You are on page 1of 25

vDeif

aqmif;yg; (3) apmif

u|eaf wmfw@kd &@J vyk if ef;pOf


u|efawmfwdk@&@J vwfwavmvkyfief;
tjref&Sif;&efvdkaomjy\emwck
2011 ck/ arv 31?

trSm
- vDeif0g'udk avhvmcsi&f if vDeif&@J tawG;tac:awGukd
od&r,f? avhvm&r,f?
,ckaqmif;yg;pkukd vDeifa&;om;csed f (1899) qdw
k m
awmfawmfapmygw,f? abmf&ADS pf - rif&ADS pf ruGaJ o;bl;? tpPu&m
(1900 - 01) awmif rxGuaf o;bl;?
- ArmjynfrmS ppftm%m&Sipf epfu Zmbk&ifxuf ravsmw
h /hJ
yd&k ufpufw/hJ ydak umufuspw
f hJ t=urf;zufvyk [
f efawGe@J jynfoal wG
tay: &mpkEpS 0f ufcef@ zdEydS x
f m;csed /f tvkyo
f rm;vlwef;pm;
jyefvnfEdk;xpyaecsdef?
- vDeifw@kd acwfu pnf;H;k a&;yHo
k mef/ wdu
k yf yJG o
kH mefawG
udk avhvmEdik zf @kd
ud,
k Ehf ikd if u
H ,
kd t
hf ajctaeeJ@ udu
k n
f rD ,fv
h yk if ef;pOfukd
q0g;Edkifzdk@
TpmpOfukd xkwaf 0vdu
k yf gw,f?
A[d0k g'jzef@csad &;Xme
ArmjynfueG jf rLepfygw?D
(2011 ck ar 31 &uf)

tvkyform;owif;pm twGuf
aqmif;yg;rsm;
u|ef a wmf w d k @ &J @ vk y f i ef ; pOf u|ef a wmf w d k @ &J @
vwfwavmvkyfief; eJ@ tjref&Sif;&r,fhjy\em
wck aqmif;yg;rsm;udk vDeifonf EdkifiHjcm;rSm&SdpOf
tvkyform;owif;pm twGuf 1899 'kwd,
ESp0f ufumvwGif a&;om;cJo
h nf?

u|efawmfwdk@&J@vkyfief;pOf
(vDeif 1899)
EdkifiHwumqdk&S,f'Drdkua&pDtiftm;rsm;[m tcktcg tawG;tac:
,drf;,dkifr_awG jzpfaeygw,f? rmhufpftdef*,fwkd@&@J oif=um;csufawGudk
tcktcsdeftxd ckdifrmwJhawmfvSefa&;oabmw&m; tajccHawGtjzpf
,lqcJh=uw,f? 'gayrJh tckwavmrSmawmh 'Doif=um;csufawG[m
rvHkavmufawmhbl;? acwfaemufusae+yDpwJh pum;oHawGudk ae&m
wumrSm =um;ae&w,f? ud,
k u
hf ,
kd u
f kd qd&k ,
S 'f rD u
kd a&pD0g'orm;tjzpf
owfrw
S +f yD; qd&k ,
S 'f rD u
kd a&pDtmabmfowif;pmwapmifxu
G zf @kd &nf&,
G f
xm;olrSef&if *smr%DeJ@wjcm;EdkifiHrsm;rS qdk&S,f'Drdkua&pDorm;rsm;
aZmif;ay;pOf;pm;ae=uwJh 'Djy\emtay: b,fvo
kd abmxm;rvJqw
kd m
&Si;f &Si;f vif;vif; &Sad e&ygr,f?
u|eaf wmfw@kd [m rmhupf 0f g'oabmw&m;bufrmS vH;k 0&yfwnf
ygw,f? rmhupf 0f g'[m qd&k ,
S v
f pf0g'udk pdwu
f ;l ,Oftqifu
h odyeH` nf;us
tqifhodk@ yxrOD;qHk;ajymif;vJcJhw,f? 'Dody`Hynm&yftwGuf cdkifrmwJh
tajccHukd yxrqH;k csay;cJw
h ,f? qd&k ,
S v
f pf0g'udk bufaygi;f pHyk rkd jkd ynfph /kH
tao;pdwu
f satmif zG@H z;ap&mrSm av#muf&r,fv
h rf;udk yxrqH;k !ejf y
cJw
h ,f? tvkyo
f rm;udk iSm;&rf;jcif;/ vkyt
f m;udk 0,f,jl cif;awG&@J aemuf
uG,rf mS vufwqkypf mt&if;&Si/f ajr&Si/f pufykH ikd &f iS /f owWKwGi;f ydik &f iS f
pwmawGu OpPm"erJh jynfoo
l ef;aygi;f rsm;pGmtay: aus;u|ef yaew,f
qdkwhJtcsufudk b,fenf;b,fyHk zHk;uG,fxm;w,fqdkwm &Sif;jyvdkuf+yD;
1

vDeif
acwfrDt&if;&SifpD;yGm;a&;pepf&J@ obm0udk zGifhjyvdkufygw,f? acwfrD
t&if;&Sipf epf zG@H z;wd;k wufvmwmeJ@tr# t}u;D pm;xkwv
f yk af &;u ti,f
pm;xkwv
f yk af &;av;awGukd 0g;rsKd zsuq
f ;D ypfw,f? aemuf+yD; qd&k ,
S v
f pf
pepfvl@tzG@J tpnf;w&yfxlaxmifzdk@ vdkvnf;vdktyf/ jzpfvnf;jzpfEdkifwhJ
tajctaeawG ay:xGuv
f mw,f? tJ't
D csuu
f kd rmhupf 0f g'u !ejf ycJh
w,f? tjrpfw,
G af ewJh xH;k wrf;pOfvmawG/ Edik if aH &;vky}f uHra_ wG/ em;vnf
&cufwhJ Oya'awG/ _yaf xG;ayGvw
D hJ oabmw&m;awG&@J aemufu,
G rf mS
k yf /JG trsKd ;rsKd ;aom "eOpPmydik &f iS f vlwef;pm;
yke;f uG,af ewJh vlwef;pm;wdu
rsm;eJ@ "eOpPmrJv
h x
l k ("eOpPmrJah wG&@J a&S@q;kH rSm ypPn;f rJv
h w
l ef;pm;) t=um;
wdkufyGJudk b,fvdkjrifatmif =unfh&r,fqdkwm rmhufpf0g'u oif=um;
ay;cJhygw,f? awmfvSefwJh qdk&S,fvpfygwDw&yf vkyf&r,fh wu,fh
tvkyfwm0efu vl@tzGJ@tpnf; jyefyHkoGif;tvSqifa&; tpDtpOfawG
csrw
S af ezd@k r[kw?f tvkyo
f rm;b0 jriw
hf ifay;a&;w&m;udk t&if;&Siaf wG/
ol@aemufvdkufawGxH em;csa[majymaezdk@r[kwf? ypPnf;rJhvlwef;pm;
wdkufyGJudkpnf;Hk;/ 'DwdkufyGJudk acgif;aqmifzdk@ jzpfw,f? 'DwdkufyGJ&J@
aemufqHk;ydwf &nf&G,fcsufu ypPnf;rJhvlwef;pm;taeeJ@ EdkifiHa&;
tm%mudk odr;f ydu
k +f y;D aemuf qd&k ,
S v
f pfv@l tzG@J tpnf;w&yfukd xlaxmif
kd mudk rmhupf 0f g'u oif=um;cJyh gw,f?
zd@k jzpfw,fqw
uJ tck u|eaf wmfw@kd ar;r,f? u|eaf wmfw@kd acwfrmS toHus,f
[pf+yD; *smrefq&kd ,
S v
f pf bef;pwde;f ab;rSm pkpnf;rdae=uwJh qef;opf
rGr;f rHa&;orm;rsm; qdo
k al wG[m rmhupf 0f g'oabmw&m;xJukd wpHw
k &m
topftqef; jznfhoGif;ay;cJhygovm;? bmtopftqef;rS rjznfh
f mG ;
qnf;cJyh gb;l ? rmhupf 0f g' odyyH` nm&yfukd a&S@w;kd wufatmif qufvyk o
zdk@ rmhufpfe@J tdef*,fwdk@u u|efawmfwdk@udk ajymoGm;cJhwmyg? qef;opf
rGr;f rHa&;orm; qdo
k rl sm;u 'gukd a&S@wvSr;f av;awmif wd;k wufatmif
rvkyfch=J uygbl;? ypPnf;rJhvlwef;pm;wdkufyo
GJ abmw&m;awG ajymjywm
2

aqmif;yg;pk
r[kwfbJ tav#mhay;a&; oabmw&m;awGyJ ajymjycJhwmyg? ypPnf;rJh
vlwef;pm;&J@ tqd;k 0g;qH;k &efoal wG/ tpd;k &eJ@ "e&Siyf gwaD wGukd tav#mh
ay;zd@k yJ a[majymcJw
h myg? 'D&efoal wGuawmh qd&k ,
S v
f pfawGukd b,fvkd
axmifacsmufqif&rvJqdkwJhenf;emopfawG rarmryef; &SmazG}uHq
ae=uygw,f? k&Sm;qdk&S,f'Drdkua&pDygwD wnfaxmifol/ acgif;vnf;
acgif;aqmifolawGxJu yvufcaemhtaeeJ@ bef;pwdef;&J@ aemufqHk;
a0zefa&; tay: r!mrwma0zefcw
hJ m vH;k 0rSeu
f efygw,f? tckvnf;yJ
([efEdkAmuGef*&ufrSm) *smreftvkyform;udk,fpm;vS,frsm;uvnf;
bef;pwde;f &J@ tjrifawGukd y,fcsvu
kd jf yefyg+yD?
qd&k ,
S v
f pfygwu
D kd tppftrSe,
f =kH unfol awG v$r;f wJh tzG@J
tpnf;wckjzpfatmif u|eaf wmfw@kd u ajymif;ypfcsiaf ew,fqw
kd hJ atmfoH
awG/ topfuufol awGudk w&m;ao twdkif; vdkufrvkyf&
aumif;vm;/ trSDtcdkuif;wJh tjrifawG&Sd&aumif;vm; bmnmqdk+yD;
u|eaf wmfw@kd u tjypfay;=uawmhr,fqw
kd hJ atmfoaH wG ay:vmygawmh
r,f cifAsm;? tJ'aD tmfoaH wG ay:vmawmhr,fqw
kd t
hJ a=umif; u|eaf wmf
wd@k ajymvdu
k w
f t
hJ wGuv
f nf; u|eaf wmfw@kd ukd trsKd ;rsKd ;pGypf =JG uygO;D r,f?
'DatmfoaH wGrmS ygwhJ acwfqefqef &SwwJph um;vH;k tm;vH;k &J@ t"dym` ,f
udk u|efawmfwdk@ aemausaeyg+yD? 'Dpum;vHk;awGxJrSm rSefuefwm/
t"dym` ,f&w
dS mqdv
k @kd wvH;k wavawmifrS rygygb;l ? awmfveS w
f o
hJ abm
w&m;w&yfrygbeJ @J awmifw
h if;cdik rf mwJh qd&k ,
S v
f pfygww
D &yf rxlaxmif
Edik yf g? tJ'v
D o
kd abmw&m;eJ@yJ qd&k ,
S v
f pf0g't
D m;vH;k udk pkpnf;&wmyg?
'Doabmw&m;eJ@yJ qdk&S,fvpfawG[m em;vnf,Hk=unfcsufawG &&Sd
vmwmyg? olwdk@&J@wdkufyGJy&d,m,fawG/ v_yf&Sm;r_enf;emawGxJrSm 'D
oabmw&m;udk toHk;cs=u&wmyg? udk,f^m%frDoavmuf rSefuef
w,fv@kd ,lqxm;wJh 'Dvo
kd abmw&m;rsKd ;udk zsuv
f zkd suq
f ;D t&rf;um
a&m wdkufcdkufvm&if udk,fu umuG,f&ygw,f? 'DvdkumuG,fwm
3

vDeif
ta0zefrcHEikd &f m ra&mufygb;l ?
rmhupf 0f g' oabmw&m;qdw
k m +yD;jynfph akH ewJt
h &m/ razmuf
zsufEdkifwJht&m&,fvdk@ u|efawmfwdk@ r,lqygbl;? 'geJ@ ajymif;jyef,lq
wmyg? rmhupf &f @J oabmw&m;[m qd&k ,
S v
f pfoyd yH` nm&yftwGuf tajccH
tkwjf rpfuykd J csay;cJw
h ,f? qd&k ,
S v
f pf0g'aD wG[m vufawG@b0eJ@ wajy;nD
jzpfcsi&f if 'Doyd yH` nm&yfukd bufaygi;f pHrk mS wd;k yGm;jznfq
h nf;ae&ygr,f?
u|ef a wmf w d k @ u tJ ' D v d k ,l q wmyg? rmh u f p f 0 g' oabmw&m;ud k
trSDtcdkuif;uif;eJ@ tao;pdwfzGH@z;apzdk@ k&Sm;qdk&S,fvpfawGtwGuf
txl;vdt
k yfaew,fv@kd xifygw,f? bmvd@k vq
J akd wmh 'Doabmw&m;u
a,bk,svrf;!erf lawGuykd J csay;xm;wmjzpfv@kd ygy?J 'Dral wGukd t*Fvef
wd@k / jyifopfw@kd / *smr%Dw@kd / k&mS ;wd@k rmS rwlujJG ym;pGm usio
hf ;kH cJyh gw,f?
'ga=umifh u|efwmfwdk@ owif;pmrSm oabmw&m;a&; aqmif;yg;awG
a&;r,fqdk&if 0rf;ajrmuf0rf;omeJ@ ae&may;uygr,f? tjiif;yGm;zG,f
tcsuftvufawGudk yGifyGifhvif;vif; aqG;aEG;=uzdk@ &Jabmftm;vHk;udk
zdwfac:ygw,f?
qdk&S,f'Drdkua&pD0g'orm; tm;vHk;twGuf bHkuswJh vkyfief;
pOfudk k&Sm;rSm toHk;csr,fqdk&if xGufay:vmr,fh t"dujy\emu
bmawGygvJ? 'Dvkyfief;pOf&J@tESpfom&u ypPnf;rJhvlwef;pm;wdkufyGJudk
pnf;H;k / 'Dwu
kd yf u
JG akd cgi;f aqmifz@kd / 'Dwu
kd yf &JG @J aemufq;kH ydw&f nf&,
G cf suu
f
ypPn;f rJv
h w
l ef;pm;taeeJ@ Edik if aH &;tm%mudk odr;f ydu
k +f yD;aemuf qd&k ,
S f
vpf vl@tzG@J tpnf;w&yf xlaxmifz@kd jzpfw,f? 'gukd txufrmS vnf;
ajym+yD;yg+yD? ypPn;f rJv
h w
l ef;pm;wdu
k yf rJG mS qd&k if pD;yGm;a&;wdu
k yf JG (wOD;csi;f
t&if;&Sirf sm; od@k r[kwf wpkcsi;f t&if;&Sit
f yk pf rk sm;udk &ifqikd u
f m tvkyf
orm;rsm; b0tajctae wd;k wufaumif;rGeaf &;twGuf qifEw
J$ w
hJ u
kd yf )JG
eJ@ Edik if aH &;wdu
k yf JG (jynfo@l tcGit
hf a&;rsm; wd;k cs@J &&Sad &; wenf;tm;jzifh
'Dru
kd a&pD&&Sad &;eJ@ ypPn;f rJv
h w
l ef;pm;&J@ Edik if aH &;tcGit
hf m%m wd;k cs@J a&;
4

aqmif;yg;pk
wd@k twGuf tpd;k &ESihf &ifqikd q
f ifEw
J$ w
hJ u
kd yf )JG rsm; yg0ifygw,f?
(Rabochaya Mysl tvkyo
f rm;rsm;&J@tawG; owif;pmudk
! e f = um;aeol a wG txif t &S m ;yg0if w J h ) k & S m ;qd k & S , f ' D r d k u a&pD
orm;wcsdK@uawmh pD;yGm;a&;wdkufyGJ[m trsm;}uD;ydkta&;}uD;w,fvdk@
,lq=uw,f? tem*wftawmf=umumvtxd EdkifiHa&;wdkufyGJudk
aemufwef;ydk@xm;zdk@awmif tpGef;a&mufajym=uwmawG &Sdygw,f?
'D t jrif [ m vH k ; 0rS m ;,G i f ; ygw,f ? qd k & S , f ' D r d k u a&pD 0 g'orm;awG
tm;vH;k taeeJ@ oabmwlxm;+yD;om; tjrifawG &Syd gw,f? tvkyo
f rm;
vlwef;pm;&J@ pD;yGm;a&;wdkufyGJudk pnf;Hk;ay;zdk@ vdktyfw,f? 'DtajccHeJ@
tvkyo
f rm;awG=um;rSm v_@H aqmfz@kd vdt
k yfw,f? wenf;tm;jzifh tvky&f iS f
awGe@J &ifqikd &f wJh ae@pOfwu
kd yf aJG v;awGrmS tvkyo
f rm;awGukd ulnzD @kd
vdt
k yfw,f? zdEydS w
f o
hJ mef/ zdEydS w
f u
hJ pd rP eS o
f r#ukd *kyrdatmif vkyaf y;
&r,f? 'Dvekd @J b0wlcsi;f yl;aygi;f zd@k vw
kd ,fqw
kd m &Si;f &Si;f jrifvmatmif
ulnD&r,f? 'gawGu tm;vHk;oabmwlxm;+yD;om;awGyg? 'gayrJh
pD;yGm;a&;wdkufyGJyJ tav;xm;+yD; EdkifiHa&;wdkufyGJudk ypfxm;&if EdkifiH
wumqdk&S,f'Drdkua&pD0g'&J@ tajccHrlawGudk aoGzD&m usygvdrfhr,f?
tvkyform;v_yf&Sm;r_ordkif;wckvHk;u ay;xm;cJhwJh oifcef;pmawGudk
arhypf&m usygvdrfhr,f? "e&Sifvlwef;pm;eJ@ ol@udktvkyftau|;yaewJh
tpd;k &wd@k &@J xif&mS ;wJh aemufvu
kd af wG[m pD;yGm;a&;oufouf tvkyf
orm;or*~awGudk pnf;Hk;xlaxmifzdk@/ 'Dor*~awGudk EdkifiHa&; eJ@
a0;uGmoGm;apzdk@ u;pm;cJh=uw,f? k&Sm;tpdk;&uvnf;yJ tJ'Dvdk
vrf;v$w
J mrsKd ; vkyv
f mp&m jzpfEikd af jc rsm;ygw,f? jynfoal wG tzdEydS cf H
ae&wm tcGifhta&;rJhaewmudk tmHkrpdkufrdaeapzdk@avmufyJ rjzpf
pavmuf tav#mah y;wm/ twkta,miftav#mah y;wmrsKd ;awG tpd;k &u
wav#mufvHk; vkyfvmcJhwmyg? *smr%DeJ@ wjcm;Oa&myEdkifiHtm;vHk;
(wl&uDeJ@k&Sm;ryg) tvkyform;awG &&Sdxm;=uovdk tvkyform;
tpnf;ta0;/ or*~rsm; vGwfvyfpGmpnf;Hk;vkyfaqmifcGifh/ udk,fydkif
owif;pmrsm; xkwfa0cGifh/ rdrdwdk@ udk,fpm;vS,frsm;tm; v$wfawmf
tpnf;ta0;rsm;od@k apv$wcf iG hf r&&Sx
d m;bl;qd&k if bmpD;yGm;a&;wdu
k yf JG
vkyv
f yk f tvkyo
f rm;b0 a&&Snw
f ;kd wufr_ &vmrSm r[kwyf gb;l ? 'grS
r[kwf }uD;}uD;rm;rm; pD;yGm;a&;wdu
k yf aJG wmif qifEEJ$ ikd rf mS r[kwyf gb;l ?
'gayrJh tvkyform;tcGifhta&;awG &&Sdzdk@qdk&if EdkifiHa&;wdkufyGJ qifE$Jzdk@
5

vDeif
vdyk gw,f?
k & S m ;tvk y f o rm;awG o mru jynf o l t m;vH k ; Ed k i f i H a &;
tcGit
hf a&; qH;k H;_ ae&ygw,f? k&mS ;Edik if [
H m tuif;rJ/h tuef@towfrhJ
oufOD;qHydkifpepfEdkifiH jzpfygw,f? Zmbk&ifwOD;wnf;uyJ Oya'awG
csrSwf+yD; t&m&SdawGcef@tyf xdef;csKyfxm;ygw,f? 'DtwGufa=umifh
Zmbk&iftpd;k &[m vlwef;pm;tm;vH;k &J@ txufrmS oD;oef@&adS eovdv
k /kd
tm;vH;k udk wef;wloabmxm;ovdv
k kd jzpfaewmyg? 'gayrJh wu,fwrf;
rSmawmh t&m&St
d m;vH;k udk csr;f omwJh vlwef;pm;xJu oD;oef@a&G;cs,f
cef@tyfxm;wm jzpfygw,f? 'ga=umifh t&m&St
d m;vH;k [m t&if;&Si}f u;D awG
&J@ =oZmatmufrmS &Sad e=uwmyg? 'Dt&if;&Si}f uD;awG[mvnf; tpd;k &
0ef}uD;awGukd u;qGaJ e+yD; vd&k mtukef &ae=uygw,f? wcku t&if;&Sif
ajr&Siaf wG&@J vk,ufr/_ usL;ausmrf u
_ kd cHae&w,f? aemufwcku t&if;&Sif
ajr&Siaf wGukd jyefrvSeEf idk af tmif tvkyo
f rm;awGukd tpd;k &ykvyd w
f yfz@JG u
wkyfaESmifay;xm;w,f? yg;pyfydwfay;xm;w,f? jynfol@tcGifhta&;
umuG,zf @kd u;pm;r_reS o
f r#ukd zdEydS af y;xm;w,f? t&if;&Siw
f a,mufukd
oydwaf rSmufwikd ;f ppfwyfe@J yv
k yd [
f m tvkyo
f rm;awGtay: xifwikd ;f }uJ
Edik cf iG hf &xm;w,f? 'Dawmh pD;yGm;a&;wdu
k yf w
JG ikd ;f [m Edik if aH &;wdu
k yf JG rvGJ
raoG jzpfvmwmygy?J 'ga=umifh qd&k ,
S 'f rD u
kd a&pDygwt
D aeeJ@ pD;yGm;a&;
wdu
k yf eJG @J Edik if aH &;wdu
k yf u
JG kd ypPn;f rJv
h w
l ef;pm;wdu
k yf JG wckv;kH twGi;f od@k
ruGJruGm wom;wnf;jzpfatmif aygif;pyfay;&ygr,f? 'DwdkufyGJ&J@
yxrqHk;eJ@ t"du&nf&G,fcsufu EdkifiHa&;tcGifhta&;rsm; &&Sda&;/
EdkifiHa&;vGwfvyfr_&&Sda&; jzpfygw,f? qdk&S,fvpfawG&J@ tultnD
tenf;i,fr#e@J pde@f yw
D mpbwftvkyo
f rm;awGcsn;f yJ tvkycf sed af v#mah ygh
ay;wJh Oya'csrw
S af y;zd@k tpd;k &u vdu
k af vsmvmatmif wdu
k yf q
JG ifwm
tvsit
f jrefatmifjrifc=hJ uwmyJ? 'Dawmh k&mS ;tvkyo
f rm; vlwef;pm;
w&yfv;kH tzd@k qd&k ifvnf; wckwnf;pkpnf;xm;wJh k&mS ;qd&k ,
S 'f rD u
kd a&pD
tvkyform;ygwD&J@ acgif;aqmifr_eJ@ ZGJrav#mhbJ vHk;yef;&if 'Dxufydkrdk
ta&;}uD;wJh tav#mah y;r_awG &&Sad tmif vkyEf ikd rf mS yg?
wjcm;vlwef;pm;rsm;&J@ tultnDudk r&awmifrSbJ k&Sm;
tvkyform;vlwef;pm;csnf;yJ pD;yGm;a&;eJ@EdkifiHa&;wdkufyGJudk qifE$JEdkif
ygw,f ? 'gayrJ h Ed k i f i H a &;wd k u f y G J q if E $ J & mrS m tvk y f o rm;awG [ m
waumifuufr[kwyf gb;l ? jynfov
l x
l k tcGit
hf a&;rSeo
f r# qH;k H;_ ae&wm/
6

aqmif;yg;pk
xifwikd ;f }uJwwfwhJ tpd;k &t&m&Sad wGuvnf; Oya'rJ/h pnf;rJu
h rf;rJh t&rf;
vkyfwmawGa=umifh vGwfvyfpGmawG;awm/ ajymqdkr_udk vHk;0txdyg;
rcHEikd w
f hJ d;k om;wJh ynmwwfawGvnf; rausreyf jzpfae=uw,f? 'gt
h jyif
tzdESdyfcHae&wJh ydkvef/ zifvef *sL;eJ@k&Sm;vlrsdK; bmoma&;avmuu
vlawGvnf; rausreyf jzpfae=uw,f? tpd;k &t&m&Sad wG&@J &efu rvGwf
uif;Edik w
f hJ ukeo
f nfypJG m;av;awG/ tvkyf ykH ikd &f iS af wG/ v,form;awGvnf;
rausreyf jzpfae=uw,f? 'Dvl@tv$mawG[m oD;jcm;pDtaeeJ@qdk&if
EdkifiHa&;wdkufyGJudk a&&SnfrqifE$JEdkif=uygbl;? 'gayrJh tvkyform;
vlwef;pm;u EdkifiHa&;wdkufyGJtvHudk v$ifhxlvmwJhtcgrSmawmh ae&m
wumu axmufcrH u
_ kd &&Sv
d mrSmyg? jynfo@l tcGit
hf a&;twGuf wdu
k yf 0JG if
olawG/ 'Dru
kd a&pDa&;twGuf wdu
k yf 0JG ifoal wG tm;vH;k &J@a&S@q;kH rSm k&mS ;
qd&k ,
S 'f rD u
kd a&pDygwu
D &yfwnf+yD; zsuq
f ;D vd@k r&wJh tiftm;jzpfa=umif;
jyooGm;rSm jzpfygw,f?
tJ ' gawG u awmh u|ef a wmf w d k @ &J @ tajccH t jrif a wG y gyJ ?
'DtjrifawGudk pepfwuseJ@ bufaygif;pHkvnf;usatmif u|efawmfwdk@&J@
owif;pmrSm wdk;csJ@wifjyoGm;ygr,f? 'Denf;eJ@ k&Sm;qdk&S,f'Drdkua&pD
tvkyform;ygwD&J@ a=unmpmwrf;rSm !efjyxm;wJh vrf;twdkif;
vSr;f oGm;&r,fv@kd u|eaf wmfw@kd ,lqygw,f?
vDeif (1899)

vDeif

u|efawmfwdk@&J@vwfwavmvkyfief;
(vDeif 1899)
k&Sm;tvkyform;vlwef;pm;v_yf&Sm;r_[m tcktcgrSm tul;tajymif;
umvwckukd jzwfoef;aeygw,f? taemufbufyikd ;f a'o pde@f yw
D mpbwf/
uD;,ufAef @J wjcm;r@rsm;rSm qd&k ,
S 'f rD u
kd a&pD tvkyo
f rm;tzG@J tpnf;
rsm;[m vkyif ef;rsm;udk ajymifajrmufpmG pwifEikd cf =hJ u+yD; k&mS ;qd&k ,
S 'f rD kd
ua&pD tvkyo
f rm;ygwD (1898 aEGO;D ) udk wnfaxmifvu
kd jf cif;tm;jzifh
yxrajcvSrf;udk tqHk;owfvdkufygw,f? 'Dvdk}uD;rm;wJh ajcvSrf;udk
tm;ukefvSrf;vdkuf&wJhtwGuf vwfwavmrSm k&Sm;qdk&S,f'Drdkua&pD
ta&;awmf y H k [ m EG r f ; vsoG m ;yH k & ygw,f ? 'ga=umif h woD ; wjcm;
a'otzGJ@tpnf;uav;awG v_yf&Sm;cJh=uwJh [dkt&ifyHkpHtqifhudk
aemufqw
k v
f u
kd =f uygw,f? ygw[
D m aysmufysurf oGm;cJyh g? ud,
k b
hf mom
aemufqkwfvdkufjcif;om jzpfygw,f? tm;tifawG pkpnf;zdk@/ k&Sm;
wEdkifiHvHk;rS qdk&S,f'Drdkua&pD0g'orm;rsm; aoG;pnf;a&;udk cdkif+rJwJh
tajccHay: csay;zd@k aemufqw
k v
f u
kd jf cif;om jzpfygw,f? TaoG;pnf;r_ukd
taumiftxnfazmf&ef oifah vsmaf omnD!w
G af &;yHpk w
H &yf azmfaqmif&ef
a'ocsi;f oD;jcm;uif;uGmwJ/h usO;f ajrmif;wJph w
d "f mwfukd z,f&mS ;ypf&ef
u;yrf;a&;onfum; k&mS ;qd&k ,
S 'f rD u
kd a&pDtiftm;pkrsm;&J@ tvsit
f vdq
k ;kH
vwfwavmvkyif ef;wm0ef jzpfygw,f?
ypPn;f rJv
h w
l ef;pm;wdu
k yf u
JG kd pnf;H;k pkpnf;ay;a&;[m u|eaf wmf
wd@k &@J tvkyf jzpfw,fqw
kd muaum bmudq
k v
kd w
kd mygv?J pufw
kH Hk od@k
r[kwf pufrv
_ yk if ef;cGw
J cku tvkyo
f rm;awG[m olw@kd &@J tvky&f iS f (awG)
eJ@ wdu
k yf q
JG if=uw,fqykd gp@kd ? tJ'g[m vlwef;pm;wdu
k yf v
JG m;? b,f[w
k f
rvJ? tJ'g[m vlwef;pm;wdu
k yf &JG @J oaE<om;avmif;av;r#omyJ jzpfao;
w,f? tvkyform;awG&J@ kef;uefwdkufyGJqifr_[m b,ftcgrS tvkyf
orm;vlwef;pm;wdu
k yf &JG ,fv@kd jzpfvmrSmvJ? wjynfv;kH &Sd tvkyo
f rm;
vlwef;pm; w&yfvHk;&J@ a&S@wef;a&mufudk,fpm;vS,f tm;vHk;[m
8

aqmif;yg;pk
ol w d k @ ud k , f o l w d k @ wck w nf ; aom tvk y f o rm;vl w ef ; pm;taeeJ @
todpdwf"mwf&Sdae=u+yD; wOD;csif;tvkyf&Sifrsm;udk OD;wnf&ifqdkif
wmrsdK;r[kwfbJ t&if;&Sifvlwef;pm; w&yfvHk;eJ@ 'Dvlwef;pm;udk
axmufray;xm;wJh tpdk;&udk OD;wnf&ifqdkifqef@usifwJh wdkufyGJw&yf
qifE$JwJhtcgrSom tvkyform;vlwef;pm;vdk@ ajymvdk@&rSmyg? tvkyf
orm;wOD;csi;f pD[m ol@u,
kd o
f l tvkyo
f rm;vlwef;pm; w&yfv;kH &J@ tzG@J 0if
wOD;tjzpf oabmayguaf e+yD; ole@J ywfoufaewJh tvky&f iS w
f OD;csi;f eJ@
tpd;k &t&m&Sw
d OD;csi;f tay: olae@pOfqifEaJ$ e&wJh wdu
k yf aJG o;ao;av;[m
wu,fawmh "e&Sifvlwef;pm;w&yfvHk;eJ@ tpdk;&wckvHk;tay:qifE$JwJh
wdkufyGJvnf; jzpfyguvm;qdkwm wdk;csJ@oabmaygufaewJhtcgrsdK;rSom
ol@&@J wu
kd yf q
JG ifr[
_ m vlwef;pm;wdu
k yf q
JG ifr_ jzpfvmygw,f? vlwef;pm;
wdu
k yf w
JG ikd ;f [m Edik if aH &;wdu
k yf yJG J jzpfw,f qdw
k m rmhupf &f @J ausm=f um;vSwhJ
pum;w&yfyg? 'gudk b,fvdkem;vnf&rvJ? tvkyf&Siftay: tvkyf
orm;u qifEw
J$ hJ wdu
k yf w
JG ikd ;f [m t+rw
J rf;yJ Edik if aH &; (oabmygw)hJ wdu
k yf JG
jzpfudkjzpf&r,fvkd@ em;vnfvdk@ rjzpfygbl;? t&if;&SifawGtay: tvkyf
orm;awG qifEw
J$ w
hJ u
kd yf [
JG m txufrmS ajymcJw
h hJ yHpk rH sKd ; vlwef;pm;wdu
k yf JG
jzpfvmwJt
h cgro
S m 'Dwu
kd yf [
JG m Edik if aH &;wdu
k yf v
JG nf; jzpfvmw,f? 'Dvkd
em;vnf&rSmyg? rdrw
d @kd tay: zdEydS o
f rl sm;tay: tvkyo
f rm;rsm; qifEJ$
aewJh/ tvdktavsmufjzpfaewJh wdkufyGJudk tvkyform;vlwef;pm;
w&yfvHk;&J@ wdkufyGJtjzpfodk@ ajymif;oGm;atmifvkyfzdk@ vdkw,f? 'Dtvdk
tavsmufwu
kd yf aJG wGukd tckid t
f rmEdik if aH &;ygwu
D tcdik t
f rm Edik if aH &;/
vlr_a&; &nfrSef;csufrsm;twGuf qifE$JwJh wdkufyGJtjzpfodk@ ajymif;oGm;
atmifvkyfzdk@ vdkw,f? 'DtwGuf qdk&S,f'Drdkua&pDtiftm;rsm;[m
tvkyo
f rm;awGukd pnf;H;k pkz@JG ay;&r,f? olw@kd t=um;rSm 0g'jzef@csad &;/
v_H@aqmfa&;awG vkyf&r,f? 'gawG[m a'ouGufuGufcsif; v_yf&Sm;r_eJ@
r&wJh tvkyrf sKd ; jzpfygw,f?
u|efawmfwdk@EdkifiHrSm a'ouGufuGufcsif; qdk&S,f'Drdkua&pD
v_y&f mS ;r_[m tawmfav; tqifjh rifah eyg+yD? k&mS ;wEdik if v
H ;kH rSm qd&k ,
S f
'Dru
kd a&pD tawG;tac:rsKd ;aphrsm; }uJxm;+yD;yg+yD? qd&k ,
S 'f rD u
kd a&pDpmay&J@
tapmqH;k yHpk jH zpfwhJ tvkyo
f rm;vufurf; pmapmifrsm;ta=umif;udk pde@f
yDwmpbwfrS u&mpEdk,mhpfcftxd/ aumhau;&Sawmifwef;rS ,l&,f
awmifwef;txd/ k&Sm;tvkyform;awG tm;vHk;odae=u+yDyJ? 'Da'o
uGufuGufcsif; tvkyfawGudk wckwnf;wom;wnf;aom ygwDw&yf&J@
9

vDeif
tvk y f j zpf a tmif pk p nf ; ay;zd k @ yJ vd k t yf a ewmyg? u|ef a wmf w d k @
&Sdor#tm;awGoHk;+yD; ausmfv$m;ajz&Sif;&r,fh tm;enf;csufuawmh
wa'ocsif ; tvk y f a wG r S m awG @ awG @ ae&wJ h usOf ; ajrmif ; wJ h /
taysmf w rf ; qef wJ h tusif h jzpf y gw,f ? tJ ' D t aysmf w rf ; qef w J h
vuQ % m&S d a ewma=umif h y J a ygh ? k & S m ;tvk y f o rm;vl w ef ; pm;
v_ y f & S m ;r_ & J @ tcsif ; t&m tawmf r sm;rsm;[m a'ouG u f u G u f c sif ;
tjzpftysufoabmoufoufyJ jzpfaewmyg? 'Dv_yf&Sm;r_awG[m
k&Sm;qdk&S,f'Drdkua&pD ta&;awmfyHkwckvHk;twGuf erlemawGtjzpf
ta&;}uD;w,f? k&mS ;tvkyo
f rm;vlwef;pm; v_y&f mS ;r_}uD;wckv;kH xJu
tqifhwqifhtjzpfvnf; ta&;}uD;w,fqdkwJh ta&;ygr_awGvnf;
ray:rvGifjzpfaewmyg? tJ'Dtvkyform; v_yf&Sm;r_uav;awGtxJrSm
k&Sm;wjynfvHk; qdkif&m bHktusdK;pD;yGm;awG yg0ifaeygvm;qdkwJhtod
tvkyo
f rm;awGacgi;f xJrmS tjynft
h 0r&&Sad o;bl;? tvkyo
f rm;awG[m
olwdk@&J@wdkufyGJudk k&Sm;qdk&S,fvpf0g'/ k&Sm;'Drdkua&pD0g' tawG;
tac:awGe@J tjynft
h 0rqufpyfEikd =f uao;bl;? 'g[m taysmw
f rf;qefwhJ
tusifhawGa=umifhyJ? &JabmfawGrSm oabmw&m;eJ@vufawG@jy\em
qdik &f m tjriftrsKd ;rsKd ; &Sad e=uygw,f? 'gayrJh 'DtjrifawGukd jynfv;kH qdik &f m
owif;pmwckxrJ mS yGiyhf iG v
hf if;vif; aqG;aEG;wm rvkyEf ikd b
f ;l jzpfaew,f?
'DtjrifawGukd wckwnf;aom vkyif ef;pOfw&yf tao;pdwaf &;qGaJ &;/ ygwD
twGuf wckwnf;aom enf;y&d,m,fvrf;pOf csrw
S af &;qdw
k hJ udpt
P wGuf
toH;k rcsEikd b
f ;l jzpfaew,f? 'DtjrifawG[m usO;f ajrmif;wJh avhvma&;
tpkxJrSmyJ wdrfryfoGm;&ifoGm;/ 'grSr[kwf a'ouGufuGufcsif;udpP/
uHovdkjzpfwJh udpPawGtjzpf tquftpyfrJh um;csJ@ypfvdkuf=uw,f?
'gvnf; taysmfwrf;qefwJh tusifhpdkufawGa=umifhyJ? u|efawmfwdk@
taysmw
f rf;qefwmawGukd &yfwef;u&yf=uygp@kd ? bHv
k y_ &f mS ;r_qD OD;wnfz@kd /
wckwnf;aom ygwDvkyfief;pOfw&yf azmfxkwfzdk@/ u|efawmfwdk@ygwD
enf;y&d,m,fvrf;pOf/ ygwt
D zG@J tpnf;udpaP wG yl;aygi;f aqG;aEG;zd@k twGuf
vHak vmufwhJ &ifu
h surf a_ wG u|eaf wmfw@kd rmS &Sad e=u+yDy[
J m?
k&Sm;qdk&S,f'Drdkua&pDygwD[m a[mif;EGrf;wJh awmfvSefa&;/
qd&k ,
S v
f pfa&; oabmw&m;awGukd tawmfrsm;rsm; a0zefc+hJ y;D yg+y?D a0zef/kH
oabmw&m;zefwD;HkyJ r[kwfygbl;? qdk&S,f'Drdkua&pD vkyfief;pOf[m
avxJrSmyJ atmufajcvGwf wnf&Sdaewm r[kwfbl;? jynfolvlxk/
pufHkawGxJu ypPnf;rJhvlxktwGif; tus,ftjyef@eJ@ tvdktavsmuf
10

aqmif;yg;pk
ay:aygufaewJh v_yf&Sm;r_awGeJ@vnf; aygif;pyfrdae+yDqdkwmudkvnf;
oufaojycJh+yD;yg+yD? tckawmh tvGefcufcJ/ tvGefvnf;ta&;}uD;wJh
atmufygajcvSr;f udk vSr;f &ygawmhr,f? tJ'guawmh - v_y&f mS ;r_awGukd
u|ef a wmf w d k @ &J @ tajctaeeJ @ vd k u f a vsmnD p G m acgif ; aqmif w J h
tzGJ@tpnf;wck wnfaxmifzdk@ jzpfygw,f? qdk&S,f'Drdkua&pDqdkwm
tvkyo
f rm;v_y&f mS ;r_ukd omrefr# tvkyt
f au|;yHek @J yJ +y;D wmr[kwyf gb;l ?
(uGejf rLepfygwaD =unmpmwrf;yg tajccHtawG;tac:rsm;udk xyfavmif;
zGiq
hf x
kd m;wJh um;vfaumufpuD;&J@ zGiq
hf ckd suu
f kd oH;k ajym&&if) qd&k ,
S 'f rD kd
ua&pDqdkwm qdk&S,fvpf0g'eJ@ tvkyform;vlwef;pm;v_yf&Sm;r_wdk@udk
aygif;pyfjcif; udk qdkvdkwmyg? qdk&S,f'Drdkua&pD&J@vkyfief;u tvdk
tavsmufjzpfaewJh tvkyo
f rm;vlwef;pm; v_y&f mS ;r_ukd cdik rf mwduswhJ
qdk&S,fvpfa&;OD;wnfcsufwdk@eJ@ aygif;pyfay;zdk@ jzpfygw,f? acwfyif
odyyH` nma&csed ef @J udu
k n
f w
D hJ qd&k ,
S v
f pf tawG;tac:rsm;eJ@ qufpyfay;zd@k
jzpfygw,f? qd&k ,
S v
f pfpepfuo
kd mG ;&mrSm 'Dru
kd a&pD&&Sad &; yHrk eS Ef ikd if aH &;
wdkufyGJrsm; &Sd&ygw,f? 'DwdkufyGJrsm;eJ@vnf; tvkyform;v_yf&Sm;r_udk
qufpyfay;zd@k jzpfygw,f? wcGe;f wnf;ajym&&if 'Dtvdt
k avsmuf tvkyf
orm;vlwef;pm; v_y&f mS ;r_ukd awmfveS af omygw&D @J vkyaf qmifcsujf zifh
waygi;f wpnf;wnf; cdik rf modyo
f nf;atmif aygi;f pnf;ay;zd@k jzpfygw,f?
taemufOa&my EdkifiHrsm;rS 'Drdkua&pDeJ@ qdk&S,fvpf0g'ordkif;/ k&Sm;
awmfvSefa&;ordkif;/ k&Sm;tvkyform;vlwef;pm; v_yf&Sm;r_tawG@
tuHwdk@udk ydkifEdkifatmifavhvm+yD; cdkifrmjywfom;wJh tzGJ@tpnf;wck
wnfaxmif+yD; u|eaf wmfw@kd ygwt
D wGuf ckid rf mjywfom;wJh enf;y&d,m,f
rsm; azmfxkwf=u&ygr,f? 'Dordkif;tawG@tuH tcsuftvufrsm;udk
cGjJ crf;pdwjf zm wJh tvkyu
f kd trSt
D cdu
k if;uif; vky=f u&r,f? bmvd@k vJ
qdkawmh toifh&Sd+yD;om; erlemyHkpHudk b,frSmrS &SmrawG@Edkifvdk@ygyJ?
wzufu=unf&h if taemufOa&myeJ@ k&mS ;[m tvkyo
f rm; vlwef;pm;
v_y&f mS ;r_ tajctaecsi;f rwln=D uygb;l ? 'gukd rjrif&if tvGet
f EW&m,f
&Sdygw,f? wjcm;wzufu=unfh&if k&Sm;EdkifiHt&ifu awmfvSefa&;
ygwDawGeJ@ k&Sm;qdk&S,f'Drdkua&pDygwDvnf; trsm;}uD;uGmjcm;ygw,f?
'ga=umifh awmfvSefa&;enf;emawGta=umif;/ ordkif;u v#dK@0SuftzGJ@
tpnf;awGta=umif; avhvmzdk@ vdktyfw,f? ('gudk vHk;0vufcHw,f)
qdak yr,fh a0zefyikd ;f jcm;r_&&dS dS avhvm&r,f? avhvm+yD; ud,
k u
hf ,
kd yf ikd t
f zG@J
tpnf;w&yfukd trScD u
kd if;uif; wnfaqmuf=u&ygr,f?
11

vDeif
'Dvkyfief;wm0efrsdK;udk wifjy&rSm t"duar;cGef; 2 ck txl;
xif&Sm;pGm xGufay:vmygw,f? (1) a'oawGu qdk&S,f'Drdkua&pD
tiftm;awG[m vH;k 0vGwv
f yfpmG v_y&f mS ;Edik zf @kd vw
kd ,fqw
kd hJ tcsuef @J wom;wnf;aomygwD? qdkvdkwmu A[dkwckwnf;u csKyfudkifxm;wJh
ygww
D &yf wnfaxmifz@kd vdt
k yfw,fqw
kd hJ tcsuw
f @kd ukd b,fvkd aygi;f
pyfay;rvJ? qdk&S,f'Drdkua&pDygwD[m ol@&J@tiftm;rsm;udk pufr_r@}uD;
awGrmS rwlwu
hJ mv/ rwlwhJ toGit
f jyifawGe@J jzpfay:aewJh tvkyo
f rm;
vlwef;pm; tvdt
k avsmuf v_y&f mS ;r_awGuwqifh jznfw
h if;&&Sad ewmyg?
ygw&D @J v_y&f mS ;r_reS o
f r#ukd a'otoD;oD;&Sd qd&k ,
S 'f rD u
kd a&pDtzG@J tpnf;
rsm;&J@ v_yf&Sm;r_tay:rSm tajccHxm;ygw,f? a'otzGJ@tpnf;awG&J@
v_y&f mS ;r_[m woD;woef@pD uGaJ ewJh taysmw
f rf;orm; rsm;&J@ v_y&f mS ;r_
jzpfaer,fq&kd if wu,fwrf;rnmrwm ajym&&if 'g[m qd&k ,
S 'f rD u
kd a&pD
v_y&f mS ;r_v@kd ajymvd@k r&ygb;l ? bmvd@k vq
J akd wmh 'g[m ypPn;f rJv
h w
l ef;pm;
wdkufyGJudk pnf;Hk;zGJ@pnf;ay;wm/ acgif;aqmifwm r[kwfvdk@ygyJ? (2)
qd&k ,
S 'f rD u
kd a&pDtiftm;pkawG[m Edik if aH &;vGwv
f yfr&_ a&; wdu
k yf q
JG ifEzJ$ @kd
t"duOD;wnfwhJ awmfveS af &;ygww
D &yf xlaxmifz@kd u;pm;&r,fqw
kd h J
tcsufeJ@ qdk&S,f'Drdkua&pD0g'u EdkifiHa&;vkyf}uHr_awGtwGuf pnf;Hk;
vkyaf qmifwmudk jywfjywfom;om; qef@usiw
f ,f? tvkyo
f rm;awGukd
uwkwaf wG wl;xm;zd@k v_@H aqmfwmudk tav;teuf qef@usiw
f ,f?
('gukd P.B. Axelrod uvnf; rSeu
f efpmG axmufjycJw
h ,f?) cHajym&&if
tpd;k &tay: xd;k ppfqifwu
kd cf u
kd af &;/ [d[
k 'kd 'D D pDru
H ed ;f qdw
k mawGukd
awmfveS af &;orm;wpku a&;qG+J yD;/ tvkyo
f rm;awGukd taumiftxnf
azmfcikd ;f wmrsKd ;udk tav;teuf qef@usiw
f ,fqw
kd hJ tcsuaf wGukd b,fvkd
aygif;pyfrvJ?
tJ ' D a r;cG e f ; awG t wG u f oabmw&m;a&;t& tajzud k
k&mS ;qd&k ,
S 'f rD u
kd a&pD0g'u ay;xm;+yD;jzpfw,fqw
kd m rkcs,=kH unfygw,f?
u|eaf wmfw@kd &@J vyk if ef;pOf aqmif;yg;xJrmS ajymcJ+h yD;yg+yD? xyfrajymvdk
awmhyg? tck[mu 'Dar;cGe;f awGtwGuf vufawG@/ tcdik t
f rma&;t&
tajzudk &Sm=uzd@k yg? wOD;wa,mufcsi;f / tiftm;pkwpkcsi;f u vkyv
f @kd r&yg?
qd&k ,
S 'f rD u
kd a&pD tiftm;pkw&yfv;kH pnf;H;k pkz@JG r&_ &dS dS &SmazGro
S m 'Dtajzudk
&&SdrSmyg? avmavmq,f tvsiftvdkqHk; vkyf&rSmu 'Dar;cGef;awG&J@
vufawG@tajzudk &Sm=uzd@k y?J 'DtwGu&f nf&,
G +f yD; yHrk eS x
f w
k af 0r,fh ygwD
tmabmfowif;pmwapmif vwfwavmxlaxmif=u&r,f? 'Dowif;pm
12

aqmif;yg;pk
[m a'otoD;oD;u tpkawGeJ@ eD;eD;uyfuyf qufoG,fr_&Sdae&r,f?
vmr,fhumvwckvHk;rSm qdk&S,f'Drdkua&pD v_yf&Sm;r_tm;vHk;[m 'D
(owif ; pmxl a xmif a &;) &nf r S e f ; csuf u d k OD ; wnf x m;oif h y gw,f ?
'Dvo
kd wif;pm r&S&d if a'otoD;oD; vkyif ef;awG[m taysmw
f rf;qef
+yD; usO;f ajrmif;aeOD;rSmyJ? wnfaxmifr,fyh gw[
D m b,fvykd gwjD zpf&rvJ
qdw
k m owif;pmwapmifxrJ mS pkpnf;a&mifjyef[yfaqG;aEG;xm;wm r&S&d if/
tJ'yD gwD wnfaxmifa&;qdw
k m tenf;eJ@trsm; Avmpum;om jzpfae
ygvrd rhf ,f? pD;yGm;a&;wdu
k yf w
JG ck[m wjynfv;kH A[do
k wif;pmwapmifu
pkpnf;ay;xm;wmr&S&d if k&mS ;ypPn;f rJv
h w
l ef;pm; w&yfv;kH &J@ vlwef;pm;
wdu
k yf JG jzpfvmrSm r[kwyf gb;l ? ygw[
D m wckv;kH taeeJ@ ay:vpDjy\em
tm;vH;k rSm a=unmcsuaf wG ray;Edik &f if/ Edik if aH &;wdu
k yf w
JG ckukd qifEEJ$ ikd rf mS
r[kwyf gb;l ? awmfveS af &;tiftm;awGukd pnf;H;k pkpnf;/ pnf;urf;wus
jzpfatmif vkyzf @kd e@J awmfveS af &;enf;y&d,m,fawG azmfxw
k zf @kd qw
kd mvnf;
'Djy\emawGukd wjynfv;kH A[dk owif;pmwapmifrmS aqG;aEG;zd@k vdw
k ,f?
udpt
P 00 ajz&Si;f &mrSm vdu
k ef m&r,fh pnf;urf;awG/ ajz&Si;f wJyh pkH aH wGukd
pkaygif;owfrSwfxm;zdk@ vdkw,f? A[dkowif;pmuwqifh wygwDvHk;
tay:rSm ygw0D ifwikd ;f u b,fvw
kd m0ef,&l r,fqw
kd m owfrw
S x
f m;zd@k
vdw
k ,f?
&Sd&Sdor# ygwDtiftm; (pmaytiftm;/ pnf;Hk;a&;pGrf;tm;/
ky0f wKtiftm;pwm) tm;vH;k udk pkpnf;toH;k yum ygww
D ckv;kH twGuf
tmabmfowif;pmudk wnfaxmif+y;D rSeu
f efpmG pDrv
H nfywfa&; ta=umif;
udk ajymqdw
k t
hJ cgrmS wjcm;v_y&f mS ;r_ omefawGukd aemufwef;yd@k xm;zd@k
qdw
k t
hJ awG; enf;enf;rS r&Syd gb;l ? Oyrm a'otoD;oD;rSm v_@H aqmfa&;
vkyfwm/ qENjywm/ oydwfarSmufwm/ olv#dKawGudk azmfxkwftjypf
ay;wm/ "e&Sifvlwef;pm;eJ@ tpdk;&udk,fpm;vS,fawGudk qef@usifzdk@
v_@H aqmfwm/ oydww
f u
kd yf q
JG ifEw
J$ mpwJh wjcm;v_y&f mS ;r_omeftm;vH;k
tay:rSm tajccHwmyg? 'gayrJh 'gawGudk ygwDw&yfvHk;&J@tmabmf
owif;pmuae pkpnf;/ pnf;H;k ray;&if 'DawmfveS af &;wdu
k yf o
JG mefawG&@J
ta&;ygr_ 90 [m qH;k H;_ oGm;ygvrd rhf ,f? 'Dwu
kd yf aJG wGuwqifh ygw&D @J
tawG@tuH/ tpOftvmawG/ ajcvSr;f awG ay:ayguv
f mrSm r[kwyf gb;l ?
ygwD o wif ; pm[m 'D v _ y f & S m ;r_ a wG & J @ ,S O f yif b uf r [k w f w J h t jyif
'Dv_yf&Sm;r_awGudk wdk;csJ@zdk@/ odyfonf;cdkifrmapzdk@/ pepfwusjzpfapzdk@
trsm;}uD; taxmuftulyygvrd rhf ,f?
13

vDeif
k&mS ;'Dru
kd a&pDygw&D @J tajctae[m wjcm;Oa&myEdik if aH wGu
qd k & S , f ' D r d k u a&pD y gwD a wG e J @ vnf ; rwl / k & S m ;awmf v S e f a &;ygwD
a[mif;awGeJ@vnf; rwlwma=umifh tiftm; tm;vHk;pkpnf;+yD; ygwD
owif;pmwapmif wnfaxmifum yHrk eS x
f w
k af 0jzef@csEd ikd af tmif vky=f uzd@k
vdktyfaewmyg? *smr%D/ jyifopfpwJh EdkifiHawGu tvkyform;awGrSm
olwdk@&J@v_yf&Sm;r_awGudk trsm;odatmif azmfxkwfzdk@/ v_yf&Sm;r_awGudk
pepfwusjzpfatmifvkyfzdk@ owif;pmawGtjyif wjcm;enf;emawG
trsm;}uD; &Sd=uygw,f? Oyrm ygvDrefxJ yg0ifv_yf&Sm;r_/ a&G;aumufyGJ
v_@H aqmfrr_ sm;/ w&m;0iftpnf;ta0;rsm;/ (r@jyaus;vuf) a'o vlxk
toif;tzG@J rsm;rSm yg0ifr/_ (vkyif ef;}uD;/ vkyif ef;ao;) or*~rsm; w&m;0if
xlaxmifr_ pwmpwmawG &Sd=uygw,f? u|efawmfwdk@uawmh 'gawG
tm;vH;k ([kwyf gw,f 'gawGtm;vH;k ) ae&mrSm (u|eaf wmfw@kd Edik if aH &;
vGwfvyfpGm v_yf&Sm;cGifh r&rcsif;) awmfvSefa&;owif;pmwapmifeJ@
tpm;xd;k vkyaf qmif=u&rSm jzpfygw,f? 'Dvo
kd wif;pm r&S&d if tvkyo
f rm;
vlwef;pm;v_y&f mS ;r_ wckv;kH udk us,u
f s,jf yef@jyef@ pnf;H;k zd@k rjzpfEikd yf gb;l ?
u|efawmfwdk@[m v#dK@0Sufvkyf}uHr_awGudk r,Hk=unfygbl;? tpdk;&udk
zsufqD;zdk@/ wOD;csif; awmfvSefa&;qefqef pGef@pm;vkyf=uwmudkvnf;
qef@usifygw,f? *smrefqdk&S,f'Drdkua&pDygwD&J@ &ifhusufwJh ygwD0if}uD;
vpfbn
f uf&@J pum;awGukd u|eaf wmfw@kd v_y&f mS ;r_awGtwGuf owday;
aqmify'k t
f jzpf ,lqyg? avhvmyg? tod0g' jzef@csad &; vkyyf g? pnf;H;k
yg 'gawGvyk zf @kd qHck suu
f awmh ygwt
D mabmf owif;pmyJ jzpfEikd yf gw,f?
jzpf&ygr,f?
'gayrJh yHrk eS v
f nfywf+y;D tenf;eJ@trsm; wnf+ird rf &_ w
dS hJ owif;pm
wpmifaxmifz@kd jzpfEikd yf govm;? b,fvt
kd ajctaersKd ;rSm jzpfEikd rf vJqw
kd hJ
udpu
P akd wmh aemufwcgrmS aqG;aEG;ygr,f?
vDeif (1899)

14

aqmif;yg;pk

tjref&Sif;&efvdkaomjy\emwck
(vDeif 1899)
u|efawmfwdk@twGuf vwfwavmvkyf&r,fh tvkyfu ygwD
tmabmfowif;pmwapmif xlaxmifzdk@ jzpfw,f? owif;pmudk yHkrSef
xkwaf 0jzef@cszd @kd jzpfw,f qdw
k t
hJ a=umif; ,cifaqmif;yg;rSm u|eaf wmfw@kd
ajymcJyh gw,f? aemuf+y;D 'gjzpfEikd rf vm;/ b,ftajctaerSm jzpfEikd rf vJqw
kd hJ
jy\emudv
k nf; wifjycJw
h ,f? tck 'Djy\em&J@ ydt
k a&;}u;D wJb
h ufrsm;udk
oHk;oyfygr,f?
'D&nf&,
G cf suf txajrmufz@kd q&kd if a'oqdik &f m v_y&f mS ;r_awG
oGuv
f ufaezd@k yxrqH;k vdv
k rd rhf ,fqw
kd hJ apm'u t"duwuf=uvdrrhf ,f
xifygw,f? 'Dapm'uudk tus,ftjyef@ajymaewJhwdkifatmif 'g[m
rSm;,Gi;f w,fv@kd u|eaf wmfw@kd jrifygw,f? ygwt
D mabmfowif;pmaxmifz@kd /
xdrk w
S qifh ygwyD ifu,
kd u
f kd xlaxmifz@kd / owif;pmeJ@ygwu
D kd tajccHcikd rf m
atmifvyk zf @kd jzpfEikd w
f ,f? csucf si;f vnf; pvky=f u&r,fv@kd jrifygw,f?
'DajcvSrf;udkvSrf;zdk@ tc&muswJh tcsuftvufawG &Sdae+yDyJ? =unfhyg?
a'ocsi;f ygwv
D yk if ef;awG vkyaf qmifae=u+yDy?J tjrpfw,
G af ewmvnf;
txift&Sm;yJ? tpdk;&ykvdyfu wdkufcdkufwm pdyfpdyfvmaewJh=um;u
vkyif ef;awG[m c%wmavmufom &yfqikd ;f oGm;wmyJ? qH;k H;_ tiftm;awG
ae&mrSm tiftm;opfawG tjreftpm;xd;k 0ifvmae=uwmyJ? aemuf+yD;
ygwrD mS owif;pmxkwzf @kd t&if;tjrpfawG/ pmaytiftm;pkawG/ jynfyrSm
omru jynfwGif;rSmyg &Sdaeygw,f? 'ga=umifh jy\emu vkyfvufp
tvkyfawGudk taysmfwrf;qefqef qufvkyfae=urvm;? 'grSr[kwf
'DtvkyfawGudk wom;wnf;aom ygwD&J@ vkyfief;twGif; pkpnf;ay;+yD;
tm;vH;k udk ygwt
D mabmfowif;pmrSm a&mifjyef[yf azmfjywm vkyrf vm;
qdw
k t
hJ csuf jzpfygw,f?
'Dae&mrSm u|eaf wmfw@kd vy_ &f mS ;r_twGuf tjrefq;kH ajz&Si;f &r,fh
jy\emudk ajymygr,f? wdkwdkajym&&if pnf;Hk;zGJ@pnf;r_jy\emyJ?
awmfvSefa&;tzGJ@tpnf;/ awmfvSefa&;pnf;urf;awGudk aumif;atmif
vkyfzdk@/ ajratmufenf;emawGudk aumif;rGefatmifvkyfzdk@ vHk;0vdktyf
15

vDeif
ygw,f? yGiyhf iG v
hf if;vif; 0efc&H &if 'Dupd aP wGrmS u|eaf wmf[m k&mS ;ygwD
a[mif;rsm;udk rDatmifrvdu
k Ef ikd af o;ygb;l ? rDatmif/ ausmw
f ufEikd af tmif
tpGr;f ukef u;pm;=u&ygr,f? tzG@J tpnf;t&nftaoG; rjrifb
h eJ @J tvkyf
orm;vlwef;pm;v_yf&Sm;r_ wdk;wufa&;[m rjzpfEdkifyg? 'g,kwfpGtqHk;
ajymwmyg? txl;ojzifh owif;pmw&yfukd yHrk eS Of ;D aqmifvnfywfxm;wJ/h
wufuwJyh gww
D &yf xlaxmifa&; rjzpfEikd yf g? 'guwzuf? tjcm;wzufrmS
qdk&if vuf&SdygwDXmersm; (vkyfief;tzGJ@rsm;/ tpkrsm;/ owif;pmrsm;)
pnf;H;k zG@J pnf;r_jy\emawGukd ydrk *kd kpu
kd =f u&r,f? a'otoD;oD; tpkrsm;
udk pnf;H;k a&;udpeP @J ywfouf+yD; wGe;f tm;ay;=u&r,f?
a'otoD;oD;rSm taysmfwrf;qefqefawGvkyf&if; yk*~dKvfa&;
qufoG,fr_awG tvGeftu|Hrsm;oGm;wmcsnf;ygyJ? avhvma&;tpk
vky[
f efawG jzpfomG ;wmcsn;f yJ? u|eaf wmfw@kd [m avhvma&;tpktqifh
uae }uD;xGm;vm=uwmyg? 'Dtqif[
h m vuf&u
dS |eaf wmfw@kd vyk if ef;awG
tzd@k tawmfu
h kd usO;f ajrmif;vmae+yD? 'Dtqifv
h yk &f if;uae tiftm;pkawG
tvGet
f u|H zef;wD;&m a&mufomG ;wwfygw,f? tiftm;awGukd wom;
wnf;/ wckwnf;aomygwD tjzpfodk@ pkpnf;vdkufrSom tvkyfwm0efcGJ
vkyaf qmifa&;/ tiftm;ac|wma&;rlawGukd twdtusvu
kd ef mvkyu
f ikd Ef ikd f
rSmyg? 'Dvkd vkyu
f ikd Ef ikd rf v
S nf; qH;k H;_ r_awGukd av#myh pfEikd rf mS yg? 'grv
S nf;
oufO;D qHyikd t
f pd;k &&J@ zdEydS rf e_ @J t&rf;uma&m zrf;qD;r_awGukd &ifqikd Ef ikd w
f hJ
trmcHtiftm;udk twwfEdkifqHk; cdkifrmatmif wnfaqmufEdkifrSmyg?
u|eaf wmfw@kd vkd k&mS ;rSm ,l*sD avmuxJ v#Kd ae&wJh qd&k ,
S v
f pftpk
ao;ao;av;awG &ifqikd af e&wmu qd&k ,
S v
f pfe@J 'rD u
kd a&pDukd acsre_ ;f zd@k
tpGr;f ukef u;pm;aewJh tiftm;t}uD;qH;k acwfrt
D pd;k &,EW&m;}uD; jzpfyg
w,f? bmyJjzpfjzpf 'DzdESdyfa&;,EW&m;udk aemufqHk;rSm acsr_ef;ypfEdkif
vdrrhf ,fv@kd u|eaf wmfw@kd ,H=k unfygw,f? bmvd@k vq
J akd wmh u|eaf wmfw@kd
vl@tzG@J tpnf;rSm a,bk,syrkH eS u
f s+yD; zG@H z;aewJv
h rl eS &f if 'Dru
kd a&pDpepfe@J
qdk&S,fvpfpepfudk uuf=uwm jzpfvdk@ygy?J 'gayrJh tpdk;&udk pepfwus
wdkufyGJqifzdk@qdk&if awmfvSefa&;tzGJ@tpnf;/ pnf;urf;eJ@ ajratmuf
vkyif ef;enf;y&d,m,fawGukd taumif;rGeq
f ;kH jzpfatmif jri w
hf if=u&ygr,f?
ygw0D ifwOD;csi;f / ygw0D iftpktzG@J wpkcsi;f [m trsKd ;rsKd ;aom ygwv
D yk if ef;
awGukd ud,
k pf cD aJG 0+yD; txl;oD;oef@ vkyaf e=u&ygr,f? wcsKd @u pm&Guf
pmwrf; rlyGm;wJhvkyfief;/ wcsdK@u e,fpyfjzwfausmf+yD; pmapmifawG
yd@k wv
hJ yk if ef;/ wcsKd @u k&mS ;jynfwiG ;f pmapmifjzef@a0wJv
h yk if ef;/ wcsKd @u
16

aqmif;yg;pk
r@}uD;awGrSm pmapmifjzef@a0wJhvkyfief;/ wcsdK@u v#dK@0Suftpnf;ta0;
ae&mawG pDpOfay;wJv
h yk if ef;/ wcsKd @u &efyakH iG pkaqmif;wJv
h yk if ef;/ wcsKd @u
owif;awG/ v_y&f mS ;r_tcsut
f vufawG yd@k ay;wJv
h yk if ef;/ wcsKd @u tquf
toG,f jywfroGm;atmif xde;f odr;f wJv
h yk if ef; pwJph wJh vkyif ef;awGukd
cGaJ 0vkyaf e=u&ygr,f? cgwikd ;f vkyaf eus avhvma&;tpkawGxu
J tvkyf
awG vkyw
f meJ@pm&if tckvkd tvkyw
f m0efcaJG 0+yD; oD;oef@vyk w
f mrsKd ;[m
ud,
k u
hf ,
kd u
f kd trsm;}uD;xde;f csKyfz@kd vdw
k ,f? ao;ao;r$m;r$m; vlorl jrifwhJ
ae@pOftvkyfuav;awGudk tmHkpdkufEdkifzdk@ trsm;}uD;vdkw,f? wu,fh
ol&aJ umif;0g'&Szd @kd trsm;}uD;vdw
k ,f?
bmyJjzpfjzpf k&mS ;qd&k ,
S v
f pfawG&@J k&mS ;tvkyo
f rm;vlwef;pm;
rSm ol&Jaumif;yDowJh t&nftaoG;awG &Sdw,fqdkwm jyocJh+yD;yg+yD?
'ga=umifh omreftm;jzifh ajym&&if vlrvHak vmufb;l qd&k if nnf;nLaewm
[m raumif;ygb;l ? tvkyo
f rm;vli,fawGrmS 'Dru
kd a&pDe@J qd&k ,
S v
f pfa&;
twGuf jyif;xefw/hJ rxde;f csKyfEikd w
f hJ wufur_awG&adS ewm awG@Eikd w
f ,f?
axmifxJrSm vlawGtrsm;}uDyJ? jynfESif'%feJ@ EdkifiHjcm;a&mufae&
olawGvnf; trsm;}uD;yJqakd yr,fh ynmwwfawG[m tvkyo
f rm;awGukd
ulnDzdk@ tqufrjywf a&mufvmaewkef;yJ? 'Dtiftm;opfawG=um;rSm
pnf;urf;wif;usyfwJh tzGJ@tpnf;w&yf&Sdzdk@ vdkw,fqdkwJh pOf;pm;r_rsdK;
tus,t
f jyef@&v
dS matmif vkyEf ikd &f if yHrk eS x
f w
k af 0jzef@csrd ,fh ygwo
D wif;pm
wapmifaxmifzdk@ pDrHudef;qdkwm tdyfrufr# r[kwfawmhyg? 'DpDrHudef;
jzpfajrmufz@kd &S&d r,fv
h t
dk yfcsuw
f ckukd =unf&h atmif? owif;pmtwGuf
owif;awGeJ@wjcm;ukef=urf; tcsuftvufawG ae&mwumu yHkrSef
ay;yd@k aezd@k vdw
k ,fqw
kd hJ tcsuyf g? u|eaf wmfw@kd e@J awmfveS af &;v_y&f mS ;r_
jrefjrefay:vmwJt
h cgwikd ;f owif;pmxkwaf &;[m jzpfEikd w
f ,f? Edik if jH cm;
uae xkwaf 0wJh pmapmifawGtwGuaf wmif jzpfEikd w
f ,fqw
kd m ordik ;f u
oufaojycJ+h yD r[kwyf gvm;? a'otoD;oD;rSm tvkyv
f yk af e=uwJh qd&k ,
S f
'Dru
kd a&pD tiftm;rsm;taeeJ@ ygwo
D wif;pmudk olw@kd u,
kd yf ikd f owif;pm
tjzpf ,lqvm=uum owif;pmeJ@ yHrk eS t
f quftoG,f xde;f odr;f xm;a&;/
olw@kd jy\emrsm;udk owif;pmxJrmS a&mifjyef[yfaeapa&;wd@k ukd olw@kd &@J
t"duvkyif ef;tjzpf oabmxm;vm=ur,fq&kd if v_y&f mS ;r_owif;tcsuf
tvuf tjynft
h pHu
k kd owif;pmqDta&muf yd@k z@kd [m jzpfujkd zpfEikd yf gw,f?
"rRwmyJ v#dK@0Sufa&;pnf;urf;enf;vrf;awGtwdkif; vdkufemvkyfzdk@awmh
vdkwmaygh? 'gawGuvnf; odyfr_yfvSygbl;? wjcm;vdktyfcsufjzpfwJh
17

vDeif
owif;pmudk k&Sm;EdkifiHa'otm;vHk;odk@ yHkrSefta&muf jzef@a0a&;qdkwJh
tcsuu
f awmh vkyaf ezd@k cufygw,f? owif;pmawGukd vlxw
k &yfv;kH qD
ta&mufydk@a&;udk tckavmuf tav;rxm;cJhwJh [dkwkef;u k&Sm;
awmfveS af &;v_y&f mS ;r_ umvawGxuf vky&f ydck ufygw,f? 'gayrJh qd&k ,
S f
'Drdkua&pD owif;pmrsm; xkwfa0jcif; &nf&G,fcsuft&=unfh&if 'Djzef@
a0a&;udpP[m odyfrcufjyefygbl;? 'Dowif;pmudk yHkrSefusus/ apmifa&
rsm;rsm; yd@k ay;&r,fh t"duae&mawGu tcsut
f csm pufrZ_ ekH ,fajrawG/
pufkH r@&mG awG/ r@jypuf&kH yfuu
G af wGpwJh ae&mawG jzpfygw,f? 'Dvakd e&m
rsKd ;awGrmS ae=uwJv
h l tm;vH;k vdv
k [
kd m tvkyo
f rm;awGcsn;f ygy?J wu,fh
vufawG@rmS 'Dvakd e&mrsKd ;rSm tvkyo
f rm;u tajctaeudk xde;f csKyfxm;
wmyg? tvkyform;rSm ykvdyfudkvSnfhjzm;wJh enf;emawG trsm;}uD;
&Syd gw,f? teD;tem; puft
kH yk pf ak wGe@J qufq&H mrSm rdrw
d @kd u,
kd pf D txl;
ydik Ef ikd w
f hJ v_y&f mS ;r_uav;awGtay: rlwnfqufq=H uygw,f? 1878 90 *smr%DrSm qdk&S,fvpfESdyfuGyfa&; txl;Oya'usifhoHk;pOfumvu
*smrefyv
k yd af wG vkyyf u
kH ikd yf [
kH m k&mS ;ykvyd af wGxuf rnHyh gb;l ? omcsif
awmif omygvdrfhOD;r,f? 'gayrJh 'Dwkef;u *smreftvkyform;awG[m
olw@kd &@J pnf;H;k zG@J pnf;r_/ pnf;urf;&Srd a_ wG tm;ud;k +yD; w&m;r0if tywfpOf
owif;pmwapmifudk e,fpyfydwfqdk@r_udk jzwfausmfyHkrSefo,fydk@um
owif;pmrSm,lolawGqD ta&mufydk@ay;EdkifcJhygw,f? 'ga=umifh tpdk;&
0ef}uD;awGuawmif qd&k ,
S 'f rD u
kd a&pDpmwdu
k f (teDa&mifpmwdu
k f ) udk
tm;rusbJ raeEd k i f c J h y gbl ; ? u|ef a wmf w d k @ qD r S m awmh 'D a vmuf x d
ajymifajrmufz@kd r&nfreS ;f bl;ayg?h 'gayrJh u|eaf wmfw@kd 'DO;D wnfcsut
f wdik ;f
tm;xkwv
f yk =f ur,fq&kd if ygwo
D wif;pmudyk J tenf;qH;k weSpf 12 }udrf
xkwEf ikd +f yD; v_y&f mS ;r_tcsut
f csmae&m tm;vH;k rSm &Sad e=uwJh qd&k ,
S v
f pf
0g' vdv
k m;ol tvkyo
f rm;tpktm;vH;k qD yHrk eS t
f a&muf yd@k Eikd rf mS aocsm
ygw,f?
vkyif ef;wm0efcaJG 0+yD; oD;oef@pv
D yk zf @kd upd P jyefaqG;aEG;&r,fq&kd if
'Dvkd rvkyEf ikd af o;wm[m wydik ;f u taysmw
f rf;qef wJh tvkyaf wGyJ
rsm;aewma=umift
h jyif aemufwydik ;f u u|eaf wmfw@kd qd&k ,
S 'f rD u
kd a&pD
owif;pmawGtaeeJ@ pnf;H;k a&; jy\emawGtay: tav;xm;r_ odyu
f kd
enf;yg;wma=umifyh gy?J
wapmifwnf;aom jynfv;kH qdik &f m ygwo
D wif;pm axmifEikd rf S
om awmfveS af &;v_y&f mS ;r_twGi;f us&me,fy,fwcku tvkyo
f rm;
18

aqmif;yg;pk
udk ol[m b0wl awGeJ@twl csDwufaeyguvm; qdkwJhtod/ ol@&J@
tvky[
f m ygwt
D wGuf wdu
k f u
kd t
f a&;}uD;yguvm; qdw
k t
hJ od/ k&mS ;
ypPn;f rJv
h w
l ef;pm;eJ@ jynfov
l x
l &k @J tqd;k 0g;qH;k &efol oufO;D qHyikd t
f pd;k &&J@
vnfyif;udk pGyrf ,fh u;uGi;f xJrmS ol[m uGi;f qufuav;wckygvm;qdw
k hJ
todukd ay;Edik rf mS jzpfygw,f? 'Dvkd vkyif ef;wm0ef cGaJ 0vkyaf qmifa&;yHpk u
H kd
twdtusvu
kd ef m vkyaf qmifro
S m u|eaf wmfw@kd tiftm;awGukd ac|ac|
wmwm toH;k csEikd rf mS jzpfygw,f? 'gro
S m awmfveS af &;vkyif ef;awGukd
axmifhaphatmif vltenf;i,fr#eJ@ vkyfEdkifHkomru vuf&Sdv_yf&Sm;r_
awGxu
J wcsKd @tpdwt
f ydik ;f tawmfrsm;rsm;udk w&m;0ifabmifxJ oGi;f Edik f
r,ft
h cGit
hf a&; ay:vmEdik rf mS jzpfygw,f? v_y&f mS ;r_ukd w&m;0ifjzpfatmif
vkyfwJhudpPudk [dk;apmapmydkif;uwnf;u *smrefqdk&S,f'Drdku&ufawG&J@
t"du*sme,fjzpfwJh a&S@odk@ *sme,frSm k&Sm;qdk&S,fvpfawGtwGuf
OD;wnf+yD; t}uHay;cJzh ;l ygw,f? 'g[m aoaocsmcsm pOf;pm;oifw
h u
hJ pd yP g?
r@awGrmS a'oavhvma&; tpkxrJ mS vkycf o
hJ l tm;vH;k eD;yg; tvG,w
f ul
rSwfrdaeygvdrfhr,f? avhvma&;tpkawG vufawG@vkyfudkif&wJh udpP
trsKd ;rsKd ;awGxrJ mS wcsKd @u w&m;0ifupd aP wGyg? (Oyrm tvkyo
f rm;awG&@J
b0tajctaeqdik &f m tcsut
f vufpak qmif;wJu
h pd /P jy\em tawmf
rsm;rsm;odz@kd w&m;0ifpmtkypf mayawG avhvmwJu
h pd /P wcsKd @aom Edik if jH cm;
pmtkyfrsdK;awGudk udk;um;oHk;oyfwJhudpP/ wcsdK@aom tquftoG,frsdK;
rsm;udk rjywfatmif xdef;xm;wJhudpP/ tvkyform;awGudk taxGaxG
ynma&; oif=um;&mrSm pufOkH ya'avhvm&mrSm ulnw
D u
hJ pd P pwmawG
jzpfygw,f?) 'Dupd rP sKd ;awGukd vlwcsKd @uykd J oD;oef@vyk cf ikd ;f xm;jcif;tm;jzifh
u|eaf wmfw@kd awmfveS af &;wyfz@JG &@J ypfcwfa&;ppfrsuEf mS udk ypfcwf
rD;tm; ravsmyh g;apbJ vltiftm;av#mch sv@kd &wmayg?h 'Denf;eJ@ t&ef
wyftiftm;udk wd;k cs@J Eikd yf gw,f? t&eftiftm;eJ@ usq;kH '%f&m&olawG
&J@ ae&mudk tpm;xd;k vd@k &wmayg?h 'Dvjkd zpfz@kd q&kd if v_y&f mS ;tiftm;a&m/
t&eftiftm;awGyg olwdk@&J@ udk,fpDv_yf&Sm;r_awGudk wjynfvHk;qdkif&m
ygwDowif;pmxJrSm a&mifjyef[yf azmfjyxm;wmawG &Sd&+yD; olwdk@eJ@
owif;pm=um; qufoG,fr_udk cHpm;rdaewJhtcgrSom jzpfEdkifygw,f?
tvkyaf wGukd b,favmufyJ cGaJ 0vkyv
f yk /f tvkyo
f rm;rsm;/ a'otpk
rsm;&J@ a'ocsi;f tpnf;ta0;awGukd usi;f yzd@k awmh t+rJwrf; vdt
k yfae
rSmyg? 'gayrJh wzufu=unf&h if (txl;ojzifh ykvyd &f efa=umuf&+yD; &v'f
uvnf; pGe@f &wmeJ@ rumrdw)hJ awmfveS af &; vlxt
k pnf;ta0; usi;f y
19

vDeif
&wJh t}udrt
f a&twGuf odoo
d momavsmeh nf;oGm;ygvrd rhf ,f? tjcm;
wzufu=unfh&if wu,fvdk@ awmfvSefa&;vkyfief;u trsdK;rsdK;udk
oD;oef@pDcGJa0vkyfaqmifwJh pepf&Sdae&if 'Dvlxktpnf;ta0;awGudk
w&m;0ifpak 0;r_ yHpk aH wGe@J zH;k uG,x
f m;Edik w
f hJ tcGit
hf vrf; ydrk sm;vmrSmyg?
w&m;0ifpka0;r_yHkpHqdkwm Oyrm azsmfajza&;yGJawG/ w&m;Oya'u
cGihf yxm;wJh toif;tzG@J rsm;&J@ tpnf;ta0;awG pwmawG yg0ifygw,f?
wwd,eydv
k ,
D H vufxufu jyifopftvkyo
f rm;awG qd&k ,
S v
f pf ESyd u
f yG f
a&; txl;Oya'umvu *smreftvkyo
f rm;awG[m olw@kd &@J Edik if aH &;/
qd&k ,
S v
f pfa&; tpnf;ta0;awGukd zH;k uG,rf t
_ rsKd ;rsKd ;eJ@ usi;f yEdik cf =hJ uw,f
r[kwyf gvm;? k&mS ;tvkyo
f rm;awGvnf; 'grsKd ;vkyEf ikd rf mS yg?
tzG@J tpnf;udk ydrk akd umif;rGeaf tmif wnfaqmuf+yD; wckwnf;
aom jynfv;kH qdik &f m ygwo
D wif;pmwapmif xlaxmifro
S m/ qd&k ,
S 'f rD kd
ua&pD0g' 0g'jzef@csdr_/ v_H@aqmfr_udk us,fjyef@eufd_if;atmif vkyfEdkifrSm
jzpfygw,f? u|eaf wmfw@kd rmS 'Dtcsuf vpf[maeygw,f? a'ocsi;f qdik &f m
vkyfief;awG[m rdrda'o xl;jcm;csufuav;rsm;udk ay:vGifatmif
zG@H z;apzd@k e@J (Tae&mwGif pmrljywfomG ;ygonf?) zd@k taotcsm
vdktyfygw,f? 'grsdK; vkyfzdk@qdkwmvnf; A[dkowif;pmwckvnf;jzpf/
'Dru
kd a&pD jrifjh rifrh m;rm; zGiahf y;xm;wJh owif;pmvnf;jzpfwhJ t&mwck
r&Sb
d J rjzpfEikd yf g? tJ't
D &m &Srd o
S m qd&k ,
S 'f rD u
kd a&pDygwu
D kd 'Dru
kd a&pD
a&S@aqmif wdkufyGJ0iftiftm;tjzpf ajymif;vJa&;qdkwJh u|efawmfwdk@&J@
tmoDo[mvnf; wu,fv
h ufawG@ jzpfvmygvrd rhf ,f? tJ't
D cgro
S m
EdkifiHa&;enf;y&d,m,fudk csrSwfEdkifygvdrfhr,f? qdk&S,f'Drdkua&pDygwD[m
wom;wnf;aom azmufjyefwv
hJ x
l k ("one reactionary mass")
qdw
k hJ rSm;,Gi;f wJh oabmw&m;udk _wcf sc+hJ yD;yg+yD? vmqm;vf (Lassale)
&J@ tvkyform;vlwef;pm;eJ@,SOf&if usefwJhvlwef;pm;tm;vHk;[m
twlwyl ?J azmufjyefwhJ vlxrk #om jzpfw,f qdw
k hJ t,ltqudk *do
k m
vkyif ef;pOfa0zefcsux
f rJ mS rmhupf u
f qef@usiaf 0zefcyhJ gw,f? jyefqo
kd l
qd&k ,
S 'f rD u
kd a&pD0g't&/ azmufjyefwhJ vlwef;pm;rsm;udk qef@usi&f mrSm
wd;k wufwhJ vlwef;pm;rsm;&J@ axmufcrH u
_ kd &,la&;[m ta&;t}uD;qH;k
aom Edik if aH &;vkyif ef;wm0efwck jzpfygw,f? tzG@J tpnf;awG/ pmapmifawG
[m a'ovuQ%myJ aqmifaeoa&G@ 'Dvyk if ef;wm0efukd aqmif&u
G Ef ikd rf mS
r[kwyf gb;l ? vkyo
f r#upd aP wG[m wOD;csi;f aom vGwv
f yfrj_ rwfE;kd ol
awGe@J qufqw
H u
hJ pd /P olw@kd qu
D trsKd ;rsKd ;aom tusKd ;yr_ av;awG
20

aqmif;yg;pk
&,lwJh udpPxuf odyfydkrSm r[kwfygbl;? EdkifiHa&;wdkufyGJ rl0g'rsm;udk
pdu
k v
f u
kd rf wfwwf azmfaqmifum 'Dru
kd a&pDtvHukd jrifjh rifrh m;rm;pGu
J ikd f
v$ix
hf x
l m;wJh jynfv;kH qdik &f m wckwnf;aom ygwo
D wif;pmuomv#if
wufuaom 'Drdkua&pDtiftm;rsm;udk pnf;Hk;odrf;oGif;Edkif+yD; EdkifiHa&;
vGwv
f yfr&_ &Sad &; wdu
k yf t
JG wGi;f wGif k&mS ;Edik if H wd;k wufaom tiftm;pk
tm;vH;k udk toH;k yEdik rf mS jzpfygw,f? tJ't
D cgro
S m tpd;k &ykvyd w
f yfz@JG e@J
t&m&Sdrsm;tay: tvkyform;rsm; waiG@aiG@ rkef;wD;aer_tjzpfodk@
vnf;aumif;/ tvkyform;vlwef;pm;eJ@ jynfol@tcGifhta&;twGuf
tjyif ; txef w d k u f y G J q if & if qH k ; jzwf c suf c sr_ t jzpf o d k @ vnf ; aumif ;
ajymif;vJypfEikd yf gvrd rhf ,f? acwfrD &k mS ;Edik if rH mS txufygtjriftajccHay:rSm
rlwnfum/ odyo
f nf;uspv
f pfpmG pnf;H;k zG@J pnf;xm;aom awmfveS af &;
ygww
D ck[m t}uD;rm;qH;k Edik if aH &;tiftm;pk jzpfvmygvrd rhf ,f?
aemufxw
k pf mapmifrsm;rSm k&mS ;'Dru
kd a&pDtvkyo
f rm;ygw&D @J
vkyfief;pOfrl=urf;udk wifjy+yD; pnf;Hk;a&;qdkif&m jy\emtrsdK;rsdK;udk
tao;pdwf pwifaqG;aEG;ygr,f?
vDeif (1899)

vDeif&@J Our ImmediateTask, Our Programme ESihf An


Question wd@k ukd bmomjyefxm;wm jzpfygw,f?

Urgent

21

ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwD
A[dk0g'jzef@csda&;Xmeu xkwfa0onf

You might also like