TRNG I HC CN TH

KHOA NNG NGHIP & SINH HC NG DNG

B MN BO V THC VT






GIO TRNH



CN TRNG NNG NGHIP
Phn A:
CN TRNG I CNG






Bin Son:


PGs. NGUYN TH THU CC
Tin s chuyn ngnh Sinh Hc ng Vt









2009
THNG TIN V TC GI
PHM VI V I TNG S DNG
CA GIO TRNH


1. THNG TIN V TC GI

H v tn: Nguyn Th Thu Cc
Sinh nm: 1945
C quan cng tc:
B mn Bo V Thc vt
Khoa Nng Nghip v Sinh hc ng dng
Trng i hc Cn Th
a ch email: nttcuc@ctu.edu.vn
2. PHM VI V I TNG S DNG

Gio trnh c th dng tham kho cho nhng ngnh: Trng Trt, Nng hc, Bo v
thc vt, sinh k thut nng nghip.
Dng cho cc trng i hc Nng nghip
Cc t kha dng tra cu: Cn trng, i cng, hnh thi, sinh hc, sinh l, sinh
thi, gy hi, phn loi, nng nghip.
Yu cu kin thc trc khi hc mn ny: Khoa hc v cy trng, ng vt hc i
cng.
xut bn in cha, nu c th nh xut bn no: in thnh gio trnh ti th vin
i hc Cn th.
2
LI GII THIU


Mn hc Cn trng nng nghip l mt mn hc bt buc ca cc chuyn
ngnh ging dy v Trng Trt, Nng Hc, Bo V Thc Vt ca cc trng i Hc
Nng Nghip v mt s ngnh sinh hc khc. Mn hc gm c hai phn chnh: phn A
l Cn trng i cng v phn B l Cn trng chuyn khoa. Gio trnh Cn
trng i Cng c xy dng nhm cung cp nhng kin thc c bn nht cho
sinh vin, trc khi sinh vin chuyn sang nghin cu phn Cn trng chuyn khoa.
Ni dung ca gio trnh Cn trng i cng bao gm nhng kin thc c lin quan
n cc c im v hnh thi, sinh l, sinh hc, sinh thi v phn loi cn trng cng
nh vai tr, tc ng ca cn trng trong nng nghip ni ring v i sng con ngi
ni chung.

p ng nhng ni dung nu trn, ngoi phn m t kh chi tit v cc c
im hnh thi c bn ca cn trng, gio trnh cn tp trung trnh by v cc c im
c lin quan n hot ng sinh sng, pht sinh, pht trin cng nh cc nguyn nhn
gy bc pht ca cn trng, c bit l ca cc cc loi cn trng gy hi hoc c li
cho s pht trin nng nghip.

gip cho sinh vin nghin cu phn Cn trng chuyn khoa c hiu qu,
phn cn trng i cng cng trnh by v cc cch gy hi cng nh kh nng gy
hi trn cy trng ca cn trng v tc ng ca cc yu t mi trng (sinh hc v
khng sinh hc) n s pht sinh v pht trin ca cn trng. Cc c im v dng
sinh l, tnh khng thuc, pheromone, s cn bng sinh hc cng nh ngng gy hi
cng c cp trong chng nghin cu v sinh vt hc cn trng.

Song song vi cc ni dung va nu trn, gip cho sinh vin c th phn bit
c cc i tng cn trng (c hi hoc c li cho nng nghip) nhm c hng
phng tr hoc bo v thch hp, phn Phn loi cn trng c trnh by mt kho
phn b (thnh trng v u trng) kh chi tit c th gip ngi nghin cu nh danh
c nhng B (nhm) cn trng hin din ph bin trong iu kin t nhin. Ngoi
ra trong chng Phn loi cn trng, cc b (Order) cn trng quan trng trong
nng nghip nh Orthopthera, Coleoptera, Lepidoptera, Hymenoptera, Lepidoptera,
Diptera, Thysanoptera, Homoptera v Hemiptera cng c trnh by v cc c im
hnh thi sinh hc, sinh thi, cch sinh sng v gy hi. Trong tng b, cc h (family)
ph bin v quan trng trn ng rung cng c m t kh chi tit, gip cho sinh
vin c th phn bit c cc h khc nhau trong cng mt b, t c th phn bit
c d dng khng nhng gia cc nhm gy hi vi nhau m c cc nhm cn
trng c li. cho sinh vin d dng nghin cu gio trnh Cn trng i cng,
trn 470 hnh v bng c minh ha. Bn cnh mt s hnh nh tham kho c t
nhiu ti liu ngoi nc, tc gi c gng a vo cc hnh nh c th ca cc loi
cn trng ph bin trong nc.

3
Lnh vc nghin cu v cn trng ni chung v cn trng nng nghip ni ring
l mt lnh vc rt rng ln v phong ph, v vy khi nghin cu v gio trnh ny sinh
vin cn phi tham kho thm cc ti liu chuyn su khc, c ni dung lin quan n
Hnh thi, Sinh vt, Sinh l, Sinh thi cn trng, v c phn phn loi v gim nh
cn trng. Bn cnh , vic nghin cu v gio trnh ny ch c th t hiu qa tt
khi c thc hin song song vi cc bui thc hnh trong phng th nghim v kho
st ngoi ng rung.

Tc gi

PGs. Nguyn Th Thu Cc
Tin s chuyn ngnh Sinh Hc ng Vt
B mn Bo V Thc Vt
Khoa Nng Nghip & Sinh hc ng dng
Trng i Hc Cn Th
4
MC LC
THNG TIN V TC GI............................................................................................ 2
LI GII THIU............................................................................................................ 3
MC LC....................................................................................................................... 5
M U....................................................................................................................... 10
I- V TR CN TRNG TRONG GII NG VT............................................. 10
II- MT S C IM C LIN QUAN TI CU TO, SINH L V I
SNG CN TRNG................................................................................................ 11
Chng I: CN TRNG VI I SNG CON NGI .......................................... 13
I. CN TRNG C CH.......................................................................................... 13
1. Cn trng v vn th phn ........................................................................... 13
2. Sn phm thng mi t cn trng................................................................... 13
3. Cn trng thin ch.......................................................................................... 14
4. Cn trng n nhng cht hu c mc nt ......................................................... 14
5. Cn trng tn cng nhng thc vt khng c li.............................................. 15
6. Cn trng l thc n ca ngi v ng vt ..................................................... 15
7. Cn trng v vn nghin cu khoa hc........................................................ 15
II. NHM CN TRNG GY HI........................................................................ 15
1. Cn trng gy hi trn cy trng....................................................................... 15
2. Cn trng gy hi trong kho va....................................................................... 16
3. Cn trng gy hi trn ngi v ng vt......................................................... 17
Cu hi gi n tp.................................................................................................. 17
Chng II: HNH THI HC CN TRNG.............................................................. 18
I. S PHN T..................................................................................................... 18
II. CU TO VCH DA C TH.......................................................................... 20
1. Cu to da cn trng ......................................................................................... 20
2. Chitin................................................................................................................. 22
3. Sc t................................................................................................................. 23
4. Cc vt ph trn vch da c th ........................................................................ 23
5. Cc tuyn ca da cn trng............................................................................... 23
III. U V CU TO U................................................................................. 24
1. Cu to u........................................................................................................ 24
2. Chi ph ca u................................................................................................. 25
IV. NGC CN TRNG......................................................................................... 34
1. Cu to .............................................................................................................. 34
2. Chi ph ca ngc .............................................................................................. 35
V. CU TO BNG................................................................................................ 45
1. B phn sinh dc ca con ci............................................................................ 46
2. B phn sinh dc ngoi ca con c................................................................. 47
Cu hi gi n tp.................................................................................................. 49
Chng III: GII PHU V SINH L CN TRNG............................................... 50
I. DA CN TRNG (B XNG NGOI)........................................................... 50
II. H C CN TRNG.......................................................................................... 50
III. H TIU HA V VN DINH DNG CN TRNG...................... 51
1. Cu to .............................................................................................................. 51
2. Qu trnh tiu ha.............................................................................................. 53
3. Dinh dng v thc n (nhu cu dinh dng cn trng)............................... 53
4. Th m .............................................................................................................. 54
5
IV. H TUN HON.............................................................................................. 54
1. Chc nng ......................................................................................................... 54
2. Cu to .............................................................................................................. 54
3. S tun hon ca mu ....................................................................................... 55
V. H H HP......................................................................................................... 56
1. H thng kh qun............................................................................................. 56
2. S h hp ca cn trng sng di nc.......................................................... 57
VI. H BI TIT...................................................................................................... 59
VII. H THN KINH............................................................................................... 59
1. No .................................................................................................................... 59
2. Chui thn kinh bng........................................................................................ 60
3. C quan cm gic.............................................................................................. 60
IX. H SINH DC ................................................................................................... 63
1. B phn sinh dc ci ......................................................................................... 64
2. B phn sinh dc c........................................................................................ 64
Mt s cu hi gi n tp....................................................................................... 66
Chng IV: SINH VT HC CN TRNG.............................................................. 67
I. TRNG V CC PHNG THC SINH SN................................................ 67
1. Trng................................................................................................................. 67
2. Cc phng thc sinh sn ca cn trng .......................................................... 70
3. Hin tng trng n.......................................................................................... 71
II. S BIN THI................................................................................................... 71
1. Cc kiu bin thi.............................................................................................. 72
2. Yu t iu khin s bin thi........................................................................... 78
3. S bin i c cu t chc trong c th cn trng vo giai on bin thi ...... 79
III. CC DNG U TRNG V NHNG CA CN TRNG THUC KIU
BIN THI HON TON...................................................................................... 79
1. Cc dng u trng.............................................................................................. 79
2. Cc dng nhng................................................................................................. 82
IV. S LT XC V SINH TRNG.................................................................. 85
1. S lt xc........................................................................................................... 85
2. S pht trin v chu k sinh trng.................................................................. 87
V. TNH N CA CN TRNG TRN THC VT........................................... 87
VI. MT S KHA CNH C BN V HNH VI CN TRNG...................... 93
1. Phn ng trc tip ............................................................................................. 93
2. Phn ng phc tp............................................................................................. 94
3. Hnh vi giao phi .............................................................................................. 95
VII. HIN TNG NGNG PHT DC (DIAPAUSE) ...................................... 95
VIII. S DI C CA CN TRNG....................................................................... 97
IX. PHEROMONE.................................................................................................... 97
X. MT S C IM CA CN TRNG SNG THNH X HI .............. 99
XI. S KHNG THUC CC LOI CN TRNG....................................... 100
1. S lc v tnh hnh khng thuc ca cn trng trong v ngoi nc ........... 100
2. Hin tng khng cho (cross resistance) v a khng (multiple resistance) 101
3. Sinh l v di truyn ca tnh khng................................................................. 102
XII. GING CY TRNG KHNG SU HI V BIOTYPE........................... 103
1. Quan im v dng sinh hc (biotype) cn trng........................................... 103
2. Biotype ca s loi cn trng gy hi trong nng nghip............................... 104
Mt s cu hi n tp gi ..................................................................................... 107
6
Chng V: SINH THI HC CN TRNG............................................................ 108
I. KHI NIM V SINH THI HC CN TRNG NNG NGHIP............... 108
II. TC NG CA CC YU T PHI SINH VT.......................................... 108
1. Nhit ........................................................................................................... 111
2. m v lng ma....................................................................................... 117
3. nh sng v quang k..................................................................................... 119
4. Gi v p sut khng kh................................................................................. 125
5. t ................................................................................................................... 125
III. TC NG CA CC YU T SINH VT ................................................ 126
1. Yu t ni ti ca cn trng............................................................................ 126
2. Tc ng ca cy k ch................................................................................. 128
3. Yu t thin ch............................................................................................. 131
IV. KHI NIM V CN BNG SINH HC V NGNG GY HI .......... 137
1. S bin ng mt s cn trng v s cn bng sinh hc trong iu kin canh
tc ........................................................................................................................ 137
2. Khi nim v ngng gy hi ......................................................................... 137
3. Nhng nguyn nhn lm ph v s cn bng sinh hc trong mi trng trng
trt ....................................................................................................................... 139
V. KHI NIM V MT S BIN PHP PHNG TR CN TRNG V
QUN L DCH HI TNG HP....................................................................... 141
Mt s cu hi n tp gi ..................................................................................... 141
Chng VI: PHN LOI CN TRNG................................................................... 142
I. KHI NIM CHUNG V NGUYN TC TRONG PHNG PHP PHN
LOI ....................................................................................................................... 142
II. H THNG PHN LOI CN TRNG......................................................... 145
III. KHA PHN B CN TRNG (Thnh trng v u trng) .......................... 149
IV. MT S B CN TRNG C LIN QUAN N NNG NGHIP.......... 165
B CNH THNG (ORTHOPTERA).............................................................. 165
MT S H QUAN TRNG TRONG NNG NGHIP ................................ 166
1 . H Co co (Acrididae = Locustidae)........................................................ 166
2. H St snh (Tettigoniidae) ........................................................................ 167
3. H D (Gryllidae) ....................................................................................... 167
4. H D nhi (Gryllotalpidae) ....................................................................... 168
5. H B que (Phasmidae) .............................................................................. 169
6. H B nga (Mantidae) .............................................................................. 169
7. H Gin (Blattidae) ..................................................................................... 170
B CNH CNG (COLEOPTERA)................................................................ 171
MT S H PH BIN TRONG NNG NGHIP ........................................ 173
1. H Chn chy (Carabidae) .......................................................................... 173
2. H Vn h (Cicindellidae) .......................................................................... 174
3. H Cnh ct (Staphylinidae)....................................................................... 175
4. H B ra (Coccinellidae) .......................................................................... 176
5. H nh kim (Chrysomelidae)..................................................................... 179
6. H B ci (Elateridae) ................................................................................ 181
7. H b ci gi (Buprestidae) ........................................................................ 181
8. H Xn tc (Cerambycidae) ....................................................................... 183
9. H Mt u (Bruchidae) ............................................................................. 187
10. H Bng ti (Tenebrionidae) .................................................................... 188
11. H Mt g ngn (Scolytidae).................................................................... 189
7
12. H Vi voi (Curculionidae) ...................................................................... 189
13. H B hung (Scarabaeidae) ...................................................................... 191
B CNH MNG (HYMENOPTERA)............................................................ 194
MT S H C LIN QUAN N NNG NGHIP.................................... 194
1. H Ong c (Ichneumonidae)....................................................................... 194
2. H Ong kn nh (Braconidae) .................................................................... 197
3. H Ong nh (Chalcidae) ............................................................................. 198
4. H Ong Mt (Trichogrammatidae) ........................................................ 198
5. H Ong nhy nh (Encyrtidae) ................................................................... 199
6. H Ong nh ru ngn (Eulophidae) ............................................................ 200
7. H Ong xanh nh (Pleromalidae) ............................................................... 203
8. Kin (Formicidae) ....................................................................................... 204
B CNH VY (LEPIDOPTERA)................................................................... 207
* MT S H C LIN QUAN N NNG NGHIP................................. 208
1. H Ngi m (Noctuidae) ........................................................................... 208
2. H Ngi sng (Pyralidae) ............................................................................ 210
3. H Ngi cun l (Tortricidae) ..................................................................... 212
4. H Ngi su o (Geometridae) ................................................................... 214
5. H Ngi nhng vi (Sphingidae) ................................................................ 216
6. H Ngi c (Lymantriidae) ....................................................................... 218
7. H Ngi su t (Plutellidae)........................................................................ 219
8. H Ngi mch (Gelechidae)........................................................................ 220
9. H Ngi c g (Cossidae) ......................................................................... 220
10. H Su kn (Psychidae) ............................................................................ 222
11. Ngi su c l (Gracillariidae) ................................................................ 223
12. H su ni (Limacodidae) ......................................................................... 224
13. H ngi n (Arctiidae)............................................................................. 225
14. H Ngi (Lasiocampidae) ......................................................................... 226
15. H Ngi bm b (Saturniidae) ................................................................ 227
16. H Ngi tm (Bombycidae) ...................................................................... 229
17. H Bm nhy (Hesperiidae) ................................................................... 230
18. H Bm phng (Papilionidae).............................................................. 231
19. H Bm hoa (Nymphalidae)................................................................... 232
20. H Bm phn (Pieridae) ......................................................................... 233
21. H Bm lam nh (Lycaenidae)............................................................... 234
B HAI CNH (DIPTERA) .............................................................................. 237
MT S H QUAN TRNG............................................................................ 237
1. H Mui nng (Cecidomyidae)................................................................... 237
2. H Mui ch hng (Chironomidae)............................................................. 239
3. H Rui c tri (Trypetidae).................................................................... 240
4. H Rui c l (Agromyzidae)................................................................... 242
5. H Rui k sinh (Tachinidae)..................................................................... 243
6. H Mng n su (Asilidae) ......................................................................... 244
7. H Rui n ry (Syrphidae) ........................................................................ 245
8 - H Rui c l Ephydridae........................................................................ 247
9. H Muscidae ............................................................................................... 248
B CNH T (B TR) (THYSANOPTERA) ................................................ 250
*MT S H QUAN TRNG TRONG NNG NGHIP .............................. 254
1. H B tr (Thripidae) .................................................................................. 254
8
2. H B lch vn (Aeolothripidae) ................................................................ 254
3. H B tr ng (Phlaeolothripidae)............................................................... 254
B CNH U (HOMOPTERA) ..................................................................... 256
* MT S H QUAN TRNG......................................................................... 257
1. H Ve su (Cicadidae) ................................................................................ 257
2. H Ve su sng (Membracidae) ................................................................. 257
3. H Ve su bt (Cercopidae)........................................................................ 258
4. H Ry l (Cicadellidae = Jassidae) .......................................................... 259
5. H Ry di (Fulgoridae) ............................................................................. 260
6. H Ry Bm (Flatidae)............................................................................. 261
7. H Ry thn (Delphacidae)......................................................................... 261
8. H Ry nhy (Psyllidae) ............................................................................. 262
9. H Ry phn trng (Aleyrodidae)............................................................... 263
10. H Ry mm (Aphididae) ......................................................................... 264
12. Tng H rp dnh (COCCOIDEA ............................................................ 265
B CNH NA CNG (HEMIPTERA )......................................................... 272
1. H Pentatomidae ........................................................................................ 273
2. H b xt hi Alydidae................................................................................ 275
2. H B xt mai (Scutelleridae) ..................................................................... 276
3. H B xt t (Cydnidae) ............................................................................ 276
4. H B xt di (Lygaeidae)........................................................................... 276
5. H B xt (Pyrrhocoridae)...................................................................... 277
6. H B xt (Coreidae)................................................................................... 278
7. H B xt (Miridae)..................................................................................... 279
8. H B xt bt mi (Reduviidae).................................................................. 281
9- H C cung Belostomatidae ..................................................................... 282
Mt s cu hi n tp gi ..................................................................................... 283
TI LIU THAM KHO........................................................................................... 284

9
M U


I- V TR CN TRNG TRONG GII NG VT

Cn trng thuc ngnh tit tc hay chn khp (Arthropoda), ngnh ny gm
nhng ng vt c nhng c im nh sau:
- C th phn t, 2 n 3 t, thng kt hp li thnh nhng vng chuyn
bit.
- C th i xng song phng.
- Cc t thng mang cc chi ph.
- Vch da c th l b xng ngoi c cu to Chitine v vch da ny thng
c thay th bng mt lp da mi khi cn trng ln ln nh cc hin tng lt xc.
- H tun hon h.
- H thn kinh gm c no trn u v chui thn kinh bng.
- H bi tit bao gm ch yu l ng Malpighi.
- H hp bng h thng kh qun v l th.

Ngnh chn khp (Arthropoda) bao gm cc lp ng vt nh sau:

+ Ngnh ph: Tribolita gm ch yu cc loi trng 3 l Tribolita ( ha
thch).
+ Ngnh ph: Chelicerata
. Lp Xiphosura (Sam).
. Lp Eurypterida (gm cc loi Eurypterids ha thch).
. Lp Pycnogonida (Nhn bin).
. Lp Arachnida (Nhn).
+ Ngnh ph: Mandibulata
. Lp Crustacae (Gip xc).
. Lp Diplopoda (Cun chiu).
. Lp Chilopoda (Rt).
. Lp Pauropoda (Pauropods).
. Lp Symphyla (a tc).
. Lp Insecta (Cn trng).

10

II- MT S C IM C LIN QUAN TI CU TO, SINH L V
I SNG CN TRNG
- Cn trng l nhm ng vt c s loi ln nht trong gii ng vt, hng trm
ngn loi c m t v cho n nay vn cn rt nhiu loi cha c m t; khng
nhng s loi m thnh phn cc c th trong loi cng rt ln. Trong nhng trn dch
ry nu nhng nm va qua ti ng Bng Sng Cu Long, ngi ta c th m c
hng ngn con hin din trn mt bui la.
- L ng vt khng xng sng duy nht c cnh, nh cnh cn trng c th
pht tn v hin din hu nh mi ni trn tri t. Hn na do kch thc ni chung
nh, bin ng t 0,25-330 mm nn cn trng c th sng nhng ch m nhng loi
ng vt ln hn khng th sng c, v cng nh kch thc nh nn ch cn mt
lng thc n nh cng gip cho chng sinh si ny n v tn ti.
- Do thuc nhm ng vt c mu lnh, nhit c th c th bin i theo
nhit ca mi trng chung quanh, do cn trng c th sng st c d dng
trong nhng iu kin kh hu bt li, khi nhit mi trng gim, nhit c th
cn trng cng gim, a n hin tng l cc qu trnh sinh l cng gim thp. Vo
ma ng, cn trng c th i vo giai on ngng pht dc v ch hot ng tr li
khi iu kin kh hu tr li bnh thng.
- Ngoi nhng c im trn cn trng cn c kh nng sinh sn rt cao, mt
con cn trng c th t vi trng n hng nghn trng. Nhiu loi li c chu k
sinh trng rt ngn, trong mt nm c th c hng chc th h, v vy c kh nng gia
tng mt s cao v t c th gy thnh dch trong mt thi gian ngn.
- Kt qu kho st ca ngnh a cht hc v ha thch hc cho thy cn trng
xut hin trn tri t t 350 triu nm trc y v trong sut thi gian ny chng
tin ha khng ngng trong nhiu iu kin mi trng khc nhau. iu ny cho
thy cn trng c sc sng v tnh thch nghi rt mnh.
- Mc d s lng loi rt ln, chim t 2/3 - 3/4 tng s loi ca gii ng vt
nhng tht ra s su hi ch chim di 10 % tng s loi cn trng v cc loi su hi
quan trng khng chim qu 1 %. V bn cnh nhng loi gy hi cho nng nghip v
gy bnh cho con ngi v nhng ng vt cp cao khc, c mt s lng ln cn
trng rt c li cho con ngi nh th phn cho cy trng; cung cp thc n cho con
ngi v cc ng vt khc; cung cp cc sn phm cng nghip cho con ngi (t,
sp,...); to cht dinh dng cho cy ci qua vic phn ha cc cht mc nt ca ng,
thc vt; phi hp vi s hot ng ca vi sinh vt to ra cc cht dinh dng cn
thit cho cy; nhiu loi cn trng c s dng trong nghin cu khoa hc v y
hc nh rui dm, ong,...
- Vai tr thin ch ca cn trng trong vic hn ch v tiu dit nhng loi gy
hi cng c bit rt nhiu trong nhng nm qua, c bit l trong thi gian gn
y khi quan im v bin php phng tr sinh hc v qun l dch hi tng hp
(IPM) c xem l chin lc i ph vi cc loi dch hi trn cy trng.



11




Cc lp ng vt thuc ngnh tit tc (Arthropoda)

12
Chng I: CN TRNG VI I SNG CON NGI

i vi con ngi, cn trng c xp thnh 2 nhm: nhm c li v nhm
c hi. Mc d cn rt nhiu loi c xem nh khng hon ton thuc hai
nhm trn nhng do s lng ca chng thp v phn ln cng do tp qun sinh
hot ca chng khng gy hi trc tip n con ngi nn nhng nhm ny t
c bit n.

I. CN TRNG C CH
1. Cn trng v vn th phn.
2. Sn phm thng mi ca cn trng.
3. Cn trng thin ch.
4. Cn trng n nhng cht hu c mc nt.
5. Cn trng tn cng nhng thc vt khng c li.
6. Cn trng l thc n ca ngi v ng vt.
7. Cn trng i vi vn nghin cu khoa hc.

Rt kh xc nh chnh xc gi tr c ch ca cn trng i vi con ngi qua
cc tc ng nh th phn cho cy trng, n mi, phn hy cc cht hu c mc nt,
vai tr trong nghin cu khoa hc,...
1. Cn trng v vn th phn
C th ni y l li ch ln nht m cn trng mang li cho con ngi, ch c
mt s thc vt cp cao l t th phn, hu ht l th phn cho, phn c a t hoa
ny n hoa khc bng hai cch: gi v cn trng. . C khong 80% cy trng
trong nng nghip th phn nh cn trng. Rt nhiu loi cy trng c bit l cc loi
cy trng thuc h Rosacea (to, l, du ty), h Bu B Da (Cucurbitaceae) hoc cy
c mi (Citrus) ... phi da ch yu vo ong mt th phn. Cn trng th phn
khng phi ch bao gm cc loi ong m cn nhiu loi cn trng khc na nh ngi,
bm, kin, rui, .... . Tuy nhin loi gi vai tr ln nht cho s th phn c l l ong
mt, Aphis mellifera, nu khng c nhng loi ny th gn nh khng th sn xut
c phn ln nhng loi thc vt nh cam, qut, bu, b, da,... Loi ong mt ny
ngy cng tr nn quan trng hn nh c thun ha v nui dng vi mt s lng
rt ln trong t nhin. Vn th phn do cn trng thc hin rt quan trng, hng
nm nng sut ca cc loi thc vt c th phn bi cn trng c lng khong 8
t la M.
2. Sn phm thng mi t cn trng
a - Mt v sp ong
Sn xut mt l mt ngnh k ngh c t lu i. Mt c s dng rt nhiu
di dng thc n v trong k ngh ca nhiu sn phm. Sp ong c s dng rt
nhiu trong k ngh lm n cy, sp, nh bng v cc loi mt cng c s dng
trong k ngh trang im, trong nha khoa v trong nhiu sn phm khc na. Ti Hoa
13
K c khong 4 triu n ong nm 1978, sn xut khong 104,15 triu kg mt, 1,67
triu kg sp ong. Trong nm 1987, ring mt v sp tr gi 230 triu la M.
b - T
Cng l mt ngnh k ngh c t lu i, rt nhiu loi ngi c s dng
ly t nhng quan trng nht vn l ngi Bombyx mori (L.), mt loi ngi c
thun ho. Mc d hin nay t b thay th kh nhiu bi cc loi si nhn to nhng
vn chim mt v tr quan trng trong k ngh may mc, hng nm trn th gii sn
xut c khong 29 - 34 triu kg t c sn xut trn th gii.
c - Gm lc
Gm lc c tit ra t loi rp dnh Laccifera lacca, mt loi rp dnh sng
trn cy sung v cy Banyar trn mt s cy khc ti n , Min in v Indonesia,
Formosa, Ceylon v Philippines. Ti Hoa K, 9 triu la gm lc c s dng
hng nm.
d - Thuc nhum
Rt nhiu loi cn trng c s dng trong k ngh nhum, ph bin nht l
loi rp dnh Dactylopius cocas. Thuc nhum ly t loi cn trng ny c mu
thm v c sn xut t c th kh ca chng.
3. Cn trng thin ch
Cn trng c kh nng sinh sn cng nh gia tng mt s rt nhanh, nhng mt
s cao t khi t c v cn trng thng b nhiu loi ng vt khc tn cng lm
gii hn mt s. Phn ln ng vt tn cng ny cng thuc lp cn trng. Thnh phn
cn trng thin ch rt phong ph, hin din khp mi ni, gn nh ni no c cn
trng gy hi l u c s hin din ca cc loi cn trng thin ch. Mt v d in
hnh v tc ng ca s gii hn cn trng gy hi bi thin ch n mi l trng hp
ca rp sp Icerya purchasi, mt loi dch hi rt quan trng trn cam, qut ti
California. Loi rp sp ny u tin c tm thy ti California nm 1868 v gy
hi d di trn k ngh cam qut ti min Nam California. Trong hai nm 1888 v
1889, b ra Rodolia cardinalis t Australia c a vo California tiu dit
Icerya purchasi v ch trong hai nm, rp sp Icerya purchasi b y lui ra khi cc
vn cam qut ti California. i vi nhm cn trng thin ch sng k sinh trn
nhng loi gy hi khc, c th k n cc loi ong k sinh thuc cc h
Trichogrammatidae, Braconidae, Chalcididae, Ichneumanidae.. . Hin nay, cc loi
ong mt Trichogamma c nui nhn vi s lng ln v s dng rng ri
khp ni trn th gii phng tr t nht l 28 loi su gy hi trn bp, la, ma,
bng vi, rau mu, c ci ng, cy n tri, cy thng .
Tc ng ca cc cn trng thin ch (n mi, k sinh) rt ln, c th ni khng c g
m con ngi lm c th so snh vi tc ng ca cn trng thin ch. Vi nhiu u
im ni tri so vi vic s dng ha cht bo v thc vt phng tr dch hi , trong
3 thp k qua c mt s gia tng vt bc v cc cng trnh nghin cu v ng
dng cn trng thin ch trong phng tr sinh hc.
4. Cn trng n nhng cht hu c mc nt
Cn trng n nhng cht hu c mc nt (thc vt, ng vt, phn) gip cho
qu trnh phn hy nhanh chng nhng cht ny thnh nhng cht n gin cn thit
cho cy trng, gip cho vic dn sch nhng cht bn ra khi mi trng sng ca con
14
ngi. Cc loi cn trng thuc b Cnh cng (Coleoptera) sinh sng bng cch n v
c g nh mi, kin v mt s loi cn trng n g khc gip cho nhng cnh cy
mc, g mc phn hy nhanh chng hoc nhng hang c to ra trong qu trnh n
ph s lm cho cc loi nm xm nhp khin cho g b phn hu nhanh. Nhng loi
ny r rng l rt cn thit cho vic gi cn bng trong thin nhin.
Ti Australia, mt s loi b hung n phn c du nhp hn ch cc tp
on rui trn cc vng nui gia sc. Loi b hung ny n phn b v lm sch mi
trng rt nhanh khin cho di trong phn khng thi gian hon thnh s pht
trin.
5. Cn trng tn cng nhng thc vt khng c li
Bn cnh nhng loi cn trng tn cng thc vt c xem nh nhm gy hi
th cng c nhiu loi cn trng cng tn cng trn thc vt nhng c xem nh c
li cho con ngi v nhng loi ny tn cng cc loi c di, cc loi thc vt khng
c li cho con ngi. Mt s loi c, thc vt khi c du nhp vo mt vng thng
pht trin qu mnh cho n khi thnh dch. Trong mt s trng hp, cn trng n
thc vt c du nhp hn ch s pht trin ca cc loi thc vt ny. Mt v d
in hnh v vai tr c ch ca cc loi cn trng n thc vt: cy xng rng
Opunctia spp. c du nhp vo Australia nm 1925 pht trin dy c trn 10 triu
hecta. hn ch s pht trin ca Opunctia, mt loi ngi Cactoblastis cactorum
c du nhp t Argentina vo Australia, hin gi din tch ca Opunctia ch cn
1/200 din tch nm 1925.
6. Cn trng l thc n ca ngi v ng vt
C rt nhiu ng vt s dng cn trng nh thc n, l c, chim v mt
s ng vt c v khc. Con ngi i khi cng n mt s loi cn trng hay mt s
sn phm c t cn trng nh mt ong v c cung, ngi Rp n co co, ngi
Phi Chu trc kia n kin, mi v co co. Nhiu ngi Vit Nam xem ung da
nh mt mn n qu hoc nh nhng ca ngi tm c xem l mt mn n b dng.
7. Cn trng v vn nghin cu khoa hc
Hin nay rt nhiu loi cn trng c s dng trong cng tc nghin cu khoa
hc, tiu biu nht l loi rui dm Drosophila, loi ny c s dng rt nhiu trong
cng tc nghin cu di truyn hc.

II. NHM CN TRNG GY HI
1. Cn trng gy hi cho cy trng.
2. Cn trng tn cng trn nhng sn phm tn tr.
3. Cn trng gy hi trn ngi v cc ng vt mu nng.
1. Cn trng gy hi trn cy trng
Hu nh tt c cc loi thc vt, c bit l cy trng, u b cn trng gy hi.
Ti Hoa K, s thit hi do cn trng gy ra cho cy trng c lng khong 3
t/nm. S thit hi c th do cn trng n ph trc tip n cc b phn ca cy, hoc
trng trn cy hoc truyn bnh cho cy. Tm quan trng ca s thit hi thay i
t vic lm gim nng sut n vic hy dit ton b cy trng.

15
a - Thit hi do s n ph trc tip
Hu ht s thit hi trn cy trng c gy ra l do s n ph trc tip trn cy
trng ca cn trng. S thit hi thay i ty theo nhm cn trng, ty theo cc c
tnh ni ti ca cn trng cng nh cc iu kin mi trng. S thit hi c th t rt
nh n gy cht ton b .
b - Thit hi do trng
Mt s cn trng c tp qun trng trong cc b phn ca cy, tp qun ny
t nhiu nh hng n s pht trin bnh thng ca cy trng, mt s loi ve su
khi trng vo cnh thng lm cho cnh d b gy, mt s loi khc trng vo
l, vo tri lm cho l v tri khng pht trin bnh thng v lm tri km cht lng.

c - Thit hi do truyn bnh cho cy trng
Trong thi gian gn y, nhiu cng trnh nghin cu cho thy r vai tr ca
cn trng trong vic truyn bnh cho cy trng, khong 200 loi bnh trn cy trng l
do cn trng truyn, v a s bnh ny l bnh siu vi khun. Cn trng c th truyn
bnh cho cy bng 3 cch:
- Khi cn trng chch ht cy trng ly thc n, vt chch l ca ng cho
mm bnh xm nhp vo cy trng. Nhiu loi mm bnh xm nhp vo cy bng
phng thc ny.
- Mm bnh c th c mang trn hay trong c th cn trng v c cn
trng truyn t cy ny sang cy khc. Cc loi rui v ong l tc nhn ch yu
truyn bnh theo phng thc ny.
- Mm bnh c th c tch tr trn c th cn trng trong mt thi gian ngn
(semi- persistent or non persistent) hoc trong c th cn trng trong mt thi gian di
(persistent) v c tim vo cy trng khi cn trng chch ht. Cc loi cn trng
chch ht thuc b Cnh u (ry mm, ry nu, ry xanh, ry chng cnh ... ) l tc
nhn truyn bnh ch yu ca phng thc ny, hu ht cc bnh c truyn l bnh
siu vi khun, vi khun, mycoplasma, spiroplasma, nh bnh ln xon l trn la c
truyn bi ry nu Nilaparvata lugens, bnh khm trn ma c truyn bi ry mm,
bnh vng l gn xanh trn cam qut c truyn bi ry chng cnh Diaphorina citri,
bnh Mycoplasma ch yu c truyn bi ry l.
- S thit hi gy ra do s n ph trc tip ca cn trng c th rt quan trng,
nhng mt tc nhn truyn bnh, d ch mt vi c th cng c th lm gim nng sut
cy trng mt cch trm trng v c th git hng lot cy trng v iu kh khn hn
na l khi cy b nhim cc loi bnh ny th rt kh tr.
2. Cn trng gy hi trong kho va
i vi cc nng sn phm tn tr, s thit hi do cn trng gy ra cho cc sn
phm nng nghip, lm nghip v ng nghip rt ln. C trn 300 loi, trong c
khong 50 loi gy hi ng k. Ch yu l b Cnh vy (Lepidoptera) v b Cnh
cng (Coleoptera). Trong iu kin tn tr km, nhit , m cao th s thit hi c
th ln n 15 %. Cng b gn y ca FAO (Anon, 1979) ch k ring cc kt qu
nghin cu ca cc tc gi M v mt mt ng cc sau thu hoch vo nm 1967 cc
nc cng nghip pht trin ln ti 42 triu tn, tc bng 95% tng sn lng thu
16
hoch ca nc Canada hay bng gp i sn lng lng thc trong nm 1992 ca
nc ta.
Bn cnh cc thit hi do cn trng gy ra trn cy trng v trong kho va th
nhiu cng trnh bng g nh nh ca, c,... cng thng b mt s loi cn trng
tn cng. Loi phn b rng nht v gy hi nng nht cho g v nhng sn phm ca
g l mi. Ngoi ra, mt s sn phm lm t si ng vt nh o lng, mn, thm, ...
cng thng b cn trng tn cng nh cc loi thuc h Dermestidae v mt s ngi
thuc b Cnh vy.

3. Cn trng gy hi trn ngi v ng vt

Cn trng c th tc ng xu n con ngi v ng vt bng nhiu cch:

a- Tit nc c do vt cn hay chch

Gy mn cm, sng ph, au n v i khi lm t lit hoc gy n t vong.
Nhm gy hi a s l nhm chch ht nh cc loi ong, b xt, rui, mui,...

b - K sinh v truyn bnh

Rt nhiu loi c th sng k sinh trn ngi v cc ng vt nh ch, rn, b
cht, rp. Nhiu loi cn trng l tc nhn truyn nhiu bnh nguy him cho con ngi
nh bnh st rt, st xut huyt c truyn bi cc loi mui, cc bnh tiu chy,
thng hn c truyn bi cc loi rui....


Cu hi gi n tp

1- V tr phn loi ca lp cn trng trong gii ng vt?
2- Nhng c im no khin cn trng tr thnh mt lp ng vt thnh cng nht
trong t nhin?
3- S khc bit c bn ca cc ng vt thuc lp Cn trng vi cc ng vt khc
trong ngnh Tit tc (Arthropoda)?
4- Nu mt s vai tr chnh yu ca cn trng i vi i sng con ngi
5- Nguyn nhn ch yu khin lp cn trng c quan tm c bit?

17
Chng II: HNH THI HC CN TRNG


Cn trng l ng vt phn t, c th cn trng do 18-20 t nguyn thy to
nn, cc t ny tp hp thnh ba phn r rt: u, ngc v bng.

- u l mt khi ng nht, trn u c mt, ru u v cc b phn ca
ming.

- Ngc gm ba phn: ngc trc, ngc gia v ngc sau. Mi phn mang mt
i chn ngc, ngc gia v ngc sau mi phn cn mang mt i cnh.

- Bng c cu to bi 12 t nhng cc t trong qu trnh tin ha thng
gn cht vo nhau nn ngi ta ch quan st c t 8 n 11 t. Phn bng thng
khng mang cc b phn di chuyn nhng thng mang cc ph b cui bng.

I. S PHN T

S phn t r rt nht c ghi nhn phn bng, l ni m cc t c cu to
n gin nht. Mi t bng c bn gm hai phin cng (sclerites): phin lng v
phin bng. Hai phin ny c ni lin vi nhau bi vng mng nm hai bn c th.
Cc phin lng hoc cc phin bng cn c ni lin vi nhau bi cc mng gia
t. Nh nhng vng mng ny m cn trng c th co dn, c ng d dng. Cc
phin lng v phin bng khng phi l nhng phin bng phng m phn cui pha
trc ca nhng phin ny thng c xp thnh tng lp vo pha trong ca vch da
to thnh nhng chp ni pha trong c th v mt ng ni hin din pha ngoi
c gi l ng ni Antecostal. Phn vnh hp pha trn phin lng, nm pha
trc ng ni Antecostal c gi l Acrotergite v tng t, phn vnh hp pha
trn ca phin bng c gi l Acroternite. Nhng chp ni bn trong c th c
to bi ng ni Antecostal l ch cho cc h c bm bn trong c th .

S phn t phn ngc kh khc bit vi phn bng. S khc bit ny c lin
quan ti s hin din ca chn v cnh phn ngc. Mi t ngc, ngoi phin lng,
phin bng chnh cn c cc phin bn. Phin lng v phin bng phn ngc phc
tp hn phn bng. cn trng thuc lp ph c cnh, mi phin c mt ng ni
ko di t cui chn ca cn trng ln pha trn. ng ni ny to thnh nhng chp
ni bn trong c th, ngoi ra cng c nhiu ng ni khc trn cc phin lng ngc
gia, ngc cui v trn cc phin bng, to thnh nhiu vng trn cc phin ny.

18


A



B

Hnh II.1. S phn t v cc chi ph trn c th cn trng
(A: Lawrence v ctv., 1991 B: Atkins, 1978)


19

A B

Hnh II.2. t v s cu to ca cc t c th (A+B)
(Lawrence v ctv., 1991)


II. CU TO VCH DA C TH

ngi v cc loi c xng sng khc, b xng hin din pha trong c th
v c gi l b xng trong, nhng cc ng vt thuc lp cn trng v thuc
ngnh chn khp (Arthropoda) th vch da ha cng hin din pha ngoi c th v
c gi l b xng ngoi. Vch da hay b xng ngoi ca cn trng khng nhng
l phn bo v bn ngoi ca c th m cn l ch cho cc h c bm vo v gi cho
c th cn trng c mt hnh dng nht nh.

1. Cu to da cn trng

Da cn trng gm c 3 lp chnh:

- Lp biu b: lp ngoi cng c cu to chitine, protein v sc t.

- Lp t bo ni b: nm pha di lp biu b v tit ra cc cht to nn lp
biu b.

- Mng y: l mt lp mng mng khng c cu to t bo, nm st ngay di
lp t bo ni b.

a - Biu b

20
Phn thnh hai lp: biu b trn (epicuticle) v lp biu b di (procuticle).

- Biu b trn (epicuticle): rt mng, dy khong mt micron, thng gm c
hai lp, lp ngoi l lp sp v lp trong l lp lipoprotein hay lp cuticulin.
- Biu b di (procuticle): gm hai phn r rt: biu b ngoi v biu b trong,
biu b ngoi (exocuticle) chim khong 1/2 n 1/3 chiu dy ca biu b di, phn
ny thng cng v c mu sc m hn lp biu b trong (endocuticle). Biu b di
(procuticle) c cu to lipid, protein v chitine v gm nhiu lp ngang, trong biu b
di ngi ta quan st thy c nhiu ng rt nh hnh que thng hoc hnh xon c
pht xut t t bo ni b ko di n biu b trn. Khi biu b trn mi c hnh
thnh, nhng ng hnh que s ko di xuyn qua lp biu b ny v tit ra nhng cht
khc nhau (nh sp) lm cho lp biu b khng thm nc.
b - T bo ni b
L mt lp t bo n, gia cc lp t bo ny c xen k mt s t bo c chc
nng c bit nh t bo hnh thnh lng, t bo hnh thnh cc tuyn. T bo ni b
thng c hnh tr, pha trong phn nh ca t bo thng c tuyn lp th sc t. S
hnh thnh tuyn lp th c lin quan n vic kim n, tch ly dinh dng v bi tit.
Trong tuyn lp th, ngi ta ghi nhn c s hin din ca chitosan, lipid v cc mui
urat. Pha ngoi nh t bo ni b c cc si nguyn sinh ko di thnh cc ng
ng nh thng ln ti lp biu b. Nhn ca t bo ni b nm pha di y t bo.

f
Biu b
Biu b

Hnh II.3. Cu to da cn trng.
a: t bo lng; b: t bo mng; c: t bo ni b; d: lng; e: biu b trn
(epicuticle); f: t bo tuyn (Borror v ctv., 1981).

21

Hnh II.4. Cu to biu b da cn trng


Hnh II.5. Vt ph trn vch da cn trng (a: lng cng vt n t bo;
b: gai nh, vt ph phi t bo; c: mu li - vt ph a t bo)

2. Chitin
L Polysaccharid c m, c cng thc (C H NO)n. y l mt cht c trng
ca ngnh chn khp (Arthropoda), hin din ch yu biu b di. Cht ny hon
ton khng hin din biu b trn. Chitine l mt cht rt bn vng, khng tan trong
nc, ru, acide long hay cht kim. Chitine khng b phn hy bi cc enzyme ca
ng vt c v, tuy nhin chitine c th b phn hy bi cc loi c, sn, mt vi loi
cn trng (nh gin) v mt vi loi vi khun (nh vi khun Bacillus chitinivorous).
Biu b cng l do phn biu b ngoi c cha mt cht sng gi l sclerotin.
sclerotin c thnh lp t protein ca biu b di tc dng ca cc cht quinones.
mt s t loi cn trng (mt s u trng thuc b hai cnh v nhng) v nhiu loi
gip xc c cha cc mui calcium nh nhng cht cng hin din trong biu b,
nhng sclerotin cn cng hn cc loi mui calcium ny, ngm (hm trn) ca mt s
loi cn trng c th cn xuyn qua lp kim loi.
Mt s vng trn biu b da cn trng cn cha cht protein co dn gi l
resilin, chnh nhng cht ny lm cho biu b c kh nng n hi v to nn nhng
gn n hi cho hu ht cc c tht.
22
3. Sc t
Mu sc hin din trn c th cn trng c th do cc sc t hin din trong
vch da ca c th. Cn trng c th tng hp c mt s sc t, tuy nhin a s
c hnh thnh qua thc n m cn trng hp thu. Cc sc t ph bin, thng
thy cn trng, bao gm sc t biu b Melanin (to nn mu nu ti, en), sc t
Pteridins (sn phm tch t ca s chuyn ha acid uric trong mu) to nn cc mu
trng, vng nht, , tm sm, ng thi cn phi hp vi sc t mt Ommochrome,
to nn mu mt ca cn trng v sc t Carotenoids (sc t thc vt c hp thu vo
c th cn trng qua thc n) to ra nhiu mu sc rc r ca cn trng, t mu xanh
l cy n vng, da cam v , cc mu sc ny c gi l mu sc ha hc. Mu sc
ha hc khc vi mu sc vt l v mu sc vt l cn trng l do cu trc vt l ca
da quyt nh, mu sc ny l kt qu ca s khc x, phn x v giao thoa nh sng
trn nhng im, vt li lm trn c th cn trng. Mu sc vt l thng c th
hin r qua s lp lnh, nh kim loi trn c th nhiu loi cnh cng v loi ong.
Nhng vt li lm ny c th thy d dng di knh hin vi in t. Mu sc vt l
thng bn vng hn mu sc ha hc. Sc t biu b thnh trng thng c hnh
thnh mt thi gian ngn sau ln lt xc cui cng, thi gian ny c th ko di (mt
tun hay nhiu hn na). Mt s sc t c th b thay i v c tnh ha hc sau khi
cn trng cht. Rt nhiu sc t b tc ng bi nhng cht dng git hoc tn tr
cn trng. S cu to sc t cn trng thng mang tnh cht di truyn v nhng sc
t ny c th b nh hng bi cc yu t mi trng nh iu kin nhit , m ,
thc n . Cn trng sng vng nhit cao thng c mu sc nht hn, sng hn
so vi khi sng nhit thp hoc ngc lai, khi sng iu kin m cao, cn
trng thng c mu sm hn so vi lc sng trong iu kin kh ro.
4. Cc vt ph trn vch da c th
Ngoi nhng chp ni bn trong (c hnh thnh l do nhng ng xp lm
vo pha trong ca da cn trng) l ch bm cho cc h c, gip c th gi c mt
khung xng vng chc v mt hnh dng nht nh th vch da c th cn trng cn
mang nhiu vt ph pha ngoi c th nh lng, gai, vy, ca, u li,... Cc vt ny
bao gm nhng phn khng c cu to t bo (mu li, gai nh, lng nh,...) hoc c
cu to t bo (nh lng cng, gai, ca). Lng trn da cn trng thng l lng cm
gic, c th cm th c nhiu thng tin khc nhau nh va chm c hc, m thanh,
mi v, nhit .
5. Cc tuyn ca da cn trng
Cc tuyn ca da cn trng sn sinh ra cc cht cn thit cho i sng ca sinh
vt. Do c ngun gc t mt s t bo ni b nn c xem nh tuyn ca da cn
trng. Gm 2 nhm chnh: tuyn ni tit v tuyn ngoi tit
5.1. Tuyn ni tit
Tit ra cc hormon cn thit cho qu trnh sinh trng, pht trin v mt s hot
ng sng khc ca cn trng. Quan trng nht l tuyn Corpora allata tit ra hormon
iu tit s sinh trng, cn gi l hormone tr (juvenile hormon), v tuyn ngc trc
(prothoracic glands) tit ra hormon lt xc (ecdyson hormon).
23
5.2. Tuyn ngoi tit
Bao gm mt s tuyn chnh nh:
- Tuyn nc bt: sn sinh nc bt, cn c gi l tuyn mi di. cc loi
cn trng thuc b Cnh vy, tuyn nc bt bin i thnh tuyn t.
- Tuyn sp: ph bin cc nhm rp sp thuc tng h Coccoidea.
- Tuyn c v tuyn hi: Tuyn c gy nga, ph bin cc loi su rm
(Lymantriidae), su ni (Limacodidae) v tuyn hi ph bin cc loi b xt gy hi
cy trng nh Alydidae, Coreidae hoc Pentatomidae.

III. U V CU TO U
1. Cu to u
u l phn trc ca c th mang mt, ru u v ming. Dng u thay i
rt nhiu ty theo cc loi cn trng nhng ni chung phn u rt cng so vi cc
phn khc ca c th. a s cn trng c mt i mt kp kh ln nm hai bn lng
u v phn ln cn trng ngoi hai mt kp cng c ba mt n nm phn trn u
gia hai mt kp. B mt ca u c chia thnh tng khu vc nh nhng ngn, cc
ngn ny cng thay i rt nhiu trn tng nhm cn trng.
Ni chung thng c nhng ngn v khu vc nh sau trn b mt ca u:

- Ngn trn chn mi: gm c ngn trn mi v ngn di m hp thnh mt
ng ngang ngay st phn gc trn ca ming. Ngn ny to thnh mt trc ca
v u vi hai khu vc: khu trn v khu chn mi.

- Ngn m: gm hai ngn i xng nm hai bn m, ngn ny ko di t gc
hm trn ln pha trn. Nu ko di n gc chn ru th ngn ny c gi l ngn m
chn ru, cn nu ko di n gc mt th c gi l ngn hc mt.

- Khu vc ca u nm pha trn ngn chn mi v nm gia cc ngn m c
gi l trn. V tr nm gia hai mt kp v pha nh c gi l nh u, khu vc
nm pha di mt kp hai bn u l m. Pha di ngn trn chn mi l mt khu
vc gm hai mnh cng: mnh trn c gi l clypeus, mnh di l mi trn. Pha
di hai bn mi trn l hai hm trn cng v bn di hai hm trn l hai hm di.
V ngay st di hm di l mi di.

- nh u v m c gii hn bi ngn t, pha sau ngn t l cc khu vc
nh: khu vc t nm phn lng ngay pha sau ngn t v khu vc m sau nm v
pha m, sau ngn t, c hai khu vc ny b gii hn v pha sau bi ngn t sau, pha
sau ngn t sau l mt vng cng hp gi l t sau bao quanh ly l s (ni ni tip
gia phn u v phn ngc) .
cn trng trng thnh, i khi trn phn trn cn hin din mt vt tch ca
mt ngn hnh ch Y gi l ngn lt xc, ngn ny chia phn trn ca u thnh hai
24
khu vc v c gi l ngn trn. y l ngn lt xc, giai on u trng, mi khi
lt xc th ngn ny tch ra gip cho c th mi ca cn trng thot ra khi lp da c.
Ni chung c mt s khc bit rt ln v s hin din ca cc ngn v cc khu
vc trn b mt ca u cc nhm cn trng khc nhau. Nhiu ngn v cc khu vc
c trnh by trn c th khng hin din nhiu loi cn trng.

2. Chi ph ca u

a - Ru u

* Cu to: gm c bn cc t nh sau:
- t chn ru (scape): mc t chn ru, chn ru thng nm v tr
khong gia hai mt kp thuc khu trn.
- t cung ru (pedicel): thng ngn v thng mang cc c quan cm gic.
- t roi ru (flagellum): t ny thng phn thnh nhiu t nh, hnh dng
roi ru rt thay i ty theo cc nhm cn trng.
Ni chung hu ht cn trng, ru u c th c ng d dng nh c h thng
c tht iu khin s hot ng ca ru nm pha t chn ru v cung ru.
Chc nng ch yu ca ru u l c quan xc gic v khu gic, i khi ru
u cng l c quan thnh gic (mui c).
Hnh dng v kch thc ru u thay i rt nhiu ty loi cn trng, ngay
trong cng mt loi, hnh dng v kch thc ru u c th khc nhau gia con c
v con ci. c im ny cng c s dng rt nhiu trong cng tc phn loi v
phn bit con c v con ci.


Hnh II.6. Cu to ru u cn trng (Nguyn Vit Tng, 2006)
* Cc dng ru u
Sau y l cc dng ru u thng gp cc loi cn trng:
25
- Ru lng cng (chun chun, ry xanh): nh, nhn dn v pha cui ging nh
si lng cng.
- Ru si ch (gin, bm, st snh, xn tc, chn chy): di, mng mnh.
- Ru chui ht (mi th): gm nhng t hnh ht trn, nh ni tip nhau nh
chui ht.
- Ru lng chim (mui c)
- Ru u gi (kin, ong, vi voi): t chn ru di, kt hp vi t roi ru to
thnh hnh cong gp ta u gi.
- Ru rng lc (b ci, om m): gm nhng t hnh tam gic nh v mt pha
trng nh rng ca.
- Ru di c (bm, mt s loi cnh cng): hnh ng nh di, ring cc t cui
phnh to dn ln nh di c.
- Ru hnh l lp (b hung): cc t phn roi ru pht trin thnh nhng mnh c
th xe ra hoc xp vo.
- Ru lng nh (rui nh): ngn, t cui thng phnh to, c mt lng cng
pha lng t cui.


Hnh II.7. Mt s dng ru u
a: ru lng cng (chun chun); b: ru si ch (chn chy); c: ru hnh
chui ht (mi); d: ru hnh rng ca; e: ru lng nh (rui); f: ru di
c (cnh cng);g: ru cu lng (mui); h: ru hnh l lp (b hung); i:
ru u gi (vi voi).
26



Hnh II.8. Ru hnh cu lng ca mui Hnh II.9. Ru hnh u gi ca
kin




Hnh II.10. Ru hnh lng cng Hnh II.11. Ru hnh rng lc n



C
B
A



Hnh II.12. Ru u hnh l lp (A, B v C)
27

C
B
A

Hnh II.13. Ru u hnh si ch (A, B v C)

b - Ming
Ni chung ming cn trng gm 5 phn: mi trn, i hm trn, i hm di,
mi di v li. Cc b phn ny cng thay i rt ln cc b, h cn trng. V vy
cu to ca ming cng l mt tiu chun c s dng ph bin trong cng tc phn
loi. Tng kiu hnh ca ming cho php xc nh c tnh n ca cn trng cng
nh cch ph hi ca chng trn cy trng. C th phn thnh hai kiu ming chnh:
ming gm nhai v ming ht. Ming gm nhai l loi ming nguyn thy, cc kiu
ming khc u t ming gm nhai bin ha thnh.
* Ming gm nhai
L kiu ming n cc thc n ng v thc vt th rn, kiu ming ny
thng gp cc b: Thysanura, Diplura, Collembola, Orthoptera, Dermaptera,
Psocoptera, Mallophaga, Odonata, Plecoptera, Isoptera, Neuroptera, Mecoptera,
Trichoptera, Coleoptera v Hymenoptera. Kiu ming ny cng thng gp u trng
ca nhiu loi cn trng (Lepidoptera, Coleoptera,... ).

Ming nhai c cu to c bn nh sau:

- Mi trn (Labrum): y l mt mnh cng, nm pha di mnh clypeus,
ngay pha trn cc chi ph khc ca ming.

- Hm trn (Mandible): gm mt i xng cng khng phn t, nm ngay
pha di mi trn. Hm trn cng thay i ty theo cc loi cn trng, mt s loi
(nh co co) mt trong hm c nhng kha rng nhn cn v nhai, mt s loi
khc (nhm n tht, thuc b Coleoptera), hm trn ko di ra v c dng li hi.
- Hm di (Maxillae): gm mt i xng cng nm ngay pha di hm
trn. Hm di gm nhiu t: t chn hm, t thn hm, l ngoi hm, l trong
hm v ru hm di. L trong hm thng cng v c kha rng nhn ct nghin
thc n. Ru hm di cng gm c nhiu t, c dng nm hoc ngi thc n.
28

- Mi di (Labium): l mt mnh duy nht nm pha di mi trn. Mi
di c chia thnh hai phn bi mt ng ni ngang, hai phn ny c tn gi l
cm trc v cm sau. cc loi co co, cm sau li chia lm hai phn: cm ph v
cm chnh. Cm trc gm c mt i ru mi di, hai l ngoi ru v hai l gia
mi. Cm sau thng khng c ng c m phn c ng c l cm trc vi
cc chi ph trn .


Hnh II.14. Cu to u ca b cnh thng Orthoptera (A: u nhn t mt trc; B:
u nhn t mt bn; C: u nhn t mt sau); a: nh u; b: mt kp; c: mt n;
d: ngn lt xc; e: trn; f: clypeus; g: mi trn; h: hm trn; i: ru u; j: m; k:
ngn di m; l: hm di; m: mi di; n: ngn t; o: ngn t sau; p: l s; q: m
(Borror v ctv.,1981)

- Ming ht

L kiu ming n cc thc n ng v thc vt th lng, gp ch yu cc b
Thysanoptera, Hemiptera, Homoptera, Diptera v Lepidoptera. Loi hnh ming ht c
rt nhiu dng nhng c im chung ca loi hnh ny l cc chi ph thng ko di
ra thnh vi hay kim chch thch nghi vi vic ly thc n dng lng.

- Ming gia ht (b tr- Thysanoptera)

Vi thng ngn, th, bt i xng, c dng hnh chp nm phn sau ca u,
v pha bng. Mi trn to thnh phn trc ca vi, phn gc ca hm di to thnh
phn bn ca vi v mi di to thnh phn sau ca vi. C ba kim chch: hai kim
chch do hm di to thnh, mt kim do hm trn pha tri ko di ra hnh thnh
(hm trn pha phi thoi ha cn rt nh). C ru mi di v ru hm di u
29
hin din nhng rt nh. Li l mt thy gia nh, nm trong vi. Mc d c xem
nh "gia ht" nhng c th cn trng ly thc n ch yu bng cch s dng kim
chch chc vo ni c thc n v sau ht thc n vo c th. Thc n ch yu
dng lng tuy nhin nhng bo t tht nh cng c th c tiu th.
- Ming chch ht (b xt Hemiptera v ry Homoptera)
Mi di ko di ra hnh thnh vi, vi thng phn t. b Cnh na cng
(Hemiptera), vi pht xut t pha trc u, b Cnh u (Homoptera) vi pht
xut t pha sau ca u. Trong vi c 4 kim chch do hai hm trn v hai hm di
ko di ra hnh thnh. Mi trn l mt thy ngn, hin din mt trc ca phn cui
vi, li cng l mt thy nh nm trong vi. Vi khng gi nhim v trc tip ly
thc n, khi cn trng ly thc n vi s b cp v pha sau v nm pha ngoi, ch
c cc kim chm (chch) vo thc n ht dch. Bn trong vi, cc kim chch kt hp
li thnh hai ng nh: mt ng dn thc n v mt ng dn nc bt.
- Ming chch ht ca mui (Diptera)
Vi cng do mi di hnh thnh, trong vi c 6 kim chch do mi trn, hm
trn, hm di v li to thnh. Kim chch rt mng mnh v c dng si ch. ng
nc bt hin din trong li v ng thc n c hnh thnh do s kt hp gia
ng rnh ca mi trn vi li.
- Ming ca rui n mi (Asilidae, Diptera)
C cu to ming tng t nh cc nhm trn nhng hon ton khng c vt
tch ca hm trn v b phn chm (chch) duy nht l do li bin ha thnh. C 4
kim chm: mt do mi trn, hai do i hm di v mt do li. ng nc bt hin
din trong li v ng thc n nm gia mi trn v li. Cc loi rui n mi c kiu
ming ny thng tn cng trn cc loi cn trng khc hoc trn cc loi nhn.
- Ming lim ht ca rui nh (Diptera)
Gm c mt ci vi n hi nh vo phn mng hnh chp ca phn di u.
Ru hm di hin din gn cui vi. Mt trong ca vi l dng lng mng c che
bi phin mi trn v li. Mi trn v li hp li to thnh ng dn thc n, trong
li c ng nc bt. Phn cui vi phnh to thnh hai thy to, mm, hnh bu dc gi
l a vi. Mt di ca a vi c nhiu vng mng ngang nh c s dng nh
nhng ng dn thc n, Cc vng mng ny thng vi ca rnh ca vi gip cho rui
c th dng a vi lim v ht cc thc n dng lng. Do c tnh co dn nn
trng thi khng n vi c th c xp st mt di ca u hoc trong mt khe h
mt di ca u.
- Ming ht (b Cnh vy Lepidoptera)
c im ca kiu ming ny l hm trn hon ton bin mt, mi trn ch cn
l mt mnh ngang nh. Ru mi di pht trin, hai l ngoi hm ca ru mi di
ko di ra v kt hp vi nhau thnh mt vi ht di, bn trong c ng dn thc n.
Bnh thng khi khng n, vi c cun cong li thnh nhiu vng trn c.
- Ming gm ht (b Cnh mng Hymenoptera)
mt s loi ong, mc d mi trn v hm trn vn cn hnh dng ca kiu
ming nhai nhng mi di v hm di ko di thnh mt li di, thc n s
c ht qua b phn li ny.
30




Hnh II.15. Ming nhai gm ca d (Orthoptera).
a: hm trn; b: hm di; c: mi trn; d: mi di;
e: phn u ct ngang vi li pha trong




Hnh II.16. Ming gia ht (b tr)
A: u nhn t pha trc; B: u nhn t pha bn; a: mt kp; b: ru
u;
c: mi trn d: ru hm di; f: kim chch; g: cm trc; h: cm sau.
(clp: clypeus) (Borror v ctv.,1981).

31

Hnh II.17. Ming chch ht ca b xt (Hemiptera) A: phn u ct ngang; B: thit
din ct ngang ca vi ht; a: kim chch; b: vi chch; c: mi trn; d: mi di; e:
ru u; f: ng dn thc n; g: ng nc bt; h: hm trn; i: hm di
(Borror v ctv,1981)

B A

Hnh II.18. Ming chch ht ca Rhynchocoris poseidan (A) v Physomerus
grossipes (B)


Hnh II.19. Ming lim ht ca rui nh (Diptera).
a: vi ht; b: clypeus; c: ru hm di; d: mi trn; e: a vi; f: ru u; g: mt kp; h:
mi di; i: ng dn thc n; j: ng nc bt; k: li. (Borror v ctv., 1981)
32


Hnh II.20. Ming ht ca bm (Lepidoptera)
a: ru mi di; b: vi ht; c: mt kp; d: ru u; e: ng dn thc n.



Hnh II.21. Ming gm ht ca ong (Hymenoptera).
A: ming nhn t mt trc; B: ming nhn t mt sau. a: clypeus; b: hm trn;
c: mi trn; d: ru hm di; e: ru mi di; f: vi; g: mt kp; h: ru u l
ngoi ca hm di (Borror v ctv,1981)


Hnh II.22. Ming gm ht ca ong bu
33

Hnh II.23. Cu to t ngc.
a: mnh lng (notum); b: mnh bng (sternum); c: phn mng
vng bn; d: l th; e: u; f: c; g: t chu; h: ngc trc.

IV. NGC CN TRNG

L phn th hai ca c th, ngc c ni lin vi u bng mt on ngn,
hp c gi l c. Ngun gc ca c cha c xc nh r rng, mt s tc gi cho
rng c cng l mt t ca c th v gi tn c l ngc nh, mt s tc gi khc li
cho rng c c th c ngun gc t mi di hay t phn trc ca ngc trc.
nhiu loi cn trng, c thng tht di da, pha trong ngc trc nn rt kh nhn
thy.

1. Cu to
Ngc c chia thnh 3 t: ngc trc, ngc gia v ngc sau, mi t ngc
mang mt i chn, ngoi ra hai bn v pha lng ca t ngc gia v ngc sau cn
c hai i cnh. i cnh ngc gia gi l cnh trc, i cnh ngc sau gi l
cnh sau. B phn ngc c ha cng kh cao.

Mi t ngc c th cu to bi 4 mnh cng (sclerites): mnh lng (notum);
hai mnh bn (pleura) v mnh bng (sternit). Tn gi ca cc mnh cng thay i ty
theo v tr ca cc t ngc trn c th, nu cc mnh cng ny thuc t ngc trc
th c gi l mnh lng ngc trc, mnh bn ngc trc v mnh bng ngc trc.
Cc mnh hin din trn ngc gia v ngc sau cng c tn gi tng ng. Trn cc
mnh cng ny li c nhng ngn nh, cc ngn ny phn chia b mt ca cc t
ngc thnh nhng phin (mnh) cng nh c tn gi ring.


34

B
A
Hnh II.24. Ngc ca Co co (Acrididae) (A); Ngc ca B nga (Mantidae) (B)


B
A
Hnh II.25. Ngc pht trin ca ry sng Membracidae (Homoptera) (A v B)


2. Chi ph ca ngc
a - Chn ngc
L chi ph, phn t in hnh ca cn trng vi cc t c bn nh: t chu
(coxa), t chuyn (trochanter), t i (femur), t chy (tibia), t bn (tarsus) v
t cui bn (mng, vut).


Hnh II. 26. S phn t ca chn cn trng
35

Cc t c ni lin vi nhau bi cc phn bng cht mng. t chu l t
th nht ca chn, t ny thng c hnh chp nh, c ng c trn ngc nh mt
lp mng hay nh s hin din ca khp c ng. t chuyn l t th hai ca chn,
thng ngn, hp; cc loi chun chun (thnh trng v u trng) c hai t chuyn
gn cht nhau. t i l t th ba ca chn, thng to v mp hn cc t khc. t
chy thng di, hnh ng, mnh, hai bn thng c 2 hng gai, hoc mang cc ca c
th c ng c. t bn chn l t k tip t chy, thng phn thnh nhiu t
nh (1 n 5 t). Hnh dng v s t ca t bn chn c s dng ph bin trong
cng tc phn loi. t cui bn chn l phn pha cui ca t bn thng gi l
mng hay vut. Mng thng gm hai ci. Thng c mt b phn gi l thy hay
m nm gia mng (arolium) hay gc mng (pulvillus). mt s loi cn trng,
m gia mng c thay th bng gai hay bng mt dng lng cng (empodium).



Hnh. II.27. Cu to ca mng chn cn trng

Chn ngc ca cn trng phn ln dng i li, bm, nhng nhiu loi, do
hon cnh sng v tp qun khc nhau m hnh dng v kch thc ca chn ngc
c nhiu bin dng ph hp vi cc chc nng khc nhau.


Hnh II.28. Cu to chn cn trng. (A: chn gia ca co co Melanoplus; B: mng
chn ca Melanoplus; C: mng v t cui ca bn; D: chn trc ca vt snh
36
Scudderia; a: t chu; b: t chuyn; c: t i; d: t chy; e: t bn; f: m
gia mng; h: empodium; i: pullvili) (Borror v ctv., 1981).


Hnh II.29. Cc dng chn cn trng. (a: chn chy; b: chn nhy; c: chn bt
mi; d: chn o bi; e: chn bi; f: chn ly phn).

Cn trng c rt nhiu dng chn khc nhau, sau y l mt s dng chn ngc ph
bin:
- Chn chy: rt ph bin cc loi cn trng. Chn ny c cc t di, nh
pht trin kh u nhau (gin, b chn chy carabids,...)
- Chn nhy: t i rt pht trin. t chy thng di, hnh ng (co co, d,
mt s loi ry,...).
- Chn bt mi: in hnh nht l chn ngc trc ca B nga (Mantidae).
t chu di vn ra pha trc, t i rt pht trin, mt bng t i c mt ng
rnh, trn hai b rnh ny c hai hng gai sc nhn. t chy v pha mt bng cng
c hai hng gai nhn. Khi t chy gp li th c th nm lt vo rnh ca t i,
trng ta nh chic dao co ru. Nh cch gp li ny cng vi nhng dy gai nhn
m con mi b kp cht (gi) li.
- Chn o bi: chn thng ngn, to, th. t chy phnh to v pha mp
ngoi c nhng rng cng o t v bi t r cy (d nhi).
- Chn bi: ph bin cc loi cn trng sng trong nc. Chn gia v chn
sau thng dp, trn mp t chy, t bn chn c lng rt di, hot ng nh mi
cho khi cn trng bi trong nc (Dytiscidae).
- Chn ly phn: thng gp cc loi ong. c im: pha cui t chy
chn sau thng dp v rng, pha ngoi lm v trn nhn. B rnh lm c lng di
to thnh mt lng cha phn hoa. t gc ca bn chn cng phnh to, mt trong c
nhiu dy lng cng xp thnh hng ngang dng chi cc phn hoa dnh trn lng
c th ong.
37


B
A
Hinh II.30. Chn nhy (Acrididae) (A);
Chn o xi (Gryllotalpidae) (B) ca B Orthoptera


B A

Hnh II.31. Chn bt mi (Mantidae - Orthoptera) (A); Chn chy
(Carabidae - Coleoptera) (B)


b - Cnh v cu to ca cnh

* Cu to ca cnh

Tr cn trng thuc lp ph khng cnh (apterygota) v mt s loi c cnh
thoi ha, hu ht cn trng trng thnh u c cnh. Cnh cn trng khng phi l
chi ph (nh cnh ca chim, di) m l phn ko di ra hai bn ca mnh lng ngc.
S pht trin ca cnh thay i rt nhiu qua cc b cn trng, i khi cnh xut hin
bn ngoi c th, pht trin t t v ln ln, qua mi ln lt xc (nh co co,..),
nhng cng c khi cnh li xut hin thnh lnh giai on nhng (bm hoc b
hung).
Trn mm cnh ngi ta ghi nhn c hai lp t bo, hai lp ny dnh nhau
phn cui to nn mt lp mng, trn c nhng mch (gn) cnh, trong mch c s
hin din ca mu, dy thn kinh v kh qun. Khi cnh pht trin hon chnh lp t
bo ni b bin mt v cnh c cu to hon ton bi biu b khng c cu to t bo.
S nghin cu h thng kh qun cnh rt quan trng cho cng tc phn loi, c
bit l nhng nhm m s phn loi da ch yu trn h thng mch cnh.
38
- Mch cnh
C mt s thay i rt ln trong h thng mch cnh cc b, h cn trng.
Da trn nhng s tng ng ca cc mch cnh, mt h thng mch cnh mang tnh
nguyn thy gi thuyt c xy dng bi Comstock v Needham. Mc d khng
phi nh cn trng hc no cng ng vi s mch cnh ca Comstock v
Needham. Nhng h thng ny cho n nay vn l c s cho vic xc nh nghin cu
v xy dng h thng mch cnh cho nhiu nhm cn trng khc nhau.

H thng mch cnh cc cn trng gm c cc mch dc v mch ngang:

- Mch dc

L gn cnh chy t gc cnh theo chiu dc ca cnh ra pha mp cnh. Gn
ngang l gn ngn ni lin ngang gia hai gn dc. Gn dc v gn ngang u c tn
gi nht nh. Gn dc gm cc gn ch yu nh sau:

- Mch dc mp (Costa = C): nm st ra trn ca cnh, mch ny khng bao
gi phn nhnh.
- Mch dc mp ph (Subcosta = Sc): nm pha di mch Costa, mch ny i
khi cng phn thnh hai nhnh nh (Sc1 v Sc2).

- Mch dc chy (Radius = R): nm pha sau mch Sc, mch ny chia thnh hai
nhnh ph: R1 v SR. R1 khng phn nhnh, nhng nhnh SR li chia thnh 4 nhnh:
R2, R3, R4, R5. Nu SR ch chia thnh hai nhnh th cc nhnh ny c gi SR1
(R2+3) v SR2 (R4+5).

- Mch dc gia (Medius = M): nm k sau mch R. Mch ny thng phn
lm 4 nhnh nh: M1, M2, M3, M4, mt s loi, mch ny ch phn thnh 2 nhnh
nh c gi l Ma (trc) v Mp (sau), i khi mt nhnh c th bin mt, ch cn li
cc nhnh nh: M1, M3, M4,...

- Mch dc khuu (Cubitus = Cu): tip sau mch Medius l mch Cubitus,
mch ny chia thnh 2 nhnh: Cu1 v Cu2, nhnh Cu1 c th li phn thnh 2 nhnh
nh l Cu1a v Cu1b.

- Mch dc mng (Analis = A) thng gm 3 mch: 1A, 2A, 3A.

- Mch dc ui (Jugalis = J) l nhng mch rt ngn, nhiu loi cn trng
khng c gn ny, thng c 2 gn 1J, 2J.
39

Mch ngang

L nhng mch ngn ni lin ngang gia 2 mch dc. Ty theo v tr m tng
gn ngang c tn gi khc nhau. Mch ngang gm c cc mch ch yu nh sau:

- Mch ngang mp (Humeralis = h) : ni lin mch C v Sc.

- Mch ngang chy (Radial = r): ni lin R1 v R2.

- Mch ngang chy chung (Sectorial = s): ni lin R3 v R4 hoc ni lin R2+3
v R4+5.

- Mch ngang chy gia (Radio-medial = r-m): ni lin R v M.

- Mch ngang gia (Medial = m): ni lin M2 v M3.

- Mch ngang gia khuu (Medio-cubital = m-cu): ni lin M v Cu

- Mch ngang khuu mng (Cubito-anal =Cu-a): ni lin 1A vi Cu2.

Vanalis v Analis, khu ui nm pha sau ca khu mng c gii hn bi ng gp
Jugalis v mp sau cng ca cnh gn gc cnh.

- Bung cnh

Cc vng trn cnh c gii hn bi cc mch, c gi l bung cnh.
Bung cnh c phn thnh hai dng: bung cnh kn (gii hn hon ton bi gn
cnh) v bung cnh h (gii hn bi mch cnh v mp ngoi ca cnh). Tn ca
bung cnh c gi da theo tn gi ca cc mch dc nm pha trn bung cnh, v
d: bung h nm gia mch R2 v R3 c gi l bung R2. Bung cnh nm pha
gc cnh thng gi tn theo tn gi ca phn gc ca mch dc (phn cha phn
nhnh) nm pha trn ca bung cnh, v d nh bung R, M v bung Cu. Nu hai
bung c ngn cch nhau bi mt mch ngang, cc bung ny s c cng mt tn
gi nhng c s th t khc nhau, v d nh mch ngang Medial chia bung M2 thnh
hai bung, bung pha gc s c gi l bung M2 th nht, bung cn li s c
gi l bung M2 th hai.
40
mt s loi cn trng khc, bung cnh cn c nhng tn gi c bit khc
nh "bung hnh tam gic" trn cnh chun chun hay "bung discal" trn cnh cc
loi bm.



Hnh II.32. Cnh v s phn b cc mch dc - mch ngang.


Hnh II.33. Mt dng phn b mch cnh ca b Cnh mng (Hymenoptera)


Hnh II.34. Cnh v s phn b mch cnh ca b Hai cnh (Diptera)
41

Ni chung h thng mch cnh ca tng loi cn trng ring bit c th khc
vi h thng mch cnh c bn trnh by trn. Mch cnh c th tng thm hay gim
i, thm ch thoi ha khng cn mch cnh.
Vic xy dng mt h thng mch cnh chung cho cc loi cn trng rt phc
tp do s kh khn trong vic chun ha cc mch cnh. Cc nh sinh hc chuyn
nghin cu tng b cn trng li xy dng h thng mch cnh vi nhng tn khc
nhau cho tng b, h ph bin.

B Cnh vy (Lepidoptera): cc nh cn trng chuyn nghin cu v b cnh
vy thng dng cc kha phn loi da trn h thng mch cnh, cc mch cnh
thng c k hiu bi cc s: t s mt n s 8 hoc s 12, bt u t pha sau ln
pha trc. Tuy nhin cc con s ny sau c thay th bi vic s dng cc tn gi
nh: C, Sc, R, SR....
B Hai cnh (Diptera): cho n nay hu nh cha c mt cng trnh nghin
cu v h thng mch cnh ca b hai cnh c hon chnh. Olroy v Roth xy
dng mt s xc nh tn gi ca h thng mch cnh cc loi thuc b hai cnh
nh sau:

1 - C
2 - Sc
3 - R1
4 - R2+3 (Nhnh u tin ca SR)
5 - R4+5 (Nhnh th 2 ca SR)
6 - M1+2 (Nhnh u tin ca M)
7 - M3+4 (Nhnh th 2 ca M)
8 - Cu1
9 - Cu2
10 - A
11 - ax

B Cnh mng (Hymenoptera): h thng mch cnh ca cn trng thuc b
Cnh mng mang dng hnh li rt c bit v vy vic chun ha cc nhm cn
trng thuc b ny rt kh khn, tuy nhin cc nh sinh vt hc nghin cu v b cnh
ny cng c mt s thut ng ring s dng ring cho h thng mch cnh ca b
ny.
- Cc np gp trn cnh

42
thch nghi cho vic bay ln v gp cnh, trn cnh thng hin din ba ng
gp cnh chia cnh thnh tng khu ring bit c gii hn bi np gp Vanalis v
mp trn ca cnh, cc gn C, Sc, R, M v Cu u nm tp trung trong khu vc ny.
Khu mng (gm cc gn A) c gii hn bi mp sau ca cnh v hai ng gp.



Hnh II.35. Cc dng mc cnh. A: b Cnh u (Homoptera); B: b Cnh
mng (Hymenoptera); C,D: b Cnh vy (Lepidoptera).


* Chc nng v kh nng bay ca cnh

Chc nng ch yu ca cnh l di chuyn kim n, bt cp, trng, trn trnh
k th v gip cho cn trng pht tn i cng khp ni trn th gii. Bn cnh nhng
chc nng , cnh ca mt s loi cn trng li c mt vi chc nng c bit khc,
v d: cnh ca ong mt c th c s dng gip ong iu chnh c nhit c
th, tng nhit trong t hoc thot hi nc. Cnh ca d mn c th c st nhau
pht ra m thanh dn d v giao phi.

Cnh trc ca cn trng b Cnh cng (Coleoptera) c chc nng bo v cnh
sau v c th. Cnh trc ca con ning ning c chc nng d tr khng kh gip cho
h hp ca ning ning trong nc c d dng.

Cnh ca cc loi ng vt c xng sng (chim v di) c ng c nh h
c dnh trc tip vi cnh, trong khi ng tc bay ca cn trng cng c thc
hin ch yu nh h c, nhng h c ny khng dnh trc tip vi cnh m tc ng
43
gin tip qua vic thay i hnh dng ca ngc. Rt nhiu cn trng c kh nng bay
rt cao, c th vt c nhiu loi ng vt c cnh khc, cn trng c th iu khin
c mt cch chnh xc vic bay ln, bay ngang v bay lui.Tc bay ca cn
trng thng rt kh xc nh v nhiu loi cn trng khng bay lin tc mt mch.
Tuy nhin thc t cng cho thy nhiu loi cn trng c th bay nhanh hn tc
chy ca con ngi. Mt s ti liu ghi nhn cn trng c th t n tc 56 km/gi
v trong mt s trng hp c th vt qua tc ny. Vo ma di c, loi chu chu
n Locusta migratoria v mt vi loi bm Danaus c th bay lin tc khng ngh
hng trm km mi ngy n nhng ni cch xa hng ngn cy s. Phn ln cn
trng c hai cp cnh v hai cnh (trn v di) c th chong ln nhau ra cnh
hoc mc dnh vo nhau sao cho khi bay hai cnh u di ng nhp nhng nh mt
cnh duy nht. Tuy nhin mt s loi, hai cnh (trn v di) c th hot ng c
lp nh b Cnh thng (Orthoptera) v Chun chun (Odonata), trong cc nhm ny
th cnh trc v cnh sau u gi vai tr ngang nhau i vi ng tc bay. Tri li,
b Cnh cng (Coleoptera), ch c cp cnh sau l gi nhim v chnh cho ng tc
bay, cp cnh trc (sng cng), cng c vn thng ra khi cn trng bay nhng
hu nh cp cnh ny khng di ng ln xung.
* Mt s bin i trong cu to ca cnh
thch nghi trong cc phng thc sinh sng khc nhau, mc pht trin v
cht cnh ca cn trng c rt nhiu thay i. Nhiu cn trng thuc lp ph c cnh
(Pterygota) nhng cnh li tiu bin nh cn trng b n lng (Mallophaga), b Rn
(Anoplura), b B cht (Siphonaptera) v mt phn cn trng thuc b Cnh thng
(Orthoptera), b C rng (Corrodentia), b Chn dt (Embioptera), b Cnh t
(Thysanoptera), b Cnh cng (Coleoptera), b Cnh vy (Lepidoptera), b Hai cnh
(Diptera),... Hoc c loi con c c cnh, con ci khng c cnh nh mt s loi rp
sp thuc b Cnh u (Homoptera), ngi su bao (Psychidae) hoc nhiu loi ngi
su rm (Lymantriidae). cc loi mi thuc b Cnh bng (Isoptera) v cc loi
kin, ch cc loi hnh sinh sn mi c cnh. Ngoi ra cn rt nhiu cn trng c dng
hnh cnh ngn nh b Cnh thng, b Cnh cng,... .
Phn ln cnh cn trng l cht mng nhng cnh ca nhiu loi cn trng
cng c nhiu thay i v cht. Cnh trc ca cn trng b Cnh cng (Coleoptera)
bng cht sng, cng khng c mch cnh, c tc dng bo v cnh sau v gi thng
bng khi bay c gi l cnh cng. Cnh ca cc loi b xt thuc b Cnh na cng
(Hemiptera) c na phn trc ca cnh cng, na sau mm. Cnh ca chun chun,
ong v phn nhiu cnh sau ca cn trng bng cht mng mng, trong sut hoc m
c gi l cnh mng. Cnh ca co co, gin bng cht cng gn ging da thuc nn
c gi l cnh da. cc loi bm, ngi, cnh c cu to bng cht mng mng
ph y vy, phn nn c gi l cnh vy hay cnh phn. Cnh ca b tr, cnh t,
hp di chung quanh c nhiu lng di c gi l cnh t. Cnh sau ca cn trng
thuc b Hai cnh (Diptera) bin thnh dng hnh chy nh gi thng bng khi
bay nn c gi l cnh thng bng.



44

C B
G
E
D
A
F

Hnh II.36. Cnh da (Orthoptera)(A); Cnh vy (Lepidoptera)(B); Cnh cng
(Coleoptera)(C); Cnh mng (Hymenoptera)(D); Cnh mng (Neuroptera)
(E); Cnh na cng (Hemiptera)(F); Hai cnh - Cnh rui (Diptera)(G).



V. CU TO BNG

Gm 11 t nhng t th 10 thng khng quan st thy c v c thay
th bi cc chi ph, v vy s t cao nht quan st c phn bng t khi ln hn 10
t. Nhiu loi cn trng s t bng rt t, nh bng rui ch c 5 t, v a s thnh
trng b Cnh cng (Coleoptera) ch c 6 t bng.

Mi t bng c cu to ch yu bi hai mnh cng: mt mnh lng
(tergum) v mt mnh bng (sternum) c kch thc nh hn, vng bn (pleural) a s
45
l vng mng, i khi cng c mt s ch cng vng ny. Mi t bng u mang
mt i l th hai bn.

Giai on u trng ca mt s loi cng nh thnh trng ca cc loi cn trng
thuc lp ph khng cnh (Apterygota) v thnh trng c ca b Chun chun
(Odonata), t bng t 1-7 c mang mt s chi ph nh mang u trng ph du
(Ephemeroptera), hoc chn bng ca u trng b Cnh vy (Lepidoptera). Chi ph
ca trng thnh b ph khng cnh gm c b phn styli v mt s b phn khc.
thnh trng c th b phn ph l b phn giao phi.

Ngoi ra, t th 8 v th 9 ca bng cng mang nhng chi ph, v nhng chi
ph ny gi l b phn sinh dc ngoi ca cn trng, con c, l nhng b phn
c lin quan n vn giao phi v th tinh con ci. con ci l b phn
trng. Nhng b phn sinh dc ngoi ny, hoc mt phn hoc ton b, c giu kn
trong phn bng khi khng s dng v thng ch quan st c khi gii phu.


Hnh II.37. Cu to c bn ca bng. a: mnh lng (tergum); b: mnh bng
(ternum); c: phn mng; d: l th; e: lng ui; f: mnh trn hu mn;
g: mnh di hu mn.

1. B phn sinh dc ca con ci

B phn sinh dc ngoi ca con ci gm ch yu l cc phin trng vi cu
to nh sau:
- Mt i phin trng di (cn c th gi l phin trng bng hoc van
trng th nht) do chi ph t bng th 8 hnh thnh.
- Mt i phin trng gia (phin trng trong hoc van trng th hai)
do chi ph t bng th 9 hnh thnh.
46
- Mt i phin trng trn (phin trng lng hoc van trng th 3)
cng do chi ph ca t bng th 9 hnh thnh. B phn trng hoc ng trng
thng do hai i trong 3 i phin trng cu to nn.
ng trng thng pht trin b Cnh thng (Orthoptera) nh co co, chu
chu, vt snh, d,... hoc b Cnh u (Homoptera) nh ve su, ry thn, ry l,...
v c b Cnh mng (Hymenoptera) nh cc loi ong mt, ong vng v nhiu loi
ong k sinh khc. mt s loi ong nh ong mt, ong v v th kim chch nc c
cui bng cng chnh l phin trng di v gia bin thnh.


Phn
Phn lng
ui
ng trng
L th

Hnh II.38. Bng v cc cc dng gai sinh dc ca con ci

Ni chung nhiu loi cn trng, khng ghi nhn c s hin din ca ng
trng, trng c t mt cch n gin trn nhng b mt khc nhau v bm dnh
trn cc b mt ny nh cc cht dnh tit ra t tuyn ph sinh dc.

2. B phn sinh dc ngoi ca con c
B phn sinh dc ngoi ca con c thng gm c cc b phn nh b phn
qup m c v dng c. B phn qup m c c cu to tng i, c th di ng v
nm trn t bng th 9. Ngoi ra cn c mt s b phn ph khng c ng khc nh
cc b phn phallique, b phn phallomere c ngun gc t mnh lng hoc mnh
bng. Dng c nm trong xoang sinh dc pha sau t bng th 9 v c cu to
bi hai b phn: b phn phallobase v b phn edeage. Hai b phn ny c gn
lin vi cc h thng c ca edeage gip cho dng c c th co dn d dng. mt
s loi, b phn phallobase bin thnh mt ng bao bc edeage. Trong trng hp b
phn edeage thoi ho th b phn phallobase s gi nhim v ca b phn giao phi.
mt s loi cn trng, dng c khng hin din. Ni chung b phn sinh dc ngoi
ca con c c cu to rt phc tp, rt khc bit theo tng nhm, loi v c s
dng rt nhiu trong cng tc phn loi.

- b Cnh vy (Lepidoptera), b phn sinh dc ngoi ca con c rt phc
tp, pht xut ch yu t t bng th 9, bao gm mt ng bao bc cc b phn sinh
47
dc c, ng ny c ngun gc t t bng th 8. b Cnh vy, t bng th 10 s
thoi ho thnh nhng phin lng hnh tam gic, i khi phin ny c hai thy, gi l
b phn uncus. t th 9 gm mt phn pha lng pht trin c gi l b phn
Tegmen, b phn ny c th ko di ra hai bn bi hai que di to thnh b phn
vinculum, phn ni lin v pha bng ca vinculum s hnh thnh mt phin nhn
(eperon) trong c th, phin ny ko di v pha trc v c gi l b phn saccus.

Hnh II.39. B phn sinh dc ngoi (A: con c; B: con ci; a: mnh trn hu
mn;
b: mnh di hu mn; c: lng ui; d: dng c; e: gai li; f: ng
trng; g: phin trng trn; h: phin trng gia; i: phin trng
di).


Hnh II.40. B phn trng. A: ngi Lymantrica monacha; B: rui c tri
Paracantha culta; C: rui c tri Toxotrypania curvicauda.


48


Hnh II.41. B phn sinh dc ngoi ca con c (b Coleoptera)
(Roth, 1980)

B phn edeage l mt ng c ha cng trong c cha b phn
endophallus, b phn edeage thng c trang b mt gai nhn gi l calcar.
- b Cnh vy, b phn sinh dc ngoi ca con ci km pht trin v rt t
c s dng trong cng tc phn loi.
- b Cnh cng (Coleoptera), hai bn dng c l hai thy bn c hnh dng
khc nhau ty loi. Dng c gm hai phn: phn phallobase c gi l tegmen v
phn edeages l thy gia. Thy gia c hnh dng rt khc nhau v cha mt ti
pha trong (endophallus). mt s loi, ti endophallus ha cng thnh dng si di,
hnh xon, co dn trong thy gia nh h Lucanidae hoc tegmen gm c hai phn
l phin di v nhng kim nhn pha bn. Nhng kim ny c th dnh st vi phn
ko di ca phin di to nn mt mng trong b phn edeage s di chuyn, co
gin.
- mt s loi, nhng kim ny thoi ha, pha di s pht trin di ra thnh
hai nhnh dnh nhau phn bng to thnh b phn manubrium pha bng.

Cu hi gi n tp

1- Cc c im hnh thi quan trng thng c s dng trong phn loi cn trng?
2- Tm quan trng ca vic nghin cu v hnh thi hc cn trng?
3- ngha thc tin ca vic nghin cu khu bin (ming) v da ca cn trng?
4- Cu to tng qut v c th cn trng ?


49

Chng III: GII PHU V SINH L CN TRNG

I. DA CN TRNG (B XNG NGOI)
Da cn trng cn c xem l b xng ngoi ca cn trng. B xng ngoi
bao bc c th, mt trong ca b xng ny li c nhng phn li gip cho vch c
th vng chc, ng thi l ch bm cho cc h c pha trong c th, ton b phn li
pha trong c gi l b xng trong. Phn li ca vch da c th hin din nhiu
ni trong c th, trn u, phn li thng c cc dng hnh ch H hay ch X.

phn ngc, b xng trong ca tng t ngc gm c cc b phn nh vch
phragmata, vch furca v vch bn. Vch phragmata to ch bm cho cc c dc
lng, vch ny thng rt pht trin cc t mang cnh. Vch furca thng c dng
Y v phn ln c dc bng bm vo vch ny. Cn cc vch bn cng l ch bm cho
nhiu loi c khc nhau .


Hnh III.1. B xng trong (phn ngc).
a: vch phragmata; b: vch furca; c: vch bn; d: t ngc;
e: ng ni antecostal. (Borror v ctv., 1981)


II. H C CN TRNG

H c cn trng rt phc tp gm t vi trm ti vi ngn t bo c, su non
b
Cnh vy, s lng c ln n 2.000-4.000 c, trong lc ngi ch c 400-
500 c. Khng ging vi cc loi ng vt c xng sng c cng mt lc hai loi c
l c vn v c trn. Hu ht cn trng u c cu to c vn (cu to bi nhiu th
50
si dc, c tnh n hi cao) ngay c i vi nhng c nm xung quanh ng tiu ha
v quanh tim.
Cn c vo v tr phn b v chc nng, c th chia thnh hai nhm c hay bp tht.
C vch : l nhm c vn ng, mt u bm vo vch trong ca da c th,u
kia gn vo b phn vn ng nh chn, cnh, hm, ru u, lng ui, v.v. hoc c
hai pha gn vo vch trong ca da nh cc bp tht ngc v bng.
C ni tng: l nhm c thuc cc b my bn trong v mng ngn c th. So
vi c vch, c ni tng chim t l t hn nhiu, phn b di dng cc si c ring
l hoc xp thnh mng.
H c nm chung quanh ng tiu ha, tim v ng trng to ra nhng nhu
ng gip cho cc b phn ny hot ng, v d nh gip tim co bp, di chuyn mu
vo mch mu lng hoc gip thc n di chuyn trong ng tiu ha v trng hoc tinh
trng di chuyn trong ng sinh dc. H c gip cho cc b phn ph c ng thng
c sp xp theo tng t, thng l tng i i xng. Thng mi t ca mi chi
ph u c h c ring.

H c cn trng ni chung kh mnh, rt nhiu loi cn trng c th y mt
trng lng gp 20 ln trng lng c th v i vi mt s loi cn trng c kh
nng nhy, cn trng c th nhy mt khong cch di gp nhiu ln chiu di ca c
th. H c cn trng c th co dn rt nhanh, c biu l qua nhp p ca cnh,
nhp p vi trm ln/giy rt ph bin cn trng, iu ny cho thy h c c tc
ng rt ln trong qu trnh hot ng sinh l ca cn trng.

III. H TIU HA V VN DINH DNG CN TRNG

1. Cu to

Cn trng c th n nhiu loi thc n khc nhau v vy h tiu ha ca cn
trng cng c rt nhiu bin i nhng ni chung h tiu ha ca cn trng n gin
thng l mt ng, ng ny c th un cong thnh vng v ko di t ming ti hu
mn. Gm ba phn: rut trc, rut gia v rut sau. Gia mi phn thng c cc
van hin din hoc c s hin din ca cc c vng khoanh iu ha s di chuyn
thc n t vng ny sang vng khc trong rut.

a - Tuyn mi di

Phn ln cn trng u c mt i tuyn nm pha di phn trc ng tiu
ha. Nhng ng pht xut t i tuyn ny ko di v pha trc v hp thnh mt
ng chung phn u m ra gn pha di ca mi di hoc li. i tuyn ny
c gi l tuyn nc bt. b Cnh vy, tuyn ny cn tit ra cht t lm kn.

51
b - Rut trc

Gm c yt hu, thc qun, diu v d dy trc. Pha trong rut trc c cu
to mt mng intime c nhiu lng ngn v d dy trc l mt ti c, vch c dy,
c nhiu g cutin cng lm nhim v nghin nt thc n, pha ngoi mng intime l
mt lp t bo thng b, v pha ngoi lp thng b l mt lp c dc, pha ngoi c
c vng. Phn trc ca rut trc c s hin din ca cc c trng. Cc c ny
thng pht trin vng yt hu v nhng loi cn trng ht, yt hu c s dng
nh mt ng bm ht.

c- Rut gia

Thng l mt ng di, u, thng mang cc ti tha phn trc. Rut gia
khng c mng biu b. Thay vo lp t bo thng b s tit ra mt lp mng
mng c cu to chitin v protein bo v cho vch pha trong rut khng b thc n
lm thng tn. Lp mng ny cho php s trao i cc enzyme tiu ha v cho php
cc sn phm c tiu ha thm qua c th hp th. Mng thng b rut
gia dy hn cc phn khc ca ng tiu ha. Pha ngoi lp mng ny l mt lp c
tng t nh rut trc nhng mng hn.

d - Rut sau
Thng chia lm hai phn: rut v trc trng. ng Malpighi nm gia rut
trc v rut sau. Vch rut sau c cu trc tng t vch rut trc nhng lp t bo
biu b mng hn v c th thm nc.

Hnh III.2. Cu to b my tiu ha. a : rut trc; b: rut gia; c: rut sau; d:
ming; e: thc qun; f: diu (ti cha thc n); g: d dy c; h: ti tha;
i: ng malpighi ; j: hu mn
(Borror v ctv., 1981)
52

2. Qu trnh tiu ha
L qu trnh bin i ho hc khin cho thc n c th hp th c bi c th.
Qu trnh ny c th c thc hin trc khi thc n c hp th vo ng tiu ha.
Thc n khi i vo ming c nhai nghin nh ( mt s loi, ng tc ny cn
c thc hin d dy trc) sau thc n s tip tc chu tc ng ca cc
enzyme tiu ha khi i vo ming hoc trc khi thc n c a vo ming, thc
n chu tc ng ca men amylase trong nc bt sau thc n c a vo rut
trc, v ti y thc n c th c tip tc nghin nh d dy trc.
Hu nh ton b s tiu ha c tin hnh rut gia, biu m rut gia tit
ra hu ht cc enzyme tiu ha cn thit cho s tiu ha. Enzyme tiu ha bin i
theo tng loi cn trng v tng loi thc n, v d nh cc loi ngi tn cng qun
o, tc (keratine) th rut gia tit ra nhng enzyme rt chuyn bit tiu ha nhng
loi thc n ny. Cn trng n tp, sn sinh nhiu enzyme nh lipase, carbohydrase v
protease. i vi cc cn trng ht mu, enzyme ch yu l protease. Sau khi thc n
c tiu ha v a s c hp th, cht thi c a vo rut sau thi ra
ngoi. Nc c th c hp th ti rut gia v rut sau, c bit l nhng cn
trng trong kho va hoc nhng loi cn trng sng trong nhng iu kin kh hn,
nc trong trng hp ny c gi li v s dng li. Ch mt s t loi sn sinh
enzyme tiu ha cellulose, mt s loi khc c th tiu ha cellulose nh tp on vi
sinh vt hin din trong ng tiu ha, vi sinh vt ny thng l nhng vi khun c th
tiu ha cellulose. Nhng loi vi sinh vt ny hin din nhiu trong cc loi mi v
nhng loi cnh cng c g.
Cn trng c th tn cng trn nhiu loi thc n khc nhau t thc vt, ng
vt, xc cht, phn,... trong mt s trng hp mu hay dch cy trng cng c th
cung cp ton b thc n cho chng. nhm nhai gm, thc n c nghin nh sau
khi c a vo ng tiu ha. nhm chch ht, yt hu hot ng nh mt ng
bm thc n, a dch thc n t vi ht vo yt hu v sau thc n di chuyn
trong ng thc n nh cc nhu ng.
Ni chung nc bt cn trng cha ch yu amylase, nhng cc loi ong
nc bt cha enzyme invertase, nhng loi cn trng ht mu nh mui, nc bt
thng khng cha enzyme tiu ha nhng cha mt cht ngn cn mu ng.
Phn ln thc n chu tc ng ca enzyme sau khi c a vo ming nhng
mt s loi, mt phn thc n c phn gii trc khi a vo ming, loi ry
mm tit enzyme amylase vo m ca cy trng trc khi hp th dch cy trng, b
xt trc khi tn cng trn ht kh cng phn gii thc n trc khi hp th thc n.
Cn trng tn cng thc n dng lng nh mu, dch cy trng thng trang b mt
s c quan trch mt s lng nc t thc n trc khi thc n chu tc ng ca
cc enzyme, b Cnh u (Homoptera), tc ng chit xut nc c thc hin t
b phn lc hin din trong c th.
3. Dinh dng v thc n (nhu cu dinh dng cn trng)
Cn trng cng c nhng nhu cu dinh dng tng t con ngi, gm 10
acide amine (arginine, histidine, isoleusine, leusine, lysine, methionine, phenyl-
alamine, threonine, tryptophane v valine) v mt s sinh t B, sterol (nh cholesterol
v stigmasterol), mt vi cht i t acide nucleic, v nhiu cht khong.
53
Cn trng khng c kh nng tng hp acide amine v sterols v vy phi ly
trong thc n. Phn ln cn trng i hi nhng vitamine B nh thiamin, riboflavin,
pyridoxine v acide nicotine, trong mt s trng hp th nhng vitamine ch yu
c cung cp bi vi sinh vt sng cng sinh. Cht khong cn thit bao gm
calcium, potassium, phospho, st, ng, cobalt v nhiu loi khc. Khi lng v cht
lng thc n c tc ng rt ln n s pht trin v sinh sn ca cn trng.
Nhu cu i vi nc ca cn trng khc nhau ty theo loi, mc d lng
nc v mui cha ng trong mu gn nh ging nhau cc loi cn trng. Loi
cn trng n l c thc n cha mt khi lng nc ln v vy s mt nc c th
cng cao. Nhng loi cn trng sng trong kho va, do thc n cha rt t nc nn
hu ht cc lng nc u c gi li trc trng, ch c lng mui tha l c
thi ra ngoi. Mt s loi cn trng c th hp thu m khng kh bn ngoi khi m
khng kh cao.

4. Th m

Thng hin din di dng mt nhm t bo trong c th, v tr thay i ty
loi cn trng. Th m l ni d tr thc n, rt pht trin u trng tui cui.

IV. H TUN HON

1. Chc nng

Nhim v chnh ca mu l chuyn ch nhng cht dinh dng, cht thi v
nhng cht tng t. Mu ch gi vai tr ph trong vic di chuyn O
2
v CO
2
. Mu
cng gi nhim v cn bng mu v nc trong c th v gi nhim v c hc nh
to cho cnh dui thng ra, sau ln lt xc cui, cng nh trong nhng lc lt xc ln
ln. Ngoi ra mu cng gi vai tr bo v c th nh cc thc khun th hoc min
dch th. Thc khun nut cc vi khun ngoi lt vo, to thnh nhng bao cch ly
vi khun vi c th. Min dch c thy trong trng hp nhng t dch xy ra lin
tip, mu ca cn trng to ra cc khng th chng li cc tc nhn gy bnh bn
ngoi lt vo. Mu cn l c quan d tr, d tr nc, th m v glucose.
2. Cu to
H thng tun hon ca cn trng l mt h tun hon h. Mu trn ngp khp
xoang c th, gia khong trng ca cc c quan, ch c mt phn nh ca mu lu
thng trong mch duy nht l mt ng nm st di vch lng, trn ng tiu ha
v ko di xuyn qua phn ngc v bng. Mch lng chia lm hai phn: phn pha sau
bao gm cc phng tim gi l chui tim v phn trc l ng mch, pha di mch
lng l vch xoang, t nhiu ngn cch phn xung quanh tim vi phn cn li ca c
th.
Cc phng tim mang tnh phn t, c van ngn cch nhau v hng v pha
trc. Mi phng tim c hai l tim hai bn, xuyn qua cc l tim ny m mu i vo
tim. S lng tim thay i ty theo loi cn trng, trong mt s trng hp cn trng
ch c mt i tim.
54
* Thnh phn ca mu
Mu cn trng thng l mt cht lng (huyt tng) trong sut, trong c
mt s lng t bo gi l huyt th hay t bo mu. Huyt tng thng c mu
xanh, vng, i khi (thng gp cc loi b xt nc, do c s hin din ca
hemoglobin). Mu chim t 5 - 40 % trng lng ca c th (thng th chim t 25
% hoc t hn). Huyt tng gm khong 85% l nc, trong c cha cc cht ha
tan nh mui, ng, acid amin, protein, lipoprotein, acid hu c v mt s cht khc
hm lng ca nhng cht ny thay i ty theo loi cn trng v ty theo cc giai
on pht trin. Huyt tng cha rt t oxygen nhng c th cha mt lng amino
acide ln hn 20 ln lng amino acide trong mu ng vt c v v cng cha nhiu
acide uric hn cc ng vt c v.
S lng huyt th cng thay i rt nhiu, t 1.000-100.000 t bo/mm
3
,
nhng trung bnh l 50.000 /mm
3
, s lng huyt th ca con ci thng cao hn con
c v trong u trng thng cao hn trng thnh. Huyt th cng khc nhau v
hnh dng v chc nng, mt s huyt th di chuyn vi mu, mt s huyt th bm
vo cc b mt ca cc m. Chc nng ca huyt th hu ht khng c bit r rng,
phn ln huyt th c chc nng thc khun th, huyt th cn gi vai tr loi b cc
t bo cht v cc m trong sut qu trnh bin thi.

3. S tun hon ca mu
S tun hon ca mu c thc hin nh s co bp ca phng tim, v c
phn tn i khp c th nh nhng b phn bm ph ri rc trong c th.
Khi p (co bp) tim to ra mt nhu ng v pha trc, mu vo tim xuyn
qua l tim, trong sut giai on trng tim, l tim c ng li. Nhp tim p thay
i rt ln ty theo loi cn trng, t 14-160 ln/pht. Nhp p gia tng trong lc cn
trng hot ng. Tim co bp c th do tc ng ca cc c tim v cng c th do tc
ng ca h thn kinh. Thng th mu di chuyn t pha sau ra pha trc, tuy nhin
c mt s cn trng, mu li c hin tng di chuyn v pha sau.
Khi tim co bp, mu c a v pha trc vo ng mch v sau chy
vo phn u ca c th. Nhng b phn bm ph phn ngc y mu vo trong
cnh v n nhng b phn tng t nm pha chn sau v trong cc chn ngc. T
pha phn trc u ca c th, mu s chy xuyn qua cc xoang c th i khp cc
b phn ca c th v sau li chy vo l tim thc hin li chu trnh tun hon
c.

Qu trnh di chuyn ca mu trong c th to ra mt p sut rt thp, i khi
thp hn p sut ca khng kh. p sut ca c th c th c gia tng bi s nn p
ca vch c th hoc bi s cng ln ca ng tiu ha (do s hp th khng kh), nh
nhng p sut ny m vo giai on lt xc, lp da c c nt ra v cnh c cng
v dui thng vo giai on ha trng thnh. Mu cn to nn mt h thng n,
duy tr pH ca c th tng i bn vng t 6,0-7,5.
55

Hnh III.3. A: mch mu lng (nhn pha lng); B: mch mu lng (h tun
hon) (nhn ngang); C: mt ct ngang phn ngc; D: mt ct ngang phn
bng; E: mch mu lng chu chu phi (nhn pha lng).
a: mch mu lng; b: ng mch; c: tim; d: chui thn kinh bng;
e: mng ngn lng; f: mng ngn trong chi bng; g: c hnh cnh; h: kh qun.
(Borror v ctv., 1981)

V. H H HP

H h hp c thc hin ch yu bi h thng kh qun, mu ch gi mt vai
tr rt nh trong vic hp thu O
2
v thi CO
2
ca cn trng.

1. H thng kh qun

H thng kh qun l mt h thng gm cc ng (kh qun) c phn m ra bn
ngoi l kh khng hay l th v phn trong th phn nhnh i khp c th, phn
nhnh nh nht n tn cc t bo c gi l vi kh qun. Kh qun c cu to ging
v da cn trng vi mt mng mng cutine, pha trong c nhng g xon c bo m
cho cng ca kh qun. Vi kh qun l nhng ng rt nh vi nhng vch mng
khng c g chitine xon c, ng knh nh hn hoc bng mt micron v thng
cha mt dch th. Kh khng nm dc hai bn c th, s lng thay i t 1 - 10 i.
56
Nu l 10 i th gm mt i t ngc gia, mt i t ngc cui v 8 i
phn bng tng ng vi 8 t bng. L th thng c kch thc v dng hnh thay
i v thng c b phn ng m.
H thng kh qun l h thng m hoc ng kn. H thng h rt ph bin
cc loi cn trng. H thng kh qun ng kn thng gm c mt mng li kh
qun nm st ngay di lp da, phn b rng khp c th hoc ch tp trung mt s
ch nh phn mang. H thng kh qun ng kn ph bin cn trng sng trong
nc v cn trng k sinh.
h thng kh qun h, khng kh vo c th xuyn qua l th, t l th qua
kh khng, vo n vi kh qun v O
2
sau i vo t bo nh khuch tn, CO
2
cng
thot ra ngoi c th bng mt phng cch nh vy. S di chuyn ca khng kh
xuyn qua kh qun nh hin tng khuych tn cc loi cn trng c kch thc
nh nhng i vi nhng loi c kch thc ln hn s di chuyn ny c h tr bi
cc hin tng thng gi tch cc, ch yu bi hot ng ca c bng, khi hin tng
thng gi xy ra, khng kh thng i vo qua l th pha trc v i ra qua cc l th
nm pha sau. Cc van ngn tng l th s iu chnh s qua li ca khng kh
xuyn qua l th. Mt phn ca kh qun chnh thng cng phng thnh ti khng
kh gi nhim v trong s thng kh v gip cho cn trng bay.
cn trng c h thng kh qun ng kn, khng kh vo v ra khi c th
cn trng nh hin tng khuych tn xuyn qua vch da c th v vic di chuyn ca
khng kh xuyn qua h thng kh qun cng nh hin tng khuch tn.
a s cn trng c h thng kh qun dc ni lin vi kh qun l th v kh
qun ngang ni lin vi kh qun hai bn c th, to thnh h thng kh qun c lin
kt vi nhau.
2. S h hp ca cn trng sng di nc.
Mt s ln cn trng sng di nc (u trng, thnh trng), hp thu oxy t
mt trong hai ngun: oxy ca khng kh v oxy ho tan trong nc.

S trao i khng kh nhng loi cn trng c kch thc nh (nh vo giai
on u trng) c thc hin nh s khuch tn qua vch da c th vo trong hoc ra
ngoi h thng kh qun. Trong mt s trng hp, vch da ny c cu to khng thay
i, ngoi tr c s hin din ca mt mng li kh qun nm st di vch da;
trong mt s trng hp khc, vch da c th c nhng mang kh qun trong c h
thng kh qun v s trao i kh cng c thc hin ch yu phn mang ny.
Mang kh qun c th c nhng hnh dng khc nhau v nm nhng v tr khc nhau
ca c th. Mang kh qun ca cn trng c dng hnh l hai bn 7 t bng.

57


Hnh III.4. S kh qun cn trng. A: mt phng ct ngang (Borror v ctv., 1981)
B: Kh qun v vi kh qun; C: cu to ng kh qun.


u trng chun chun (Anisoptera), mang kh qun xp gp trong trc
trng v nc s di ng xuyn qua hu mn vo v ra trong phn trc trng v nh
vy s tip xc vi phn xp gp ca mang kh qun trong trc trng; u trng b
Plecoptera, mang kh qun c dng ngn tay hay phn nhnh chung quanh phn cui
ca chn hay phn cui ca cc t bng. S trao i kh c th xy ra trn cc b mt
c th ca cc loi cn trng ny v trong mt vi trng hp nh u trng chun
chun (Zygoptera), s trao i khng kh qua b mt c th cn trng quan trng hn
l qua mang kh qun.
Cn trng sng trong nc c th ly oxy t khng kh ( mt vi u trng v
con trng thnh) thng bng ba cch: t khng gian trn phn vt khi mt
nc ca cc cy thy sinh, hoc xuyn qua kh khng st mt nc hoc t mt
lp khng kh mng bao bc pha trn c th cn trng khi cn trng ngp trong
nc. Rt nhiu loi cn trng sng trong nc, c mt ng th phn cui c th,
ng ny ko di n b mt nc.
Cn trng ly oxy st mt nc th phi lun lun nm st mt nc, nhng
loi ny c th ln xung di nc mt thi gian kh lu v chng c th s dng
lng oxy tn tr bn trong hoc ngoi c th, v d lng khng kh tn tr trong
kh qun ca u trng mui cho php loi ny c th sng di mt nc trong mt
thi gian kh lu.
58
Rt nhiu b xt v b cnh cng sng trong nc mang mt lp khng kh
mng trn b mt c th khi chng ln di mc nc, lp khng kh ny thng
hin din di cnh hoc nm phn bn ca bng di.
Cn trng k sinh trong c th ca k ch thng s dng oxy t cht dch
trong c th ca k ch nh s khuch tn xuyn qua vch da c th hoc (v d nh
u trng Tachinid) l nhng l th pha cui c th ca loi k sinh ny, c th
mc vo mt trong nhng ng kh qun ca k ch.

VI. H BI TIT

S bi tit l mt qu trnh iu ho sinh hc gip cho bn trong c th cn
trng lun trong trng thi bn vng.
lp cn trng, ng Malpighi c bit n nh l mt c quan chnh ca s
bi tit, ngoi ra s bi tit cn c thc hin qua vic thi mt s cht khng cn
thit (qua) vo trong biu b di, dng sc t. Ngoi ra cc tuyn hin din rut
cng cng c th l mt phn ca h tiu ha v nhng tuyn ny c th gi li nc
v mui t nhng cht thi rut cng trc khi thi cc cht ny ra ngoi c th.
Malpighi l nhng ng c mt u bt kn, mt u gn vo on chuyn tip
gia rut gia v rut sau. S lng ng thay i ty loi cn trng, t mt n trn
100 ci. Nu s lng nhiu ng thng ngn, v nu s lng t ng thng di v
phn nhnh. nhng nhm cn trng h ng c cnh nh chun chun c t 30-200
ng; b Cnh cng c t 4-6 ng; b Cnh vy 6 ng; b xt 4 ng. C loi li hon
ton khng c ng malpighi (rp). Mt u ca ng malpighi l lng trong huyt dch
v ht cc cht thi, sau nhng cht ny c a vo rut ri thi ra ngoi cng
vi phn. Nhng cht thi ch yu trong c th cn trng l acide uric, y l sn
phm thi cui cng ca qu trnh bin dng protein.

VII. H THN KINH

H thng thn kinh trung ng ca cn trng gm c no trn u pha trn
thc qun, tuyn di hu v mt chui thn kinh bng.

1. No

Gm c 3 thy: thy trc, gia v sau. Thy trc lin h n mt kp v mt
n, thu gia lin h n ru u v thy sau lin h n mi trn, rut trc v si
thn kinh lin h. Hai phin ca thy sau (phn) tch ri bi thc qun v lin h vi
nhau bi phn ni phi di thc qun. Kch thc ca no c lin quan n kch
thc ca c th v thay i rt ln ty theo loi cn trng, no thng c kch thc
ln nhng cn trng c ngnh vi tin ha v phc tp. T l th tch no/th tch c
th l 1/4000 loi b n mi trong nc; 1/460 Ichneumoinidae v 1/174 ong.
59

Hnh III.5. Cu to h thn kinh u ca co co (Orthoptera). a no; b: tuyn di
hu; c: corpus allatum; d: ng mch; e: thc qun; f: hc mt; g: cung mt n;
h: tuyn trn; i: diu; j: si thn kinh mi trn; l: si thn kinh hm di; n: ng
nc bt
(Borror v ctv., 1981)

2. Chui thn kinh bng
C cu to thnh i v mang cc hch thn kinh. Thng mi t mang mt
i hch nhng cng c th s hch t hn s t.
n v hot ng ca h thng thn kinh l t bo thn kinh, c 3 dng chnh:
cm gic, lin h v vn ng. T bo thn kinh cm gic thng nm st b mt c
th, di dng n l hay thnh tng nhm.

3. C quan cm gic
Cn trng c th tip thu cc thng tin bn ngoi nh cc c quan cm gic.
Cc c quan ny phn ln hin din vch da c th, c kch thc rt nh v thng
b kch thch bi nhng cht tc ng chuyn bit. Cn trng gm c cc c quan th
cm ho hc, th cm c hc, thnh gic, th gic v mt s loi th cm khc.
a. Th cm ho hc
y l c quan th cm mi v v. C quan th cm ho hc gi mt vai tr rt
quan trng trong h thng cm gic ca cn trng, c lin quan n nhiu hnh vi ca
cn trng nh gy hi, bt cp, la chn ch c tr, quan h k sinh k ch. Phn ng
ca cn trng i vi cc by hp dn (thc n gii, gii tnh...) v xua ui do con
ngi to ra cng nm trong th cm ho hc. C quan th cm ho hc thng c
cu to bi mt nhm t bo cm gic ko di thnh b n b mt c th, phn cui
ca b t bo cm gic c th ch tip xc vi b mt ca da hoc c th ni hn ln
mt da hoc chm trong mt l hoc nm di mt lp biu b mng.
60
C quan th cm v thng nm phn ming tuy nhin mt s loi (kin,
ong, ong v v) c quan th cm v nm ru u, v nhiu loi bm, ngi, rui,
c quan ny li nm t bn. nhy ca c quan th cm cn trng i vi mt
vi cht rt cao, cn trng c th pht hin mt s mi v mc d mt nng tht
thp, v mt khong cch xa vi km. C quan th cm ha hc gi vai tr quan
trng trong mt s hot ng sng nh n ph v trng.
b. Th cm c hc
Phn ng vi cc kch thch c hc nh xc gic, p sut hoc chn ng C
quan ny cung cp cho cn trng nhng thng tin gip chng nh hng trong vic
di chuyn, gy hi, trn trnh k th hoc sinh sn v mt s hot ng khc. C quan
th cm c hc gm ba dng: lng cm gic, c quan campaniform v c quan
scolopophorus. C quan th cm c hc ph bin nht l lng cm gic hay gai
(setae) cm gic cu to bi mt t bo thn kinh. C quan camponiform c cu to
ging nh lng cm gic nhng khng c gai hoc lng, phn cui ca t bo thn
kinh nm ngay st pha di vm trn nh ca lp da. Scolopophorus l c quan th
cm phc tp vi mt b t bo cm gic c phn cui ko st n vch da c th, c
quan ny cm ng vi s di ng ca c th cng nh vi nhng chn ng v p
sut bn ngoi. C quan th cm c hc phn b rng ri trn khp c th v rt khc
nhau nh mng nghe t chy chn trc, c quan Johnston t ru th hai.
c. C quan thnh gic
C kh nng pht hin m thanh, c quan ny pht trin nhiu loi cn trng
v tham gia vo mt s hot ng sng ca cn trng. C quan thnh gic thng pht
trin tt nht nhng loi c kh nng pht ra m thanh. Cn trng c th pht hin
m thanh nh hai b phn: lng cm gic v mng nh. Nhiu loi cn trng hnh nh
pht hin c m thanh nh cc lng cm gic mc d nhng loi lng ny cha
c pht hin y . mt vi loi mui, lng hin din ru u gi nhim v
thnh gic ( l c quan Johnston nm t th hai ca ru u).

Mng nh l mt tp hp ca Scolopophorus, trong cc t bo cm gic
bin ng t mt n hai (nh mng nh ca mt s loi ngi ) n hng trm t bo.
Mng nh l mt mng rt mng c khng kh lu thng hai bn mng. Mng nh
hin din b Cnh thng (Orthoptera), b Cnh u (Homoptera) v b Cnh vy
(Lepidoptera). R rt nht l b Cnh thng, mng nh hin din bn cnh t bng
th nht, h Acrididae, hoc trn t chy chn trc h Tettigonidae v
Gryllidae.


61


Hnh III.6. S cu to c quan cm gic; A: c quan th cm c hc (lng
cm gic), (1- lng cm gic; 2- c quan Campaniform); B: c quan th cm
ha hc. a: lng; b: t bo cm gic; c: t bo lng nguyn thy; d: t bo
nguyn nguyn thy; g: si thn kinh; e: t bo ni b; f: biu b (Borror v
ctv., 1981)


d . C quan th gic
Cn trng c hai loi mt: mt kp v mt n.

* Mt n
Mt n cn c gi l mt nh, hoc mt lng. Mt n thng hin din
nhiu loi trng thnh v trn mt s u trng, nm gia mt kp, trn hoc nh
u. V cu to, mt n gm c: mt thu knh gic mc li, pha di thu knh l
hai lp t bo: t bo gic mc v t bo th cm th gic. Chc nng ca mt n
cha r rng, hnh nh mt n ch cm nhn c s khc bit v cng nh sng
v c th c mt s kh nng thu nhn c hnh nh mt cch th s.

* Mt kp

C cu to bi nhiu sensil th gic (c th ln n hng ngn) gi l
ommatidium. Mi ommatidium l mt nhm t bo ko di, pha trn c thu knh
gic mc li hnh lc gic. Pha di gic mc l mt chp thy tinh cu to bi 4 t
bo, phn ny li c bao bc bi mt lp t bo sc t vng mc, trong l tr th
gic. Phn t bo sc t gic mc bao quanh mi ommatidium thng ko di vo
pha trong v vy nh sng ch c th n tr th gic (c quan cm nhn) xuyn qua
mt ommatidium. phn gc cc t bo vng mc c lin h n thn kinh i t mt
n vng th gic v no. B phn sc t c chc nng cch ly quang hc.
62
Nh c mt kp m cn trng phn bit c hnh dng, mu sc, chuyn
ng, khong cch v c n nh sng phn cc. C nhng loi cn trng ch nhn
c nhng vt chuyn ng. a s cn trng khng tip thu nh sng nhng nhn
thy c tia t ngoi. Thng th khong cch thu nhn c ca sng l 2500 -
8000 A
0
.



Hnh III.7. S cu to mt ca cn trng.
A: thit din ct ngang ca mt kp; B: cu to mt n; C: Cu to mt
nh. a: gic mc; b: chp thy tinh; c: tr th gic; d: sc t vng mc;
e: sc t gic mc; f: mng y; g: t bo gic mc; h: t bo sc t; i:
b phn nhn cm; (retina); j: t bo th gic (Borror v ctv., 1981).

IX. H SINH DC
S sinh sn cc loi ng vt thuc lp cn trng gn nh lun lun hu
tnh, mc d hin tng n tnh cng thng gp mt s loi cn trng khi khng
c s hin din ca con c hoc s lng tinh trng khng th tinh trng.
Hu ht cn trng c gii tnh ring bit, thng con c v con ci c th
khc nhau v kch thc, mu sc hoc mt s cu to trn c th, v d nh kin
vng trn da (Oryctes spp), ch c con c c sng, con ci khng c, hoc nh
ru u ca mt s loi ngi, hoc mi, mui con c thng c dng lng chim,
con ci c hnh s ch, hoc nh mt s loi rp sp (Coccidae), su kn
(Psychidae), om m (Lampyridae), con c c cnh, con ci khng cnh, nhng ni
chung a s cn trng khng c s khc bit r rt v hnh thi bn ngoi gia con
c v con ci. V vy phn bit chnh xc, cn quan st h sinh dc.
Mc d c v ci khc nhau, nhng cu to c bn gn nh tng t: c c
v ci u c mt i tuyn sinh dc, mt i ng dn, mt ng phng, tuyn ph v
cc phn ph sinh dc. Tuyn sinh dc thuc loi tuyn ng. Mt s loi nguyn thy
63
thuc b ph du c hai l sinh dc. a s cn trng ch c mt l sinh dc mm
di t bng th 9 hoc t th 8 nu l con ci.

1. B phn sinh dc ci
Gm mt i non so, mi non so do nhiu ng trng hp thnh, mi non
so c th ch c mt hoc nhiu ng trng (c th n 2500 ng trng) nhng thng
c t 4 - 8 ci. Phn trn ca cc ng trng ko di ln pha trn v hp thnh si
ngn bm dnh vo vch da c th hoc vo vch ngn lng, v phn di ko di n
ng dn trng. Trng c sn sinh t phn trn ca ng trng, ngay di si ngn
v pht trin hon ton trong qu trnh di chuyn v pha ng dn trng.


Hnh III.8. C quan thnh gic (mng nh) b cnh thng. (Borror v ctv.,
1981)


nhiu loi cn trng, gn nh tt c cc trng pht trin hon ton trc
khi c ra ngoi. Hai ng dn trng thng phi hp li sau thnh ng phng
trng ni lin ngay vi xoang sinh dc. Phi hp vi xoang sinh dc cn c mt s b
phn khc nh ti tr tinh v cc tuyn ph. Ti tr tinh l ni ct tr tinh trng, ti
ny c tuyn ring tit ra cht cn thit duy tr sc sng cho tinh trng. Tuyn ph
tit ra cht dnh bao cc khi trng, to thnh mt lp v bo v bn ngoi hoc
gip trng bm vo cc v tr ni trng c ra.
2. B phn sinh dc c
Gm mt i tuyn tinh hon hay dch hon, mt i ng dn tinh, mt ng
phng tinh, tuyn ph sinh dc. Mi tinh hon do nhiu ng tinh hp thnh. Tinh
hon thng c hnh cu, hnh trng hay qu thn. Tinh hon to ra cc tinh trng.
Tinh trng di chuyn trong tinh dch do tuyn ph tit ra. Mt i khi ng dn tinh li
c b phn phnh to l ti cha tinh, l ni tch tr tinh trng. Hai ng dn tinh hp li
thnh ng phng tinh. C h c vng hot ng lm cho ng phng tinh c th co li
v tinh trng t b phn giao cu c phng ra.
Tinh dch l mt loi dch gip tinh trng di chuyn nhng tinh dch cng to
thnh mt ci bao cng bao bc tinh trng, l tinh cu (spermatophore). mt s
t loi cn trng, hai ng dn khng phi hp thnh ng phng duy nht m cng a
thng ra ngoi.
64
Ty theo loi m hnh dng cng nh s lng ca cc ng trng, cch hp thu
cc cht dinh dng pht dc ca trng, dng ca cc ng phng, s lng v c
im ca cc tuyn ph cng nh dng ca cc ti gi tinh cng khc nhau. Thng
ngi ta cng s dng cc c im ca ti gi tinh trong cng tc phn loi.

Hnh III.9. B phn sinh dc ci.
a: Si ngn; b: non so; c: tuyn ti tr tinh; d: ti tr tinh; e: tuyn ph;
f: ng phng trng; g: ng dn trng; h: l sinh dc; i: xoang sinh dc.



Hnh III.10. B phn sinh dc c.
a: tinh hon; b: ng dn tinh; c: ti cha tinh; d: tuyn ph; e: ng
phng; f: thnh dng c; g: l sinh dc (Boror v ctv,1981).



65
Mt s cu hi gi n tp

1. ngha thc tin ca vic nghin cu gii phu v sinh l cn trng?
2. S h hp cc loi ng vt thuc lp cn trng?
3. c im c bn ca b my tun hon cn trng ?
4. ngha thc tin ca vic nghin cu c quan cm gic ca cn trng?

66
Chng IV: SINH VT HC CN TRNG

I. TRNG V CC PHNG THC SINH SN

1. Trng

a - Cu to

Trng l mt t bo ln, pha ngoi c v trng. V trng cu to bi protein v
sp, tng i cng. cng khc nhau ty loi cn trng. B mt ca v trng c
nhiu dng vn v mu sc khc nhau. Pha trong v trng c mt mng rt mng gi
l mng lng trng. Mng ny bao bc ly nhn trng v cc t bo cht. Cht t
bo chia thnh hai b phn: b phn chung quanh tng i dy khng trn ln vi
lng trng v b phn gia an nhau dng mt li, gia cc khe ca mng li
c lng . Trng cha th tinh th nhn trng nm chnh gia, sau khi th tinh
thnh hp t v phn chia thnh nhiu hch bo t th di chuyn ra pha ngoi. Trn v
trng thng c l th tinh, gm mt l tht nh hoc mt nhm l nh tinh trng
i vo trng.

b- Kch thc v hnh dng ca trng

Trng thng c kch thc khc nhau ty loi cn trng, t nh hn 1 mm
(trng cc loi ong k sinh) n hng chc mm (trng ca st snh). Hnh dng trng
cng rt khc bit ty loi cn trng, phn ln trng c hnh trn, bnh bao, bu dc
(bm, ngi), hnh trng (b xt), hnh da chut (ry), c cung nh trng ca
chrysopa (b Neuroptera).

c - V tr trng

Phn ln trng c nhng ni m trng v u trng n ra t trng c th
c bo v v c iu kn thch hp cho s pht trin. Trng ca cn trng c th
c l thin (bm, b xt,...), ri rc tng trng mt hoc thnh tng hoc
tng bc (dn, nga tri). cc loi ngi (Lepidoptera), cc trng thng che kn
bi nhng lp lng nh t mnh ca cn trng (su n tp, su c thn la hai
chm,...). C nhiu loi trng trong t, mt s loi trng trong m cy (ry nu,
ry lng trng).

i vi cc loi n thc vt, trng thng c trn cy ni u trng s sinh
sng sau ny. i vi nhng loi c giai on u trng sng trong nc, trng thng
c vo (trn) nhng vt, cy hin din trong nc. Cn trng k sinh thng
trng trn hoc trong c th con k ch.
67


Hnh IV.1. Cc dng trng ca cn trng
A: ngi Spodoptera frugipada ; B: su cun l Desmia furenalis; C: su r bp
Diabrotica undecimpunctata; D: rui Gasterophilus intestinalis; E: co co
Decanthus fultoni; F: mui Anopheles; G: rui bp Hylemya platura; H: mui
Culex; I: b cnh li Chrysopa (Neuroptera); J: ngi Alsophila pometaria
(Geometridae) (Borror v ctv., 1981).


Hnh IV.2. B xt v trng b xt (Pentatomidae)
68



Hnh IV.3. Trng v v tr trng ca mt s loi cn trng gy hi trn la.
A: b xt Leptocorisa (Alydidae); B: ry lng trng Sogatella furcifera; C+D:
d nhi Gryllotalpa orientalis; E: mui hnh Orseolia oryzae; F: su phao
Nymphula depunctalis; G+H: trng v v tr trng ca co co trn la (G:
la ry - trong t; H: la nc - pha sau b l) (Reissig v ctv., 1986).


69
2. Cc phng thc sinh sn ca cn trng

a - Sinh sn hu tnh

y l phng thc sinh sn thng thng v rt ph bin cn trng. Con c
v con ci giao phi, to ra trng th tinh v trng c th tinh mi hnh thnh c
mt c th mi.

b - Sinh sn n tnh

y l kiu sinh sn m con ci khng cn th tinh nhng vn c th pht dc,
sinh sn v ra nhng c th mi.

c - Sinh sn hu tnh v n tnh

C nhiu loi cn trng c th va sinh sn hu tnh, va sinh sn n tnh, v
d nh loi ry mm (Aphididae), phng php sinh sn n tnh v hu tnh xen k
nhau c tnh cht chu k, thng th ry mm sau mt s ln sinh sn n tnh th xen
vo mt ln hu tnh, tuy nhin cng c loi, c mt ln hu tnh li mt ln n tnh.
cc loi tm, trng cha th tinh vn c th pht dc cho ra nhng c th mi.
i vi cc loi ong, kin sng c tnh qun t x hi: ong cha, kin cha sau khi
giao phi cng c th ra nhng trng khng th tinh, nhng trng ny s n thnh
con c, trng c th tinh s n thnh con ci.

d - Sinh sn nhiu phi

L phng thc sinh sn t mt trng c th pht dc to thnh hai hoc nhiu
c th mi. Phng thc sinh sn ny thng gp cc loi ong k sinh nh h ong
nh (Chalcididae), h ong nh khng mch cnh (Proctotrupidae), h ong kn nh
(Braconidae), h ong c (Ichneumonidae) thuc b Cnh mng (Hymenoptera). S
lng c th sinh sn t mt trng khc nhau ty theo loi, mt vi loi ong thuc h
Encyrtidae, t mt trng c th sn sinh trn 1000 c th.

e - Hin tng thai sinh

a s cn trng trng nhng cng c mt s loi con. Hin tng ny
thng gp h ry mm (Aphididae), h rui k sinh (Tachinidae), h rui
(Muscidae), b cnh t (Thysanoptera) v mt s loi thuc b Cnh cng
(Coleoptera).
70

f - Sinh sn thi k u trng
Phng thc nythy mt s loi cn trng thuc h mui nng (Cecidomiidae),
mui Ch hng (Chironomidae) thuc b Hai cnh v h Micromal thidae thuc b
Cnh cng (Coleoptera). Bung trng thi k su non chn v trng khng cn
qua th tinh vn c th pht dc thnh u trng. u trng pht dc trong c th u
trng m. Sau khi hon thnh giai on pht dc, u trng chui ra khi c th ca u
trng m v tip th phng thc sinh sn ca u trng m. Phng thc sinh sn vo
thi k u trng v sinh sn hu tnh c tin hnh xen k nhau, qua mt s ln sinh
sn vo thi k su non khng c giai on nhng th xut hin mt s th h mi xut
hin nhng. Nhng c th cho ra c th c hoc c th ci, cc c th ny s giao phi
v cho ra cc c th mi.
Ngoi mt s phng thc sinh sn nh trn, loi rp sp bng Icerya
purchasi li c kiu sinh sn c ci cng c th (hermaphroditic). loi ny, hu ht
cc c th cn trng u c tnh c, ci trn cng c th. Trong tuyn sinh dc ca
con ci c c trng v tinh trng. Mt phn t bo sinh dc mt ngoi ca tuyn sinh
dc pht dc thnh trng, cn t bo sinh dc mt trong pht dc thnh tinh trng.
S th tinh u do trng v tinh trng trn cng c th tin hnh vi nhau, trng
hp ngu nhin cng c th c mt s t t bo trng khng qua th tinh m pht trin
thnh c th tnh c. C th tnh c ny c th tin hnh giao phi vi c th c ci
trn cng c th. Gia cc c th c, ci cng c th khng th giao phi nhau.

3. Hin tng trng n

Sau khi hon thnh giai on pht dc phi thai, u trng ph v v trng chui
ra ngoi, l hin tng trng n. Trng ca cn trng thng c v cng, u trng
phi c nhng phng thc c bit ph v v trng chui ra ngoi. u trng c
ming nhai th dng i hm trn cn thng v trng chui ra, nhng loi khc c
th c cu to dng gai, dng li ca hoc dng ti li c th ph v v trng, cc
loi ny khi cn trng chun b chui ra khi v trng th on trc ca ng tiu ha
ht ton b dch dng mc v khng kh vo, lc nh s vn ng ca h c to
nn mt p lc lm cho v trng v mng bao b rch, nh sc p ca phn u cng
cc cu to ni trn ph v v trng. mt s loi chu chu, sau khi pht dc phi
thai, ti li c ht y mu phnh to ln to thnh sc p ph v trng v bc
trng chui ra. Mt s loi b xt, trng thng c np, ch cn s co dn ca c to
nn sc p lm bt np trng su chui ra. Mt s loi di rui dng mc ming
chc rch mng lng l c th ra khi trng.

II. S BIN THI

Qu trnh sinh trng pht trin ca cn trng k t lc trng n cho n khi
trng thnh c th c mt s thay i phc tp v hnh thi bn ngoi cng nh cc
c quan bn trong. Hin tng thay i ny c gi l s bin thi. mt s loi, s
bin i v hnh dng gia thnh trng v u trng rt t, ngoi tr s khc bit v kch
71
thc, mt s loi khc, s khc bit ny li rt ln, khng nhng v hnh dng m
c v tp qun sinh hot. Mc khc bit ny thay i ty theo nhm cn trng. Ni
chung, c th phn bit hai dng bin thi chnh: bin thi n gin v bin thi hon
ton.
dng bin thi n gin th cnh s pht trin t t bn ngoi c th vo giai
on u trng v khng c giai on nhng trc khi v ha. Cn i vi kiu bin
thi hon ton, cnh s pht trin pha trong c th trong sut giai on u trng; giai
on nhng (bt ng - khng hot ng) l giai on pht trin rt cn thit cho mt
s thay i mnh m t giai on u trng n giai on trng thnh.

1. Cc kiu bin thi
a - Bin thi n gin
y l kiu bin thi m qu trnh sinh trng pht trin ch gm c ba giai
on: Trng - u trng - Trng thnh, khng c giai on nhng. u trng c
hnh dng rt ging thnh trng. Mt n s hin din vo giai on u trng nu
thnh trng c mt n. Nu thnh trng c cnh th cnh s pht trin t t bn ngoi
c th ngay t cc giai on u trng v s pht trin hon ton vo giai on trng
thnh.
Bin thi n gin c ghi nhn cc b t s 1 n s 19 (Xem chng VI).
Bin thi n gin cng c chia ra lm 3 nhm:
* - Bin thi Ametabolous
u trng v thnh trng ch khc bit ch yu v kch thc c th, thng gp
cc b ph khng cnh nh Protura, Collembola, Microcoryphia, Thysanura,.... .
* - Bin thi Hemimetabolous
u trng sng trong nc, th bng mang v c hnh dng rt khc vi thnh
trng nh cc b Ephemeroptera, b Odonata v b Plecoptera.


B A
Hnh IV.4. Bin thi Ametabolous (A) v bin thi Hemimetabolous (B)
72

*- Bin thi Paurometabolous (Bin thi dn dn)
u trng v thnh trng ni chung cng c hnh dng rt ging nhau, ch khc
nhau v kch thc c th, s pht trin ca mt n v i khi s pht trin ca mt
s b phn khc nh s t trn ru, b phn sinh dc ngoi,... u trng v thnh
trng thng c tp qun sinh hot, gy hi tng t nhau, v nh c trn cng mt
ni, gp b Cnh thng (Orthoptera), b Cnh na cng (Hemiptera), b Cnh u
(Homoptera).

Hnh IV.5. Bin thi dn dn (Paurometabolous) ca mt s b cn trng.
Thnh
trng
Trng
u trng
B
A
A: B Cnh thng (Orthoptera)
B: B Cnh na cng (Hemiptera)


b - Bin thi hon ton

c im ca kiu bin thi ny l qu trnh sinh trng pht trin ca cn
trng gm 4 giai on: Trng - u trng (su non) - Nhng v Trng thnh.

u trng ca bin thi hon ton c hnh dng v tp qun sinh hot, gy hi,...
rt khc bit vi thnh trng. Vo giai on u trng, hnh dng ca cn trng thng
khng khc bit cc tui, ch khc nhau v kch thc. Nu thuc nhm trng thnh
c cnh th vo giai on u trng, cnh hon ton khng l ra ngoi c th, v ch
xut hin vo giai on trng thnh. u trng khng c mt kp, c hoc khng c
chn ngc, i khi c chn bng. Phn ln u trng c ming nhai, ngay c nhng
73
b m trng thnh c ming thuc nhm ming ht. Sau ln lt xc cui cng ca u
trng (su non), u trng s i vo giai on nhng, vo giai on ny u trng thng
khng n, tm ni kn o ha nhng. Nhng thng c bo v bn ngoi bng
mt ci kn lm bng t hoc bng nhng cht liu khc.



B A
Hnh IV.6. Bin thi hon ton
A: Formicidae (Hymenoptera); B: Papilionidae (Lepidoptera) (Smith v ctv.,1997).


Ti vng n i, nhiu loi cn trng qua ng giai on nhng. Vo cui
giai on nhng, cn trng s lt xc, ha trng thnh. Khi va v ha, cn trng c
mu sc nht v cnh ca chng thng c mu trng, ngn, mm yu v nhn; ch
trong mt thi gian ngn, t vi pht n vi gi (ty loi cn trng) cnh s c
dui thng v cng li, mu sc pht trin v cn trng sn sng hot ng. Kiu
bin thi ny c gp cc b t s 20-28 (Xem chng VI). Ngoi hai kiu bin
thi chnh va nu trn, ngi ta cn ghi nhn c mt s kiu bin thi khc nh sau:

c - Bin thi trung gian

Mt s loi cn trng c kiu bin thi khng thuc hai kiu bin thi va trnh
bi trn m nm trung gian gia hai kiu bin thi ny, l kiu bin thi thng
gp nhm b tr, rp dnh v ry phn (Aleyrodidae).

74
* Bin thi ca B tr (Thysanoptera)

u trng T1 v T2 khng cnh v c th di chuyn, T3 v T4 (T3, T4 v T5
b ph Tubulifera) khng di chuyn, T3 (T3 v T4 b ph Tubulifera) c gi l
tin nhng v T4 (T4 v T5 b ph Tubulifera) c gi l nhng. Kiu bin thi
ny tng t nh kiu bin thi hon ton v cnh pht trin bn trong c th vo giai
on u trng (T1 v T2) v c mt giai on bt ng trc khi ha trng thnh.
Kiu bin thi ny li ging bin thi n gin v u trng T1 v T2 c mt kp v
cnh xut hin bn ngoi c th vo giai on tin nhng.



Hnh IV.7. Cc giai on u trng v nhng ca nhm Tubulifera (B
tr- Thysanoptera). (u trng tui 1 c ln c phng i
gp hai
ln so vi cc tui khc).


75


Hnh IV. 8. Cc giai on u trng ca nhm Terebrantia (B tr -Thysanoptera).
(u trng tui 1 c phng i gp hai ln so vi cc tui khc).


* Bin thi ca ry phn (Aleyrodidae)

Qu trnh sinh trng pht trin gm 5 giai on, giai on cui l trng
thnh. u trng T1 khng cnh, c th di chuyn, nhng T2, T3 bt ng, c dng rp
dnh, T4 c gi l nhng vi cnh pht trin bn ngoi c th. Ba tui u tin (T1,
T2, T3) thng c gi l u trng. Ln lt xc cui ha nhng c thc hin
trong lp da ca u trng tui cui, to nn mt nhng bc nh b Hai cnh
(Diptera). Kiu bin thi ny gn ging nh kiu bin thi hon ton, mc d a s cc
loi cn trng thuc b Homoptera c kiu bin thi n gin.

76

Hnh IV.9. Cc giai on pht trin ca Aleyrodidae (Smith v ctv., 1997).


* Bin thi rp dnh (Coccoidea- Homoptera)

Cc loi rp dnh cng c kiu bin thi tng t nh h Aleyrodidae. u
trng T1 khng cnh, hot ng (di chuyn), cn nhng tui sau th bt ng v c
nh ti mt ch chch ht, giai on tin trng thnh c cnh l ra ngoi c gi
l nhng.

d - Bin thi Hypermetamorphosis (bin thi qu )

y l mt dng ca bin thi hon ton nhng trong cc u trng cc tui
khc nhau khng ging nhau: giai on tui 1 hot ng v c dng chn chy
(campodiform) nhng cc tui sau li c dng su, di (vermiform) hay dng b
hung (carabaeiform). Kiu bin thi qu ny thng gp nhm cn trng k sinh,
giai on tui 1 l giai on su tm kim k ch v khi tm c v nh c trn k
ch th s lt xc thnh u trng t hot ng hn. Gp cc h Meloidae,
Rhipiphoroidae (Coleoptera), Mantispidae (Neuroptera), Strepsiptera v mt s t
cn trng thuc b Hai cnh (Diptera) v Cnh mng (Hymenoptera).

77


Hnh IV.10. Bin thi trung gian - Rp dnh Aonidiella aurantii
(Diaspididae- Homoptera) (Smith v ctv. ,1997)



2. Yu t iu khin s bin thi

S bin thi ca cn trng c iu khin bi ba hormone chnh: hormone
no, hormone lt xc (ecdysone) v hormone su non (hormone juvenile). Hormone
no kch thch tuyn ngc trc tit ra ecdysone cho php cn trng pht trin v lt
xc. Hormone juvenile gip cho u trng v nhng pht trin, km hm s bin thi.
Nu tim ecdysone vo phn bng cn trng tch ring ra th phn ny s lt xc.
Nu ly hormone juvenile ra khi u trng (bng cnh tch tuyn Corpora allata) ra s
lm cho su non ha nhng. Tim ecdysone vo trong nhng (khi c s hin din ca
Hormone juvenile) s lm cho nhng lt xc thnh mt nhng th hai. Nu tim
hormone juvenile vo u trng tui cui s lm cho u trng ny tip tc lt xc thnh
u trng khc. Tuyn Corpora allata hot ng mnh vo giai on tui nh v
thng ngng tit hormone juvenile vo giai on trc trng thnh.
78
3. S bin i c cu t chc trong c th cn trng vo giai on bin thi
kiu bin thi n gin, s thay i t tui ny sang tui khc vo giai on
u trng mang tnh cnh dn dn v nh nhng. Nhng kiu bin thi hon ton, c
mt s t chc cu to c th li. Vo giai on nhng: giai on u trng, mt s c
quan nh tim, h thn kinh thay i t vo lc bin thi, mt s c quan khc hin din
rt th s vo giai on u trng li thnh lnh bin i rt nhiu vo giai on nhng
sau bin thnh thnh trng c hnh dng v cu to rt khc vi u trng. Trong
kiu bin thi ny, ngi ta ghi nhn c nhiu b phn khng hin din giai on u
trng nhng li hin din giai on thnh trng.
Nhng s thay i vo giai on bin thi c thc hin bi hai qu trnh: qu
trnh ph v t chc (histolysis) v qu trnh xy dng t chc (histogenesis). Trong
qu trnh ph v t chc, mt s t chc trong c th ca u trng b ph v ton b
hoc mt phn sau xy dng v hnh thnh li cc t chc tng ng vi cn
trng trng thnh. Qu trnh t chc li l qu trnh pht trin cc cu to ca thnh
trng t nhng sn phm sn sinh ra t qu trnh ph v t chc. Ngun vt cht ch
yu v cn thit cho qu trnh xy dng t chc l mu, th m v cc h c ca u
trng. Nhng s thay i ny c bt u tin hnh vo giai on u trng tui
cui, trc khi ha nhng; s thay i u tin c tin hnh t bo ni b
(epidermis), t bo ni b s tit ra cc cht hnh thnh biu b ca nhng.
III. CC DNG U TRNG V NHNG CA CN TRNG THUC
KIU BIN THI HON TON

1. Cc dng u trng

u trng ca cc b cn trng thuc kiu bin thi hon ton c hnh dng bn
ngoi rt khc bit nhau, c th ghi nhn mt s dng chnh nh sau:

a - Dng nhiu chn

C th thng hnh ng, u pht trin nhng ru u rt ngn, c c chn ngc
v chn bng. Gp cc b Lepidoptera, Mecoptera, v h Ong n l Tenthredinidae
ca b Cnh mng (Hymenoptera.)



79


Hnh IV.11. Su Attacus edwardsii Hnh IV.12. Su h ong n l
Tenthredinidae
(Saturniidae-Lepidoptera) (Hymenoptera)



Hnh IV.13. Mt s dng u trng b Cnh vy

b - Dng chn chy (Campodeiform)

C th di, thng dp, lng ui v ru u thng pht trin, chn ngc pht
trin, u trng thng rt hot ng. Gp cc b Neuroptera, Trichoptera v nhiu
loi thuc b Coleoptera.

Hnh IV.14. u trng h Chn chy (Carabidae)

c - Dng sng t (Scarabaeiform)
80

C th thng un cong, u rt pht trin, c chn ngc nhng khng c chn
bng, chm chp. Thng gp h B hung (Scarabaeidae) thuc b Coleoptera.




A B

Hnh IV.15. u trng b Hung (sng t) (Coleoptera ) (A+B)


d - Dng su thp

C th di, trn, cng, chn ngn, lng trn c th gn nh khng c. Gp h
Elateridae thuc b Coleoptera.


Hnh IV.16. Thnh trng v u trng (su thp) (Elateridae Coleoptera)

e - Dng u trng khng chn, di

81

A B
Hnh IV.17. Di (u trng ca rui- Diptera) (A+B)




Hnh IV.18. u trng khng chn (Cerambycidae- Coleoptera)


C th u trng di, khng chn, u km pht trin hoc thoi ha. Thng
gp cc b Diptera, Siphonaptera v nhiu loi thuc b Cnh mng v vi loi
thuc b Coleoptera v b Lepidoptera.

2. Cc dng nhng

Vo giai on nhng, cn trng thng khng c ng (tr mt s cn trng
thuc h mui ch hng (Chironomidae); h mui nng (Cecidomyidae) v khng n,
khng th bo v mnh trc nhng s tn cng ca k th v vy trc khi ha nhng
su non thng tm ni kn o, li dng nhng v tr c tc dng bo v thin nhin
ha nhng. Nhiu loi cn trng thuc b Cnh vy, b Cnh cng c th chui
xung t xy t kn bng t hoc nh t dt kn nm trong ha nhng. Cn c
vo c im hnh thi, c th chia nhng thnh ba dng hnh.
82

a - Nhng trn (exarate)



Hnh IV.19. Cc dng nhng trn ca xn tc Hnh IV.20. Nhng trn Cylas
formicarius (Cerambycidae - Coleoptera)
(Curculionidae - Coleoptera)


c im ca dng nhng ny l chi ph v cnh khng dnh st vo c th.
Thng gp hu ht cc loi cn trng c bin thi hon ton, tr b Hai cnh
(Diptera) v phn ln b Cnh vy (Lepidoptera).

b - Nhng mng (obtect)

Vi cc chi ph v cnh dnh st vo c th, ch yu gp b Cnh vy
(Lepidoptera) v mt vi loi thuc b Hai cnh (Diptera). Nhng ca nhiu loi bm
li thng c bao ph bi mt kn bng t.



83



Hnh IV.21. Mt s dng nhng mng ca b Cnh vy (Lepidoptera)

c - Nhng bc (coarctate)
Ging nh nhng trn nhng lp biu b ca u trng tui cui cng khng
c lt b i m hnh thnh mt v cng bao bc ly nhng. Gp b Hai cnh
(Diptera).




Hnh IV.22. Nhng bc ca rui (Diptera)
84
IV. S LT XC V SINH TRNG

1. S lt xc

V da bao bc c th cn trng l sn phm ca t bo ni b, v l mt lp da
cng, rt t co dn, khng th ln ln theo cng s pht trin ca cn trng, v vy
pht trin ln ln, cn trng cn thit phi lt b lp da c. Hin tng ny c gi l
s lt xc. S ln lt xc trong sut qu trnh pht trin ca cn trng thay i ty theo
loi v ty theo nhm cn trng, ngoi ra mt s iu kin mi trng nh nhit ,
m v thc n cng t nhiu nh hng n s lt xc. Phn ln cn trng lt xc t
4-6 ln trc khi i vo giai on trng thnh, v d nh b Cnh na cng
(Hemiptera) lt xc 5 ln, su non b Cnh vy (Lepidoptera) t 2-9 ln, b Ph du
(Ephemeroptera) trn 20 ln. Hu ht cc loi cn trng thuc lp ph c cnh
(Pterygota) vo giai on trng thnh th khng lt xc na, tuy vy nhm ph du
(Ephemeroptera), cn trng vn lt xc sau khi ha trng thnh.

a - Tui su

Mi ln lt xc cn trng c thm mt tui. Thng ngi ta qui nh u
trng t trng n ra l tui 1 (T1), sau ln lt xc th 1, u trng s bc sang tui 2
(T2), v sau ln lt xc th 2, u trng bc sang tui 3 (T3), v.v.... Tui su c tnh
theo cng thc n + 1 (n: s ln lt xc). Vy tui su l khong thi gian gia 2 ln lt
xc. Thi gian ca tng tui cng thay i ty theo loi, c th t 1, 2 ngy nh ry
mm Aphididae n nhiu thng nh nhiu loi thuc h B hung Scarabaeidae v
ty theo iu kin ngoi cnh.

b - C ch ca s lt xc

C th ca s lt xc cha c bit r rng, tuy nhin nhiu tc gi cho rng
s tch ri biu b mi ra khi lp da c c thc hin nh mt dch lt xc tit ra t
t bo ni b hoc bi tuyn lt xc ca biu b, tuyn lt xc hot ng trong sut giai
on u trng v nhng nhng khng hin din giai on trng thnh ca u trng
thuc lp ph c cnh. V cu to ca dch lt xc th Verson (1890) cho rng dch lt
xc ca cn trng cha mt dung dch mui acid oxalic ln lt xc th 4 v acid uric
ln lt xc th nht. Wigglesworth (1933) ghi nhn dch lt xc ca Rhodnius l mt
dch trung tnh, c phn ng mu vi protein. Nhiu tc gi cng ghi nhn s lt xc
tin hnh c l nh cht hormone lt xc tit ra t phn u ca cn trng,
Wigglesworth (1934) cho rng cht hormone ny c th tit ra t tuyn Corpora
allata.

c- Tin trnh ca s lt xc

85
Trc khi lt xc, u trng thng ngng n, hot ng chm li hoc khng
hot ng, lc ny di lp biu b c hnh thnh mt lp biu b mi. Khi t bo
ni b tch ra khi lp biu b c th dch lt xc c tit ra phn gii protein, ha
tan v tiu ha phn ln biu b c, mt phn chitine v protein ca lp biu b c s
c hp th tr li to nn mt phn ca lp biu b mi.

Khi c lp biu b mi, nhng phn trong ca lp biu b c cha c ha
tan, phn gii th c lt b i, ng thi nhng phn lm vo ca biu b to nn
rut trc, rut sau, kh qun v mt s tuyn cng b lt b theo. Khi lt xc, mt
ng dc mt lng ca phn ngc v bng nt ra, ng nt ny ni lin vi ngn
lt xc nh u. Da vo s co dn ca h c, s tng huyt p v ht thm khng
kh hoc nc (i vi cn trng sng trong nc) dn t pha sau ln pha u v
ngc lm cho lp biu b c b nt ra dn dn ton b c th chui ra khi biu b c.



A B C
Hnh IV.23. Tin trnh lt xc ca su (Lepidoptera)
A: C th su thun li, dch lt xc xut hin, cng vi s tch ri ca lp da c
B v C: Su co tht c th chui ra khi lp da c.



Hnh IV.24. Su non (h Lymantriidae) va lt xc vi s hin din ca lp v da c
bn cnh

Cn trng khi va lt xc, da mm, mu nht l do lp biu b ngoi cha c
hnh thnh hon chnh. Ch sau mt thi gian nht nh, khi cc protein bin tnh kt
hp vi cc cht orthoquinone to nn cht slerotine th biu b mi tr nn cng v
c mu sc hon chnh.
86

2. S pht trin v chu k sinh trng

a- S pht trin

u trng sau mi ln lt xc, sinh trng v ln ln rt mnh, nht l i vi
su non ca b Cnh vy (Lepidoptera) v b Cnh cng (Coleoptera). Ngi ta ghi
nhn loi ngi c g (Cossus cossus), khi mi n, trng lng ch bng 1/12000 ln
trng lng lc su non sp hon thnh giai on u trng, cc loi tm ni chung c
th tng 9.100 - 10.500 ln so vi lc u, hoc su non ca ngi nhng vi Sphinx
ligustre (Sphingidae) vo giai on tui cui c th tng n 9.976 ln so vi tui 1
lc va mi n.
b - Chu k sinh trng

Ton b chu k bt u t trng n khi cn trng trng thnh bt u
trng u tin c gi l vng i hay chu k sinh trng. Thi gian ca mt vng
i bng tng s thi gian sinh trng pht dc ca trng, u trng, nhng (nu thuc
nhm bin thi hon ton), trng thnh trng u tin.

Thi gian ca mt vng i ngn hay di ty thuc tng loi v chu s chi
phi ca cc iu kin ngoi cnh nh nhit , m , ma, gi, nh sng, thc n,...

Ti vng n i, phn ln cn trng c chu k sinh trng mang tnh ng thi
khng u (heterodynamic) c ngha l thnh trng ch xut hin mt thi gian ngn
trong mt ma no , v trong qu trnh pht trin, mt s giai on s tri qua giai
on ngng pht dc, giai on ny c th l giai on trng, nh thng gp cc b
Orthoptera, Homoptera, hoc giai on u trng nh a s cc loi chun chun v
b Cnh vy (Lepidoptera) v vy thi gian pht trin ca mt vng i thng ko
di hng nm hoc nhiu nm. Tri li vng nhit i, chu k pht trin ch yu
mang tnh ng thi u (homodynamic), c ngha l cn trng c s pht trin lin
tc v khng c trng thi ngng pht dc (diapause) hoc tim sinh, v vy ti vng
nhit i chu k sinh trng thng ngn, a s cn trng c nhiu th h trong mt
nm. V d nh ry mm (Aphididae), c th c t 20-30 th h trong mt nm; ry
nu (Delphacidae) c t 8-10 th h, su c thn 6-8 th h.

V. TNH N CA CN TRNG TRN THC VT

Cn trng c th tn cng trn thc vt bng nhiu cch khc nhau v tt c cc
b phn ca cy trng u c th b cn trng gy hi. Triu chng cy b hi v mc
thit hi ty thuc vo cc c tnh hnh thi (khu bin) sinh l, cc giai on pht
trin v tp qun sinh sng ca tng nhm cn trng.
87

- Cn trng kiu ming nhai nh b Cnh thng (Orthoptera), u trng b
Cnh vy (Lepidoptera) v b Cnh mng (Hymenoptera), khi n ph trn cy trng
thng gy ra nhng tn thng c gii, nhm ny c th tn cng trn nhiu b phn
ca cy nhng a s gy hi trn l, l b hi nhiu khi ch cn gn l, hoc b cn lng
tng l, hoc b n hon ton nu u trng vo giai on tui ln; nhng cn trng
c kch thc nh c th ch gm mt phn ca biu b hoc n phn xanh gia cc
gn l, nhng nhng con c kch thc ln hn c th n ton b l.

- Cn trng kiu ming ht hoc chch ht cng c th tn cng trn nhiu
b phn ca cy lm cc b phn b chch ht bin dng, kh, ho, a vng. Cy b cn
trng chch ht ph hi thng kh pht hin thy bn ngoi, thng cc vt chch
c nhng m nh (nu, vng, , en,...). Nu chch thn cnh cng c th lm cho
cnh kh v cht, cy pht trin km, ci cc.
Cn trng kiu ming chch ht bao gm cc loi ry, b xt, cc loi rp
dnh,... nhng loi ny mc d kch thc rt nh nhng c th hin din vi mt s
rt cao, bm vo v cy, v cnh, cung tri,... chch ht, t c th lm cho cc
b phn ny b cht kh i. Ry mm khi tn cng trn t non, l non c th lm cho
t v l bin dng cong queo, nu chch trn tri non c th lm cho tri b ci v
rng.
C nhiu loi cn trng li sinh sng v tn cng ch yu bn trong m cy
bng cch c ln trong l, c cnh, thn, r v tri. Ch ring ti Hoa K c trn
750 loi cn trng c ln trong l thuc b Cnh vy (400 loi thuc 17 h), b 2
cnh (300 loi thuc 4 h), b Cnh mng (ch yu ph b Symphyta thuc nhm
ong n l), b Cnh cng (khong 50 loi thuc cc h Chrysomelidae, Buprestidae v
Curculionidae).
Rt nhiu loi cn trng, ch yu l u trng ca cc loi ngi b Cnh vy
(Lepidoptera) v b Cnh cng (Coleoptera) c vo thn, cnh v c th lm cho thn
cnh sau b cht. Mt s loi khc nh u trng ca cc loi ngi, rui v cnh cng
cng c th c tri, ht. Bn cnh , nhng loi cy thn g, a nin cng thng
xuyn b cc loi cn trng thuc b Cnh cng tn cng nh Cerambycidae,
Buprestidae, Scolytidae, Curculionidae, v mt s loi su thuc b Cnh vy
(Cossidae), kin v mi c vo trong phn g.
Nhiu loi cn trng khi cn ph hoc chch ht trn cy trng cn tit ra
nhng ha cht c vo cy lm cy pht trin khng bnh thng v c th gy ra
nhng mt, bu. Bu c th hin din trn cc b phn khc nhau ca cy, cn
trng gy bu thuc cc nhm khc nhau, c th to bu c hnh dng v cc v tr
khc nhau, trn tng loi cy khc nhau. Mi bu c th cha t mt n nhiu cn
trng. Trong mt s trng hp khc, tc ng trng vo m cy cng gy ra s
kch thch t gy ra s to thnh bu. Bu ca mt s loi cn trng thng
c mt l thng ra vi bn ngoi (b Cnh u hoc nhn ) hoc hon ton kn
khng c l thng vi bn ngoi (nh u trng b Cnh vy). C tt c 5 b thuc lp
cn trng c th gy ra hin tng bu trn cy: b Diptera (ch yu l h
Cecidomyidae, Tephritidae, v Agromyzidae), b Hymenoptera (vi cc h nh
Cynipidae, mt vi loi thuc tng h Chalcidoidae v h Tenthredinidae), b
88
Coleoptera (vi loi thuc h Curculionidae, Buprestidae v Cerambycidae), b
Lepidoptera v b Homoptera (nh mt s ry mm, rp Coccids,...). Ngoi ra bu
trn cy cng c th gy ra bi nhn , tuyn trng hay nm.



A B
Hnh IV.25. Xn tc (Cerambycidae) c cnh (A) v triu chng cht cnh
(B)



Hnh IV.26. Triu chng cnh b gy do Hnh IV.27. Triu chng gy hi ca su
xn tc (Cerambycidae) c thn bp Pyrausta nubilalis

89

A B
Hnh IV.28. Di c tri xoi Bactrocera dorsalis (A: triu chng B: di)


A B
Hnh IV.29. Triu chng b hi do di c tri Bactrocera sp. (A + B)



Hnh IV.30. Su c tri xoi v Hnh IV.31. L b gh (mt) do
Psyllidae
triu chng (Homoptera)


90

Hnh IV.32. Triu chng do Hnh IV.33. Triu chng tri cam b rng
do
b tr (Thysanoptera ) b xt (Smith v ctv, 1997)




Hnh IV.34. Triu chng l Hnh b Hnh IV.35. Triu chng l Da b
hi do
hi do su n l (Lepidoptera) Kin Vng (Scarabaeidae -
Coleoptera)

91

A B
Hnh IV.36. Su xanh da lng Spodoptera litura (A)
v s gy hi (B) trn u nnh

A B
Hnh IV.37. Triu chng l b hi do su su n l (Lepidoptera)
(A: Cam - B: u nnh)


A B

Hnh IV.38. Triu chng l b hi do su v ba (A- Lepidoptera)
v do ry xanh (B- Homoptera)
92

A B

Hnh IV.39. Triu chng bng ci b hi do su xanh (A: Lepidoptera) v bp ci b
nhim su t (B: su t Plutella xylostella).


Mt s loi cn trng khc li sinh sng trn nhng b phn nm di t ca
thc vt (r, c) nh su thp (Elateridae), sng trng (Scarabaeidae), u trng ca ve
su (Cicadidae), sng vi voi (Curculionidae), d mn (Gryllidae), d nhi
(Gryllotalpidae), mt s loi ry mm (Aphididae) v mt s di thuc b Hai cnh.

Phng thc gy hi v triu chng ca cc b phn b tn cng c th thay i
khng nhng ty theo loi m cn ty theo mc sinh trng v pht dc ca u
trng. Thng u trng mi n, hoc tui nh cn thc n non, hm lng nc nhiu,
hp cht hydrocarbon thp; u trng tui ln li cn thc n c hm lng protein v
hydrocarbon cao. Su c thn bp (Ostrinia nubilalis) t T1 n T2 n l non, T3 c
ph thn, c, tri. Nhiu loi xn tc lc nh c ph v cy, khi ln li n ph cc
phn g cy.

VI. MT S KHA CNH C BN V HNH VI CN TRNG

Hnh vi cn trng bao gm phn ng i vi nhng cht kch thch khc nhau.
Cc phn ng ny c th l nhng phn ng n gin, trc tip hoc nhng phn ng
phc tp.
1. Phn ng trc tip
Bao gm cc phn ng nh b hp dn bi cht kch thch hay b xua ui bi
cht kch thch. Nhng cht kch thch gy ra cc hin tng ny c th l nh sng,
nhit , nc, ha cht, xc gic, th gic, trng lc,... v lung khng kh hoc lung
nc.
93
Rt nhiu loi cn trng c phn ng i vi nh sng nh nhiu loi ngi
(Lepidoptera), rui (Diptera), ry (Homoptera),... vo ban m nhng loi ny thng
lao thng n nh sng n, tri li mt s loi khc nh rp ging, gin li ln trnh
nh sng. Cng , thi gian chiu sng v chiu di sng ca nh sng cng tc
ng n phn ng ca cn trng. Cn trng cng c th c mt s phn ng dng
i vi mt s loi ha cht trong thc n hoc ha cht hp dn s bt cp, trng.
V ngc li chng cng c th c phn ng m i vi nhiu cht kch thch, trong
trng hp ny chng bay i v trnh xa nhng cht kch thch ny.
Phn ng ca cn trng i vi mt cht kch thch chuyn bit c th b thay
i bi tc ng ca nhng cht kch thch khc. V d nh ong mt c phn ng
dng i vi nh sng chi li nhit cao bng cch ri t, bay ra ngoi nhng li
c phn ng m vi nh sng ny khi nhit mi trng thp ( li trong t). Rui
nh thng c khuynh hng bay ln cao vo bui ti v hnh vi ny khng xy ra
vo ban ngy. Phn ng ca cn trng i vi trng lc cng b nh hng bi nhit
v thng c phn ng m i vi nhit cao v phn ng dng nhit thp.
Phn ng ca cn trng i vi cc cht kch thch cng b nh hng bi tnh
trng sinh l ca cn trng (do tc ng ca thc n hoc ca giai on pht trin hoc
bi cc yu t khc),... Chng hn nh phn ng i vi mt cht kch thch c th
khc nhau ty theo cc giai on pht trin ca cn trng, tuy nhin hnh vi ca cn
trng khng hon ton n gin, mt s loi ngi b hp dn bi nh sng n, con
c b hp dn nhiu hn con ci, hoc ch b hp dn bi nh sng ca ngn n cy
m khng b hp dn bi nh sng ca n Bunsen.
2. Phn ng phc tp
Phn ng phc tp hay ni khc i cc hnh vi phc tp bao gm mt s hot ng
trong i sng ca cn trng nh giao phi, trng, xy t, bt mi,... Nhiu loi cn
trng thng to nhng ni thch hp cho vic trng. V d nh ve su thng rc
v ca cc cnh nh trng vo nhng k nt, cc loi b cnh li Chrysop
(Chrysopidae) trng phn cui ca nhng cung di, mng mnh, phn ln cn
trng k sinh trng trn hay trong c th k ch...
Bn cnh mt s hnh vi khc nh vic xy t ca cc loi ong ni chung v
hnh vi chch t con mi (lm cho con mi bt ng), sau tha v t, trng trong
t v lp kn t ca cc loi ong v v c bit rt r. Nhng hnh vi thot nhn th
thy nh c ch quyt v rt thng minh, tuy nhin khi quan st k lng th s thy
cc hnh vi ny ni chung mang tnh cht t ng, bn nng ch khng do ch hoc
l do tri qua mt qu trnh hc tp. Cc hot ng ny c thc hin theo mt
kiu c bit bi tt c cc thnh vin ca loi, cc thnh vin ny khng cn phi hc
tp, thc hnh m c th thc hin hon chnh ngay t lc ban u.
Hnh vi ca cn trng cn c biu hin qua cc hot ng theo nhp iu chu
k (ca cc yu t mi trng) nh chu k ngy v m. Chng hn nh c nhng loi
ch hot ng v ban ngy, khng hot ng v ban m, hoc mt s loi khc th
ngc li,... Cc hot ng theo nhp mang tnh cht chu k ngy m ny hnh nh
c kim sot bi cc yu t mi trng, c bit l yu t nh sng. Nhng trong
mt s trng hp, cc phn ng ny c th b kim sot bi cc yu t ni ti (bn
trong) ca cn trng.
94
3. Hnh vi giao phi
Hnh vi giao phi ca cn trng cng thng rt phc tp v thay i rt ln
ty theo loi. Yu t to iu kin cho con c gp con ci tm gp nhau c th l
nhng tn hiu ha hc nh cht hp dn sinh dc hoc tn hiu m thanh (nh nhiu
loi thuc b Cnh thng Orthoptera) hay tn hiu th gic (nh cc loi om m
hoc bng cc v iu bay ca rui).
Tuy nhin loi cn trng, ngi ta cng ghi nhn thy c mt s hnh vi
c hon chnh sau mt s qu trnh thc hin nh vic tm hng tr v t khi i
lc. Phn ng c iu kin c th pht trin nhiu loi cn trng, nhng th nghim
v vic tm hng tr v t khi i lc cho thy cc loi gin v kin c th tm c
hng v sau mt thi gian tm kim. Kin c kh nng cao hn gin, nhng c hai
u c kh nng km hn chut. Kh nng ny cho thy c tc ng ca tr nh v th
gic, ha hc hay mt s cht kch thch khc. Kin c th tm ng tr v t nh
nhng tn hiu ca mi v trn ng i nhng c th kin c th nh hng theo
hng ca mt tri. Tng t, ong ch tm c ng v t sau mt thi gian bay th
thm d v kh nng ny thc hin c l nh vic nhn din c nhng du
hiu trn ng bay v nh hng mt tri.
VII. HIN TNG NGNG PHT DC (DIAPAUSE)
y l hin tng ngng pht trin, hin tng ny c th xy ra giai on
trng, u trng, nhng hoc trng thnh, ty loi cn trng. Hin tng ngng pht
dc l hnh thc thch nghi ca cn trng trc nhng tc ng bt li ca mi trng.
Vo giai ong ngng pht dc, di tc ng ca mt s loi hormone, c th cn
trng c nhiu s bin i v sinh l nh gim n mc thp nht cc hot ng v h
hp, tun hon, hm lng nc tng s, chuyn sang dng nc lin kt, tng tch ly
m v glycogen. Nh vy, cn trng c th nhn n trong nhiu thng v d dng vt
qua nhng tc ng bt li nh thi tit qa lnh, qu nng, qu kh hoc khan him
thc n.

Hnh IV.40. Phn ng ngng pht dc i vi quang k ca nhm cn trng di ngy
khi thi gian chiu sng trong ngy xung di mt mc nht nh. Bn loi
95
cn trng kho st nu trn ra khi giai ong ngng pht dc khi thi gian
chiu sng t 14-17 gi (Danilevskii, 1965).
Vi mt s loi, hin tng ny khng bt buc (facultative), ch xy ra khi
iu kin mi trng bt li, mt s loi khc, hin tng ny mang tnh cht bt
buc (obligatory diapause), v l mt phn khng th thiu trong qu trnh pht trin
ca cn trng.
* Ngng pht dc bt buc
Hin tng ngng pht dc bt buc thng thy cc loi cn trng vng n
i, ni cn trng phi qua ma ng, cc vng ny, hin tng ngng pht dc xy
ra di tc ng ca nhiu yu t, trong quan trng nht l yu t quang k. di
ngy l tn hiu ma i vi cn trng, khin chng pht sinh ra nhng phn ng sinh
l thch hp. Khi nhn c tn hiu ngy ngn ti ngng, nhm t bo no trc ca
cn trng s gim dn hot ng v ngng tit hormone no. iu ny lm tuyn ngc
trc cng ngng tit Ecdysone, khin cn trng ri vo trng thi diapause. Cng
theo c ch ny, nhng theo chiu ngc li, ma xun m p vi tn hiu ngy di s
nh thc nhm t bo tit no trc hot ng tr li v cn trng s ra khi tnh
trng diapause, tr li hot ng bnh thng. Thi gian chiu sng, khi 50% qun
th cn trng di vo giai on tim sinh, c gi l ngng quang k v ngng ny
thng kh t ngt. Cn trng i vo giai on ngng pht dc khi thi gian chiu
sng thp hn ngng ny c gi l nhm cn trng ngy di. Nhng loi cn trng
pht trin bnh thng khi thi gian chiu sng trong ngy ngn, v i vo giai on
ngng pht dc khi thi gian chiu sng trong ngy di, c gi l nhm cn trng
ngy ngn. Ngng quang k ca cc loi l c im di truyn (Danilevskii,1965;
Tauber v ctv, 1986). Thng th tc ng ca s chiu sng c h tr bi s h
thp nhit , nht l v ban m, v bi cht lng thc n. Ti vng n i, nhiu
loi cn trng bt u qua ng vo cui thng 8 u thng 9 khi s gi chiu sng
trong ngy nh hn khong 13,3 gi.
Cc loi cn trng thuc b cnh vy ni chung, thng ngng pht dc giai
on su non pht trin, tuy nhin ngi tm Bombyx mori ngng pht dc giai
on bo thai, trc khi phn t, su rm Lymantia dispar ngng pht dc giai
on u trng trong trng pht trin hon ton, chun b n. Mt s loi thuc b
cnh cng ngng pht dc giai on nhng. V cc loi b xt v ong li ngng pht
dc giai on trng thnh.
ngi Tm Bombyx, hin tng ngng pht dc c v nh c iu ha bi
hormone ngng pht dc, 24-amino acid peptide c tit ra t tuyn thc qun di
(Fukuda 1952, Hasegawa, 1952).
* Ngng pht dc t chn
Hin tng ny cng xy ra theo ma, nhng khng su sc v n nh. Khi
mi trng bt li, cn trng i vo trng thi ngng pht dc, nhng ngay sau khi
thi tit tr nn m p, cn trng s hot ng tr li. Ngng pht dc t chn ph
bin cc vng nhit i c ma ng lnh nh min bc nc ta.

96
VIII. S DI C CA CN TRNG
Trong gii ng vt th thng t di c c s dng ch nhng s di c
theo ma (ma ng hay ma h) ca cc loi chim, vi s tham gia ca hu ht hoc
tt c cc c th trong cng mt loi, trn nhng khong cch rt xa tm ni lm t
hoc qua ng v ngc li. lp cn trng, ngi ta cng quan st c mt s hot
ng tng t nh vy, tuy nhin cn trng s di chuyn gn nh ch c thc hin
theo mt hng, s quay tr v ni c nu c ch c thc hin rng ri v ch yu
bi cc th h k tip.
vng Bc M, loi bm Cynthia cardium (L.) thng qua ng pha nam
bin gii M Ty C v v ma xun li bay v pha bc v sinh sn ti Hoa K v
Gia N i.
Ti Hoa K, ngi ta ghi nhn c nhiu loi cn trng thng sinh sn trn cc
vng thuc min Nam v sau di chuyn tng n v pha Bc vo ma xun v u
ma h, nh Alabama argillacea trn cy bng vi, Erebus odora (L.) trn cc cy h
u, ry l Empoasca fabae Harris trn khoai ty, ry l Circulifer tenellus (Baker)
trn cy c ci ta.
i vi ry l trn cy c ci ta khi thc n min Bc tr nn khng thun
li vo cui thu th mt cuc di c ln v pha Nam c th xy ra (khng bao gm
nhng c th m trc di chuyn v pha Bc trong ma xun).
Vn di c ca co co c bit n t rt lu, khi di chuyn thnh n,
s lng c th trong n c th t n hng chc triu, chng n tt c mi th thc
vt trn ng di chuyn v khong cch bay c th t hng ngn cy s. Trung
Quc nm 1941 xy ra nn dch chu chu v s liu thng k ca 10 huyn Trung
Quc tiu dit c trn 9 triu con.
Trng hp tng t nh vy cng c ghi nhn ti Ai Cp, Ty Ban Nha,
Lin X. Vi s lng nh vy khi di chuyn chng c th che khut nh sng mt
tri lm tr ngi khng nhng giao thng ng b m c ng hng khng, gy tc
hi rt ln cho cy trng. S di c ca cc loi cn trng ny hnh nh c gy ra bi
s phi hp ca mt s iu kin thi tit, kh hu v s gia tng dn s.
IX. PHEROMONE
Pheromone l nhng cht c s dng nh nhng tn hiu ha hc gia cc c
th cng loi, nhng cht ny c tit ra ngoi c th cn trng v c th gy ra
nhng phn ng chuyn bit cho nhng c th khc cng loi. i khi cht ny cn
c gi l hormone x hi (social hormone) hay c xem nh mt h thng thng
tin ha hc. C loi ch sn xut mt s t pheromone, mt s loi khc li c kh nng
sn xut nhiu hn. H thng pheromone kh phc tp cc loi cn trng sng thnh
x hi.
Thng tin ha hc ny khc vi c quan th gic hay thnh gic. S truyn b
thng tin bi pheromone tng i chm (pheromone phn tn trong khng kh)
nhng tn hiu ca pheromone c duy tr lu, xa v i khi n 2 km hay xa hn
na.
Pheromone gi vai tr trong nhiu hot ng ca i sng cn trng.
Pheromone c th l cht bo ng, cht gip cho cn trng bit v nhn ra nhau, cht
hp dn sinh dc, cht quyt nh cho vic t tp li thnh n ca cn trng, v cng
97
l cht quyt nh cho cc loi hnh c th (caste determination) ca cc cn trng
sng thnh x hi.
Cht pheromone bo ng cc loi kin thng c tit ra t hm trn hay
tuyn hu mn. Nhng cht hp dn sinh dc thng c tit ra t con ci hp dn
con c. cc loi kin th cc cht s dng nh du ng i c tit ra t hu
mn. i vi cc cn trng sng thnh x hi th hormone iu khin vic to nn cc
loi hnh c th khc nhau bao gm "cht cha" (queen substance) c tit ra t mt
ca ong cha, tng t vi nhng cht tc ng c tit ra t mi v kin v thng
nhng cht ny ch c hiu qu khi c cn trng tiu ha trong c th.
Ngi ta nghin cu v hiu r thnh phn ha hc ca nhiu loi
pheromone, a s l nhng cht esther, acide, ru hoc nhng chui di, thng
acetate vi mt cu i. Sau y l cng thc ha hc ca mt s pheromone dc tnh
mt s loi cn trng:

- Ngi Argyrotaenia velutinana (Tortricidae):
Cis-11-Tetradecenyl acetate.
- Su o ci bp Trichoplusia ni (Hubner):
Cis-7-dodecen-1-ol acetate.
- Mt Dendroctonus pseudotsugae (Scolytidae)
3-methyl-2-cyclohexen-1-one-
1,5 dimethyl 6,8-dioxabicyclo (3,2,1) octane

* Kh nng ca vic s dng pheromone trong nng nghip

Nhiu loi pheromone c s dng phng tr cn trng trong nng
nghip, c bit l nhng pheromone dc tnh hay pheromone hp dn sinh dc. Do
tnh hp dn ca n i vi c th cng loi, cho nn ngi ta s dng pheromone
nhm:
- Pht hin s hin din ca cn trng (d tnh, d bo)
- Xc nh vng nhim cn trng.
- Gy ha m v sinh dc, trong trng hp ny con c khng c kh nng
pht hin con ci, do con ci s khng c th tinh, khng th sinh sn.
- Theo di mt s cn trng.
- Hp dn cn trng n nhng vng nht nh, sau x l thuc.

thc hin nhng mc tiu trn, u tin ngi ta s dng nhng con ci
cha th tinh cho vo nhng by li c qut cht dnh hoc s dng nhng t giy c
thm cc dung mi c cha nhng phn c t phn bng ca con ci hp dn con
98
c. Nhng nhng kt qu tt ch t c khi con ngi thnh cng trong vic tng
hp nhng cht pheromone c tnh cht tng t vi pheromone t nhin.

Ti Anh, Php, M, c, nhiu sn phm pheromone tng hp c cng
nghip ha t gn 20 nm nay, ch yu l pht hin v d tnh d bo. Ring ti
Php, pheromone tng hp c s dng d tnh d bo cho trn 25 loi cn
trng gy hi ph bin cho nhiu loi cy trng. Tuy nhin cng ging nh cc ch
phm sinh hc khc, vic sn xut cng nh vic s dng pheromone tng hp cng
cn gii hn do cht lng sn phm cn km, gi cao, thi gian bo qun s dng
ngn. Ngoi ra vic s dng c hiu qu, cn phi bit r cc c tnh sinh hc, sinh
thi ca cc i tng gy hi m ngi ta mun x l, ngoi ra hiu qu cng ty
thuc rt nhiu vo iu kin mi trng ni s dng.

X. MT S C IM CA CN TRNG SNG THNH X HI

Kin, mi, ong l ba nhm cn trng biu hin cho mt cuc sng tp trung, c
t chc cao cc loi cn trng. Trong cc x hi cn trng ny c rt nhiu thnh
vin, c hnh dng khc nhau (a hnh), tng thnh vin li c nhng hot tnh khc
nhau. C mt s phn cng rt r rt gia cc thnh vin. b Cnh mng
(Hymenoptera) nh ong, c t nht ba dng: ong cha, ong c v ong th. Mi x hi
cn trng li c th to mt x hi mi bng hai cch chia n, c th di chuyn tng
n hay ch nhng c th cha m di chuyn to lp n mi.
Di chuyn theo n l kiu thng thy cc loi ong mt v mt s loi kin,
con cha cng vi nhng con th di n c v thnh lp t ni khc v con cha
mi s c hnh thnh t c. Kin cha sau khi bt cp s to lp n mi, nui con
la u tin v sau ch trng. Con c (hoc mt trong cc con c) gi nhim
v th tinh con ci, v kin th s lm nhng cng vic cn li. Kin th mt vi
loi c kch thc khc nhau v hot ng ca nhng kin th c kch thc khc
nhau ny cng khc nhau, con c kch thc ln th hot ng nh kin lnh, nh
nhau bo v n v c cc kin th khc cung cp thc n. Kin th c kch thc
trung gian, gi nhim v tm kim thc n v bn thc n cho nhng kin th khc.
Kin th c kch thc nh nht ch c nhim v sn sc u trng v xy dng t.
i vi ong mt, ong th c nhim v gi v sinh t, t 3 - 6 ngy tui, ong th
nui nhng u trng tui ln vi mt v phn hoa, t 6 - 12 ngy tui, khi tuyn thc
qun ca chng hot ng tt nht n s nui cc u trng tui nh bng mt cht hn
hp gia mt v nc bt, v t 12 - 18 ngy tui, khi tuyn sp pht trin tt, ong th
lm vic ch yu trong t, xy dng t. mt s loi, giai on ny, ong th cng
c th bay ra ngoi tm kim v thu lm phn hoa v mt hoa.
cc loi cn trng sng thnh x hi, vic thng tin qua li gia cc c th
c thc hin ch yu nh cc pheromones (xem phn pheromone), mt con ong th
sau khi tm c ngun mt hoa tr v t, thng tin cho nhng con ong th khc bng
nhng v iu c bit.
c im v hot ng ca cn trng sng thnh x hi l vic trao i nhng
cht nh thc n, nhng cht tit ra t c th cn trng,... gia cc c th trong cng
99
mt n. Con th thng lim ln nhau v rt nhiu loi, con th nut thc n v sau
a tr ra bn cho nhng c th khc n, nhng s trao i ny c v gi
nhng vai tr quan trng trong vic gi n li cng nhau. Mt c im ph bin
na ca nhng cn trng sng thnh x hi l kh nng phn bit nhng thnh vin
ca n mnh vi nhng thnh vin ca cc n khc. Ngay c nhng thnh vin
cng n nhng nhng t khc nhau, nu vo trong t khc s b tn cng ngay.
C s khc bit kh l th gia x hi ca mi v ca nhng loi thuc b Cnh
mng. loi mi x hi c to lp nn nh cng sc ch yu ca u trng, u trng
t T2 phi t chm sc mnh, v nhng u trng ny c xem nh mi th v s l
mi th sut c i (ngoi tr nhng u trng s tr thnh mi lnh hay cc c th gi
nhim v sinh sn), trong phn ln cc loi, mi th lun lun sng khp kn trong t,
rt him khi ri t.
x hi cc loi thuc b Cnh mng nh ong, kin, x hi tri li c to lp
nn nh cng sc ca con trng thnh, u trng c chm sc v bo v bi thnh
trng. Thnh trng ph trch nhng hot ng khc nhau duy tr n v thng
xuyn i kim thc n ngoi t.
XI. S KHNG THUC CC LOI CN TRNG
1. S lc v tnh hnh khng thuc ca cn trng trong v ngoi nc
S s dng ph bin nhng loi thuc tr su tng hp trong nhiu nm
qua gp phi mt vn trm trng: l s xut hin nhng loi cn trng khng
thuc. S khng thuc DDT ca cc loi rui nh c ghi nhn u tin ti Thy
in nm 1946 v gn nh khp th gii vo nm 1950, sau th cc loi rui ny
li tip tc khng cc nhm gamma-BHC, aldrin, dieldrin v c nhm thuc tr su
gc ln hu c.
Bn cnh nhm rui nh, nhiu loi cn trng v ng vt nh gy hi khc
cng c ghi nhn l khng nhiu loi thuc, nm 1947, ch mt nm sau khi
s dng thuc Parathion tr nhn th nhiu loi thuc nhm ny tr nn khng
parathion ti Hoa K.
Khi cng s dng cc loi thuc ha hc ngy cng tng th s lng cn
trng khng thuc cng gia tng r rt, t 224 loi nm 1970, n 364 loi nm 1975,
s lng cn trng khng thuc gia tng n 428 loi vo nm 1980, vi 260 loi
gy hi trong nng nghip v 168 loi k sinh trn ngi v ng vt, nhng con s
ny chc chn l cn rt thp so vi con s tht v tnh khng ca nhiu loi cn trng
cha c nghin cu y hoc cha c ph bin trn sch bo, ti liu, thng
tin khoa hc.
ng vt thuc ngnh Arthropoda khng thuc c ghi nhn trong 16 b
phn b nh sau: Acarina, 53 loi (12,4 %), Anoplura, 6 loi (1,4 %), Coleoptera, 64
loi (14,9 %), Dermaptera, mt loi (0,02 %), Diptera, 153 loi (36,7 %),
Ephemeroptera, hai loi (0,05 %), Hemiptera, 20 loi (4,7%), Homoptera, 42 loi (9,8
%), Hymeno ptera, ba loi (0,07%), Lepidoptera, 64 loi (14,9%), Mallophaga, 2 loi
(0,05%), Orthoptera, 3 loi (<0,01 %), Siphonoptera, 8 loi (1,9 %) v Thysanoptera, 7
loi (1,6 %) (Goerghiou, 1981).
Cc kt qu nghin cu cng cho thy, tnh khng thuc ca cn trng xy ra
vi hu ht cc loi thuc tr su v c nhiu trng hp cn trng khng c vi cc
cht nh cht tit trng ha hc, khng sinh, c t vi khun v nhiu loi c th
100
khng vi nhiu loi thuc khc nhau, chng hn nh an Mch, cc loi rui nh
khng c 11 loi thuc khc nhau, v su t (Plutella xylostella L.) c ghi
nhn khng trn 46 loi thuc tr su, ti 14 nc, bao gm cc loi thuc thuc gc
chlor hu c, gc ln hu c, gc carbamate v c gc cc tng hp (Virapoug
Noppun, T. Miyata v Saito, 1986).
2. Hin tng khng cho (cross resistance) v a khng (multiple resistance)
Trong tnh khng, ngi ta ghi nhn c hin tng khng cho (cross-
resistance) (Fritzsch, 1967) ca dch hi i vi cc loi thuc, iu c ngha l mt
ging dch hi khi quen vi mt loi thuc th n cng c kh nng thch ng vi
mt s loi thuc tr dch hi khc thuc cng mt gc ha hc v hin tng khng
cho m (negative cross-resistance) l hin tng khi dch hi tr nn khng vi
mt loi thuc no th n c th tr nn mn cm vi mt s loi hp cht khc.
Nhng nguy him hn na l tnh a khng (multiple resistance), l c tnh m
cn trng c th khng vi nhiu loi thuc c c ch tc ng khc nhau trn cn
trng. Tnh a khng hin nay rt ph bin trn cn trng v hin din t nht 44 h
thuc 10 b (Goerghion and Taylor, 1977; Goerghion, 1981).
Kt qu ghi nhn 1980 cho thy cc loi cn trng c kh nng khng cng mt
lc nhiu loi thuc nh: DDT/Methoxychlor, lindane/cyclodiene, gc ln hu c, gc
carbamate, gc pyrethroids v nhm arsenical, bao gm cc loi mui Anopheles
sachorovi; gin Blattella germanica; b cht Boophilus decoloratus v B. microphus,
su thuc l Heliothis virescens, b khoai lang Leptinotarsa decinlineata, ry mm
Myzus percicae, su t Plutella xylostella; ry Psylla pyricola; mt Tribolium
castaneum, su keo Spodoptera frugiperda v S. lettorales; mt Sitophilus granarius,
nhn Tetranichus urticae.
Ngi ta nh ngha nhm cn trng khng mt loi thuc no l nhm c
kh nng chu ng mt nng c, nng ny a s cc c th cng loi u b
tiu dit v kh nng khng ny ch xut hin sau nhiu ln tip xc vi thuc. S pht
trin tnh khng thuc khng phi l mt qu trnh thch nghi v sinh l ca cc c th
m ng hn l do nhng yu t ni ti mang tnh di truyn ca tng c th trong mt
qun th cn trng cng loi vi loi thuc c s dng.
Trong qun th ny, tnh chng chu i vi loi thuc c s dng khc nhau
ty tng c th, c mt s c th c th tn ti nng no , m nng ny
cc c th khc s cht. S s dng thuc lin tc s thc y qu trnh chn lc v ch
nhng c th c th khng c vi thuc s tch t mt s v qua nhiu th h chn
lc s hnh thnh ln mt qun th mi khng thuc.
Kh nng v tc th hin tnh khng thuc ca cn trng ty thuc vo ba
yu t:
a- Cng ca yu t tc ng s chn lc

Hay ni khc i ty thuc vo liu lng, s ln s dng thuc v t l su cht.
Nu liu lng cao, s chn lc pht huy ht tc dng trong tng th h c x l
thuc th s xut hin tnh khng thuc s xy ra rt nhanh, ch sau vi th h.

b- Loi thuc s dng
101

Cc kt qu nghin cu cho thy tnh khng ca cn trng i vi cc loi
thuc khc nhau c th khc nhau. Fritzsche (1967) ghi nhn rng loi nhn
Panonychus citri th hin tnh khng vi thiophosphoric ester ch sau 3 n 5 th h
tip xc vi thuc, nhng vi hp cht diphenyl th tnh khng ch th hin sau 7 n
12 th h tip xc vi thuc.

c- c im sinh vt hc ca cn trng

Yu t ny rt quan trng, v nhng loi cn trng c chu k sinh trng
ngn, nhiu th h trong nm, kh nng sinh sn cao th kh nng th hin tnh khng
cng sm, mt s c th khng s c tch lu nhiu hn, nhanh hn
3. Sinh l v di truyn ca tnh khng

Mc d c rt nhiu nguyn nhn khc nhau c lin quan n s hnh thnh tnh
khng ca cn trng nh sinh l, sinh ha v nhng phn x hnh vi ca cn trng i
vi cc loi thuc tr su, ngi ta cho rng s khng thuc cn trng c 3 c ch
chnh, l:

a- S gim kh nng hp th thuc

Biu b da ca cc c th khng thuc s hp th thuc kh hn biu b ca cc
c th nhim trong cng mt loi.

b- S gia tng kh nng gii c trong c th cn trng

V d nh DDT c gii c trong c th ca nhiu loi cn trng nh hin
tng oxyde ha bi enzyme DDT- aza, v bin thnh hp cht DDE khng c tnh
c i vi cn trng.

c- Kh nng gim thp mc mn cm ca cc v tr tc ng sinh ho
(Biochemical target) ca cn trng i vi thuc

V d nh im tc ng ca parathion l cholinestera trong h thng thn kinh.
Nu cht ny tr nn t mn cm i thuc th cn trng tr nn khng. Nhng dng
cn trng khng mnh thng c nhiu c ch khng phi hp vi nhau.
102
XII. GING CY TRNG KHNG SU HI V BIOTYPE
Tnh khng ca cy trng c xem nh l nhn t quan trng trong cc
chng trnh qun l dch hi tng hp, v ti nhiu vng, c bit l trn la, vic s
dng ging khng trong nhiu nm qua c xem nh mt yu t quan trng hng
u. Vic s dng ging khng ngoi vic rt kinh t, li khng gy nhim mi
trng, ng thi c th s dng cng mt lc vi cc bin php phng tr khc. Khi
ging khng c s dng trn mt din rng, s lng dch hi gim r rt, v vy
vic lai to to ra nhng ging khng tr nn ti cn cho nhiu loi cy trng.
Tuy nhin, thc t cho thy, hu nh khng c loi cy no khng dch hi mt
cch tuyt i. Ging khng tc ng ging nh mt ci "ry" lc nhng dch hi
khng c kh nng tn cng nhng mt s con c th qua c lp ry lc , s sng
st v s phi hp vi nhau to ra nhng chng (race) mi hoc dng sinh hc mi
(biotype) c th sng st v tn cng trn nhng cy m trc y c xem l
khng vi loi ny.
Trong hu ht cc h thng canh tc, su hi l mt i tng thng xuyn e
da cy trng. Cn trng thng c kch thc nh, chu k sinh trng ngn, kh
nng sinh sn cao, tp qun gy hi trn thc vt a dng, nhng iu ny cho
chng thch ng rt cao i vi cc loi cy trng, thch ng nhanh hn l kh nng
thch ng ca cy k ch bng cch to ra nhng dng di truyn hay nhng dng sinh
hc mi. Nhng dng sinh hc ny lm gii hn mt cch mnh m gi tr ca
nhng ging cy trng khng cn trng, v iu ny a n vic i hi thng
xuyn nhng ging cy trng c tnh khng ngy cng mnh hn.
1. Quan im v dng sinh hc (biotype) cn trng
Dng sinh hc (biotype) (Painter, 1955) cn c ghi nhn bi mt s tc gi
di mt s tn gi khc nhau nh cc dng sinh hc (biological species)
(Cholodkovsky, 1908), dng sinh hc (biological race) (Thorpe, 1930- Painter v ctv.,
1931 - Smith, 1941), dng (strains) (Briggs, 1965).
Trong cc t liu th t biotype c s dng rng ri hn c, t ny c s
dng m t nhng s khc nhau ca qun th cn trng mc loi ph
(Subspecific level) v tnh tnh nghi i vi tnh khng ca cy k ch trong iu kin
ngoi ng, c bit l khi s tng tc gia cy k ch v cn trng c xc nh
r v ha hp v mt di truyn. Biotype c nhn nhn mt cch rng ri nh l
nhng qun th cn trng c cng mt thnh phn di truyn ging nhau i vi mt
thuc tnh sinh hc nht nh. Painter (1955) l ngi u tin s dng t "biotype"
gii thch nhng s khc bit trong tp on mui Hessian, gy hi trn mt s
ging la m ti Kansas, U.S.A. Hatchett v Gallun (1970) ni rng quan im
"gene i gene" i vi vn tng tc gia mui Hessian v cy la m m Flor
(1955) ngh khi nghin cu v bnh r trn cy gai (flax). Nm 1970, M.D.
Pathak ghi nhn s hin din ca cc biotype trn 8 loi cn trng.
Eastop (1973) xem xt li cc quan im v biotype khi nghin cu v ry
nu v cho rng t "biotype" ng ngha vi t dng "clone" v nh vy biotype
phi c xem nh l tp hp nhng c th c cng mt kiu di truyn (genotype).
Maxwell v Jennings (1980) nh ngha biotype l nhng c th ca mt tp on ca
mt loi c cng mt s c tnh sinh hc, c bit l tnh c gy hi ca cn trng
i vi nhng k ch khc nhau. Saxena v Rueda (1983) cho rng tnh a dng v
tnh chuyn ha ca mt loi cn trng to thnh cc biotype cho php cn trng
c th tin ha v thch ng vi cy trng.
103
Claridge v Den Hollander (1993) cho rng nhng nh ngha v m t phn
trn th biotype ca cn trng cng ng ngha vi dng k ch (host race). Theo 2
ng ny th t biotype c p dng cho c nhng c th v nhng tp on (ca mt
loi) c cng mt s c tnh sinh hc v tnh c (gy hi) i vi k ch, vi nhng
s hiu bit rt t v nhng c bn di truyn ca chng. Hai ng cho rng quan im v
dng sinh hc (biotype) chuyn bit s r khi s lin h "gene i gene" hin din gia
kiu gene v tnh c cn trng v kiu gene v tnh khng ca cy trng. Sogawa
(1982) tha nhn rng s ng ng v di truyn (genetic homeotasis) gia cy k ch
v cn trng s duy tr s cn bng gia cc h thng di truyn ca chng.
Theo Saxena v Barrion (1986) th biotype l biu hin cho s tin ha v di
truyn vi s lin h "gene i gene" gia kiu gene v tnh c (gy hi) ca cn
trng v kiu gene v tnh khng ca cy k ch.
2. Biotype ca s loi cn trng gy hi trong nng nghip
S hin din ca cc biotype trn cc loi cn trng gy hi trong nng nghip
lm cho nhiu chng trnh du nhp nhng ging cy trng khng dch hi ca
nhiu quc gia b tht bi, ng thi gy nhiu kh khn cho cc nh cn trng hc,
nh lai to, nh ha hc v c nhng nh h thng hc.
Vic xc nh biotype l iu tin quyt cho vic lai to, tuyn chn ging cy
trng khng. S hiu bit v "biotype" cn trng gip cho cc nh lai to cy trng
nh c v tr v xc nh nhng ngun khng mi v khc nhau trn th gii, phn
bit gia cc ngun khng, xc nh s di truyn ca tnh khng v lai to to tnh
khnh a gene (Pathak v Sexena, 1976).
Painter (1956) kho st li nhng nghin cu v cc dng sinh hc
(biological races) ca Phylloxera trn cy nho, su c thn bp, mui Hessian, ry
mm trn u v trn bp, b xt xanh.
Vo nm 1970, biotype c ghi nhn trn 8 loi cn trng gy hi trong
nng nghip (Pathak, 1970). Hin gi th biotype c ghi nhn trn 43 loi cn
trng gy hi (trong nng nghip) 21 h thuc 7 b ca ngnh Tit tc 50 % loi c
biotype ny thuc nhm ry mm. Vic nghin cu nhng biotype ny c mt ngha
rt ln trong cc chng trnh qun l dch hi v nhng nghin cu ny s cung cp
nhng d kin cn thit cho vn phn tch s lin h gia cn trng v cy k ch
v iu ny l nhng vn cn thit v c bn cho cc chng trnh to ging khng.

Nh vy s hiu bit ny khng nhng s gip cho cc nh cn trng hc v
cc nh to ging cy trng s chin thng dch su hi trn cy trng v ng thi li
duy tr c tnh a dng v di truyn trn nhng ging cy trng.

* V d 1: Biotype ca mui Hessian, Mayetiola destructor Say.

Vo nm 1782, khi ging la m "Underhill" (Triticum aestivum L.) c ghi
nhn l khng vi mui Hessian th vic pht trin cc loi ng cc khng vi cc loi
cn trng chuyn bit l mc ch nghin cu ca nhiu nh cn trng v chn
ging trn th gii. T lc , vic s dng cc ging la m khng M. destructar t
ra c hiu qu tt. Tuy nhin, vic trng thm canh nhng ging ny gy ra s tin
104
ha ca qun th mui, thch ng vi k ch hay ni khc i to ra nhng biotype
ca M. destructor.

Vo nm 1931, Painter v cng s vin pht hin s hin din ca cc dng
(race) mui Hessian v 13 gene hin din trong cc ging cy trng khng c ghi
nhn v nu mi biotype khc bit t nht v mt gene c th mang tnh khng, khng
li vi mt trong 13 gene khng ca k ch th c kh nng c t 213 - 8192 biotype
ca mui Hessian. Nh vy, ch c mt phn rt nh ca kh nng a dng ny
c trc tip th nghim. Mi biotype ca mui Hessian c phn lp trong
nhng th nghim chn lc ti phng th nghim v t cc qun th mui trong thin
nhin (Gallan, 1977; Sosa, 1981). Tuy vy, 8 qun th c xc nh ca M.
destructor cho thy c s thay i v tnh c (gy hi) i vi nhng gene khng
ca cc ging la m. Gene H1 v H2 hin din trong cc ging la m "Dawson" v
"Poso" (Noble vSuneson, 1943; Suneson v Noble, 1950), quyt nh tnh khng i
vi biotype 6.P (Painter, 1931); biotype E (Hatchett, 1969); biotype F v biotype C
(Wootipreecha, 1971). Gene H3 trong ging la m "Monon" v "Abe" quyt nh tnh
khng i vi biotype 6.P, A, C v biotype F (Gallum et al., 1961). Gene H5 trong
ging "Abe" (Shaunds v Cartwright, 1951) quyt nh tnh khng i vi tt c
biotype. Gene H6 hin din trong ging la m "Knox 62" v "Purdue 6549" (Allan et
al., 1959) quyt nh tnh khng i vi cc biotype 6P, A, B v E (Gallun, 1961).
Gene H7 v H9 trong ging la m "Seneca" (Patterson v Gallun, 1973) quyt nh
tnh khng i vi cc biotype 6.P, E, F v 6. V mi y mt phn gene tri trong
ging la m "Marquillo" c ghi nhn l khng vi biotype B (Maos et al., 1987),
kt qu ca vic lai to nhng biotype ca mui Hessian cho thy lin h gia locus
"c" ca mui vi locus "khng" ca cy k ch l s lin h mt i mt. Ngoi tr
gene khng H4 trong ging la m "Java" l gene ln th hu ht nhng gene mang tnh
khng hin din trong cc ging la m l gene tri hoc khng hon ton tri
(Hatchett et al., 1981). Ngoi ra nhng gene mang tnh c (gy hi) ca cc biotype
mui Hessian l nhng gene ln v khng alen trong lc th nhng gene mang tnh
khng c li l gene tri (Hetchett v Gallan, 1970).

S pht hin ra tnh tri ca tnh khng c ca mui Hessian a ra kh
nng s dng ca biotype trong vic phng tr bng di truyn. Nhng dng mui
Hessian khng c i vi nhng ging la m chuyn bit c th c th ra ti
nhng ni m cc ging la m ny ang c trng v ang b gy hi bi nhng
dng mui mi mang tnh c. Th h c th c sn sinh t s phi hp ca hai
dng mui ny s cht (Hatchett v Gallan, 1967)

* V d 2: biotype ca ry nu (B.P.H.), Nilaparvata lugens Stall

vng chu nhit i, s bin d v tnh c ca cc qun th ry nu d
ngun (alopatric) v i xng (sympatric) i vi cc ging la khng lm hn ch
s thch nghi rng ri ca ry nu v lm cho cc cng tc lai to cng tr nn phc
tp hn. S khc bit v qun th d ngun (alopatric) ry nu u tin c quan
st trong mt trn dch ry nu gy ra trn IR26 ti n (Kalode et al., 1975) IR 26
105
vi gene Bph mt l ging la khng ry nu u tin c IRRI phng thch nm
1973. Nhng nghin cu sau kim tra li s hin din ca tnh c trn cc qun
th ry nu ti Nam chu (Bangladesh, India v Sri Lanka) v ng Nam chu
(Indonesia, Philippines v Thi Lan) ni m IR 26 c nh gi l khng (Heinrichs,
1986).
Vic su tp v nui lin tc nhng qun th ry nu (hin din ngoi ng)
trn nhng ging khng chn c ba tp on ry nu Smpatric r rt (biotype ca
vng ng Nam Chu ), biotype 1, biotype 2 v biotype 3 (H1) (IRRI, 1976; Pathak
v Saxena, 1980). Biotype 1 ch c th tn cng nhng ging la khng c gene khng
ry nu, biotype 2 c kh nng sng st trn nhng ging la mang gene Bph 1, v c
nhng ging la nhim vi biotype 1; biotype 3 c th sng st trn nhng ging
mang gene Bph 2 v c nhng ging nhim biotype 1. L d nhin l c ba biotype ny
u khng th sng st trn nhng ging khng mang gene Bph 3 v Bph 4 v c trn
Ptb 33 vi hai gene cha c xc nh.
thit lp mt s lin h v di truyn gia v trong nhng biotype ry nu
ny, nhng nghin cu bao gm, nhng th nghim v lai to c thc hin
(Barrion v Saxena, 1984). Kt qu cho thy c mt s lin h gene i gene gia
tnh khng ca cy k ch v tnh c ca 3 nhm biotype ca ry nu. Nhng kt qu
ny h tr cho nhng quan im cho rng tnh a thch k ch l mt nt sinh hc
v v mt di truyn c kim sot bi mt gene chnh.
Mt qun th mi N. lugens c ghi nhn gy hi trn c Leersia hexandra
Swartz ti tri thc nghim ca IRRI v ti mt s a phng ti Luzon (Henrichs v
Medrano, 1984). Mc d c kh nng gy cht c Leersia nhng qun th ry nu ny
li khng c kh nng gy hi trn nhng ging la trc nghim. Ngc li nhng
qun th ry nu tn cng c trn la li khng gy hi c trn c Leersia.
Nhng s lai cho c thc hin gia nhng biotype ry nu gy hi trn la
v biotype ry nu gy hi trn c cho thy: nhng c tnh c k ch ca 4 tp
on biotype c kim sot bi nhng gene chnh (major gene). S lin h tnh tri
nh sau: B1 > Bl > B2 v B3. S lin h v di truyn bao gm gene tri mang tnh
khng c Bl vi nhng gene ln mang tnh c B2 v B3, cho thy kh nng ca vic
phng tr ry nu bng bin php di truyn qua vic lai to gia ry nu gy hi trn
la v ry nu gy hi trn c sn sinh ra nhng th h ry ch tn cng c Leersia
(Saxena v Barrion, 1988).
Tuy nhin, ti Vit Nam cc kt qu tng hp t nhiu nc trong thi gian gn
y (L Th Sen, 1993) cho thy dng ry nu mi Vit Nam khc vi cc dng ry
nu Thi Lan, Indonesia, i Loan, n ,... v phn ng i vi cc ging la ch
th mang gene khng Bph 2. Dng phng php lai cc biotype ny li vi nhau
theo di kiu di truyn ca chng th thy kh nng tn cng cc ging la c mang
gene Bph 2 ca cc qun th ny khng phi l do mt gene iu khin m l a gene.
Kt qu kho st nhiu ni trn th gii (Nguyn Vn Hunh, 1993) cng ghi nhn
mi biotype ca cn trng thng khng nhng ch khc nhau v kh nng sng st,
sinh sn cng nh cch gy hi trn cy k ch m chng cng khc nhau v s phn
b a l cng nh s thch ng i vi cc iu kin mi trng. V vy cc gio s
M.F. Clarid v J. E. Hollander i hc Carcliff (Anh) ngh s dng dng a l
(geographic races) thay v dng sinh hc (biological races).

106

Mt s cu hi n tp gi

1. ngha thc tin ca vic nghin cu Sinh vt hc cn trng?
2. Cc kiu bin thi ph bin cc ng vt thuc lp cn trng ?
3. Trnh by v kiu bin thi trung gian mt s loi (nhm) cn trng?
4. c im sinh sn ca cn trng?
5. Vai tr ca Pheromone trong i sng cn trng?
6. Hin tng ngng pht dc v vai tr ca hin tng ngng pht dc i vi i
sng cn trng?
7. Cc hnh thc sinh sn ca cn trng?
8. Dng sinh l v ngha thc tin ca vic nghin cu cc dng sinh l cn
trng?
9. Cc c im sinh hc c lin quan n s bc pht tnh khng thuc BVTV ca
cn trng?
10. Cc c im sinh hc c lin quan n s pht trin ca cn trng?


107
Chng V: SINH THI HC CN TRNG


I. KHI NIM V SINH THI HC CN TRNG NNG NGHIP

Trong iu kin t nhin, s hin din v mt s tng i ca cn trng ty
thuc vo cc c im sau:
- c im ni ti ca chnh cn trng nh: tim nng sinh hc, hnh vi, tc
ng ca nhm.
- c im sinh vt ca mi trng: cy k ch v cc yu t thin ch.
- Cc yu t phi sinh vt: thi tit, t ai, ch nc.
Trong iu kin t nhin, gia cc yu t nu trn c nhng tc ng qua li:
mt tc ng no trn mt trong nhng yu t mi trng (nh thay i thi tit, s
can thip ca con ngi) u c nhng tc ng n nhng yu t sinh hc khc. V
d nh s thay i v cy k ch s tc ng ln cn trng gy hi v t s tc
ng ln thin ch ca cn trng gy hi theo nhng qui lut ring ca cc loi thin
ch ny.
Cn ch rng trong cc yu t ca mi trng, chnh yu t nh nht li c
tc ng ln nht. Hn na ngi ta cng ghi nhn rng thng nhng yu t thay i
li c tc ng mnh hn nhng yu t bn vng v d cho nhng yu t khc ca mi
trng thch hp, ng vt cng khng th tn ti nu mt yu t no ca mi
trng khng thch hp.

II. TC NG CA CC YU T PHI SINH VT

Chnh thi tit quyt nh phn ln s phn b, pht trin v hot ng cng
nh s pht sinh thnh dch ca cn trng. C th phn bit:
- i kh hu (macroclimat) ca cc nh a d hc hay cc nh nng hc, y
l kh hu ca mt vng rng ln, c o c trong cc iu kin chun ca cc i
kh tng, t nhng s liu ny, ngi ta thit lp c nhng biu n gin
nh sinh thi kh hu (ecoclimatogrammes) chng hn. Vic nghin cu v sinh
thi kh hu trong mt chng mc no cho php d on trc nhng nguy c
c th xy ra do vic di chuyn cn trng t vng ny sang vng khc (vng cha b
nhim nh trng hp c kh hu tng t nguy c cng ln). C th hon chnh kt
qu ca sinh thi kh hu vi nhng s liu c lin quan n cc yu cu, iu kin
cn thit pht trin ca cn trng.
- Trung kh hu (mesoclimat): ca mt vng thun nht (ng u).
- Vi kh hu (microclimat): ca mt vng rt gii hn ca mt sinh thi m
ni cn trng ang sinh sng; tht ra rt kh o c cc yu t vi kh hu ca nhng
loi cn trng sng trn mch l - vi kh hu ca mt ch nt trn v cy khng ging
vi vi kh hu trn mt mt cnh cy phng phiu...
108




Hnh V.1. S lin h gia cn trng gy hi v cc yu t mi trng
109

Hnh V.2. Biu tc ng v cng ca mt yu t vt l n tm quan trng ca
mt s cn trng. (1): loi khng hin din,(2): loi hin din him hoi.
(3): loi hin din ph bin.


Hnh V.3. Biu hot ng ca cn trng theo nhit

Nu i kh hu (macroclimat) xc nh s phn b tng qut ca mt loi (nh
cn trng vng sa mc, cn trng vng i Ty Dng,..) th trung v vi kh hu l
110
yu t quyt nh s hin din hu hiu (bn vng) ca mt ng vt trong sinh cnh
hay ni r hn l trong mt sinh thi (niche ecologique) nht nh.

1. Nhit

y l yu t ngoi cnh quan trng nht: cn trng l ng vt mu lnh, nhit
ca c th gn bng vi nhit ca mi trng chung quanh v thay i cng vi
s thay i ca nhit mi trng. Nhit quyt nh tc ca cc phn ng ha
hc (nh lut VAN'T HOFF: cng ca tt c cc hiu lc sinh hc v bin dng
ty thuc cht ch vo cc yu t ca nhit ). Hn na, nhit cn tc ng n
hnh vi v c th l nguyn nhn gy ra s t vong cn trng.

a- Tc ng ca nhit n cng ca cc hin tng sinh hc (hoc n
thi gian v tc ca s pht trin)

Cn trng ch c th pht trin trong mt s gii hn nht nh ca nhit m
ngi ta gi l nhit hu hiu cho s pht trin, nhit ny thay i ty theo loi
v trn cng mt loi cn trng theo cc giai on pht trin v i khi cng thay i
theo cc yu t kh hu khc.

Trong khong gii hn nhit ny, ngi ta c th xy dng mt ng cong
v thi gian pht trin v tc pht trin theo nhit da trn nhng s liu th
nghim c c trong nhng iu kin nhit nht nh. Qua biu , ngi ta thy
r rng thi gian ca s pht trin gim khi nhit tng. Ngc li, tc pht trin
(V=1/D) li tng theo nhit (trong khong gii hn nhit hu hiu cho s pht
trin). Gn v pha nhit thp v nhit cao, ng biu din tc pht trin c
dng cong v hnh ch S.

Kho st 2 ng biu din ny cho thy c 2 khi nim quan trng:

* Nhit ti thiu (l thuyt) ca ngng sinh hc (K)

C c khi ko di ng thng biu din tc ca s pht trin theo nhit
cho n khi phn ny giao nhau vi trc honh (trc nhit ) v ngi ta tha
nhn rng di gi tr K ny, cn trng s khng pht trin c.

* Qui tc ca s bn vng nhit

111
Trong khong nhit m tc pht trin thay i theo mt ng thng, tch
ca thi gian pht trin (D) v hiu ca nhit mi trng (T) v nhit ti thiu
ca ngng sinh hc (K) l mt hng s.
D(T-K) = C (hng s nhit )


Hnh V.4. nh hng ca nhit (T) trn thi gian ca s pht trin (D) v
trn tc pht trin V (V=1/D) ca mt loi cn trng. K = ngng nhit ti thiu
(l thuyt) ca s pht trin. Tm-TM = khong nhit m trong khong ny tc
pht trin (V) bin thin theo mt ng thng. V = tc pht trin. D = thi gian
pht trin
Nu D c tnh bng ngy, T v K bng th C c biu th bng
o
N (
o
D),
C biu th cho tng nhit lng v c gi l tng tch n hu hiu cn thit cho s
pht trin ca cn trng. iu ny cho thy hon thnh mt giai on pht trin mi
loi cn trng (cng nh mi loi sinh vt ni chung) u i hi phi c tng nhit
lng nht nh. Tng nhit lng ny l mt hng s nhit c hiu qu cho s pht
dc ca mi loi cn trng.

Qui lut v s bn vng nhit c p dng khi cn trng hot ng trong
cc iu kin nhit khc nhau nh trong cc iu kin t nhin vi iu kin l
nhit bn ngoi bin ng trong khong t Tm - TM trong ng biu din v
thi gian pht trin theo nhit l mt ng cong hyperbole. Nh vy c ngha l t
nhng hiu bit v tng tch n hu hiu, ngi ta c th tnh s th h c th xut
hin trong mt nm ca tng loi cn trng nht nh tng vng c th. Nu gi
sigma C l tng tch n hu hiu c nm ca mt loi cn trng A trong a phng B,
th gi tr sigma C c tnh nh sau:
112
Nhit d

Sigma C = 31 (Tn1 - K) + 28 (Tn2 - K)....+ 31 (Tn12 - K)

* Ghi ch: s 31, 28, ... 31 l s ngy ca thng 1,2,....,12
Tn1, Tn2, ...,Tn12 gi tr nhit trung bnh ca cc thng 1,2,...12

T s th h l thuyt trong nm ca loi su A bng

Sigma C
C
----------- N =
* Ghi ch : C l tng tch n hu hiu cn thit hon thnh mt vng i

Hin nay phng php d tnh d bo da trn qui lut ca s bn vng nhit
c s dng rng ri ti nhiu ni. Tuy nhin cng cn thy rng phng php
ny c mt s mt hn ch nht nh. V thu c kt qu chnh xc, gi tr ca Tn
phi n nh, iu ny rt kh xy ra trn ng rung. Hn na, phng php ny ch
mi xt n vai tr ca nhit , thc ra tc sinh sn, pht trin ca cn trng cn
chu nh hng tng hp ca nhiu nhn t sinh thi khc nh m, nh sng, thc
n.

Ngoi ra cn ch thm rng trong iu kin ca kh hu nhit i v ma kh
hoc ma h, c nhng thi im trong ngy, nhit Tn rt cao, c th ln hn
ngng TM, do hiu s ca tr s trung bnh Tn trong ngy v K khng phn
nh ng nhit hu hiu.
Trong cng tc d tnh, d bo su hi, xc nh c tng tch n hu hiu
cho tng loi cn trng, trc ht cn phi tnh khi im pht dc K ca chng. Da
vo kt qu nui su trong t nh n, t nht ca 2 th h, trong iu kin nhit
khc nhau, c th tnh c bng cch nh sau:

- Trong iu kin nhit Tn1: C = D1 (Tn1 - K)
- Trong iu kin nhit Tn2: C = D2 (Tn2 - K)
V gi tr ca C khng i cho tng loi cn trng nn:
D1Tn1 - D1K = D2Tn2 - D2K
D1Tn1 - D2Tn2 = D1K - D2K
K (D1 - D2) = D1Tn1 - D2Tn2
D1Tn1 - D2Tn2
K = --------------------
D1 - D2
113
Khi bit K, c th tnh c C v D
D1Tn1 - D2Tn2
C = D1 (Tn1 - -------------------- )
D1 - D2
C
D = ------------
Tn - K
Kt qu nui su cn gi Leucania separata Walk ca Trng i hc Nng
nghip I, H Ni cho mt v d r rng v mi quan h gia nhit mi trng v
thi gian pht dc ca cn trng.

Khi bit c tr s C, s K v ngy ca cn trng th ngi ta c th d
on ngy n ca trng hay ngy cui ca cc giai on pht trin ca cn trng bng
cch ghi nhn nhit hng ngy. Cc b phn, c quan v Bo V Thc Vt thng
s dng nhng d liu ny d tnh, d bo v theo di tnh hnh pht sinh v pht
trin ca su hi. Ngi ta ghi nhn rng s gia tng cng ca cc hin tng bin
dng theo nhit s a n s gia tng v nhu cu thc n. S tiu th thc n gia
tng c ngha l s gy hi s gia tng,... cc vng n i, mt s gia tng v nhit
bn ngoi c th gy ra mt s gia tng trm trng v s gy hi.

Tng tch n hu hiu v khi im pht dc ca mt s loi cn trng:
* B xt trn bp ci K: 13
0
C ; C = 240
0
N
* Trng ca su to Carpocapse K: 10
0
C, C = 90
0
N
* Nhng ca rui c ci K: 6
0
C, C = 200
0
N
* Trng v u trng ca b Cnh cng (Chrysomelidae) trn cy Colza
K: 7
0
C, C = 290
0
N

114
Bng 1. nh hng ca nhit mi trng n thi gian sinh trng ca su cn gi
Leucania separata Walk (H Khc Tn, 1980)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Giai on Nhit Thi gian pht
pht trin (
0
C) trin (ngy)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
16,8 11
18,9 8
TRNG 19,7 6
23,6 5
26,6 4
30,8 3
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
16,4 41
18,5 30
SU NON 21,5 27
24,7 22
28,4 18
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
17,6 22
18,9 16
21,5 13
NHNG 25,8 11
28,2 9
29,2 7
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
20,4 11
22,5 10
TRNG THNH 27,8 8
29,2 7
30,6 6
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

115
b- nh hng ca nhit n mt s hot ng v hnh vi ca cn trng

Mt s hot ng sng nh di chuyn, hot ng kim mi, tc di chuyn,..
gia tng khi nhit gia tng.

Mt i khi c nhng ngng nhit m trn ngng nhit ny, mt s
hot ng sng ca cn trng c bc pht mt cch ngon mc: u trng ca cc
loi co co di c ch di chuyn khi nhit t t n 31,5
0
C, ry mm c cnh
(Aphis fabae) bt u bay khi nhit khng kh t trn 17
0
C; bm ca cc loi su
to Carpocapse ch bay vo lc hong hn, khi nhit khng kh t trn 15
0
C.

Khi c trong nhiu iu kin nhit khc nhau, cn trng cng biu l
mt s a thch i vi mt s nhit . S a thch ny thay i ty theo loi, v
cng thay i ty theo nhng iu kin ca mi trng, c bit l i vi iu kin
m .

Hnh vi ny c th c biu th qua vn chn ni nh c ca cn trng
nh kin di l, rui di nh sng mt tri,... nhng loi cn trng k sinh ng
vt mu nng nh mui, b cht,... pht hin c k ch l do pht hin c
ngun nhit. Mui c th phn bit c s khc bit v nhit mc di 1/10
0
C
v chch trn da k ch nh mt loi kch thch gi l kch thch nhit.

c- nh hng ca nhit i vi s gii hn dn s

Nhit ti a hay ti thiu u c th l yu t gii hn mt s cn trng,
trong iu kin kh hu n i, nhit thp ca ma ng ch c mt tc ng rt
gii hn trn cc cn trng a phng v nhng loi ny chu ng c nhng
lnh mnh lit (-20
0
C - -25
0
C) mt cch d dng. nhit ny, nhng loi cn trng
ny c mt s bin dng rt c bit, cho php chng chu c cc yu t bt li
l hin tng tim sinh (diapause).

Tri li, nhit lnh ca ma ng c th dit tr nhng loi cn trng c
a vo mt cch tnh c t nhng vng nng. V d loi rui a Trung Hi gy hi
trn nhiu loi cy n tri ca vng Ty Ban Nha v Bc Phi, mc d c du nhp rt
nhiu ln vo nc Php qua vic nhp khu nhng loi tri cy nh cam, o,... v c
th gy mt s thit hi ti Php, nhng loi ny khng th nh c c Php do
khng chu c nhit lnh ca ma ng ti Php.

Ti vng n i nu nhit lnh ca ma ng khng phi l yu t gii hn
mt s cn trng a phng th nhit thp quan st thy trong ma xun hoc ma
116
thu li c th a n s t vong cao nhiu loi, khi kt hp vi nhng yu t khc
nh m tng i, bnh,...

Nhit cao ca ma h khng phi l yu t hy dit cn trng, tr mt s
trng hp c bit nh trng hp ca trng v u trng thuc th h th hai ca rui
gy hi trn c ci , loi ny thng b cht hng lot vo ma h khi nhit ni
n tr vt qua 28
o
C trong thi gian nht nh.

Thng th cn trng c th chng chu c sc nng ca mi trng bng
nhiu cch gia tng s thot hi nc, i vo mt tnh trng c bit ca tim sinh,
thch ng v hnh thi nh mu sc ca cnh, thng gp b Cnh cng
(Coleoptera).

2. m v lng ma

a- nh hng ca m i vi s t vong v sng st ca cn trng

m gi mt vai tr rt quan trng i vi i sng cn trng. Mi loi cn
trng u c yu cu c bit i vi yu t ny.
Ngi ta ghi nhn rng t l sng st ca cc loi cn trng gy hi trong kho
va s rt cao nu m thp hay ni khc i cc loi ny pht trin tt trong iu
kin kh hn. Nhng loi cn trng gy hi trn thc vt tri li l nhng loi i hi
nhng iu kin m tng i kh cao.

Tuy nhin cn ch rng tc ng m tng i trn t l t vong ca cn
trng thay i rt nhiu theo nhit , v kh nng chng chu sc nng th rt tt
trong iu kin m thp.

Ti vng n i, tc ng ca m tng i khng r nh cc vng a
Trung Hi hay nhit i. Tuy vy, ngay ti vng n i, s lm kh t bi nhng k
thut canh tc khc nhau nh cy lm t, cho ngp nc..... c th gy t vong cho
nhiu loi cn trng sng trong t. y l nhng bin php dit nhng loi cn
trng gy hi sng trong t.

b- nh hng ca m i vi hot ng, hnh vi v s phn b ca cn
trng

S hot ng tr li vo ma xun ca nhiu loi cn trng thng ty thuc
vo lng ma. pha Bc nc ta vo khong thng 3, nu c ma xun u n, t
m v c si m, nhng ca cc loi b hung hi gc la s trng thnh r.
117
Khi lm ti xp t, ma cho php nhng loi cn trng ha nhng trong t chui ra
d dng, v vy nhng trn ma u ma thng c theo sau bi s v ha ca
nhiu loi cn trng.

Mi loi cn trng u biu l mt s a thch i vi nhng iu kin m
nht nh, iu ny c th gii thch c cc s la chn ni nh c ca cn trng
di l cy, trong vt nt ca v cy, di nhng cht d tha thc vt,... Nhng hnh
vi ny t nhiu cng c nh hng n s gy hi ca cn trng trong nng nghip, s
kh hn s lm cho cc loi su thp (Elateridae), sng (Scarabaeidae) cng chui su
xung t v iu s lm gim s gy hi ca cc loi ny trn r cy trng.

Nhn chung a s cn trng thch m khng kh t 80 % tr ln. Tuy nhin
i vi tng loi v ngay i vi tng giai on pht trin, mi loi u c vng cc
thun m tng i xc nh, c th cn trng duy tr c mt hm lng
nc, thch hp, bo m iu kin tt cho qu trnh trao i cht. V khi m dao
ng ngoi phm vi cc thun (cao hn hay thp hn) u lm gim sc sng ca cn
trng.

S tc ng ca m n cn trng c lin quan cht ch vi cc nhn t
khc, c bit l i vi nhit. Ni chung s thiu hay tha m thng gy hi
r rt cho s sng ca cn trng khi nhit khng kh dao ng ngoi phm vi cc
thun. Trong iu kin nhit cao, m cao s lm hn ch kh nng iu ha
nhit. Trong iu kin nhit thp, m cao s lm gim sc chu lnh ca cn
trng (Guglle, 1901). V d trong iu kin m cao, loi gin (Blatta orientalis L.)
b cht ngay 28
0
C, tri li trong khng kh kh ro, gin c th chu ng c ti
48
0
C.

m cn nh hng ti s sinh sn, hot tnh v s phn b ca cn trng.
Theo di trn su cn gi, ngi ta ghi nhn thy nhit 25
0
C nu m tng i
thp (60%), s trng ch bng 93,5 % so vi s trng m 90 %. Nu m
thp hn na (40%) s trng ch cn 50,2 % (H Khc Tn, 1980).

Ngoi nh hng gin tip thng qua m khng kh, lng ma c tc ng
ht sc ln n i sng cn trng thng qua m khng kh, m t v thng
qua cc tc ng c gii ca ma. Ma ln v ko di ngn cn cc hot ng giao
phi, sinh sn v pht tn ca cn trng. Nhiu loi cn trng nh nh ry mm, ry
phn, su mi n,... u b nhng trn ma ln ra tri. Ma ln nhiu ngy, lm mc
nc rung dng cao cng gy s t vong ca su v nhng ca su c thn ma 5
vch (H Khc Tn, 1980) v lm gim kh nng gy hi ca ry nu (Nilaparvata
lugens). Tuy nhin cng c mt s loi cn trng nh su n (Spodoptera mauritia)
thng pht sinh thnh dch trn la vo nhng nm c ma ln, gy ngp lt ng
rung.

118
Do nhit v m thng phi hp cht ch v tc ng mt cch tng hp
ln cn trng v vy trong khi nghin cu v cn trng ngi ta thng xt n tc
ng tng hp ca 2 yu t ny qua vic xy dng nhng kh hu (climatogramme)
v sinh kh hu (bioclimatogramme). Trong cc loi biu ny, ng biu bin
t hp yu t nhit v m c i chiu vi cc vng nhit v m m ti
cn trng c phn ng khc nhau.


Hnh V.5. nh hng ca cc iu kin m trn t l sng st ca cn trng sng
trn thc n ti (su bm) v trn cc loi ht kh (mt).

3. nh sng v quang k

nh sng c th tc ng (bi cng v thi gian chiu sng) n cc hot
ng v hnh vi cng nh n s iu ha cc hot ng theo chu k ma ca cn
trng. Nhn chung cn trng ch c kh nng cm th nhng tia sng c bc sng
ngn t 6500 n 2700 Anstron (vng, lc, lam, chm v t ngoi), tuy vy xu tnh ca
chng i vi nh sng rt khc nhau ty theo loi. C nhng loi cn trng ch
chuyn hot ng v ban ngy nh bm phn (Pieridae), bm phng
(Papilionidae),... hoc ch hot ng vo lc hong hn nh b hung (Scarabaeidae)
hoc vo ban m nh cc loi ngi m (Noctuidae), mui,... Trong nhiu trng hp
cng chiu sng c th gi mt vai tr quan trng trong vic tc ng n cc
hnh vi ny, tuy nhin bn cnh , mt s yu t khc nh: tnh cht ca nh sng v
m tng i ca mi trng cng c th c nh hng.

Bng 2. Phn ng i vi nhit v m ca su c tri to Carpocapsa
pomonella L. (H Khc Tn, 1980)
119
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
KHONG CCH GII HN
VNG HOT NG ------------------------------------------------------------
T
0
C H %
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
I. Ngng hot ng 2,5 >= >=41 15>= >=95
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
II. Khng thun li 5 - 9 v 34 - 41 15 - 40 v 75 - 95
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
III. Thun li 9 - 15 v 30 - 34 40 - 50 v 70 - 75
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
IV. Cc thun 15 - 30 50 - 70
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

cc loi ong, ngi ta ghi nhn hng ca cc tia sng gip cho ong nh
hng tm n ni c thc n v tm ng v t. B hung trng thnh thng s
dng nh sng ca mt phng phn cc vo lc hong hn tm hng bay.

Bn cnh , thi gian chiu sng trong ngy cng l mt trong nhng yu t
chnh quyt nh ngng pht dc (diapause) ca nhiu loi cn trng vng n i.

120
Hnh V.6. Sinh kh hu ca su c tri to vng ngoi Bucarest (C. Manolache)
121


Hnh V.7. S bin ng v t l cht ca cn trng di tc ng phi hp ca nhit
v m tng i.


Hnh V.8. S dng kh hu (climatogramme) d tnh d bo s phn b a l
ca rui c tri a Trung Hi.
A: vng rt thun li cho s pht trin ca rui; B: vng thun li cho s pht
trin ca rui; C: vng gii hn cho s pht trin ca rui
D: vng khng thun li cho s pht trin ca rui

122

Thi gian quan st
Mt s cn trng
Hnh V.10. S bin ng ca mt s cn trng gy hi di tc ng ca
thin ch
Hnh V.9. S bin ng s cn trng trong mt th h, (1) = giai on gia tng
mt s; (2) = giai on gim mt s di tc ng ca nhiu yu t khc
nhau
Thnh trng
u trng
TRNG
(2)
(1)
Mt s cn trng
Thi gian quan st
123


Hnh V.11. S bin ng mt s ca mt loi cn trng trong mt thi gian di

124
4. Gi v p sut khng kh

a- Gi

Gi l mt yu t va thun li li va bt li cho s phn b ca nhng
ng vt c kch thc nh. Gi yu v nhng lung gi i ln c th pht tn cn
trng c cnh (ry mm, ong k sinh), kch thc nh i nhng khong cch rt xa.
Ngi su hng hi bng c cc lung khng kh mang ln cao gn 1 km v nh gi
thi nn dt t M-hi-c n M. V cng nh gi m mt loi su hi quan trng trn
khoai ty l Leptinotara decemlineata (Coleoptera) pht tn, ly lan khp Chu u.
Nh nhng lung gi yu m cn trng c th pht hin c cy k ch hoc c th
khc ging qua mi v (pheromones) tit ra t c th ny. Tuy nhin, thng th hot
ng sng ca cn trng rt cao khi tri nng m v yn tnh v gi mnh thng ngn
cn nhng loi c cnh bay v cc loi ny thng tm ni n tr.

Ngoi tc ng quan trng trong s phn b cn trng, gi cn nh hng gin
tip bng cch lm thay i nhit mi trng, lm gim m khng kh v lm
gia tng s thot hi nc.

b- p sut khng kh

Thng hot ng ca cn trng gia tng khi p sut khng kh gim: trc
nhng cn ging, bo th cn trng vo n rt nhiu, trc cn bo s ion ha khng
kh lm gia tng s lng ion dng lm gia tng r rt cc hot ng ca cn
trng.

5. t

Theo thng k ca Ghilarop (1949) c ti 95 % s loi cn trng c lin h t,
nhiu n t. Nhiu loi cn trng thuc lp ph khng cnh (Apterygota) sinh sng
hon ton trong t. lp ph c cnh (Pterygota), cng c mt s loi hu nh sut
i khng ri khi t nh cc loi d mn, d nhi, mi, kin,... v c rt nhiu loi
c i sng lin h vi t trong nhng giai on nht nh ca chu k pht trin v
trong nhng ma v nht nh nh nhiu loi co co, chu chu, b hung trng
trong t.

Mt s loi khc c giai on su non trong t nh ve su, su thp
(elateridae),.. hoc giai on nhng trong t nh nhiu loi ngi thuc b Cnh vy
nh su xanh (Heliothis armigera), su xanh da lng (Spodoptera exigua), su n tp
(Spodoptera litura), su c tri u nnh (Etiella zinckenella). Nhiu loi ngi m
(Noctuidae), vo giai on u trng tui nh sng trn cy nhng n giai on u
125
trng tui ln th ban ngy trn di t, v ban m mi chui ln cy n ph.
Nhiu kt qu nghin cu cho thy t c nh hng quan trng khng nhng trn cn
trng sng trong t m c nhng loi c tp qun ha nhng trong t.

Ni chung gi tc ng ch yu qua cc thnh phn, cu trc v thong ca
t. Tri li pH v thnh phn ha hc ch c nh hng rt t n i sng cn trng.
Tuy nhin, ngi ta cng ghi nhn l phn ln u trng h B ci (Elateridae) tp
trung nhiu nht trong cc chn t c pH = 4 - 5,2 v ngc li loi Bng ti
(Tenebrionidae) li thch sng trong t ct trung tnh hi kim (pH = 7 - 8). t nh
rt thch hp cho s pht tn v gia tng mt s ca cc loi d nhi, tri li nhng t
st cht, d b kh cng trn b mt vo ma kh c th gy t vong cho nhiu loi
cn trng c c th mm sng trong t v ngn cn s v ha ca cc loi cn trng
ha nhng trong t.

III. TC NG CA CC YU T SINH VT

1. Yu t ni ti ca cn trng

Quan trng nht l 2 yu t: tim nng sinh hc v tc ng ca nhm, ngoi ra
cn c mt s yu t khc nh kh nng phn tn, hnh vi, kiu sinh sn,...

a- Tim nng sinh sn

Tim nng sinh sn hay kh nng gia tng mt s ca mt loi trong nhng iu
kin ti u. Kh nng ny ty thuc vo 2 yu t ni ti ca cn trng:
- Kh nng sinh sn ca con ci.
- Tc pht trin.
Trong 2 yu t ny th yu t th hai quan trng nht, mt loi c kh nng sinh
sn km nhng c tc pht trin nhanh th s c mt tim nng sinh hc v nhng
kh nng pht sinh thnh dch cao hn rt nhiu so vi loi c kh nng sinh sn cao
nhng tc pht trin chm. C th so snh hai loi: mt loi ch c mt th h/nm,
c th sinh sn c 10.000 c th, nh vy trong mt nm loi ny s cho ra 10.000
c th, v loi th hai mc d kh nng sinh sn thp, ch c 100 c th con nhng li
c 3 th h/ nm th trong mt nm loi ny c th cho ra i 250.000 c th con. Ni
chung th trong tnh ton l thuyt, s gia tng mt s cn trng c thc hin theo
mt s gia tng v s hc (progression geomtrique), nhng trong thc t th nhng
con s ny khng bao gi t c v lun lun c mt s t vong kh ln, d l
trong iu kin ti ho. Hu ht cc cng thc, m hnh ton hc c tnh ton, xy
dng xc nh cc quy lut v pht trin chnh xc ca cn trng thng khng xt
n iu kin thc t.

126
Trong nng nghip, nhng loi cn trng nguy him thng l nhng loi cn
trng c nhiu th h trong mt nm nh ry nu Nilaparvata lugens trn la, loi ny
c chu k sinh trng ngn thng l < mt thng, c nhiu th h/nm v vy c kh
nng gy thnh dch rt nhanh trong iu kin mi trng thch hp hoc nu s dng
cc loi thuc tr su khng ng hy dit thin ch ca chng.

Tuy vy cng c mt s trng hp ngoi l quan trng, c mt s loi cn
trng c tim nng sinh hc km nhng vn c kh nng pht trin thnh dch nu con
ngi to iu kin cho chng gia tng mt s lin tc, v d nh vic c canh mt
loi cy trng... Ngoi ra cng cn ghi nhn l mt s loi cn trng mc d mt s rt
thp vn c th gy hi quan trng cho cy trng nh cc loi rui, ngi, su c tri.


b- Tc ng ca nhm

Trong mt s loi cn trng, s sng thnh tp th, n,... a n nhng s
bin i su sc v sinh l, hnh vi v c hnh thi ca cn trng. Hin tng ny
thng c quan st trn ry mm (Aphididae) v co co (Acrididae), hoc nhng
loi cn trng sng thnh x hi thuc b Cnh mng (Hymenoptera) v tc ng ca
nhm gi mt vai tr quan trng trong nng nghip v cng l nguyn nhn ca
cc s gy hi v s tp trung sng thnh n ca cn trng. Ghi nhn 3 trng hp:

* Hin tng xut hin dng c cnh ry mm

Trong thi gian u khi cn trng mi n nh c trn mt loi cy trng thch
hp, nhng cn trng ny sinh sn n tnh v con ci (c) c hai dng cnh: c cnh
v khng cnh. Khi mt s ry mm trn cy thp, tt c con ci u khng c cnh,
ti ch v sau gia tng mt s rt nhanh. Khi mt s cao li xut hin nhng con ci
c cnh, nhng con ny s ri b k ch phn tn i ni khc v sng st.

Trng hp tng t cng ghi nhn c ry nu trn la. Vo giai on u
khi ry nu c cnh n nh c trn rung la, c con c v con ci u c cnh,
nhng sau khi sinh sn, cc th h k tip, hu ht con ci u khng c cnh, kh
nng sinh sn rt cao. n khi mt s cao, th s hnh thnh nhng c th ci c cnh,
kh nng sinh sn thp, nhng c th ny s ri b k ch phn tn i ni khc tm
k ch mi. Hai v d trn cho thy s tip xc gia cc th c th gi mt vai tr
no v s thay i v cht v lng ca thc n cng c mt vai tr tng t.

* S tp trung sng thnh n co co

127
nhng loi co co thng sng thnh n, quan st thy 2 dng c th: c
th sng ring l v c th sng thnh n. Hai dng ny c hnh thi bn ngoi, chu
k sinh trng v hnh vi rt khc nhau. Bnh thng co co sng ring l, ln trn
v sng xa nhau. Khi iu kin bn ngoi a n tnh trng khan him thc n, nhng
loi ny bt buc phi sng tp trung vo mt sinh thi (Biotope) c bit v trong
sinh thi ny, cc th h sau s c tin ho thnh cc dng sng thnh n, chng c
c nhng bn nng mi khin chng sng tp hp thnh nhm. iu ny a n
s thnh lp nhng bng, nhm, n khng l, di chuyn trn nhng khong cch rt
xa v gy nhng thit hi to ln trn nhng vng m chng bay qua.

S hiu bit v c ch ca vn sng tp trung thnh n cho php xc
nh nhng phng php phng chng hiu qu cc loi co co di c ti nhiu nc
trn th gii. Hin nay tr s quc t phng chng co co di c ti Lun n c
nhim v theo di nhng vng thng xy ra nhng s t tp thnh n ca co co v
bo m hy dit nhng bng, nhm co co khi nhng bng nhm ny mi c
thnh lp.
* Vn iu ha trong x hi ca cc loi mi, kin v ong

Thnh phn c th ca cc x hi ny c iu chnh nh "tc ng ca
nhm". Nhng cht pheromones gi mt vai tr rt quan trng trong qu trnh iu
chnh ny. c tit ra bi con cha, pheromones c truyn t c th ny n c th
khc trong qu trnh trao i thc n v do s lim lp ln nhau. Nhng cht ny
gy ra s trit sn cc ong th, v v,...

2. Tc ng ca cy k ch

a- Nhu cu thc n ca cn trng

Cng nh cc loi ng vt khc, cn trng cng cn nhng loi thc n nh
sau:

- Thc n cn thit cho s cu to t chc c th cn trng, cn thit cho s
pht trin v sinh sn nh protein v cc acid amine.

- Thc n nng lng cn thit cho s bo tr v hot ng ca c th nh
glucid.

Hai loi thc n k trn rt cn thit cho u trng ca tt c cc loi cn trng
v cho thnh trng ca cc loi cn trng c bin thi khng hon ton (nh co co,
chu chu, d nhi, b xt, ry, rp dnh,...). y l nhng nhm m thnh trng v u
trng cng c kiu gy hi ging nhau trn cy trng. Ring i vi thnh trng ca
128
cn trng thuc nhm bin thi hon ton (b Coleoptera, Lepidoptera, Diptera,...) c
mt s khc bit rt ln gia cc nhm v khc bit ngay c cc loi.

Mt s loi i hi mt loi thc n y sinh sn, chng thng tm thc
n trn nhng loi cy khc nhau vi nhng cy m trn u trng ca chng cng
c th pht trin bnh thng nh cc loi b hung thng sng trong rng, vn.
Bm v rui thng sng bng phn hoa v mt hoa. nhiu loi, thc n c
d tr trong c th ngay t giai on u trng sau khi v ha c t lu s ngay m
khng cn n thm (nh trng hp ca nhiu loi thuc b cnh vy) hoc ch n
nhng cht glucid (nh bm v rui) v v th thnh trng ca nhng loi bin thi
hon ton thng khng hoc t gy hi hn giai on u trng.

Ni chung tnh n ca cn trng c th chia thnh cc loi sau y:

- Tnh n rt hp: nh su c thn 2 chm (Tryporyza incertulas) v ry nu
(Nilaparvata lugens) ch gy hi ch yu trn la. B ra chu c (Rodolia cardinalis)
ch n loi rp sp s (Icerya purchasi) hi cam qut.

- Tnh n hp: mt s loi cn trng ch n mt s loi cy thuc mt ging
hoc mt h no nh su bm phn Pieris canidia L. ch n nhng thc vt thuc
h thp t.

- Tnh n rng: Mt s loi cn trng c kh nng thch ng rng c th n
c nhiu loi cy nh su xanh (Spodoptera exigua) c th tn cng hu ht cc loi
cy h u, hnh, t, bp ci,...

- Tnh n tp: n c c nhng thc n ng vt ln thc vt nh gin.

b- nh hng ca cht lng thc n

Cht lng thc n nh hng r rt n s sinh sn, t l cht, tc pht
trin, hot tnh v hin tng ngng pht dc cng nh s phn b, pht tn ca cn
trng. Quan st trn su c thn hai chm trn la ghi nhn: la su ph hi trn la
cui giai on tng trng tch cc v lm ng c trng lng c th su non ln, t
l cht thp v sc sinh sn cao hn hn so vi la su ph hi trn m. Tng t, ry
nu hi la Nilaparvata lugens khi tn cng trn la vo cui giai on tng trng
tch cc v lm ng th t l con ci c loi hnh cnh ngn (kh nng sinh sn cao)
rt cao, nhng nu tn cng trn la tr u th con ci hu ht c dng cnh di
(kh nng sinh sn thp).

129
Ry bng (Pseudococus citri Risso) khi sng trn cam qut th c th c hu
nh khng hin din, tuy nhin nu sng trn mm khoai ty, nht l khi mt ry
ln th t l c c th t n 13 %. Cn trng thng thch tn cng nhng cy khe
mnh hn l nhng cy yu, bnh. V d nh loi rui trn c ci khng pht trin
c khi nui bng nhng l c ci b nhim bnh vng l. Trn cy bp, ngi ta
ghi nhn c mt s ging bp khng su c thn bp (Pyrausta nubilalis), u trng
khi tn cng nhng ging bp ny s khng pht trin, c th do cy thiu mt s cht
sinh t cn thit cho s pht trin ca cn trng, ng thi trong cy cng c th cha
nhng cht c (nh 6-methoxy 2-3 benza xazilone).

Ngoi ra phn bn v nhng loi thuc tr dch hi c th lm thay i cht
lng ca cy trng. Ty theo tng trng hp c th tt hn hoc xu hn. Vic s
dng nhiu loi phn m to iu kin thun li cho s pht trin ca nhiu loi su
thuc b Cnh vy. Ngi ta ghi nhn c mt s loi thuc tr su, tr nm, tr c,
c th lm cht lng ca cy tt hn, cy pht trin kh hn. S thay i cht lng
thc n c th c nh hng r n chu k sinh hc ca cn trng n thc vt: Ti
vng n i, s qua ng c th xy ra khi l bt u gi gia thng 8.

c- nh hng ca khi lng thc n

Khi lng thc n nh hng rt ln n kh nng gia tng mt s ca cn
trng trong thin nhin. Trong thc t sn xut nng nghip, c th quan st c mt
s tnh trng nh sau:

- Mc d c nhiu yu t gii hn v lm gim nguy c nhng vic trng trt
cc loi cy trng l mt iu kin rt thch hp cho s pht trin ca cc loi cn
trng gy hi v s cung cp cho cn trng mt khi lng ln thc n v khi lng
ny thng c cht lng cao hn nhng cy mc t nhin.

- Mc d s cnh tranh thc n gia cc loi khc nhau hay trong cng mt loi
thng t quan st thy trong nng nghip, tuy nhin cng c th ghi nhn c s
cnh tranh gia ry nu (Nilaparvata lugens) v ry lng trng (Sogatella furcifera)
trn la v thng gia 2 loi ny th ry nu chim u th, hoc l khi mt s ca
sng trong cc vn cy hay ng c gia tng cao th s a ti s bin mt ca cc
tp on sng sau .

- Vn nh hng ca khi lng thc n cn a n mt s vn khc
nh: cn trng xut hin vo thi im m cy trng khng vo giai on thch hp
hoc cha c. Trong c hai trng hp ny, mt s cn trng u c gi mt mc
rt thp v s gy hi s khng xy ra hoc khng ng k.

130
3. Yu t thin ch

Trong thin nhin, cn trng gy hi c th b nhiu k th tn cng nh cc
loi dch bnh, cn trng n mi, cn trng k sinh.

a - Vi sinh vt gy bnh cho cn trng

Cn trng rt d b nhim cc loi bnh do cc loi vi sinh vt gy ra. Ph bin
nht l cc loi bnh do nm gy ra. Bo t nm ny mm v xm nhim qua da,
khun ty pht trin bn trong c th v sau sinh si ny n trn c th cn trng. C
th ghi nhn mt s loi nm gy hi ph bin nh bnh nm trng Beauveria
bassiana trn u trng b Cnh vy, bnh do nm Enthomophthora gy bnh cho cc
loi ry mm.

Cn trng cng thng cn b cht v bnh do vi khun gy ra. Cc bnh vi
khun thng thy trn ong, u trng b Cnh vy v u trng b Cnh cng. Cc loi
cn trng thng b nhim khi n phi nhng thc n b nhim vi khun. Bn cnh
cc bnh do siu vi khun (virus) gy ra cng l mt mi e da thng xuyn i vi
u trng b Cnh vy v u trng ca cc ong n l. Khi cht c th cn trng cha
mt dch rt long mu en,... Nhng u trng b nhim bnh ny, khi gn cht thng
leo rt cao trn cy v cht trn ngn cy. V vy Chu u ngi ta cn gi l "bnh
ca ngn cy". Bnh vi khun v siu vi khun rt d dng ly lan v nhiu trng hp
gy thnh dch rt ln v c th tiu dit cn trng gy hi mt cch rt nhanh
chng.

b- Cn trng thin ch

Gm ch yu hai nhm: cn trng n mi v cn trng k sinh.

* Cn trng n mi

Gm mt lc lng cn trng rt phong ph, cn trng n mi thng c kch
thc ln hn con mi, chng sn bt v n tht con mi rt nhanh v mnh, gm
nhng loi ph bin nh: chun chun c (Chrysopa); b ra (Coccinellidae) chuyn
n ry mm; kin (Formicidae); rui n rp (Syrphidae); mng n su (Asilidae);
chun chun (Odonata); b chn chy (Carabidae); vn h (Cicindellidae); cnh ct
(Staphylinidae). Trong thin nhin, nu khng b cc yu t bt li lm gii hn mt s
th lc lng ny trong nhiu trng hp c th khng ch s pht trin ca su hi
mt cch rt c hiu qu.

131
*Cn trng k sinh

Gm ch yu l cc loi ong c kch thc rt nh, rt ph bin trong thin
nhin nh cc h Braconidae, Ichneumonidae, Chalcididae, Trichogrammmatidae,
Encyrtidae,... Mt s loi rui thuc h Tachinidae cng l cn trng k sinh su non
b Cnh vy thng thy trn ng rung. giai on u trng, cn trng k sinh
thng tn cng cn trng gy hi bng cch sng bm bn ngoi (ngoi k sinh) hoc
sng k sinh bn trong c th k ch (ni k sinh). Thng th khi cn trng k sinh
hon thnh giai on pht trin th cn trng k ch s cht ngay sau . Tt c cc
giai on sinh trng ca cn trng u c th b tn cng bi cc loi cn trng k
sinh nhng ph bin nht l vo giai on u trng.

* Mt s ng vt n mi khc

Bao gm cc loi chim, ch nhi, di, rn v c. Ti ng bng sng Cu Long,
vai tr ca cc loi ch nhi, c v chim kh quan trng nhng vic s dng ba bi
thuc tr su nh hng ln n s pht trin ca cc lc lng bo v thin nhin
ny. Ring i vi chim, th cn trng c bit l u trng b Cnh vy thng l
nhng mi a thch ca chim, tuy nhin tc ng ca chim trn su thng qu tr khi
mt s su hi qu cao.



Thnh trng Nhng Thnh trng u trng

Hnh V.12. B ra Micraspis sp. Hnh V.13. B ra Menochilus sexmaculatus




Hnh V.14. Thnh trng v trng ca cn trng thuc h Chrysopidae
b Neuroptera (Borror v ctv,1981)
132

Hnh V.15. Rui n ry (Syrphidae)(thnh trng v u trng)


Hnh V.16. Rui thch Hnh V.17. B chn chy (Carabidae) Hnh V.18. B
nga
khch (Asilidae) (thnh trng v u trng) Mantidae



a b
Hnh V.19. B xt n mi
(a: b xt Pentatomidae - b: b xt Reduviidae)



Hnh V.20. Kin vng O. smaragdina ang Hnh V.21. T kin trn cy cam
tn cng con mi (su n l)
133



Hnh V.22. Chng hiu (n mi)


Hnh V.23. Ong Braconid k sinh su n tp Spodoptera litura



A
B
C
Hnh V.24. Ong Charops sp. v k Hnh V.25. Rui Tachinid k sinh su
ch (A: k ch sau khi b k sinh, B: kn n tp Spodoptera litura
Charops sp., C: thnh trng ong Charops sp.).
134


a b
Hnh V.26. Ong k sinh Ageniaspis citricola (Encyrtidae) k sinh su
v ba cam qut (a: kn ca ong- b: thnh trng ong k sinh)



Hnh V.27. Ong k sinh Eulophid



Hnh V.28. Su n l b nhim bnh siu vi khun NPV

135


Hnh V.29. T th ca su n l b nhim bnh siu vi khun NPV (khi cht)





Hnh V.30. B da Brontispa longissima b nhim nm bnh



Hnh V.31. Su n l b nhim nm bnh



136
IV. KHI NIM V CN BNG SINH HC V NGNG GY HI

Trong iu kin t nhin, di tc ng lin tc ca nhiu yu t mi trng,
mt s cn trng thng bin ng rt nhiu.

1. S bin ng mt s cn trng v s cn bng sinh hc trong iu kin canh tc

Khi nghin cu v nh hng tng tc qua li ca cc yu t mi trng,
ngi ta c th thy rt r l trong thin nhin thng xut hin mt tnh trng cn
bng sinh hc, c ngha l khi k ch hay iu kin thch hp cho loi gy hi th loi
ny s pht trin v khi loi ny pht trin s lm cho thin ch ca n pht trin theo
v s pht trin ca cc loi thin ch s gii hn li s pht trin ca loi gy hi.

a- S bin ng mt s cn trng trong mt th h

Quan st trn s bin ng mt s (trong mt th h) ca su xanh da lng
(Spodoptera exigua) trn u nnh ti Cn Khng (1992) ghi nhn: vo u thng 3
thnh trng xut hin trn cc rung u xun h, trng v sau mt s tng rt
nhanh, nhng sau gim dn di tc ng ca nhiu yu t khc nhau nh: trng
khng th, trng v u trng b tn cng bi cc loi thin ch, cht t nhin hoc
cht v mt s yu t mi trng bt li nh ma u ma, t i n s lng
thnh trng ca th h mi s khng khc bit so vi th h cha m v chc chn s
thp hn rt nhiu so vi s lng trng c ra.

b- S bin ng mt s cn trng trong sut mt nm hay qua nhiu th h

Bao gm nhng giai on pht trin nhanh v pht trin chm. Tm quan trng
ca s bin ng ny thay i theo qu trnh pht trin ca cc th h v theo cc nm
ty theo s thay i ca cc iu kin mi trng, ch yu l iu kin kh hu.

Nu quan st trong mt thi gian di, ta s thy r l mc pht trin mt s
bin ng quanh mt gi tr trung bnh gi l "mc cn bng trung bnh". Trong mt
s giai on, s thay i ca cc yu t mi trng c th tc ng theo mt chiu
hng c li cho cn trng gy hi, v d nh sau mt thi gian nht nh, thi tit c
th s thch hp cho loi gy hi v khng thch hp cho cc loi thin ch, trng
hp ny s i n mt tnh trng l c mt s gia tng c bit s lng loi gy hi,
a n mt tnh trng pht sinh thnh dch, mc d sau s lng ny s gim i
mt cch t nhin.

2. Khi nim v ngng gy hi

137
Trong h thng canh tc bn vng, mt "s cn bng sinh hc" s c thit
lp, i vi mt s loi, s cn bng ny s a n tnh trng an ton cho cy trng v
trong trng hp ny vic phng tr nhng loi gy hi s lm ph v cn bng sinh
hc theo chiu hng bt li cho cy trng.
Khi nim v ngng gy hi mang tnh cht kinh t: mt loi cn trng trn
cy trng c xem nh gy hi khi mt s ca loi ny vt qua mt ngng m
ngi ta gi l ngng gy hi. Ngng ny t n khi nhng thit hi v kinh t do
loi ny gy ra cho cy trng vt hn chi ph cn thit phng tr loi cn trng
ny.
Trong mt mi trng canh tc bn vng, ngng gy hi ca mt loi cn
trng c th xy ra thng xuyn hoc khng thng xuyn.
Trong mt h thng nng nghip bn vng, ngng gy hi c th t c
theo mt s trng hp sau: a: him; b: thng xuyn; c: gn nh lun lun xy ra.
Ngi ta phn bit nhng trng hp nh sau:

- Ngng gy hi rt him khi t n.

- Ngng gy hi rt thng xy ra.

- Ngng gy hi gn nh lun lun xy ra.

- Ngng gy hi lun lun xy ra nh trng hp ca cc loi ry mm truyn
bnh siu vi khun.

138
3. Nhng nguyn nhn lm ph v s cn bng sinh hc trong mi trng trng
trt

a- S bin i h thng canh tc

Tt c nhng s thay i quan trng trong canh tc nh thm canh, lun canh,
k thut canh tc u c th a n s ph v cn bng sinh hc.

* V d nh trng mt loi cy mi c th a n s xut hin ca mt loi
cn trng gy hi mi, nh trng hp c ghi nhn ti Chu M khi khoai ty c
du nhp v c trng ph bin nhng vng ni m loi b cnh cng
Doryphore trc sng ch yu trn nhng cy hoang thuc nhm Solanaceae.
Khoai ty cung cp cho loi ny mt thc n c bit v t khin cho loi ny
sinh si, ny n v pht trin khp Bc M v Chu u.

* S dng nhng ging la ngn ngy, nng sut cao, s dng nhiu phn bn
to iu kin cho s bc pht ry nu.

* Thm canh tng v cng a n s bc pht ca nhiu loi cn trng gy
hi do thc n hin din lin tc trn ng rung.

b- Do du nhp tnh c nhng loi gy hi

Do vic trao i hng ha, lu thng qua li gia nhiu quc gia. Mt loi cn
trng gy hi mt vng no khi xm nhp vo mt vng khc nu gp iu kin
mi trng thch hp, loi ny s nh c v d dng pht sinh thnh dch v c th
gy hi nng hn vng pht xut ca loi ny, do ti cc vng du nhp, loi ny
thng khng b hn ch bi cc th ch thin nhin. Trong trng hp ny th ngi
ta tm cch thit lp li s cn bng sinh hc cn thit bng cch du nhp nhng loi
thin ch.
Danh sch cc loi cn trng c du nhp tnh c vo Chu u kh gii hn.
Tri li, ti Bc M, phn ln cc loi cy trng u c du nhp cng vi nhng loi
cn trng gy hi, iu ny cho thy mc gy hi trm trng ca cc loi ny ti
Hoa K v Canada.

B phn kim dch thc vt ca nhiu nc v ngay c ti Vit Nam xc
nh mt danh sch cn trng bn ngoi cm xm nhp vo trong nc. Vic nhp
khu nhng sn phm nng nghip, thc vt ch c thc hin sau khi c mt giy
chng nhn an ton ca b phn kim dch ca cc nc xut khu v nhng kim tra
ca nc nhp khu.
139

c- Do vic s dng nhng loi thuc bo v thc vt

Vic s dng nhng loi thuc bo v thc vt l mt trong nhng nguyn nhn
chnh gy ra s mt cn bng sinh hc ti nhiu ni trn th gii v c bit l
nhng vng ang hoc cha pht trin, ti y vic lm dng hoc s dng cc loi
thuc tr su khng ng a n s bc pht ca nhiu loi su hi.


Hnh V.32. Nhng ngng gy hi (NGH) v s bin ng mt s ca mt s loi cn
trng gy hi trn cy trng.
140
V. KHI NIM V MT S BIN PHP PHNG TR CN TRNG V
QUN L DCH HI TNG HP

C rt nhiu bin php v chin thut tiu dit hoc gii hn kh nng gy
hi ca cn trng trn cy trng. Nhng bin php ny bao gm: c hc, canh tc, sinh
hc v ha hc. Mi bin php iu c nhng hiu qu nht nh trn tng nhm hoc
tng loi cn trng khc nhau. Bn cnh cn c mt s bin php khc nh s dng
pheromone, hormone juvenile, hoc dng cc bc x tit trng cng nh s dng
cc bin php di truyn ...

T gia nm 1940 n nm 1965, bin php phng tr cn trng ph bin v
quan trng nht l bin php ho hc. Vo thi im vic s dng t ra c hiu
qu c v mt k thut ln kinh t: vo thi im tc ng ca thuc i vi mi
trng c bit l i vi con ngi v cc ng vt c ch, trong nhiu trng hp,
khng c ch n. V hu qu ca vic s dng ph bin, thng xuyn cc loi
ha cht mau chng xy ra vi s xut hin ca nhiu loi cn trng khng thuc,
s nhim ca mi trng, s mt cn bng sinh thi a n tnh trng bc pht cc
loi dch hi ngy cng nhiu v cng nhanh chng trn cc loi cy trng, chi ph s
dng thuc ngy cng gia tng, s ng c thuc (cp tnh v mn tnh) ngy cng
nhiu khng ch cho ngi trc tip s dng thuc m cho c nhng ngi tiu dng
cng nh nhng ngi sng chung quanh nhng vng c s dng thuc.

Ngy nay bin php phng tr ha hc b hn ch s dng ti nhiu nc trn
th gii. Bn cnh , nhiu cng trnh nghin cu v bo v thc vt ghi nhn:
khc phc cc hu qu xu do vic s dng cc ha cht gy ra, cc bin php phng
tr c hiu lc phi l nhng bin php khi p dng s gi c mt s cn trng nm
di ngng gy hi, ng thi p ng c cc yu cu v mi trng v c hiu
qu kinh t.

T nhng quan im trn, bin php qun l dch hi tng hp (Integrated pest
management- IPM ) ra i v hin nay IPM l mt chin thut phng tr su hi ch
yu trn cy trng ti hu ht cc nc trn th gii.


Mt s cu hi n tp gi

1. Tnh n v s gy hi ca cn trng?
2. S cn bng sinh hc v nguyn nhn bc pht cn trng gy hi trong t nhin?
3. Tc ng ca nhit i vi i sng cn trng?
4. Tc ng ca cc yu t phi sinh vt n i sng cn trng
5. ngha thc tin ca vic nghin cu sinh thi cn trng?
141

Chng VI: PHN LOI CN TRNG


I. KHI NIM CHUNG V NGUYN TC TRONG PHNG PHP
PHN LOI

C trn hng triu loi ng vt c ghi nhn, v vy m mt s phn loi
nhm sp xp mt cch c h thng cc loi ny vo tng nhm l mt iu cn thit.
ng vt c th c phn chia theo nhiu cch nhng s phn loi ca cc nh ng
vt hc thng da ch yu trn cc c tnh cu trc, nhng loi c cng nhng c
tnh v cu trc th c xp vo cng mt nhm, nhng loi c cu trc khc th c
xp vo nhng nhm khc. V vy m ng vt c sp xp vo thnh tng ngnh
(Phylum), mi phylum c mt tn ring v nhng ng vt cng mt ngnh phi c
mt s c im v cu trc ging nhau.

Da trn mc phc tp v qu trnh tin ha, ng vt c sp xp theo cc
ngnh t thp n cao. Gii ng vt gm cc ngnh ch yu nh sau:

- Ngnh Protozoa (ng vt nguyn sinh)

- Ngnh Porifera (Sponges - ng vt thn l)

- Ngnh Coelenterata (ng vt rut khoang)

- Ngnh Platythelminthes (Giun dp)

- Ngnh Nemathelminthes (Giun trn)

- Ngnh Trochelminthes (Rotatoria) (Rotifers)

- Ngnh Brachiopoda (Brachiopods)

- Ngnh Bryozoa (Moss animals)

- Ngnh Mollusca (ng vt thn mm)
142

- Ngnh Echinodermata (ng vt da gai)

- Ngnh Annelida (Giun t)

- Ngnh Arthropoda (Tit tc - cn trng, nhn,...)

- Ngnh Chordata (c, chim, ng vt c v)

S phn loi khng ngng gii hn ngnh, v mi ngnh li chia thnh nhiu
lp (Class), mi lp li c mt tn, bao gm mt s ng vt, cn trng c mt s cu
trc nht nh ging nhau. Mi lp li chia ra nhiu b (Order), mi b gm nhiu h
(Family), mi h gm nhiu ging (Genus) v mi ging gm nhiu loi (Species),
theo th t sau:

- Gii (Kingdom)

- Ngnh (Gii ph, subkingdom)

- Tng lp (Superclass)

- Lp ( Class)

- Lp ph (Subclass)

- Tng b (Superorder)

- B (Order)

- B ph (Suborder)

- Nhm (Section)

- Tng h (Superfamily)
143

- H (Family)

- H ph (Subfamily)

- Tc (Tribe)

- Ging (Genus)

- Ging ph (Subgenus)

- Loi (Species)

- Loi ph (Subspecies)

Ngoi nhng tiu chun v cc c tnh cu trc ca hnh thi c v bn ngoi
ln bn trong c th, cc nh sinh hc cn da vo cc tiu chun v sinh l (Stephen,
l961), hnh vi (Alexander, 1962), sinh vt hc (Van Emdden,1957), t bo hc (White,
1957) v mt s ngnh khoa hc khc ngy cng hon chnh cng tc phn loi.

Vn t tn khoa hc cho mt loi cn trng u c thng nht theo qui
nh quc t (International Code of Zoological Nomenclature). Tn khoa hc ca cn
trng c cu to thng nht theo ting La tinh, nhng cng c th t bt c ngn
ng no hay t tn ca mt nhn vt hay mt v tr no , nhng phn ln t ting La
tinh hay Hy lp. Tn khoa hc thng l tn ghp, gm hai ch: mt tn ging v mt
tn loi. V d: su xm Agrotis ypsilon Rottenberg, Agrotis l tn cp ging, ypsilon
l tn cp loi, Rottenberg l tn ngi pht hin v m t cn trng. Theo qui nh th
ch ci u ca tn ging phi vit hoa. Tn tc gi t sau cng v cng vit hoa. Nu
vit tay hoc nh my th tn khoa hc, gm tn ging v tn loi phi c gch
di, nu in th phi in ch nghing, v d: Agrotis ypsilon Rottenberg. Nu tn tc gi
c trong ngoc th c ngha l ng ta m t loi theo mt ging khc hn l
ging c s dng hin ti.

V d: Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Say), c ngha l loi decemlineata c
Say m t thuc mt ging khc hn ging Leptinotarsa v loi ny c chuyn
sang ging Leptinotarsa.

Ch La tinh vit t tc tr ln thng c phn cui ch ging nhau. V d:
144

- Tng h (Superfamily) c ui ch l oidea, v d Apoidea (ong).

- H (Family) c ui ch l idae, v d Apidae.

- H ph (Subfamily) c ui ch l inae, v d Apinae.

- Tc (Tribe) c ui ch l ini, v d Xylocopini.

II. H THNG PHN LOI CN TRNG

Da trn s cu to ca cnh, ming, s bin thi v nhiu c tnh khc nhau
m lp cn trng c chia thnh nhiu b. Ty theo quan im ca cc nh cn trng
hc m gii hn loi ca tng b cn trng khc nhau v mi ngi u c mt l do
v c s khoa hc nht nh phn chia cc b cn trng chnh, do s lng b
cn trng trong mi h thng u c t nhiu khc nhau. H thng phn loi ca
Carlvon Linne (1758) gm 7 b, J. C. Fabricins (1775) chia thnh 13 b, Brauer
(1885) chia thnh 17 b, Sharp (1895) chia thnh 21 b, Chu Nghiu (1950) chia thnh
32 b, Jeannel (1938-1949) chia thnh 40 b. Trong gio trnh ny, chng ti sp xp
theo 28 b.

* Lp ph khng cnh (Apterygota)

1. B ui nguyn thy (Protura)

2. B ui bt (Collembola)

3. B Hai ui (Diplura)

4. B Ba ui (Thysanura)

5. B Microcoryphia

* Lp ph c cnh

A. Tng h bin thi khng hon ton
145

6. B Ph du (Ephemerida)

7. B Chun chun ( Odonata)

8. B Cnh thng (Orthoptera)

9. B Cnh bng (Isoptera)

10. B Chn dt (Embioptera)

11. B Cnh p (Plecoptera)

12. B Cnh da (Dermaptera)

13. B C rng (Psocoptera)

14. B n lng (Mallophaga)

15. B Rn (Anoplura)

16. B Cnh t (Thysanoptera)

17. B Cnh na cng (Hemiptera)

18. B Cnh u (Homoptera)

19. B Zoraptera

B. Tng h bin thi hon ton

20. B Cnh cng (Coleoptera)

146
21. B Cnh qun (Strepsiptera)

22. B Cnh mch (Neuroptera + Megaloptera + Raphidiodea)

23. B Cnh di (Mecoptera)

24. B Cnh lng (Trichoptera)

25. B Cnh vy (Lepidoptera)

26. B Cnh mng (Hymenoptera)

27. B Hai cnh (Diptera)

28. B B cht (Siphonaptera)
147




Hnh VI.1. Cn trng thuc lp ph khng cnh (Apterygota).
A: Protura; B: Diplura; C: Thysanura; D: Collembola.
148
III. KHA PHN B CN TRNG (Thnh trng v u trng)

1 . Cnh rt pht trin ( thnh trng) ...........................................................................2

1': Khng c cnh hoc cnh rt nh, th s (u trng v vi thnh trng) ................ 28

2(1): Cnh mng .............................................................................................................3

2': Cnh trc cng hay bng cht da, t nht gc cnh, cnh sau nu hin din
thng l cht mng ......................................................................................... 24

3(2) Ch c mt i cnh .............................................................................................. 4

3' Hai cp cnh ............................................................................................................ 10

4(3).Thn hnh ging co co, chu chu, ngc trc ko di v pha bng v nhn
cui ngc, chn sau pht trin .. ................................ ORTHOPTERA

4': C th khng c dng co co, ngc trc khng ging
nh trn, chn sau khng pht trin ................................................................... 5

5(1'): Ru u vi t nht mt t mang nhng phn pht trin bn di, cnh trc rt
nh, cnh sau c dng cnh qut; cn trng kch thc rt nh
........................ STREPSIPTERA (con c k sinh)

5': Khng ging nh m t trn .................................................................... ..............6

6(5'): Bng vi t 1-3 si lng ui ko di, ming khng pht trin............................7

6': Bng khng ging nh m t trn, ming gn nh lun lun pht trin............... 8

7(6): Ru u di v r rng, cui bng c mt kim di (him khi 2 kim), cnh vi mt
gn phn nhnh, cnh thng bng hin din, cn trng rt nh, thng < 5 ly
(rp dnh c)............................................................................... HOMOPTERA

149
7': Ru u ngn, dng lng cng khng r, bng c t 2 - 3 si lng ui di
cnh c rt nhiu mch cnh v bung cnh, cnh thng bng khng hin
din, thng c kch thc > 5 ly .................................... EPHEMEROPTERA

8(6'): t bn (tarsi) lun lun c 5 t; ming kiu ming ht (haustellate), cnh sau
thoi ha thnh cnh thng bng ......................................................... DIPTERA

8': t bn c t 2-3 t, ming thay i, cnh sau thoi ha hoc khng c, khng
c dng cnh thng bng ................................................................................... 9

9(8'): Ming nhai gm (mt vi loi Psocids) ........................................ PSOCOPTERA

9': Ming thuc nhm chch ht (ry l, ry thn) ................................. HOMOPTERA

10 (3'): Cnh c nhiu vy, ming thuc vi ht, ru nhiu t ........... LEPIDOPTERA

10': Cnh v ming khng ging nh trn ..................................................... ............. 11

11(10'): Cnh di v hp, t gn (1-2 gn), c nhiu lng di ra cnh, t bn 1-2
t; t cui phnh to, kch thc cn trng rt nh, thng <5 ly (b tr)
............................................................................................... THYSANOPTERA

11': Cnh khng ging nh trn hoc nu cnh di th t bn c trn 2 t......12

12(11'): Cnh trc thng rng v c hnh tam gic, cnh sau nh v thng trn;
trng thi ngh, cnh thng chp li v dng ng trn thn, cnh c rt
nhiu gn v bung cnh, ru nh dng lng cng v khng r, bng c t 2-
3 lng ui, c th mng mnh, mm ................................ EPHEMEROPTERA

12': Khng ging nh m t trn ...............................................................................13

13(12'): t bn c 5 t ..............................................................................................14

13': t bn c 4 t hoc t hn ..................................................................................17

150
14(13): Cnh trc nhiu lng, ming thng rt thoi ho, ru thng di bng c
th hoc di hn c th, phn ln cn trng cnh mm
........................................................................................... TRICHOPTERA

14': Cnh trc khng lng, hm trn pht trin, ru u ngn............. ......................15

15(14'): C th thng cng, trn, c dng ong, bng thng nhn, cnh sau nh hn
cnh trc v c t mch cnh, cnh trc c n 20 bung cnh hay t hn
(cc loi ong) ............................ ............................................. HYMENOPTERA

15': C th mm, khng c dng ong, bng khng ging nh trn, cnh sau c kch
thc nh cnh trc v cng c nhiu mch cnh nh cnh trc, cnh
trc thng c trn 20 bung cnh ...............................................................16

16(15'): Vng Costal trn cnh trc gn nh lun lun c nhiu gn ngang, nu
khng nh th th cnh sau ngn hn cnh trc, ming khng ko di thnh
vi .............................................................................................. NEUROPTERA

16': Vng Costal cnh trc ch c 2-3 gn ngang, ming c cu to vi .
............................................................................................ MECOPTERA

17(13'): Cnh sau di v c dng nh cnh trc, trng thi ngh cnh khng
bao gi xp bng trn c th, cnh c nhiu mch v bung cnh, ru u
di, thuc loi lng cng, bng di, m, t bn c 3 t, di 20-85
ly (chun chun) ................................................................. ODONATA

17': Khng ging nh 17 ............................................................................................ 18

18(17'): Ming thuc nhm ht (Haustellate) .............................................................19

18': Ming thuc nhm nhai gm (Mandibulate) ........................................................20

19(18): Vi pht xut t phn trn ca u................................................HEMIPTERA

19': Vi pht xut t phn di ca u (ve su, ry,.)............................HOMOPTERA

151
20(18'): t bn: 4 t, cnh trc ging cnh sau (mi)..............................ISOPTERA

20': t bn 3 t hoc t hn, cnh sau lun lun ngn hn cnh trc............... .... 21

21(20'): Cnh sau vi vng Anal rng to thnh mt thy, thy ny thng xp nh
cnh qut lc ngh, mch cnh thay i, cnh trc c nhiu gn ngang
gia Cu1 v M v gia Cu1 v Cu2, lng ui (cerci) thng rt di, u
trng sng trong nc, thnh trng thng gp ni c ngun nc
................................................................................PLECOPTERA

21': Cnh sau khng ging nh trn, lng ui ngn hoc khng c, kch thc t 10
ly tr li, u trng khng sng trong nc .......................................................22

22(21'): t bn 3 t, t th nht ca t bn chn trc pht trin
.................................................................... EMBIOPTERA

22': t bn c t 2 - 3 t, t bn chn trc khng ging 22 .................................23


23: Lng ui (cerci) hin din: t bn c 2 t, mch cnh thoi ho, ru u c 9
t c dng chui ht .................................................................... ZORAPTERA

23': Khng c lng ui, t bn c 2-3 t, ru u khng c dng nh 23, thng
di v dng si ch vi 13 hoc hn 13 t .................................PSOCOPTERA

24(2'): Ming thuc nhm ht, vi di thng phn t..............................................25

24': Ming thuc nhm nhai gm.................................................................................26

25(24): Vi pht xut t phn trc ca u, cnh na cng ................. HEMIPTERA

25': Vi pht xut t phn sau ca u.................................................... HOMOPTERA

26(24'): Bng c lng ui dng ci km (forcep), cnh trc ngn, khng che ph
ht phn bng, t bn: 3 t ................................................... DERMAPTERA

152
26': Lng ui khng ging 26, nu lng ui ging 26 th cnh trc
di che ph gn ht phn bng ........................................................................ 27

27(26'): Cnh trc khng c mch, ru u c nhiu nht l 11 t, cnh sau hp
thng di hn cnh trc vi mt t mch cnh ....................... COLEOPTERA

27': Cnh trc c mch, ru u c trn 12 t, cnh sau rng, thng ngn hn
cnh trc vi nhiu mch cnh v cnh sau thng xp li lc trng thi
ngh ........................................................................................... ORTHOPTERA

28(1'): C th thng c dng cn trng vi chn v ru phn t (thnh trng, u
trng v mt vi loi su) ..................................................................................

28': C th c dng cn trng (worm), c th thng khng phn t r rng,
khng c chn ngc, ru u c hoc khng c (u trng v mt vi loi
thnh trng) .......................................................................................................74

29(28): Cnh trc hin din nhng th s, cnh sau khng c hoc di dng
cnh thng bng (rt nh), t bn gn nh c 5 t (mt vi loi rui)
.........................................................................................DIPTERA
29': Cnh khng hin din hoc rt th s...................................................................30

30(29'): Khng c ru u, nh hn 1,5 ly thng sng trong t hay trong l
mc .................................................................................................... PROTURA

30': Ru u hin din, kch thc v ni tr n thay i............................................31

31(30'): Ngoi k sinh ca chim, ng vt c v hay ong mt, thng tm thy trn
k ch................................................................................................................32

31': Khng thuc nhm k sinh.................................................................................... 36

32(31): t bn 5 t, ru ngn, ming thuc nhm ht.............................................33

32': t bn c t hn 5 t, ru v ming thay i......................................................34

153
33(32): C th dp 2 bn, thuc cn trng nhy, chn di (b cht)
..................................................... SIPHONAPTERA

33': Thn dp pha lng bng, khng phi l cn trng nhy, chn ngn
.........................................................................................DIPTERA

34(32'): Ru di hn u, t bn c 3 t (rp ging, rp di)..............HEMIPTERA

34': Ru khng di hn u, t bn c mt t (mt, rn) .....................................35

35(34'): u rng bng hoc hn ngc trc, ming nhai gm, k sinh chim (hai
mng) v ng vt c v (mt mng) (rn, con mt g) ......... MALLOPHAGA

35': u thng hp hn ngc, ming thuc nhm ht, k sinh ng vt c v
(mt mng rng) (ch, rn chch ht) ............................................ ANOPLURA

36(31'): Ming thuc nhm ht, vi hnh chp hay di c kim chch...........................37

36': Ming nhm nhai gm, khng c vi ...................................................................41

37(36): t bn c 5 t, hm di hay ru mi di hin din..................................38

37': t bn c t hn 4 t, ru ming nh hoc khng c .........................................39

38(37): C th ph nhiu vy, vi thng l mt ng un cong, ru u di
v thng c nhiu t (ngi khng cnh).................................LEPIDOPTERA

38': C th v vi khng ging 38, ru u thay i nhng thng ngn, vi t hn 3
t (rui khng cnh)..........................................................................DIPTERA

39(37'): Ming hnh chp nm bn di phn bn bng ca u, ru ming hin
din nhng ngn, c th di, chiu di c th <5 ly, ru u 4-9 t, t bn
1-2 t, thng khng mng.................................................THYSANOPTERA

154
39': Ming c dng vi di, phn t, khng c ru ming, cc c im khc thay
i.......................................................................................................................40

40(39'): Vi pht xut t phn trc ca u, ru u 4-5 t, t bn thng c 3 t,
khng c ng bng (b xt)........................................................................ HEMIPTERA

40': Vi pht xut t pha sau u, ru u c trn 5 t (t bn 2 t), hoc ru u
dng lng cng (t bn 3 t); bng thng c mt i ng bng (ry
mm, ry ... v nhng loi khc, thnh trng v u trng).......... HOMOPTERA

41(36'): Bng thng nhn cui bng, ru u dng u gi, t bn c 5 t, c
th cng, c dng con kin (kin v ong khng cnh).............HYMENOPTERA

41': Bng khng nhn cui bng, ru khng ging 31, t bn thay i...............42

42(41'): Bng vi 3 si lng ui di v vi vi chi ph dng hnh kim trn mt vi
t bng, ming thuc nhm nhai gm, nhng thng t nhiu co vo u, c th
gn nh lun lun ph vy, sng trn cn.....................................................43

42': Bng vi 2 si lng ui hoc khng c, nu c 3 lng ui (u trng ph du) th
sng trong nc, nhng c im khc thay i..........................................44
43(42): Mt kp rng gn nhau, c th thng hnh tr, ngc cong, mt n hin
din, t bn chn gia v chn sau gn nh lun lun c styli (dng gai
lng), t bng t 2-9 cng c gai lng ............................ MICROCORYPHIA

43': Mt kp nh v cch xa nhau hoc khng c mt kp, c th thng dp v pha
lng bng, c hoc khng c mt n, t bng t 1-6 (i khi t th 7)
khng c styli...............................................................................THYSANURA

44(42'): Sng trong nc, c mang kh qun...............................................................45

44': Sng trn cn ................... ....................................................................................52


45(44): u trng: mt kp hin din ............................................................................46

45': Su: mt kp hin din din....................................................................................48
155

46(45): Mi di dng nm, bt, xp gp di u trng thi ngh,
v khi cng th di nh chiu di ca u ....................ODONATA (u trng)

46': Mi di khng ging 46 ......................................................................................47

47(46'): Ba lng ui, mt mng, mang kh qun hin din ra bn ca bng,
v thng c dng l hay phin mng .............EPHEMEROPTERA (u trng)

47': Hai lng ui, 2 mng, mang kh qun t nhiu c dng ngn tay, thng nm
phn ra bn ca ngc .............................................PLECOPTERA (u trng)

48(45'): Nm i chn bng, chn bng c mc bn chn............LEPIDOPTERA (su)

48': Bng khng c chn bng hoc ch c 1 i cui.................................................49

49(48'): Ming gm c 2 cu to mng mnh, di hn u, ru u di v mng
mnh, t bn c mt mng, sng trong nc ngt ...
................................................................................ NEUROPTERA (u trng)

49': Ming v ru khng ging 49 .............................................................................. 50

50(49'): t bn c 2 mng, bng vi nhng gai lng di hai bn ra bng
v mt gai lng di cui bng, hoc mt i gai c cu to mc
cui bng ............................................................ NEUROPTERA (u trng)

50': t bn c 1-2 mng, nu c 2 mng th bng khng ging 50 ..........................51

51(50'): Bng vi mt i gai mc, thng nm trn chn bng pha hu mn,
t bn c mt mng, thng sng trong bao (cases) .... TRICHOPTERA (su)

51': Bng c 4 mc pha cui hoc khng c, c hoc khng c nhng phn ph
hai bn c th, mt hoc hai mng, khng sng trong bao (b cnh
cng)..........................................................................COLEOPTERA (u trng)
156

52(44'): Ming nm pha trong u, bng c nhng chi ph dng gai lng, c th
thng nh hn 7 ly..........................................................................................53


52': Ming hin din r rng bn ngoi, nhai gm hoc ht, bng khng c chi ph
nh 52, kch thc thay i ..............................................................................54

53(52): Ru u di nhiu t, bng c t nht 9 t, vi chi ph dng gai lng bn
pha bng c mt vi t, lng ui (cerci) pht trin .........................DIPLURA

53': Ru u ngn, nhiu nht l 6 t, bng c 6 t hoc t hn 6 t v thng c
chi ph dng km pha ui ................................................... COLLEMBOLA

54(52'): C th c dng su, ngc v bng khng c phn chia r rng, mt kp
hin din (Con ci dng u trng).............................................COLEOPTERA

54': C th c hnh dng thay i, nhng nu c dng su th khng c mt kp
......................55

55(54'): Mt kp hin din, hnh dng c th thay i nhng khng c dng cn
trng, mm cnh thng hin din (u trng v thnh trng) ........................56

55': Mt kp v mm cnh hin din, c th thng c dng trng
(giai on u trng)...........................................................................................65

56(55): t bn 5 t.................................................................................................. 57

56': t bn c t 4 t tr li......................................................................................59

57(56): Ming pht trin v pha bng thnh mt vi di, c th <5 ly
.......................... MECOPTERA (dng khng cnh)

57': Ming khng ging 57 .......................................................................................... 58

157
58(57'): Ru u 5 t...............................................STREPSIPTERA (con ci k sinh)

58': Ru u c trn 5 t.......................................................................ORTHOPTERA

59(56'): Lng ui dng km cng, t bn c 3 t ................................................ 60

59': Khng c lng ui, nu c th khng c dng km, t bn thay i ............ 61

60(59): Ru u di hn phn na chiu di c th, lng ui ngn
....................................................................ORTHOPTERA

60': Ru u ngn hn phn na chiu di c th, lng ui di
...................... DERMOPTERA

61(59'): t bn c 3 t, t u tin ca t bn chn trc pht trin
.................................. EMBIOPTERA

61': t bn 2-4 t, t bn chn trc khng ging 61 ............................................62

62(61'): Cn trng dng co co, chn sau thuc chn nhy ................ ORTHOPTERA

62': Khng ging nh 62...............................................................................................63

63(62): t bn 4 t, mu nht, c th mm, cn trng sng trong g, trong t
(mi) ...................................................................................................ISOPTERA

63': t bn c t 2-3 t, mu sc v ni c tr thay i ......................................... 64

64(63'): Khng c lng ui, ru u c t 13 t tr ln thng dng si ch,
mt kp v 3 mt n, t bn c 2-3 t ....................................PSOCOPTERA

5(55'): Chn bng hin din......................................................................................... 66

65': Khng c chn bng hoc ch c trn t cui bng ............................................ 68
158

66(65): 5 i chn bng (trn t bng t 3-9, v trn t bng th 10)
hoc t hn, chn bng thng c mc nh, nhiu mt bn
(thng l 6) (su bm) ......................................... LEPIDOPTERA (u trng)

66': Vi 6 hay trn 6 i chn bng, chn bng khng c mc,
s lng mt bn thay i ............................................................................... 67

67(66'): By (hoc hn) mt nh mi bn u, chn bng nhn, nh, khng r
hin din trn t bng t 1-8 hay t 3-8 .................... MECOPTERA (u trng)

67': Ch c mt mt nh mi bn u, chn bng khng nhn, r rng, hin din trn
t bng t 2-7 hay 2-6 v 10................................HYMENOPTERA (u trng)

68(65'): Hm trn v hm di mi bn phi hp thnh 1 ci hm ht di, t bn
c 2 mng, ru mi di hin din ............................NEUROPTERA (u trng)

68': Hm trn v hm di khng ging 65, t bn c t 1-2 mng, mi trn v ru
mi di thng hin din ..............................................................................69

69(68'): u v ming a ra pha trc.......................................................................70

69': u v ming a v pha bng ............................................................................72

70(69): 1 mng (mt s loi su cnh cng) .........................COLEOPTERA (u trng)

70': 2
mng..............................................................................................................................71

71(70): Mi trn v clypeus hin din r.............................NEUMOPTERA (u trng)

71': Khng c mi trn hoc mi trn dnh lin vi u ....COLEOPTERA (u trng)
ADEPHAGA

159
72(69): Chn trc nh, mt bn thng gm 3 mt nh (ocelli), khng c mng
chn, chiu di c th < 5 ly...................................... MECOPTERA (u trng)

72': Chn khng ging 72, mt nh (ocelli) thay i, 1-3 mng chn .........................73

73(72'): C 1-2 mng, bng thng khng c lng ui, ru thay
i ..............................................................................COLEOPTERA (u trng)

73': C 3 mng, bng c hai lng ui (di khong 1/3 chiu di c th), ru u
ngn, thng c 3 t (u trng ca mt s loi cnh cng v k sinh)
.....COLEOPTERA
STREPSIPTERA

74 (28'): Sng trong nc (u trng rui) ...................................................... DIPTERA

74': Khng sng trong nc, sng trn cn v k sinh ...............................................75

75(74'): Bt ng, n thc vt, c th bao ph bi lp vy hay sp, ming thuc
nhm ht, di nh si ch (rp dnh ci).......................................HOMOPTERA

75': Khng ging nh m t 75................................................................................76

76(75'): u v ngc t nhiu phi hp vi nhau, bng khng phn t r rng, ni
k sinh cc loi cn trng khc...................................STREPSIPTERA (con ci)

76': u v ngc khng dnh nhau, bng phn t r ..................................................77

77(76'): u r rng, cng, thng c mu sc .........................................................78

77': u pht trin khng r rng, ha cng t hoc khng cng,
thng tht vo trong ngc .............................................................................. 85

78(77'): u v ming a v pha trc, u thng dp ......................................... 79

78': u v ming a v pha bng, u thng trn ............................................... 82
160

79(78): t bng cui cng ko di thnh mt i b phn nhn, nhiu lng cng trn
mi t c th ..................................... SIPHONAPTERA (u trng b cht)

79': Khng ging nh m t ca 79 ............................................................................. 80

80(79'): Ru u pht trin t vng mng ca gc hm trn, ngm rt pht trin,
chn bng thng c mc ...................................... LEPIDOPTERA (u trng)

80': Ru u (nu c) pht xut t vng trn u, chn bng khng mc ................. 81

81(80'): Ming c mt i hm trn r, kh khng lun lun hin din ngc v 8 t
bng ............................................................................COLEOPTERA (u trng)

81': Ming hoc ging nh trn hoc ch l nhng mc di chuyn
theo chiu thng ng, kh khng thay i, nhng khng ging nh 81,
c th di .............................................................................DIPTERA (u trng)

82(78'): t bng thng c t nht mt np gp dc bn hng hay bn bng,
dng ch C, dng sng b hung, mt i l th ngc v thng 8 i l th
bng .........................................................................COLEOPTERA (u trng)

82': t bng khng c nhng np gp dc, nu np gp hin din
th l th khng ging nh 82 .......................................................................... 83

83(82'): u c vng trc trn (adfrontal), thng c mt hoc nhiu mt nh hai bn
u, chn bng c mc ............................................. LEPIDOPTERA (u trng)

83': u khng c vng adfrontal, chn bng (nu hin din) khng c mc ..........84

84(83'): Hm khng cng v khng ging dng bn chi, kh khng lun lun hin
din trn ngc v bng, i kh khng cui ln, u trng hin din trong m
cy, k sinh hoc trong t..................................... HYMENOPTERA (u trng)

84': Hm trn thng c dng bn chi, kh khng thng khng ging trn, nu
hin din trn nhiu t bng th i cui cng khng ln hn nhng i
161
khc, hin din ni m t, trong m cy di dng ni k sinh
....DIPTERA (u trng)

85(77'): Ming nhai gm, thng c ru u ....................... COLEOPTERA (u trng)

85': Ming thoi ha hoc thay i ch c hm trn hoc nhng mc ming,
thng khng c ru u ................................................................................ 86

86(85'): C th (tr u) gm c 13 t, u trng tui ln c phin cng
nm pha bng ngay sau u ..................DIPTERA (u trng Cecidomyidae)

86': C th c t t hn, khng c phin cng phn ngc bng...............................87

87(86'): Ming c mc ...................................................................DIPTERA (u trng)

87': Ming nhai gm i khi thoi ha nhng khng c mc .... HYMENOPTERA
(u trng)
162


Hnh VI.2. Cc b thuc lp cn trng

Hnh VI.3. Cc b thuc lp cn trng
163


Hnh VI.4. Cc B thuc lp cn trng


Hnh VI.5. Mt s dng bao tr n ca u trng b Trichoptera

164

Hnh VI.6. Mt s loi thuc b Trichoptera. A: Palatycentropus radiatus (con c).
B: Eubasilissa pardalis (con ci); C: Hyropsyche simulans (con c);
D: Maronemum zebratum (con c); E: Pheyganea simera (con c).
F: Hydroptila hamata (con c); G: Triaenodes tardal (con c).
(Borror v ctv,1981)


IV. MT S B CN TRNG C LIN QUAN N NNG NGHIP

B CNH THNG (ORTHOPTERA)

(Co co, chu chu, b que, gin...)

Ortho: thng
ptera: cnh

Gm rt nhiu loi khc nhau, trong nhm ny c rt nhiu loi rt ph bin. a
s c kch thc ln t 20 - 50 mm, mt s t loi c kch thc n 180 mm. Phn ln
gy hi thc vt, nhiu loi thuc nhm gy hi quan trng, mt s loi thuc nhm n
mi, mt s t loi thuc nhm n cc cht mc nt hoc n tp
165

B Cnh thng gm nhng loi c cnh hoc khng cnh, nu c cnh th gm
hai cp. Cp cnh trc thng di, nhiu mch cnh, dy ta cht da, cp cnh sau
rng, bng cht mng, cng c rt nhiu gn, trng thi ngh cp cnh sau xp pha
di cnh trc. Ming kiu gm nhai pht trin. Ru u hnh si ch, thng rt di,
c nhiu t. Mt s loi c cnh thoi ha rt nh hoc khng c. C th thng di,
lng ui pht trin, lng ui thng c nhiu t. Mt s loi c ng trng pht
trin. ng trng i khi c chiu di bng chiu di c th. Mt s loi khc ng
trng ngn. t bn c t 3 - 5 t. Nhiu loi c th pht ra ting ku bng cch c
xt 2 cnh vo nhau (h D mn, St snh) hoc do t i chn sau c xt vi cnh.
B phn nghe ca chu chu nm hai bn t bng th nht, h St snh, d mn, d
nhi, b phn nghe nm t chu chn trc. cc loi ny, con ci c th pht mt
s m thanh nh, nhng thng ch c con c mi pht ting ku.

MT S H QUAN TRNG TRONG NNG NGHIP

1 . H Co co (Acrididae = Locustidae)

Ru u thng ngn hn c th, hnh si ch hoc hnh li kim, a s c
mu xanh, nu. mt s loi cp cnh sau c mu sc rc r. i chn trc kiu
chn b, chn sau kiu chn nhy. Bn chn 3 t, b phn nghe nm hai bn t th
nht ca bng, b phn trng ngn v cong. Nhiu loi (con c) pht ting ku
(ban ngy) bng cch c st mt trong ca chn sau vi mp di ca cnh trc hoc
c st hai cnh. Trng thng c thnh tng t di t. Mi t c khong 30 -
100 trng. Mt con ci c th vi . u trng v trng thnh u gy hi trn cy
trng, nhiu loi gy hi nghim trng.

Mt s loi ph bin: Locusta migratoria , Oxya velox



Hnh VI.7. Locusta migratoria Hnh VI.8. Acrita sp.
166

2. H St snh (Tettigoniidae)

Cn trng thuc h ny rt d nhn din v ru u di, thng di qu b di
ca thn, bn chn c 4 t, b phn nghe (nu hin din) nm pha cui ca t
chy chn trc. B phn trng hnh li kim di, dp. Phn ln c kh nng pht
m thanh, mi loi c mt m thanh khc nhau bng cch c xt hai cnh trc. Phn
ln n thc vt, mt s t thuc nhm n mi. Trng thng c thnh hng pha
trong m cy, mt s loi di t.

Mt s loi thng gp: Euconocephalus pallidus Red; Conocephalus sp.



Hnh VI.9. St snh Conocephalus



Hnh VI.10. Mt s loi st snh (Tettigoniidae) ph bin

3. H D (Gryllidae)

Cn trng thuc h Gryllidae cng c cp ru u di nh h St snh, b phn
nghe cng nm t chy chn trc, b phn pht m nm trn cnh trc ca con
c, nhng khc vi vt snh l nhm ny ch c 3 t bn chn, b phn trng
167
dng hnh tr hoc kim nhn ko di ra pha cui bng. a s cn trng thuc h ny
c kh nng pht m thanh rt tt. Mi loi c mt m thanh khc nhau. a s
trng di t, trng c ri rc hay c thnh tng trong nhng l hang
c o sn trong t, tr d thuc h ph d Oecanthinae trng trong m cy. a
s n thc vt, thng sng di t gm r cy con hoc nhng phn non ca cy
st mt t.

Hnh VI.11. Mt s loi d (Gryllidae) ph bin

4. H D nhi (Gryllotalpidae)

Thng c mu nu, c th ph nhiu lng nh, ru u ngn, chn trc rt
pht trin, dng o bi. Con c cng c kh nng pht ra m thanh, b phn nghe
hin din t chy chn trc. Lng ui di, ng trng khng l ra ngoi c th.
Phn ln sng di t, t ra khi mt t, thng sng gn mt t, o thnh hang
hay rnh, cn t r cy con, c th cn ph nhng ht ging va gieo. Con ci
trng trong nhng hang , di t, kh nng trng cao, t 200-400 trng.
Loi ph bin: Gryllotalpa africana Pal de Beauvois



B
A
Hnh VI.12. D nhi (Gryllotalpidae) (A) v chn o bi (chn trc) (B)

168

5. H B que (Phasmidae)

C hnh dng rt ging cnh kh, thn v chn rt di, rt mnh khnh, bn
chn thng c 5 t, cnh thoi ho rt nh hoc khng c cnh. Di chuyn chm,
khng ging nh a s cc loi cn trng, b que c th ti lp li chn nu mt (t
nht l mt phn). Thnh trng mu nu, u trng thng c mu xanh. B phn
trng ngn, khng l ra ngoi c th. Trng thng c ri rc trn mt t.
Thng ch c 1 th h /nm. Mt s thng rt thp nn khng nh hng n
thc vt, tuy nhin nu mt s cao, cng c th gy hi quan trng trn cy trng.





Hnh VI.13.. B que Cyphocrania gigas (di 17,5cm)
(Stanek,1968)


6. H B nga (Mantidae)

Thng c kch thc ln, di, di chuyn chm. Ngc pht trin, di, chn
trc rt pht trin, dng chn bt mi: t chu rt di vn ra pha trc lm gia
tng phm vi hot ng c li cho vic sn bt mi, t i v t chy c trang b
nhiu gai nhn, mt bng ca t i c mt ng rnh, khi t chy cong gp li th
c th nm lt vo rnh ca t i trng ta nh chic dao th co. Nh nhng b
phn ny m con mi b kp v gi li. u c th c ng d dng. Thuc nhm n
mi, c th tn cng nhiu loi cn trng khc nhau, tn cng c nhng cn trng cng
h. Trng c tng bc trn cnh hoc trn cc thn cy c.

169

B A
Hnh VI.14. Thnh trng b nga Mantidae (A) v chn (trc) bt mi (B)

7. H Gin (Blattidae)

Rt d nhn din do c th c hnh bu dc, dp, u c phn ngc che
khut, ru u di. Cnh c th pht trin, hoc thoi ha rt nh hoc khng c cnh,
nhiu loi con ci c cnh ngn hn con c. Trng c thnh tng bc
(Oothecae), c ra ngoi ngay khi bc trng c thnh lp hoc c con ci
mang trn mnh (dnh pha ngoi ca phn cui bng) trn mnh cho ti khi trng
n. Mi hi kh chu. a s c tnh n tp.


Loi ph bin: gin nh Blatta orientalis



Hnh VI.15. Mt s loi gin (Blattidae) ph bin ti Vit nam
170
B CNH CNG (COLEOPTERA)

Coleo: ci bao, ci v
ptera: cnh

y l b ln nht trong lp cn trng. c trn 250.000 loi c m t.
Cn trng thuc b Cnh cng c kch thc rt thay i, t rt nh (nh hn 1 mm)
n rt ln (trn 75 mm), mt s loi thuc vng nhit i, chiu di c th c th t
n 125 mm. B ny phn b rt rng ri, hu nh hin din khp ni.

c im ch yu ca b ny l t cu to ca cnh: phn ln cn trng thuc
b ny c hai cp cnh, cp cnh trc c cu to bng cht sng cng, cp cnh sau
bng cht mng, thng di hn cp cnh trc v trng thi ngh cp cnh sau
thng xp li di cp cnh trc. Ming ca cc loi cn trng thuc b ny c kiu
nhai gm, 2 ngm (hm trn) rt pht trin.
Cn trng b cnh cng thuc nhm bin thi hon ton. u trng c nhiu
dng hnh khc bit nhau, nhng a s c dng chn chy hoc dng b hung. Nhng
a s l nhng trn. C nhiu loi lm nhng trong t v c bao bc bng kn t
hoc tn d thc vt. C mt s loi nh xn tc, nhng c bao bc bng mt lp
kn mng. Cn trng thuc b cnh cng thng trng trong t, trong v thn cy,
trong m l, trong nc. Trng c hnh cu hoc hnh bu dc.
Tnh n ca cn trng cnh cng rt phc tp, a s n thc vt, nhng cng c
nhiu loi n ng vt, chuyn tn cng cc loi cn trng nh khc, c loi li chuyn
n cc cht hu c mc nt v nhng di th ng thc vt, b ny cn gm c nhng
loi cn trng chuyn n cc bo t nm, v mt s t loi thuc nhm k sinh hoc
sng cng sinh trong nhng cn trng sng thnh x hi. i vi nhng loi n thc
vt, th tnh n cng a dng, nhiu loi n ph l, c thn, cnh, tri, mt s loi
khc c ln trong l, tn cng r, bng. Hu nh cn trng thuc b ny c th tn
cng tt c cc b phn khc ca cy. Chu k sinh trng ca b ny c th ko di t
3-4 th h trong mt nm n nhiu nm hon thnh mt th h.


Hnh VI.16. Cu to cnh ca b Cnh cng.
a: cnh trc (sng cng); b: cnh sau.
171

Hnh VI.17. Mt s h Cn trng thuc b Cnh cng



A B
A C
D

Hnh VI. 18. Cc h cn trng thuc b cnh cng.
172
A: Scolytidae; B: Scarabaeidae; C: Scolytidae; D: Curculionidae


C
B
A


Hnh VI.19. Cc dng t bn ca b Coleoptera.
A: Megacyllene (Cerambycidae).
B: Scotylus (Scotylidae).
C: Chilocorus (Coccinellidae).


MT S H PH BIN TRONG NNG NGHIP

1. H Chn chy (Carabidae)

y l mt trong nhng h ln nht trong b Cnh cng. Bao gm nhiu loi
c kch thc, hnh dng v mu sc khc nhau. Phn ln c mu ti, bng long, p
v cnh cng c nhiu ngn dc. Cn trng thuc h ny c t th nht ca bng v
pha mt bng thng b ct qung, khng lin tc bi t chu chn ru. u c
ming pht trin, b ngang ca u hp hn b ngang ca ngc trc. Bn chn ca 3
i chn u c 5 t (k hiu 5-5-5). u trng mnh di nh, ru u 4 t, chn ngc
pht trin. Thng c mt i lng ui. t th 10 ca bng thng c mt i chn
mng. Cn trng thuc h ny sng trn cn, c tr v hot ng trong t, trn mt
t, di gch . l cy rng,... khi b quy ry loi ny chy rt nhanh, t khi bay. a
s hot ng v m, mt s t b hp dn bi nh sng n.

Hu ht cn trng thuc h ny l nhm c ch, c thnh trng ln u trng u
sinh sng trn nhng ng vt nh khc. Trn rung la thng gp loi ph bin nh
kin ba khoang Ophionea indica

173


Hnh VI.20. Mt s loi cn trng chn chy Hnh VI.21. Kin ba khoan
(Pterostichus spp.). (Carabidae) ph bin Ophionea indica
ti ng bng sng Cu Long (Shepard v ctv, 1989)
2. H Vn h (Cicindellidae)

a s cn trng thuc h ny c mu sc rc r v rt hot ng, c th chy v
bay rt nhanh. C th c kch thc trung bnh. B ngang ca u rng hn b ngang
ca ngc trc. Mt kp to v li. Hm trn hi cong di v sc. Chn di, nh, cng
thc bn chn: 5-5-5. Su non mnh mm, da nhn nheo. u v ngc ln hn cc
phn khc. Hm trn cong v to. Trn t bng th 5 v pha lng c mt bu li v
trn c mt i mc cu hng v pha trc. C thnh trng ln u trng u sinh
sng bng cch sn bt cc cn trng nh khc. Trng thnh thch hot ng di
nng. u trng thng sng trong nhng hang c thng xung mt t. Loi ph bin
ti Vit nam l loi Cicindela aurulenta.



Hnh VI.22. Cicindela aurulenta Hnh VI.23. A: Cicindela sexguttata
B: C. hirticollis. (Borror v ctv,
1981).


174
3. H Cnh ct (Staphylinidae)

C th di, mnh, cnh rt ngn khng che ph a s cc t ca bng. C th
c t 6-7 t khng c cnh trc che ph. Cnh sau tri li rt pht trin, trng
thi ngh cnh sau xp li pha di cnh trc. H cnh ct rt hot ng, thng
chy v bay nhanh. Bn chn c cng thc 5-5-5 hoc 4-5-5 hoc 3-5-5.
a s c mu en hay nu, kch thc rt thay i, a s c kch thc nh v
trung bnh. H ny cng gm rt nhiu loi, ring Bc M c gn 3100 loi. Sinh
sng trong nhiu v tr khc nhau nhng thng thy sng di cc tn d thc vt,
di v cy, b cy, , gch,... C thnh trng ln u trng ca nhiu loi thuc h
Cnh ct thuc nhm c ch, sinh sng trn nhng cn trng nh khc. Mt s t loi
c th sng k sinh trong nhng rui hoc n cc cht mc nt.
Loi ph bin: kin ba khoang Paederus fuscipes trn rung la v rung u
nnh ti vng ng bng sng Cu Long.

Hnh VI.24. B cnh ct Paederus fuscipes



Hnh VI.25. A: Quedius peregrinus; B: Platygratus maculosus;
C: Hesperobium cribatum (Staphylinidae). (Borror v ctv, 1981)

175
4. H B ra (Coccinellidae)

Thnh trng b ra a s c hnh bu dc hoc trn, kch thc nh, mt lng
ca c th thng vng ln hnh bn cu, di t 1 mm n trn 10 mm ty loi, mt
lng ca c th thng vng ln hnh bn cu, thng con ci c kch thc ln hn
con c. Thnh trng thng c mu sc ti sng, ming thuc nhm ming nhai
gm. Bn chn c 4 t, t th 3 nh, mnh lng ngc trc ph ht u hoc gn
ht u, ru u hnh chy hay di c, ngn c t 7 11 t . Ru u thng nh
ngay trc mt gc bn lng ca trn. Hai ru u nm cch xa nhau. Mt ln, hnh
trn hoc gn trn dng n tht. Ru u tng i ngn, khng di hn 1,5 chiu
ngang u v s t ru thng l 11 t nhng cng c th gim t 10 n 7 t, kh
mnh v c chy nh. t cui ca ru hm di ni chung l hnh ru, tuy nhin
mt s loi th t ny hnh nn ct hoc c hai cnh bn song song. t cui ca ru
mi di hnh nn ct.
Trng ca b ra thng c hnh thoi, mu vng hay da cam, u trng c hnh
dng khc nhau ty loi, a s u trng b ra c c th di, i khi dp, c th mang
nhiu lng hoc ng nh, phn nhiu c mu en xm hoc nu nht pha ln vi
nhng m vn mu trng, . Ming pha trc u, ru u c 3 t, bng c 10
t. Hnh dng b ra nhn chung kh ging vi nhiu loi thuc b nh kim
(Chrysomelidae), tuy nhin c th phn bit c d dng vi b nh kim qua cu to
ca bn chn, bn chn c cu to 3-3-3.

176

I G
H
E
D
F
C
B
A
Hnh VI.26. Thnh trng cc loi b ra ph bin
A: Harmonia octomaculata, B: Menochulus sexmaculatus, C:Coccinella
transversalis, D: Coelophora saucia , E: Rodolia sp., F: Micraspis discolor,
G: Synonicha grandis (c v ci), H: Arisolemma dilatata, I: Scymnus sp.

B A

Hnh VI.27. B ra Epilachna vigintioctopunctat (A: thnh trng; B: u trng)


177

G
F
D E
C B
A
Hnh VI.28: Mt s dng u trng ca h b ra
A: Rodolia sp., B: Chilocorus sp., C: Menochulus sexmaculatus,
D: Cryptolaemus., E: Scymnus sp., F: Epilachna sp., G: Pseudaspidimerus sp.


Hnh VI.29. B ra Chilocorus sp. n trng rp sp Pulvinaria sp.
178


a s b ra (c thnh trng ln u trng) c tnh n tht, sinh sng ch yu
bng cch tn cng ry mm (Aphididae) (Coccinella, Harmonia, Micraspis), hoc
rp sp (Rodolia, Chilocorus) thng gp ph bin trn cc loi hoa mu, cy n
tri, hoa king. ni c nhiu ry mm hoc rp sp gy hi. Trong h ny cng c
mt s loi thuc ging Epilachna li thuc nhm cn trng ph hi cy trng nh loi
Epilachna sp. gy hi ph bin trn cc loi bu b da.

Cc loi b ra n tht ph bin gm c: Coccinella transversalis, Micraspis
discolor, Harmonia octomaculata, Rodolia cardinalis ..... .

5. H nh kim (Chrysomelidae)

C nhiu dng rt khc bit nhau v mc d mt s loi c hnh dng tng t
b ra, nhng h ny li c lin h kh cht vi h Xn tc (Cerambycidae) do bn
chn c cng mt cu to (dng Cryptopentamre: Bn chn nguyn c cng thc 5-5-
5 nhng t th nht rt nh nn thng ch thy 4-4-4 v pha cui t th 3 thng
pht trin v ch i) v do a s cn trng h nh kim thuc nhm n thc vt, tuy
nhin cn trng h nh kim thng c ru u ngn, c th c hnh bu dc v ni
chung, kch thc thng nh hn h Xn tc v nhiu loi c mu sc sng, p.

Hnh VI.30. Mt s dng t bn chn ca h Chrysomelidae


Hnh VI.31. Cu to t bn chn Chrysomelidae (A) v thnh trng b gai Hispa sp.
B
A
179



nh VI. 32. Cc loi ming kin Hnh VI.33. B nhy Phyllotreta striolata
A B
H
(Cassidinae -Chrysomelidae) hi rau




nh VI.34. B da Brontispa longissima. Hnh VI.35. Cc loi nh kim thuc
ae)
g thng c nhiu hnh dng khc nhau tu loi, thng mp, trng
hoc v
u trng c tp qun thay i, c loi n ng vt, c loi n thc vt, tn cng
ng c
H
ging Sagra (Chrysomelid


u trn
ng, 3 chn ngc pht trin, trn mnh thng c nhng gai tht hoc u li.
Thnh trng thuc nhm n thc vt, phn ln n ph trn l, hoa.


b ch c ln trong l, hoc n ph b phn r v i khi c thn. Rt nhiu loi
thuc h ny gy hi quan trng trn cy trng nh b nhy hi rau ci (Phyllotreta
striolata Fabr.), su gai hi la (Hispa armigera Olivier), b vng (Aulacophora sp.),
ming kin hi khoai lang (Cassida circumdata Herbst) v b da Brontispa
longissima gy hi ph bin hin nay trn da.
180

6. H B ci (Elateridae)

Cn trng thuc h ny cng kh ph bin trong thin nhin, c c im l
n trng trng thnh c th bt ny mnh ln khi b n xung hoc lt nga mnh v

Hnh VI.36. (loi b ci ph bin ti BSCL); b Ctenicera noxia;
C: Alaus oculatus; D: Anelastes druryi (B: Borror v ctv, 1981).
. H b ci gi (Buprestidae)
mu sc kim loi (mu ng, xanh l cy, xanh
a tri, en,...), sng p. C th thng rt cng, c cu to thnh khi rt chc v
ng

c
c th nhy. H B ci thng c c th di, hai bn mp cnh thng song song nhau
v trn v pha cui cnh. Mnh lng ngc trc pht trin, hai gc sau ca mnh lng
ngc trc ko di ra pha sau thnh hai rng nhn st vi chn cnh. Mnh bng ngc
trc c mt kim di, nhn, nm lt vo khe lm ca ngc gia. Ba i chn ngc
thng co st mnh lc khng hot ng. Ru u thng c hnh rng ca v dng si
ch. Kch thc t 12-30 mm, a s thng c mu nu hay en. Bn chn c cng
thc 5-5-5. a s u trng c c th di, hp, cng, bng lng nn cn c gi l su
thp, thng c mu vng hoc nu. Chn ngc pht trin. u trng nhiu loi gy hi
quan trng cho thc vt , tn cng trn cy con, r c, ht ging. Thnh trng gy hi
trn thc vt, ph hi cnh non, mm non hoc hoa. Mt s ging thng gp l:
Melanotus, Agriotes.

a
b
a: : ( A+B:


7

a s cn trng thuc h ny c
d
th c hnh dng c bit. u thng b che khut ti phn sau ca mt kp. u
trng c mu trng hoc vng nht, chn ngc khng c hoc km pht trin. Ngc
trc phnh to, u b, dp.
181
a s u trng b ci gi gy hi thc vt bng cch c di v cy hoc c
vo trong g cy, tn cng c cy sng ln nhng cy g va mi c ca, ct. Rt
hiu loi gy hi quan trng cho cy trng. Trng thng c vo cc vt nt
n v cy. u trng khi n ra s c nhng ng hm di v cy v mt s loi
sochoa.


Hnh VI.37. B cnh cng Strigoptera bimaculata (A) v Sternocera aequisignata
(B)




Hnh VI.38. Mt s loi cnh cng thuc h Buprestidae ph bin vng
ng Nam Chu
n
tr
c c vo thn g.

Gy hi quan trng trn cc loi cy n tri v cy rng. Mt s ging thng
gp l: Agrillus, Chry




182



Hnh VI.39. Mt s dng u trng ca h Buprestidae.
(Borror v ctv, 1981)


8. H Xn tc (Cerambycid

y l mt h ln, ngi ta ghi nhn trn 1200 loi ti Hoa K, hu ht cn
hi trn thc vt.
mnh hoc qu na chiu di ca
n. Nhiu loi c mu sc sng ti v c nhng m hoa vn. Bn chn c cu
o cryptopentamre. u trng di, hnh ng, bo trng, a s khng c chn ngc v
ng cho cy n tri, cy rng v nhiu loi cy g. Thnh trng trng
n nhng k nt ca v cy, sau khi n, u trng s c vo trong phn g cy.
hng ng c trong g cy thng c dng hnh trn (thit din ct ngang) khc
ae)


trng h Xn tc thuc nhm gy

Kch thc c th thng ln, c th thng di, hnh ng vi i ru u di,
cng, ru u thng c 11 t v di vt qu thn
th
t
khc vi u trng ca B ci gi (Buprestidae) do phn u ca u trng xn tc
khng rng b ngang v khng dp, u trng ca h ny thng c gi l su c g
u trn.

Phn ln u trng n ph thc vt bng cch c vo trong g, nhiu loi gy
hi quan tr
tr
N
vi ng c ca u trng h B ci gi, thng c dng bu dc, v cc ng c
trong g gy ra bi u trng b Xn tc thng ko di mt on thng nh trc khi
quay hng c.

Thnh trng ca mt s loi c th n ph trn bng.

183
Mt s loi gy hi ph bin l xn tc c thn, cnh xoi Plocaderus
c c cnh cy Vn vn

Hnh VI.40. Xn tc , A: Plocaederus ruficornis gy hi trn cy Xoi
B: Celosterna pollinosa sulphure i cy Vn vn
ruficornis, b hi c ph Xylotrechus quadripes, Chevr., xn t
Celosterna pollinosa sulphurea.

a gy h



Hnh VI.41. Mt s dng u trng ca h Cerambycidae.
(Borror v ctv., 1981).
A
B
184
B A


Hnh VI.42. A: cy Xoi b nhim Xn tc nng;
B: Xn tc gy hi bn trong thn cy



Hnh VI.43. u trng ca xn tc
B
A
A: Plocaderus ruficornis; B: Celosterna pollinosa sulphurea
185






Hnh VI.44. Mt s loi xn tc (Cerambycidae) ph bin ti ng
bng sng Cu Long.



186



Hnh VI.45. Mt s dng u ca b cnh cng Coleoptera.
A: Cerambycidae; B: Bruchidae; C: Tenebrionidae.

9. H Mt u (Bruchidae)

C th ngn, thng nh hn 5 mm, hnh trng hoc bu dc ngn, thng hp
v pha trc. Mt lng hi vng ln. Cnh cng ngn v khng che ph ht phn
bng. Mnh ph y lng nh, mu nu hoc xm, pha ln cc m mu trng. u
hi cui thng xung. Ru u c 11 t mc pha trc mt kp, thng di bng
hoc ngn hn na chiu di thn. Ru u dng si ch hoc rng ca hoc di c.
Mt kp rt ln, mp trc ca mt kp thng lm vo hnh ch U m ly chn ru.
Bn chn c cng thc 4-4-4.

u trng mnh hi cong, bo, khng mt, khng chn, n ph bn trong ht ca
nhiu loi cy trng. Thnh trng trng trn ht, u trng n ra s chui vo c ph
ht. Mt s loi tn cng c nhng ht ging kh, d tr trong kho.

Mt vi loi, c bit l cc loi gy hi trn ht cc cy h u l nhng loi
gy hi quan trng nh loi Bruchus chinensis L.

187

B A
Hnh VI.46. A: Loi Bruchus chinensis L; B: cch gy hi ca mt Bruchus trong ht
u xanh (Kalshoven, 1981).


10. H Bng ti (Tenebrionidae)

C nhiu hnh dng khc bit nhau, mu sc thng nu hoc en, u nh, mt
phn tht vo pha di mp trc ca mnh lng ngc trc. Ru u di thng c
11 t, hnh si ch hoc di c. Mp trong ca mt kp thng lm vo v vy
quanh ly chn ru. Bn chn c cng thc 5-5-4. Mp sau t bng th nht khng
b t chu chn sau chia ct. Rt nhiu loi mu en lng v c dng tng t h chn
chy, mt vi loi c c th rt cng.

Su non a s c hnh di, mnh, hi dp; da cng mu vng nu ta su thp.
Phn ln gy hi thc vt, mt s loi c khot cc ht ng cc hoc cc sn phm
nng nghip tn tr trong kho, va. Gy hi quan trng, v d nh cc loi mt
Tribolium v Tenebrio molitor.


C
B
A

Hnh VI.47. Cc loi mt gy hi trn ng cc
A : Tribolium castaneum, B: Tribolium destructor; C: Tenebrio molitor
188

11. H Mt g ngn (Scolytidae)

Kch thc nh, hnh ng, t khi di qu 8 mm, thng c mu nu hay en.
Ru u ngn, hnh di trng v gp hnh u gi. u nh, mt s loi, mnh lng
ngc trc rt pht trin che khut ht phn u. Ming c hm trn pht trin. Cnh
trc c nhiu chm lm nm trong cc ng gch dc. C loi cui cnh, vt thnh
mt nghing v trn c rng. t chy chn trc c dng thch nghi cho vic o
bi. Bn chn 5-5-5. Cn trng h ny thng sng di v cy hoc trong thn v
cnh cy lu nm, c khot thnh cc ng hm, cc ng ny thng c dng c
bit. Mt s t loi c ph ht ging, tri d tr trong kho.

Loi thng gp: mt c c ph Xyleborus morstatii H.


B A

Hnh VI.48. Triu chng gy hi ca mt g (A) v mt Ips cembrae (B)
(Stanek,1968)

12. H Vi voi (Curculionidae)

Thnh phn loi rt phong ph, gn nh hin din khp mi ni. u thng
ko di v pha trc nh mt ci vi; ming gm nhai pha cui vi. Hnh dng,
kch thc ca vi thay i rt nhiu, ty loi. Ru u thng nm phn na chiu
di ca vi, ru c dng bu dc (3 t cui phnh to), thng gp cong hnh u gi
v c t 3-12 t. Bn chn cryptopentamre. Cnh sau pht trin bnh thng, song
c mt s loi t s dng cnh sau bay m thng b trn mt t.

u trng mu trng vng, khng c chn, thng c hnh hi cong kiu chic
lim. C mt s loi sng trn cy c chn ngn.

189
Thnh trng v u trng u n ph thc vt, c th tn cng nhiu b phn
khc nhau ca thc vt (nh r, thn, l, tri, ht, bng,...) hoc sng trong t. u
trng a s sng trong m cy, mt s loi c th to thnh bu su.

Mt s loi gy hi ph bin nh Sng khoai lang Cylas formicarius Fabr.,
Mt go Sitophilus oryzae L., ung c thn da Rhynchophorns ferrugineus., cu
cu xanh Hypomyces squamesus


Hnh VI.49. ung da Hnh VI.50. Cu cu xanh Hypomyces
Rhynchophorus ferrugineus squamosus


Hnh VI.51. Cc dng u v ming ca h vi voi Curculionidae.
(Borror v ctv, 1981)

190

B
A
Hnh VI.52. Vi voi Alcidodes frenatus Faust c cnh xoi
(A: thnh trng, B: u trng)


C
B
A
Hnh VI.53.Vi voi Depaurus marginatus ct l xoi (A ; thnh trng, B: u trng,
C : triu chng gy hi ca vi voi ct l xoi)

13. H B hung (Scarabaeidae)

C kch thc, mu sc v tp qun sinh hot rt khc bit ty theo loi. C th
thng cng, nng n, a s c hnh bu dc, lng hi vng ln, ru u hnh l lp
hay hnh qut hi cong hoc phnh to pha u, dng gp khc, u gi c t 8 - 11
t. Bn chn c cng thc 5-5-5. Mp ngoi t chy chn trc c 2 -3 rng ca
hoc gai ca. u trng mp, trng hoc vng un cong hnh ch C, u v ming nhai
rt pht trin, chn ngc pht trin, nhng ni chung, u trng di chuyn rt chm.

Cc loi trong nhm b hung c tp qun sinh hot rt khc bit nhau, rt nhiu
loi n phn v n nhng cht mc nt thc vt, xc cht, mt s loi n nm v nhiu
loi n thc vt. Trng thnh c th cn ph cc phn ca cy pha trn mt t nh
l, hoa. C tnh n rng, u trng n cc phn di t nh: r, gc cy con,...

191
Mt s loi ph bin nh: cc loi kin vng trn da Oryctes rhinoceros,
Xylotrupes gideon, b hung c gc ma Alissonotum pauper Burm, b Cnh cam
Anomala sp.



Hnh VI.54. Mt s c im hnh thi ca h Scarabaeidae.
A: u ca Macrodactylus; B: t chy v t bn ca chn sau Aphodius.
C: t bn chn sau ca Popilia; D: t bn chn sau ca Canthon.
(Borror v ctv, 1981)

B
A
Hnh VI.55. Kin Vng Xylotrupes gideon (c v ci) (A); Sng b
hung (Scarabaeidae) (B)
192





Hnh VI.56. Mt s loi b hung (Scarabaeidae) hin din ti BSCL
193
B CNH MNG (HYMENOPTERA)

hymeno: s ni lin cnh trc v cnh sau
nh hng mc cu nh.
ptera: cnh

Bao gm cc loi cn trng c nhng c im nh sau: hai cp cnh u thuc
loi cnh mng, cp cnh sau thng nh hn cp cnh trc v thng trn mp
trc ca cnh sau c mt hng mc cu nh mc ln np cung ca mp sau cnh
trc, h thng mch cnh thay i, phc tp. Cc mch dc thng gp khc, c tn
gi l mch quay. C loi mch cnh thoi ha gn ht, c loi li khng c cnh.
Ming thuc kiu ming nhai, nhng nhm cnh mng cp cao, mi di v hm
di hp thnh mt cu to ging nh li, dng ly thc n. Ru u thng c t
10 t tr ln v thng rt di. Bn chn thng c 5 t, c 1 - 2 t chuyn. B
phn trng thng pht trin v mt s loi, ng trng thng c dng ngi
chm v c s dng nh mt c quan t v.

Thuc nhm bin thi hon ton. u trng a s c u pht trin, ngc gm 3
t v bng c 10 t. u trng ca b ph Symphyta c dng su non ca b cnh
vy, vi 3 i chn ngc, tuy nhin khc vi b cnh vy v u trng ca Symphyta c
trn 5 i chn bng v chn bng khng c mc v thng ch c mt i mt n.
Nhng thuc dng nhng trn, c nhiu loi c kn bao bc nhng. Phn ln gii tnh
c quyt nh qua vic th tinh ca trng, trng c th tinh cho ra c th ci,
trng khng c th tinh thng cho ra c th c.

Theo nh gi ca con ngi, th b cnh mng l mt b c li nht trong ton
lp cn trng, b ny gm hu ht nhng loi c ch, l nhng loi n mi, k sinh
v b ny cn bao gm rt nhiu loi ong cn thit cho vn th phn cy trng. Hu
ht cc loi ong k sinh u c kch thc rt nh. Trong b Cnh mng c nhiu loi
c tp qun sng qun t thnh x hi nh ong, kin; c hnh vi tp qun rt cao. Ch
mt s t loi l gy hi trn cy trng nh nhng loi thuc b Ong n l
(Tenthredinidae).

MT S H C LIN QUAN N NNG NGHIP

1. H Ong c (Ichneumonidae)

y l mt trong nhng h ln nht ca lp cn trng, hin din hu nh khp
ni, ring Bc M ghi nhn c trn 3100 loi.

194
Thnh trng c kch thc, hnh dng, mu sc rt khc bit nhau, nhng phn
ln u c c th di, mnh khnh. Nhm ny khc vi nhng loi ong khc do chng
c ru u di (thng c t 6 t tr ln), c 2 t chuyn v thiu mt bung Costal
cnh trc. Cnh trc c hai mch quay, to thnh 3 bung gia nh (bung M1 v
bung M2 cch nhau bi mt mch quay). Bng c 7-8 t di v hp. Pha trc t
bng th nht thon nh nh mt ci cung. ng d trng kh di, thng di hn
chiu di ca c th.

Ong c c th tn cng nhiu loi k ch, phn ln cc loi thuc nhm ni k
sinh trn u trng hoc su non ca cn trng thuc b Cnh vy v Cnh cng.


Hnh VI.57. Ong Amauromorpha k sinh Hnh VI.58. Ong Charops sp. k sinh
su c thn la su n tp Spodoptera litura



195

Hnh VI.59. Cu to gn cnh.
A, B: Ichneumonidae; C: Braconidae.
rv: mch quay; are: bung cnh nh, c: costal.
(Borror v ctv, 1981)

196
2. H Ong kn nh (Braconidae)
y cng l mt h ln ca b Cnh mng. Thnh trng thng c kch thc
rt nh, t khi vt qu 15 mm chiu di, phn ln c th trng mnh v chc hn cc
loi ong c v chiu di ca bng th gn bng vi chiu di ca ngc v bng cng
li. Nhm ny ging ong c ch l cnh trc thiu mt bung costal, nhng khc l
nhm ong kn nh ch c mt mch quay (recurrent vein). Tp qun k sinh ca ong
kn nh tng t ong c nhng khc vi ong c l nhm ny thng ko kn ho
nhng bn ngoi c th k ch.

Hin tng a phi c ghi nhn mt s loi, ch yu trong ging
Macrocentrus, mi trng ca M. grandii trn u trng ca su c thn bp s cho
ra t 16-24 u trng k sinh mi.


Hnh VI.60. Ong Microplistis manilae Hnh VI.61. Ong Opius sp. k sinh
k sinh su cn gi trn la di ca rui hi la


Hnh VI.62. Ong Cotesia flavipes k Hnh VI.63. Ong kn trng Cotesia
sinh su c thn la angustibasis k sinh su cun l nh trn la
(Shephard v ctv.)
197

3. H Ong nh (Chalcidae)

H ln ca b Cnh mng. a s u c kch thc rt nh, mt vi loi thuc
h Mymaridae c kch thc nh hn 0,5 mm. H Ong nh hin din khp mi ni
nhng do kch thc qu nh nn t c nhn thy. Phn ln di t 2-3 mm, mc d
mt s t loi c th di n 10-15 mm (Leucospiridae). Phn ln c mu nu hay en
pha trn vi nhng m vn mu trng hay vng hoc mu xanh kim loi. Phn lng
ngc hi vng ln, t i chn sau thng phnh to v c nhng rng li nh. t
chy chn sau hi cong vo. Ru u c di 13 t.

Rt d nhn din do cu to c bit ca gn cnh. Phn ln k sinh trn nhng
loi cn trng khc, tn cng ch yu trng hay u trng ca b Cnh vy, b Hai
cnh, b Cnh cng v b Cnh u. Rt nhiu loi c du nhp vo M s
dng trong bin php phng tr sinh hc. Trn la thng gp cc loi ong
Brachymeria k sinh trn su non v nhng ca su cun l nh, su cun l to v su
bm mt rn.

Mt s t loi gy hi cy trng, u trng n ph trong ht ging, thn hoc cc
bu.


B
A
Hnh VI. 64. A: Ong Brachymeria excarinata ; B: Brachymeria sp. k sinh trn
nhng ca ngi Neostauropus sp.


4. H Ong Mt (Trichogrammatidae)

C kch thc rt nh (0,3-1 mm), bn chn c 3 t nn cn c gi l h
Ong ba t bn. Cnh trc rng, mt cnh ph nhiu lng rt nh, mn, xp thnh
198
hng. H thng mch cnh rt thoi ha, ch cn 1-2 mch. C th thng c mu
vng hay g. Ru u gp dng u gi, c 12 t. Hu ht k sinh trng cn trng
khc, nht l trng ca cn trng b Cnh vy v Cnh u.

Loi ph bin: Trichogramma spp. k sinh b Cnh vy



Hnh VI.65. Trichogramma k sinh trng Hnh VI.66. Trichogramma k
ca Trichoplusia ni sinh trng ca Helicoverpa zea
(Max Badgley, 2008)






Hnh VI.67. Cc dng cnh ca ong h Trichogrammatidae



5. H Ong nhy nh (Encyrtidae)

Gm kh nhiu loi, phn b rng. Kch thc nh t 1-2 mm. Ru u c t 8
- 12 t. Bn chn 5 t. Chn gia pht trin, nhy gii. Phn cui t chy chn gia
199
c mt ca ln. Cnh trc thng c vn mu nu hoc en. a s Ong nhy nh k
sinh ry mm (Aphididae), rp dnh cc loi v ry bt phn (Aleyrodidae) thuc b
Homoptera. C mt s loi c chuyn tnh k sinh i vi k ch nh ging Aphycus
thch k sinh trn ging rp sp Coccus. Ging ong Blastothrix chuyn k sinh trn
Coccus v Pulvinaria. Mt s loi c s dng phng tr rp sp c hiu qu
nh ong Pseudophycus utilus Timb, Blastothrix sericae Dalm.

Mt s t loi thuc nhm k sinh cp 2. Nhiu loi c kiu sinh sn a phi, t
mt trng c th sn sinh ra t 10 - trn 1000 c th mi.


B B

Hnh VI.68. A: Ong Copidosomopsis nacoleiae k sinh su cun l nh trn la
B: Ong k sinh Copidosomopsis nacoleiae (hng trm con) trong c th
ca su trn la (Shepard v ctv,1989)



Hnh VI.69. Ong Anagyrus fusciventris k sinh
rp sp Pseudococcus longispinus trn cam
( Smith v ctv, 1997)

6. H Ong nh ru ngn (Eulophidae)

200
Kh ph bin, ch ring ti Bc M pht hin trn 600 loi. Kch thc nh
(1-3 mm), Ru u ngn t t. Bn chn c 4 t. Lng mn trn mt cnh khng xp
thnh hng. Bng tht nh pha trc. Nhiu loi c mu sc kim loi sng. Ru u
con c (ca nhiu loi) c dng rng lc.

Mt s loi thuc nhm k sinh cp 2.

Loi ph bin: Ging Aphelinus k sinh trn c th ry mm, ging
Coccophagus k sinh trn rp sp.



Hnh VI.70. Cc loi ong k sinh h Eulophidae (A: Aphelinus jucundus;
B: Tetrastichusbruchophagi; C: Centrodora speciosissima; D: Hemiptarsenus
anementus) (Borror v ctv, 1981)

201


Hnh VI.71. Mt s kiu k sinh ca cc loi ong k sinh thuc b Cnh mng.
A, B: ong Pteromalidae; C: ong Encyrtidae; D, E: ong Eulophidae.
(Borror v ctv, 1981)
202
7. H Ong xanh nh (Pleromalidae)

Gm kh nhiu loi kch thc rt nh, mu en hoc mu xanh kim loi. Ru
u 13 t, bn chn 5 t. Cui hm trn c 3-4 rng. K sinh v tn cng nhiu loi
k ch khc nhau.

a s k sinh trn su non v nhng b Cnh vy v b Cnh cng. Mt s
khc k sinh trn su non b Cnh mng v nhng b Hai cnh. Cng c mt s loi
k sinh trn b Cnh u, b Cnh thng, b Cnh mch. C th n hoc k sinh
trng.

Loi ph bin: ong xanh nh Dibrachys cavus Walker k sinh trn su hng hi
cy bng vi ( c s dng tr su hng ti nc ngoi).


Hnh VI.72. Ong k sinh Pteromalus (Pteromalidae)



Hnh VI.73. Cc dng chn ca cc loi ong thuc b Cnh mng.
203
A: Eulophidae (chn trc); B, C: Pteromalidae; (B: chn sau;
C: chn trc); D: Encyrtidae (chn gia);
E: Chalcididae (chn sau). (Borror v ctv, 1981)

8. Kin (Formicidae)

Nhm ny rt ph bin, gm rt nhiu loi, phn b hu nh khp ni vi s
lng ni chung rt cao, nhm ny c tp qun v hnh vi rt tin tin ho, sng thnh
x hi. Trong t kin ghi nhn c kin cha, kin c v kin th. Kin cha c kch
thc ln hn cc nhm khc, thng c cnh v thng bin mt sau khi giao phi,
kin c c cnh v thng nh hn kin cha, i sng ngn thng cht sau khi bt
cp, kin c thuc nhm bt th khng cnh chim s lng c th cao nht trong t.

Trong cc tp on t kin nh thng ch c ba dng hnh nh va nu trn
nhng cc tp on ln th tng nhm c t hai n ba dng hnh ny c th khc
nhau v kch thc dng hoc mt s c tnh khc. Mc d dng kin rt d nhn din
nhng c nhiu loi cn trng khc c hnh dng rt ging kin, bn cnh , nhiu
dng kin c cnh li c hnh dng rt ging cc loi ong. c im c bn phn
bit kin vi cc loi cn trng khc l nh s hin din ca cung bng, cung ny
thng gm c t mt n hai t v thng mang nhiu phn li pha bng, ru u
thng c dng hnh u gi v t th nht ca ru u rt di. Tp qun sinh hot rt
thay i. Nhiu loi n mi chuyn tn cng nhng ng vt nh khc, mt s loi
khc sinh sng trn nm, sp phn hoa, mt hoc nhiu cht tng t v mt s loi
khc tn cng trn thc vt.


Hnh VI.74. Kin th. A: Ponerinae (Ponera); B: Myrmicinae (Solenopsis)
(Borror v ctv, 1981)

Do thch cht mt ngt nn trong t nhin nhiu loi kin thng sng cng
sinh vi cc loi cn trng thuc nhm chch ht nh ry mm, rp sp, ry bng.... ,
v d in hnh cho nhm ny l s cng sinh ca rp sp Dysmicoccus brevipes gy
hi trn cy khm (da, thm) vi loi kin Pheidole megacephala. Kin xy nhng t
204
bng mn chung quanh cc qun th rp sp nhm bo v loi ny trnh khi s tn
cng ca cc loi thin ch cng nh nhng iu kin bt li ca mi trng nh kh
hn,...... ngc li kin s s dng mt ngt do rp sp tit ra. Do bo v cc nhm
chch ht (gy hi cho cy trng), nn nhiu loi kin thng c xp vo nhm gy
hi.

Tuy nhin, do kh nng tn cng nhiu loi cn trng khc cng nh kh nng
n mi cao, nn nhiu loi kin cng c s dng nh mt tc nhn phng tr sinh
hc. in hnh cho nhm ny l kin vng Oecophylla smaragdina, loi kin ny
v ang c s dng rt nhiu trn cc vn cy c mi (citrus) ti ng bng sng
Cu Long, ngoi kh nng thin ch rt cao, c th khng ch nhiu loi ch hi
quan trng trn cam, qut, chanh, bi, kin vng cn c kh nng lm gia tng cht
lng tri mt cch r rt.



B
A
Hnh VI.75. Kin vng Oecophylla smaragdina. (A: Cc dng c th trong qun kin
(Kalshoven, 1981); B: Kin vng tn cng co co)

205
B A

C


Hnh VI.76. Kin vng cng sinh vi ry mm (A)
v rp sp Pseudococcus spp. (B v C).
206
B CNH VY (LEPIDOPTERA)

Lepido: vy
ptera : cnh

y l mt b rt ln vi khong 140 000 loi c ghi nhn, phn b rt
rng, hin din hu nh khp mi ni, thng vi nhng s lng rt ln. Phn ln c
th, chn v cnh mang nhiu lng vy nh. Ming thuc dng vi ht, hm trn thoi
ha ch cn mt cht du vt hoc khng cn, mi di khng c, ru mi di pht
trin c ba t, ru hm di nh hoc khng cn; mt s t loi c ming thoi ha v
khng n vo giai on thnh trng; ch c mt h duy nht trong b ny l con trng
thnh c kiu ming nhai gm, l h Micropterigidae.
Ru u ca b Cnh vy c hnh dng: si ch, hnh lc, hnh chy. Mt
kp ca b cnh vy thng ln, gm nhiu mt nh. Phn ln cc loi ngi c hai mt
n. Hai cnh bng cht mng ph y lng vy nh. Nhng lng vy nh ny c
nhiu mu sc v nhng ng vn khc nhau. Mch cnh c mch dc v mch
ngang. S phn nhnh ca h thng mch cnh ty tng h m khc nhau. Nhiu loi
c b phn nghe (mng nh). Cc loi ngi thuc h ngi sng v nhiu loi thuc
nhm su o (Geometridae) c mng nh nm trn phin bng (sternite) pha trc,
trong lc th mng nh ca nhm Noctuidae th nm phin bng ca ngc sau.
Thuc nhm bin thi hon ton, u trng c gi l su bm (caterpillar). Nhng
thuc nhng mng, nhiu loi trc khi ho nhng thng nh t dt kn.
Su non thuc dng nhiu chn, vi b phn u rt pht trin, c th hnh ng
di, 13 t (3 t ngc v 10 t bng); c 6 mt n 2 bn u v mt i ru rt
ngn. Ming thuc kiu nhai gm, hm trn to v kho. Mi t ngc mang mt i
chn ngc. Bng c t 2-5 i chn v tr tng ng vi t bng th 3,4,5,6 v 10.
i chn t bng th 10 thng c gi l i chn mng. Pha cui chn bng
c mt n nhiu mng dng mc cu, xp thnh tng kiu khc nhau tu loi v y
l c im quan trng phn loi. Mt s loi c t hn 5 i chn bng nh cc
loi su o, c loi li hon ton khng c chn bng nh mt s loi h Xycanidae v
nhng loi su n l thuc Microlepidoptera, hon ton khng c chn ngc ln chn
bng.

Hnh VI.77. Su non thuc b cnh vy
(a: chn ngc; b: chn bng; c: l th, d: bn chn bng) (Borror v ctv., 1981)
207

Trong b Cnh vy, ngi ta thng chia thnh hai nhm: nhm bm
(butterfly) v nhm ngi (moth). Nhm bm hot ng ban ngy, thng c mu sc
sc s, nhm ngi hot ng ban m thng c mu ti. a s ngi hoc su bm
u thuc nhm gy hi thc vt, tnh n khc nhau ty loi, gi vai tr quan trng
trong nng nghip. a s n ph l, nhiu loi cn n bng, c l, c tri, c mm,
cnh, thn, r v mt s b phn khc ca cy. C mt s t loi thuc nhm n mi.
Thnh trng khng gy hi cy trng v ch ht mt hoa, nc, sng hoc khng n.

u trng b Cnh vy c tuyn t rt pht trin. Rt nhiu loi s dng t
lm kn, mt s t loi tit t lm ch tr n nh cc loi su cun l tit t ni
cht cc mp l thnh t v n ph trong l cun.

* MT S H C LIN QUAN N NNG NGHIP

1. H Ngi m (Noctuidae)

y l h ln nht trong b Cnh vy, ti Canada v M ghi nhn c trn
2700 loi. C th ph nhiu lng nh, cp cnh trc thng hp v cp cnh sau
rng. Ru mi di thng di, ru u thng c dng hnh si ch. Mt s loi
thng c mt chm lng vy hin din trn phn lng ngc. cnh trc, gc ca
mch M2 gn mch M3 hn so vi M1 v gn cubitus c v nh c 4 mch. cnh
sau, mch subcosta v radius tch xa nhau phn gc nhng gp nhau pha gc ca
bung discal v mch M2 c th hin din hoc khng hin din.

B
A

Hnh VI.78. S phn b gn cnh ca mt s ging thuc h Noctuidae (A +B)

208
Su non phn ln mm v c mu ti, a s c 5 i chn bng, mt s loi i
chn bng th nht hoc th nht v th hai thoi ha, nn khi b rt ging su o v
c gi l su o gi. Nhiu loi trong h ny gy hi quan trng trn thc vt. Phn
ln n ph trn cc b phn ca l, mt s loi c tri, c thn v cc b phn khc
ca cy. Su non tui cng ln li cng thng hot ng v m v sc n rt mnh.


D
C
B
A

Hnh VI.79. A: Su n tp Spodoptera litura ; B: Su o gi Plusia sp.;
C: Cc giai on pht trin ca su Eudocima salaminia; D: Mt s dng
u trng h Noctuidae

Mt s t loi c th n nm trn g mc hoc keo nha cnh kin. Tp qun
sinh sng phc tp, nhiu loi ban m b hp dn bi nh sng n, a thch cc mi
v chua ngt, nhiu loi c kh nng di chuyn theo tng n rt mnh nh nhm
Spodoptera. Loi gy hi ph bin nh su n tp (Spodoptera litura), su xanh da
lng (Spodoptera exigua), su xanh (Heliothis armigera).

209
B
A

Hnh VI.80. A: Ngi Heliothis armigera; B: Ngi Spodoptera exigua


B A
Hnh VI.81. A: Ngi chch ht Othreis fullonia ; B: Ngi su n tp S. litura



Hinh VI.82. Ngi su o gi Plusia sp. gy hi trn cy hoa hng

2. H Ngi sng (Pyralidae)

y l h ln th 2 trong b Cnh vy. a s c kch thc nh, mng mnh, c
mng nh nm pha bng, ru mi di pht trin, vi ht c nhiu vy, cnh trc
di hnh tam gic. Cnh trc: mch R3 v R4 cng chung mt on ngn, ch c mt
210
mch A. Cnh sau: mch Sc+R1 v Rs st gn nhau v gn nh song song hoc c th
hp nhau mt on pha ngoi ca bung gia cnh.



Hnh VI.83. S phn b gn cnh ca h Pyralidae (A: Crambinae; B: Pyralinae)


Hnh VI.84. Ngi Glyphodes caesalis c tri mt (Pyralidae)(A); Ngi Conogethes
punctiferalis c tri (Pyralidae) (B)

B A
B
A
Hnh VI.85. Ngi su c thn Tryporyza incertulas (Pyralidae)(A); Ngi su cun l
nh Cnaphalocrosis medinalis (Pyralidae) (B)
211

B
A

Hnh VI.86. Su Deanolis albizonalis (Pyralidae) c tri xoi (A); Su Pyrausta
nubilalis (Pyralidae) c thn bp (B).

Gm nhiu loi rt khc nhau v hnh dng, gn cnh v tp qun sinh hot. a
s ban m b hp dn bi nh sng n.

Su non mnh di nh, t lng v thng ch c lng cng nguyn sinh, bng c
chn tng i ngn, mng chn 2 dng hoc 3 dng xp thnh hnh vng trn hoc
xp thnh mt i ngang. Su non thng sng ni kn o, c khot cc b phn ca
cy, nhiu loi c thn cc cy thuc h Ha tho hoc cun l ph hi. Cc loi gy
hi ph bin bao gm: su c thn la hai chm (Tryporyza incertulas), su c thn
bp (Pyrausta nubilalis), su c thn ma (Proceras venosatus), su c tri u
(Etiella zinckenella), su c ht xoi Deanolis albizonalis, su Alophia sp. c tri
sap, su Glyphodes caesalis c tri mt, su Conogethes punctiferalis c tri nhn,
i v nhiu loi tri cy khc.

3. H Ngi cun l (Tortricidae)

y cng l mt trong nhng h ln nht ca b Cnh vy, gm nhiu loi gy
hi quan trng cho cy trng. C th nh, mu xm hoc nu ti v thng c nhng
bng mu ti hin din trn cnh. Cnh trc thng c hnh ch nht. trng thi
ngh, hai cnh xp thnh hnh mi nh trn lng. Mch 1 A ca cnh trc ch cn l 1
on ngn pha ngoi mp cnh. Mch Cu2 ca cnh trc pht xut t 1/3 n 3/4
mp di ca bung gia cnh. Mch Sc+R1 ca cnh sau tch ring, khng lin vi
mch khc.
212

Hnh VI.87. S phn b gn cnh ca h Tortricidae
Su non thn nh di, lng tha. Mng chn (bng) thng xp hnh vng kn,
su non c tp qun cun l, dt l hoc c vo mm non, thn non, tri ph hi.
Loi gy hi ph bin gm: su cun l ch (Homona coffearia), su cun l
(Cacoecia eucroca), su Dudua aprobola cun l xoi, vi, mng cc...



B
A

Hnh VI.88. A: Ngi Homona coffearia (ci) ; B: Ngi Dudua aprobola


213


B
A
HnhVI.89. Adoxophyes privatana () Hnh VI.90. A. micaceana (A: , B: )

4. H Ngi su o (Geometridae)

Vi khong 1200 loi c pht hin ti Hoa K v Canada. Thnh trng
phn ln nh, mng mnh, c th di, cnh thng rng v trn cnh thng c nhng
ng vn nh. Con c v con ci thng c mu sc khc nhau, mt s loi, con
ci c cnh thoi ho hoc khng cnh, khi u 2 cnh xe ngang. cnh trc, mch
R phn thnh nhiu nhnh. Nhng tt c cc mch R1, R2, R3, R4, R5 u gp nhau
ti mt im pha trong cnh. Mch dc Sc ca cnh sau rt cong pha gc v thng
c mt mch ngang rt cng lin vi gc vai.
214

B
A
Hnh VI.91. S phn b b gn cnh ca h Geometridae
(A: Haematopis; B: Xanthotype)

Thnh trng hot ng v m v thng b hp dn bi nh sng n. u
trng thuc dng su o, ch c mt i chn bng t th 6 v 1 i chn mng
t th 10. Khi b chn ngc bm chc v phn bng cong vng ln, khi ng yn th
chn bng v chn mng bm chc cn phn trc ca thn l lng pha ngoi ta nh
mt cnh cy b nh. u trng n ph ch yu l l cy. Ti ng bng sng Cu
Long, thng gp cc loi su o gy hi trn bng, l xoi, nhn, chm chm nh
Thalassodes falsaria, Comibaena spp., Hyposidra talaca.


C B
A
Hnh VI.92. Thalassodes falsaria (A); Hyposidra talaca () (B);
Aporandria specularia (C)

215

Hnh VI.93. Cc dng u trng su o Geometridae

5. H Ngi nhng vi (Sphingidae)

Kch thc t trung bnh n ln, mnh th, 2 u hi nhn ta hnh thoi, mt
vi loi khi cng cnh, chiu ngang c th t n 160 mm. Ru u thng hi phnh
to pha gia hay pha cui ru. Cnh trc hp di, cnh sau nh. Gia mch dc Sc
+ R1 v R5 ca cnh sau c mt mch ngang. Vi ca nhiu loi rt pht trin, nhiu
khi di bng chiu di ca c th, kh nng bay rt ln v bay nhanh, mt s loi hot
ng ban ngy, nhng phn ln hot ng vo lc hong hn.

Su non c kch thc ln, mi t bng chia thnh 6-8 vng hp, pha lng t
bng th 8 c mt gai ln nn cn c gi l "su sng". Su non cn ph l cy rt
mnh, c bit l trn khoai ty, c chua, thuc l. Loi ph bin: Loi Agrius
convolvuli gy hi ph bin trn cy khoai lang v cc loi su n l ging Theretra.


Hnh VI.94. Ngi Agrius convolvuli gy hi khoai lang (thnh trng v su non)
B A

Hnh VI.95. Su n l Theretra latreillei (A: Su non; B: thnh trng)
216




Hnh VI.96. Mt s loi ngi nhng vi Sphingidae ph bin
ti ng bng sng Cu Long
217

6. H Ngi c (Lymantriidae)

a s c kch thc trung bnh, tng t h Ngi m (Noctuidae), nhng khc
vi Noctuidae l nhm ny khng c mt n v c mt "bung gc" (basale areole)
pha gc cnh sau, phn ln cc loi, ngc v bng y lng rm, nhiu loi con
ci v pha cui bng c mt chm lng r rt.




Hnh VI.97. S phn b gn cnh ca h Lymantridae


Su non c nhiu lng hoc tm lng, mng chn (bng) xp thnh vng h,
cn ph ch yu l cy. Ti vng ng bng sng Cu Long, ghi nhn c nhiu loi
gy hi trn cy n tri thuc cc ging nh Lymantria, Orgyia v Euproctis.




Hnh VI.98. Su rm Orgyia postica (thnh trng , thnh trng v su non)
218



B
A
Hnh VI.99. Ngi Euproctis fraterna ( thnh trng ) (A) v su non (B)


B
A
A

Hnh VI.100. A: Ngi Lymantria marginata; B: Euproctis sp.


7. H Ngi su t (Plutellidae)

C th nh, thng c mu xm tro, cnh hp di, cui cnh sau nhn, lng
mp cnh rt di. Mch R5 ca cnh trc c th ko di ti mp ngoi, mch R2 v
R3 ca cnh sau c cng chung mt on mch. Ru u lc u thng a v pha
trc. u trng phn ln c mu xanh, hai u hi thon nh, nhng c bao bc
trong mt kn tha mng. Gm nhng loi gy hi quan trng trn ci bp v nhng
cy khc thuc h Thp t (Crucifera), u trng c th n lng l v lm nhng trong
mt kn mng dnh trn l.

Loi ph bin: su t ci bp Plutella xylostella

219

A
B

Hnh VI.101. Thnh trng (A) v u trng su t (B) Plutella xylostella
8. H Ngi mch (Gelechidae)

Gm nhiu loi cn trng rt ph bin, kch thc tng i nh. Ru mi di
di v cong ln pha trn, t th 3 di v nhn. Mch R4 v R5 cnh trc c cng
chung mt on mch pha gc v mch 2A phn nhnh pha gc. Tp qun gy
hi khc nhau ty loi, mt s loi c ln trong l, mt s loi to thnh bu, mt s
loi cun l.
Loi gy hi quan trng l loi mt go Sitotroga cerealella, su hng hi bng
vi Pectinophora gossypiella., ngi Anarsia sp. gy hi trn xoi, nhn, vi.


B A
Hnh VI.102. Ngi Anarsia sp. (A); v s phn b gn cnh ca h Gelechidae (B)

9. H Ngi c g (Cossidae)

Thnh trng c kch thc trung bnh, c th ph nhiu lng, cnh thng c
mu tro, hoc trng, c m vn en. Mch cnh kh nguyn thy. Gc mch gia (M)
ca cnh vn cn v phn nhnh trong bung gia, to thnh bung nh (c cnh
trc v cnh sau). Cnh trc c mch Cu2, cnh sau c 3 mch A. Mc cnh c lc
220
rt ngn, lc rt pht trin, con ci c ti 9 mc, t chy chn sau c ca ngn. Ru
u hnh rng lc kp. Gy hi ch yu bng cch c vo thn cy, cc loi ph bin
bao gm Zeuzera coffeae v cc loi Cossus spp.


Hnh VI.103. S phn b gn cnh ca h Cossidae



B
A

Hnh VI.104. Ngi c thn Zeuzera coffeae (A); u trng ngi Cossidae (B)


Su non u to, hm trn pht trin. Mnh lng ngc trc pht trin. Mng
chn xp thnh vng trn. Gy hi bng cch c g ca cc loi cy n tri hoc cy
rng.

Loi ph bin: su c thn c ph (Zeuzera coffeae).

221
10. H Su kn (Psychidae)

Thnh trng c thng nh, cnh pht trin, thnh trng ci khng cnh,
khng chn, sut i ch sng trong ci bao dt bng l, cc cht d tha thc vt.
Giao phi v trng u trong bc, ti . Cnh trc ca con c cn c gc
chnh mch M bung gia, do bung ny chia thnh hai bung nh. Mch 1A v
2A nhp li vi nhau lm mt. Thng thnh trng c c vi thoi ho, ru u hnh
rng lc kp. Su non c chn ngc khe, chn bng thoi ho. Su non cng sinh
sng trong ti bng l, cnh vn dt li thnh bao, khi di chuyn hoc cn ph cy mi
th u ngc ra ngoi.





Hnh VI.105. Mt dng bao ca su kn Hnh VI.106. Ngi su kn
Psychidae Eumeta variegata gy hi xoi

222

D
C
B
A

Hnh VI.107. A: Pagodiella hekmeyeri; B: Pteroma plagiophleps
C v D: Triu chng gy hi ca su bao

11. Ngi su c l (Gracillariidae)

Gm nhng loi c kch thc t nh n rt nh, cnh nhn phn u ging
nh ci gio (mc), gn costal thng hi cong, vng ln pha gc cnh. trng thi
ngh, phn thn th pha trc ca thnh trng thng vn cao ln pha trc, v
chp cnh thng ng st b mt ni cn trng ng ngh. u trng thng gy hi
bng cch n c ln trong l, to thnh nhng ng hm di ngon ngoo phc tp
gia lp biu b trn v biu b di ca l.

223

B
A
Hnh VI.108. Thnh trng su c ln Phyllocnistis sp. (A) v gn cnh ca
Gracillariidae (B)

B
A


Hnh VI.109. Ngi su v ba Phyllocnistis citrella (A); Triu chng
gy hi (B) trn cam qut.

Trn cam thng gp cc loi su v ba (Phyllocnistis citrella) gy hi, u
trng thng bt u c ln trong l, gn pha chp ca l v c ln t trn xung.
Ho nhng trong mt ci kn bng t cui ng hm, nm mp di ca l.

12. H su ni (Limacodidae)

c gi l ngi su ni do u trng ca cc loi ngi thuc h ny thng c
c th ngn, nhiu tht, v c nhiu loi c dng nh con sn. Chn ngc nh, khng
c chn bng v u trng ch yu b, trng. u trng thng c dng rt c bit, c
th c nhiu gai cng, gy nga, c bit l loi Perasa lepida. Nhng c hnh
thnh trong mt ci kn rt cng, bn ngoi c mt lp t mng. Khi v ha, ngi ra
khi kn bng mt np c thnh trng y ln thot ra ngoi v kn. Kn c hnh
trn, hoc bn cu (c mt mt phng bm cht vo ni lm nhng). a s thuc
nhm a k ch, gy hi trn nhiu loi cy trng nh loi Parasa lepida, loi Thosea
sp., Darna spp., loi Setora fletcheri .. .

224


Hnh VI.110. Ngi su ni Parasa lepida (A: Thnh trng; B: Nhng; C: Su non)

Hnh VI.111. Ngi Thosea sp. (A: Su non; B: Nhng; C: Ngi trng thnh)


D
A
B
C
C
B A
C B
A

Hnh VI.112. Su non ca ngi su ni (A: Darna catenata; B: Darna trima;
C: Ploneta diducta) (Kalshoven, 1981) v D: mch cnh)

13. H ngi n (Arctiidae)

Gm nhng loi c kch thc t nh n trung bnh, a s c cnh mu ti
sng, trn cnh c nhiu m hay nhng ng sm mu. Mch cnh tng t h
Noctuidae, tuy nhin h Arctiidae, mch Sc+R1 v R5 ca cnh sau nhp li vi
nhau mt on di khong bng bung gia. Thnh trng hot ng vo ban m,
trng thi ngh, cnh xp thnh hnh mi nh trn lng.
225
Su non thng c rt nhiu lng, trng ging su rm nhng hu ht khng
gy nga nh nhiu loi thuc h su rm Lymantriidae. Cc loi gy hi ph bin bao
gm loi Spilosoma multiguttata Walker gy hi trn cy hoa Hu, loi Creatonotus
transiens Walker gy hi cc cy thuc h Cau cnh, hoc loi Amsacta lactinea gy
hi trn h Bu, b, da v loi a k ch Amsacta gangis.



Hnh VI.113. Ngi Spilosoma multiguttata (A: Thnh trng; B: su non)
B A
A
A B

C
Hnh VI.114. Ngi Creatonotus transiens (A v B: Thnh trng; C: Su non)

A
B

Hnh VI.115. A: Ngi Amsacta gangi ; B: su A.lactinea Hnh VI.116. Cnh
Arctiidae

14. H Ngi (Lasiocampidae)

226
Cc loi ngi thuc h Lasiocampidae thng c kch thc trung bnh, c th
chc mnh. Ru hnh rng lc kp, pht trin con c () nhiu hn con ci ().
a s c mu nu hay xm, tuy nhin cng c loi c mu sc ti sng nh loi
Trabala wishnou. Kn ca hu ht cc loi c hnh dng rt c bit, c kt t
nhng lng trn c th ca u trng. Cc loi gy hi trn cy trng nh Suana
concolor gy hi trn Su ring v i, loi Estigena pardalis gy hi trn cy Chm
chm, loi Trabala vishnou gy hi trn nhiu loi cy trng, c bit l gy hi trn
cy trm ta. y l loi a k ch, c n 32 loi cy thuc 16 h l k ch ca T.
wishnou.

B
A

Hnh VI.117. A: Thnh trng ngi Trabala wishnou (A: ; B: )


Hnh VI.118. Su non T. wishnou Hnh VI.119. Mch cnh
Lasiocampidae

15. H Ngi bm b (Saturniidae)

c gi l ngi bm b do kch thc cc loi ngi thuc h ny rt ln, mt
s loi chiu di cng cnh ln n 150mm, mt s loi trong ging Attacus c chiu
di cng cnh ln n 250mm, phn ln c mu sc rt p hoc ti sng, c nhiu
m trong sut hin din trn cnh. Ru hnh rng lc kp (pht trin trn con
nhiu hn trn con ). Ming thoi ha, thnh trng khng n. u trng cng c kch
thc rt ln, nhiu loi u trng trn c th c nhiu gai hoc ng tht. Phn ln lm
kn ha nhng. Kn c kt dnh trn cy (cnh, l). Ph bin l cc loi Attacus
227
atlas gy hi trn cy Mng cu ta v Mng cu xim, loi Cricula trifenestrata gy
hi trn cy iu, cc loi Actias spp. gy hi trn nhiu loi cy trng v cy rng.


Hnh VI.120. Ngi Attacus atlas (A: su non; B: thnh trng )
A
B

A B


Hnh VI.121. Ngi Cricula trifenestrata (A: Thnh trng; B: kn)
A B

Hnh VI.122. A: Ngi Actias sp.; B: Su non Attacus atlas v Samia synthia


Hnh VI.123. A: su Cricula trifenestrata ; B: Mch cnh Saturniidae
228

16. H Ngi tm (Bombycidae)

C kch thc c th trung bnh. u thoi ha, ru mi di nh hoc khng
c, ru u hnh rng lc kp. Cc mch dc R1, R2, R3 ca cnh trc phn ly v
cng ln lt xut pht t mch R4+5, gia mch dc Sc+R1 v R5 ca cnh sau v
pha chn cnh c mch ngang. Nhiu loi c tp qun nh t dt kn, loi thng
gp l Tm du (Bombyx mori L.). Thnh trng thng c mu trng sa vi nhiu
vn m, ngang, mu nu, hin din cnh trc. Chiu ngang c th khi cng cnh c
th t c 50 cm, c th nng n, c nhiu lng. Thnh trng khng n, t khi bay v
ch sng vi ngy. Mi con ci c th t 300 - 400 trng. ly t, nhng thng
b git trc khi v ha. Mi kn c th ko di ra thnh mt si di, c th di n
914 mt.

B
A


Hnh VI.124. Ngi tm Bombyx mori (A) v kn (B)
(Hnh ca Merlin Crossley)


Hnh VI.125. Gn cnh ca h Bombycidae

229

17. H Bm nhy (Hesperiidae)

a s c kch thc c th nh, th, u to, hai chn ru thng cch xa
nhau, cui ru u c dng mc cu. H ny khc vi a s cc loi bm khc l do
c 5 mch R ca cnh trc thng xut pht chung t bung gia ca cnh. u trng
thng c c th mm, u ln, c nh thng sng trong nhng l cun v ph hi
trong . Loi ph bin Vit Nam l loi su cun l chui Erionota thrax


B A

Hnh VI.126. Su cun l chui Erionota thrax. (A: Thnh trng; B: u trng)



Hnh VI.127. Gn cnh ca h Hesperidae



230
18. H Bm phng (Papilionidae)

Gm nhng loi c kch thc rt ln, c loi, chiu ngang c th khi cng
cnh c th t n 255 mm, c th c nhiu mu sc p, con c v con ci c mu
sc khc nhau mt s loi. Mch R cnh trc gm 5 nhnh. V cnh sau thng
c mt ui di. u trng thng c mnh trn hoc c dng u li, khi b kch ng c
th quan st thy mp trc ca ngc trc c hai ng tuyn hi, dng Y, nh di ra
pha trc. Mng chn bng c hai hoc ba dng xp thnh dy dc, n. a s n l
cy thuc h cam qut Loraceae.



Hnh VI.128. S phn b gn cnh ca mt s ging thuc h Papilionidae

Thng gp cc loi bm phng Papilio demoleus L. v Papilio polytes L.
trn cam qut.


Hnh VI.129. Thnh trng su bm phng Papilio polytes. (A: con c; B: con
ci)
B
A

231
B
A

Hnh VI.130. Bm phng Papilio memnon (A); Papilio demoleus (B)

19. H Bm hoa (Nymphalidae)

Gm rt nhiu loi thuc cc nhm m trc kia c xem nh thuc nhng h
khc nhau nh: Satyridae, Danaidae, Brassolidae, Amalthusiidae, Morphidae,
Acraeidae, Heliconiidae v Ithomiidae. a s cc loi c kch thc t trung bnh n
ln, mu nu hay nu , . Chn trc km pht trin, nht l con c, cc t bn
thng dnh nhau. Hu ht bay nhanh.

u trng c nhiu dng khc nhau, hoc c sng phn u nh nhm
Satyrinae, hoc c si nh nhm Danainae, hoc gai nhn nh Nymphalinae.
Nhng cng khc bit nhng tt c cc nhm u c nhng bm vo cy nh nhng
si t cui bng. Nhiu h ph c tnh n chuyn bit nh Satyrinae gy hi ch yu
trn nhm n t dip, nhm Dainainae ph hi ch yu trn cc nhm tho mc
Asclepiadasceae, Moraceae v Apocynaceae.


Hnh VI.131. S phn b gn cnh ca mt s ging thuc h Nymphalidae

232

B
A
Hnh VI.132. Bm Apatura schrenckii (A) v bm Danaus genutia genutia (B)

B
A
Hnh VI.133. A: Bm Danaus chrysippus; B: Bm Elymnias hypermestra
20. H Bm phn (Pieridae)

Thng gm cc loi bm c mu trng, vng hoc mu cam pha trn vi cc
m, vt mu nu, a s c kch thc trung bnh. Mch R thng ch c 3 - 4 nhnh,
t khi 5 nhnh. Chn trc pht trin, c hai mng. Nhng thng di, hp v thng
c bm vo cy nh nhng si t cui bng v bi mt si t buc quanh phn
gia c th vo cy. Nhiu loi thuc h ny c kh nng di c tng n. u trng
thng c mu xanh, di vi nhng lng ngn, gy hi ch yu trn cc loi cy thuc
h Thp t nh cc loi bm trng Pieris spp.
233


Hnh VI.134. S phn b gn cnh ca mt s ging thuc h Pieridae

B C
D A

Hnh VI.135. Mt s loi bm phn (Pieridae) ph bin ti BSCL (A, B v C);
Bm phn Pieris rapae (Pieridae) (D)

21. H Bm lam nh (Lycaenidae)

Gm nhiu loi bm c kch thc t nh n trung bnh, c th mng mnh,
thng c mu sc ti, nh kim loi. Cc t ru u c vng vin trng. Cnh
thng c mu cam hoc lam, tm, xanh, cui cnh sau thng c mt di ui nh c
th c ng c. Mt sau ca cnh thng c mu nu, trn c nhng m trn nh,
hoc cc ng vn mn. Chn trc ca con thng bnh thng, nhng con
thng ngn, cui chn c mt mng hoc khng c mng. Mch radius cnh trc
phn thnh 3 hoc 4 nhnh. Gn M1 cnh trc pht xut t gc nh hoc gn gc
nh ca bung gia. Cnh sau khng c gn h (humeralis).

Su non bm lam nh thng c dng con sn, c th ngn. thng dp, nhiu
loi tit dch mt hp dn kin nh loi Anthene emolus emolus gy hi ph bin trn
cy xoi, nhng thng trn lng. Thnh trng bay kh nhanh. Gm rt nhiu loi gy
hi trn cy trng nh Chilada pandava gy hi rt quan trng trn cy Thin tu, loi
Anthene emolus emolus gy hi trn cy xoi, loi Deudorix epijarbas amatius gy hi
trn cy Nhn.. .

234

B
A

Hnh VI.136. Bm Chilada pandava (A: Mt di ca cnh ;
B: Mt trn ca cnh - )

A B
Hnh VI.137. Bm Anthene emolus emolus () (A: Mt trn cnh; B: Mt di
cnh)



Hnh VI.138. Deudorix epijarbas amatius Hnh VI.139. Mch cnh
Lycaenidae
235


B A



Hnh VI.140. Su non Chilada pandava (A) v su non Anthene emolus emolus cng
sinh vi Kin (B).
236
B HAI CNH (DIPTERA)

Di: hai
ptera: cnh

Gm ch yu cc loi rui v mui. y l mt trong nhng b ln nht ca
lp cn trng, gm mt s loi rt phong ph khng nhng v s lng c th m c
v s lng thnh phn loi, hin din hu nh khp mi ni. c im c bn: ch c
mt cp cnh duy nht, l cp cnh trc, cn cp cnh sau thoi ho rt nh thnh
dng hnh chy.

a s c kch thc nh, c th mm, yu v mt vi loi c kch thc rt
nh, tuy vy rt nhiu loi trong b ny gi mt vai tr kinh t quan trng. Ming ni
chung thuc dng ht, tuy nhin cu to ming c rt nhiu bin i ty tng h.
Nhiu loi c kiu ming chch ht, mt s loi khc c khu bin lim hoc thm
lim, v mt s t loi ming thoi ha khng hot ng.

Bin thi hon ton, u trng c gi l di (i vi rui) hoc b gy, lng
qung (i vi mui). u trng mui c u pht trin, ming gm nhai. u trng
rui, u thoi ha rt nh, khng chn, ming ch gm c mt hoc 2 mc, di chuyn
ln xung theo chiu thng ng. mt vi loi rui, u ca u trng ha cng, t
nhiu co dn.

u trng b Hai cnh c th sinh sng trong nhiu iu kin mi trng khc
nhau, mt s ln loi sng trong nc.Tnh n ca u trng c th gm 4 dng: loi n
thc vt, loi n cht mn, n phn, loi n mi v loi k sinh. i vi nhm n thc
vt th u trng gy hi ch yu bng cch c ln v sinh sng trong m cy nh su
c ln l, su c thn v c r. Nhm bt mi gm ch yu nhng loi tn cng
trn nhng loi cn trng nh, mnh mm nh ry mm, rp sp,...

Nhm k sinh gm mt s loi quan trng nht l nhng loi thuc h
Tachinidae, ch yu k sinh trn su non v nhng b Cnh vy. Bn cnh nhm k
sinh thc vt th nhm k sinh ng vt cng rt phong ph, bao gm nhng loi k
sinh trong c th gia sc, khng k nhiu loi l mi gii truyn nhiu bnh nguy him
cho ngi nh cc loi rui, mui .

MT S H QUAN TRNG

1. H Mui nng (Cecidomyidae)

237
Cn gi l mui bm. Gm nhng loi mui c kch thc rt nh, mng
mnh vi cc chn ngc di, ru u di hnh chui ht, xung quanh c lng, gn cnh
thoi ha, mch cnh ch c 2-3 ng, khng c mch ngang.



Hnh VI.141. S sp xp mch cnh (trc) ca h Cecidomyidae


Phn ln u trng c mu sng ( cam, hng hay vng). a s u trng sinh
sng trn cy, ch yu trong cc u, bu ca l, cnh v tri v nhiu b phn khc
ca cy. Trong cc u, bu c th ch c mt su hc nhiu su ty theo loi. Mt s
t loi thuc nhm n mi, tn cng trn cc loi ry mm, rp dnh v nhng cn
trng nh khc. Ngoi ra trong h ny cng c mt s t loi c tnh n cht hu c
mc hay nm.

Loi ph bin: Mui nng gy hi trn la (go) Pachydiplosis oryzae Wood-
Mason v mui Hessian Mayetiola destructor gy hi quan trng trn la m v cc
loi Contarinia spp. gy hi trn cc loi cy hoa.



C
B A

Hnh VI.142. Mui hnh Pachydiplosis oryzae v u trng gy hi trn la
(A: thnh trng; B+C: u trng nm v gy hi bn trong bu).
(Reissig v ctv, 1986)
238


Hnh VI.143. Mui Mayetiola destructor Hnh VI.144. Nt sn trn l gy ra bi
gy hi trn la m Cecidomyidae
B A C


Hnh VI.145. S gy hi ca mui Contarinia sp. trn cy Hu trng (A: triu
chng bng Hu b h; B: u trng mui Contarinia sp.; C: thnh trng
Contarinia sp.

2. H Mui ch hng (Chironomidae)

Hin din gn nh khp ni. a s c kch thc nh, mng mnh, rt ging
cc loi mui bnh thng trong nh nhng mui ch hng khng c vy trn cnh v
cng khng c vi chch ht v con c c ru u dng lng chim rt pht trin. u
trng sng di nc, trong h ao hoc nc chy chm. Mt s loi c mu do s
hin din ca hemoglobin trong mu.
Loi ph bin: mui ch hng hi bo hoa du (Chironomus sp.).


239


Hnh VI.146. Mui ch hng h Chironomidae.
A: u trng ca Chironomus tentans ; B: nhng ca Cricotopus
trifasciatus ; C: thnh trng Chironomus ferrugineo vittatus





Hnh VI.147. S sp xp mch cnh (trc) ca h Chironomidae


3. H Rui c tri (Trypetidae)

Gm nhng loi rui c kch thc trung bnh, trn cnh thng c nhiu m
hoc cc vt m mu. Thng c mu nu, vng, en hoc tng hp. Mch Sc cong
ngoc v pha mp trc cnh. ng trng ca con ci r rt, chia lm 3 t.
Tp qun sinh sng: sng trong tri, trong cnh, trong thn l hoc trong m
cy, to thnh bu. Loi ph bin: rui c tri Bactrocera dorsalis.

240

b
a

Hnh VI.148. Rui c tri Bactrocera dorsalis (a:thnh trng- b: u trng)


b a


Hnh VI.149. Rui c tri (a) Bactrocera dorsalis v s gy hi
trn tri xoi (b)



Hnh VI.150. S sp xp mch cnh (trc) ca Trypetidae


241
4. H Rui c l (Agromyzidae)

Kch thc nh (1,5-4,0 mm), thng c mu en hay vng. C lng ming, ru
u c lng trn hoc lng cng song khng thnh dng lng chim. t i c lng
cng. Cnh trong hoc c m vt. Mch cnh Sc khng pht trin hoc ch phn ly
vi mch R1 phn gc. u trng hnh ng on trc nhn, on sau t.




Hnh VI.151. S sp xp gn cnh (trc) ca h Agromyzidae

A B

Hnh VI.152. Thnh trng rui c l Liriomyza sp. (A) v triu chng gy
hi trn l cy hoa Cc (B)


u trng gy hi bng cch c ln trong l thnh nhng ng ngon ngoo,
c loi sau khi c ln trong l, li tip tc c ln qua cung l, xung thn v gy
hi phn thn nh di c thn trn u nnh.

Loi ph bin: cc loi di c l Liriomyza spp.

242
5. H Rui k sinh (Tachinidae)

y l h ln th 2 ca b Hai cnh, ch ring ti Bc M, ghi nhn trn
1300 loi . Nhm rui ny c ghi nhn hin din khp mi ni. y l mt h quan
trng trong nng nghip v hu ht cn trng thuc h ny l nhm k sinh tn cc loi
cn trng khc.




Hnh VI.153. Cc loi rui thuc h Tachinidae ph bin ti ng Nam chu (A:
Compsilura concinnata (Meig.); B: Exorista sorbillans (Wied.)
(Kalshoven , 1981)



Hnh VI.154. S sp xp mch cnh (trc) ca h Tachinidae

Rui trng thnh trng k sinh trn k ch, u trng c th t l hu mn
hay l sinh dc ca k ch m chui vo trong c th. C loi trng trn l cy, khi
k ch n l cy c trng rui, rui s pht trin trong c th ca k ch. a s k sinh
trn su non v nhng b cnh vy, ngoi ra Tachinidae cng k sinh c b Cnh
cng, b Cnh da, b Hai cnh v b Cnh na cng.

243
Cc loi ph bin ti Vit Nam: Peribaea orbata (Wiedemann) k sinh trn su n tp
Spodoptera litura (Fabr), Chaetoexorista spp. k sinh ph bin trn cc loi su ni h
Limacodidae, Exorista sorbillans k sinh trn nhiu loi su thuc b Cnh vy.



B A
Hnh VI.155. Su ni Parasa lepida (A), rui Tachinid k sinh trn nhng ca su ni


C B A
Hnh VI.156. Su rm Euproctis fraterna Moore, khng b k sinh (A); b k sinh bi
rui Tachinid (B); rui k sinh su rm E. fraterna (C).

6. H Mng n su (Asilidae)

H ny gm nhiu loi rt ph bin, hin din ti nhiu ni. Thnh trng thuc
nhm n mi, chuyn tn cng nhiu loi cn trng khc nh ong, chun chun, Co
co v nhiu loi khc sinh sng.

Gm nhng loi cn trng thng c c th di, kch thc t trung bnh n
ln, nhiu lng. Mt kp to, c 3 mt n. Ming chch ht cng. Ngc to, chn di
khe. Mch R1 rt di. u trng sng trong t hoc trong g, n tht hoc n cc cht
mn mc nt. u trng c c th hnh ng trn, u nhn, mu m, l th 2 u c
th.
244



Hnh VI.157. Gn cnh (trc) Hnh VI.158. Gn cnh (trc)
ca ging Efferia ca ging Promachus



b a
Hnh VI.159. Cc loi rui thuc h Asilidae. (a: loi rt ph bin ti Vit nam;
b: A: Laphri lata; B: Efferia sp. ; C: Promachus vertebratus; D: u ca
Efferia, nhn t phi trc) (Borrorv ctv, 1981)

7. H Rui n ry (Syrphidae)

Gm rt nhiu loi, ch ring ti Bc M ghi nhn c khong 950 loi .
Kt qa iu tra s b bc u ca chng ti cho thy c trn 40 loi khc nhau
hin din ti ng bng sng Cu Long. y l mt h c nhiu loi rt ph bin,
hin din gn nh khp mi ni. Thnh trng thng thy trn hoa cc loi cy trng
Gm nhiu dng hnh khc bit nhau nhng hu nh tt c u c th nhn din nh
s hin din ca gn gi spv hin din trn cnh trc (gia mch R v mch M). a
s u c mu sc ti sng v c dng ging nh ong.
Tp qun sinh sng ca u trng rt phc tp:

- Rt nhiu loi thuc nhm n mi, chuyn tn cng cc loi ry mm.
245
- Mt s loi sng trong t ca cc loi cn trng sng thnh x hi nh kin,
mi hoc ong.
- Mt s t loi khc tn cng trn thc vt hoc n cc cht hu c mc nt hay
n phn ng vt.

Cc loi n ry mm ph bin, bao gm Paragus crenulatus, Ischiodon scutellaris,
v Dideopsis aegrotus


Hnh VI.160. Gn cnh ca Syrphidae (A: ging Eristalis; B: ging Microdon; C:
ging Spilomyia) (Ch : s hin din ca gn gi spv)



Hnh VI.161. Rui n ry A: Didea fasciata; Hnh VI.162. Mt s dng u trng
B: Syrphus torvus C: Allograpta obliqua; h Syrphidae
D: Eristalis tenax (Borror v ctv, 1981)
246


B
A
Hnh VI.163. Rui n ry 3Dideopsis aegrotus (A: thnh trng; B; u trng)


B
A
Hnh VI.164. Rui n ry Paragus crenulatus (A: thnh trng; B; u trng)

Hnh VI.165. Rui n ry Ischiodon scutellaris (A: thnh trng; B; u trng)
ri n ryhidae
8 - H Rui c l Ephydridae

Gm nhiu loi c kch thc rt nh, phn ln c mu ti, thnh trng thng
hin din vng m t. a s cn trng sng trong nc. Mt s loi c kh nng
gy hi trn cy trng nh cc loi Hydrellia sasakii, Hydrellia philppia v Hydrellia
griseola gy hi trn la.

B
A
247


nh VI.166. Hydrellia philippina Hnh VI.167. Hydrellia griseola
. H Muscidae
Gm rt nhiu loi v hin din khp ni. Nhiu loi l tc nhn truyn bnh
H

9


cho ngi nh Musca domestica hoc gy hi cho gia sc nh Musca autumnalis. Mt
s loi gy hi cho nng nghip nh cc loi Altherigona gy hi trn la.





nh VI.168. Gn cnh (trc) ca Hnh VI.169. Gn cnh (trc) ca


H
ging Musca ging Fannia


248



Hnh VI.170. Loi Altherigona oryzae Hnh VI.171. Loi Altherigona exigua






249
B CNH T (B TR) (THYSANOPTERA)

Thysano: lng mn ra cnh
ptera: cnh

Gm nhng loi c c th di, mnh v nh , di t 0,5 n 5 mm (mt s loi
nhit i c th di n 13 mm). C cnh hoc khng cnh, khi pht trin y ,
cnh thng hp, di, gn cnh c rt t hoc khng c gn cnh, c ph nhiu lng
di. Ming thuc kiu ming ht. Hm trn thoi ha khng cn xng, nm mt
bng ca u, c 3 kim chch. Ru u ngn, c t 4-9 t. Bn chn c mt hoc 2
t. Vi mt hoc 2 mng, vi bt bng li pha cui.

mt s loi. b phn trng pht trin, mt s loi khc, cui bng ko
di thnh ng, khng c b phn trng. S bin thi ca b tr thuc kiu trung gian
gia bin thi n gin v bin thi phc tp. u trng tui 1 v tui 2 khng c cnh.
ph b Terebrantia, u trng tui 3 v tui 4 ( Franklinothrips ch c tui 3) bt
ng, khng n v c cnh, u trng tui 3 c gi l tin nhng v tui 4 c gi l
nhng. Nhng i khi c kn bao bc.



Hnh VI.172. Cc giai on pht trin ca ph b Terebrantia (Thysanoptera)
(Lewis, 1997).

ph b Tubulifera, u trng tui 3 v tui 4 l tin nhng (tui 3 khng c
cnh) v u trng tui 5 l nhng. Giai on sau tui 5 l thnh trng. Kiu bin thi
tng t kiu bin thi n gin v u trng mt s tui khc nhau c cnh (tr
Franklinothrips). Ngoi ra, kiu bin thi ny tng t kiu bin thi hon ton v mt
s tui u trng khng cnh hoc cnh ch pht trin bn trong c th v c giai on
250
bt ng (nhng) trc giai on trng thnh. Hnh dng ca con ci v c rt ging
nhau nhng con c thng nh hn.
Nhiu loi sinh sn n tnh (parthenogenesis), nhng loi ny thng s dng
b phn trng trng vo trong m cy, nhng loi khng c b phn trng
th trng trong nhng khe h hoc di lp v cy. Thng c nhiu th h mt
nm. Trng thnh v u trng c tp qun sinh sng tng t nhau. a s gy hi
quan trng trn thc vt, tn cng bng, l, tri, cnh. Cc b phn ny khi b b tr
ph hi thng c nhng vt chm i mu hoc sn si, cong queo, kh qut. B tr
tn cng trn nhiu loi cy trng.

Mt s loi cn truyn bnh cho cy trng nh b tr trn cy thuc l (Thrips
tabaci) truyn bnh siu vi khun, mt s loi khc khi chch ht gy nn cc vt
thng lm ca ng cho cc loi vi khun v nm gy bnh cho cy. Cng c mt s
loi to u bu cho cy. Mt s t loi sinh sng trn cc bo t nm hoc tn cng
nhng loi cn trng nh khc.

Hnh VI.173. Thnh trng b tr

Hnh VI.174. B phn trng ca Thripidae.
A: Thripidae. B: Aelothripidae
251

Hnh VI.175. Cc dng cnh ca h Thripidae

Hnh VI.176. Cnh ca h Aeolothripidae (A); Cnh ca Phlaeothripidae (B)
Hnh VI.177. Cc dng ru u ca b tr.

252
A, B, C: Thripidae; D, G, F: Phlaeothripidae;
G, H: Aeolothripidae.


Hnh VI.178. Cc t cui bng ca Thripidae



Hnh VI.179. Cc t cui bng ca Phaleothripidae

253

*MT S H QUAN TRNG TRONG NNG NGHIP

1. H B tr (Thripidae)

y l h ln nht trong b Thysanoptera v gm hu ht cc loi quan trng.
Cnh thng di, hp, nhn pha cui cnh, ru u c t 6-9 t, ng trng ca
con ci dng li ca v cong xung. Cui bng con c trn, t. a s thuc nhm
gy hi cy trng, c loi truyn bnh siu vi khun nh Thrips tabaci .

Loi ph bin: b tr hi la Thrips oryzae, b tr thuc l Thrips tabaci, b tr
Thrips palmi v loi Scirtothrips dorsalis gy hi trn cy xoi.


B
A
Hnh VI.180. Triu chng gy hi trn tri xoi
(A) v thnh trng (B) Scirtothrips dorsalis

2. H B lch vn (Aeolothripidae)

Cnh trc ca b tr tng i rng, vi 2 gn dc ko di n cht cnh,
thng c nhiu gn ngang. Thnh trng thng c mu ti v cnh thng c vn.
ng trng dng li ca v cong ln. a s thuc nhm c ch, tn cng cc loi
cn trng nh khc nh b lch, ry mm, nhn v nhiu loi cn trng c kch
thc nh khc.
Loi ph bin: b tr vn Aeolothrips fasciatus thng gp trn cy h u.

3. H B tr ng (Phlaeolothripidae)

254
y l mt h kh ln, gm hu ht cc loi c c th ln v mnh hn cc loi
thuc hai h trn, phn ln c mu nu ti hoc en, c cnh hoc khng cnh, mch
cnh trc rt thoi ha, mt cnh khng c lng mn. t th 3 ca ru u di hn
cc t khc. Khng c b phn trng. Cui bng ca con ci v con c u dng
ng. a s sinh sng trn cc bo t nm, mt s loi khc thuc nhm n mi,
chuyn tn cng nhng loi nhn v cn trng nh khc, mt s t loi tn cng thc
vt v gy hi quan trng cho cy trng, nh b tr ng hi la Haplaeothrips
aculeatus , cc loi Gynaikothrips spp. gy hi trn cy Si, cy thng n ...
B
A
C

Hnh VI.181. B tr Gynaikothrips sp.
A: Thnh trng v u trng tui ln; B: triu chng gy hi trn cy thng n
; C : qun th Gynaikothrips sp. trn l b hi
255
B CNH U (HOMOPTERA)
Homo: ging nhau
ptera: cnh

B cnh u bao gm rt nhiu nhm cn trng rt khc nhau v hnh dng ca
c th, mc d tt c u thuc nhm chch ht tng t nh cn trng thuc b Cnh
na cng (Hemiptera), vi 4 kim chch (do hai hm trn v hai hm di ko di ra
hnh thnh). Vi pht xut t phn cui ca u v trong mt vi trng hp pht xut
t gia t chu chn trc, mt s loi ming km pht trin hoc khng hin din.
C 2 i cnh: cp cnh trc bng cht mng hoc cht da (hi cng), cp cnh sau
bng cht mng; trng thi ngh, cnh xp thnh mi nh trn lng.
Trong mt s loi, ch c con c c cnh, hoc c con c v ci u khng c
cnh, hoc trong cng mt loi, cng mt gii tnh nhng c c th c cnh, c c th
khng cnh (ry mm), hoc cnh ngn (ry nu). Thnh trng c ca rp sp ch c
mt cp cnh (cp cnh sau bin dng thnh cnh thng bng rt nh). a s c kch
thc nh. Mt s loi c ru u rt ngn, dng lng cng. Mt s loi khc li c ru
u di dng si ch. C hai hoc ba mt n, c loi khng c mt n; mt kp
thng pht trin. a s c kiu bin thi dn dn, tuy nhin nhm ry phn
(Aleyrodidae) v con c ca rp sp c kiu bin thi hi ging kiu bin thi hon
ton do u trng tui cui thng bt ng v ging nh dng nhng. Phng thc
sinh sn phc tp, bao gm nhiu th h lng tnh v n tnh, nhng th h cng
nh nhng c th c cnh hoc khng cnh. C loi lc trng, lc li con. Sc
sinh sn ni chung mnh. Chu k sinh trng ngn, nhiu th h trong mt nm.



Hnh VI.182. Mt s loi ry thuc b Homoptera
(Borror v ctv, 1981)
256

a s gy hi cho cy trng bng cch chch ht dch cy, nhiu loi l mi gii
truyn bnh siu vi khun cho cy trng nh ry mm (Aphididae), ry nu
(Delphacidae), ry xanh (Jassidae),... cc loi trong nhm ny cn tit cc cht mt
ng, to iu kin cho cc nm ca bnh mui en pht trin.

* MT S H QUAN TRNG

1. H Ve su (Cicadidae)

Kch thc ni chung ln, c th t n 50 mm chiu di. u to, mt kp ln,
ba mt n nh u xp thnh hnh tam gic. Ngc gia pht trin v hi g ln
cao. B phn trng pht trin. Thnh trng c c th pht m thanh rt ln, c
quan pht ting ku nm hai bn t th nht ca bng, m thanh ca tng loi rt
khc nhau. B phn nghe (mng nh) nm trong mt khe nh pha di c quan pht
m. Chu k sinh trng thng di, c th ko di t mt n hng chc nm.
trng trong cnh cy, vic trng ny c th lm nh hng n vic pht trin ca
cnh v khin cho phn cui ca cnh c th b cht. Sau khi n, u trng ri xung
t v sinh sng bng cch chch ht nha cy, ch yu l trn cc cy hng nin. Thi
gian u trng tri qua trong t, vo giai on u trng tui cui, u trng s ri khi
t, leo ln cy ha trng thnh. Giai on thnh trng ko di khong mt thng
hoc hn mt thng. Gy hi ch yu do vic trng ca thnh trng.



Hnh VI.183. Ve su (Cicadidae)


2. H Ve su sng (Membracidae)

Nhm ny d nhn ra nh b phn ngc rt pht trin bao ph c phn u v
ko di c v pha lng che ht phn bng. Phn ngc c nhiu dng rt khc bit. Mt
phn ln ca cnh c ngc che ph, c th t khi di qu 12 mm. a s gy hi cho
257
thc vt, mt s loi gy hi quan trng, phn ln s thit hi dc gy ra v s
trng, do trng thng c trong cnh, v vy phn cui cnh pha ngoi v tr
trng c th s b cht. Trng thnh v u trng u chch ht nha cy.




Hnh VI.184. Hnh dng ca mt s loi ve su sng (Membracidae)

3. H Ve su bt (Cercopidae)

Gm nhng loi cn trng nhy, c kch thc nh, chiu di c th t khi vt
qu 13 mm. Hnh dng tng t cc loi Ry l, nhng c th phn bit c nh s
hin din ca mt vng gai nh t chy chn sau. Ru u hnh lng cng. Thng
c mu nu hay xm, hoc mt s mu c bit khc.

u trng c bao bc bi mt khi dch nh nc bt v vy m ngi ta gi
l Ve su bt. Mi khi nc bt cha mt hoc nhiu u trng mu nu hoc xanh.
Sau ln lt xc cui cng, u trng s ri khi dch trng v bt u di chuyn, hot
ng. Khi dch nc bt c to thnh t mt dch tit t hu mn ca u trng v
t mt cht nhy tit ra t cc tuyn ca biu b hin din trn t bng th 7 v th 8.
Bt khng kh c a vo khi dch bt nh cc chi ph phn ui ca u trng.

Hu ht tn cng cc loi c v cc loi cy nh, mt s loi tn cng c nhng
cy hng nin. Cc loi Aphrophora spp. c xem nh gy hi quan trng trn cy
thng.

258

B
A
Hnh VI.185. Khi dch (bt )(A) v thnh trng (B) ve su bt (Cercopidae)

4. H Ry l (Cicadellidae = Jassidae)

y l mt h rt ln ca b cnh u, ring ti Bc M ghi nhn khong
2500 loi, gm nhng loi c kch thc, hnh dng v mu sc rt khc nhau. Hnh
dng tng t trng thnh ca ve su bt nhng trn t chy chn sau c 1 hoc
nhiu hng gai nhn ko di theo chiu di ca t chy. Kch thc ni chung nh,
ch vi mm, t khi vt qu 13 mm chiu di. Nhiu loi c mu sc p. Hu ht nhy
gii, b ngang. C ng trng pht trin, thng c hnh li ca, trng thng
c vo trong m cy. Sinh sn mnh. C tnh n rng, c th tn cng nhiu loi
thc vt khc nhau, chch ht ch yu phn l. Thng c tnh n chuyn bit.

Ti vng nhit i, chu k ngn trong vng mt thng, v vy c nhiu th h
trong mt nm. Gm rt nhiu loi gy hi quan trng cho cy trng. Ngoi vn
chch ht dch cy trng lm cho l b vng, nu, nhiu loi cn truyn bnh cho cy
nh bnh vng li trn la c truyn bi ry xanh Nephotettix cinticeps, bnh vng
ln trn khoai ty c truyn bi nhm Aceratagallia spp., v.v...

Mt s loi cn gy ra hin tng l xon v cn ci do s pht trin ca cy b
c ch, ni m ry l sinh sng, nh triu chng b hi gy ra bi loi ry Empoasca
fabae trn mt s loi thc vt. Hoc c loi gy hi trn bng xoi nh Idioscopus
clypealis v I. niveosparsus. Nhiu loi thuc h ny c tit ra mt cht mt
(honeydew) t hu mn, cht mt ny c cu to bi nhng dch cy khng c
tiu ho ht cng nhng cht thi khc ca cn trng.

259


Hnh VI.186. Ry xanh Nephotettix cinticeps Hnh VI.187. Cu to chn mt
(Vin nghin cu la IRRI) s h thuc b Homoptera
(A: Cicadellidae ; B: Cercopidae)


Hnh VI.188. Ry xoi Idioscopus clypealis Hnh VI.189. Ry bng xoi
(A: I. niveosparsus ; B: I. clypealis)
(Kalshoven, 1881)
5. H Ry di (Fulgoridae)

Gm nhiu loi Ry thn c kch thc ln, c mu sc p, mt s loi khi
cng cnh c th t n 150 mm, mt s loi c u pht trin v pha trc ging
nh tri u phng. Nhiu loi c u ngn.

Cnh bng cht mng (tng i cng hn so vi cc loi cnh mng khc).
Mch cnh phn nhiu nhnh. Nhiu loi lc khng bay i cnh xp xin trn lng
ta hnh mi nh. t chu chn gia di, cch xa nhau, chn sau c rng. t chu
chn sau ngn, 2 t chu gn nhau khng c ng c. C kh nng nhy. Cn
trng thuc h ny d nhn din nh mch cnh c dng li vng ui ca cnh
sau.
Loi ph bin: ry u di hi vi, nhn Pyrops candelaria L.

260


Hnh VI.190. Ry u di hi vi, nhn Pyrops candelaria L.


6. H Ry Bm (Flatidae)

y l nhm Ry thn c hnh dng rt ging ngi hoc bm. Lc khng bay
hai cnh xp ng dng mi nh. vng costal ca cnh trc c rt nhiu mch dc.
a s c mu xanh lt hoc nu ti. Mnh lng ngc gia pht trin. Chn ngn, trn
t chy chn sau c gai. Gy hi nhiu loi thc vt khc nhau, ph bin nht l cc
loi Lawana spp. gy hi trn cc cy n tri.

B A


Hnh VI.191. Ry bm Lawana imitata (A) v Lawana conspersa (B)

7. H Ry thn (Delphacidae)

y l mt h Ry thn ln nht, gm nhng loi c kch thc nh, nhy gii,
b ngang. Mch cnh n gin, khu mng cnh sau khng c mch li. Mt s loi
c cnh ngn. Pha cui t chy chn sau c mt ca ln c th c ng c.

261


Hnh VI.192. Thnh trng ry thn Delphacidae

Thng trng trong m cy hay l. nhiu loi b hp dn bi nh sng n
ban m, kh nng sinh sn cao, d gy thnh dch. Trong cng mt loi c th c hai
dng hnh, cnh ngn v cnh di. Gm nhiu loi gy hi quan trng trong nng
nghip nh ry nu hi la Nilaparvata lugens Stal, ngoi vic chch ht nha la gy
hin tng chy ry, ry nu cn truyn bnh ln xon l cho la (bnh siu vi khun),
hoc nh ry thn trn ma Perkinsiella saccharida Kirdaldy gy hi quan trng trn
ma ti Hawaii.



Hnh VI.193. Ry nu Nilaparvata lugens
(A: Thnh trng cnh ngn; B: Thnh trng cnh di)

8. H Ry nhy (Psyllidae)

C th c kch thc nh t 2-5 mm, rt ging con ve su nh, chn thuc kiu
nhy pht trin, cnh pht trin, vi ht ngn c 3 t, ru u thng c 10 t, cui
ru c lng cng phn nhnh lm i. Cc mch cnh R1, M1, Cu ca cnh trc u
nhp chung vi nhau thnh mt mch chung chn cnh, khng c mch ngang. Bn
262
chn chia hai t. u trng ca nhiu loi tit ra nhiu cht sp trng ph u c th.
Trng thnh c th tit dch mt.
Nhiu loi gy hi trn cy trng nh loi Psylla floccosa (Patch) trn cy bng
vi, ry chng cnh Diaphorina citri gy hi v truyn bnh vng l gn xanh cho
Cam, qut, ry hi du Anomoneura mori. Mt s loi truyn bnh cho cy trng nh
loi ry nhy trn c chua, khoai ty Paratrioza cockerelli (Sulc), mt s t loi gy u
bu trn l nh cc loi thuc ging Pachypsylla.


Hnh VI.194. A: Ry chng cnh Diaphorina citri , B: Gn cnh ca Psyllidae v
C:Triu chng bnh vng l gn xanh trn cam

9. H Ry phn trng (Aleyrodidae)
Gm nhng loi c kch thc rt nh, t khi vt qu 2-3 mm, rt ging mt
con ngi nh xu. Trng thnh c cnh, c th v cnh thng c ph bng nhng
bt trng hay bt sp, khng c kh nng nhy. Ru u c 7 t, ru u th 2 phnh
to. Vi chia 3 t. Bn chn c 2 t, cui t chy c gai ngn. Mch cnh n gin,
ch c 1-3 mch dc, cnh sau nh hn cnh trc. C s bin thi khc bit vi cc
loi ry khc: u trng tui mt hot ng nhng u trng cc tui v sau li bt ng
v c dng ging nh Rp dnh v thng c gi l nhng gi, u trng cc tui ny
tit ra cht sp che ph c th, giai on u trng khng c cnh. Rt ph bin
vng nhit i v cn nhit i. a s chch ht l. Ph bin nht l cc loi Bemisia
tabaci, Aleurodicus dispersus. Mt s loi cng tit dch mt to iu kin cho nm
mui en pht trin lm nh hng n hin tng quang hp ca l.



Hnh VI.195. Aleurodicus dispersus (A: trng, B: u trng v nhng. C: thnh trng)
C B A
C B A
263



Hnh VI.196. Ry phn trng Bemisia tabaci (A v B: nhng , C: thnh trng)


Hnh VI.197. Ry p n Aleurocanthus spiniferus Quaintance (A: thnh trng, :
0. H Ry mm (Aphididae)
Gm mt nhm kh ln cc loi cn trng c kch thc nh, mm yu, chch
c bao ph bi nhng si sp trng, nhng cht sp
y
A
B
A B C

h B
nhng)


1


ht ph bin trn l, thn, tri, bng non ca thc vt. C th thng c dng hnh tri
l; c mt i ng bng (cornicles) pha cui bng. Ru u di gm nhiu t. C
cnh hoc khng c cnh, phn nhiu con c c cnh. Cu to mch cnh n gin,
cnh trc thng kh ln so vi cnh sau, trng thi ngh, cnh thng dng thng
trn c th. i ng bng thng pht xut t lng bng ca t bng th 5 hoc th
6, b phn ny tit ra dch t v.
mt s loi c th ry
n c tit ra t cc tuyn da. Ry mm cng tit dch mt (honeydew).Ti vng
nhit i, chu k sinh trng ca ry mm rt ngn t 5-7 ngy. Sinh sn n tnh v
lng tnh thng xen k nhau. C loi trng, c loi con, c loi va trng
264
li va con. Gy hi bng cnh chch ht cc b phn non ca cy nh l non, bp,
chi non, hoa v tri non ht nha. Ch b chch ht s c nhng chm vng hoc
en. Nu b nng cc b phn ny c th b bin dng, qun queo.
Mt s loi li truyn bnh siu vi khun cho cy trng nh bnh khm trn cc
cy h u, Ma, Bu b da c truyn bi ry mm thuc cc ging Aphis,
Macrosiphum v Myzus.

Hnh VI.198. Rhopalosiphum maidis trn bp (Kalshoven, 1881)




Hnh VI.199. Ry mm Toxoptera odinae y hi trn cy xoi (A) v Aphis nerii (B)
gy hi trn cy s Thi Lan v Toxoptera sp.(C) gy hi trn Cam
Mt s loi ph bin thng gp Vit N y mm trn cam qut (Toxoptera
spp.), ry bp (Rhopalosiphum maidis), ry thuc l (Myzus persicae).
ng H rp dnh (COCCOIDEA)
y l mt nhm ln gm nhiu loi cn trng c kch thc nh. Con ci
ng khng c cnh, khng chn v bt ng. Con c ch c mt cp cnh (i khi
on

A B C
g

am nh r
mm trn

12. T


th
c c cng khng c cnh), v khng c ming, pha cui bng thng ch c mt
ui di. Ru u ca con ci c th khng c hoc nu c th c th c n 11 t; ru
u ca con c c t 10-25 t. Bin thi phc tp: u trng tui 1 c chn, ru v
hot ng. Sau ln lt xc th mt, chn v ru thng mt v cn trng tr nn bt
ng, ng thi tit ra mt cht sp hoc hnh thnh mt lp vy cng che ph c th.
h Diaspidae, lp vy ny thng tch ri khi c th cn trng. Con ci s nm
di lp vy cho n khi ha trng thnh v tip tc trng hoc con di lp
vy. Con c bin thi tng t con ci nhng khc l vo giai on u trng tui
cui, con trng bt ng v c gi l nhng.
265

a - H Rp ln (Margarodidae)

Gm nhiu loi c kch thc kh ln, thng bin ng t 3.5-16 mm, tuy
hin cng c loi di khong 25 mm. Hnh bu dc, mt s t hnh trn hoc di. Ru n
u thng c 6-11 t. C loi ru u thoi ho. Vi pht trin c 2-3 t hoc
khng c. Chn ni chung pht trin, bn chn c mt t, mt s t loi c 2 t. a
s con ci c che ph mt lp cht sp nh bng s trng. Thi k trng cc si sp
hnh thnh bc trng. Con c c mt i cnh. Tiu biu cho h ny l rp sp hi
cam Icerya purchasi Maskell.


Hnh VI.200. Rp sp Icerya purchasi (Smith v ctv, 1997)

b- H Rp sp
n hnh bu dc di, thng cong vng ln nhng i khi
p vi mt lp xng ngoi cng, lng hoc c bao ph bng nhng cht sp, chn
oc hnh trng khuyt.Gy hi ch
(Coccidae)

Trng thnh ci c th
d
thng hin din, ru u thoi ha hoc khng c.
Con c c cnh hoc khng cnh. Vi c mt t. Bng khng c l th,
mnh hu mn chia thnh hai phin hnh tam gic h
yu trn cc cy lu nm v cc loi cy n qu. Cc loi ph bin gm c Coccus
hesperidum L., Coccus viridis, Saissetia oleae (Walker) trn cam qut.

266

B
A
Hnh VI.201. c im hnh thi c bn ca Coccidae (A) v Pseudococcidae (B)


B A

Hnh VI.202. Rp sp Saissetia coffeae (Walker)(A) v Coccus viridis (Green)(B)
( Smith v ctv, 1997)


B A

Hnh VI.203. Rp sp Ceroplastes sp. (A) v rp Vinsonia stellifera (Westwood)(B)



c- H Rp sp vy (Diaspidae)

267
y l mt h rp sp ln nht, ch ring ti Bc M c trn 300 loi, gm
nhiu loi rt quan trng. Con ci thng rt nh, c th mm v thng c che ph
bng mt lp vy khng dnh vo c th nm pha di. Lp vy ny c to thnh
do s phi hp ca nhng cht sp tit ra bi cn trng v nhng lp da c lt b
qua nhng ln lt xc trc . Hnh dng rt khc bit gia cc loi, trn, di, lng
hoc sn si, mu sc cng c nhiu khc bit nhau. Lp vy ca con c thng nh
v di hn lp vy ca con ci.



Hnh VI.204. Cc giai on pht trin ca rp sp Lepidosaphes ulmi (L.)
A: thnh trng c; B: u trng T1 (mi n), C: Thnh trng ci, D: Lp sp trn c
th thnh trng ci (Borror v ctv, 1981)

Trng thnh ci thng c c th dp v c dng phin trn, phn t khng
r rng, khng c mt v chn, ru u khng c hoc ch cn du vt. Thnh trng
c c cnh, chn v ru u u pht trin. Sinh sn hu tnh hoc n tnh, c loi
trng, c loi con. Trng c di lp vy. u trng tui 1 hot ng, c
th di chuyn v c th khng n trong nhiu ngy. Nhm ny phn tn ch yu tui
1, gy hi bng cch chch ht nha cy, khi mt s cao c th lm cht c cy, gy hi
trn cc loi cy lu nm, phn ln l trn cc loi cy n tri.

Loi ph bin: Rp sp vy trn Aonidiella aurantii Maskell trn cam qut
v Rp sp vy di Lepidosaphes spp. .


268

B
A
Hnh VI.205. Rp sp Lepidosaphes sp. (A) v Rp sp Aonidiella sp. (B)


B A


Hnh VI.206. Rp sp Aulacaspis yasumatsui Takagi (A), Chrysomphalus
anonidum (L.) (B) gy hi trn cy Thin tu .


d- H Rp sp phn (Pseudococcidae)

Gm rt nhiu loi c hnh dng bu dc di, phn t r, chn rt pht trin.
C th c ph bng nhng lp sp trng, xung quanh c th thng c nhng si
sp nh, cui bng l nhng si sp di. C ru u 5-9 t, hoc khng c ru u,
vi pht trin (1-3 t). Mnh mng, vng hu mn v lng hu mn u pht
trin (4-8 lng). Khng c tuyn a hnh s 8.

269

Hnh VI.207. Rp sp Dysmicoccus brevipes



Mt s loi trng, mt s loi con. Trng thng c ln trong
nhng si sp. C th gy hi trn nhiu b phn ca cy, ph bin trn cc loi cy n
tri nh Planococcus lilacinus Risso gy hi trn cam qut, sa b, mng cu, chm
chm; Dysmicoccus brevipes Cockerell trn khm, da, i, xoi, ma, c ph, bng
vi,...



Hnh VI.208. Rp sp Planococcus lilacinus (A) gy hi chm chm (B) v sab (C)

Hnh VI.209. Rp sp Planococcus citri Hnh VI.210. Rp sp Pseudococcus
(Borror v ctv, 1981) longispinus (Kalshoven,1981)
270




Hnh VI.211. Rp sp Ferrisia virgata Hnh VI.212. Rp sp Rastrococcus
sp. (Kalshoven,1981) gy hi trn Xoi

271
B CNH NA CNG (HEMIPTERA )

Hemi: mt na
ptera: cnh

Mt trong nhng c im c bn nht ca nhng loi cn trng thuc b ny
l cu to ca cnh: mt na cnh trc (hoc mt phn) v pha gc cnh c cu to
bng cht sng hoc da tng i cng, na phn cn li bng cht mng. V vy nn
c gi l b cnh na cng. Cnh sau bng cht mng v thng ngn hn cnh
trc. trng thi ngh, cnh thng c xp bng trn c th. Ming thuc kiu
chch ht, vi chch thng di, phn t, pht trin t phn trn ca u v ko di v
pha sau dc theo phn ngc bng. Ru u thng di, hnh si ch, c t 4-5 t.
Mt kp thng rt pht trin, c mt n hoc khng c. Mnh lng ngc trc rng,
phin mai (scutellum) pht trin nm gia hai chn cnh, mt s loi, phin ny rt
pht trin, che khut mt na hoc ton b phn bng. Rt nhiu loi c tuyn hi,
tuyn ny thng nm pha bn ca ngc. a s c cnh pht trin nhng cng c
mt s loi c cnh ngn, cnh trc khng c phn mng. trng trn hoc trong
cy hoc trong nhng khe nt trn cc b phn ca cy. Trng thng nhiu mu sc
v c dng hnh trng, trn, bu dc c np, v thng c xp thnh hng, khi, u
n. Bin thi dn dn, a s u trng c 5 tui.

y l mt b kh ln, khong trn 20.000 loi, phn b rt rng. a s sng
trn cn, nhng cng c nhiu loi sng trong nc. Tnh n a dng: nhiu loi l tc
nhn gy hi quan trng cho cy trng. Mt s loi c ch thuc nhm n mi. Mt s
loi khc li thuc nhm k sinh ngi v ng vt cp cao khc.














272


Hnh VI.213. Cu to chung ca b xt Hemiptera.
A: nhn t pha lng; B: nhn t pha bn; a: phn mng ca cnh trc; b: cuneus; c:
corium; d: ngc; e: scutellum; f: cnh sau (mng); g: t chy; h: mt kp; i: vi chch
ht; j: mi trn; k: l th (Borror v ctv, 1976)

1. H Pentatomidae

Gm nhng loi c ru 5 t, u nh hnh tam gic. Mt kp pht trin, 2 mt
n. Mnh lng ngc trc hnh tam gic, pht trin. Phin mai hnh tam gic, thng
pht trin ko di ra sau ti qu na chiu di c th v st ti phn mng ca cnh.
Bn chn 2-3 t. Hu ht c tuyn hi pht trin. Thng c mu sc ti sng. a s
loi n thc vt, c mt s loi n mi, chuyn tn cng nhng loi cn trng nh
khc, cng c loi va n thc vt, va n mi. Trng thng c thnh tng ,
thng c dng hnh ng.

Mt s loi ph bin: b xt xanh trn u nnh Nezara viridula Fabricius, b
xt mp Aspongopus fascus Westwood, b xt xanh gy hi trn nhm cy c mi
(citrus) Rhynchocoris humeralis gy hi ph bin trn Citrus (cam, qut, chanh, bi),
273
b xt vng Tessaratoma spp. gy hi trn cy nhn, vi, b xt hoa bt mi
Eocanthecona furcellata.



Hnh VI.214. B xt Rhynchocoris humeralis Hnh VI.215. B xt hoa n mi
v cc giai on pht trin Eocanthecona furcellata
(Siam museum)






Hnh VI.216. Mt s loi b xt (Pentatomidae) gy hi ph bin
ti ng bng sng Cu Long
274
2. H b xt hi Alydidae

Cc loi b xt h Alydidae c hnh dng tng t h Coreidae, tuy nhin b xt
h Alydidae c u rng v chiu di ca u bng vi chiu di ca ngc trc., c
th thng di v hp. Chn v ru di, mng mnh. Cc loi b xt thuc b ny
thng rt hi, hi hn c nhng loi thuc h Pentatonidae. a s c mu vng nu,
xanh nu hay en .

Tuyn hi rt pht trin, tuyn ny nm pha bn ca ngc gia t chu chn
gia v t chu chn sau. a s gy hi thc vt, nhiu loi gy hi quan trng cho
nng nghip nh cc loi b xt hi hi la Leptocorisa spp, cc loi b xt gy hi
u nnh Riptortus spp. Mt s t loi thuc mhm n mi.

Loi ph bin : B xt hi Leptocorisa acuta gy hi trn la v cc loi Riptortus gy
hi trn u nnh.



B A

Hnh VI.217. B xt hi gy hi trn la Leptocorisa acuta (A+B)





Hnh VI.218. B xt Riptortus sp.
275


2. H B xt mai (Scutelleridae)

Hnh dng tng t Pentatomidae nhng phin mai rt pht trin, ko di ti
chp bng. a s c mu nu, mt s loi c mu sc p nh vng, , en, lam,
xanh lam, kch thc c th 8-10 mm. Ru u 5 t, vi 4 t. n thc vt. Ph bin
l loi b xt hoa Chrysocoris spp.


Hnh VI.219. B xt Chrysocoris spp. Hnh VI.220. B xt Eurydema pulchrum
gy hi trn ci bp (Yamaguchi, Japan)

3. H B xt t (Cydnidae)

C th thng c hnh bu dc hi trn, mu en hoc . Kch thc c th <
8 mm, ru u 5 t, vi 4 t. t chy c cc gai nh hin din (khc vi
Pentatomidae). Hot ng di t, thng tm thy di . Mt s ging thng
gp: Geotomus, Macroscytus, Stiboropus.

4. H B xt di (Lygaeidae)

Gm nhiu loi rt ph bin. Hnh dng v mu sc rt a dng. C kch thc
nh hoc trung bnh (t 2-18 mm). Ru u c 4 t, c mt n, vi c 4 t. Trn
phn mng cnh trc ch c 4-5 mch dc n gin, bn chn c 3 t, mt s loi c
t i chn trc pht trin tng t nhm n mi. a s n thc vt nh loi b xt
hi ma Ischnodemus saccharivorus Okajirua, Oxycarenus sp. gy hi trn bng vi,
Blissus insularis gy hi quan trng trn thm c. Mt s t loi n mi.

276


Hnh VI.221. B xt Hnh VI.222. Mt s loi b xt thuc h Lygaeidae
Oxycarenus sp.

5. H B xt (Pyrrhocoridae)

Kch thc trung bnh t 11-17 mm chiu di, hnh bu dc di. Mu hoc
nu c pha en hoctrng. Ru u 4 t, vi 4 t. Rt ging mt con b xt di
ln ca h Lygaeidae nhng b xt khng c mt n, phn mng ca cnh trc
c nhiu mch dc v bung cnh. a s gy hi thc vt. Loi gy hi ph bin: b
xt Dysdercus cingulatus Fabr. trn cy bng vi.



Hnh VI.223. B xt Dysdercus cingulatus Fabr




277
6. H B xt (Coreidae)




Hnh VI.224. A: B xt Leptoglossus clypealis (1,5 X) B: Acantho cephala femorata
(Borror v ctv, 1976)


H ny gm a s nhng loi c kch thc trung bnh, mu ti, u nh v
ngn hn ngc. Mt s loi c t chy chn sau pht trin ging nh dng ci l nn
h ny cn c gi l h b xt c chn dng l. Ru u 4 t, vi 4 t, c mt n.
Phin mai rt nh. Thng cp chn sau ca con c pht trin to , so vi con ci.

Mch cnh trn phn mng phn nhnh rt nhiu, tt c u xut pht t mt
mch ngang pha gc phn mng.

a s cc loi h Coreidae thuc nhm n thc vt, chch ht t non, l non
lm cy pht trin khng bnh thng, ch b hi thng bin dng, hoc kh v
ngng pht trin . Ph bin vi loi B xt Physomerus grossipes gy hi trn rau
mung v rau lang , hoc cc loi Mictus spp. gy hi trn xoi, cam qut v nhiu loi
hoa, king .

278
B
A

Hnh VI.225. B xt Mictis sp. gy hi trn Xoi (A: , B:)


C
B
A
Hnh VI.226. B xt Physomerus grossipes gy hi trn rau mung
(A: triu chng gy hi ca b xt; B: u trng b xt; C: thnh trng ,)

7. H B xt (Miridae)


y l mt h rt ln, khong 1750 loi c ghi nhn ti Bc M, rt ph
bin trn thc vt. a s gy hi trn thc vt, mt s t loi thuc nhm n mi, c
ch cho nng nghip.

a s c kch thc nh (3-4 mm chiu di), c nhiu mu sc khc nhau. Ru
u c 4 t, vi c 4 t, khng c mt n. Trn phn cng ca cnh trc c s
hin din ca phin embolium v phin cuneus. Phn mng c 1-2 bung cnh, cn
cc mch cnh khc u tiu bin.

Loi gy hi ph bin: cc loi b xt mui Helopeltis theivora W.v
Helopeltis antonii gy hi trn Ch, Ca cao, iu Loi c ch ph bin nh b xt
m trn la Cyrtorhinus lividipennis.
279


Hnh VI.227. Cyrtorhinus lividipennis. Hnh VI.228. B xt Helopeltis
(Shepard v ctv, 1989) theivora (Ooi, 1994)




Hnh VI.229. Mt s loi b xt thuc h Miridae.
A: Halticus bractatus; B: Lygidea mendax; C: Lygus lineolaris;
D: Leptoptera dolobrata; E: Poecilocapsus lineatus
F: Adelphocoris radipus (The Illinois Natural History Survey )

280

8. H B xt bt mi (Reduviidae)

Gm mt thnh phn loi rt phong ph, trn 135 loi c ghi nhn ti Bc
M. Nhiu loi rt ph bin. Thng c mu en hoc nu. Kch thc t trung bnh
n ln. u di vi phn u sau mt, di ging nh ci c. Vi chch mnh, 3 t.
Phn gc vi cong, khng dnh st u, mt bng ca ngc trc c rnh lm np
vi. C mt n hoc khng c mt n. Ru u c 4 t hoc nhiu hn 4 t. Bn
chn thng c 3 t, khng c vt li gia t. nhiu loi, phn gia ca bng pht
trin v cnh khng che ph ht cc mp bn ca bng.
Hu ht thuc nhm n mi, chuyn tn cng cc loi cn trng nh khc, tuy
nhin cng c mt s loi c hi cho ngi.




Hnh VI.230. Mt s loi b xt n mi Reduviidae ph bin



Hnh VI.231. Cu to cnh trc ca Hnh VI.232. Vi chch ht ca
A: Lygaeidae; B: Pyrrhocoridae; Reduviidae
C: Reduviidae; D: Miridae.
(Borror v ctv,1976)
281

9- H C cung Belostomatidae

Gm nhng loi c kch thc nht trong b Cnh na cng Hemiptera ., mt
s loi c th di n 10cm.. a s c mu nu, nu vng, c th thng dp, hnh bu
dc, chn trc thuc dng chn bt mi. Ph bin trong cc ao, h. Thuc nhm n
mi. Sinh sng trn nhng ng vt nh nh cn trng, c nh, c nh...... . Thnh
trng b hp dn rt mnh bi nh sng n. Trong mt s loi, trng c trn
lng con c (con c s mang trng trn lng cho n khi trng n), mt s loi khc
trng trn nhng thc vt mc trong nc.






Hnh VI.233. C cung (Belostomatidae)




282
Mt s cu hi n tp gi

1. Vai tr ca b Cnh mng (Hymenoptera) trong sn xut nng nghip?
2. Cc c im hnh thi c bn gip phn b (order) cc lp cn trng Nu v
d c th ?
3. Trnh by v cc nhm cn trng gy hi bng cch c vo thn, cnh?
4. S gy hi ca nhm chch ht thuc b Cnh u Homoptera?
5. c im pht trin ca cc loi cn trng thuc tng h Coccoidea ?
6. Cc nhm thin ch quan trng trong b cnh cng v c im nhn din?
7. Cc nhm thin ch k sinh v c im hnh thi c bn?
8. c im hnh thi c bn v kh nng, triu chng gy hi ca B tr trn cy
trng?
9. Cc h (family) gy hi quan trng trong b cnh vy v c im hnh thi c
bn gip phn bit h ny vi h khc trong b Lepidoptera
10. Trnh by v tnh a dng trong b Hai cnh (Diptera)?
283
TI LIU THAM KHO


Booth R.G.; M.L. Cox and R.B. Madge (1990). Coleoptera. International Institute of
Entomology C.A.B.
Borror D.J.; D. M. Delong and C. A. Triplehorn (1981). An introduction to the study
of insects (fifth edition).
Bi Cng Hin (1995). Cn trng hi kho. Nh xut bn khoa hc k thut H Ni,
216 trang.
Dan Smith, GAC Beattie and Roger Broadly (1997). Citrus pests and their natural
enemies. Intergrated pest management in Australia, 272 p.
Danilevskii, A.S. (1965). Photoperiodism and seasonal development of insects. Oliver
and Boyd, Edinburgh.
Division of Entomology common wealth scientific and industrial research organisation
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