L4
Chy ln pha trc n vng trn C1
Chy ln pha trc vng trn n L5
Chy ln pha trc n vng trn C2
Chy ln pha trc vng trn n L6
Chy sang tri, dc L7
Chy sang phi, dc L8 n L9
Tt dung dch trn ngui
Dng trc chnh
Kt thc chng trnh
4.2 Cc h thng lin kt CAD/CAM/CNC
Cc h thng CAD/CAM/CNC (ch to c h tr ca my tnh) cho php to ra
ng dch chuyn dng c mt cch t ng theo c im bin dng chi tit gia
cng v iu kin gia cng i vi cc my CNC. Cc h thng ny bao gm chng
trnh x l v x l tip theo chuyn dng.
Chng trnh x l (CAD/CAM): L chng trnh m t vt th hnh hc chi
tit, cng vi cc ch dn gia cng, cc s liu dng c...nhm cung cp y d liu
v ng dch chuyn dng c cng nh cc thng tin cn cho gia cng m t theo
ngn ng APT. Cc bc:
88
Nhp d liu m t bin dng hnh hc chi tit c th m hnh ha vt th
3D
Nhp s liu dng c ct v kiu my cng c
Nhp s liu v tc ct v lng chy dao hoc tnh ton da trn s liu
dng c ct v vt liu phi gia cng
Xc nh lng kim loi cn ht b.
To ng dch chuyn dng c .
Chng trnh x l tip theo : y l chng trnh cn thit chuyn cc d
liu t chng trnh x l dng file APT sang chng trnh gia cng theo cc m
iu khin ca 1 my KS c th ( cc m G&M ). Cc chng trnh x l tip theo
c th ci t cng vi cc h thng CAD/CAM hoc thc hin c lp sau khi c
file APT.
Vi s tr gip ca my tnh, bin dng hnh hc ca chi tit cn c th c dng
phn tch thit k nh cc chng trnh phn t hu hn, c th la chn cc
phng n gia cng khc nhau da vo cc phiu phn tch k thut cng nh c s d
liu t chc sn xut ...Chng to ra mt lin kt trc tip hnh thnh gia thit k v
ch to, cho php s dng mt c s d liu chung t khu thit k n khu gia cng,
c vic lp k hoch, t chc v qun l sn xut. R rng l vi cc h thng h tr
lin kt, thi gian tiu tn cn thit cho vic hon thnh cc cng on sn xut sn
phm gim i ng k, khng nhng th, cn d dng ci thin cht lng sn phm,
mang li hiu qu kinh t.
Cho n nay, m hnh ho hnh hc trn my tnh da theo tnh cht vt th
(parametric solid modeling) ang l cng c h tr tin tin nht (v d vi cc phn
mm Pro/ENGINEER hay AutoCAD Designer). Cch m hnh ho ny khng dng
cc yu t hnh hc thun ty thng thng nh nn, tr, cu... xc nh vt th m
da trn tnh cht to hnh ca vt th, mi tnh cht xy dng da trn tnh cht trc
, to vt th ng vi mi tnh cht. Tng tnh cht c th l n gin, nhng tp hp
cc tnh cht cho php to ra c cc chi tit v c cu phc tp thng gp trong
thit k ch to.
Dng extrude, revolve, blend, sweeping... to vt th, v da vo cc tnh cht to
hnh ring ci t trc ch dn hnh dng hnh hc c th, v d l (l thng, khng
thng, l chm), gc ln, vt mp, rnh...., ngoi ra cn c cut and shell (chuyn m
89
hnh vt th rn sang vt th rng...).
to mt ct 2D cho extrude, revolve..., phi c 2D Sketcher v cng c t ng
gn 1 gi tr kch thc cho c tnh v. Cc kch thc ny c th thay i bt k
lc no mt cch d dng, ch cn nhp gi tr mong mun, hoc coi n l bin. Ngi
dng phi cung cp y cc kch thc cn thit cho mt ct 2D ny. Extrude,
Revolve, Sweep hay Loft (Blend) mt ct 2D ta c c m hnh vt th 3D. Cng vi
vt th, l cc files to ra dng cho chng trnh x l (CAM), chng trnh phn
tch k thut (FEA)...
4.3 Chng trnh x l tip theo
Do tnh a dng ca cc h iu khin CNC ph thuc vo nh sn xut, cc chng
trnh x l tip theo thng c vit mt cch ring l cho tng my v cc trang b
c th dng cho gia cng trn 1 my CNC tng ng. Cc chng trnh ny chuyn
i cc file d liu nh dng APT ca ng dch chuyn dng c nhn c t cc
chng trnh CAD/CAM sang cc lnh m my G xc nh.
Bng 4.1

Chc nng ca mt chng trnh x l tip theo l chuyn i cc lnh vit theo ngn
ng APT thnh cc lnh m G. Mt s lnh tng ng gia file d liu APT v cc
lnh m G c cho trong bng 4.1 , v d lnh RAPID ca APT ng vi G00 ca m
G. Cc tng ng khc thng gp nh: lp trnh theo h thng ghi kch thc tuyt
i hoc gia s, ni suy thng v trn, b dao v cc n v o...
H4.3 l s khi ca mt chng trnh x l tip theo. Chng trnh c 2 phn,
u tin m v c cc file APT, sau chuyn i ln lt cc lnh APT sang cc
lnh m G& M xc nh 1 my c th v ghi li trn 1 file mi. File kt qu c ti
n h iu khin ca my tin hnh gia cng.
90

H4.3: S khi ca chng trnh x l tip theo
4.4 Ch to lin kt qua my tnh- CIM (Computer Integrated Manufacturing- )
4.4.1 Cc khi nim:
C s d liu t cc h thng h tr CAD/CAM c th dng phi hp vi cc d liu
cn thit khc iu khin qu trnh sn xut bng my tnh.
H4.4 trnh by mt v d in hnh ca ng dng CIM trong sn xut. Robt cp phi
np chi tit ang c cha h thng kho cha v tm kim t ng 1ASRS
(Automatic Storage and Retrieval System) vo h thng bng ti. Bng ti a chi tit
n my phay CNC 2 ti mt r bt khc nht chi tit t bng ti v g ln my. Kt
thc qu trnh phay, r bt tho chi tit v tr li ln bng ti tip tc di chuyn cho
n khi mt r bt khc nht chi tit a ln my tin CNC 3. Ngay khi hon tt qu
trnh gia cng, chi tit c bng ti a n khu vc lp rp v kim tra cht lng
QC (Quality Control). Nu chi tit t yu cu, n c dn nhn ( Bar Code ) trm
k tip v chuyn n ASRS nhp kho. Ton b qu trnh trn c iu khin bi
mt trm iu khin trung tm CMCS (Central Management Control Station) gi cc
lnh chnh xc n cc trm khc nhau iu hnh cng vic. Bng ti lm nhim v
vn chuyn chi tit v chuyn i n trm cui cng.
91

H4.4 : Ch to lin kt nh my tnh (Ngun[8])
4.4.2 H thng CIM-Ch to lin kt qua my tnh
A. Cc vn v sn xut lin kt (Integrated Manufacturing)
1. Cu trc lin kt:
Cc nhim v chnh ti mt c s sn xut bao gm:
Sn xut ( Production)
Vn chuyn nguyn vt liu ( Materials)
Lp k hoch ( Process Planning)
Thit k ( Design)
n t hng/Dch v ( Customer Orders/ Service)
Tip th ( Marketing)
K ton ( Accounting)
Qun tr ( Management)
Tt c cc chc nng trn to ra v x dng thng tin chung cn trao i gia cc a
im lm vic khc nhau. Bi v my tnh x l thng tin, ta cn bit v nhng d liu
hin c (v d d liu sn xut t cc h thng CAD/CAM, cc c s d liu khc...)
v nhng d liu cn c to ra da trn cc d liu c.
92
2. Trao i lin kt
c trng ca h thng sn xut truyn thng:
Phi c nhiu bn sao cho cng 1 thng tin
Kh xem xt li khi c nhiu bn sao
Tr khi chuyn cc bn sao, d mt
Bn sao khng c tnh tng tc, lu tr kh, chim ch
My tnh khc phc cc nhc im trn, nhng t ra cc thch thc:
Vit cc chng trnh h tr cc chc nng lin kt
Phn mm h tr trao i gia cc a im lm vic v chia x
d liu
Phn cng h tr phn mm
Nh vy, mt h thng ch to lin kt (CIM) phi c 2 hay nhiu my tnh ni vi
nhau trao i thng tin. Ly v d n gin, b iu khin PLC iu khin tay rbt
cp chi tit trn my phay, trong khi ton h thng do trm iu khin trung tm
CMCS da trn c s d liu chung (v d nh mc thi gian cho cc nguyn cng
phay, tin nhn c t cc h thng h tr ch to CAD/CAM...) phn phi cng
vic, k c lu tr kt qu gim nh cht lng sn phm. Cc my tnh ni kt thc
hin vic truyn d liu.
B. Mt s c tnh chnh ca CIM :
Linh hot : Bng cch lin kt vi nhiu my v thit b t ng v giao tip qua
phn mm vi mt h thng khc nh my tnh, do vy d dng trao i thng tin,
truyn d liu cng nh thc hin bi ton iu khin, hoc lp k hoch t chc sn
xut.
C th m rng c : Cc thit b phn cng hay phn mm c th c b
sung thm, v d mt h thng n gin bao gm 1 my v 1 r bt c m rng
thm thnh mt h thng hon chnh hn.
Chia thnh cc m un : Mi m un ca CIM c kh nng thc hin nhim v
ring, c lp vi phn cn li ca h thng, cho php kho st mt cch y nht
tng phn vic.
Cc my tnh ca CIM c th hot ng di dng :
c lp ( Stand alone)- khng kt ni vi cc my khc, ch cho ngi dng
thc hin cc cng vic c lp.
93
Kt ni ( Interfaced)- ni gia 2 my tnh, thng qua cng ni tip nh RS-
232 v RS-422. Hot ng vi tc t (2400 9600) baud.
Mng ( Networked)- ni mng gip cho vic chia x files v c s d liu.
Cc c tnh chung:
IEEE-488 ni 1 s lng nh my tnh ( 32), hot ng vi tc t ( 0.5
8 )Mbit/s, cc my ch cch nhau vi mt.
Ethernet- ni 1 s lng ln hn cc my tnh ( 1024) trong phm vi
khong 1km, hot ng vi tc n 10 Mbit/s. y l cc mng cc b LAN (
Local Area Network), nhng c th m rng sang WAN ( Wide Area Network) bng
cch ni kt cc mng cc b LAN khc.
Cc loi my tnh c dng CIM:
My ch ( Mainframes)- x l c vi 1 khi lng ln d liu, thch hp
cho nhiu ng dng, c th chy c nhiu chng trnh.
My trm ( Workstations)- c kh nng a x l nh my ch, nhng gii
hn s lng cc ng dng.
Cc b vi x l ( Micro-processor)- cc my tnh nh vi cc h iu hnh
n gin ( v d my tnh c nhn vi MS-DOS) ch dng iu khin qu trnh cng
vi cc b vi iu khin ( microcontrollers ). c im chung ca cc b vi iu khin
thng c sn giao din truyn thng ni tip SCI (Serial Communications Interfaces)
hoc b nhn/truyn khng ng b vn nng UART (Universal Asynchronous
Receiver / Transmitter ) sn sng ni kt vi cc thit b khc. Cch lin lc ni tip
tin li v lm gim c s chn ca b x l, ch cn 2 chn ( SD-Truyn d liu v
RD-Nhn d liu) so vi 8 chn nu dng phng php lin lc song song. S dng
cc b vi iu khin cn c u im l chng cng c sn cc b phn tch hp nh
b ADC, b m (Counter), mch dao ng (Oscillator)do vy kt cu chung ca h
gn hn. Nhc im chnh i vi cc b vi iu khin l phi bit cc m lnh ca
chng c th lp trnh iu khin. Cc b vi iu khin ngy nay c ng dng
rng ri vi CIM dng cho phi hp v iu khin qu trnh.
Cc cu hi Chng 4:
1. Gii thch 1 on chng trnh APT.
2. Gii thch lu ca chng trnh x l tip theo.
3. CIM ?
94
Chng 5 Truyn d liu n cc My cng c KS
5.1 Truyn d liu n cc my cng c KS
Vic truyn v lu tr cc chng trnh gia cng chi tit n cc my cng c KS
trc y c thc hin thng qua cc bng hoc ba c l vi cc chng trnh
c m ho v c l theo cc k hiu m ho, sau np vo b c bng (ba),
gii m, truyn tn hiu iu khin trc tip my cng c.
Truyn cc chng trnh gia cng qua cc h iu khin CNC tr nn c a
chung do vic truyn d liu nhanh chng, tin li. Chng trnh c th c lu tr,
cp nht... d dng, c th kim tra, sa i ngay trn my. Mi cho n gn y,
truyn thng ni tip qua cng RS232C c dng truyn chng trnh. Loi
truyn ti ny ph bin mi thit b ngoi vi ca my tnh, v d my v, my in...v
vi ngha , cc my cng c KS cng c coi l mt loi thit b ngoi vi.
Cc h iu khin mi cn c kh nng truyn thng hin i hn khi c ni mng
theo nhiu cch ( Ethernet,...) n cc h iu khin CNC ca tng my cng c. iu
khin theo nguyn tc DNC (Direct Numerical Control), mt my tnh trung tm ( my
ch ) c th iu khin nhiu my cng c ring bit v to nn mt lin kt bng
chng trnh cho cc h thng sn xut linh hot (FMS- Flexible Manufacturing
Systems).
h thng FMS, cc h iu khin CNC ca my cng c c ni vi cc h thng
cp v tho phi t ng, kim tra cht lng sn phm.., dng mt chng trnh my
tnh chung iu khin vn chuyn nguyn vt liu, phi..., phn phi, lp k hoch t
chc sn xut v cc thao tc iu khin khc. My tnh trung tm (my ch) lm
nhim v lu tr, phn phi cc chng trnh theo yu cu. Cc chng trnh lin lc
ci t sn trn my ch h tr cho bit khi no cc chng trnh c phn phi
kt thc, cc thng tin v nh mc sn xut, hiu qu x dng my cng nh cc
thng tin v sn phm gia cng...Kiu truyn d liu 2 chiu ny l mt c tnh c
bn ca nguyn tc iu khin DNC.
Mt c im khc ca truyn d liu DNC l trong mt chng trnh gia cng, c
th truyn mt lc mt lnh hay mt on chng trnh thng qua mt b nh m
sau b c. D liu c truyn n h iu khin ging nh ang c bng, mc d
thc t ang dng d liu m ASCII t my tnh. B nh m ( khong 4KBytes,
tng ng 4000 k t ca chng trnh gia cng, khong 100 lnh hay 10 m bng )
95
cha d liu v lun c duy tr mc (1,2 4)KBytes. Nh vy, my cng c c
iu khin t mt my tnh bn ngoi v khi , bo m s lm vic bnh thng
cho my cng c, b nh m phi c in y theo tng lnh m G.
Vi b nh m, c th nhp c cc chng trnh di m khng cn phi trang b
cc b nh dung lng ln cho h iu khin CNC. c im ny thch hp vi s
ng dng rng ri ca cc h thng lp trnh c s tr gip ca my tnh, trong cc
chng trnh gia cng d dng to ra trn my tnh t xa, ang dng m sn sng
truyn trc tip n h iu khin my cng c. Ngoi ra, di ca chng trnh gia
cng hu nh khng b gii hn nn rt thun tin khi gia cng b mt phc tp
thng phi dng n mt mng ln cc d liu to im xc nh b mt. Hn th
na, c th thm vo hay bt i cc on chng trnh trn my ch ngay c trong qu
trnh gia cng chi tit.
5.1.1 Truyn d liu qua b nh m
Hnh 5.1 trnh by s khi mt h KS my cng c truyn d liu qua b nh
m (Ngun [8]).
D liu chng trnh gia cng c lu tr mt my tnh bn ngoi dng m
ASCII theo bng m ISO-7bit tiu chun. Truyn cc bt d liu mt lc 1 bt (truyn
ni tip) hoc c th 8 bt mt lc (truyn song song). Truyn d liu ni tip so vi
song song c cc u im:
1. Dy cp ni tip truyn c khong cch ln hn so vi dy cp song song.
Cng ni tip truyn bt '1' ng vi mc in p (-3 -25)V v bt '0' vi (+3 +25)V
trong khi mt cng song song truyn '0' mc 0V v '1' mc 5V. Do cng ni
tip c th c mt mc dao ng ti a n 50V so vi cng song song c mc dao
ng ti a 5V. Nh th, kh nng gy nhiu khng phi l vn ln t ra i vi
cc dy cp ni tip so vi dy cp song song.
2. Khng cn phi dng cp nhiu si nh truyn song song. Nu thit b ngoi vi
( My cng c KS) c lp xa my tnh th dy cp 3 si (Null Modem
Configuration) c gi thnh thp hn nhiu so vi dy cp 9 hay 25 si. Tuy nhin
cng phi ch n c im kt ni mi u ni (loi cng, c x dng tn hiu bt
tay hoc khng...). Cc thit b ni vi cng ni tip u chuyn i truyn ni tip
sang li song song x dng, nh 1 UART ( Universal Asynchronous Receiver
Transmitter).
96

H 5.1: S khi mt h KS my cng c vi b nh m
Mt v d truyn ni tip k t 'A' cng vi cc bt khi ng, bt kim tra v cc bt
dng c trnh by H 5.2.
truyn d liu, chui cc bt truyn bt u t pha tay tri. 1 bit khi ng bt
u cho vic truyn d liu, tip theo l cc bt d liu ring l. Cui dng d liu cn
c 1 hoc 2 bt dng. Mi bt l '0' hay '1' trong 1 khong thi gian c nh theo tc
truyn, c nh ngha l s bt ln nht c th truyn c trong 1s, n v tnh
97
'baud'. Tc truyn gp c bt khi ng, bt kim tra v s bt dng, chng hn tc
truyn 9600 baud c th truyn c 9600/(1+7+1+2) = 872 byte mi giy. Bt
kim tra dng pht hin li v bt, nu s bt d liu l chn bt kim tra s l s
chn v ngc li. Bt kim tra v 2 bt dng ngn cch byte ang truyn vi byte k
tip.

H 5.2: V d truyn ni tip k t 'A'
Cc h KS my cng c hin nay u c cng ghp ni tip RS-232C tiu chun.
Vi cc thit b dng dy cp ni tip lm knh lin lc, c th phn thnh 2 loi:
DTE (Data Terminal Equipment): Thit b u cui d liu
DCE (Data Communication Equipment): Thit b truyn thng d liu.
Thit b u cui d liu l cc my trm trong khi thit b truyn thng d liu l cc
b phn nh modem, adapter, my vCng RS232C tiu chun cng s dng cc
loi ny.
Cc c im k thut ca cng ni tip tiu chun c quy nh bi hip hi k
ngh in t EIA (Electronics Industry Association), gm nhiu tham s nh :
1. Mt mc lgic 0 nm gia +3 v +25V
2. Mt mc lgic 1 nm gia -3 v -25V
3. Min gia +3 v -3V khng xc nh
4. Th hiu mch h khng c vt qu 25V. (Tham kho ng ni t)
5. Mt dng ngn mch khng c vt qu 500mA.
Trn y l 1 phn ca tiu chun EIA RS232-C. Cc cng ny c ch to vi 2 c,
u ni kiu D-25 chn v kiu D-9 chn, c hai u l dng chn cm. Loi cng kiu
D-25 thc t c 25 chn lin lc c lp, mi chn c chc nng ring, tuy nhin ch
c 9 chn c dng (H5.3a,b).
98

D liu truyn (SD) v nhn (RD) trn chn s 2&3 cn cc chn khc thc hin
cc giao tip gia cc thit b.

H5.3a,b: Cc chn cng ni tip RS-232C tiu chun
Cc chn c dng:
1. FG ( Frame Ground )
2. SD ( Sending Data ) : Truyn d liu
3. RD ( Receiving Data ): Nhn d liu
4. RS ( Request to Send ) : Khi my nhn sn sng nhn d liu, bt CS ( Clear
to Send ) t trng thi tch cc v my gi bit thng tin ny trn chn RS.
5. CS ( Clear to Send )
6. DR ( Data Set Ready ): Cc knh lin lc cho bit d liu sn sng c truyn.
7. SG ( Signal) : dng thit lp mt th hiu chun cho SD & RD ( ni t)
8. CD ( Carrier Detect ): nhn bit ang c thit b t xa.
20. ER ( NC Ready to Operate - Data Terminal Ready): Cc knh lin lc cho bit
my u cui sn sng nhn d liu.
H5.4 cho thy cc tn hiu in c gi v nhn trn cc chn khc theo mt trnh t
nht nh bo m rng gia 2 thit b sn sng nhn v gi d liu.
99

H5.4: S m t qu trnh thc hin giao tip gia cc thit b
5.1.2 Truyn chng trnh gia cng
Truyn d liu t my tnh bn ngoi n my cng c qua b nh m c iu
khin bng mt chng trnh phn mm. Chng trnh ny c nhim v c cc file
m G (tng ng vi chng trnh gia cng i qua bng c l), xc nhn cc knh
lin lc v cc thit b ang m, v truyn d liu theo yu cu qua b nh m t xa
n my cng c. Mt cng vo/ra RS-232 dnh ring cho my iu khin DNC cng
vi cc c tnh nh tc truyn, s bt d liu (7 hay 8), bt kim tra ( khng c,
chn hay l), s bt dng ( 1 hay 2)... c thit lp tng ng vi cc c tnh ca
my DNC . Cc giao din gi v nhn qua cng truyn ni tip phi c tham s t
nh nhau nhn v gii m d liu thch hp.
S khi ca mt chng trnh my tnh truyn d liu t 1 my tnh c nhn
IBM n mt b nh m c trnh by H 5.5. Chng trnh c 3 phn chnh, thit
lp cc cng vo/ra, m v c cc file cn truyn, iu khin v truyn d liu theo
k t. c v truyn cc file m G theo tng k t cho n khi gp cc k t c bit
nh du ';' (bt u mt lnh mi) hay du ' %' biu th kt thc chng trnh ....
Cng nh vy, cc chng trnh c th c truyn t h iu khin my cng c v
b c bng tr li cho my tnh bn ngoi.
D liu truyn c th b mt khi b nh m b trn, do cn iu chnh lu lng.
Mt cch tng qut, iu chnh lu lng c 2 cch khc nhau c bn, qua phn cng
hay phn mm. iu chnh lu lng nh chng trnh phn mm, cn gi l
Xon/Xoff dng 2 c tnh Xon v Xoff. Xon c m t bi k t ASCII 17 trong khi
100
k t ASCII 19 dng cho Xoff. Khi b nh m y, Xoff thng tin cho my tnh
dng gi d liu, cn khi c ch cho nhiu d liu hn, k t Xon thng tin my
tnh tip tc gi d liu. Kiu iu chnh lu lng ny c thun tin l khng i hi
thm dy, do cc k t c gi qua knh SD/RD. Tuy nhin vi cc ng ni dnh
cho mi k t i hi hn 10 bit c th lm chm lin lc.

H5.5: S khi ca chng trnh my tnh iu khin truyn d liu DNC
iu chnh lu lng qua phn cng cng cn gi l iu chnh lu lng RS/CS(
Request to Send / Clear to Send ). Cch ny dng 2 dy ca dy cp ni tip m khng
truyn thm k t cc dng d liu. Nh vy iu chnh lu lng phn cng s
khng lm chm thi gian truyn nh kiu Xon-Xoff. Khi my tnh mun gi d liu,
n kch hot dy Request to Send. Nu b nh m c ch cho d liu, n tr li bng
cch kch hot dy Clear to Send v my tnh bt u gi d liu. Nu b nh m
khng c ch, n s khng gi mt bt Clear to Send.
101
5.2 Cc vn v truyn d liu
Qu trnh m t trn ch n gin in y b nh m nhng khng bo m rng
d liu c truyn theo tng lnh hay tng dng ca chng trnh. Trong mi trng
c nhiu ngi dng, c kh nng xy ra trng hp b nh m cha kp in d
liu, khi truyn 1 dng lnh khng ca chng trnh c th gy s c. V d lnh
sau y ca chng trnh: G00X10.0Y10.0Z10.0 nu khng c np y b
nh m: G00X10.0Y10.0Z1 v ang cha c d liu b sung, hu
qu l my c vn hnh chiu su ct Z=1mm, sai bit n 9mm so vi thc t
yu cu !
khc phc, cn to cho chng trnh mun truyn tr thnh mt qu trnh khng
hon i c bng cch t mt mc u tin thch hp hoc bng cch thc hin mt
nghi thc ch cho php truyn d liu theo dng lnh y , c ngha l nh v d
trn, phi truyn n b nh m y lnh : G00X10.0Y10.0Z10.0.
Cc cu hi Chng 5:
1. Gii thch cch truyn ni tip 1 k t qua cng RS232C
2. Cho bit 2 phng php thng thng truyn file t my tnh bn ngoi n
my CNC
3. Gii thch lu chng trnh truyn file t my tnh bn ngoi n my cng
c.
4. Cho bit cc tham s cn thit lp khi thc hin truyn d liu cng giao
din ni tip RS232C.












102


Ti liu tham kho

[1] Nguyn c Lc, Tng Huy : iu khin s v cng ngh trn my iu khin s
CNC, Nh xut bn Khoa hc-K thut, H Ni 1996
[2] T duy Lim : My cng c CNC, Nh xut bn Khoa hc-K thut, H Ni 1999
[3] T duy Lim : H thng iu khin s cho My cng c, Nh xut bn Khoa hc-
K thut, H Ni 1999
[4] Trn vn ch : H thng sn xut linh hot FMS & sn xut tch hp CIM, Nh
xut bn Khoa hc-K thut, H Ni 2001
[5] Nguyn tin o, Nguyn tin Dng : Cng ngh c kh v ng dng
CAD/CAM/CNC, Nh xut bn Khoa hc-K thut, H Ni 1999
[6] on th Minh Trinh : Cng ngh CAD/CAM, Nh xut bn Khoa hc v k
thut, thnh ph H ch Minh, 1998
[7] Emco PC Mill 155, Machine description & Software description, Hallein,
Austria, 2000.
[8] G.W. Vickers, M.H. Ly, R.G. Oetter : Numerically Controlled Machine Tools,
Ellis Horwood Limited, London, 1990.
[9] Huge Jack, Integration and Automation of Manufacturing Systems, Copyright
1993-2001, Huge Jack.
[10] Nguyn anh Tun, Phm p : Thit k my cng c, tp II Nh xut bn Khoa
hc-K thut, H Ni 1984
[11] Bi qu Lc : H thng iu khin s trong cng nghip, Nh xut bn Khoa
hc-K thut, H Ni 2005
[12] Hung V.Vu, Ramin S.Esfandiari : Dynamic Systems, Mc Graw Hill Inc 1998







103
Bng ph lc cc chc nng thc hin dch chuyn v vn hnh my PCMill 155
Cc chc nng ng dch chuyn G ( Bng 2.1a)
Cc chc nng vn hnh my M (Bng 2.1b)
Chc nng chun b G Bng 2.1a
G00
G01
G02
G03
G04
G05
G09
G10
G11
G12
G13
G14
G17
G18
G19
G32
G33
G40
G41
G42
G48
*
G50
*

G51
*
G53
G54
G55
G56
G57
Chy dao nhanh n ta lp trnh
Ni suy ng thng ( h ta Cartesean)
Ni suy ng trn theo chiu kim ng h
Ni suy ng trn ngc chiu kim ng h
Thi gian dng cho gia cng l (dng c quay, khng tin dao)
Khng dng
Dng chnh xc
Ni suy chy dao nhanh (ta cc)
Ni suy ng thng (ta cc)
Ni suy ng trn theo chiu kim ng h (ta cc)
Ni suy ng trn ngc chiu kim ng h (ta cc)
Khng dng
Chn mt phng gia cng XY
Chn mt phng gia cng XZ
Chn mt phng gia cng YZ
Khng dng
Ct ren vi bc ren khng i
Hy hiu chnh dng c (theo bn knh)
Hiu chnh bn knh dng c, dao bn tri ng bao gia cng
Hiu chnh bn knh dng c, dao bn phi ng bao gia cng
ng dch chuyn dng c ra khi chi tit ging khi bt u tin vo
Hy bin i t xch
Bin i t xch
Hy x dch im chun chn
X dch im chun chi tit 1
X dch im chun chi tit 2
X dch im chun chi tit 3
X dch im chun chi tit 4
104
G58
G59
G60
*

G62
*
G64
*

G70
G71
G80
G81-G89
G90
G91
G92-G93
G94
G95
G96-G99
X dch im chun bn trong chi tit (nhm 1)
X dch im chun bn trong chi tit (nhm 2)
Ch dng chnh xc
Hy ch dng chnh xc
Hy ch dng chnh xc
n v lp trnh h Anh (inch)
n v lp trnh h Mt (mm)
Hy chu trnh gia cng ( phay, gia cng l )
Cc chu trnh gia cng l
Lp trnh theo kch thc tuyt i
Lp trnh theo kch thc tng i
Khng dng
Chy dao tnh theo
mm
/
ph

Chy dao tnh theo
mm
/
vng

Khng dng

























105
Chc nng ph M Bng 2.1b

M00

M01
M02
M03
M04
M05
M06
M08
M09
M17
M27
*
M30
M53
*

M54
*
M55
*
M56
*
M57
*
M58
*
M71
*
M72
*
Dng chng trnh: Khi ton b cc chc nng vn hnh my u
dng tm thi
Dng chng trnh c chn lc
Kt thc chng trnh: MCU my ngt cc hot ng iu khin my
Quay trc chnh theo chiu kim ng h
Quay trc chnh ngc chiu kim ng h
Dng trc chnh
Thay dng c
M dung dch lm ngui
Tt dung dch lm ngui
Dng chng trnh con
Xoay u chia
Kt thc chng trnh chnh
Khng ly i xng theo trc X
Ly i xng theo trc X
Khng ly i xng theo trc Y
Ly i xng theo trc Y
Khng ly i xng theo trc Z
Ly i xng theo trc Z
M c cu thi phoi
Tt c cu thi phoi










106
Bi tp thc hnh 1 : Lp trnh bng tay (Bn v km theo)
Lp trnh gia cng 1 chi tit trn my cng c KS
A. MC CH
Bit cch lp chng trnh gia cng trn my CNC.
Bit cc ni dung iu chnh My, Dng c, Phi liu...
Bit s dng cc chc nng c bn trong lp trnh.
B. YU CU
Nm c cch:
Thit lp h thng trc ta , chiu chuyn ng, chn cc im chun
cn thit.
My, Dng c v cc Hiu chnh.
Cc chc nng chun b G & chc nng ph M.
Cu trc 1 chng trnh gia cng CNC.
C. NI DUNG
1. Gii thiu v my:
Kh nng cng ngh
Dng iu khin
+ iu khin theo im
+ iu khin theo qu o lin tc.
2. Cc phng php lp trnh:
Lp trnh bng tay
Lp trnh c s tr gip ca my tnh
3. Chun b chng trnh gia cng trn my CNC( lp trnh bng tay):
a. Chun b chng trnh: Bao gm cc ni dung sau
Chun b bn v ( chn phng php ghi kch thc, n v o, lp h trc
ta , xc nh cc im dng c ct phi i qua...)
Chn kch thc phi.
Cung cp cc d liu v ch ct ( s vng quay trc chnh S, tc
chy dao cng tc F, chuyn ng chy dao nhanh...)
Chn v tr bt u ca dng c: y l im bt u thc hin n dao
Xc nh im thay dng c
107
b. Lp chng trnh gia cng trn my CNC: Trnh by cch vit chng trnh
gia cng, kim tra li v hon thin chng trnh. Phn ny cng gii thiu cc chc
nng c bn nh ni suy thng, trn, chy nhanh...
Trc khi tin hnh gia cng, phi g phi v thit lp cc gi tr hiu chnh.
1. Vit chng trnh gia cng chi tit (H1: Vd1a)
Y
X
H1 : V d 1a

+ a vo cc dng lnh u: Lp trnh theo kch thc tuyt i, n v
h thng lp trnh.
N00 %VD1a
N05 G54G90
+ Ni dung chng trnh:
N10 M06T04 / Thay dng c T4/
N15 M03S /Quay trc chnh theo chiu kim ng h tc
v
/
ph
/
N20 G00X50Y-10Z12 / Ch dn im bt u ca dng c /
N25 Z2M08 /Chy nhanh n im X50Y-10Z2, m d/d lm ngui /
N30 G01Z-7F /Chy dao n Z -7 vi lng chy dao F
mm
/
ph
/
N35 Y0 / Chy dao n im 1 /
N40 X Y / Chy dao n im 2/
N45 Y / Chy dao n im 3/
N50 G02X52I20 / Ni suy ng trn n im 4/
N55 G01X / Chy dao n im 5 /
N60 Y / Chy dao n im 6 /
108
N65 G02X75Y0I-12 / Ni suy ng trn n im 7/
N70 G01X50 / Chy dao n im 1/
N75 G00Z12 / Ch dn im rt dao nhanh n Z12 /
N80 M09 / Tt dung dch lm ngui /
N85 M05 / Dng trc chnh /
N90 M30 / Kt thc chng trnh /
+ Kim tra bng m phng chng trnh. Cc ch :
Nn nh s th t dng lnh (N****)
Cho nhn xt cc cu lnh d kim tra.

+ Lu chng trnh dng file text: Tn File.nc
2. Gia cng trn my CNC: Sau khi c chng trnh gia cng, tin hnh
iu chnh My v chn dng c, g, phi liu theo cc bc:
Chn kch thc phi, hiu chnh My, dng c ct, g.
Ti chng trnh gia cng n my CNC
M phng ha trn mn hnh My, kim tra v pht hin li.
Hon thin chng trnh ln cui
Tin hnh gia cng trn my CNC
Kim tra kt qu thc hin v cho nhn xt.



109
Bi tp thc hnh 2 : Lp trnh c s h tr ca my tnh
Gia cng 1 chi tit trn my cng c KS qua phn mm Pro/E
Thc hnh: Mc ch dng Pro/E m t 1 chi tit v to ra mt ng dch
chuyn dng c bng ha. Cung cp 1 file m G vi chng trnh x l tip theo
postprocessor.
Ni dung : M t ng dch chuyn dng c vi Pro/E
Bc 1: To m hnh hnh hc chi tit ( H 1)

H 1: M hnh hnh hc chi tit
1. Khi ng Pro|ENGINEER Wildfire : Nhp chut tri 2 ln vo biu tng
proewildfire.
2. Thit lp ng dn: File Set Working Directory , nhp ng dn.
3. t tn bn v: Pro|ENGINEER Wildfire main menu, File New, chn Part
ca s New, nhp tn: CNC (dng mmns_part_solid.prt lm template.)
4. To 1 khi ch nht 60 100 12
Nhp chut tri vo biu tng Extrude Tool, Sketch Tool Dashboard, ca
s Section m ra. Chn cc mt chun v v nh hng. Mt phng v 2D v l
110
mt FRONT, mt nh hng RIGHT, nhp Sketch.
V 1 hnh ch nht to hnh khi (extrusion) trong mt phng FRONT bng
cch nhp chut vo gc di bn phi v gc trn bn tri ca hnh ch nht trong
ca s bn v
Thay i cc kch thc sang 60 100 bng cch nhp vo cc kch thc
trn hnh ch nht, Done.
To hnh khi (extrude) t hnh ch nht m hnh ha vt th rn. Nhp gi
tr chiu su l 12 ca s lnh, nhp nt OK.
Kim tra khi ch nht. View Default Orientation.
5. To ch "CNC" kch c 30 80 8
Nhp chut tri vo biu tng Extrude Tool, Sketch Tool, ca s Section m
ra. Chn cc mt chun v v nh hng. Mt phng v 2-D v l mt trn ca
khi, mt nh hng RIGHT, nhp Sketch.
To ch. Sketch menu Text v nhp cc k t CNC cn gia cng
Thay i kch c ca ch sang 30 80 v t ch chnh gia khi
To khi (extrude) cho ch theo c 8 t mt trn khi
Kim tra chi tit to ra. View Default Orientation
Lu chi tit. File Save v Exit
Bc 2: To phi. Hnh dng v kch thc phi cho bit lng nguyn vt liu cn
dng to thnh sn phm. Pro/E coi bc ny l mt thao tc lp(NC Assembly).
1. Khi ng Pro|ENGINEER Wildfire : Nhp chut tri 2 ln vo biu tng
proewildfire.
2. Thit lp ng dn: File Set Working Directory , nhp ng dn.
3. t tn bn v . Pro/E main menu, File New, chn Manufacturing ca s
Type, v NC part ca s Sub-type , nhp tn: MCNC. Manufacturing, MFG Model,
Assemble, Reference Model, chn CNC.prt trong ca s m.
To phi. Menu MANUFACTURE, chn Mfg Model Create Nhp
workpiece. Nhp tn cho workpiece : BLOCK. By gi xy dng mt hnh khi ch
nht kch thc 80 120 30. FEAT CLASS Solid, SOLID Protrusion, SOLID
OPTS Extrude, Solid Done, PROTRUSION: Ca s Sketch xut hin gc di
bn tri trn mn hnh. Nhp Sketch.
111

H 2: M hnh phi
Chn cc mt chun v v nh hng. Mt phng v 2-D v l mt trn
CNC ca khi, mt chun nh hng l mt RIGHT. References: Cc mt TOP v
RIGHT.
V 1 hnh ch nht to hnh khi (extrusion) trong mt phng trn bng
cch nhp chut vo gc di bn phi v gc trn bn tri ca hnh ch nht trong
ca s bn v
Thay i cc kch thc sang 80 120 bng cch nhp vo cc kch thc
trn hnh ch nht. To hnh khi (extrude) t hnh ch nht m hnh ha vt th
rn. Options, Side1 Blind, Done, nhp gi tr chiu su l 30 ca s lnh, Done.
M hnh phi to ra c dng nh H2
Bc 3: Thc hin vic chun b ch to. Cng vic chun b bao gm xc nh kiu
my x dng v bin dng cn gia cng, lng vt liu ly i t phi,...Ngoi ra cng
cn xc nh mt h ta nu cha c v mt mt phng rt v ca dng c . H ta
phi ph hp vi hng phay v im O
W

1. MFG Setup Operation. Ca s Operation Setup m ra t ng.
112

H3: Chun b ch to
2. Xc nh my NC. Nhp biu tng my, cc ca s my cng c m ra. Nhp
cc tham s sau : Machine name : CNC-M, Machine type : Mill
Number of axis: 3 CNC control: Siemens
3. Xc nh im O
W
. Nhp nt Machine Zero, Menu Manager MACH CSYS
Create CSYS1 OPTIONS 2Axes Done GET SELECT Pick. Chn 2
cnh ca phi gc tri-trn-trc.
4. Xc nh mt phng rt v. Nhp nt con tr, chn Along Z Axis, v mc
Enter Z Depth, nhp vo 12. Nhp OK ng ca s (H3)
5. To khi lng phay. Xc nh lng vt liu cn ly i t phi. MFG Geom
Mill Volume Create VOL v nhp tn : mv1. V lng vt liu cn ly i t phi :
Sketch, SOLID OPTS, Extrude, Solid, Done. Menu Manager, ATTRIBUTES, One
Side, Done. SETUP SK PLN, Setup New, Plane, Sket View chn mt RIGHT ca
phi. MILL VOLUME, Menu Manager, SPEC TO, Blind, Done. Nhp chiu su 8.
Dng hm Trim xc nh mv1(H4).
Bc 4: Xc nh cc nguyn cng gia cng. Cng vic chun b bao gm xc nh
loi dng c c dng v cc tham s ch to (kch thc dng c, tc ct..)v xc
113
nh lng vt liu cn ly i ( to ra bc trc )

H4
1. Machining NC Sequence Volume, Done.
2. Ca s SEQ SETUP m ra. Nhp cc hp thoi tool, parameters, retract v
volume, Done.
3. Bng Tool setup m ra. Nhp hay thay i tham s theo cc gi tr sau :
Cutter_Diam 6 ; Length 50; Apply, OK ng ca s Tool setup.

H5: Thit lp cc tham s gia cng
114
4. MFG PARAMS Set. Ca s Param Tree m ra. Nhp hay thay i cc gi tr
nh H5,H6. Chn nt Advance thay i CIRC_INTERPOLATION
POINTS_&_ARC. Nhp File, Exit.

H6 : Thit lp cc tham s gia cng
5. Chn Vol mv1
Bc 5:
Kim tra m phng ng dch chuyn v to m G
1. Machining NC Sequence Play Path Screen play. ng dch chuyn ct
gt c trnh by H7a,b .
2. Utilities Options . Ca s Options m ra nh H8. Nhp nccheck_type hp
thoi Option v nccheck hp thoi Value.
3. Machining NC Sequence NC Check Run. M phng qu trnh gia cng
(H9)
4. Machining CL Data Output Select Feature NC Sequence Volume
Milling. PATH FILE Done.
Nhp tn : cnc ca s Save a Copy. Pro/Eng s lu file l cnc.ncl.1 lm vic vi
115

H7a: ng dch chuyn dng c

H7b: ng dch chuyn dng c

H8
116

H9: M phng qu trnh gia cng
chng trnh postprocessor (x l tip theo).
5. M file *.exe ca chng trnh x l tip theo v nhp tn file mun x l tip
theo.
6. File cnc.ncl v cnc.nc cn qua chng trnh notepad son tho di dng file
vn bn.
File cnc.ncl nh sau:

117
File cnc.nc nh sau:

Kim tra file m G trc khi ti chng trnh gia cng n my :

B. To ng dch chuyn dng c gia cng vi cc thit lp ring (C th chn
ty nhng phi c li gii thch i km)
Ni dung bo co:
1. Hnh v, phi, m phng ng dch chuyn dng c. Chn cc thit lp ring
km theo cc gii thch v cch chn cc tham s, kim tra NC. Nhn xt v ng
dch chuyn dng c la chn.
2. File ncl v file m G (*.nc) t chng trnh postprocessor v cc nhn xt.
3. File m G bin son












118
Ph lc I
Bng chn tc ct khi phay mt phng

Bng chn lng chy dao khi phay

Bng chn tc ct khi tin
Vt liu Phn loi Chiu su
ct t (mm)
V[m/ph] Lng chy
dao
S[mm/vng]
Vt liu
dng c
Thp
Tin th
Tin tinh
Tin tinh (ren)
Tin rnh

3 5
0.2 0.5
0.04
120 150
140 180

80 110
0.3 0.5
0.1 0.2

0.1 0.2
K10 20
K01 10

K10 20
Kim loi
mu

0.050.3 1000 0.01 0.02





119
Ph lc II
Ni quy s dng My
1. Tt c cc cng vic trn My PCMill155 phi c thc hin vi s ng ca
cn b hng dn .
2. Phi chun b k lng cc c im ca cng vic sp thc hin trc khi vn
hnh thit b. Nu cn kim tra ln cui phng php vn hnh, c th yu cu s gip
ca cn b hng dn.
3. Thng bo khn cp cho cn b hng dn nu pht hin My c s lm vic bt
thng .
Thc hnh
MC CH
Trnh by cc c tnh k thut chnh v cc thao tc c bn trn My Phay iu
Khin Chng Trnh S PCMill155
PHNG PHP
A. Cc thao tc c bn trn My PCMill155
Cc cng vic chun b v khi ng cho My PCMill155 (Ph lc A).
Nhp d liu bng tay, t ng, lp trnh c s h tr ca my tnh, thao tc
DNC (Ph lc B).
B. Cc c tnh k thut chnh ca My PCMill155

My PCMill155
Cc c tnh k thut:
Dch chuyn ln nht theo trc X/Y/ Z : 300/200/300mm
Kch thc bn my: 520 x 180 mm
H thng cp dao: u quay 10 dao c th lp trnh
120
Phm vi tc ln nht ca trc chnh : 150 - 5000 v/ph
Phm vi tc chy dao cng tc: 04 m/ph
Tc chy dao nhanh 7,5m/ph
Trng lng my : 700 kg
Ph lc A
Cc cng vic chun b v khi ng cho My PCMill 155
1. Bt cng tc ngun in ON
M ngun kh nn
Bt cng tc chnh ca my 1- ON
ng v M ca chn phoi kim tra cng tc an ton ca ca.
t li kho EMERGENCY OFF (phm u tin bn tri ca cc phm iu
khin My dng cui cng)
Nhn kho " AUX ON " v gi khong 1 pht ( Ready status)
2. t cc OVERRIDE SWITCHES v 100%.
3. t my v im Reference point : C th thc hin theo 1 trong 2 cch:
Dch chuyn theo tng trc MODE Refpoint: Ln lt nhn phm +Z, phm
+X v phm +Y. Nu c trc th t, nhn phm +4.
Dch chuyn ng thi cc trc: Nhn phm REF ALL bn phm PC
4. t cng tc kho ch lm vic ( phm th hai bn tri ca cc phm iu
khin My dng cui cng ) v tr t ng (Automatic operation) hay ch hiu
chnh (Setting operation). ch t ng, cc c cu an ton ca my u c
t vo v tr cng tc, v d chng trnh gia cng khng thc hin c khi ca my
m, cn ch hiu chnh, c th dch chuyn cc bn trt my bng tay vi ca
my m, nhng cn c bit ch khi thc hin ch ny v c nhiu nguy c v an
ton s dng my.
Cc dch chuyn bng tay cc bn trt my c th thc hin c ch t ng,
khi ca my ng bng cch nhn cng tc kho Consent ( phm u tin bn phi
ca cc phm iu khin My dng cui cng ):
a. ch t ng :
C th m ca my
Dch chuyn nhanh cc bn trt bng tay JOG m khng kch hot im
Reference point
121
b. ch hiu chnh :
C th dch chuyn cc bn trt bng tay vi ca my m
Xoay trng dng c vi ca my m (ch xoay 1 v tr)
5. Kt thc cng vic chun b v khi ng my : Ngt cng tc ngun 0-OFF.
Xoay ngc #1
Hiu chnh My - Dng c - G
1. X dch im chun O
ct
: G54 G57
C th x dch c 4 im O
ct
(v d vi 4 c cu kp khc nhau)
Nhn phm mm SETTING DATA trn b phn mn hnh v cc phm mm
bt k ch (MODE) no
Nhn phm mm ZERO OFFSET
Nhp cc gi tr o c (tc l : X,Y,Z = khong cch t im O
M
n
im O
ct
)
Chnh sa cc gi tr ny c th nhp bn di ZO ADDIT
Di chuyn con tr mn hnh n gi tr mun sa vi cc phm
Nhp gi tr mi v nhn phm Enter
2. Cc s liu dng c ct:
Khong cch t im ct gt thc t n im chun g dng c ca mi mt dng c
dng cho gia cng u phi c o.
Nhp s liu bn knh dng c ct ch khi cn b bn knh cho dng c ny
Cc s liu dng c: V d mt phng gia cng l mt X-Y (G17)
L1: Chiu di dao theo phng Z tnh t im ct n im chun g dao
R : Bn knh dng c
Type: V d drilling tool 10, milling tool 20
Chn phm mm TOOL OFFSET bt k ch no. Mn hnh hin biu mu
dng cho nhp cc s liu dng c
Chn s hiu dng c bng cc phm hay nhp con s s hiu dng c v
Search
Di chuyn con tr mn hnh vi cc phm n mc nhp cn thit.
Nhp s liu bng bn phm s. Gi tr nhp c hin th trn mn hnh
Lu gi tr hiu chnh khi nhn phm Enter
3. G kp phi
122
Ph lc B
Cc ch lm vic (MODE) ca my PCMill 155
1. Np chng trnh gia cng bng tay ( MDI )
V im 0 cho tt c cc trc my.
t MODE v MDI.
Nhp tng lnh ca chng trnh gia cng qua cc phm chc nng hoc bn
phm v INPUT.
Nhn SBL (Single Block) chy gia cng theo tng cu lnh.
Mc d c th np ton b chng trnh gia cng vo b nh, ch MDI thng
dng son tho, sa i cc chng trnh c sn trong b nh.
2. Gi chng trnh gia cng t b nh hoc to chng trnh mi
V im 0 cho tt c cc trc my.
t MODE v 1 trong cc MODES: JOG, AUTOMATIC, INC1INC10000
v REFPOINT
Nhn phm mm PART PROGRAM.
Nhn phm mm EDIT.
Nhp s hiu chng trnh % hay L...
Nhn phm mm SELECT PROGRAM
Cc lnh trong chng trnh c b nh c hin th hoc nhp chng trnh
mi qua cc phm chc nng hay bn phm.
Nhn phm Program Start MODE Automatic thc hin chng trnh gia
cng. Ch c th chy gia cng theo tng cu lnh SBL vi MODE Automatic.
3. Cc thao tc qun tr chng trnh vi cc phm mm
Nhn phm mm PART PROGRAM
Nhn phm mm PROGR-HANDLE
dng phm mm hin th cc chc nng COPY, RENAME, DELETE.
V d 1: Copy Program hay Rename Program
+ Np qua bn phm %88=%5
+ Nhn phm COPY hay RENAME
Phn mm copy hay rename chng trnh %88 v lu vi s hiu chng trnh %5
V d 2: Delete Program
123
+ Np qua bn phm %22
+ Nhn phm DELETE
4. Np chng trnh gia cng cc h thng CAD/CAM vi cc phm mm.
V im 0 cho tt c cc trc my.
Chng trnh gia cng NC phi c nh dng theo SINUMERIK 810/820.
File nhp phi i li tn dng sau:
%MPFxxxx.chng trnh chnh
%SPFxxxx.chng trnh con
V d i tn file vi WINDOW File Manager: From: PART1.81M To: %MPF123
Nhp chng trnh vi DATA IMPORT.
5. Gi v nhn chng trnh gia cng (Data Input- Output) vi cc phm mm
Data Input- Output
Nhn phm mm DATA IN-OUT
Mn hnh hin th bng thng s v cc chc nng.
V d vi mc " Interface no. for data in:", c th chn mt cng ni tip (1 hay 2-
ng vi cng COM1 hay COM2) hoc mt a (A, B hay C). Vi a C, phi c
ng dn ca chi tit ( c th nhp, hay vi GENERAL DATA SETTING DATA )
hay nhp/xut ng dn (WinConfig, 4.1 Thay i ng dn).
DATA IMPORT : Nhn d liu t a A, B, v C
Nhn phm mm DATA IMPORT
Chn a
Nhp bn di " Mainprogram" hay "Subprogram" cc s hiu chng trnh
sau y: Begin: % 0 (S hiu chng trnh u tin)
End: % 0 (S hiu chng trnh cui cng)
Nhn phm mm MAIN PROGRAM hay SUBROUTINE bt u c d
liu
Chuyn cc x dch im 0, d liu dng c ct: Nhn phm mm START
STOP khi mun ngng DATA IMPORT
Data Input qua cng COM1/COM2
Nhn phm mm DATA IN START bt u chc nng nhn ca phn mm
gc trn bn phi ca mn hnh ang hin th DIO (Data Input/Output)
vi cc mc nh ni gi (v d t bng c l...)
124
Khi ng ngun gi
STOP khi mun dng qu trnh gi
Data Output
Nhn phm mm DATA OUT
Mn hnh hin th bng thng s v cc chc nng
V d vi mc " Interface no. for data in:", c th chn mt cng ni tip (1
hay 2- ng vi cng COM1 hay COM2) hoc mt a (A, B hay C).
Nu gi d liu sang a, d liu ny s c gi cng dng (format) vi
u ra n giao din ni tip. D liu ny phi c c vo vi DATA IMPORT v
khng c copy trc tip ln ng dn chi tit.
V d gi chng trnh :
+ Nhn phm mm PART PROGRAM
+ Mn hnh hin th bng thng s v cc chc nng ca AUTOMATIC
DATA OUTPUT
+ Nhp bn di Mainprogram hay Subprogram cc s hiu sau:
Begin: chng trnh u tin mun gi
End: chng trnh cui cng mun gi
+ Nhn phm mm MAINPRG hoc SUBPRG bt u chc nng gi.
+ STOP khi mun dng qu trnh gi
Print Data
Nhn phm mm DATA OUT
Mn hnh hin th bng thng s
Vi "Interface no. for data out", c th nhp P chn mc My in
Thit lp cc tham s truyn d liu cng giao din ni tip
Cc giao din gi v nhn qua cng truyn ni tip phi c tham s t ( tc
truyn, s bt dng, s bt d liu...) nh nhau
Chn cc phm mm SETTING DATA-SETTING BITS
Mn hnh hin th bng thng s
6. M phng ha
7. Vn hnh my qua my tnh c nhn ( khi c trang b giao din DNC thit lp vi
Win Config ).
8. Gi v nhn chng trnh gia cng bng my tnh.