Teachers Guide

The mediocre teacher tells

The good teacher explains
The superior teacher demonstrates
The great teacher inspires

William Arthur Ward


(For questions and comments, please contact Phan Hien Giang at 8517244 or
btnghia@fpt.vn)


Unit 1. Task 1.

LM CHO TRNG I HC THC S EM LI HIU QU

1. Trng i hc l ni ta gi gm bao hi vng, v cng l mt s u t y ri ro cho tt c
chng ta. D theo hc chng trnh trung cp, i hc hay cao hc, d chng trnh ko di
hai nmhay tmnm, th tt c chng ta dnh thi gian i hc u nhm t khng nh bn
thn v c c mt tm v vo i. Chng ta n trng vi mt mong c thm kn v
nhng iu chng ta s hc hi c. Chng ta mong mun s c x hi chp nhn, tn
trng v s dng. Chng ta cng hi vng rng vic hc tp s m ra cho chng ta nhng gii
p k diu, gip chng ta thnh cng chc chn khi vo i. Khi hon thnh xong kho
hc, chng ta hi vng rng mi s u tr nn r rng; chng ta s thng minh sng lng, v
mi kin thc u rng m trc mt chng ta.

2. Ti tng t vn cho khng bit bao nhiu ngi - tt c u hi vng vo iu k diu
y, v nhiu ngi trong s h tht vng khi iu h mong i chng bao gi xy ra.
Nhiu nm sau h mi nhn thy rng qu trnh k diu y n gin l khng tr thnh
hin thc.

3. Tt c chng ta u quen vi vic th ng ngi ch s vic xy n vi mnh, ch
khng bit ch ng t c nhng iu mnh mun. Chng ta c hc rng nu lm
ht cc bi tp thy giao th s hc gii, hay ch t th cng t mc trung bnh. Chng ta
c hc rng cn phi xem thy gio yu cu iu g, thc hin yu cu , v sau th
i kt qu. Sau khi hc ht cc mn, chng ta s c ln lp, chng hn t nmth
nht ln nmth hai. Nhng thc s chng ta hc c g? Ch l s ph thuc vo mt
h thng cng nhc! Chng ta ch hc c mt iu l ai tr li ng nhiu cu hi nht th
c coi l ngi gii nht lp.

4. Nhng thc t cuc sng li hon ton khc. Vy m chng my ai trong chng ta nhn ra
iu . D chng ta 10 tui, 25 tui hay 44 tui th chng ta vn ch l mt hc sinh th
ng nh lc mi 14 tui, tip tc mang quan h thy tr p dng vo quan h cng vic. V
khi chng ta mi nhn ra rng tuy hc lch s hay ngh thut hay g i na c th v tht
y, nhng bn thn iu chng em li g nhiu nhn - nh nhng kinh nghim mi,
nhng quan h mi, hay vic lmmi.


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5. Chng ta tht bi phn nhiu l do chng ta s dng trng hc sai mc ch. V th
n lc chng ta cn iu chnh li quan nim ca mnh c th tip cn trng hc theo
cch tch cc, hiu qu v ch ng ging nh nhng ngi thnh t tip cn cuc sng.

6. Trng hc c th bin tt c c m ca ta thnh hin thc. l ni chng ta hc tp, ni
m ra nhng chn tri mi, ni ta t khm ph bn thn, khm ph mi quan h vi
nhng ngi xung quanh, l ni t ra mc tiu v ch ng t c nhng mc tiu .
Tmli, trng hc l ni ta pht trin nhng k nng cn thit, nhng k nng s gip
ta khng ch trong nhng nmngi trn gh nh trng m cn mi sau ny khi trng
thnh; nhng k nng y cn qu gi hn tm bng tt nghip, gip chng ta chun b hnh
trang khi vo i.

7. V vy, ng quan nim trng i hc ch l mt cp hc kh hn lp 12, m hy coi
nh trng i. Hy ng dy v thot ra khi ci v c ngt ngt ang km hmnhng kh
nng tim n ca bn. Hy ghi nh rng cng ngi lu th sc cng ln. Thi hc sinh
ngoan y th ng chc chn s lm bn mt i c hi tr thnh mt con ngi nhit
huyt, nng ng, sng to v c quan h rng ri vi nhng ngi xung quanh. ng chn
bc, hy c gng thmmt cht. Nu bn ch thc hin nhng yu cu thy gio giao cho
th s l s hiu lm ng tic nht v mc nh ca trng i hc!


Unit 1. Task 2

1. Nhng ph n nng thn ny phi u tt mt ti, mt nng hai sng.

2. Chc bn thng l bnh an.

3. C y p khng bt no t xit.

4. Hy bit s dng thi gian ca bn cho c ch/Thi gian l vng l bc.

5. Qua cn b cc ti hi thi lai.

6. y bn s thy thoi mi nh nh/y l ngi nh th hai ca bn.

7. Nhiu ngi cht di tay Lu Linh hn di tay H B.

8. Anh y ni vi ti c nh ni vi ngi dng nc l.

9. Tay tr l mi ca ti rt c vic.

10. Khc vi cc nh qun l, ngi lnh o cc chng (bt dc d) mi phi dng ti quyn
lc.


Unit 1. Task 4

IMPROVING EDUCATION IN A TRANSFORMING COUNTRY

1. With 91% of children between the ages of 5 and 10 enrolled in school and 88% of the
working age population reported to be literate, Vietnamhas an impressive educational
record. As Vietnamenters the new millennium, however, competition fromits East Asian
neighbours will pose important new challenges for the countrys system of education and
training.

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2. The government of Vietnam has set ambitious targets for increasing enrolments in
educational and training institutions, but it also faces crucial challenges in implementing
policies that will ensure that the expanded system provides the knowledge and skills
demanded by the future society.

3. The key challenge for educators in Vietnamis to ensure that the system will be responsive to
the emerging demands of a growing market economy. Expansion and modernisation of the
system are important elements of the governments strategy to sustain rapid economic
growth and alleviate poverty.

4. Stated government policy objectives include the achievement of universal primary education
by the year 2005, and universal lower secondary education by 2010. Tertiary enrolment,
which comprised 450 000 in the year 2000, is expected to increase by 30% at the end of the
decade.

5. Achieving these objectives will require changes in both the supply of and the demand for
education services. On the supply side, improvements in quality are needed to attract more
people and achieve higher enrolments. Critical improvements in quality will require
improved teacher qualifications and salaries, longer school hours, and expanded access to
teaching facilities and materials.

6. On the demand side, people need to see that the returns to schooling will be sufficient to
compensate them for their investment costs - both direct and indirect. In fact, the demand for
education services is on the increase in recent years. This is reflected in the mushrooming of
numerous new educational modes and institutions such as people-founded schools, semi-
public schools, or open universities.


Unit 2. Task 1.

iu quan trng nht trong vn bo v mi trng

1. Khi mt phi hnh gia ngi M nhn thy Tri t qua ca knh con tu v tr ca mnh,
anh phi tht ln: N qu l to ln v p v cng. Nh c quan st Tri t t
v tr m anh cm nhn c mt cch su sc v nhng ca ci v gi m to ho
ban cho hnh tinh ca chng ta . Bu khi quyn ca Tri t c cha xi mun loi c
th ht th c. Tri t cn c nc ngt v nc mn cn thit cho s sinh tn ca con
ngi, ng vt, chim mung, tmc v cy ci. Tri t cn c nhiu loi t cc cy
lng thc giu cht dinh dng c th mc. Tri t quay xung quanh mt mt tri, v mt
tri cho chng ta nng lng, nh sng v hi m. Khng kh, nc, t, cy ci, ng
vt v kh hu ca Tri t to thnh mi trng sng ca Tri t, ni nui sng 13 triu
loi cy ci v ng vt khc nhau, trong c loi ngi.

2. Mn hc nghin cu mi lin h gia loi ngi v tt c cc yu t ca mi trng t nhin
c gi l mn sinh thi hc. Mn khoa hc ny trang b cho chng ta nhng kin thc v
s cn bng t nhin tinh t trong ngi nh Tri t ca chng ta. Mn hc ny cn cho ta
thy khi ta thay i mi trng th s ph v s cn bng nh th no. Qua mn hc ny,
ta cng bit c con ngi ph hoi ngi nh t nhin ca chnh mnh nh th no, lm
sao khc phc nhng tn hi , v lmsao trnh khng lp li nhng hnh ng ph
hoi trong tng lai. Mc d chng ta khng th khi phc c nguyn trng mi
trng, nhng nu chng ta p dng nhng bin php bo v h sinh thi cht ch th vn c
th bo tn c nhng vng t cha kp b bn tay con ngi tn ph.


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3. Trong mt nh gi v tng lai nhn loi trong nhng nmu ca th k ti, ng Klaus
Topfer, gimc iu hnh chng trnh mi trng ca LHQ pht biu rng nhng e
do ln nht i vi s sinh tn ca loi ngi l s thiu nc sch, s nng ln ca tri
t, v tnh trng nhim kh nit trn ton th gii. ng ni rng ch khi no cc chnh ph
c mt quyt tm chnh tr cao hn th chng ta mi c th y li c cc cuc khng
hong c th xy ra trong tng lai. Chng ta c cng ngh, nhng li khng mun p dng
cng ngh .

4. Theo ng, nhng c gng ca chng ta trong vic ngn chn s nng ln ca tri t cn
cha thm vo u so vi mc ct gim cn thit l 60%; ng cn ni thm rng th gii
bt u phi hng chu hu qu ca s thay i kh hu, v con ngi phi b tay trc s
thay i . Trong vng 5 nmqua, thin tai cp i sinh mng ca 3 triu ngi .

5. Theo bn bo co th nhiu ni tnh trng ln ti mc bo ng: s khan him nc ang
lmcc nc ang pht trin phi iu ng; s xung cp ca t ai lmgim ph
nhiu v gim sn lng nng nghip, v nn cht ph rng nhit i tr nn trn lan n
mc khng khc phc c; nhiu sinh vt trn tri t b tuyt chng hoc sp tuyt
chng; mt phn t s loi c v ang c nguy c b tuyt chng hon ton.

6. Ngoi khi, cc loi c ang b nh bt qu mc cho php, v mt na s ni san h ca
th gii ang c nguy c b ph hu. nhiu thnh ph, nhim khng kh ln n mc
bo ng, v gi y vic ngn chn s nng ln ca tri t tr nn qu mun. Chnh s
thiu kim sot ca chnh ph lmgim kh nng gii quyt vn . Tin s Topfer ni
rng iu ti quan trng l chng ta cn phi buc cc cng ty a quc gia c trch nhim
hn i vi hnh ng ca h cng nh i vi nhng sn phm h sn xut ra.

7. Cui cng, bn bo co kt lun rng chng ta khng th c tip tc tnh trng nh hin
nay, v khng th c tr hon mi m khng hnh ng. Chng ta cn phi c s lnh o
ca cc chnh ph vi tinh thn trch nhim cao v s hp tc cht ch ca tt c cc vng
cng nh cc khu vc ca nn kinh t vc c th thc hin nhng cng c chnh sch
hin nay v trong tng lai.


Unit 2. Task 3

1. Never before has this little village suffered fromsuch a devastating typhoon.

2. What every country has to do is to raise peoples awareness of the importance of
environment protection.

3. No longer have the mitigation of greenhouse gas emission and the protection of the ozone
layer been the task of a single nation. They now become a common task of the human race.

4. It is estimated that with the present level of energy consumption and in the absence of
alternative/substitute energies, especially renewable ones, by as early as 2050, all the
worlds fossil fuels will be depleted.

5. International conventions on biological diversity have created the legal tools to control the
trade of the world wild animals. It is the increased demand for natural resources, however,
that gives rise to the continued depletion of endangered species.


Unit 2. Task 4


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UNDP HELPS TO PHASE OUT OZONE-DEPLETING SUBSTANCES

1. UNDP will be working closely with the Ministry of Industry and the Hydro-Meteorological
Service of Vietnamin a 15-month project to reduce CFC emission in the commercial
refrigeration sector.

2. The project is channeling nearly $0.5 million fromthe Trust Fund of UNDP, Montreal
Protocol and Australias Environment Protection Agency for identifying and implementing
recycling and other cost-effective emission reduction measures.

3. We believe that this project marks a milestone for phasing out ozone depleting substances
in Vietnam, said UNDP Deputy Resident Representative Nicholas Rosellini, who signed
the project today with Vice Minister of Industry Le Quoc Khanh.

4. In 1994, Vietnambecame a signatory to the Vienna Convention on Ozone Layer Protection
and the Montreal Protocol, which aimto limit and then to eliminate the production and
consumption of ozone-depleting substances.

5. In the commercial refrigeration sector alone, as many as 450 small and medium-sized
enterprises are now consuming CFCs, a substance that has been linked to ozone depletion
and global warming. The average annual consumption of these enterprises ranges from 300
to 1500 kgs.

6. Through this project, UNDP will work with various enterprises to identify the most cost-
effective opportunities to achieve emission mitigation through recycling. Specialised
equipment and training will then be provided for a number of enterprises so that they can
implement the identified measures.

7. This project is indeed an evidence that we can achieve sustainable development: protect the
environment and yet, achieve better economic output, Mr. Rosellini said.


Unit 3. Task 1.

nn tham nhng
gnh nng ti t nht i vi x hi

1. Hn bao gi ht, cc nh lnh o chnh tr v kinh t trn th gii hin nay u ang n lc
kim tm cch iu tr cho cn bnh tham nhng. Hi thp k 70, ngi ta tng bao bin
rng tham nhng gip nng cao hiu qu, hay ch t cng l mt t nn cn thit. Nhng gi
y, nhng lun c b phn bc v c qu nhiu nghin cu ch ra rng tham nhng
emli hu qu v cng t hi: nng sut lao ng b gim st, ngho i gia tng, chi tiu
cng cng lch lc, cng mt lot cc vn x hi khc.

2. Mt t chc chng tham nhng phi chnh ph t ti Bc lin mang tn Transparency
International a ra mt ch s gi l ch s bi tr tham nhng vi thang im t 1 n
10. Mt nghin cu cho thy nu ch s ca mt quc gia tng thm 2 im th tc u
t ca quc gia s nhanh thm4% v GDP s tng khong 0.5%. Mt nghin cu khc
ch ra rng mc tham nhng cao c lin quan mt thit ti kin trc h tng km cht
lng, ch yu l do khng c tin dnh cho hot ng vn hnh v bo dng kin trc
h tng , v hot ng ny vn l ngun thu bt minh chng ly g lmbo b.

3. Mt nghin cu gn y hn a ra mt lun c rt thuyt phc rng khng nhng nn
thamnhng l mt gnh nng i vi cc n v kinh doanh cng nh cc c nhn trong x

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hi ni chung, m n cn c xu hng ph hu chnh nhng th ch lmtr ct cho hot
ng ca th trng. Khi nhng ngi cm cn ny mc cng c th b mua chuc th quyn
s hu ti sn v nhng c ch v t trong vic thc hin cc hp ng thng mi s b e
do nghim trng. Nu chnh nhng nh qun l ngn hng li vi phm nhng chun mc v
vay vn, th lmsao c th bo m c s hp l trong phn phi tn dng c na.

4. i vi nhiu nh quan st, mc tham nhng ton cu chng h thuyn gim l mt bi
ton kh. Vo u thp nin 90, khi cc quc gia thuc khi Lin x c v cc quc gia ang
pht trin cng thamgia vo nhng chng trnh ci cch theo nh hng th trng ca
WB v IMF, nhiu kinh t gia tng rng nn tham nhng sp n on dit vong. Ngi
ta ngh rng t do ho kinh t s gii quyt t tham nhng n tn gc thng qua vic ct
gim cc th tc phin h v gim bt quyn sinh st ca cc quan chc nh nc. Bng
vic xo b s khan him gi to ca cc nn kinh t k hoch ho tp trung, ngi ta
tng rng nhng v th trng quan liu chuyn n hi l s khng cn chn dung thn.

5. Th nhng thc t li khng din ra nh vy. Paulo Mauro, mt kinh t gia ca IMF, l
lun rng vic chuyn t nn kinh t tp trung sang nn kinh t th trng to ra v vn c
hi phn b li nhun, v v th n thng i kmvi mt s dch chuyn t mt h
thng tham nhng c t chc sang mt h thng hn lon hn v nguy him hn.

6. Cc nghin cu v kha cnh chnh tr ca cc cuc ci t kinh t cc quc gia nh n ,
Uganda hay Namphi a ra hai l gii ht sc thuyt phc cho cu hi ti sao t do ho
khng bi tr c tn gc t tham nhng nh ngi ta ban u mong i. L do th nht
l: bn thn qu trnh chuyn giao ti sn v trch nhim t khu vc kinh t nh nc sang
khu vc t nhn l mt c hi lmny sinh cc hnh thi thamnhng nh cc phi v t
nhn ho vi gi ngi nh, hay vic thc thi mt cch thin lch cc u i thu nhm
khuyn khch u t.

7. L do th hai bt ngun t bn cht lin tc ca cc chng trnh ci t hu ht cc nn
kinh t ang pht trin v thc hin chuyn i. Sau nhng ci t rmbeng ban u thng
l mt qu trnh ko di v tn trong chnh ph phi loay hoay vi cc qui nh khc
nhau, th nghim vi cc hnh thc qun l khc nhau, p dng c ch qun l doanh
nghip...v.v v v.v. Tmli, nhng ngi thc hin ci t hu nh c ton quyn quyt nh
s thc hin ci t theo kiu no. V ng nhin mi kiu ci t li c nhng nh hng
khc nhau ti nhng phe phi khc nhau trong gii kinh doanh.

8. Chnh v vy m c hi cho tham nhng vn tip tc ny n, v trong mt s trng hp cn
vt xa nhng c hi trong thi quan liu bao cp. Ngay c khi cc quyt nh ci t c
thc hin mt cch cng bng th vic c thng bo trc cng ht sc c gi tr i vi
cc ch th kinh t t nhn, c bit l trng hp ci t th trng vn. Chnh qu trnh ci
t lin tc bin thng tin ni b c v thi gian ln ni dung tr thnh mt th hng ho
c sn lng ro rit.


Unit 3. Task 3.

Vietnam - the deepening rich-poor divide

1. The discrepancy between the rich and poor in Vietnam, although not very pronounced
according to international standards, is on the rise. This conclusion is drawn from Vietnam
Development Report 2002 jointly compiled by government agencies, international aid
donors and NGOs in an attempt to do away with poverty incidence in Vietnam.


7
2. The countrywide increasing rich-poor gap could be atributed to the worsening discrepancy
between urban and rural areas, says the report. Growth rates in urban areas are far higher
than in all rural ones, except the Red River Delta. The difference is especially pronounced
when the richest and poorest regions of Vietnamare compared.

3. As revealed by Nguyen Phong, deputy director of the Social and Environment Department,
General Department of Statistics, while income improves by only 30% in rural areas, it has
already doubled in urban areas and even quadrupled or quintupled in major cities. A survey
conducted by the General Department of Statistics shows that 4 out of 5 poor people work in
the agriculture sector.

4. Director of the Statistics Division at the Science Information Centre of War Invalids and
Social Affairs Hoang Thuy Nhung said that the income gap between rural and urban areas
not only affects peoples standard of living but also has important implications for their
access to job, health care, and education opportunities. As estimated by the report, a visit to
hospital can cost a poor person a sumequivalent to 22% of his annual food expenditure.

5. Despite the encouraging inrease in school enrolment, a large proportion of rural population
still enjoy less favourable conditions than their urban counterparts in accessing basic
education. A finding of the report shows that on average spending on education is 10 times
higher in urban areas than in rural ones. Going to school is even more difficult in
mountainous and remote areas. Only 49% of adult women in Lai Chau are literate.

6. The widening rich-poor gap can also be attributed to the difference in growth rates across
regions. The South East region has had the highest growth rate during the 93-99 period
(hitting the 78%record), according to the report. The Mekong Delta, on the other hand, is the
slowest growing region, with only 18% growth.

7. Preventing the rich-poor divide from developing any further, and trying to bridge the urban-
rural gap, therefore, is one of Vietnams top priorities in the planning and implementing of
its socio-economic development strategy in the years ahead.


Unit 3. Task 4.

Table 1. Intransitive verbs

Increase Decrease
accelerate
be up
balloon
climb
crawl
creep
develop
deepen
edge up
escalate
gain
go up
grow
improve
intensify
jump
abate
collapse
decline
diminish
drop
fall
plummet
plunge
slash
slide
slow
shrink
worsen

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pick up
rally
rebound
rise
rocket
soar
surge
swell
uphill
widen
worsen


Table 2. Maximizers and minimizers

considerable
encouraging
dramatic
drastic
enormous
formidable
fabulous
great
heavy
impressive
magnificient
massive
marvelous
noticeable
outstanding
rapid
remarked
remarkable
respectable
robust
severe
sharp
significant
spectacular
splendid
steep
striking
surprising
sustainable
strong
substantial
swift
tremendous
unprecedented
unrivaled
vast
vigorous
manageable
modest
moderate
reasonable
slight
slow
sluggish
soft
steady
weak

Unit 4. Task 1

9

Triu Nguyn (1802 - 1945)

1. Hong Gia Long khi xng ci m nh s hc David Marr gi l "chnh sch khi
phc li gi tr v t tng o Khng mt cch ton din" nhm cng c v th non yu ca
triu nh bng cch li ko nhng nh nho c xu hng bo th ang cn s hi trc tro
lu ci t ca phong tro khi ngha Ty Sn.

2. Gia Long cng khi xng nhng cng trnh quy m ln nh k, knh o, ng x,
cng bin, cu cng v khai hoang rung t chn hng t nc b tn ph sau gn 3
thp k chin tranh. Con ng Thin L ni Hu vi Si Gn v H Ni c xy dng
trong thi k ny, v c thnh tr hnh ngi sao th ph ca cc tnh theo nguyn l ca
kin trc s qun s Vauban ngi Php cng vy. Tt c nhng cng trnh ny t mt
gnh nng ln dn chng VN di dng thu kho, cng bc tng qun hay lao dch.

3. Thi t ca Gia Long, hong Minh Mng, cng c xy dng t nc v thit lp mt
chnh quyn tp quyn mnh. Do c gio dc theo Nho gio nn Minh Mng cao tm
quan trng ca gio dc Nho gio truyn thng , mt cch gio dc theo kiu ghi nh v
din gii kinh in cc in tch Nho gio v vn t trong lch s Trung Hoa c i. Do vy
m gio dc v cc lnh vc da vo Nho gio u b nh tr.

4. Minh Mng c bit i nghch (th ch) vi o C c v ng ta coi o C c l mi e
do i vi quc gia, v ng ta cn c cm c vi tt c nhng nh hng ca phng Ty. 7
nh truyn gio v rt nhiu ngi VN theo o c c b hnh quyt trong nhng nm
1830, gy ra s cmphn ca ngi Php C c gio v h i chnh ph Php can
thip vo VN.

5. Nhng cuc ni dy ln n ra c min Bc ln min Nam trong giai on ny v ngy
cng lan rng trong nhng nm1840 v 1850. Tnh hnh cn tr nn ti t hn khi cc v
bo ng cc vng chu th li din ra cng vi dch bnh u ma, ni lon vng sn
cc, hn hn, nn chu chu v c bit nghim trng l cc v v sng Hng lin min
do triu nh l l, sao nhng.

6. Cc hong u triu Nguyn tip tc chnh sch bnh trng ca cc triu trc, ln t
ca Campuchia v m rng b ci trn mt di bin gii di min ni pha Ty. Triu
Nguyn chim gi mt vng t rng ln ca Lo v tranh chp vi Thi Lan trong vic
ginh quyn kim sot t ai ca triu nh Cao Min suy yu.

7. Hong Thiu Tr k v tin hong Minh Mng v trc xut hu ht cc nh truyn gio.
Hong T c ln ni ngi v tip tc cai tr theo quan im Nho gio c h v bt
chc cch cai tr ca triu Thanh bn Trung Quc. C hai v hong ny u ra tay n p
nhng cuc ni dy ca nng dn.


Unit 4. Task 3

Vietnamese Dishes

1. Foreigners like Vietnamese food not only because of its refined taste but also its variety.
Vietnamese cookery has, at least, three distinct styles, each deriving froma particular region:
northern, central, and southern, to say nothing of the various sub-regional styles.


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2. Southerners also like to use groudnuts and rice paper sheets as ingredients in their cooking.
Pho is a dish of northern origin, but when preparing it southern cooks often use additional
ingredients that northerners would not use, such as bean sprouts and herbs.

3. While both northern and southern dishes are enjoynable, the southern tend to be more exotic
and the northern more profound. This is probably why Vu Bang, a Vietnamese gastronome,
has titled his book on northern cooking The Delicious Dishes of Ha Noi and southern
cooking The Extraordinary Dishes of the South.

4. Hues dishes, on the other hand, are highly refined. Many such dishes originated at the
Nguyen court in the 19
th
century. Some popular dishes from Hue are fermented shrimps,
round rice noodle with beef and part of a pigs leg, rice pan cake and bean pudding. As more
and more people are looking for delicate tastes, restaurants serving Hue food are
mushrooming in Hanoi and Ho Chi Minh City.

5. Vietnamis a long, narrow country stretching fromnorth to south, with many different social,
cultural and geographic regions and sub-regions, so its wide variety of dishes is
understandable. A cookbook recently published in Hanoi has listed 555 Vietnamese dishes,
but experts say this is just one tenth of the total number of the dishes eaten across the whole
country.

6. Hanois foods are described in early historical records. In his book Vietnams Geography
published in the early 15
th
century, Nguyen Trai listed some well-known foods and drinks of
the capital city at that time.

7. Vu Bang observes, One Autumn day I wandered through the 36 streets of Hanois old
quarter and suddenly realised that Hanoi had changed a lot: the streets, houses and clothes.
One thing remained unchanged, though: the foods Hanoians eat.

8. Flavouring the food is an important part of Hanoian cooking. Each dish has its own spices
and garnishes: lemon leaves and peppered salt for boiled chicken; sweet marjoramfor bun
noodle soup with rice field crabs; garlic for duck; and ginger for beef.

9. For traditional Hanoians, the way one dines is no less important than the food itself. Because
they consider it an occasion for friends and ralatives to meet and talk. They will eat and
drink little by little to savour all the flavours of the different dishes. But in the rush of
modern life this traditional way of eating is vulgarised, as people devour their food without
really tasting what they are eating.


Unit 4. Task 4

1. The Vietnamese are not only brave in fighting but also diligent at work.

2. Both students and teachers must be on time for classes.

3. Vietnamese cuisine is loved by foreign visitors and local people alike.

4. The last couple of decades saw Vietnams strong performance on social as well as economic
fronts.

5. China is seen thesedays as the worlds most dynamic economy as its impressive rate of
growth is coupled with sustainability.


11
6. The American Constitution owes its staying power/ its enduring character to not only its
simplicity but its flexibility as well.


Unit 5. Task 1.

nhng kin phn i v ng h
nhng sinh th c bin i gen

1. Dn s cc nc ang pht trin ang tng nhanh, nhng t ai dnh cho trng trt th li
khng tng. Ngi ta d on vo nm 2025, th gii s c thm 2 triu ming n, v
nui sng nhng ngi ny, cn phi tm ra nhng bin php tng nng sut cho mi
hcta t nng nghip. C nhiu ngi hn khng ch c ngha l phi sn xut ra nhiu
lng thc hn nui sng h, m cn c ngha l chng ta phi lao tm kh t nhiu hn
tmcch sn xut ra c s lng thc y.

2. c nhiu tng hay c xut, trong c sc thuyt phc hn c l p dng cng
ngh sinh hc, c bit l cng ngh bin i gen. y l mt ngnh khoa hc mi: sinh th
c ci bin gen u tin mi ch c tung ra th trng cch y c 5 nm. Nhng ngi
ng h cng ngh bin i gen hi vng rng n s gii quyt c nn i trn th gii.
Nhng nhng ngi phn i cng ngh ny th li quan ngi rng n c th gy c hi
cho tt c chng ta. n lc chng ta cn bnh tnh xem xt nhng c hi cha tng c
cng nh nhng vn kh x m cng ngh ny c th mang li.

3. Thc ra ngi nng dn c nhng thao tc can thip bin i b gen ca cy trng v
vt nui t rt lu trc khi thc s bit n khi nim ny. T hng ngn nmnay, h
tmcch chuyn nhng c tnh u vit ca mt loi cy ny sang cho mt loi cy khc
thng qua lai ghp. y chnh l qu trnh c di bin thnh cy la m. H cng gy ging
vt nui mt cch c chn lc chng tng trng nhanh hn v cho tht ngon hn. Chnh
nh vy m ln rng bin thnh ln nh.

4. Cng ngh bin i gen cng nhm t c nhng kt qu tng t, nhng nhanh hn v
chnh xc hn nhiu. JT, gio s kimtrng khoa vi sinh ca H Cape Town NamPhi
ni v tm quan trng ca cc cy trng c ci bin gen i vi khu vc cn sa mc
Sahara Phi chu. Trong nghin cu thc hin trn loi ng, b chng kin ging cy
ny v nhiu cy khc c th c ci to nh th no chu ng c hn hn v chng
chi vi virut, nm v su bnh tt hn. Lng thc c bin i gen l mt phn trong
gii php tng hp nhm gii quyt nn thiu lng thc nhng ni trn th gii m nn
i vn ang honh hnh.

5. Tuy nhin, bn cnh nhng li ch thc s v tim tng k trn ca cng ngh bin i gen,
chng ta cng cn thc c v nhng ri ro ca n. Cy ghp gen ca cc loi khc nhau
c th gy nguy him cho sc kho, v cc cy trng c bin i gen cng c th gy ra
nhng vn i vi mi trng. Cng nh bt k mt cng ngh mi no, kh m c th
chng minh mt cch thuyt phc rng lng thc c bin i gen l an ton. Do cn
th nghim nhng sn phm c bin i gen mt cch k lng trc khi tung ra bn
trn th trng, v sau cn tip tc theo di nh hng ca nhng sn phm .

6. i vi ngi ngho th cng ngh bin i gen xut hin ch ng lc t no. Sau khi xy
ra mt s ca t vong Anh m nguyn nhn hu nh chc chn l do bnh b in ngi
gy nn, dn chng chu u mt lng tin vo kh nng ca chnh ph trong vic bo v
h khi nhng thc phm c hi. C l v vy m mt s nc ngho vn do d cha
mun trng cc loi cy c bin i gen v s lmkinh ng dn chu u. Cc t chc
phi chnh ph ru rao rng cc loi cy c bin i gen c th gy c hi cho nhng

12
cnh ng ln cn do phn hoa bay sang. V cng rt c th h s nhn c hi ku gi
mi ngi ty chay khng dng tt c cc loi lng thc nhp khu t cc nc c trng
rng ri cc loi cy bin i gen, d sn phm nhp khu c c bin i gen hay
khng.

7. V dn cc nc giu ch my khi b i nn h cng khng qu ho hng trc vin
cnh l th gii s c nhiu lng thc hn vi gi r hn. Nhng s tht ng bun nu
chng ta ch lo lmp lng mt s t ngi lc no cng no bng m qun mt rng hng
t ngi i km trn th gii s gp nhiu kh khn hn trong vic nui sng chnh bn
thn mnh.


Unit 5. Task 3.

the ethical aspect of genetics

1. Few could argue that using genetic therapies to predict and cure diseases is a giant leap
forward for humanity, but also gives rise to ethical dilemmas. In a session entitled Science
and medicine: are we playing God?, Peter Singer, professor at American Princeton
University pointed out that there were, in fact, enormous advantages in using genetic
techniques to deal with diseases, but there must be some boundaries to this. What will
happen if we use genetic engineering to clone cute babies according to their parents orders?

2. Prof. Singer was not alone in his deep concern about the applications of genetics and its
long-termeffects. Many still recall how Robert Oppenheimer, developer of the atomic
bomb, and his colleagues died fromthe effects of radiation when the first bomb was tested in
Los Alamos. This is a hard lesson for us all.

3. Moreover, many share the fear about what the G-revolution would mean for those who are
not able to access it and the potential for deepening the divide between the rich and the poor.

4. Mrs. Shiva, Director of the Research Foundation for Science and Technology in India, is
another doubter about the assumption that genetically-modified organisms are superior to
natural ones. She pointed out that people in the region around the Himalayas where she
comes from regularly live to reach 100 or more without the aid of genetically modified
drugs.

5. In some other nations such as Australia the level of disquiet about the development of
genetically modified crops has been growing with each passing year. People in other
countries even boycott such varieties. Indeed, a hardening of community attitudes is being
reflected in a broad range of initiatives by government to stiffen provisions regulating the
development, use and labelling of genetically modified foods.


Unit 5. Task 4.

1. The benefits of genetical modification technology is now being questioned.

2. In health and environment terms, there seemto be no reasonable scientific evidence to
support the commercial manufacturing of genetically modified crops.

3. It is important to negotiate and implement international arrangements to protect community
health and environmental resources.


13
4. Genetically modified crops is expected to be a topic of lively debate at the WTO ministerial
meeting in Seattle.

5. It is widely believed that research is needed to explore opportunities to enable poor farmers
and low income consumers to benefit fromgenetically modified foods.


Check your progress 1
EN-VN

1. Th gii ca chng ta l mt th gii trong khng mt c nhn no hay mt quc gia no
tn ti n l. Chng ta u cng chu nh hng ca nhng bin i v chnh tr, x hi v
cng ngh nh nhau. Tng t nh vy, nn nhim, ti phm c t chc v s ph bin v
kh git ngi cng khng loi tr mt quc gia no. Gia chng ta lun c s rng buc,
lin h v ph thuc ln nhau.

2. Hu ht nhng iu ny thc ra chng c g xa l. Nhng ring xu th ton cu ho trong
thi i ngy nay th li mang mt sc din mi. N din ra nhanh chng hn v b chi phi
bi nhiu qui lut hoc i khi chng theo mt qui lut no. Ton cu ho em li cho chng
ta nhiu s la chn v thi c mi. Tuy nhin i vi nhiu triu ngi trn th gii, n li
khng phi l mt tc nhn em li s tin b, m l mt tr lc c th lm o ln cuc
sng, ph v thun phong m tc v lmh mt i k sinh nhai.

3. i mt vi nhng c hi cng nh thch thc ca xu hng ton cu ho, vi nhng cuc
xung t m mu trin min m nn nhn ch yu l nhng ngi dn lnh v ti, i mt
vi i ngho v bt cng vn cn y ry, chng ta cn phi xc nh xem cn ng tm
hip lc nh th no bo v c li ch cho ton nhn loi. n lc chng ta cn
chng minh rng cng ng quc t khng phi l mt khu hiu sung.

4. C ngi ni rng cng ng quc t ch l vin tng hoc l mt khi nim qu m h.
Nhng ti li c mt nim tin st vo s hin hu ca n. Khi chng ta thy nhng nn
nhn ca cc v ng t Th nh k hay Hi lp nhn c vin tr, th chnh l cng
ng quc t ang thc hin s mng nhn o ca mnh. Khi cc chnh ph b gy p lc
phi xo nhng khon n chng cht cho cc nc ngho nht th gii, th chnh l cng
ng quc t ang r b nhng gnh nng ang km hmqu trnh pht trin kinh t chung.
V khi cc t chc on th buc cc chnh ph phi k mt cng c cm v kh git ngi
hng lot, th cng chnh l cng ng quc t ang n lc gn gi cho ho bnh th gii.

5. Vy iu g khin chng ta xch li gn nhau trong mt cng ng quc t? Ni mt cch
nm na nht th l c vng v mt th gii tt p hn cho tt c mi ngi, nh c
nu trong Hin Chng Thnh Lp Lin Hp Quc. l khun kh ca lut php, hip
c v cng c nhn quyn quc t. cng l mong mun ca chng ta v nhng vn hi
chung cho mi ngi, chnh v vy chng ta mi thnh lp nn nhng th trng chung v
cc t chc chung. Mt cy lmchng nn non, ba cy chm li nn hn ni cao.

Kofi Annan
Tng th k LHQ

VN - EN

1. Before human came on the scene, the world changed only slowly over periods of thousands,
if not millions of years. But during the past two milleniums, the rate of change has been
dramatic. Forests have vanished, river courses have been altered, and large areas of natural
vegetation have disappeared under/ been replaced by farmland and cities. The delicate

14
balance of nature have been disturbed/upset, and some of the results pose serious problems
for the survival of the human race.

2. The greenhouse effect. The build-up of the so-called greenhouse gases (e.g. carbon
dioxide, methane and CFCs) arising from industry and agriculture traps heat in the
atmosphere and causes global warming. If the earth continues to warmat its present rate, sea
levels could rise by over 1 meter by 2030, which would make 15 million people homeless in
Bangladesh. Large areas of London would be under the water and the whole Venice would
be destroyed.

3. Ozone depletion/ erosion. The ozone layer absorbs 99% of the harmful incoming ultra
violet radiation from the sun. But industrial pollutants such as CFCs, methane and nitrous
oxides are damaging this protective shield where significant holes have already been
detected. Ozone depletion is the main culprit in causing fatal diseases like skin cancer,
rickets, and kidney-stones.

4. Deforestation. More than 100 000 sq km of forests, major suppliers of the worlds oxygen,
are being destroyed every year. Undiscovered plant and animal species of potential benefit to
man disappear as the forest is cut down/ with wanton logging. Burning produces CO2 which
fuels/agravates/worsens the greenhouse effect. The exposed soil is then washed away
leaving a sterile and arid landscape.

5. Acid rain. Industrial emissions of acid gases combine with moisture in the air to produce
acid rain, which attacks trees and plants, kills fish and water animals, damages the brick and
stonework of houses and buildings and corrodes the metalwork of steel bridges and railings.


Unit 6. Task 1.

hip nh thng mi mang li nim hi vng

1. Mi ngi u t ra phn khi trc s kin hip nh thng mi Vit M c k kt
vo thng 7 nm2001 sau hn bn nmmphn ko di. Hip nh ny s gip cho nn
kinh t Vit nam m ca mnh m v thc y mu dch gia hai quc gia. Hip nh s
gip cho Vit nam c hi tip cn vi th trng M vi nhng iu kin nh cc quc gia
khc ang c hng, v c th gip cho cc cng ty Vit nam kim thm c 1 t la
nh c nhiu c hi lm n hn. Hip nh cng s to iu kin cho H ni trong vic xin
gia nhp T chc Thng mi Th gii. i li, c hi cho cc nh u t M Vit nam
cng tr nn rng m hn.

2. Tuy vy vn cn phi thc c nhng mt hn ch ca hip nh. Hip nh chng mang
li g hn l cho Vit nam c hng iu kin quan h thng mi bnh thng, trc
y c gi l qui ch ti hu quc, cho php hng ho ca Vit nam vo th trng M
vi mc thu sut nhp khu thp nh mc m hu ht cc nc khc ang c hng.
Hip nh khng ng g n h thng hn ngch hin ti. Mc d cc nh kinh t hc
d tnh rng kim ngch xut khu ca Vit nam sang M - m nmngoi l 450 triu la -
c th s tng gp i trong nmu tin hip nh c hiu lc, nhng cng nn nh rng
ngi ta cng tng a ra nhng d on lc quan tng t nh vy khi hai nc bnh
thng ho quan h ngoi giao vo nm1995. Th nhng s bng n v du lch m ngi
ta hng mong i khng bao gi tr thnh hin thc.

3. Mt hn ch na l s suy gim nghim trng ca u t nc ngoi vo Vit nam, mt
phn l do cuc khng hong khu vc gy nn. Nhng mt nhn t khng km phn quan
trng khc l s chn ngn ca cc nh u t trc nhng kh khn khi lmn Vit nam.

15
K t khi Vit namm ca cho cc nh u t nc ngoi vo nm1998, cc nh u t
chuyn t tm l hi vng, sang tht vng, ri sang tuyt vng.

4. Vn c nhng cng ty n nn lmra ti Vit nam, nhng thc t ny li t c cp mt
cch y trn cc phng tin thng tin i chng. iu ny mt phn l do cc doanh
nhn c ngi Vit nam ln ngi nc ngoi u cho rng khng nn ph trng mnh.
ng Cng sn thng hay nghi ng s giu c v cng ty t nhn, v cc c quan thu
thng rt thnh v ti pht hin ra nhng doanh nghip giu c.

5. Gn y th tc cp php c gin tin ngay c i vi cc doanh nghip 100% vn
nc ngoi. Ban u, hnh thc u t nc ngoi ch yu Vit nam l lin doanh vi t l
gp vn Vit nam 30-nc ngoi 70, nhng sau ngi ta nhn ra rng pha i tc Vit
namthng chng em g n bn mphn ngoi mt bng kinh doanh b nh gi qu
cao. Do cc nh u t nc ngoi ngy cng thch hnh thc doanh nghip 100% vn
nc ngoi hn mc d thi gian hot ng c b hn ch hn v gp nhiu kh khn hn
trong vic xin quyn s dng t. Mt hnh thc u t khc l hp ng hp tc kinh
doanh, trn thc t l h tr cho cc doanh nghip t nhn Vit nam. Rt nhiu doanh
nghip thnh cng nh nm c phng chmkhng ph trng ni trn.

6. Tuy nhin kh khn vn cn chng cht. Tt c cc doanh nghip Vit nam u phi chu
mt h thng thu tu tin, khng r rng v tht thng nh vo li nhun , mt bng
kinh doanh v ngi lao ng, nhng ngi ny phi chu mt ch thu lu tin rt cao,
c ngha l nu mt nhn vin nhn c mc lng 2000la mt thng th cng ty phi
tn ti 10000la. Cc doanh nghip khng th chuyn thu nhp ra ngoi t, cng khng
th xm nhp vo cc knh phn phi sn c ca Vit nam. Cc hp ng gia bn Vit
namv bn nc ngoi thng l khng thc hin c. H thng to n kinh t hu nh
khng hot ng. H thng trng ti trong nc khng c kh nng cng ch thi hnh n,
cn kh nng cng ch ca phn quyt trng ti theo Cng c New York v Ti Phn
Nc ngoi m Vit nam thamgia k kt th cn cha c kim chng.

7. Cc nh chc trch Vit nam cng tuyn b rng h ang c gng khc phc nhng tn ti
trn, v thng t chc cc bui to mcp cao gia cc quan chc chnh ph v cc nh
u t nc ngoi, nhng cc nh u t th ngy cng t ra nghi ng tnh hiu qu ca
nhng bui to m.


Unit 6. Task 3

ALBRIGHT URGES MOVEMENT ON TRADE AGREEMENT

1. Good afternoon. I ampleased to be back in Vietnam. Before continuing on to HCM City, I
would like to say a few words about my talks today with the General Secretary, the Prime
Minister, and the Vice Prime Minister.

2. Since my last visit 2 years ago, the US and Vietnamhave consolidated our progress on 2 key
issues. First and foremost, we remain grateful for Vietnams cooperation with our effort to
obtain the fullest possible accounting of Americans still missing in the Vietnamwar.

3. Another stepping stone toward more normal ties has been immigration. Vietnams strong
performance has permitted us to renew our J ackson-Vanik waiver and to normalise consular
relations - as signified by the new consulate I will commission tomorrow in HCM City.


16
4. In my talks today, however, I also emphasised that Vietnamneeds to conclude a number of
pending agreements that would help to revitalise growth and strengthen economic ties with
the US.

5. Most importantly, we must reach closure on a landmark agreement which, if approved by the
Congress, would open way for freer trade between our countries. After nearly 4 years of
negotiation effort, prompt action is needed if this golden opportunity is not to be missed.

6. Ofcourse, Vietnams economic development depends on far more than agreements with the
US. To spur overall foreign investment and trade, Vietnammust continue and intensify its
reforms. This is also a precondition to boost Vietnams bid for membership of the WTO .

7. I also urged Vietnamese leaders to move decisively on a variety of non-economic matters
that are ripe for progress. These range fromfighting against drug trafficking to concluding a
pact that will facilitate joint research on a number of science and health issues.

8. Once more, I want to thank Minister Cam for his welcome. We have some work left to do,
but if Vietnamdoes its part, the US is willing to redouble our effort in the months to come.
And now I would be pleased to answer your questions.


Unit 6. Task 4

1. He is very popular in spite of his appearance.

2. In his speech, the governor promised a solution to the plight of the homeless.

3. People are revolting against their corrupt leaders.

4. After coming to power, he destroyed all his political opponents.

5. The world is asking themto abide to the peace treaty that they have signed with their
neighbouring countries.

6. They betrayed their country when selling the army secrets to the enemy agents.

7. Banks say losses are an unavoidable step in their recovery fromthe crisis.

8. Its the downturn in American markets that cause investors to move their funds to Asia.


Unit 7. Task 1

cu tr li l : phi ton cu ho


1. Cuc khng hong ti chnh lm ny sinh v vn tng v vic ci t li trt t ti
chnh ton cu. Tuy khc nhau v chi tit, song c th chia cc tng ra lm ba trng
phi ln.

2. Trng phi th nht cho rng cu trc ti chnh th gii hin nay l tng i n. Ci cn
phi sa i l s kt ni bn trong ca h thng. Theo trng phi ny, cch khc phc
khng hong l nng cao vai tr v m rng ngun lc ca IMF vi t cch l ngi cho vay
cui cng, nhng ch cho vay i vi nhng nc sn sng tin hnh ci t trit m thi.

17

3. Trng phi th hai li kin ngh rng nn p dng cc qun ch i vi vic di chuyn vn
thng qua mt loi thu chuyn nhng vn. Cc bin php qun ch ny khng ch nhm
ngn chn s di chuyn ca nhng dng vn u c gy mt n nh kinh t, cng khng ch
nhm thu ht cc dng vn u t v tn dng di hn. Cc bin php qun ch ny cn cn
c coi nh nhng cng c hp php cc quc gia c th p dng cc chnh sch thng
mi v cng nghip ca mnh.

4. Trng phi th ba li nhn nhn vn theo mt cch khc. Theo trng phi ny, vn
chnh li nm bn thn m hnh pht trin - ly xut khu v u t nc ngoi lm hai
ng nng tng trng chnh. Sai lm c bn ca cc nn kinh t b khng hong l ho
nhp mt cch ba bi vo nn kinh t th gii.

5. Do cch thot khi khng hong l phi phi ton cu ho nn kinh t quc dn trong mt
chng mc nht nh - c ngha l phi ti nh hng nn kinh t quay v vi th trng
ni a, phi ph thuc nhiu hn vo cc ngun vn trong nc, phi hp tc cht ch hn
vi cc quc gia xung quanh, phi h bt nhp tng trng gim i s chnh lch qu
ln v thu nhp, v phi tin hnh ci t chnh tr lmnng ct cho tng trng bn vng.

6. ng nhin, nu chng ta c c mt c cu ti chnh thch hp th cn g bng. Nhng v
s khng th t c iu ny trong ngy mt ngy hai, nn trc mt chng ta c hai
nhim v chnh. Th nht, cn phi ngn chn cc cuc ci t hin nay khng cho khu
vc ti chnh ca cc quc gia ang pht trin b ho tan vo h thng ton cu do cc nc
pht trin chi phi. Th hai, cn thit lp mt lot cc bin php qun ch vn, cc chnh
sch thng mi v cc tho c hp tc khu vc c hiu qu nn kinh t quc dn c th
thc hin chuyn i vi s can thip ti thiu ca cc th lc bn ngoi.


Unit 7. Task 3

Search of new growth engines

1. As East Asia continues to sift/struggle through the wreckage of one of the greatest financial
collapses since the Great Depression, there finally are signs that the foundations of a new
Asian economy are starting to rise. Chinas decision to lower its trade barriers in order to
enter the WTO and revitalise its economy is part of the ocerwhelming liberalisation trend
sweeping the region.

2. Sobering economic realities/The gloomy economic picture in East Asia are driving the
changes. Chief among them is the regions shattered financial system. The 3% of GNP the
US paid to fix its savings and loans in the 80s pales in comparison with the 15% of GDP it
will cost South Korea to clear bad loans, which some analysts believe exceed $95 billion.
Deutsche bank puts the cleanup bill at 50% of GDP in Indonesia and 56% in Thailand.

3. The financial meltdown and changes in the global economy have dealt a heavy blow to the
old economic model. Many of the giant groups that propelled the tiger economies in the past
are in shambles, as are the banks that supported them. At the same time, Asias
manufacturing base has come under threat by falling world prices and mounting competition
fromLatin America and Eastern Europe. So Asian governments are struggling to find new
engines of growth for the 21
st


century.

4. For the first time since the regions takeoff in the 60s, industrial giants are focusing on
profits rather than on new output records. Once mighty conglomerates are breaking up, as
Asia can no longer depend on them to fuel growth. Banks, once merely conduits for
funnelling Asias savings to favoured companies, are having to become more sophisticated.

18
Governments, long obsessed with rigid statistics, are focusing more on basic social needs.
And they are looking inward, toward the domestic consumers, to find new engines of growth
in high tech, services, and small business.
5. The goal for many Asian leaders is nothing more than replicating the success of the
American New Economy. Economies that rely too heavily on manufacturing are quickly
becoming obsolete, says the managing director of Singapores Economic Development
Board, Liew Heng San. Thus Singapore is aggressively planning to turn the island into an
R& D centre. The new paradigmis based on knowledge, added Liew.

6. But change is often painful, and risky. It will be years before Asias new economic model
can fly in its full wings. Tigers cant change their stripes overnight/ Rome was not built in
one day. It took nearly two decades for America to lay the grounds for its New Economy
with corporate reengineering, government budget fights, and technology investment. For
Asia, that journey is just beginning.


Unit 7. Task 4

1. You should be patient. Diligence is the mother of good fortune.

2. Ill pay you right after this consignment is sold.
- Dont count your chickens before they are hatched. Who knows the goods can sell?

3. I wont buy so many shares of this company if I were in your shoes. You shouldnt put all
your eggs in one basket.

4. I think youve been too hard on him. To err is human, you know.

5. I dont think you should learn at two universities at the same time. You will be J ack of all
but master of none.

6. Your idea is interesting and feasible, go ahead with it. Dont hesitate. Man proposes and God
disposes.

7. What matters is that youve been well prepared. The first step is the hardest. Ill give you a
hand if you want.


Unit 8. Task 1.

bc kinh c th hc hi g
t sai lm ca cc nc lng ging

1. Ngi ta vn thng mc nhin cho rng t do ho th trng l hon ton c li. Nhng
khi Bc Kinh, Oasinhtn v c th gii ang hn hoan n mng vic Trung quc gia nhp
WTO, chng ta vn cn phi nh rng nu vi vng thamgia vo th gii t bn ch ngha
cnh tranh khc lit ca th gii m cha c s chun b k cng th s v cng nguy him.
Trc khi buc phi tun th nhng lut chi mi, Trung quc cng cn phi nghin cu
nhng sai lm m cc nc khc trc mc phi khi t do ho v phi tin hnh
nhng ci t cn thit.

2. Kinh nghim ca Hn quc v Thi lan trong vic m ca th trng ti chnh trc khi n
ra cuc khng hong chu li nhng bi hc xng mu. Vic cho ng nhn
dn t c t do chuyn i v d b cc ro cn i vi dng vn nc ngoi vo Trung

19
quc cha nm trong k hoch ca nc ny khi gia nhp WTO. Nhng khi cc cng ty
Trung quc tr nn dy dn hn v buc phi cnh tranh trong mt th gii m bin gii
gia cc quc gia b xo nho, th Trung quc tt yu s phi m ca th trng ti chnh
hn na.

3. Hn quc t ra rt yu km trong vic thc hin chuyn i khi phi i mt vi thch
thc ny. Chnh quyn Seoul tin hnh t do ho th trng ti chinh dng vo lc nc
ny gia nhp t chc OECD vo nm1996. Kt qu l cc ngn hng, cc nh mi gii v
cc cng ty ca Hn quc c mc sc t tung t tc. c php vay trc tip t cc ngn
hng nc ngoi, cc tp on khng l nh Daewoo lm vo cnh n nn chng cht.
Mt nmsau, qu d tr ngoi hi ca Hn quc hon ton cn kit. Chnh quyn Seoul
phi mui mt n xin IMF mt khon vin tr ti chnh tr gi 58 t la.

4. Trng hp ca Thi lan cng chng sng sa hn. Quyt nh ca nc ny trong vic
thc hin chng trnh Dch v Ngn hng Quc t Bangkok vo nm 1993 nhn c
s tn thng nhit tnh ca nhng ngi ch trng t do ho th trng. Vi mc tiu
bin Bng cc thnh mt trung tmti chnh quc t, chng trnh ny cho php cc
cng ty Thi lan vay ngoi t mt cch d dng hn, vi li sut thp hn li sut trong
nc t 0.5 n 0.6 phn trm. Ban u vic ny tng chng nh v hi. Nhng khi cn
cn thanh ton ca Thi bt u b thm ht v cc khon n nc ngoi ngn hn n
hn thanh ton, th ng bt st gi nghim trng. Hng lot cc cng ty ti chnh ph
sn, v h thng ngn hng Thi n gi vn cn chm ngp trong nhng khon n khng
c kh nng chi tr.

5. Mc d hip nh WTO ca Trung quc ch yu cp n vn mu dch, nhng n
cng em li cho cc ngn hng, cc qu u t v cng ty bo him nc ngoi nhiu c
hi hn trong vic tip cn th trng rng ln ca mnh. Mt khi xmnhp c vo th
trng, cc cng ty nc ngoi rt c th s ph v th cn bng mng manh ca h thng
ti chnh vn lung lay ca Trung quc.

6. Nhng iu trn y khng phi l mt lun c nhm phn i tin trnh ton cu ho, m
ch l mt li cnh bo rng Trung quc cn phi khn ngoan trong vic n nhn nhng
c hi pha trc. Ngay t by gi, Trung quc cn phi o to nhng ch ngn hng,
cc nh mi gii v cc nh qun l qu u t h c c nhng k nng cn thit cho
tng lai. Nu Trung quc khng tin hnh ci t ti chnh mt cch hp l th nc ny s
khng th tn dng c nhng c hi do WTO mang li.







Unit 8. Task 3.

China - the promise and peril of the WTO DEAL

1. By the time Chinas Trade Minister and Americas Trade Representative signed a WTO deal
on Nov 15, it was clear that Beijing had little choice. Chinas economy was looking shaky,
with growth slowing and unemployment rising into double digits. Foreign investors, weary
of bureaucratic obstacles, were withdrawing from China. China needed WTO to force
through needed reforms.

2. The agreement paving the way for entry into the WTO, however, wont produce an
overnight miracle. But it is a significant step for China on its path to open markets after

20
decades of halting progress. Despite the pains that will accompany reform, Chinese leaders
recognized that the potential gains were too great to ignore.

3. Estimates are that entry into the WTO could bring China $100 billion of new investment
annually, and add one percentage point to its economic growth thanks to enhanced
efficiency, improved competitiveness and boosted exports. Companies in the hightech and
biotech industries will thrive. The garment and textile industry within 5 years can create 5
million jobs, the service industry 2.6 million, and the construction industry 1 million.

4. But grabbing that growth depends on China following through on its new pledges, and on
investors felling confident in Chinas resolve. The deal calls for China to open sectors
ranging from telecom and internet, to banking, securities, and distribution. Also to be phased
in are tariff cuts on a wide range of products, froman average of 22% to 17%. Beijing also
promised to end all export subsidies.

5. For the first time, Western companies will be able to sell products directly to Chinese
consumers. Currently, computer manufacturers face headaches in China, including quotas
and tariffs on imported components, and restrictions on distribution. With the WTO, they
now can consider expanding.

6. American farmers have hopes, too. China is now supposed to drop export subsidies and
sharply cut tariffs for farmproducts. But it is hardly a win for the Chinese farmers or
manufacturers. Entry into the WTO will force a dramatic split, creating winners and losers.
Many companies in noncompetitive heavy industries such as steel and petrochemicals run
the risk of going bankrupt as the trade barriers that used to prop themup now evaporate.


Unit 8. Task 4

1. conduct/ adopt/ pursue/ formulate/design policy
2. set a target/ meet the given target
3. fulfil/ follow through commitments
4. errode/ undermine/ smash/restore/regain/ rebuild/ consolidate/ win/ rekindle confidence
5. take/ adopt a measure
6. lift/ remove/dismantle/ lower barriers
7. ease/loosen/relax/abolish/remove/end restrictions
8. improve/build/develop/sharpen skills
9. fight/combat/attack/alleviate/eradicate/eliminate/do away with/win the battle against poverty
10. add to/create/ease/relieve/shoulder/remove/lift a burden


Unit 9. Task 1.

thc y xu hng ton cu ho

1. V nhiu quc gia khng sc ng u vi nhng tc ng ca ton cu ho, nh
trng hp ca chu A trong cuc khng hong ti chnh cui thp k 90, nn nhiu chuyn
gia cho rng vai tr ca chnh ph ang m nht dn. Cc cng ty a quc gia, cc t
chc ti chnh, cc nghip on lao ng, cc t chc phi chnh ph v cc t chc on th
khc gi y dng nh ngy cng ng vai tr quan trng hn trong nn kinh t th gii.
iu ny khin ngi ta i n ch tin rng th trng chim u th v y chnh ph
sang mt bn. iu tai hi trong quan im ny l n dn n mt quan im khc cho rng:
nu ton cu ho khng th phc v li ch cho mt quc gia, th lmsao n c th phc

21
v li ch cho c nhn c. V n sau quan im ny c th l t tng bi xch ton cu
ho.

2. i ngc li vi t tng trn, cc nh lnh o trn th gii nh th tng Anh Tony Blair
a ra gii php th ba nhm c gng t chnh ph vo v tr trung tm ca qu trnh
ton cu ho. Tuy chnh ph c th khng can thip vo th trng, nhng li c th gip
cho th trng hot ng sun s v c hiu qu. V khi pht sinh chi ph x hi th chnh
ph c th h tr. Nu hiu theo cch ny th chnh ph khng h gim st vai tr, m ch t
xc nh mnh vi t cch l mt b phn khng th tch ri ca ton cu ho. Nhng tuy
cc nh lnh o u chu u ng h quan im trn, cha ai thnh cng trong vic bin
tng thnh chnh sch c th. Tuy vy, chnh ph c th m nhim ba vai tr c bn.

3. Th nht, nhim v ca chnh ph theo quan im ny l buc cc ch th kinh t phi tun
theo nhng chun mc o c nht nh, c nh vy th th trng mi hot ng ng
chc nng ca n. Chnh ph c th t c iu ny bng cch a ra nhng qui nh v
gimst vic thc hin nhng qui nh . Th hai, chnh ph c th gip trang b cho cng
dn nc mnh nhng k nng cn thit cnh tranh trong nn kinh t ton cu. Chng hn
nh ngy nay vic ngi lao ng bit s dng vi tnh v bit giao tip bng ngoi ng ngy
cng tr nn quan trng. Cui cng, chnh ph cn phi thit lp mt h thng an sinh x
hi. Trong cnh tranh bao gi cng c k thng ngi bi. Nhng nu khng c ai quan tm
n nhng ngi thua thit th mi lin kt x hi s tr nn lng lo khi nhng ngi ny b
y ra ngoi l.

4. Nhng vai tr ca chnh ph khng dng li . Ngi ta ngy cng t ra quan ngi rng
nn kinh t th trng ang to ra nhng li t duy c hi cho nhn phm. L no vai tr ca
chnh ph li ch l m bo tnh hiu qu ca th trng v nng cao kh nng cnh tranh
cho cng dn? Cn vic nui dng mt bn sc vn ho v tmlinh, em li cho con ngi
s hon thin v mt tm hn th sao? Vic tr li nhng cu hi ny cng l cch ngi
dn nhn thc c tm quan trng ca ton cu ho. iu ny li cng tr nn quan trng
chu , ni m ngi ta bt u c cht hoi nghi v xu th mnh m ny.

5. Do , bn cnh nhng vai tr c bn, chnh ph cn phi khuyn khch ngi dn ch trng
n nhng gi tr o c, m din t mt cch nm na l phi dy cho con ngi bit
thng khng kiu, bi khng nn - y l nhng phm cht v cng quan trng nu chng ta
mun duy tr n nh x hi. Ni tm li, cnh tranh ch c li cho chng ta nu n i km
vi nhng gi tr o c. V vn ny, chnh ph ng vai tr rt ln thng qua giao dc
v nui dng cho ngi dn bit thc v bn sc vn ho.

6. Thc ra, nu hiu nh vy th khng ch c chu m tt c cc nc trn th gii u bit
tn trng nhng gi tr o c, min l s tn trng bao hmc s tn trng i vi cc
nn vn ho khc. Cuc khng hong chu l mt tn bi kch do ton cu ho gy ra.
Khng phi v ton cu ho l xu, m v cc nc chu khng chun b y n
nhn n. Nhng khng hong cng c mt tt ca n. Cui cng n khin cc nc chu
tnh ng rng mnh qu chm chp trong vic thch ng vi cc lut chi mi. N cng
nhc nh tt c chng ta rng di sc p ca tin b khoa hc k thut v ton cu ho,
chng ta xem nh tm quan trng ca nhng gi tr o c. Ton cu ho c th v nn
c tnh nhn vn. V thc s n c th tr thnh mt xu th cn mnh m hn na trong th
k ti.


Unit 9. Task 3.

globalisation in the new millennium


22
1. Thirty years ago, when asked what they wished for at the turn of the millenium, many
teenagers would have said world peace. Ask the same people now what they wished for,
and their answer may well be world domination, for many of those idealistic youths are
now at the heads of some of the worlds- greatest companies and are working frantically to
build their organisations market shares worldwide.

2. The emphasis on the importance of globalisation was spelt out recently by AT& T president
J ohn Zeglis, who believes that companies in the future will have only two options: go global,
or go bankrupt. His idea captures the spirit of a corporate world where now, more than ever,
the Darwinian theory of the survival of the fittest holds true.

3. In many ways, this is nothing new. The past century saw plenty of multinational
corporations extending their influence across the globe and many of the largest and most
successful are still dominating international markets. Among the list of the best global
companies, the majority, including Ford Motor, General Electric, and IBM, have long been
favourite household names around the world.

4. What has changed is the speed with which they are able to operate and to change. Advanced
communications make it now possible to manage a truly global company and yet remain
nimble. New production techniques are reducing operating costs and making it feasible to
site manufacturing facilities where they can utilize the cheapest labour or raw materials.

5. But while established giants are using these technologies to their advantage, they also
present a threat. The field is also left wide open for new players, and with the advent of
Internet, market shares built up over decades can be lost almost overnight.

6. Globalization also faces resistance from developing nations, who are concerned that global
companies are threatening their own fragile companies and economies. Many are blaming
the U. S of rigging the world trading systemfor their own benefits. Developing nations
therefore are demanding more gains frominternational trade and economic arrangements.


Unit 9. Task 4.

1. At the recent World Economic Forum, the fact of globalisation was not challenged, but the
debate on alternative approaches to this overwhelming trend truly achieved critical mass.

or: At the recent World Economic Forum, debate was centered on alternative
approaches to globalisation rather than on criticismagainst this overwhelming
trend.

2. While a market economy is always desired, a market society is not. The challenge that needs
to be addressed, therefore, is to ensure that society is more than just the market/ to prevent
our society frombecoming a purely market one.

3. According to UK PM Tony Blair, governments political leadership in our societies is
changing. What is needed is a government that is responsive to and unafraid of reforms.

4. Grants have certain advantages over loans. They can be withdrawn if conditions are not met.

5. Globalization requires that old rules have to be scrapped.





23


Unit 10. Task 1.

kinh t chu c gng vt qua khng hong

1. Nu c ai tng ngh rng thm kch hm 11/9 ch l mt s kin pha bn kia b i
dng, tuy au thng nhng li vo d vng m chng h c nh hng thc s no n
cuc sng thng nht ca mnh, th gi y chc chn h phi thay i suy ngh y.

2. Cuc suy thoi kinh t t bi kch nc M ph mt bu khng kh m m ln khp khu
vc chu Thi Bnh Dng. Khi hot ng mu dch tha tht dn v cc dng u t tr
nn cn kit th chu mi bt u nm tri v ng ca qu trnh ton cu ho. Gi y d
chng c li g, cc nc chu vn ang phi i mt vi mt cuc suy thoi kinh t trm
trng hn v c th s ko di 6 thng lu hn so vi ngi ta tng d on.

3. Ti t hn c l cc nc chu hu nh lc bt tng tm. Cc ngn hng trung ng trong
khu vc c th ct gim li sut i ph vi nhng ct gim li sut M, cc chnh ph
c ngn sch d tha c th tng chi tiu cng cng, v cc nc c ch t gi hi oi
th ni c th c gng h gi ng ni t hn na. Nhng M li l nn kinh t ln nht th
gii v xa nay vn l ng nng tng trng cho kinh t ton cu, nn khi nim tin trong
lng nc M b gim mnh bi cc cuc tn cng vo New York v Washington th cc
bin php m cc nc chu ang p dng ch c th gim nh phn no nh hng ca
suy thoi kinh t M ch khng trnh hon ton c s suy thoi .

4. nh hng ca suy thoi M s c nh hng trc tip n cc nn kinh t da vo xut
khu ca chu . Trc khi xy ra s kin 11/9, cc nc chu vn phi hng chu
nh hng ca cuc suy thoi cng ngh ton cu. Sau khi kim ngch xut khu hng
in t b st gim mc k lc hai con s trong na u nmnay, Singapore v i
loan bt u lm vo suy thoi.

5. Khng ch xut khu, m c u t cng b e do k t sau cuc tn cng hm 11 thng
9. Vic bn tng bn tho cc c phiu ti cc th trng chng khon trn th gii hi
h tun thng 9 cho thy r cc nh u t gin tip ngy cng t ra e ngi ri ro. S
suy thoi kinh t hu ht cc nc chu l c bit nghim trng. Trong 3 tun sau
cuc tn cng, ch s cng nghip Down Jones ch gim c 8%, trong khi ch s ca
Thi bo Singapore Strait gim ti 15%.

6. Ngay c trc khi s kin 11 thng 9 xy ra th chu cng chun b i mt vi
mt cuc suy thoi kinh t ton cu. Nhng gi y, cc nc trong khu vc s phi tri
qua mt giai on nhiu gian nan th thch hn phc hi kinh t.



Unit 10. Task 3.

TRADE IN ASIA

1. Trade in paper and ink, at the very least, must be booming in South-East Asia, given the
number of commercial agreements the countries of the Association of South-East Asian
Nations (ASEAN) are busily signing. In November, at their eigth summit in PhnomPenh,
they unveiled a framework deal to achieve free trade with China by 2013. At the same
time, they made a declaration about strengthening trade with J apan, held their first summit
with India (with trade high on the agenda) and published a report about integrating the

24
economies of ASEAN+3, which ropes in China, Japan and South Korea. Last week,
America announced a new scheme to promote free-trade agreements with individual ASEAN
members. And on J anuary 1st 2003, the ASEAN Free Trade Area (AFTA) came into full force
among the six original members of ASEAN: Brunei, Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines,
Singapore and Thailand.

2. Ironically enough though, this frenzy of deal-making may actually signal a loss of
momentum towards free trade in the region. As a relatively open, stable and low-cost
manufacturing base, ASEAN used to attract much export-oriented investment. But the Asian
crash of 1997, and the instability that followed, reduced the region's appeal, while
investors stampeded off to ever more welcoming China. Since then, ASEAN governments
have accelerated their effort to forge a common market among their 500mcitizens to lure
back foreigners. AFTA, which caps intra-ASEAN tariffs at 5%, marks the culmination of this
effort. Despite their consensus on the benefits of free trade, however, AFTA's members do
not trust one another enough to streamline the current system, nor to negotiate collective
deals with outsiders. Hence the bewildering array of overlapping protocols and compacts.

3. Even the new China pact will entail special exemptions and varying timetables for the
different ASEAN members, albeit under a shared framework. Anyway, the deal comes more
at China's initiative than ASEAN's. China first floated the idea two years ago and
sweetened it by offering to lower tariffs on agricultural imports fromASEAN within three
years as a gesture of goodwill.

4. Of course, the deal is in ASEAN's best interests anyway: trade with China has grown
threefold over the past decade, with ASEAN running a healthy surplus. This boom is helping
to lessen South-East Asia's dependence on exports to America, Europe and J apan, which
are stuck in the doldrums. The prospect of duty-free exports to China will doubtless
persuade some of those flighty investors to return to ASEAN. The proposed free-trade area,
after all, would be the world's biggest, with some 1.7 billion consumers.

5. The hope is that the benefits of even the initial early harvest of Chinese tariff cuts
announced in PhnomPenh will inspire ASEAN to redouble the pace of integration and trade
liberalisation. But the effect, some fear, could be the reverse: such deals might deepen the
divisions within ASEAN, and weaken its ability to bargain collectively with outsiders.


Unit 10. Task 4.

1. The administrations complacency has been punctured/has taken a severe beating/ has been
hammered hard by an underworld scandal in which a number of high-profile officials are
believed to be involved.

2. The door remains shut to a multi-party political systemin Vietnam.

3. Deputy Prime Minister Vu Khoan has a lot of expertise in negotiating and can lend a big
hand to the government in pinpointing priorities and danger spots.

4. The nusts and bolts / the heart and soul of a sound corporate sector are transparency and
accountability.

5. Its mating season for Asian companies.


Check your progress 2

25
EN - VN

1. Thay th cho Chin tranh Lnh, ton cu ho gi y tr thnh mt v i chnh tr quan
trng tranh lun v nhng gi tr c coi l c s xy dng nn cc x hi, cc quc
gia v cc t chc quc t. Mt trong nhng nguyn nhn khin cho qu trnh ton cu ho
tin trin ngy cng nhanh trong thi gian gn y l tro lu chuyn sang hng dn ch.
Tip theo s sp ca ch ngha cng sn ng v Trung u, nhiu nc theo ch
c ti chuyn quyn trc y dn theo c ch dn ch v ti ho nhp vo nn kinh t
th gii.

2. Ton cu ho va l s thit lp cc mi quan h quc t, li va l mt qu trnh thay i.
Ln sng ton cu ho bt u phi thai t sau Nh Th chin c nh hnh bng
mt lot cc quy tc hay t chc quc t, t nhng t chc c nhiu ngi bit n nh
Ngn hng Th gii cho n cc t chc t c ting tm nh T chc Quc t v Tiu chun
o lng Cht lng. Tri qua bao thng trm trong vng 50 nm tr li y, n nay tin
trnh ton cu ho mang mt din mo khc hn so vi nhng giai on u trong lch s
th gii.

3. Mi quc gia s phi t quyt nh ly con ng tham gia ton cu ho cho ring mnh. C
nhng nc pht trin v ang pht trin u phi thch ng vi s hi nhp th trng
nhanh chng, u t ti chnh ngy cng gia tng cng nh vic s dng cng ngh mt
cch rng ri. Thm ch c nhng nc c nn kinh t m vi qui m nh cng khng nht
thit s tr thnh nhng nn nhn xu s b gung quay ca nhng th lc quc t ngoi
tm kim sot ca h cun tri i.

4. Nc no khng hi nhp c vo h thng ton cu ang hnh thnh v vn hnh da
trn cc quy lut cht ch th nc s phi tr gi. Bi hc cay ng trong qu trnh hi
nhp ca cc nc c nn kinh t k hoch ho tp trung trc y Trung v ng u,
trong c Lin bang X vit, khng ch n thun l hu qu ca mt h t tng sai lch.
Bi hc cn cho thy rng chng ta khng th tip tc c gng thay th nn kinh t th
trng mang tnh cnh tranh bng nhng k hoch u t theo nh hng ca nh nc.


VN - EN

1. Vietnams economy is manifesting apparent defects, and staying disconnected is no longer
an option. Deputy Prime Minister Nguyen Manh Cam at a conference quoted a recent
survey by VietnamChamber of Commerce and Industry that 16% of Vietnamese businesses
have no information about global economic integration, and 50% do not have even the
roughest idea about the Vietnam-U.S. Bilateral Trade Pact. Heavy subsidies, which is
unacceptable in the integration process, still persist.

2. This is a matter of opportunities and challenges. However, instead of waiting for things to
happen to us, we ourselves have to make things happen. Its vital to realize our
shortcomings and correct them when engaging in international business, Camstressed.

3. Nguyen Dinh Luong, Assistant Trade Minister, believes that massive effort is needed in the
struggle against internal economic difficulties and perils, which are easy to recognize but
hard to deal with. The first and foremost challenge, according to many conference
participants, is the low competitiveness of Vietnamese goods.

4. When pointing out some benefits for WTO entry, Cam said Vietnamwill have a relatively
stable export market and a place to settle international trade disputes. In addition, the
accession can contribute to a more logical world trade rule and avoid imposition. The
country, however, will also have to face numerous contraints. Its economy is still

26
underdeveloped, import tax cut will result in loss of revenue, or domestic market share of
Vietnamese goods will shrink, etc. Yet, overall, Vietnam is believed to have the needed will-
power to defeat internal hurdles and surmount external threats.


Unit 11. Task 1.

thy thuc lm thm vit nam

1. K t khi ci cch y t c thc hin vo nm1989, bc s v nha s c php
khmbnh t nhn c thm thu nhp ngoi gi lm vic ca mnh bnh vin. Cc
bc s ngh hu trc y thuc bin ch nh nc cng c php m phng mch
t.

2. Cuc ci t cng vi vic chuyn sang mt nn kinh t theo nh hng th trng cng
khin cho dch v y t ca Vit nam bt u thay hnh i dng. Chnh ph ch trng
khuyn khch cc bc s t nhn, v iu ny c th hin c th vic cc phng
khmca c nh nc v ca t nhn u khng phi np thu.

3. Mc ph bin ca phng mch t nhn c th hin r nht trong chi ph y t: hin
nay, ngi dn Vit nam ng gp ti hn mt na tng chi ph chm sc y t ca c
nc. Cc s liu thng k ca Ngn hng Th gii cho thy ngi Vit chi cho vic n
khmv mua thuc cc phng mch t nhiu hn l cc phng khmthuc qun l
nh nc. Mc d khmt c tn km hn, nhng ng l tin no ca ny v h c
chmsc tt hn. Khng ch l vn cht lng, m u im quan trng ca phng
mch t cn s thun tin na. Cc phng mch ny m ca c chiu v ti nhng
ngy trong tun v c nhng ngy cui tun, ngoi ra th tc cng gin tin hn nhiu.
Cc bc s t cn c th chn on v cung cp nhng dch v khc nh xt nghim,
in tm v tiu phu.

4. Nhng l do chnh m cc c-t nu ra khi m thm phng khmt l gi c leo thang,
i sng t , v chi tiu cho vic hc tp ca con ci. Cng nh Nht, Nam Hn
hay i Loan, nhiu ngi Vit nam chi kh nhiu tin con mnh theo cc lp hc
ph o ton, l, ho v ngoi ng vi hi vng cc c cu m s vo mt trng i
hc danh ting.

5. Tuy nhin, khng phi ai cng t ra lc quan i vi nhng i thay ny. Mt s nh
qun l cc bnh vin quan ngi rng nhng thay i ny s lmgim cht lng chm
sc y t v lm cho khi lng cng vic ca cc bc s vn nng li cng nng n
thm. Cc nh qun l l lun rng cc bc s lmthms b qu ti v kit sc, khng
th hon thnh cng vic vi cht lng tt ngay c trong gi lm hnh chnh ch cha
ni g n lmngoi.

6. Hn na, nhiu bc s cn kim c bn thuc thm thu nhp, chnh v th m ngi ta
cn lo ngi rng h s k n thuc nhiu v nng hn mc cn thit. Mt vn na l
s phn b bc s khng ng u gia cc vng min Vit nam. Nh nc hin nay
khng cn chu trch nhim phn cng cng tc cho cc sinh vin y khoa mi tt nghip,
m nhng sinh vin ny chng my ai li mun i xa ni phn hoa th m h c
o to.


Unit 11. Task 3.


27
United against aids

1. Measured in natures terms, HIV is a success. In the 20 years since its effects were first
medically recognized, the immuno-deficiency virus is thought to have infected almost 60
million people, and that number grows by 16,000 a day. But in human terms, HIV is a
disaster. Of those 60 million people, more than 22 million have already died of AIDS,
the disease it causes. Most of the rest will die soon.

2. HIV infection has taken root in South Asia and poses a threat to development and
poverty alleviation efforts in the region. HIV infection is fueled by risk behaviours,
extensive commercial sex, low awareness, lack of blood safety, injecting drug use,
population movements (cross-border/rural-urban migration), and trafficking of women
and girls into sex work. Social and economic vulnerabilities, including poverty and
illiteracy, highlight the need to act effectively and aggressively to reduce its spread.

3. In Vietnam, the number of HIV-positive cases has steadily risen since 1990 when the
first case of HIV infection was detected in Ho Chi Minh City. As of February 2002, a
total of 18, 196 people had been diagnosed as HIV-positive, more than 3,000 people
were diagnosed with full-blown AIDS, and more than 2,000 AIDS patients had died.

4. These numbers are only the officially reported cases, while government projections are
actually much higher. What is worse is that the epidemic is now beginning to spread
form risk groups to the general population. A rise in sexually transmitted infections,
increasing drug use and Vietnams mobile workforce are all helping to speed the spread.


Unit 11. Task 4.

1. Home-made motorbikes are under great competition pressure of low-price imports.

2. The government states that rapid and well-balanced development of the rural sector is a
top priority in the country.

3. A UNDP- funded survey revealed that food security together with education and primary
health care is the most critical concern for ethnic minorities.

4. Vietnamand China have pledged to improve the well-established relationship and multi-
faceted cooperation.

5. She prefers delicate but long-lasting perfumes.


Unit 12. Task 1.

Ni u phin ca ngi ngoi quc trn t Si Gn

Vic i ph vi i qun p xch l v bn thuc l rong trong nhng ngy trn t Si
Gn c th lm khch du lch ngoi quc phin lng. Tuy nhin, phng vin Arrts ca tp ch
Marie-Claire li chim nghim ra rng, phng thuc cha phin mun li chnh l tip tc
quay li mnh t ny.

1. Si Gn tht lm phin toi, Barbara - bn ti - ngng nghu ni vi ti sau khi c
buc phi to ting/nng li vi mt ngi bn thuc l do c lng nhng bm theo

28
chng ti. i vi ngi nc ngoi, cuc sng trn t Si Gn i khi mang li qu
nhiu phin toi, n mc h c th ni cu.

2. Ni u phin ca ngi nc ngoi trn t Si Gn khng n mt cch bt ng m
thng tch t dn dn qua mt thi gian di, v nhng ai tinh s d dng nhn ra
nhng du hiu u tin. C ngi tng v nhng u phin ging nh nhng hn
cui nm vo bn ngy qua ngy. Nu ch l mt vin cui, th hn bn chng thy h
hn g; nhng nu l mt trn ma di vo bn lin tc th chc chn bn s ng gc.

3. Ni u phin bt u xut hin khi bn xung sn bay Tn Sn Nht v mt i qun
bn hng rong, i tin v ti x tc-xi lp tc bu ly bn. Bn thot khi m bao vy
v vo thnh ph mt cch yn n, ri ngay lp tc nhn ra rng mnh tr thnh
mi sn ca cc bc ti xch l.

4. Cyclo madam? l li cho mi ca ming ca nhng ngi p xch l, v trc l
mt li hi han nim n c nh th bn l c tri vy. Ai th nh? Khng bit c phi
ngi mnh quen khng? chc chn ban u bn s thm hi nh th trong u. Nu l
ngi quen m bn li pht l th tht t. V hn th na, du sao chng ta ti y du
lch cng l kt giao tnh bng hu vi ngi dn y c m? Tuy nhin, bn tht
ng thng bi nhng cho hi vn v ho ra ch l mt cch cho mi khch thng
dng y m thi.

5. Bn hy th tng tng vic cho ko khch nh th nhc cng n th no. Cc bc
ti t ra do dai v bn b v cng, trong khi cc v khch nc ngoi li rt d mm
lng. Vic ny ging nh mt cuc ua sc bn, v bn s thy nhng ngi phc v
ca Thng s lun thng cuc.

6. Trn thc t, c mt cch duy nht bn thot c s sn lng ca i qun xch l
Si Gn: ng nhn h cho d bt c chuyn g xy ra. Bi, nhn ln c ngha l nh
mnh, ngha l bn s phi kt tnh bng hu vnh vin, hoc t nht cng l n lc bn
chun vo c mt ca hng. V bn cng khng th tha thn qu hai ting
ng h m khng b nghi ng. Nhng ngi bn hng s d dng nhn ra k trn chy
t ng ph, v trc khi bn kp nhn ra mi iu th bn tr thnh kh ch bt
c d ca mt l xch xng nhng bt la Zippo v a c loi xn va c ch tc
mt con hm cch ch vi bc chn.

7. Cui cng th cng n lc bn phi ri ca hng, tay xch nch mang cc th thp
cm va mua. Th kia, ngi bn trung thnh ca bn, bc ti xch l xut hin. Tt
nhin, ln ny th madam cn mt xch l ch nhng ca n v. Th di nh st
mt ci, bn tro ln xch l v ku bc ti ni cn ti.

8. Thi cht, bn mc mt sai lm nghim trng! L ra bn phi mc c gi tin trc,
bi rt c th vi mt cuc xch l vn vn 5 pht, madam s phi tr ti 2 -la. Trong
khi , mt gia nh vi mt ng b, mt b m, l tr v 5 con vt ch mt c tng
ng c 40 xu. Vo nhng lc nh th, bn s cm thy thm tha hn ht ni nim ca
ngi ngoi quc.

9. Ni u phin ca bn hu nh l v phng cu cha. Tt nhin, bn vn hon ton c
th la chn t mt v my bay, i khi t nc ny. Th gii bn ngoi ang vy gi;
c th l mt bi bin vng ngi, sch s khng nhim, hoc cng c th l nhng
cnh sc thn thuc ni qu nh. Tuy nhin, d bn c la chn ni no chy trn
Vit Nam, th c mt iu bn cho l khng th xy ra li chc chn s xy ra: bn cm
thy nh n cn co mnh t y.


29
10. Rt nhiu ngi nc ngoi th cch , h i v cng c gng khng quay tr
li. Nhng, ch mt vi thng sau bn li thy h xut hin mnh t . Nhn vai,
ci ngng nghu, tuy ho hng hn so vi trc, h tha nhn: Qu tht ti rt
nh ni ny.

11. Ni nh Vit Nam - l ci tn m nhip nh gia Tom Page t cho hin tng
ny . ng Si Gn sut nhng nm cui ca thp k 60 v nhp sng si ng
Vit Nam ko ng quay li ni ny khng bit bao nhiu ln. Qu tht l mt ni nh
k l vi mt t nc m mi ngy tri qua l y vt v, song cuc sng khng
bao gi n iu, bun t.


Unit 12. Task 3.

VietnamS Tourism

1. The reason why the worlds leading travel operators focus their eyes on Vietnamis so
simple: it has tremendous sources of tourismawaiting to be tapped.

2. Vietnams tourist attractions lie in its cultural and ethnic diversity, tumultuous history,
French-, Chinese- and Cham-influenced architecture, ancient pagodas, vast coastline,
saucy cuisine and of course, business opportunities as well.

3. Vietnamhas become one of the top tourist destinations in Asia in recent years. Today
hardly any aspect of life here is left untouched by tourism. Although statistics provided
by official sources are questionable, estimates indicate that the sub-sector contributes
roughly 2% to the countrys total employment. Tourist receipts have shown a continuous
upward trend since 1996. Fully aware of this vast foreign exchange earner and
employment source, the government has released the Master Plan for Tourism
Development Period 1995-2010, which lays out the overall framework for the
development of the countrys tourismsub-sector.

4. Having made inroads to the regional market, yet Vietnamis a small player in the global
tourismmarket and will likely remain so in the years to come. A recent study conducted
by the World Bank has identified sector-specific and cross-cutting issues seen as
constraints to the operation and development of Vietnams tourismbusinesses.

5. Despite reports that improvements have been made during the past few years (e.g
improved hotel quality, availability of the Internet, upgraded infrastructure and
abolishment of the two-tiered pricing system), the private sector is held back from
exploiting opportunities. A licensing regime blocks private-owned companies from
dealing fully with international tourists, while state-owned enterprises have full rein over
the sub-sector.

6. Compounding the challenges facing the sub-sector are the complicated and lengthy
investment procedures, overlapping responsibilities and unofficial payments, which limit
both domestic and foreign investment.

7. Some other issues are also recognised by the researchers as impediments to the growth
of the sub-sector as a whole. Existing regulations relating to visas, for example, may
direct tourismto other Asian countries. Or, lack of competition in the airlines industry
results in overbooking, insufficient number of flights and disgruntled tourists, especially
during peak seasons.


30
8. Much should be done by Vietnamto reap ample opportunities for growth in the regional
market. Liberalization of the sub-sector as part of Vietnams accession to the WTO
would promote competition and encourage important benefits, but only in the long run.
Of more immediate concern is the need to level the playing field between the state-
owned and private-owned companies. The removal of regulatory restrictions that are
stunting the growth of the private sector would benefit all types of tourism enterprises
regardless of their ownership. Improvements are sorely needed to formulate a
comprehensive strategy if the future sustainability of the sub-sector is to be guaranteed.
This is not only for the sake of the sub-sector itself because tourism, as empirical
experience shows, can serve as a catalyst to expand other sub-sectors of the economy.


Unit 12. Task 4

Its huge sources of tourism have yet to be tapped/ are remaining untapped/ /It has vast
sources of tourismremaining untapped

VN attracts tourists by / VN appeals to tourists by / Tourists are attracted to VN by

Most aspects are affected by... (to some extent) / Few aspects are left untouched by / Hardly
any ... can be seen untouched by ...

Tourist receipts have recorded/reported/seen a continuous upward trend / have gone up
continuously

Is still held back/blocked fromfully exploiting/ /(active) (smt) obstructs sb in exploiting

Hinder/stunt/dampen the growth/progress of//be a big brake on/be impediments to
/constraints to

Made important inroads into =gained a significant presence/foothold in





Unit 13. Task 1.

liu nng nghip c tr thnh
gnh nng i vi nn kinh t?

1. i vi cc nh chnh tr v kinh t, khi nim pht trin kinh t by lu nay ng
ngha vi khi nim cng nghip ho. Nhng nn kinh t tin tin trn th gii s d
tr nn giu c nh hin nay l nh chuyn t sn xut nng nghip sang sn xut cng
nghip. V vy, chng c g l l khi cc nc ang pht trin li ua nhau thc hin
bc chuyn i ny.

2. Vic gi gm nim tin vo s nghip cng nghip ho i ngc li mt trong nhng
tro lu ph bin ca thp k 1990: t do mu dch. Trong c ch mu dch t do, mi
nc s tp trung sn xut nhng sn phm m mnh c li th tng i. iu c th
c ngha l mt s nc s i i kip kip sn xut c ph v chn nui gia sc, m
s khng bao gi sn xut my tnh hay t. V nu nhng nc gn b sut i vi

31
nng nghip th phi chng h chng c hy vng thot khi tnh trng i ngho v km
pht trin?

3. Chi-l l mt v d in hnh bc b lp lun trn. K t khi nc ny m ca nn
kinh t, quy m tng i ca ngnh cng nghip gim, trong khi t trng ca sn
xut nng nghip trong GDP li lin tc tng.

4. Tuy nhin, s st gim ca hot ng sn xut cng nghip khng ng ngha vi nn
kinh t tng trng chm. Tri li, kinh t Chi-l pht trin nhanh chng. ng lc tng
trng kinh t l xut khu, trong xut khu nng sn c vai tr ni bt nht. T mt
nc xut khu tri cy khng ng k (ch yu l xut khu to) vo nhng nm1960,
n nay Chi-l tr thnh mt trong nhng nc xut khu tri cy nhiu nht trn th
gii.

5. C th nhng mt hng xut khu khng phi l hng cng nghip, song nhng doanh
nghip sn xut hng xut khu lin tc i mi cng ngh sn xut v cng tc qun
l. Mc d nho vn l mt hng tri cy xut khu ln nht hin nay, song t nhng nm
1980 Chi-l bt u xut khu ru vang v n thp k 1990 h chim lnh c
mt th phn ng k trn th trng ru vang th gii. Tng t nh vy, vic xut
khu c trc kia ch yu ly ngun t c nh bt trn bin, nhng hin nay sn lng
c hi nui th ngy cng tng. Vic p dng tin b KHKT nng cao nng sut trong
ngnh nng nghip v cI thin ng k thu nhp.

6. Vy phi chng nng nghip cng c th m ra mt con ng pht trin kinh t theo
hng khc? Mt nh kinh t nhn xt: Trc kia chng ta thng cho rng pht
trin cc nc phi i theo con ng cng nghip ho, tun t theo cc bc sn xut
hng dt may, chi, v..v ri cui cng l hng in t. Nhng ngy nay chng ta nhn
ra rng c nhiu con ng khc na pht trin kinh t, v nh cc nc c th i t
hoa qu ti sang ru, c hi v.v...

7. Nghe cng c l, nhng ngi ng h chnh sch cng nghip ho c th s ni nh
vy. Song, theo h, cho d nng sut trong ngnh nng nghip c cao n u th cc
nc ang pht trin vn cn cng nghip ho bi nhu cu i vi lng thc, thc
phm ch l hu hn. Lun im ny xut pht t mt kt qu nghin cu kh ni ting
mang tn Quy lut ca ng-ghen. Theo Quy lut ny, khi thu nhp ca mt ngi tng
th t l chi tiu ca ngi dnh cho lng thc, thc phm gim. Tuy nhin, iu
ny khng c ngha l trc sau g th nng nghip cng s tr thnh gnh nng i vi
nn kinh t. Thc ra, hm su xa ca quy lut ny l cc nh sn xut phi lin tc nm
bt v p ng nhng thay i trong th hiu khch hng: mt x hi giu c c th s
tiu th t khoai ty, nhng li nhiu tht b v hoa qu hn.

8. Mt lp lun cui cng nhm bc b kin cho rng cc nc gn b vi nng nghip
s khng c c hi pht trin: Sai lm ca kin ny l gi nh rng li th so snh
ca cc nc l tnh, v th mt nc ang sn xut chui th 20 nmsau vn ch trng
chui m thi. Khng nht thit l nh vy, bi nu mt nc chuyn tmvo sn xut
nhng mt hng h c li th tng i v nh thu nhp tng ln, th h c th tng
cng u t vo gio dc v c s h tng, v kt qu l s c c nhng li th mi.

9. Tht kh c th ni trc c cc nc nng nghip pht trin v thc hin c ch m
hin nay trong tng lai s ra sao. C th h s xy dng thng mt khu vc dch v m
khng cn ti mt khu vc cng nghip s. Hoc h cng c th tm ra nhng con
ng pht trin mi trn c s khai thc nhng ti nguyn thin nhin ca mnh. C th
c ch m ca mu dch s gy nhiu kh khn cho h trong vic xy dng mt s
ngnh cng nghip nht nh, song iu khng c ngha l s phn ca h gn lin
vi tnh trng tng trng chm.

32


Unit 13. Task 3.

Vietnams agriculture in the economic reforms

1. The agriculture sector is central to the Vietnamese economy and hence to the countrys
reformefforts. Prior to the beginning of doi moi, the sector was characterized by poor
production performances and stagnating per capita food production, which were partly
attributed to collectivization.

2. The failure of collectivization was among the driving forces behind a series of far-
reaching reformefforts. The first efforts to carry out reformin agrriculture were made in
1981 but more profound reformwas only introduced in 1988. For the agriculture sector,
the reforms implied first and foremost departure from the collective organization of
production and a return to the farmhousehold as the basis unit of production.

3. A strengthening of the reforms was initiated in 1993, following the adoption of
Resolution 5 at the Seventh Party Congress. The decisions made under the Resolution
called for promotion of rural development in general, with recognition and
encouragement of the private sectors role in the rural economy; and for the renovation
of cooperatives and state-owner enterprises, emphasizing their self-government and
innovation.

4. With the revised Land Law of 1993, farmers were granted long-termuse rights (20 years
for annual crops and 50 years for perennial crops), together with the right to transfer,
exchange and inherit land and to use land as collateral. Through the revision of the Land
Law in 1998, land use rights were further expanded, with an extension of lease rights
and possibility of granting land use rights to people other than farmers.

5. The sector has responded dynamically to the policy reforms. Overall production
expanded at an everage annual rate of 5.4% over the period 1991-99, with per capita
food production increasing by an annual 3.1% over the same period. Most important has
been the rapid expansion in rice production, the main staple crop, since the late 1980s.
This has allowed Vietnamnot only to turn froma small net importer to a large net
exporter of rice, but also to become the worlds third largest rice exporter in terms of
volume and the fourth largest in terms of value.

Current policy emphases in agriculture and rural development

6. Policies recently emphasize the improvement of agriculture market linkages and the
promotion of rural development. Improving market linkages in agriculture implies,
among other measures, a shift away fromthe traditional emphasis on rice production for
food security towards more commercial agriculture production, in particular for exports.

7. Rural development is the other cornerstone of current government policies. Rural
poverty remains pervasive and rural - urban income gaps have been increasing. There is
a need to generate off-farmincome and employment opportunities as well as to further
the process of rural industrialization. This, however, requires rural development based
on diversification within agriculture, in order to make agriculture production more
responsive to market forces, as well as diversification to the other economic activities.


Unit 13. Task 4.

33

1. Although a variety of new forms of ownership flourished, not until the mid-1990s,
did de facto privatization get underway in China.

2. Rarely in recent years have there been such divergent views on where the country is
heading.

3. Little evidence is there to suggest that he is anything more than a loyal executor of
his managers orders.

4. Barely a week after the managing director quit his position, are the departures of two
other experienced managers.

5. OPEC has just announced a temporary cut in their oil supply, then up goes the price
of crude oil in the world market.


Unit 14. Task 1

bn nhy bn n u i vi cng ngh thng tin?

1. Bn c phi l ngi sng bi cng ngh thng tin? Nu vy, hn bn tin rng h Internet
thay i mi qui lut cnh tranh, lmo ln li t duy xa v vic iu hnh cng ty,
v emli v vn c hi to lp nhng c s kinh doanh mi cng nh c hi lm
giu.

2. Hay bn hon ton th vi ngnh iu khin hc? Nu vy c l bn s ngh rng ngi
ta ni qu v h Internet, hoc cho rng thng mi in t chng phc v cho con
ngi nhiu nh vn thng c ru rao. Bn cng c th ca thn rng s dng e-mail
hay truy cp thng tin trn mng tn qu nhiu thi gian khin nng sut lao ng b
gim st.

3. Bn hy xem mnh thuc tp ngi no: ng h hay nghi ng ngnh cng ngh thng
tin? Trn y ch l mt vi quan im ca nhng nh lnh o cng ty trn khp th
gii. ng sau nhng quan im ny l hng lot nhng quan im v vic liu c nn
thay i hay khng, bao gi nn thay i, v thay i n mc no. Khi nhng chuyn
gia Internet ni v ngy xa, h mun ni n cui nm 1997. Qu l ln sng
thng mi in t din ra mt cch v bo hu nh tt c cc ngnh n ni chng
cn th g c coi l mi na.

4. Vic pht minh ra h Internet l mt bc t ph mnh m cha tng c trong vic qun
l s thay i. Internet t tt c cc cng ty kinh doanh trc mt bi cnh mi, d
h c giao dch qua mng hay tn cng ty ca h c kt thc bng chm com hay khng.
Cc cng ty sng s trong cc ngnh truyn thng gi y mi ch bt u nhn thc
c bn cht v mc ca s thay i. Mt s cng ty ch bit th ng ngi ch, ph
mc s phn cho khch hng, nh cung cp hay cc i th cnh tranh ca mnh nh
ot.

5. Nhng thnh cng li khng ch n thun l vic ni mng Internet hay lp mt trang
web. Mt nh lnh o ni v von rng vic c gng bt cc cng ty gi ci phi
giao dch kinh doanh trn mng th cng chng khc g vic bi son mi cho mt ch ch
bull. Cng vic ho trang ny khng nhng kh thc hin, m n cn khng th bin qu
thnh cng ch v c b lng cnh sc s. Mt cng ty cng khng th thay i ch v n
lp mt trang web. thnh cng, cn cn phi thay i m hnh t chc cng vic v

34
lnh o ca cng ty. iu buc chng ta phi xem xt li nhng li t duy c v t
chc, v giao tip, v vic ra quyt nh, v phong cch lmvic, v hnh vi qun l - v
sau xc lp ra mt hng i mi. y l vn con ngi, ch khng phi vn
cng ngh.

6. c th tn dng c ht tim nng ca kinh doanh in t, cc nh lnh o phi
lnh o theo mt phong cch mi, v mi ngi cng phi lmvic cng nhau theo mt
cch mi. Chng ta c th gi li lmvic mi ny l vn ho in t - mt khi nim
phn nh kha cnh nhn vn ca k nguyn thng tin ton cu, l yu t cn bn ca nn
kinh t mi.

7. Tuy nhin cha c ai a ra c mt nh ngha chnh xc cng nh hiu mt cch thu
o v khi nim vn ho in t. Nu mt cng ty vn khng s dng cng ngh in
t th cng ty phi thay i nhng g trong vn ho v phong cch lm vic ca mnh
thch hp c vi cng ngh in t? c th xc nh c ngha ca vn ho
in t, mc sn sng ca cc cng ty thch ng vi n, v kh nng ca cc nh
lnh o c th cho li trong nn vn ho , ngi ta lp ravmt d n ton cu
v vn ho in t. D n ny bao gm cc nghin cu tnh hung ca i hc Kinh
doanh Harvard, cc cuc phng vn vi mt s cn b qun l t cc cng ty c chin
lc kinh doanh i lp nhau, v mt cuc iu tra trn giy v trn mng vi qui m
ton cu.

8. Cc iu tra ban u ca d n cho thy mt lot cc l do m cc cng ty sng s a
ra gii thch ti sao h li khng chuyn, hoc c chuyn th cng rt chm chp, sang
m hnh kinh doanh in t. Nhng ro cn i vi s thay i c th l nhn vin khng
thch thay i, hay nhng hn ch v ngun nhn lc hay ti lc. Ti mt s cng ty thay
i chm chp, bn thn ban lnh o cng l mt cn tr. iu ny cng hon ton d
hiu: vic tn dng c bt k mt cng ngh mi no u yu cu chng ta phi thay
i t duy i vi mi kha cnh ca ton b h thng.


Unit 14. Task 3

IT- MORE AN OPPORTUNITY THAN A THREAT

1. With IT now claimed to be the main engine of growth over the next couple of decades,
there is massive concern that developing economies, which have far fewer computers and
Internet connections than the rich world, will get left behind. But such fears about a
digital divide seem to be based on a misunderstanding of the nature of growth as well
as of the nature of IT. If IT can boost growth in the rich economies, why should it not do
the same trick in developing economies?

2. Pessimists point out the fact that the rich countries account for only 15% of the worlds
population but as much as/up to 90% of global IT spending and 80% of Internet users.
Much of the developing world is too poor to buy computers or telephones. Worse still,
the role of first-movers wil favour rich nations to establish a dominant position, so that
developing countries will be frozen out of e-commerce, as some economists worry.

3. Their argument has a grain of truth in it somehow, but there are good reasons for hoping
that developing economies could gain even more from IT than the rich world does. As
latecomers, poorer countries do not need to reinvent the telephone or the computer, but
merely open their economies to ideas fromthe rich world.


35
4. Computers, modern telecommunications and the Internet all reduce communications
costs and loosen the concept of geographical borders, so they are bound to speed up the
global diffusion of knowledge. IT can even allow developing economies to leapfrog/skip
old technologies, for example copper wires. New wireless technologies require less fixed
investment and maintenance than traditional wire-based ones, so they are more effective
in countries with sparse populations and tricky terrain. Mobile phones can extend
communications to areas that copper wires might have taken decades to reach, allowing
people fromremote villages to tap into the global store of knowledge.

5. But before we get carried away with rosy visions of IT bringing up huge prosperity to
developing economies, some big caveats need to be added. There is nothing automatic
about the process of economic catch-up. IT will increase the opportunities for poorer
countries to narrow the income gap with rich countries, but wiring the country is only the
beginning. IT has no Midas touch/is not a panacea that allows governments to avoid
doing all the hard stuff, such as opening up markets to foreign trade and investment,
liberalizing telecommunications, improving education, and ensuring an effective legal
systemand efficient financial markets. Indeed, IT makes it even more important for
governments to do all these basic things, because it increases the rewards for doing so.
There is little point in doling out millions of dollars connecting villages to the Internet if
most people cannot even read and write. To reap the economic benefits from IT
investment, developing countries need to put in place other policies as well.


Unit 14. Task 4

1. J ust a few years ago, it might have been considered smart to wear a shirt with a
designers logo embroidered on the pocket; it now seems a bit naff.

2. All could have been forgiven or tolerated, were it not for that financial scandal.

3. Some economists said that the country may have come out of recession too early to get
fundamental reforms.

4. Some U.S. congressmen said that the administration did know about Enrons impending
disaster and should have warned the public in advance.

5. Korea must have struggled hard to have pulled itself of the Asian financial turmoil.





Unit 15. Task 1

Ai l ch nhn ca nn kinh t tri thc?

1. "Nu To ho sng to ra mt th duy nht khng th b s hu c quyn th
chnh l tri thc. Khng ai s hu tri thc t hn ai bi tt c mi ngi u c th s hu
chng. Khi mt ngi lng nghe kin ca ta, t anh ta tip nhn thm tri thc cho
mnh m khng lm cho ta km i. Cng ging nh khi anh ta thp sng ngn nn ca
mnh t ngn nn ca ta, anh ta sng ln m khng lmta ti i." Theo quan im trn
ca Thomas Jefferson, c th thy rng hon ton khng tn ti mt ro cn no i vi
qu trnh tip thu tri thc. Khng ai c th c chim tri thc, mi ngi u c th s
hu chng, v v vy, hn l mi iu trn th gii ny s tr nn tt p hn.

36

2. Ngy nay, khi tri thc chim lnh mt v tr ng k trong nn kinh t th dng nh
nhn nh trn ca Jefferson cng tr nn xc ng. By lu nay vn vn l mt trong
nhng ro cn ln nht i vi vic gia nhp ngnh; ngy nay, tng, hay tri thc,
chnh l vn. Mt khi vic tip nhn vn tr nn d dng nh vic thp sng mt ngn
nn th hn mi cn tr i vi vic gia nhp bt k mt ngnh no cng s khng cn
na. V vy th, "Vnh bit nh, c quyn i!"

3. Nu iu l ng th ti sao phn quyt ca To n M trong v kin chng li tp
on Microsoft hi thng 4/2000 li gy xo trn trn th trng ti chnh? V ti sao tnh
trng c quyn vn lin tip din ra trong lnh vc cng ngh thng tin? Cu tr li l:
trn thc t tri thc v tng khng phi l nhng dng t do lu chuyn nh J efferson
thy trong trng thi nguyn thu ca chng. Chnh ph ra nhng quy nh v
quyn s hu tr tu, v mt khi nhng quy nh b lm dng th tri thc v tng
hon ton c th b chim hu c quyn.

4. Xt t nhiu gc th v Microsoft chng qua cng ch l mt v kin nh bao v
chng c quyn khc v tnh trng c ln nut c b. Nhng n cha sau b mt tng
chng nh n gin y l mt mi lo ngi khng h nh v bn cht d b c quyn ca
ngnh cng ngh thng tin. Gi tr ca mt hng ho (v d: mt h iu hnh my tnh)
ngy cng ph thuc vo s lng ngi s dng hng ho , v th mt sn phm mi
kh c th cnh tranh c vi mt sn phm c th trng chp nhn rng ri (nh
h iu hnh Windows). Chnh ph M hon ton ng khi t ra cnh gic trc loi
hnh c quyn mi manh nha ny trong ngnh CNTT.

5. Tuy nhin, s cnh gic hon ton i ngc li vi chnh sch ca chnh ph M v
quyn s hu pht minh sng ch. Bng pht minh sng ch (patent) l hnh thc bo h
s hu tr tu mnh m nht. Mc ch ca patent l khuyn khch u t vo nghin cu
khoa hc v cng ngh, t thc y kh nng pht minh v sng to trong tng lai.
X hi phi cn nhc gia mt bn l li ch trc mt thu c t vic t do trao i
tng v tri thc vi mt bn l li ch lu di ca vic khuyn khch pht minh sng ch.
V bin php cn bng hai li ch l cho php ngi c patent s hu c quyn
trong mt khong thi gian nht nh.

6. Ngi ta bt u cp patent trong c nhng trng hp m trc y chng my ngi
cho rng c th cn n patent. Cc Thng hiu v Bng sng ch ca M (c quan
chc nng) cho rng chng c l do g khng cp patent trong nhng trng hp
bi chng tho mn y nhng tiu ch t ra l nhng tng mun c cp patent
phi mi, hu ch v khng hin nhin. Tuy nhin, y li ny sinh mt vn quan
trng: Liu h thng lut php ca M trong lnh vc ny c cn pht huy tc dng khi
m hai th k qua n chng c iu chnh g ng k? Cc TH v BSC li phn bc rng
chnh s tn ti ca h thng qua hai th k, cng nh s pht trin v bo ca khoa
hc cng ngh di tc ng ca n, l mt bng chng thuyt phc v tc dng ca
h thng. Cc nh pht minh sng ch ln trong lch s u t bo v mnh thng qua
mt lot patent. V nu khng c s bo h , h hn s chng c ng lc pht
minh v sng ch nhiu n th.

7. Vn l ch: s bo h ca h thng lut php ginh cho mt tng bt cht ny
sinh (thm ch c th l ny sinh trong khi tm) cng nhiu nh ginh cho mt dc
phm m ngi ta phi mt hng nmtri v tiu tn hng triu -la pht trin v
a ra th trng. Bo h s hu tr tu l cn thit, nhng mc bo h nh hin nay l
qu nhiu. Nc M cn sm thay th h thng bo h c tnh nh ng ca mnh bng
mt h thng mi da trn c s mc u t ca mi pht minh hoc sng ch. Tnh
trng bo h v li nh hin nay thm ch s cn tr ch khng h khuyn khch s pht
trin ca khoa hc cng ngh. V vn ny, nm1882, To n Ti cao M nhn

37
nh: N s to ra mt nhm k c hi (n trn ngi chc) ch i ln sng pht trin
ca KHCN dng ln, ht ly mt cht bt v ng du c quyn vo vi tn ca
h. Loi ngi ny vn chng ng gp g vo s pht trin ca KHCN m ch l mt
gnh nng i vi t nc.


Unit 15. Task 3.

Knowledge is power

1. Knowledge, as embodied in human beings and in technology, has always been central to
economic development. So the concept of a knowledge-based economy (KBE) is not an
unfamiliar one to economists. What is new is that a growing chunk of production in the
modern economy is based on the exploitation of ideas rather than material things.

2. The KBE seems to defy the basic economic law of scarcity. If a TV set is sold, the seller
ceases to own it. But when an idea is sold, the seller still possesses it and can sell it over
and over again. However much knowledge is used, it does not get used up.

3. Traditional economic theory assumes that the economy is based on the notion of
scarcity. Most industries run into diminishing marginal returns at some point, so no
one firmcan corner the market.

4. But an increasing number of products have increasing marginal returns. A new
software programmight cost millions of dollars to develop, but each extra copy costs
next to nothing to make. Economies of scale have thus increased. In the early 20
th

century, if a firmwas twice as big as its rivals, its average unit costs might be up to 10%
lower. Today, if a software firmis twice as big as its competitor, its average unit costs
might be up to 50% lower. This makes it harder for new entrants to break into a market.

5. An added complication is that the value of many goods, such as fax machines or
software packages, increases as more people use them. If everybody you know uses
Microsoft Word, then you will find life easier if you use it too. This also creates strong
barriers to entry.

6. Another factor can then strengthen a leaders grip on the market is the lock-in effect.
Once the customer has learned how to use a computer program, he is loath to switch
because of the hassle of learning a new program. So a newcomer has to show a huge
advantage to persuade consumers to switch.

7. Many pundits suggest that existing competition rules are no longer appropriate for the
information economy. In particular, they argue that the government should go easy on
hi-tech companies. With rapid technological change and vigorous competition,
monopolies will prove only temporary/ monopolies wont last long. Furthermore,
breaking up a monopoly could actually hurt consumers. A traditional monopoly
maximizes profits by restricting supply and raising the price. But in the new economy, a
firmwill do the exact opposite. So there is a strong case for governments to show greater
tolerance of monopolies to allow them to reap full economies scale. Rapid innovation
will always keep firms on their toes. If they become inefficient, they will quickly be
displaced/overthrowwn/ruled out of the game by sharper rivals.


Unit 15. Task 4.


38
1. Mt s quc gia Trung u d mi ch ang nui hy vng tr thnh thnh vin EU bt
u tnh n chuyn chnh thc p dng ng Euro.

2. ng c vin tng thng ni danh v kh nng lnh o kinh t, v y chnh l iu
m nn kinh t quc gia ang trong thi k kh khn ny rt cn.

3. Nu chnh ph tip tc d b nhng ro cn i vi u t nc ngoi th cui cng n
s c th snh vai/ngang hng vi nhng con rng chu .

4. Nhng c hi mi chc s tr thnh hin thc i vi chu u v so vi nhng nm
va qua, chu lc ny trong nmnay s ng mt vai tr ln hn i vi nn kinh t th
gii.

5. Mc d thot ra khi cuc khng hong ti chnh 1997, nhng Hn Quc vn cha
gii quyt tn gc nhng vn v c cu gy ra cuc khng hong .

6. Cc nc ngho hy vng rng mt vng mphn thng mi ton cu mi s loi b
nhng ro cn cn tn ti i vi hng dt may v nhng mt hng nng sn quan trng
ca h.

7. Ngi ta cho rng v khng b ngy 11/9 nh hng su sc n cch thc nhn nhn
th gii ca cc nh chnh tr M/quan im ca cc nh chnh tr M i vi th gii.

8. Vic xy dng mt h thng ngn hng hin i l yu t ct li nng cao hiu qu
phn b vn v duy tr tng trng kinh t nhanh cc nn kinh t trong thi k qu .

9. Tc cho vay ca cc ngn hng nh nc hin nay c v khng phi l mt tc
bn vng v mt kinh t.

10. T l tit kim trong dn chng cao lun l ng c thc y tng trng trong sut thi
k tin hnh ci cch, song s sp ca mt s ngn hng ln c th gy nhng tc
ng tiu cc trong di hn i vi t l .


Check your progress 3
EN-VN

1. Trong sut nhng nmsau khi Th chin th Hai kt thc, hai ting Vit nam thng
gi cho ngi phng Ty nh n mt cuc chin tranh du kch c lit hoc l s thm
bi ca ngi M - hoc l c hai iu . Mc d k c v cuc chin vn s tip tc
mnh tt c nhng ai tng tri qua cnh khi bom, nhng t nc Vit nam ngy
nay l mt t nc trong thi bnh, vi nn vn minh c o v a dng, vi phong
cnh thin nhin v cng ti p v nhng con ngi hiu khch, mang m mt bn
sc vn ho ring.

2. Hu nh mi du khch n Vit nam u b chinh phc bi v p thin nhin hng v
ca mnh t ny. i t ng bng sng Hng min bc, sut dc di duyn hi min
trung cho n ng bng sng Cu long min nam, u u ta cng bt gp nhng
cnh ng la xanh mn mn c chmbn bi bn tay nhng ngi nng dn tn to,
mt nng hai sng. 3451 kilmt b bin ca Vit nam c t im bng rt nhiu
nhng bi tm cn nguyn s v nhng vnh nh vi v p m hn. C ni, bi bin
rp bng da v phi lao xanh tt. Cng c ni ta li bt gp b bin vi nhng n ct
tri di ht tm mt hoc nhng nh ni ip trng ca dy Trng Sn.


39
3. Khch du lch n Vit nam s b cun ht bi nhng cnh sc, m thanh v hng v
ca mt t nc vi hn mt th k giao thoa hai nn vn ho ng Ty. Tht kh t
ni cm gic ca bn khi ngi thng thc nhng c sn a phng ngon tuyt mt
dy hng n tt su trong gc ch, vy quanh bn l nhng ngi bn hoa qu vng nhit
i v mt l nhc hiu k. Cng khng c g snh c vi ci th khi bn ngi bn
mt thc nc min Cao nguyn Trung b, nhm nhp nc sa chanh v ngm
nhng i tn hn din nhng b cnh p nht ang nhn bc bn b sui trong tun
trng mt ngt ngo. i vi nhiu du khch, Vit nam qu l mt dp him hoi ngm
nhn mt t nc vi nhng nt duyn truyn thng ang e ngi bc nhng bc u
tin ho nhp vi cuc sng hin i.

VN-EN

1. In the wake of the dotcom/digital meltdown and terrorist attacks, and among the 2002s
economic miseries/gloomy economic picture, all the excitement about the Internet of the
90s can seem like a distant memory. But while the enthusiasm over the digital
revolution/e-revolution has gone/faded, its significance has not.

2. For many countries, HIV/AIDS is a development crisis/ obstacle/ impediment/ challenge
and not solely a health issue. Multisectoral partnerships/concerted actions are therefore
needed to scale up/push forward with and sustain/ preserve effective measures to control
and prevent the epidemics spread.

3. In the emerging knowledge economy, the creation and diffusion of knowledge are
increasingly crucial in enhancing/ improving/ sharpening competitiveness of companies
and nations alike. Knowledge is not only embodied/manifested in goods and services but
also in knowledge as an intangible commodity itself under such forms as intellectual
property rights or the talents/wisdom of key employees.


Unit 16. Task 1

cht v lm vic

1. Mt phng s c bit va c chiu trn TV lt t rt r hin tng ny: phng s
quay cnh mt to nh trung tm Tky vi nhng ngn n vn phng c t
chng trnh sn u ng lot t tt vo lc 10 gi khuya, nhng ch vi giy sau, hu
nh tt c cc ngn n li c bt sng tr li. Nht bn l nc tng ly cm t
qu say m cng vic lmnim t ho, l t nc chim c 2% dn s th gii nhng
li sn xut ra 10% lng hng xut khu ca th gii. Mc d vy, t nc ny gi y
ang b m nh bi mt hin tng cht ngi m ting Nht gi l karoshi, c ngha l
cht v lmvic qu sc. Testunojo Uehata, mt chuyn gia y t pht minh ra thut
ng ny, nh ngha karoshi l mt tnh trng trong li lmvic c hi cho tm l
con ngi c ko di v ph v nhp lmvic v sinh hot bnh thng ca ngi
lao ng, dn n suy nhc c th, v l mt tnh trng lmvic qu sc trin min lm
trm trng thm cn bnh cao huyt p, lmx cng ng mch v cui cng dn n
suy sp nghimtrng. Ni cho d hiu l: ch lmvic m khng ngh ngi c th hu
hoi sc kho ca con ngi, d ngi l ngi Nht bn.

2. Chng c tun no tri i m bo i khng a nhng tin tc git gn v mt vin chc
no ang sung sc nhng qu thamcng tic vic nn khng th t chi lm
thm gi. Cch y khng lu, mt trung s cnh st 39 tui tn l Haruo Okada c
a ln trang nht v l nn nhn ca hi chng karoshi do lmvic hai ca trong sut mt
thng t chc l ng quang cho v tn Nht Hong. Tuy cha c con s thng k chnh

40
xc v s nn nhn, nhng cc nh phn tch cho rng hng nmc ti hng vn ngi
Nht b m thp t nht sinh hoc b mng v lmvic qu sc. Mc d chnh ph ha
s gim gi lm, nhng con s thng k nm1989 cho thy tng s gi mt ngi Nht
trung bnh lmtrong mt nml 2150 ting ng h, trong khi ngi M ch lm c
1924 ting, cn ngi Php ch lmc 1643 ting.

3. Mt s ngi Nht mun chm dt tnh trng ny. Khi mt nhm lut s v bc s thit
lp ng dy nng karoshi u tin Nht vo nm1988, trong ngy u tin c 135
ngi gi in n. Cho n nay c gn 2000 ca c cp bo cho 42 ng dy nng
trn ton nc Nht, v gn y ngi ta thnh lp mt trung tm cp bo quc t.

4. nng cao nhn thc cho ngi dn v vn ny, v buc chnh ph cng nhu cc
doanh nghip phi hnh ng, mt nhm lut s, bc s v v ca cc nn nhn cho
xut bn mt cun sch mang ta Karoshi: khi chin binh cho doanh nghip qua
i, trong k li nhiu cu chuyn khng khip. Vy nhng chnh quyn v hu ht
cc doanh nghip Nht li khng tha nhn karoshi v khng c ch bi thng c
bit no cho nhng ngi cn tr li. Theo nh ngha ca B Lao ng Nht, lmvic
qu sc ch c coi l nguyn nhn gy nn t vong nu nn nhn lmvic lin tc 24
gi lin trc khi cht, hoc lmvic 16 ting mt ngy lin tc trong 7 ngy trc khi
cht.

5. Than i, nh vy th d cho bo ch c lmrmbeng cng s chng lmcho ngi Nht
gim bt cng lmvic ca h. Trong mt cuc thmd d lun do mt cng ty bo
him tin hnh mi y, hn 40% nhn vin mua bo him ca cng ty khi c hi u
ni rng h s s cht v lmvic qu sc; nhng chng my ai nh lmiu g ngn
chn chuyn ny. Xem ra nmti s vn l mt nm y bn rn i vi nhng ngi
trc my cc ng dy nng karoshi.


Unit 16. Task 2

1. Although some J apanese women are successful in business, the majority of J apanese
companies are run by men.

2. In spite of their dedication to their companies, many young J apanese employees want
more leisure time.

3. Although they have intense work habits, many J apanese socialise quite easily after work.

4. Despite the increase in their salaries, 60% of J apanese workers still spend Saturday at
work.

5. Even though some J apanese and American management practices are similar, there are
many striking differences between them.

6. The headquarter of most major J apanese companies are located in Tokyo despite the very
expensive rents.


Unit 16. Task 4

knowledge management starts with coporate culture


41
1. There has been an unusual amount of interest the last 4 years or so in knowledge
management - that is, finding ways to capture the wisdom of the workers within an
organization in order to leverage that knowledge to its fullest or to preserve it after key
individuals retire fromor quit the organization.

2. At first blush, it seems like an idea that someone should have thought of long ago. And
that may be why nearly every company fromIntel to Chevron to Lockheed Martin - just
to name a few - is working feverishly to put knowledge management system in place.
Intel, for example, has on its company intranet a yellow page of on-call expert resources,
another site that contains the best practices within the company, a site for a network of
experts who look to create standards and best pratices within a given business area, and
center-of-excellence sites that serve as almost a virtual university for the rest of the
organization.

3. Of course, one should not oppose to the idea of knowledge management. Indeed, it makes
sense for a company to leverage the many years of experience and knowledge of its
workers into better products and services. But when a company tells you that it has a
sense of urgency to put in place a knowledge management system, that suggests that
somethings is missing in its management style.

4. Maybe its managers arent empowering their workforce but just paying lip service to the
concept. Or maybe they only think they have a good environment to spur creativity and
innovation, but in reality they dont. Or maybe theyre simply not doing a good job of
managing their people or planning for the future.

5. How frequently do you hear managers moaning the fact that the only person familiar with
a technology or process is retiring and they dont know how theyre going to find an
adequate replacement? And how often do you see employees with great knowledge
underutilized?

6. No doubt, knowledge management can help a company. But if a company needs to move
in that direction, maybe it also should take a look at its management style, its work
environment, and its culture to see whether it is fostering an environment of sharing and
openess.





Unit 17. Task 1

Doanh nghip nh: Khm ph sc mnh bn thn
Ln u tin trong lch s M, cc ch doanh nghip va v nh (SMEs) s tr thnh lc
lng vn ng hnh lang ln nht t nc.

1. By lu nay linh hn ca h thng doanh nghip M chnh l cc nh doanh nghip nh.
l nhng ngi t mnh thamgia kinh doanh cho chnh bn thn mnh vi trn tr
nhit huyt, lng quyt tm, s sng to, kho lo, mt ci u tnh to m bo lun
thu c li nhun v h lun thnh cng trong nn kinh t cnh tranh khc lit ca
chng ta. Tr tru l, by lu nay khng phi l h, m chnh l cc ng ch ca cc tp
on ln mi l nhng ngi c nh hng quan trng n chnh sch kinh t quc gia.
Song tnh hnh gi y c th s thay i. Chng ta s c nghe nhiu hn kin tp
th ca cc ch tim hoa, ch tim vn phng phm, cc i l du lch hay ch nh

42
hng..., tt c nhng ngi ny hp thnh mt lc lng hn 14 triu doanh nghip nh
M.

2. Phi chng chng ta ang qu phng i mi vic? Hon ton khng. Bt k ai chng
kin nhng hot ng si ni bt ng ca 2.100 i biu tham d cuc hp gn y ca
Nh Trng v doanh nghip nh s u ng rng hot ng ca cc doanh nghip nh
ang sp sa bc sang mt trang mi.

3. L do th nht, v c l cng l l do quan trng nht, cc ch doanh nghip nh nhn
thy mt iu l tt c cc ngh s, quan chc chnh ph v thm ch c tng thng M
u rt sn sng, thm ch st sng, lng nghe kin ca h. iu ny khng ch ng
vi nhng ch doanh nghip thamd hi tho ngy hm , m ng vi c hng
ngn, thm ch l hng vn ch doanh nghip khc khi h c nghe cc i biu i d
cuc hp v k li. Cui cng th Washington (Quc hi M) cng hiu c tm
quan trng ca cc doanh nghip nh i vi tng lai t nc.

4. Th hai, r rng l cng ng doanh nghip nh khng cn tnh trng b chia r do mu
thun v li ch nh trc na. Hai cuc hp trc ti Washington u kt thc tht bi;
cuc hp u tin vo nm1937 kt thc trong x xt, ln th hai vo nm1956 th
ton nhng li bng by v ngha. Nm nay, cng tc tr b cuc hp c tin hnh rt
k cng. Nhng vi mt lot i hi t cc pha ph n, dn tc thiu s, cu chin
binh, v nhiu on th khc, nhng tng cuc hp s li mt ln na kt thc tht bi.
Nhng khng, trc s ngc nhin v vui mng ca cc i biu, cuc hp din ra
trong tinh thn ho hp nht tr, v iu ny r rng l c th to dng mt nn tng
chung ton b cng ng doanh nghip nh c mt vai tr chnh tr mi m hn v
nng ng hn.

5. Th ba, cc doanh nghip cng bn bc, trao i v nhng vn m h d nh
t ln chnh ph v quc hi vo nmti, ng thi thng nht th t u tin ca cc
vn . Cng ng cc doanh nghip cng xy dng mt chng trnh t c cc
mc tiu chung.

6. Ci c ln nht ca chng trnh ny l vic khi dy s tn trng ca cng ng i
vi cc doanh nghip nh, ng thi cng nh thc lng t trng ca cc doanh nghip.
Cc doanh nghip nh by lu t coi mnh l nhng phn t b nh v tm thng
trong c h thng kinh t. Nhng gi y, h thay i li suy ngh y.

7. Mt trong nhng h qu quan trng ca thay i ny trong i sng chnh tr ca M l
nhng chuyn bin trong thi ca cng chng i vi doanh nghip ni chung. Cc
lut s v ngi dn ni chung s c thi thin ch i vi nhng doanh nghip nh.
Khi cc ch doanh nghip ny pht biu v vn t do kinh t, kin ca h c
nh gi cao bi nhng ngi lu nay thng ln ting ch trch cc tp on ln li
dng cng chng v mc ch ring ca mnh.

8. Mt s ngi vn ch i mn kt ca cc doanh nghip nh. Nhng s ng li tin
tng rng y mi ch l khc do u v nc M ang ch i mt bu khng kh
kinh doanh sc si tr li vi quyt tm ca cng ng doanh nghip nh nhm thc
hin xut sc vai tr tr ct ca mnh.


Unit 17. Task 3

SMEs - issues and solutions


43
1. Never before has there been such broad consensus about what needs to be done to reduce
poverty, and this consensus includes realization of the importance of the private sector, a
key engine of growth. One of the best way to build it is fromthe bottom up - focusing on
small-scale entrepreneurs. This means listening to their concerns, identifying their
biggest obstacles, and helping them compete in an increasingly global economy. Given
the right tools, they can create many of the jobs, and much of the wealth, that their
society so badly requires.

2. What is needed are healthier, more competitive, and more sustainable small business
sectors that can take full advantage of the opportunities before them. But experience
shows they rarely evolve on their own. Carefully chosen, transparent, and well-designed
interventions are important, especially in expanding access to critical resources such as
capital, skills, and industry information that help small businesses move on faster,
straighter growth paths.

3. Development institutions worldwide have long tried to do just this, but found the micro
sector especially difficult to serve. While many individual programs have been put in
place, lasting and far-reaching results have been the exception, not the rule. Meanwhile,
income gaps have widened in many areas, and population growth has increased the
number of poor people.

4. The World Bank Group has therefore begun taking a more proactive approach to help
countries diagnose their key constraints to small business growth and efforts are
underway to integrate SME issues into the planning tools of the borrowing governments.
To this end, a strategy with four pillars has been developed in an attempt to addressing
SMEs most essential problems.

5. Business Environment. SMEs do not operate in a vacuum, but in a business
environment determined by government policies, public and private sector institutions,
physical infrastructure, and other factors. Frequently, small businesses have to struggle
against macroeconomic uncertainty, weak infrastructure, widespread corruption, and
difficulties enforcing contracts and property rights. Other factors also stand in their way,
including excessive demands for licenses, permits, inspections, fees, burdensome tax and
regulatory regimes. More than anything else, they need a more level playing field.
Unless weaknesses in this environment, which impose major constraints to SMEs
operation, are addressed, international efforts to strengthen the micro sector are likely to
have uneven results.

6. Technical assistance and capacity building. SMEs need more than just money. Many
of them often dont know what they dont know. To move forward, they need
affordable, easy access to accountants, management and marketing consultants, technical
experts and others who can bring them direct bottom-line, well-targeted advice and
support services.

7. Access to capital. Established financial institutions are reluctant to lend to small
businesses they dont know, leaving SMEs dependent on their own cashflows or less
reliable informal sources of capital. It is therefore important that new and better financial
products be designed and quickly made available. Today the emphasis is on helping
local banks, leasing companies, equity investors, credit rating agencies and others see the
benefits that can come from providing SMEs with properly-structured financing
packages. Once this happens, financial institutions can build a potentially strong new
line of business.

8. Access to information technology. Small businesses often lack the awareness and skills
to tap into the unprecedented opportunities offered by Internet-based computer

44
applications. But the Internet should indeed be seen as a tool that facilitates a firms
evolution. E-commerce, for example, can help entreprneurs with small budgets find new
buyers in overseas markets that would otherwise be unreachable. Placement and
fulfillment of orders, arranging of financing, accounting and insurance, and interactions
with distributors can also be done online at a fraction of the offline costs. Such
opportunities require affordable access to the Internet and other new technologies.


Unit 17. Task 4

1. C tin cho hay mt nh bo ngi Anh ang c trong tay mt s cun bng ct st ghi li
bn cuc ni chuyn gia Thi t v Cng nng Diana, trong ngi ta buc ti Thi
t c thi thiu tn trng i vi dn c.

2. Th tng thi xa ca Anh, ng Churchill, ca ngi cng lao ca Lc lng Khng
qun Hong gia sau nh Th chin nh sau: Trong sut lch s ca Vng quc Anh,
cha bao gi c mt dn tc li phi chu n mt s t ngi n nh vy, m li chu n
su sc n nh vy.

3. Gic ng l mt qu trnh t nhin, v con ngi vn cha th khm ph nhng b n v
n mc d vit rt nhiu v n.

4. Chng ta c c ngy hm nay l nh cng lao ca rt nhiu ngi Vit nam v M,
nhng ngi cng nhau hp tc trong vic thng k s ngi M mt tch ca chng
ta. T trc n nay, cha bao gi chng ta li n lc nhiu n vy an i vong linh
ca nhng chin s khng th tr v nh sau cuc chin.

5. Khch du lch n Vit nam vn sn lng chi tin, nhng h khng mun chi m khng
bit khon tin s ri vo ti ai.

6. Lc no cng s b mt uy tn nn mi khi ban hnh mt chnh sch no m b d lun
phn i, chnh ph thng bin bch l mnh lc bt tng tm.

7. V c ti 2/3 ngi ngho trn th gii sng ti chu nn khu vc ny chnh l ni
chng ta cn phi chin thng i ngho.


Unit 18. Task 1

cc hnh thc u t trc tip nc ngoi

1. Khi tin hnh u t trc tip ra nc ngoi, mt cng ty a quc gia c th cn nhc la
chn nhiu hnh thc s hu khc nhau, t s hu 100% vn n cc mc thp hn,
thm ch c th ch l mc thiu s. Ngy nay, khi sc hp dn ca nhiu th trng
u t gim, nhiu cng ty bt u s dng phng thc hp ng qun l nh
mt hnh thc u t quc t.

2. Hnh thc s hu 100% vn. i vi nhiu cng ty khi quyt nh u t trc tip ra
nc ngoi, hnh thc s hu 100% vn thng c h xem xt trc tin. iu ny c
th xut pht t tm l vng ni, ngha l nhng ngi qun l doanh nghip cho rng
khng th cho ngi ngoi xen vo nhng quyt inh ca ni b cng ty. Quyt
nh u t cng c th da trn nhng tnh ton v mt ti chnh. V d, nhng nh
qun l ca tp on IBM cho rng vic chp nhn chia s quyn s hu vi i tc
nc ngoi c th t ra mt tin l cho vic chia s quyn kim sot cng ty vi cc i

45
tc nc s ti, v iu hn s c hi nhiu hn l c li. Trong mt s trng hp,
IBM la chn chm dt hot ng u t thay v chp nhn yu cu ca chnh ph
nc s ti v vic chia s quyn s hu (lin doanh) vi doanh nghip nc .

3. c th a ra c mt quyt nh hp l v hnh thc s hu, cc nh u t phi
xc nh c liu vic duy tr kim sot ton b s c ngha nh th no i vi thnh
cng ca cng ty nc ngoi. Thng th, vic duy tr s hu 100% vn s to iu
kin thun li hn cho hot ng ca cng ty trn phm vi quc t, nhng hnh thc s
hu khng phi l iu kin bt buc (iu kin cn) m bo thnh cng. Tuy
nhin, s hu ton phn i khi cng c ngha sng cn, c bit l trong trng hp
hot ng ca cng ty hon ton da trn nhng mi lin kt cht ch trong ni b.
Trong nhng trng hp , mi quan h ph thuc gia cng ty m v cng ty con
nc ngoi cht ch n mc bt k mt s thiu ng b nh no trong phi hp hot
ng cng c th gy tn hi n li ch ca ton th cng ty ni chung.

4. Tuy nhin, mi trng u t quc t ngy cng tr nn bt li cho hnh thc s hu
ny. Nhng quy nh c tnh hn ch hoc phn bit i x ca chnh ph cc nc s
ti ang dn khin cho hnh thc u t ny tr nn km hn dn. Cc nh u t ng
trc hai con ng: hoc l tun th nhng quy nh hn ch v chp nhn nhng
mt phn kim sot cho i tc nc s ti; hoc l mt i c hi lmn ti nc .
Ngoi sc p chnh thc t pha chnh ph, tnh hnh chung trn th trng u t quc
t cng c th khin cho cc cng ty cm thy cn phi lin doanh lin kt vi cc i
tc a phng.

5. Hnh thc lin doanh. Sc p t pha chnh ph khng phi l nguyn nhn duy nht
gii thch cho s pht trin lin tc v mt s lng ca cc lin doanh trn th trng
u t quc t hin nay. Trong bi cnh chi ph kinh doanh ngy cng tng, cnh tranh
th ngy cng khc lit, cc cng ty ang nhn nhn hnh thc lin doanh nh l mt gii
php cho nhng vn ca h.

6. Lin doanh thc s khng phi l mt hnh thc u t mi m. Ngay t nm1879,
Thomas Edison lin kt vi Corning Glass Works ch to v sn xut bng n
in. Cng tng t nh th, cc cng ty ng st ca M t cui nhng nm1880
cng lin doanh vi nhau thc hin nhng d n ln.

7. Mc d t trc n nay cc lin doanh thng hot ng trong lnh vc sn xut ch
to, nhng hin nay hnh thc ny ngy cng tr nn ph bin trong c lnh vc dch v.
Ngnh hin c nhiu lin doanh hot ng nht l ch to, sau n thng tin lin lc,
vn ti v khai khong.

8. im mu cht trong quyt nh thnh lp mt lin doanh l cc bn phi c mc tiu
kinh doanh chung. iu lmcho mi quan h ca cc bn thamgia lin doanh khng
kht hn so vi mi quan h mua - bn, nhng li khng b buc nh mc thn tnh mua
li cng ty. L do cn bn ca cc i tc khi tham gia lin doanh c th rt khc nhau.
V d, trong cng ty NUMMI lin doanh gia Toyota v GM, pha i tc Nht hy vng
c th thm nhp mt cch trc tip vo th trng M, cn pha cng ty M li k vng
hc hi c v cng ngh cng nh kinh nghim qun l ca ngi Nht.

9. Thng thng, vic lin doanh ch c tin hnh trn c s thnh lp mt thc th c
lp, c ngha l cng ty lin doanh hon ton c lp vi hai cng ty b m. Tuy nhin,
rt nhiu hnh thc lin doanh mi ang xut hin. Lin kt trong hot ng R&D ngy
cng tr nn ph bin trong lnh vc cng ngh cao. Mt s cng ty li tin hnh lin
doanh lin kt theo tng v vic c th, ch khng lp ra mt thc th mi, c lp.
Ngay c thut ng s dng cho hnh thc ny cng c thay i. Ngy nay, ngi ta
gi cc lin doanh l cc lin minh chin lc hoc lin kt chin lc. Mt nh qun

46
l ni: V th cnh tranh ca mt cng ty ngy nay khng cn ph thuc duy nht
vo cng ty na, m n ph thuc c vo kh nng to dng lin doanh lin kt ca
cng ty .


Unit 18. Task 3

investors, welcome back to vietnam !

1. It isnt hard to find plenty of foreign investors disillusioned with their forays into
Vietnam. In 1994, they came in enormous numbers with grand plans for oil refineries and
automotive plants. But to a large extent their ambitions were thwarted: bureaucracy or
lack of clarity in government policy stood in their way, and laws kept changing. Or they
found the great market they had predicted didnt exist in the first place. Often, their own
naiivet was as much to blame as any restrictive practice in Vietnam. Either way, many
have left the country disappointed.

2. But although foreign direct investment figures are at historic low levels - total FDI in the
first half of the year was $318.6 million, there are brighter signs for foreign investors.
Apart fromthe traditional sectors of footwear, garment and textiles, electronics and
processed seafood, there is also scope for greater overseas participation in service sectors
like legal consultancy, banking and insurance.

3. In addition, new legislation is improving Vietnams appeal to investment. The Law on
Foreign Investment allows and guarantee convertibility from dong into foreign
currencies. The new Enterprise Law also dramatically simplifies the way new businesses
can be established.

4. Another positive sign is the Private Sector Forum, formed by the WB and IFC with the
MPI, to back reforms in this sector. The raising of interest rate ceilings , the institution of
a base rate and the formation of the new stock exchange are also seen as positive.

5. Despite public applause, these changes in legislation also pose a headache. People talk
about the lack of laws in Vietnam, but in fact it is completely the opposite, says HCM
City lawyer Lucy Wayne. There were 4600 laws, regulations, circulars and so forth in
Vietnamin 1998, and that figure has more or less doubled since then. Many investors
find this confusing, and furthermore, enforcement of legal awards is difficult and corrupt.

6. Nobody should assume Vietnamis without problems for foreign investors; even the most
bullish enthusiasts think it will be 5 to 7 years before the country becomes a sound place.
But against the grimbackdrop of the last 6 years, things are looking up for Vietnam.




Unit 18. Task 4

1. Although the talks have been dragging on for a couple of months, the two sides/countries
havent reached/ have yet to reach an agreement on their borderline.

2. The rescue package fromthe IMF has helped Turkey fend off a financial crisis, but will it
be enough to get Turkeys economic reforms back on track?


47
3. In the long run, price-fixing conspiracies will fall apart under the pressure of market
forces; therefore, it would be hard for companies to corner the market.

4. Many governments still turn a blind eye toward professional associations that limit
competition; for example, doctors and lawyers professional bodies can set minimum
prices for their services.

5. So many major incidentshave occurred in the past 6 months that the government has been
forced to accept that the problem can no longer be swept under the carpet.

6. The curent situation is somewhat under control for now, but if the economy doesnt move
forward, the social tensions are likely to get out of hand.


Unit 19. Task 1.

Thuc l v sc mnh ca nhn hiu

1. Ngi ta bn ci qu nhiu v vn (nn hay khng nn cho php) qung co thuc
l. Mt mt, c nhng ngi cho rng y l mt vn c tnh nguyn tc: nu thuc l
c php tiu th trn th trng th nghim nhin n phi c t do qung co.

2. hon ton khng phi l mt cch lp lun hp l. N chmngi cho nhng tranh
lun gay gt xoay quanh mt vn c bit nhy cm (mt sn phm gy hi cho sc
kho); v dn dt cuc tranh lun i trch hng - vn mu cht y khng
phi l c nn quy nh cm qung co thuc l hay khng, m l cn p dng nhng
bin php g hn ch tiu th thuc l.

3. Mt khc, cng vi cch lp lun khng km phn v l, mt s ngi khc li cho rng
vic cm qung co thuc l (v c l cm c vic cc hng thuc l ti tr cho mt gii
u th thao) s l bin php duy nht gii quyt tn gc mi vn . Th nhng ch c ai
h mi tin rng Silk Cut v Marlboro s khng th bn c hng khi b cmqung
co. n gin l nhng nhn hiu thuc l qu ni ting ri.

4. iu dn dt chng ta n ct li ca vn : l sc mnh ca nhn hiu, ch
khng ch n thun l qung co. Bt k ai nu tht s mun chng thuc l hy s
dng cc yu t P trong marketing mix nh vo sc mnh ca cc nhn hiu thuc l,
cng nh khi ngi ta s dng cc yu t P xy dng nn sc mnh .

5. Ch P th nht (Product) chnh l sn phm, ngi ta c th lmcho thuc l tr nn
km hp dn v t c hi hn bng cch sn xut nhng iu thuc nh hn. Nh vy,
trng iu thuc bn ht khng c tao nh lm, v ht 20 iu mt ngy cng t b c
hi hn.

6. Ch P th hai (Packaging) l bao b, nhng quy nh ca lut php v bao b cng c th
lmtn hi n sc mnh ca nhn hiu. Bn th tng tng xem hiu qu s th no
nu nh cc nh sn xut ch c bn sn phm trong nhng bao b khng c biu trng
ca hng, v d tt c cc v bao ch ghi: 20 iu, tiu chun chnh ph, loi A, hm
lng nictin thp.

7. Ch P th 3 (Price) l gi c, hy th ngh ti vic y gi thuc l ln cao v dng
khon tin thu c t chc mt chin dch rm r chng thuc l. Vic ti tr cho cc
gii thi u c l cng s chm dt. Hn cc nh sn xut s khng my mn m vi vic
ti tr cho mt s kin mang tn Gii V ch Bi-a Snooker thuc l ho hng, loi B.

48

8. Vy cn ch P th 4 (Place) - knh tiu th? Ch cho php bn thuc l cc quy CTN
(quy bn bnh ko, thuc l v bo), v tip tc thc hin vic cm ht thuc nhng
ni cng cng. Thc hin ng lot nhng iu trn s chm dt c nhng tranh lun
gay gt v vn qung co thuc l. V lc ny ct li thc s ca vn s c
ngi ta quan tm n, l quyt nh ca chnh ph th hin thi ca x hi i vi
sn phm thuc l.

9. Vy mc ch cui cng ca tt c nhng phn tch trn l g? Th nht, ch ra rng
nu mt ngi thc s quan tm n vic gii quyt nhng vn thuc kiu ny, hy
nhn nhn v phn tch vn trn phng din marketing, ch khng phi phng din
qung co n thun.

10. Th hai, cho mi ngi thy rng vic khng nhn thc c y sc mnh ca
marketing c th s em li nhiu rc ri. Cui cng v quan trng hn c l khng
nh sc mnh thc s ca marketing mix vi nhng nh qun l doanh nghip v nhng
ngi khc cn t ra nghi ng sc mnh . nh gi thp uy lc ca n, iu c
ngha l bn t chuc v cho mnh.


Unit 19. Task 3

marketing in vietnamese companies
(an extract from an interview with a foreign marketing specialist)

1. Ive visited and worked with some sate-owned and private-owned businesses here. But
Id prefer not to refer to any specific enterprise as well as what is behind their particular
success or failure. I just want to speak fromthe angle of an observer.

2. During my visit it occurred to me that marketing performance in state-owned businesses
isnt as good as (that) in private ones. The objective cause is: Vietnam is now still in its
transition to a market economy; so the concept of marketing somehow sounds unfamiliar
to most managers. But the subjective cause is that while most state-owned enterprises
currently operate on a large scale, accounting for a remarkable share of the domestic
market, just few of them have specialized marketing staff. These activities are
traditionally performed by sales department, thus resulting in their poor knowledge of the
market, demand and consumer taste and consequently their inefficiency.

3. Another cause is that management of these companies is often influenced by higher-
ranking directorship, such as fromthe General Corporation or the Union. They cant take
the initiatve in production and investment planning.

4. Vietnamese enterprises generally invest in an unplanned way; they run business in a wide
range of goods rather than focus on what they are best at. While their competitiveness is
weak, competition is often ruthless among these businesses themselves. This particularly
holds true for those dealing in import-export and processing. In short, given their poor
knowledge of the market, both at home and abroad, they stand little chance of making
money.

5. Despite the fact that much progress has been reported in this field, much still should be
done. Businesses are seemingly paying too much attention to mere advertising while
taking for granted all such things as price, product quality, consumer taste. In the near
future, as more foreign investors are choosing Vietanmas their destination and bringing
with themmodern technology and professional marketing expertise, local businesses will

49
be fighting a losing battle if they insist on/keep on adopting their old-fashioned tactics.
The challenge is: businesses should quickly plot themselves a marketing strategy and
modern, effective tactics. Bear in your mind that Customers are the God and the God
decides your fate/fortune.


Unit 19. Task 4

1. Mt s doanh nghip t lu nhn thc c rng bo v mi trng v pht trin kinh
t hon ton c th l hai ngi bn ng hnh.

hoc: Mt s doanh nghip t lu nhn thc c rng h hon ton c th pht trin
kinh t m vn bo v c mi trng.

2. L l ca cu nghe cng c y, nhng ng tic l n chng n nhp g my vi vn
chng mnh ang bn.

3. Cc ng i lp cng nm trong tay nhng bng chng v mt s v tham nhng v
b bi ti chnh trong vn ng tranh c ca ng cm quyn. Vn l ch, cc ng
i lp cng chng ly g lmtrong sch.

4. Cc ng i lp bt u bn ti chuyn lin minh tranh c trong cuc bu c thng 7
ti.

5. Nu khng lp tc hnh ng, rt c th ng s kt thc nhim k ca mnh vi hnh nh
mt tng thng ch gii thuyt gio sung v ci cch.

6. Tnh hnh kinh t xu i c th c li cho th tng bi ng c th ly lmv kh tn
cng nhng k ang cc lc phn i ci cch.

7. B Thng mi v Cng nghip xa nay vn bo th nhng gi y quyt nh cho
thmt Kinh t v tn ca b mnh. y l du hiu cho thy b ny chp nhn
mt li t duy khi qut hn.

8. ng H Cm o kh c th thc hin ngay nhng bin php mnh tay y mnh ci
cch doanh nghip nh nc v gii quyt n ng, v gi y ng cn ang phi c
gng khng nh uy tn ca mnh sau k i hi ng (Trung Quc ln th 16).


Unit 20. Task 1

IU HNH DOANH NGHIP

1. Ngy nay, trong kinh doanh quc t v chng trnh pht trin ca cc quc gia, t c vn
no li ng vai tr quan trng nh vn iu hnh doanh nghip. Nu nh ngha
mt cch chnh thng th iu hnh doanh nghip c ngha l gii quyt cc vn ny
sinh trong vic qun l doanh nghip do ngi s hu v ngi qun l doanh nghip l
nhng ngi khc nhau. Nhng s kin xy ra trong 2 thp nin tr li y khin cho
vn iu hnh doanh nghip tr thnh mi quan tm hng u ca cng ng kinh
doanh quc t cng nh cc t chc ti chnh quc t. Gn y, sau mt s v b bi ti
chnh ln Nga cng nh cuc khng hong chu , cc nc ang pht trin v ang
chuyn i t ra c bit quan tm n vic iu hnh doanh nghip. Hn na, cng ng
doanh nghip cc nc u thm tha rng nu mun nng cao nng lc cnh tranh

50
quc t v thu ht u t nc ngoi th khng c con ng no khc ngoi vic phi
thit lp nhng h thng qun l v kinh doanh thit yu.

2. Sau khi bc tng Bclin sp v ton b c cu kinh doanh cc nn kinh t hu
cng sn c t nhn ho mt cch nhanh chng, ngi ta bt u quan tm nhiu hn
n vn iu hnh doanh nghip v coi l mt nhn t can thit pht trin t
nc. Bc khi u l phi c phn ho cc doanh nghip nh nc, tc l chuyn t s
hu nh nc sang lai hnh doanh nghip a s hu. Bc tip theo l phi xy dng
c mt b lut thng mi hon chnh bao gm lut ph sn doanh nghip, lut s hu
ti sn, ch k ton, v mtk lot cc lut l v qui nh kinh t khc. Nhim v kh
khn nht l phi bi dng c nhn ti, bi v trong thi bao cp chng my ai c
kinh nghim v trnh chuyn mn cn thit c th m nhim tt mt v tr trong
hi ng qun tr.

3. Gi y c nhiu kin cho rng cuc khng hong ti chnh chu thc cht l do
thiu tnh cng khai trong iu hnh doanh nghip, trong mi quan h gia chnh ph v
doanh nghip, gia c ng v nhng ngi nm gi tri phiu cng ty, v cc bin php
v mt php l i vi ph sn doanh nghip. Hn na, ng nh bo ch tng nhn
nh, vic thiu nhng th ch quan trng Nga cng dn n mt s v b bi ln
lin quan n chim ot ti sn, khai khng vic mua vt t v gian ln thng mi hay
ti chnh. Chng chnh t nhn ho Cng ho Sc cng cho thy nhc im ca
h thng thanh ton bng ho n nu nh c ch iu hnh doanh nghip khng c
thc hin mt cch st sao, bi v iu s lmcho vic ti c cu kh thc hin v tt
yu dn ti nng lc cnh tranh b gim st.

4. bao nhiu ln bn c nghe mi ngi ni cu ny: Tt nht l chnh ph hy trnh
sang mt bn v mc cho th trng hot ng ng chc nng ca n. ng nhin
l iu khng tng. Chnh ph thc ra ng vai tr v cng quan trng trong vic thit
lp nn khun kh cho nn kinh t th trng. Nu khng c nhng qui nh v lut l
rng buc th hu qu s l mt tnh trng kinh doanh hn lon, v t chc, v lc kih
doanh ch l mt kiu ch ngha t bn sng bc v cc quyt nh u t ch l tr
may ri: chng ta u t v hi vng rng i tc s lmn ng n, hi vng rng doanh
nghip m ta u t ang ni nhng li trung thc, hi vng rng ngi lao ng s c
tr lng sng phng, hi vng rng s tin ta cho vay s khng b ngi ta qut mt. Nu
ni mt cch khi qut th iu hnh doanh nghip thc cht l lmsao to ra c mt
khun kh trong mi ngi c t do ti a trong kinh doanh nhng phi tun th
nhng qui nh ca php lut. Cui cng th nhng qui nh s l nn tng cho s tin
cy ln nhau, m s tin cy li chnh l mt trong nhng yu t quan trng nht trong lm
n kinh t.

5. Mt h thng iu hnh doanh nghip st sao s phc v cho x hi rt nhiu. Ngay c
cc nc m cc cng ty khng tch cc tham gia giao dch trn th trng chng khon
th vic p dng nhng chun mc v tnh cng khai i vi cc nh u t v cp tn
dng cng s c li cho tt c cc bn, v n gip ngn chn khng hong trong h thng
ngn hng. Tin thm mt bc na - p dng nhng qui nh cht ch v ph sn doanh
nghip - v iu ny gip chng ta bit trong trng hp kinh doanh thua l th phi gii
quyt th no cho tho ng i vi cc bn c lin quan, trong c ngi lao ng, c
ng v nhng ngi nm gi tri phiu cng ty.

6. iu hnh doanh nghip cng lin quan mt thit vi mt vn thi s nng hi hin
nay trn th gii - vn bi tr nn tham nhng. Vic cc nc cng nhau ph chun
cng c v chng tham nhng ca OECD mi y ch l bc khi u ch cha phi
l ch n ca mt chin dch chng tham nhng ton cu. Vic thit lp mt h thng
iu hnh doanh nghip cht ch gi y ang l mi quan tm hng u i vi cc t

51
chc pht trin, cc c quan thammu v hip hi kinh doanh tt c cc nn kinh t
ang pht trin v ang chuyn i.



Unit 20. Task 3.

soe dOWSIzing - the initial stEPS

1. Weve met Le Trung Tien, a 57-year-old supervisor at the Hanoi Construction Company
N 2, who admitted that hes no longer a spring chicken after devoting 27 years of his life
to the company. But by mid October, Tien and 252 co-workers will leave after pocketing
cash payouts and other perks. This is the first batch of state employees to opt for
voluntary redundancy under the governments new scheme (to be implemented in 7 pilot
SOEs) to speed up dowsizing efforts at oversmanned state firms.

2. The 400 million scheme, backed by the WB and other donors, aims to lift/ease/relieve the
burden of surplus workers fromheavily indebted state firms; this, in turn, will help
accelerate privatization and resolve the bad debts weighing on Vietnams state-run banks.

3. Compared with China, Vietnamhas relatively few state workers to make redundant. With
about 80% of Vietnamese earning their living fromagriculture, only 1.6 million work in
the countrys 5650 state firms, of whom400,000 will be laid off over the next five years.
Yet the political sensitivities loom large. What will happen to those dismissed workers,
including the party faithfuls?

4. Balance sheets, however, make clear that the transition must be made. By the end of last
year, state firms had debts of 190 trillion dongs, roughly 10 times more than their assets.
And having locked itself into an ambitious reformtimetable with the IMF, the regime
couldnt afford to wait any longer.

5. To tempt workers to quit, the government is offering an incentive-laden package.
Compared to the late 80s and early 90s when state workers were laid off with a tiny lump
sumand no pension, the new package is generous: 2 months of basic salary per year of
service, a lump sumof 5 million dong, an additional 6 months of full salary, and, at
retirement age, a monthly pension payment.

6. Whether the scheme comes up to expectations remains to be seen/ There is much
speculation that the scheme will finally be able to fulfil its promise. But in any case,
trimming the workforce is just one small step toward sharpening competitiveness.
Managers must prove they can run profitable companies without relying on a safety net
of endless state handouts.


Unit 20. Task 4.

1. Through taxation and public spending, governments can cushion the losers.

2. Public confidence has been hammered hard by the Enrons financial scandal.

3. ASEAN has signed the ASEAN+3 agreement to rope in China, South Korea and J apan.
4. The over-burdened state-owned banks can no longer milk the state-owned enterprises.


52
5. As the 21
st
century dawns, challenges to the global economy begin to appear on the
horizon.

6. One of Hondas famous business philosophies is to axe costs to improve productivity.

7. SMEs are central to fueling economic growth.

8. J apans economy hasnt bottomed out in spite of the bold economic reforms.


Check your progress 4
Task 1.

1. Cch y 8 thng, mt ng vin ng Cng sn Vit nam phi ln ting ch trch
nhng yu km cn bn ca nn kinh t, trong ni ln l nng sut lao ng v nng
lc cnh tranh cng nh cht lng sn phm thp km. V kin khng phi ca ai
xa l m ca chnh Th tng Phan Vn Khi, mt nh kinh t c o to Lin X,
trong bi pht biu nmngoi ca ng trc quc hi, c quan lp php cao nht ca
Vit nam.

2. Uy tn ca ng Khi c nng ln kh nhiu v ng y mnh ci cch kinh t, c
bit trong vic m rng khu vc kinh t t nhn. Vo thi im ny, b my lnh o ca
Vit nam ang phi x l mt v tham nhng ca cc quan chc cao cp, ng thi li
phi i ph vi nhng nh hng sp ti ca t do ho thng mi. Chnh ph cng
cam kt thc hin mt lch trnh ci cch cht ch, th hin bng hip nh thng mi
song phng vi Hoa k va bt u c hiu lc vo thng 12 nm2001.

3. Vi p lc cnh tranh gay gt t AFTA v vic gia nhp WTO s din ra trong nay mai,
hn bao gi ht, ng cng sn Vit nam ang trng i vo ng Khi trong vic khc
phc nhng yu km cn bn ca nn kinh t.

4. Xem ra th tng Phan Vn Khi ln ny thnh cng trong vic gim bin ch 5650
doanh nghip nh nc, mt tin ti cp vn cho cc ngn hng thng mi thuc
s hu nh nc hin ang qu ti. Vo thng 10 nm 2002, chnh ph bt u rt
nhng khon tin ln cho nhng cn b thuc bin ch t nguyn ngh vic. y l mt
phn trong chng trnh an sinh x hi mi ca nh nc.

5. Trong khi , khu vc t nhn cng t ra c nhiu kh nng hn trong vic to cng n
vic lm cho lao ng di d. Lut doanh nghip mi y n gin ho th tc thnh
lp doanh nghip, nh mi thng c ti hn 2000 doanh nghip mi c thnh lp.
Tuy vy ng Khi vn cn phi tip tc bi b thm hng trmgiy php na ang l
nhng ro cn kh chu i vi vic thnh lp doanh nghip, ng thi cn rt thm vn
cho khu vc t nhn.

6. Ngn hng Th gii v Qu Tin t Quc t cng ch i nhng h tr nhiu hn na t
pha chnh ph i vi khu vc t nhn, cng nh nhng tin b rong ci cch ngnh
ngn hng v doanh nghip nh nc, nh chnh ph nu trong cam kt nm2002 ca
mnh. Vi rt nhiu nh u t ang c nh rt vn vo Vit nam, t nc ny khng
cn nhiu thi gian thc hin nhng ci cch cn thit.


Task 2.


53
1. As the global economy becomes more open to international business, countries
increasingly have to compete for foreign investors. In response to this situation, most
countries are liberalizing their FDI framework. The following three elements are crucial
to successfully attracting FDI:

2. Formulating a vision of technological upgrading, and targeting FDI to this aim. Host
countries should formulate strategic goals and try to identify windows of opportunity
relating to foreign investment. Policies to attract FDI should not only be professional and
aggressive but also selective and embedded in a comprehensive national development
strategy. As a first step it is necessary to create a consensus among national
entrepreneurs, trade unions, policy-makers and civil society in general about the necessity
of technological upgrading. Second, strategic goals should be set forth. Third, efforts
should be made to identify which foreign investors and activities are suitable and at the
same time realistic for achieving these strategic goals. This requires continuous
monitoring of changes in the market and of their specific strengths and weaknesses in
order to timely and precisely identify windows of opportunity. Fourth, based on this
assessment, promotion should be intensified in order to attract the targeted investors.

3. Creating and promoting a positive image of the location. Countries are undertaking
pro-active approaches to sell their image abroad. Investment promotion is usually done
by public agencies or private non-profit organizations. These institutions should
nevertheless be organized in a businesslike manner and develop an attitude oriented
towards the private sector. Often it is helpful to advertise success stories of pioneering
investors because would-be investors tend to observe the performance of these pioneers
before making their own investment decisions, which is an efficient way to minimize
risks.

4. Improving advanced and specialized factors in accordance with technological goals.
Most developing countries strive to attract foreign direct investment by their low costs
(especially for labor and natural resources), subsidies (which may take the formof grants,
tax holidays, or subsidized land). In fact, these are basic and generalized factors, which
are usually not enough to sustain long-term competitiveness. Subsidies draw off
resources fromother activities and may lead to a subsidy race among competing locations
while they do not help to improve the underlying factors of competitiveness. In order to
achieve the envisaged goal, advanced and specialized factors need to be developed. These
include a knowledge workforce, R&D activities, specific infrastructure in fields such as
information technology.


Unit 21. Task 1.

Hai tro lu ln trong thi i ca chng ta

1. Mi c hn 10 nmtri qua k t khi bc tng Bclin sp , nhng lch s th gii th
lt sang mt trang mi. Gn mt na th k qua, cc nc phng Ty u tranh
mnh lit truyn b ch ngha t bn v t tng dn ch ra khp th gii. Gi y h
t c iu mnh mun - sc mnh th trng v ti tr ca con ngi c pht huy
mt cch ti a, v qun l c sc mnh s tr nn kh khn hn bt k ai c th
hnh dung c. Ch ngha t bn v t tng dn ch l hai tro lu chnh ca lch s
th gii ng i; chng gii phng cho sc sng to v nng lc ca con ngi hn bt
c lc lng no khc. Nhng chng cng l nhng tr lc v cng nguy him. Chng
lmo ln nhng tn ti trt t c, nhng truyn thng li thi, nhng cng ng hay
ngh nghip khng ph hp, thm ch chng cn e do s n nh v s thanh thn ca
chnh chng ta. Mt cch khng thng xt, hai ln sng ny lin tc trn dng ln pha

54
trc, thay i tt c nhng g trn ng i ca mnh. Thch thc i vi cc nc
phng Ty trong th k ti l lmsao kim sot c sc mnh v bo ca hai tro lu
ny v khng ch nh hng ca chng trong vic thay i cc hot ng v hnh vi ca
con ngi. Nu khng th hu ht cc nc trn th gii s kh trnh khi nhng hu qu
nng n m hai ln sng ny mang li.

2. Ngy nay mi th u thay i. Ngy xa, sut 3 th h, nhng s kin ni bt nht
ca th gii l nhng cuc u tranh chnh tr: cuc i Suy thoi, Th chin th hai,
cuc Chin tranh Lnh, v phong tro ginh c lp ca cc nc thuc a. Thi d,
chnh tr v ngoi giao ng vai tr ch o. Cn ngy nay, u u ta cng cm thy
mt bu khng kh mi rt si sc - kht vng lmgiu. Ngy xa, ngi ta c th tn
th cc chin binh, cc chnh khch, cc ho s, hay nh vn. Cn anh hng thi nay li l
cc nh doanh nghip. Ngay c nhng nc ngy xa vn khinh b ch ngha trng
thng thp km ca cc nc phng Ty nh Trung Quc, n hay Brazil gi y
cng ra sc tmcch thit lp cc khu ch xut v cc hnh lang cng ngh cao thu ht
u t v pht trin kinh t.

3. Cc nh tr thc c l mun nhc nh chng ta rng ton cu ho thc ra chng c g l
mi m. Ngay t u th k 20, mu dch v th trng t do cng nh c ch chnh tr
dn ch rt ph bin. Ngy nay chng ta c th i khp chu u m khng cn th
thc; nhng thi ng cha ta cn chng cn n h chiu na c!

4. Nhng u th k trc v u th k ny vn c nhng nt khc bit rt quan trng. Ln
sng ton cu ho ngy nay l mt qu trnh c nh hng su rng cha tng c. Hng
ngn sn phm, dch v v thm ch c tng c to ra trn phm vi ton cu, to nn
nhng mi quan h tng tc phc tp gia cc nc. Mt nt khc bit na l bn cht
ca cc siu cng. Mt nn kinh t th gii t do cn phi da trn s tn ti ca ho
bnh, m iu ny thng ch c c khi c mt nc ng vai tr b ch th gii. Hi
u th k 20 th l nc Anh, cn u th k 21 th l nc M. Nhng hi nm
1900 th nc Anh l mt cng quc ang trn suy vong. Cn gi y th tnh hnh
li khc hn. Khng nhng M vn ang t tin trong vai tr b ch th gii, m nh
hng ca nc ny vn ang khng ngng lan rng: chng ta ang sng trong thi i
ca Hoa K.

5. Vy iu g s ch i chng ta trong thin nin k mi ny? Hu ht cc nc u nhn
thy rng cn phi khng ch c nhng nh hng tiu cc khn lng ca ch ngha
t bn. Cng ngy chng ta s cng gp nhiu kh khn hn trong vic tm ra bin php
hu hiu nht i ph vi ch ngha dn tu. Mt vi quc gia bt u nhn thy
nhng him ho m ch ngha ny c th mang li: dn ch m khng c lut php,
khng c s bo v i vi nhng nhm ngi thiu s v quyn s hu ti sn, th dn
ch ch l v ngha. Kh khn ln nht l cc nc phi t iu chnh mnh khi nhng
ln sng i mi trn n vi sc mnh ngy cng v bo khng g cn ni. D sau
cc nc c t c mt s cn bng mi, th h cng vn phi lin tc thay i mt
cch su rng hn v nhanh chng hn nhiu so vi trc kia. Li khuyn duy nht m
chng ta c th a ra lc ny, khi ton th gii bc vo mt thi i mi, l: hy cn
thn v chun b tinh thn, chng ng pha trc s cn nhiu gian lao th thch.


Unit 21. Task 3.

An overview of international politics

1. It is only in the most recent years of human existence that we have had a world of regular
contacts between different states - what we call international politics. Exploration of most

55
of the planet has been accomplished only in the past three hundred years, detailed
mapping is less than one hundred years old and we never saw the entire planet until the
1960s, when the missions to outer space sent back the first snapshots.
2. The rise of European power in the 15
th
century makes the start of world politics as we
know it. The European kingdoms found their vital trade routes to the south and east
blocked by powerful, hostile empires. Armed with modern firearms and bold enough to
attempt hazardous, long-distance sea ventures, first the Spanish and Portuguese and later
the north Europeans set out in search of new trade routes and new opportunities. Sea
routes rather than land routes formed the first avenues of this new international contact.
Of course some, notably the Russians, began expanding on land eastward, but most sailed
west to discover and conquer the Americas. By the 18
th
century, the basic structure of
the modern international political system was established. By the 19
th
century, Africa had
become the focus of European colonial attention, while the older colonies of the
Americas were gaining their independence.

3. The spread of European power brought new political and religious ideas in its wake and
closer international relationships in trade. The interchange of plants, for example, helped
create a boomin food production which spawned uncontrolled growth in population.
More people meant, in turn, a greater demand for trade and hence multiplied the clash of
interests between states.

4. This exchange of ideas and goods where interests clashed led to wars over power and
wealth. There was also a new desire for a trading currency of exchange, to replace the old
barter system. This creation of money also helped create new mercantile classes which
began to challenge hereditary rulers or military leaders for power.

5. In the Second World War the United States triumphed in Asia, and, with its allies, in
Europe. After the war, the most powerful land power was the Soviet Union. As it swept
through Eastern Europe, the Soviet Union established friendly, communist-led
governments and, in its wake, challenged the political order in Western Europe. The old
empires of the European powers were shattered and the board was reset.

6. Fifty-one states formed the United Nations in 1945 but it was already clear that not all the
states were equally important. Two Superpowers, the Soviet Union and United States,
clearly dominated all the others (the termSuperpower as coined in 1944). However, the
locus of world power had not entirely shifted fromEurope. The continent was effectively
divided into East and West and the Superpowers split the Europeans into the key
alliances that formed the basis of their global contest for power. Although the European
allies were important to Moscow and Washington, the decline of the European age of
international relations was already apparent.

7. However, in the late 1980s, the United States was gradually coming to terms with its
declining influence, even though many in the United States were reluctant to accept this
view. But it was the rapid reforms in the Soviet Union that took the world by surprise.
Mikhail Gorbachev pulled back Soviet forces from distant engagements and above all,
allowed the East Europeans to abandon Communism. The breaching of the Berlin Wall
on 9 November 1989 marked the end of the Cold War, and perhaps a new European
renaissance. By the early 1990s, several states, most notably the Soviet Union, had
broken up into new units. Many of the Cold War conflicts were being wrapped up, but a
whole range of new disputes were re-emerging. Not since 1945 had the balance of power
been so uncertain.


Unit 21. Task 4.

56

xy dng lng tin
xy dng k hoch
xy dng chnh sch
xy dng n
xy dng nn mng
xy dng ch s


thc hin d n ng k hoch ra
thc hin k hoch
thc hin c m
thc hin li ha
thc hin chuyn thm
thc hin cam kt
thc hin nhim v
thc hin chnh sch
thc hin kim tra gim st
thc hin n hng

p dng bin php
p dng khoa hc k thut
p dng chin lc

build/gain/win confidence
make a plan
formulate a policy
develop a project
lay the foundation
construct an index


to fulfil a project on schedule
to carry out a plan
to realise a dream
to keep a promise
to pay a visit
to fulfil/ follow through a commitment
to performa task
to adopt a policy
to exercise control/supervision
to fulfill an order

take a measure
apply technology
pursue a strategy
thnh ph ln
s tin ln
cng ty ln
vn ln
thnh tu ln
tin b ln
thch thc ln
mc tiu ln
khng hong ln
nh hng ln
s phn cch ln
gii thng ln
s a dng ln

t hng
t phng
t v
t bn
t nim tin vo...
t bt ln bn
t nn mng cho ...

major cities
huge amount
giant companies
key issue
impressive achievement
remarkable progress
considerable challenge
ambitious target
serious crisis
profound impact
dramatic split
prestigious prize
enormous diversity

place an order
reserve a room
book a ticket
reserve a table
place trust in ...
put ... on the table
lay the foundation for ...


Unit 22. Task 1.

Cc siu cng ang suy yu v nhng cng quc mi

1. S hng thnh v suy vong ca cc cng quc, cha k ti s th nghch t nhin gia
h, l cuc chi v i nht trn th gii ngy nay. Ch trong mt vi thp nin ngn ngi

57
sau nm 1945 ni ln hai siu cng c v kh ht nhn sc tiu hu ton b nn
vn minh nhn loi trong mt cuc thm st ht nhn, v kh nng trin khai lc lng
qun s ng s trn ton th gii. Nhng n u thp nin 90, mt trong hai siu cng
sp , cn siu cng th hai - Hoa k - th ang rt lui khi nhiu cam kt ton
cu. Th gii dn dn quay tr li tnh trng tranh ginh vn tr nn quen thuc nhng
li phc tp hn ca chnh tr cng quyn.

2. Thi i ca cc siu cng bt u khi Hoa K v Lin X thng tr th gii sau th
chin th hai. Mi bn cm u mt trong hai lin minh qun s hng mnh nht, v c
hai u kim sot lc lng v kh nguyn t nhiu hn bt c quc gia no khc. Mi
bn u trin khai cc chng trnh chnh tr mang tnh th nghch vi pha bn kia v
tranh ginh ng minh v nh hng vi nhau nhng khu vc xa xi trn ton th gii.

3. Mc d Nga v M phi hp cng nhau nh bi c v Nht, song h khng th
nht tr vi nhau v hnh th ca th gii thi hu chin. Chu u b chia ct dc theo
ranh gii kim sot qun s c nht tr trong thi k chin tranh. Tt nhin vic
Trung u b chia ct khng thng tic bi bc mn st nh Churchill gi l iu tri
t nhin, nhng mi ti khi ranh gii chia ct c phn nh r rng th cc cuc khng
hong mi thi khng tip din.

4. Chu u c bnh n bi chin tranh Lnh, nhng ngay sau nhng bt n ln li
nhanh chng ni ln nhng khu vc nm xa hn nhng mi quan tm trc tip ca cc
siu cng. Cuc chin Triu Tin nm 50-53 m u cho mt lot cc cuc xung t
chu v Trung ng, v xung t gia cc siu cng dch chuyn khi chu u,
v nhiu nc ang pht trin u tranh ginh c lp t tay cc cng quc chu u
gi ci. Nhng cuc xung t nguy him nht xy ra ti Cuba nm 62 li lin quan ti
vic Lin X trin khai tn la ht nhn sn sau ca M. Khip s trc vin cnh phi
lao vo mt cuc chin ht nhn, nm1963, hai siu cng ng k kt hip c
kim sot v kh c qui m ln u tin - Hip c Cm th V kh Ht nhn Cc b -
nhm thit lp cc c ch mi kim sot xung t.

5. Khi cc siu cng nhn thy rng cc kho v kh ht nhn ca h khng phi l cng c
chnh sch hu hiu, th h cng bt u thc c v nhng hn ch thc s i vi v
th siu cng v nhng ri ro m h c th phi gnh chu khi l ch th ca nhau. Cc
hip c mphn Hn ch V kh Chin lc c k kt nm1972 v cc vn bn
khc cng c k kt nm 1974 ti Helsinki m bo cho thi k ho du ng-Ty
ti chu u. Song v pha cc siu cng, nhng gii hn m nhng hip c ra
i vi s ganh ua gia h khng c ngha l s cnh tranh gia h chm dt.

6. n nm1980, cc siu cng dng nh c gii quyt ni tht vng ca h bng cch
lao vo mt cuc chin tranh lnh mi. Vic Lin X xmlc Afghanistan cui nm79
v vic trng c ca chnh quyn Reagn bo th ti M nm80 li dn ti tnh trng
cng thng ngy cng ln, phn nhiu th hin qua nhng li l ch trch gay gt hn v
s ganh ua gia h. Nhng hu ht cc khu vc, tnh hnh nguy him i nhiu.
Cuc khng hong ti Balan nm80-81 ko di hn cuc khng hong Tip khc nm
68, nhng cha bao gi Hoa k thch thc mt cch nghim trng khu vc nh hng
ca Lin X ng u. Cuc chin Iran-Iraq n ra t nm1980, trong cc tu ch
du thng xuyn b nh m, nhng c hai siu cng u ht sc kim ch. Bng
cch m rng qui m kho v kh ht nhn ca mnh m khng lmo ln th cn bng
ht nhn, cc siu cng ch c th khin cho tnh hnh cng tr nn phc tp hn m
thi.

7. S bt lc ca v kh ht nhn v kh nng khng th t c mc tiu thng qua xung
t ca cc siu cng ti cc quc gia ang pht trin khin ngi ta phi xem li

58
ngha thc s ca mt siu cng. Khi X-M mt i s tin tng th Trung Quc, Nht
bn v Cng ng Chu u bt u ln ting, lmgim tm nh hng ca 2 cng
quc ny. Hoa K nhn thy h khng cn thng lnh nn kinh t th gii na, v phi
i x vi Nht v c bit l Ty u mt cch thn trng hn. Nhng chnh Lin X
mi ri vo tnh trng kh khn su sc nht v tht bi kinh t ca chnh mnh. C hai
siu cng u sn sng t n mt tho thun nu mun cu vn mt cht g t v
th vang bng mt thi ca h.

8. S sp ca Lin X nm91 v s suy yu ca qun i Hoa k sau khi chin tranh
Lnh kt thc ch tm chng li bi vic lin qun do M cm u nh bi Iraq nm
91. Nu khng c s ng h t cc ng minh th Hoa k kh m tp hp c lin minh
chin thng ca h hay tin tr cho lin minh . Gi y, mt vng xoy quyn lc
an ci ln nhau bt u ni ln thay th cho mt th gii do cc siu cng chi phi.
c 5 u vin thng trc ti Hi ng Bo an LHQ, 7 cng quc cng nghip v
thm ch 3 khi mu dch ln ti chu u, ng v Bc M. Th gii mi v y bt
chc ho ra c th s nguy him hn c mt th gii gm nhng siu cng thiu nhy
bn.


Unit 22. Task 3.

The end of the american era?
(another american era?)

1. It has been the American century in more than one sense. Not only did this indisputable
leader prevail in the centurys great conflicts, but these helped to eliminate potential
rivals. WWI effectively removed Britain. WWII did the same for Germany. And the Cold
War left Russia exhausted.

2. For the moment, America has no rivals for military or economic superiority. Chinas
forces may outnumber Americas, but the U.S. army is the most advanced and mobile - as
shown in Kosovo and the Persian Gulf. As for economic superiority, the U.S. GDP in
1999 of more than $8 trillion slightly exceeded the output of the E.U, which has 100
million more people. On average, income per capita are 45 % higher in America than in
Europe and 26% higher than in J apan.

3. It is hard to deny the U.S. pre-eminence. Five of the ten largest MNCs are American.
Coca Cola is the worlds best-selling soft drink. Hollywood is the world's entertainment
capital. And the American ideal - with its emphasis on human dignity, freedom and
material progress - was the only ideal that survived at the end of the 20
th
century,
overruling the empire at the outset, or fascismand communismin the middle of the
century.

4. Given this vast U.S. dominance, it may seemillogical to suggest that the nest century
won't belong to America. Yet this is the best bet. The American century label has, to
some extent, distorted history. For most of the century, America did not dictate events,
but frustrated the will of others. Meanwhile, domestic tranquility was often absent, with
the 1930s Great Depression and the 1960s social turmoil being the clearest examples.
Pessimism abounded in the 1980s, with inflation hitting the 14% mark.

5. The U.S. dominance, moreover, also depends on objective factors. Even the most
powerful nation-state may not be able to tame menaces of the new millenium: nuclear
proliferation, terrorism, use of mass-destruction weapons, economic instability, and
technological breakdowns of vital computer or communications systems. And beyond

59
these threats lie internal challenges to social cohesion and economic well-being. What
our future will be like still remains to be seen.



Unit 22. Task 4.

1. Last years euphoria over Chinas WTO accession now becomes clearly premature.

2. The fiasco in Seattle, when the WTO ministerial meeting collapsed without agreement on
a Millennium Round, had a great effect on the international political cycle not so much in
the area of trade policy, but in the future of globalisation.

3. Indonesias A. Wahid said the discrepancy between rich and poor was a natural result of
competition, which is the essential mechanismfor economic growth.

4. The U.S Congress, with 2/3 votes in each house, may initiate an amendment of the
Constitution.


Unit 23. Task 1.

chnh sch ca hoa k ang hng v chu

1. Thng thng th thi k chuyn giao quyn lc chnh tr Hoa k l thi im thch
hp cc cng dn cng nh cc ng c vin tng thng suy ngm mt cch nghim
tc v lch s chnh tr nhng nmgn y v a ra nhng nhn nh v tng lai t
nc. iu ny khng ch c p dng vi cc chnh sc i ni m cn c i ngoi
na. Nhng v vic kim phiu v cc chin dch sau bu c chun b cho ng Bush ln
nm quyn vo nm2000 ko di qu lu, nn ngi ta qun mt cng vic quan trng
ny.

2. Nh Trng qu bn rn n ni khng c lc no ngh n vic hoch nh chnh
sch khi ng Bush bt u nhim k mi. iu ny qu l kh chp nhn, bi v trong khi
bo ch v cc trang x lun u ni trng giang i hi v tin trnh ca cuc bu c,
nhng iu m d lun quc t v c bit l chu quan tm th li t c nhc ti: v
tng thng Hoa k mi ny s c nhng chng trnh hnh ng nh th no?

3. Chin dch tranh c mang tm thin nin k ca ng Bush cng vi giai on chuyn
giao quyn lc sau c nh gi l mt bc ngot lch s nh du s thay i
trong u tin chnh tr ca Hoa k t chu u chuyn sang chu . Thc ra kh nng
chuyn trng tm ca chnh sch ngoi giao sang chu khng c cp nhiu khi
ng Bush vn ng tranh c. iu ny mt phn l do c ng Cng ho ln ng Dn
ch u c ng quan im v ba mc tiu hng u chu : tm quan trng ca cc
lin minh song phng ca M, s cn thit ca quan h vi Trung quc, v nhng li
ch thu c t vic t do ho hot ng thng mi v u t.

4. Tuy nhin, d hai ng u c chung quan im v chu , v d chu lc ny t c
nhc n trong chin dch tranh c, th iu cng khng c ngha l quan h vi chu
lc ny s sun s trong tng lai. Th k ti s l th k ca chu Thi Bnh Dng,
mc d xa nay ngi ta ch ln ting ni v khu vc ny ch t ai thc s hiu v n.
Sau mt thp k tng i t bin ng, gii y chu ang chun b c nhng bc i
thay chin lc. Trc mt, ba thch thc ln nht i vi Hoa k l lng trc v i
ph c vi nhng bin i tt yu chc chn s din ra nay mai bn o Triu Tin,

60
khng ch c v th qun s v chnh tr ngy cng mnh ca Trung Quc trn trng
quc t, v i ph vi nhng din bin chnh tr phc tp Innxia.

5. Ngoi ba thch thc ln ni trn, cn rt nhiu thch thc na i vi M, v u c lin
quan ti chu . C th l mu thun v mu dch gia M v chu - xa nay vn khng
c t ra v nn kinh t M qu mnh - gi y s ti hin nh mt nguy c ln i vi
M nu tng trng kinh t ca nc ny b gim st. Mi quan h i Loan vi
Trung Hoa i Lc cng ang l mt trong nhng ni nguy him nht v din bin phc
tp nht trn th gii, v M cng khng bit mnh s ng vai tr g trong vn ny.
Trn thc t, c cu an ninh chu ( hoc vic thiu mt c cu an ninh chu lc ny)
s l mt thch thc ln m Hoa k cn gii quyt trong nhiu nmti.

6. im mu cht y l s n nh ca giai on chnh tr ti y s ph thuc rt nhiu
vo nhng quyt sch ca Hoa k trong vi nmti. Bi cnh chin lc ang thay i
hng ngy chu i hi Hoa Thnh n phi ch tm c bit n khu vc ny, t
nht th cng nh Nh Trng tng ch n vic hnh thnh chu u mi hi thp
nin 90.

Unit 23. Task 3.

the transatlantic rift

1. One of the themes that emerged in this years World Economic ForumAnnual Meeting
was the worry about increasing strains in the relationship between the US and EU. The
underlying root of the problem, as far as Europeans are concerned, is that the US has
become the worlds sole superpower. The result is that it started to see the rest of the
globe as less important. With the evaporation of the Soviet bloc menace, the US clearly
began a slow disengagement from Europe. America cut the number of its troops in
Europe from300,000 to 100,000 during the 90s alone.

2. Europe is also accusing the US of the latters growing reluctance to commit itself to
international treaties, conventions and organisations. The saga of money owed by the US
to the UN loads up. The Congress has refused to ratify the Comprehensive Test Ban
Treaty and the Kyoto Treaty on global climate change. During the last springs Kosovo
conflict, when air attacks failed to expel the Serbs, America was slow in sending ground
troops to the area.

3. Moreover, Europe charges that America is becoming more unilateralist. One
manifestation of this trend is the enthusiasmof Americas political classes for a systemof
National Missile Defense, despite the strong objections of Russia and the European allies.

4. Meanwhile, fromthe Americas angle, Europe is becoming more unified in a way that
disturbs many Americans. A year before the launch of the euro, many American
commentators believed that Europe would never create a single currency. Now that it is a
fact, they assume that the euro will not challenge the global role of the dollar, and that it
therefore will not require the US to re-examine its own policies.

5. They are probably wrong. Although the euro is still in its infancy, once it has established
a track record as a solid currency, investors and central banks will want to balance their
dollar holdings with euro investments. The establishment of a bipolar global financial
systemindeed proves awkward for Uncle Sam.

6. Europe is integrating not only economically, but also in the field of defence. EU
governments believe that they need to be able to back up their diplomatic

61
pronouncements with the threat of force. Therefore, 15 EU nations, at the insistence of
Britain, have agreed to focus on improving their military capabilities in the years ahead.

7. So it is hard to be optimistic about the immediate outlook for transatlantic relations. In
the long run, however, the emergence of a more powerful and successful Europe could
encourage Washington to accept a new world order that is less unipolar and more rule-
based than that of today.


Unit 23. Task 4.

1. I love this roombecause it is beautifully designed and well equipped.

2. Although e-commerce is in fashion nowadays, a recent survey revealed that 75% of all e-
commerce initiatives failed due to bad business planning and unrealistic expectations
fromthis lucrative field.

3. When East Asian countries began to learn about the dark side of liberalisation, they had
neither the time nor the effort nor the courage to set up the institutions that would have
been needed to protect themselves fromthe volatility of the outside world.

4. A nations constitution is the most important instrument for the governmnt and the
supreme court. Its also the basis for political stability, individual feedom and social
progress.


Unit 24. Task 1.

cc t chc lin chnh ph

1. Cc t chc quc t hay t chc lin chnh ph l mt trong nhng ch th ch yu ca
h thng quc t ng i. Thng thng, ngi ta s dng thut ng t chc LCP bi
v bn thn thut ng nhn mnh mt thc t l nhng t chc nh vy, trong c
LHQ, l do cc quc gia hp thnh, v nhng c nhn c c ti lmi din ti nhng
t chc phi i din cho quyn li v chnh sch ca quc gia h.

2. Cc t chc LCP c th c phn loi theo phm vi tham gia ca cc thnh vin v
phm vi mc ch ca chng. Mt mt, chng ta c cc t chc chnh tr rng ri nh Hi
Quc lin trc kia v LHQ hin nay, vi mc tiu kt np cng nhiu thnh vin trn
qui m th gii cng tt. Nhng t chc nh vy cng l nhng t chc c mc ch
chung chung, trong h m nhn chc nng chnh tr, kinh t, pht trin, qun s, vn
ho x hi v cc chc nng khc cho cc quc gia thnh vin. Cc t chc c mc ch
chung chung khc li c s thnh vin hn ch hn, v d T chc Hip c Bc i Ty
Dng, T chc Thng nht chu Phi v mt s t chc khc. Khi Thnh vng chung
ca Anh khng mang tnh khu vc nu xt theo tiu ch hp nht cc thnh vin trong
mt khu vc a l bt k, m ch hn ch trong phm vi cc thuc a c ca ch Anh
quc trc y.

3. Rt nhiu cc t chc khc, gi l cc t chc chuyn mn lin chnh ph, li thc hin
cc chc nng c th hn. C t chc th nhn mnh vo chc nng qun s, v d nh
Lin on Rp, khi NATO hay Hip c Vc-sa-va trong thi k u mi thnh lp.
Cc t chc khc li lin quan ch yu ti cc vn kinh t, chng hn cc c quan
chuyn mn ca Cng ng chu u hay cc t chc nh Th trng chung khu vc
Trung M, Hip hi cc quc gia ng nam, hay Hi ng Tng tr kinh t do Lin

62
X thit lp ng u trc y. Mt s khc li cung cp cc dch v x hi nh T
chc Y t Th gii hay T chc Lao ng Quc t. Mt s khc na li chuyn mn v
vn tin t v pht trin kinh t, nh Qu Tin t quc t hay Ngn hng Th gii.

4. Cc t chc LCP c tc ng lin tc v ng k ti quan h gia cc quc gia. Vai tr
ca nhiu t chc LCP r rng c th ch ho theo cc quc gia trng ch cc t
chc nh vy ra tay hnh ng trong mt s lnh vc nht nh. V d, h trng ch LHQ
s hnh ng nhng ni c xung t lin min, chng hn gip chm dt giao tranh
gia Iran v Iraq nm88. H trng mong T chc Thng nht chu Phi hnh ng
ng-g-la nm 76, hay Lin on Rp hnh ng Li-bng cui thp nin 70. Khi mt
quc gia lm vo tnh trng kh khn kinh t trm trng, lp tc cc quc gia s trng
ch vo cc hnh thc vin tr khc nhau ca WB hay IMF. Cc nc th gii th ba
ngy cng nhn thy vic gn b vi cc t chc LCP s gip h ci thin hot ng kinh
t ca mnh. Ngoi ra, cc t chc LCP cn l nhng ch th lin tc nh hng ti
nhng ng i trong chnh sch i ngoi ca cc quc gia, min l cc quc gia gia
nhp t chc v thc tm mun l mt thnh vin lu di ca t chc . Ch ring vic
c i din ca mnh ti mt t chc, s dng cc ngun lc duy tr cc t chc ,
hoc lin kt vi cc thnh vin khc thong qua cc t chc LCP cng c tc ng ti
mi quc gia. C l iu quan trng nht l cc t chc LCP c xem l cc ch th bi
l cc quc gia v cc nh lnh o tin tng rng cc t chc LCP ang hot ng vi t
cch l cc ch th trn trng quc t v cn phi c cn nhc trong nhung tnh ton
v chnh sch i ngoi ca h. Ngi ta s thy cc t chc LCP c nh hng ti cch
thc v lnh vc tng tc gia cc quc gia.

5. Cc t chc LCP c th gy nh hng theo nhiu cch khc nhau. Chc nng d nhn
thy nht ti LHQ v nhiu t chc LCP khc l to ra mt din n cho cc quc gia
thnh vin gp g v tip xc vi nhau. Cc t chc LCP c th ng vai tr trung gian,
l mt knh lin lc hay l mt ni gp g, hoc ng vai tr trung gian ho gii tch cc.
mt hnh thc tch cc hn, cc t chc LCP cn ng vai tr iu tit trong mt lot
cc lnh vc nh kinh t, y t, thng tin lin lc v vn ti, v d nh Lin minh Bu
chnh chu Phi hoc C quan Nng lng Nguyn t Quc t. y, cc t chc LCP,
vi s nht tr ca cc quc gia thnh vin, s iu chnh hnh thc quan h gia cc
thnh vin vi nhau hot ng mt cch sun s, hiu qu v c li trong mt lnh vc
c th. Chc nng qun l v iu phi ny ng vai tr quan trng m bo cho cc mi
quan h ton cu din ra mt cch qui c.

6. Tuy nhin, mt s t chc LCP li c chc nng phn phi, tc l phn chia li ch v chi
ph gia cc quc gia vi nhau. Mc d ngi ta s ngh ngay ti cc t chc nh WB,
song cc t chc khc nh To n Quc t c thm quyn quyt nh php l cng c
chc nng phn phi tng t. Cc quc gia phi tnh ti quyn hn ca cc nhn vin
chuyn nghip ca cc t chc LCP tng xng, nhng ngi s quyt nh chia s chi
ph v li ch hin c nh th no.

7. Nu chc nng phn phi c thc hin mt cch trit hn th mt vi t chc LCP
cn c th t chc Siu quc gia. Nhng t chc nh vy c quyn ra quyt nh p dng
cho tt c mi quc gia thnh vin ngay c khi c mt vi thnh vin khng nht tr. Thc
ra nhng t chc LCP tc i mt phn ch quyn ca cc quc gia thnh vin. Rt
nhiu c quan chuyn mn ca Cng ng chu u c quyn nh vy v l nhng t
chc LCP siu quc gia thc s duy nht ang tn ti hin nay.


Unit 24. Task 3.

the united nations system

63

1. In the aftermath of World War II, the United Nations reflected the desire of the victorious
states to maintain world peace and to attack the conditions that appeared to foster war:
colonialism, poverty, inequality, and ignorance. The charter of the United Nations (UN),
drawn up at the Dumbarton Oaks Conference of August-September 1944, was largely the
product of American, British, and Soviet negotiations. At the Yalta Conference in
February 1945, Roosevelt, Churchill and Stalin agreed the procedures that ensured the
great power dominance of the UN. The founding conference of the UN took place in San
Francisco in April-J une 1945. The Charter was signed on 26 J une by fifty-one members,
twenty of them fromLatin America, eleven fromAsia and only three fromAfrica.

2. The UN placed its headquarters in New York, partly in recognition of the United States
leading role in formulating the Charter. The official languages are now Arabic, Chinese,
English, French, Russian and Spanish, symbolizing the genuinely international character
of the organization. But by far the most important balancing act of the UN was evident in
the types of institutions it set up. There were, and still are, three main bodies.

3. The most powerful is the Security Council which has responsibility for maintaining
peace and security. Its fifteen members are dominated by five permanent members
(Britain, China, France, Russia, United States) with the right to veto any non-procedural
matter. (The Chinese seat was occupied by Nationalist China until 1971.) The veto is the
vivid evidence of the power in the termgreat power. The other ten UNSC members
are elected for two-year terms by the UNs second main body, the General Assembly
(UNGA).

4. In the UNGA all UN members are notionally equal - each with one vote. The UNGA
meets regularly each year in September and has seven main committees which deal with
a range of issues. The UNGA can discuss and subject, but a two-thirds majority is
required before an important question can be passed. However, the UNGA merely has
the power to recommend, unlike the UNSC which can enforce observance.

5. The third UN institution is the Secretariat headed by the Secretary General, who is
elected for a five-year term. President Roosevelt had visions of the Secretary-General as a
world moderator but the reality has been an often powerless figurehead whose good
offices are regularly by-passed.
6. Despite its excesses during the Cold War, the UN has its good points. First, its various
types of peacekeeping have been useful. By now we are familiar with the mixed-race,
multi-lingual, blue-helmeted soldiers, lightly armed and operating in squalid or remote
places. They have to carry out difficult, if not impossible, tasks because the UN itself is
rarely sure about what it is doing and does not give its forces much authority.
Nevertheless, enough states have seen it fit to make use of UN troops in a wide range of
passive and active roles.

7. Second, the UN serves a passive role as a venue for traditional diplomacy. In the more
obscure, smoky corridors or small back rooms, enemies can meet, signals can be sent and
talks can begin. Even in a shrinking world of modern communications, there is still a
need for face-to-face contacts.

8. Third, the UN has established a wide range of specialized agencies and associated
organizations that are of practical use. The World Bank and the International Monetary
Fund (IMF) are perhaps two of the best-known suppliers of funds to states in economic
need. The UN International Childrens Emergency Fund (UNICEF) and the High
Commission for Refugees (UNHCR) provide essential help for individuals in need.


64
9. Fourth, the UN is simply a place where the poor and weak, in a world so dominated by
great powers and the developed states, can feel they are being heard. To be sure, this has
too often deteriorated into absurd and outrageous proposals, childish antics and shrill
speeches. The impotent may feel better for upbraiding the powerful but their actions only
undermine the ability of the UN to act effectively.

10. There is much speculation that the UN will finally be able to fulfil its promise. Although
it is likely that reforms will take place - greater payments of debts by great powers like
Russia and the United States, and perhaps even a seat on the Security Council for J apan -
there is little sign that the UN could manage effective collective security. Although there
are reasons to deride or ignore the organization, if the UN did not already exist it would
certainly have to be invented.


Unit 24. Task 4.

1. The food giant will put credit cards on trial in 12 of its outlets.

2. A number of changes have been made to credit cards usage to make them more
acceptable.

3. There has been a reduction in the number of cheque book users, which proves the
advantage of credit cards in payment.

4. We are enclosing our latest catalogue and price list. Please note that some alterations
have been made with regard to the payment of large orders.

5. Various objections to smoking in the office were brought up in the recent staff meeting.

6. They do not place much trust in the ministers promise.

7. For 18 years the US has enjoyed continuous economic expansion.

8. The London Business School enjoys recognition all over the world.


Unit 25. Task 1.

chu u cn mt s khi sc

1. Chu u cn mt con ng pht trin kinh t mi. Chu lc ny cn phi chng t rng
mnh c th vn dng nhng thnh tu khoa hc v cng ngh, tri thc v tnh sng to
to ra cng n vic lm, tng trng v thnh tu kinh t. Vic sng to, truyn b, p
dng v khai thc cc b quyt k thut chnh l ng lc cho tng trng kinh t trong
bi cnhton cu ho ngy nay, khi m khng mt quc gia no c th tn ti trong c
lp. iu ny khin cho tnh sng to, u c kinh doanh v tinh thn bn b khng ngi
kh khn ngy cng c nh gi cao. Vic tm ra con ng pht trin cho ring mnh
trong nn kinh t tri thc cng chnh l vic i tm cu tr li cho cu hi m bt c ai
cng t t ra cho mnh: chng ta v con ci chng ta s sng ra sao trong tng lai? Nu
cc nh lnh o chnh tr khng a ra c mt cu tr li sng t v thuyt phc cho
cu hi ny th uy tn ca h s b lung lay nghim trng. Tuy nhin vic tm ra mt cu
tr li thuyt phc ngy cng tr nn kh khn bi v i sng kinh t ca chng ta gi
y ang tri qua nhng i thay v bo hn bao gi ht.


65
2. C mt vi nhn t khin cho nn kinh t ca chng ta bin i tng ngy. Xu th ton
cu ho ang buc cc cng ty phi m ca i mt vi cnh tranh t pha cc nh sn
xut vi chi ph thp hn cng nh t pha cc nh u t v th trng vn ang ngy
cng tr nn kht khe hn. S chuyn i t cc ngnh ch to sang khu vc dch v
ang din ra ngy cng nahnh chng v phc tp di nh hng su rng cu cng ngh
thng tin v my vi tnh. Cc sn phm ch to ngy cng c hmlng tri thc cao hn
v trnh cng ngh tinh vi hn. H Internet v h thng thng tin di ng gip cho
con ngi c kh nng lu tr, truy cp, phn tch v chia s thng tin vi mt khi
lng ln v tc nhanh cha tng c. Cc x hi tin tin c kh nng tin hnh cc
nghin cu khoa hc mt cch hiu qu hn, v p dng kt qu nghin cu nhanh chng
hn vo vic sn xut ra nhng sn phm mi cng nh khai sinh mt s ngnh mi nh
cng ngh sinh hc v cng ngh gen.

3. Tt c nhgn i thay ny kt hp li khin cho cc ti sn v hnh nh nghin cu v
pht trin, thng hiu, b quyt k thut v ngun nhn lc tr thnh nhng ng lc c
bn trong vic to ra ca ci vtj cht cho x hi. Tnh sng to v c kinh donh ang
chuyn nhng ti sn v hnh ny vo trong gi tr ca nhng sn phm v dch v mi,
v gp phn y mnh tng trng kinh t, to cng n vic lm, p ng nhu cu x hi
v tng nng sut lao ng.

4. T xa n nay chu u vn km nng ng so vi M trong vic bt nhp vi nn kinh
t mi. l mt trong nhng l do ti sao t l to cng n vic lm chu u khng
cao bng M. Chu u cng t ra chm chn hn trong cc ngnh cng ngh cao. Rt
nhiu cng ty M cch y 10 nm ch l nhng cng ty ht sc nh b, vy m gi y
h tr thnh nhng cng ty tm c quc t v ang gi vai tr thng tr trong cnh
tranh. Nn kinh t mi ny ang t ra nhng thch thc v cng to ln i vi trt t
kinh t chu u.

5. u c kinh doanh i hi chng ta phi bit chp nhn ri ro, v mt x hi kinh doanh
cng phi bit chp nhn nhiu tht bi hn, v y l nhng yu t khong th thiu trong
qu trnh tm ti hc hi, khuyn khch con ngi th nghim v t hon thin bn thn.
Nhiu cng ty Thung lng Silicon (khu cng ngh thng tin ln nht Hoa k) trc khi
thnh danh phi tri qua i ba ln tht bi. Nu mt x hi khng c ch cho tht bi
th x hi khng th no tin b c.

6. Mt nn kinh t sng to s khin cho thay i din ra nhanh chng. Tnh sng to ch
thnh cng nu nhng tng mi, sn phm v dch v mi, v cc doanh nghip mi
thay th cho nhng g c, v cc ngun lc c chuyn sang nhng kgnh hiu qu
hn. Vo nhng nm50 v 60, thay th c 1/3 s cng ty ln nht ca M, ngi ta
phi mt 20 nm. Vo nhng nm70, ngi ta ch mt c 10 nm; nhng nm80 - ch
cn 5 nm. Cn gio y mt cng ty trong ngnh ch to ca M ch c tui th trung
bnh l 3 nm. Chnh tc d thay i nh v bo ny t ra mt thch thc ln i vi
cc cng ty c b dy hot ng chu u.


Unit 25. Task 3.

A measure of success

1. How ready is Europe for the 21
st
century? It is out of question that European countries,
West and East, have made incredible strides over the past 50 years. Nonetheless, the old
continent must change agendas, directions and priorities if it is to prepare for the future.

66
To that end, a group of European leaders have met at the World Economic Forumto
identify what needs to be done.

2. The leaders were convinced that the old measures of success, especially those that track
only economic wealth, are no longer adequate. The major task of European leaders is not
to rebuild a war-devastated continent, but to ensure prosperity for the next generation. In
the future, a successful society will be sustainable in economic, political and
environmental terms. It will afford its citizens the possibility to develop and grow. And it
will be able to resolve its own conflicts. All this is such a tall order that none of the
contemporary European societies meets it today.
3. These ideas have been developed by European leaders into four broad measures of
success:

- Sustainability: wealth creation is an important aspect, but not the only one. A sustainable
society must have a good health care system, a clean environment and a government
playing an active role in the economy.
- Readiness for the future: since technology is the key to the future, this index measures
the availability of internet hosts and access to telecommunication lines. We also have to
look at R & D and patents and the number of well-educated and trained people.
- Fairness and individual freedom: it is crucial that all citizens have equal opportunities to
develop. More specifically, this captures youth unemployment, education, illiteracy, life
expectancy and the distribution of wealth.
- Harmony: not a word often used in political or business circles, but an important
characteristic of the kind of society we all long to live in. Harmony goes to our ability to
resolve conflicts between different social classes, or between different racial or religious
groups. Since this is not an easy thing to measure, the leaders have used proxies such as
prison population, homicides and suicides.

4. Finally, the leaders incorporated the four measures above to produce an overall ranking
for European countries. The key findings are that in general, the North does better than
the South, small does better than large, and homogeneous beats heterogeneous.

5. And not just Europeans. For the sake of comparison, the leaders have applied the overall
index to data fromthe U.S., Canada and J apan. Three European nations outpaced J apan,
and no fewer than nine seembetter prepared for the future than the U.S. and Canada. So
it is not only the Old Continent that needs to ask how ready it is for the new century.


Unit 25. Task 4.

1. Why are you so happy today? Well, I have just received a pay rise.

2. In the recent department meeting he was heavily criticised of his being impunctual.

3. The depreciating baht has made Thailand an attractive destination for tourists.

4. The worst thing that can happen to investors in limited companies is to lose their initial
contribution if the company goes bankrupt.

5. You are looking cool today! Well, I have just had my hair cut.

6. I amso delighted to be awarded the Master Degree after nearly 2 years of hard work.

7. Why does he look so sad? Well, he has just been sacked.
8. This photocopying machine is not working! Isnt it? I will get it mixed soon.

67


Check your progress 5
EN-VN

S bp bnh CA NN KINH T TON CU

1. Ch ngha t bn (CNTB) l h thng kinh t thnh cng nht m th gii tng bit n
trong vic to ra ca ci vt cht. H thng ny to ra ca ci thng qua vic ngy cng
t n nhng nng sut lao ng ngy cng cao hn v trnh cng ngh ngy cng
tinh vi, phc tp hn; n i hi phi o thi cc nh my kmhin i, nhng lnh vc
tt hu ca nn kinh t, v thm ch c nhng k nng li thi ca con ngi. Trong
h thng ny, ai lmvic nng ng v hiu qu th s c trng dng, cn ai km hiu
qu v khng cn thit s khng cn ch ng.

2. Qu trnh ph hu sng to ny to ra rt nhiu nhng k thng v ngi bi, t
nht th cng trong ngn hn, e do nghimtrng n nhng gi tr, nim tin v c
nhng th ch x hi truyn thng. Hn na, s pht trin ca CNTB lun i km vi
nhng giai on suy thoi c th lmtn hi n cuc sng ca con ngi. Mc d
CNTB cui cng s phn b ca ci vt cht mt cch cng bng hn v n thng cng
xng ng cho nhng ai lmvic hiu qu vi nng sut cao nht, nhng n cng c xu
hng lmcho ca ci, quyn lc, v hot ng kinh t tp trung trong tay mt s t
ngi. Do , nhng c nhn, t chc hoc thm ch c cc quc gia b CNTB e do s
tr thnh mt lc lng c th lt hoc ch t th cng cn tr s pht trin ca h
thng ny.

3. Di tc ng ca mt s din bin v chnh tr, kinh t v cng ngh, kinh t th gii b
phn cc mnh m thi chin tranh lnh gi chuyn thnh mt nn kinh t ton cu
vi mc hi nhp ngy cng mnh m. Qu trnh cng nghip ho nhanh chng trong
thp k 80 v 90 nhng th trng mi ni ng , chu M Latinh v nhiu ni
khc lmdch chuyn quyn lc kinh t ton cu v to ra mt nn kinh t th gii
ngy cng cnh tranh khc lit hn. Tuy nhin, n cui thp nin 90 th nhng bin i
ny cng dn n mt lot nhng t bin tiu cc trong tng nc cng nh trn
ton th gii.

4. Cuc khng hong kinh t ton cu bng n Thi lan thng 7 nm1997 nhanh
chng trn qua cc nn kinh t ang cng nghip ho chu TBD v lan sang c Nht,
ri nhn chmrt nhiu nc khc trn th gii. n ma thu nm98 th 1/4 nn kinh t
th gii lmvo suy thoi. Bao nhiu ca ci chu TBD v nhng nc khc
bng chc tiu tan/khng cnh m bay. Cc nc xut khu hng nguyn liu b thit hi
nng n khi th trng xut khu ca h tr nn cn kit. Cc th trng mi ni lc ny
b coi l mt mi trng rt khng n nh v kinh t v chnh tr, mc d chnh nhng
nc ny tng c ca ngi ht li hi u nhng nm90.

5. Vo u th k 21 ny, nn kinh t th gii vi mc hi nhp ngy cng cao hn vn
s phi i mt vi nhiu thch thc mc d nhng kh khn ca ng c khc
phc rt nhiu. H thng TBCN th gii s khng th tn ti nu thiu s lnh o
chnh tr khn kho v cng rn. S lnh o ny phi y mnh hp tc quc t thit
lp v thc thi cc qui nh v mu dch, u t nc ngoi v ti chnh tin t. Mt vn
khng km phn quan trng khc l s lnh o phi m bo quyn li cho
nhng ngi thua cuc trong c ch th trng. t nht nhng ngi ny cng phi tha
nhn rng mnh thua l ng. S tn vong ca c ch th trng s b e do nu nh
ngi ta ch quan tm n hiu qu m qun i vic bo v nhng ngi b thit thi v

68
kinh t v khng o to li nhng ngi lao ng b tt hu do nhng thay i v bo
v kinh t v cng ngh.


VN-EN
Asian regionalism

1. Fromthe mid 1980s until the financial crisis struck in the fall of 1997, the Pacific Asian
region, an arc of countries fromJ apan and Korea in the northeast to Indonesia, Thailand,
Singapore and Southern China in the southeast, was the fastest growing region in the
world economy. Some have estimated that these economies were growing at 8% a year
and accounted for approximately 1/4 of world output and almost 2/3 of world capital
spending. Indeed, the spectacular economic growth of the emerging markets of East Asia
transfixed the rest of the world. Before the 1997 meltdown, it seemed possible that these
economies would become the center of the world economy early in the 21
st
century.

2. During the past quarter century, a number of significant developments within this vast
and extraordinarily diverse area transformed the region and its place in the global
economy. Steady development of a regional economy and regional identity under
J apanese leadership, rapid industrialization of southern China, and the financial collapse
that suddenly enveloped the region in the late 1997 were particularly important and have
significant implications for the future of the region.

3. Pacific Asian regionalism has several distinctive features that have set it apart fromboth
West European and North American regionalism. There is no hegemon or core alliance
of major powers like Ameica in North America or the French-German alliance in
Europe. In the Pacific Asia, there are three major powers - the U.S., Japan, and China -
with interests and ambitions vary considerably fromone another.

4. Despite the increasing integration of certain aspects of the region, its immense
economic, cultural, and political diversity has significantly inhibited the development of
a regional mentality and of regionwide institutions. While Asian nations share some
important characteristics, the region is deeply riven by cultural differences, diverse
economic systems, and serious political conflicts.

5. As the 21
st
century dawns, the Asia Pacific region remains in economic turmoil. East
Asia is slowly emerging fromthe severe storm, and J apan is by no means out of the
woods. Yet the region is rich in such economic fundamentals as an excellent labor force
and large pools of national savings that propel economic growth over the long term.
Despite its ample supply of problems, the resion is slowly regaining its strength.


Unit 26. Task 1.

Nn tng cho s n nh

1. Cui cng th cc quan chc ti chnh ng nam cng c th hnh din tuyn b rng
tho thun hp tc khu vc gi y khng cn l mt khu hiu sung. Vic b trng ti
chnh cc nc ASEAN, Nht, Nam hn v Trung quc mi y a ra tuyn b chnh
thc v tho c chuyn i tin t - c gi l sng kin Ching Mai - l mt s kin
quan trng trn nhiu phng din.

2. Trc y d lun vn nghi ng v nhng xut ny v cc nn kinh t ng nam
u c qui m nh v cc quyt nh ca hip hi ASEAN thng c ng c chnh tr

69
nhiu hn l kinh t. Nhng d sao th tuyn b va ri cng khin cho ngi dn yn
tmrng s kh c th xy ra mt cuc khng hong ti chnh th hai chu , tuy din
bin kinh t ton cu ang t ra phc tp v kh kim sot.

3. Cc hip nh v chuyn i tin t - c phc tho trong cuc hp thng nin ca
ADB Honolulu, Hawaii vo thng 5 va qua - th hin tnh ng nht cao hn trong
vic hoach nh chnh sch ca cc nc ng , v iu ny c th l c s cho s hi
nhp khu vc su rng hn. Khi hot ng thng mi, u t v th trng chng khon
gia cc quc gia tr nn gn kt, ph thuc ln nhau ngy cng cht ch th vic phi
hp cc chnh sch tin t s tr thnh mt yu cu v mt thc t tt yu.

4. Theo nhng hip nh ny, cc nc k kt hip nh cam kt s cho nc khc vay nhm
b p thm ht d tr ngoi hi nu khng hong tin t xy ra. Cho n nay, Nht bn
camkt s cho vay ti a l 3 triu la cho Thi lan, 2 triu la cho Hn quc v 1
triu la cho Malaysia. S tin trn cha phi l ln, nhng cng cc nc mun
vay phi tho mn nhng iu kin nht nh. Cc nc b khng hong nu mun s
dng hn 10% s tin trn th phi c s cho php ca IMF - y l iu kin quan
trng dn chng yn tmrng cc nc cho vay s khng h tr ti chnh cho cc
chnh sch thiu khn ngoan ca nc i vay.

5. Cc tho c chuyn i tin t ny s gip cho cc nc i vay phn ng mt cch kp
thi v linh hot trc tm l hong lon ca cc nh u t nh tng xy ra cuc
khng hong nm 97. ng thi cc hip nh ny cn l c s cho mt trt t ti chnh
vi qui m ln hn nhm m bo rng cc nc trong khu vc s khng bao gi cn
dng n s tin . Vic cng b s liu kinh t trong khu vc thi gian gn y c
nhng tin b vt bc v cht, v cng khai cng nh v tnh hiu qu, v nh cc
nh u t c th s trnh c nhng bt ng chng ly g lmd chu. Hu ht cc
quc gia b khng hong gi y t b l thuc hn vo cc khon vay ngn hn ca
cc ngn hng nc ngoi. Khng quc gia no cn p dng ch t gi hi oi c
nh cng nhc nhng li kh duy tr. Tt c nhng nc ny u ph gi ng k
ng ni t ca mnh v do khng cn b nguy c t pha cc nh u c thamlame
do.

6. iu ny khng c ngha l cc nn kinh t trong khu vc hon ton h cnh an ton.
Nhiu nc vn cn phi tip tc qu trnh ti c cu h thng doanh nghip, nng cao
tnh cng khai minh bch v bi tr nn tham nhng - nhng vn khin h khng th
no i ph vi hu qu ca khng hong vo nm97. Tuy nhin, hip nh v chuyn
i tin t emli hiu qu tm l cao v l mt minh chng cho thin ch hp tc
trong khu vc. iu m chng ta hi vng nht i vi nhng hip nh ny l cc nc k
kt hip nh s khng bao gi phi dng n chng.


Unit 26. Task 3.

IMF NEEDS TO MEND ITS WAY

1. There is little doubt by now that both the IMF and the WB are in a crisis of confidence. A
recent report delivered to the U.S. Congress by the International Financial Institution
Advisory Commission contains significant analysis and findings which uncover what is
wrong with these two major international institutions as they now function, and what can
best be done to set themright.

2. While there were disagreement on a number of points within the Commission, the
majority felt strongly that neither the IMF nor the WB has been very effective in the past

70
two decades in carrying out its assigned responsibilities. Originally, the IMF was set up
immediately after WWII to help maintain financial stability by acting as a monitor and
advisor of member governments, and also as a lender of last resort when countries fall
into acute financial distress as occurred in east Asia in 1997. But since the 1970s, its
mission has expanded enormously.

3. In addition to the originally assigned task of preserving global financial stability, it has
taken on two other enormous tasks. First, for the past 20 years it has teamed up with the
WB in overseeing structural adjustment loans to the worlds poorest countries to help
them reduce poverty and achieve sustained economic growth. Second, it supported
market transitions in the post-communist countries of eastern Europe and the former
Soviet Union.

4. Sadly, the IMFs record is pretty mediocre on all three of these aims. The emerging
markets in Latin America, eastern Europe and east Asia have suffered wild financial
shocks during the second half of the 1990s. The IMF failed to foresee those crises, and
IMF interventions proved futile in moderating their virulent outbreak.

5. Even now when the crisis-hit nations are turning around, the IMFs role is somewhat
ambiguous. There are big debates on whether the IMF programmes actually speeded
recovery in those countries, or whether the bounce back simply reflected the market cycle
of financial panic giving way to financial balance once again. After all, countries that
shunned or avoided the IMF such as Malaysia or Hongkong seemed to bounce back at
least as fast as the IMF-managed crisis cases.

6. The Commission finally reached the conclusion that the IMF can be fixed only if it
focuses again on its core mission: helping to preserve global financial stability. Of
course, it would still play a useful role through policy consultations, economic
monitoring, and data collection. But it should get out of its long-termlending activities.
Even when providing emergency funds to financially distressed nations, the IMF should
require themto get their banking sector cleaned up and their budget under better control.


Unit 26. Task 4.

1. Heart disease is the number one killer in the United States.

2. The time of heavy-handed state intervention is dead and burried.

3. Threats fromthe digital age include job losses and increased need for education and
social safety nets.

or: The digital age has exposed us to so many challenges, including job losses and increased
demand for education and social safety nets.

4. The public deficit disappeared and productivity increased strongly due to technological
advances, economic deregulation, and company downsizing.

5. In Asia today, a robust rebound has rekindled confidence, but doubts about the
sustainability of the recovery still remain.

or: Public confidence is returning in Asia thanks to the respectable economic recovery,
the sustainability of which remains in doubt.


71
6. Singapore has been the best performer in Southeast Asia since the regional meltdown, but
the future of this externally-driven economy may be limited by events outside its control,
despite continued restructuring efforts by the government.


Unit 27. Task 1.

mt ng tin ln ang b lng qun

1. Euro l ng tin quc t. Ngy nay, euro va l ng tin ca hn 300 triu ngi dn
chu u, va l ng tin ca mt i tc thng mi ln nht th gii, chim gn 20%
kimngch xut khu v 15% GDP ton cu. Phm vi s dng ng euro cn c th m
rng thm na - tng 60% v s ngi s dng v 35% v GDP - nu 3 nc thnh vin
EU cn li v tt c cc nc ang chun b gia nhp Eu u tham gia lin minh tin t
chu u trong nhng nmti.

2. Mc tiu c bn ca ng tin chung chu u l th hin mt bn sc tin t chung cho
khi, duy tr n nh v nng cao hiu qu kinh t x hi trong khu vc. Vic bin ng
euro thnh ng tin quc t bn thn n khng phi l mc ch cui cng i vi cc
nh lnh o chnh tr, v cng khng phi l mc tiu ca Ngn hng TW chu u. Vai
tr ca ng euro l y mnh hi nhp v duy tr trt t kinh t trong lin minh. iu
ny ph thuc hon ton vo tc ng th trng cng nh nh gi ca th trng v
mc n nh v tnh hiu qu ca nn kinh t khu vc. Tuy nhin gi y ng euro
c v nh t c a chung v cng t c nhc n hn l ngi ta tng mong i.

1. Nhng ngi lc quan thng t an i mnh rng tuy thot u ngi ta c th lnh nht
trc nhng g mi l - chng hn nh mt ngi ngoi quc hay mt ng tin mi -
nhng tip xc cng lu th ta s quen dn. Chnh v th m ngi ta hi vng rng dn
Anh dn dn s bt nghi ngi i vi ng euro khi h hiu c rng cm ng tin mi
ny tay h cng khng b bn, hay ng tin cng chng t nhin bc chy u m lo!

2. Nhng c v nh ngi ta khng lc quan ng ch. Mt cuc thmd d lunmi
y phng vn nhng ngi i ngh mt Ty Ban Nha v xem cm gic ca h ra
sao khi cm ng euro bng xng bng tht mua mn ung c sn sangria. Cu
tr li l h chng cm thy g c. Nhng ngi c phng vn cng t r thi phn
i ca mnh i vi vic thay th ng bng Anh bng ng euro. Mt phn nguyn
nhn dn n thi ny l do dn chng cc nc s dng ng euro ang ku ca
rng gi c nc h ngy cng tr nn t t khi ng tin ny chnh thc c lu
hnh.

3. C cho l dn Anh c ngh ti ng tin chung i na th cng chng my ai mn m g
vi n. Rt t ngi ngh ti ng euro hay ni v n. Mt s t ngi cung tn c th
ng h mnh m, mt s ngi cc oan khc c th phn i kch lit, nhng a s
ngi dn bnh thng th vic gia nhp lin minh tin t chng lmh bn tm. Tuy vy
cc cuc thmd d lun gn y cho thy ngy cng c t ngi coi vic gia nhp ng
tin chung l quan trng. Nhng v chnh ph vn t ra ... v vn ny cho nn vic
ng euro t c nhc n cng chng c g l l.

4. Tt nhin cc quan chc chnh ph cng bt u ni n nhng vic cn lm trong ma
h nmnay. Chnh ph sp ti s phi cng b xem nc Anh c iu kin ca 5 bi
trc nghim kinh t c th gia nhp lin minh tin t vo thng 6 nm 2003 hay
khng. Nhiu nh quan st d bo rng u nm2003 chnh ph s t chwcsmootj cuc
trng cu dn , nhng trc cn phi c quc hi cho php. Tuy nhin trong thi
im hin nay th vn cha c s kin ng k no xy ra.

72

5. Trong nhng nmu tin p dng ng tin chung, ng lc ch yu ca s hi nhp ti
chnh l tc ng ca th trng. Nhng gi y, mun tip tc qu trnh hi nhp, cn
phi c quyt tm c th hn t pha chnh ph v cc t chc th trng ca cc nc
thnh vin tong vic h tr cho ng tin chung pht trin. S n nh v gi c, cc bin
php ti kho ca chnh ph, vic hi ho ho c cu lut php, s hi nhp th trng ti
chnh v vickhc phc nhng bt cp ca th trng lao ng v hng ho l nhng yu
t c bn ng euro ngy cng ng vai tr quan trng hn c v cht ln v lng
trong nn kinh t u chu.


Unit 27. Task 3.

The Euro debate

1. The sinking of the euro beyond the psychological parity level with the dollar is causing a
stir. Most economists were of the opinion that in the long-term, the plunge of the euro
didnt matter very much, and that there was enough data to support a prediction of an
upturn in the near future. Willem Buiter, member of the Monetary Policy Committee of
the Bank of England and professor of economics at Cambridge University, called the
weakness of the euro the biggest non-event of the decade. President of the Bundesbank
Earnst Welteke said that the decline went against expectations, but was more a
psychological than an economical problem.

2. Financier George Soros said that the fall of the euro was largely a matter of capital flows.
The US was attracting the capital, the euro zone wasnt. However, he added at a press
briefing, I think it would be a mistake to defend the euro by raising interest rates too
much just as growth in the region was picking up. Even the capital flow situation could
reverse itself, argued Bergsten, director of the US-based Institute for International
Economics, if investors took fright at the yawning trade and current account deficits in
the US.

3. Some other was less sanguine. Nobel prize-winner Robert Mundell was of the opinion
that if the European Central Bank did not pay attention to the exchange rate, it could be
setting up the region for inflationary pressures. So what is it that ails the euro? Structural
problems, to start with. Unemployment, while falling, is still relatively high. Unattractive
tax rates and inflexible labour markets tend to keep investors away. Added to this were
the brewing political uncertainties in Germany and Austria.

4. The ECB also needs to establish greater credibility. A collection of 11 central bankers
with differing agendas could give conflicting signals to the market. Some pointed out that
decision-making within the ECB needed to be made transparent to thwart any perception
that members were being swayed by national interests. Christian Noyer, vice president of
the ECB, could only defend his institution by saying that a balance has been struck to
ensure accountability and transparency without freezing open debate among members.

5. The concensus was that if there is indeed a new economy in the US, it has yet to make
it to Europe. But the lesson to be learned is that the USs much-vaunted productivity
gains have been fueled by IT. In order for Europe to embrace an e-culture, it has to
undergo some painful restructuring and loosen labour rigidities. The euro itself is helping
to overcome inefficiencies in the capital markets and is facilitating cross-border
transactions. And Europe has the advantage through its leadership in wireless technology.
It now remains to be seen whether politicians have the stomach to turn these gains into a
period of sustained growth - and thus prevent the euro fromtaking any further plunge.

73


Unit 27. Task 4.

1. After reaching dizzying heights over the summer, mainland stocks have come back to
earth now.

2. A heavy impact of US interest rate movements is fuelling demand for Hong Kong to
break off its peg to the US dollar.

3. Confidence is booming in Malaysia, with all the key indicators pointing to a healthy
rebound.

4. The decline in interest rates has injected life into Indonesias debt market.

5. The government efforts to entice more FDI seem to be paying off/bearing fruits/ making
themselves felt.

6. Globalization is adding to the reach and power of the market. Now even the government,
not just firms and people, must bow down before the new master of worldwide
competition.

7. To win the battle against poverty, Asian countries need to push stronger forward with
their economic policy reforms.


Unit 28. Task 1.

Thanh ton trn mng ang lm vai tr ca
ngn hng b lu m dn

1. Vai tr tr ct ca ngn hng trong h thng thanh ton ang b e do nghimtrng bi
mt i th mi cung cp dch v xut trnh v thanh ton ho n bng phung tin din
t. Cho ti thi im ny, c 2% s h gia nh M thanh ton ho n qua mng,
mc d h vn nhn c mt ng ho n giy gi n h qua ng bu in mi
thng.

2. H thng thanh ton qua mng c nhng u im ni bt. Nhng ngi pht hnh ho
n s tit kim c mt khon tin v h khng phi mt cng x l ho n giy v
khng phi tr bu ph na. Cc khon phi thu cng t b tn ng hn v ho n s
c thanh ton nhanh hn. Theo c tnh, cc cng ty pht hnh ho n M c th
tit kim c hn 2 t la trong vng vi nmti.

3. Mc d nhng ngi phi thanh ton ho n cng s tit kim c bu ph, tin mua
phong b, v c l c ph thanh ton bng sc, nhng li ch ln nht i vi h li l s
tin li. Cng ty Transpoint do Microsoft v First Data lp nn c tnh rng ngy nay
ngi tiu dng mi thng phi mt 2 ting ng h cho vic thanh ton cc loi ho n,
v nu h thanh ton qua mng th s ch mt 1 ting thi. Cng ty Tower Group d bo
rng tt c nhng u im trn s khin cho s h gia nh s dng phng thc thanh
ton qua mng M tng t 1.3 triu h vo thi im hin nay ln hn 10 triu h vo
nm2003.

4. Vn t ra i vi cc ngn hng l liu h c th duy tr c v tr trung tm ca
mnh hay khng khi m cc hot ng thanh ton c tin hnh trn mng ngy cng

74
nhiu. Ri ro m cc ngn hng ang gp phi rt ln. Nu cc ngn hng chu hi sinh v
tr ca mnh trong h thng thanh ton th rt c th h s mt lun c nhng mi
khch hng quan trng.

5. H thng thanh ton trn mng c th l du chm ht cho cc ngn hng. Nu mt cng
ty khc, chng hn nh Microsoft, chim c v tr ng u trong h thng thanh ton
th khch hng s kt ni mng ca mnh vo mng ca cng ty thanh ton ho n
hng thng ca h. V mt khi chc chn trong h thng thanh ton th Microsoft s
chng kh khn g trong vic tung ra cc sn phm p ng mi nhu cu v ti chnh cu
khch hng, t nhu cu u t cho n vay mua nh th chp.

6. Tnh hnh c th cn ti t hn. H thng thanh ton qua mng c th khin cho doanh
thu t cc dch v qun l tin mt - vn l mt lnh vc lmn bo b - b gim st khi
ni ho n v sc bng giy bin mt v thay vo l dch v thanh ton qua mng.
Nu cc ngn hng b y ra ra v tut mt cc mi khch hng vi cc cng ty c
bit th tn tht cn ln hn nhiu khi m h khng cn c hi cung cp cc dch v
nh kt mt gi ngn hng, kim sot vic gii ngn, hay i chiu ti khon.

7. Nguy c m cc ngn hng ang gp phi hin nay cng gn ging vi nguy c m h
tng gp phi, v chu thua cuc, trc s cnh tranh trong giao dch bng th tn
dng. Ngy nay, 75% cc giao dch bng th tn dng M l do cc t chc khng phi
ngn hng m nhim. lch s cay ng khng lp li, cc ngn hng M phn
ng bng cch thnh lp nn tp on Integrion v Spectrum- nhng tp on ang c
gng gi vai tr u mi chuyn cung cp cc loi dch v thanh ton qua mng cho ngn
hng. Tuy vy cho n nay 2 tp on ny vn hot ng ch cm chng do b cn tr
bi cc vn v iu hnh doanh nghip v bt ng quan im trong vic quyt nh
nhng chun mc v ni dung ch yu.

8. V tnh hnh din bin phc tp nh vy cho nn nhiu ngn hng ang lo tm cho mnh
nhng gii php an ton hn. Chng hn ngn hng Citibank va l thnh vin ca
Integrion li va c c phiu trong cng ty Transpoint, cn ngn hng Che va l thnh
vin ca tp on Spectrumng thi li lin kt vi CheckFree. Cc ngn hng u bit
rng ri ro l rt ln, v nu h khng nhanh chn chp ly c hi do h thng thanh ton
qua mng emli th ngi khc s tranh th ngay c hi .


Unit 28. Task 3.

banking in the 21
st
century

1. As the worlds banks enter the new millenium, they face a confusing paradox. On the one
hand, they need to be bigger, more diversified, and offer more comprehensive services in
order to compete globally. On the other hand, in a rapidly changing market, only the most
nimble will survive.

2. European banks are facing the toughest challenges as they wrestle with the implications
of the single currency and play catch-up on technology. Mergers have been picking up
pace as banks seek to defend their positions. More consolidations are expected,
particularly through cross-border mergers, although clouds are already gathering over the
merger arena.

3. Economic analysts are beginning to realise that mergers are not necessarily a good thing.
Efficiency gains are easily outweighed by cultural clashes, while strict employment laws

75
in Europe mean the scope for rationalization is limited. More worrying is the fact that
many mergers resulted in nothing but eroded share values.

4. The major banking groups sloth is leaving the field wide open for new players,
particularly the Internet banks. With low overheads, and the benefit of being in fashion,
Internet banks in Europe are wresting customers fromtheir cumbersome old rivals.

5. Bankers operating in the emerging markets are facing different challenges as the new
millenium dawns. Worldwide anxiety about credit risks and lingering pain from the 97
Asian meltdown are leading to increasing demands for security from those investing in
emerging markets. New proposals relating to credit risk ratings and reserve requirements
could lead to a shakeout of the industry, forcing unreliable businesses out of the market.
In the banking world, there is only one principle: bigger is better.


Unit 28. Task 4.

1. While there is upside potential in the stock market, investors are advised to give a second
thought to their decisions/ to think twice before making up their minds/thrusting into their
pockets/ parting with their money.

2. With the new bond issue, the market has roared into life, signalling/heralding the dawn
of a new era.

3. Financial reformtops the regional agenda/ is high on the regional agenda.

4. China is losing its charm/appeal to foreign investors. Much of the blame lies with
excessively stringent regulations and mounting competition fromdomestic rivals.

5. A heavy dependency on mainlands economic outlook and US monetary policy is
clouding the forecasts for Hongkong. But signs are emerging of brighter prospects.

6. The shakeup of the state sector will surely give the talent chance to shine.

7. Many analysts believe that the rally in Indonesian stocks is drawing to a close as
investors are beginning to fear the widespread corruption in the country.

8. Singapore has barely put a foot wrong in its response to the turmoil. With careful
management, the economy is showing every sign of effecting a full rebound.


Unit 29. Task 1.

th trng bo him vit nam ang khi sc

1. Vit nam l nc ng dn th hai ng nam vi 80 triu ngi. K t khi Vit nam
chuyn i sang nn kinh t th trng, ngnh BHVN tng trng nhanh chng v
vng chc, t mt qui m cn rt khim tn. Bo Vit, c thnh lp vo nm 1965, l
cng ty trc thuc b ti chnh v gi v tr c tn trong ngnh cho ti tn nm94. Hot
ng ca Bo vit tp trung ch yu vo bo him cho hot ng xut nhpkhu, bo
him hng hi qui m nh, bo him giao thng ng thu v bo him phng tin
giao thng ng b. Cng ty phc v nhu cu bo him ca mt nn kinh t nh gm
ton cc doanh nghip nh nc. Nhng khi nn kinh t thc hin ci t vo nm96, cc
cng ty nc ngoi v lin doanh bt u c nhu cu v nhng sn phm bo him khng

76
thuc phm vi kinh doanh ca Bo Vit. ng thi, nhiu cng ty bo him khu vc v
quc t cng bt u t ra quan tm n vic xm nhp vo th trng bo him Vit
Namnh Allianz (c), Cng ty bo him ho hon v tai nn hng hi Tokyo (Nht),
hay cng ty ACEINA ca M.v.v...

2. Mc d cc cng ty nc ngoi c php kinh doanh cc sn phm bo him trn th
trng Vit nam, B ti chnh vn t ra mt s hn ch nhm bo h cc cng ty trong
nc (u do b ny qun l) v h tr s pht trin ca cc donh nghip ny, gip
h chun b tt hn trong vic cnh tranh vi cc cng ty nc ngoi khi m ca th
trng. Chng hn nm97, mt vi cng ty nc ngoi c php bn bo him y t
v nhn th, nhng ch cho cc i tng khng phi l cng dn Vit nam (tc l ngi
nc ngoi sng v lmvic ti Vit nam cng cc thn nhn ca h).

3. Thng 3 nm98, B Chnh tr - c quan lnh o cao nht ca ng - ban hnh mt
vn bn chnh thc th hin mt t tng, ng li hon ton mi: cho php cc cng ty
bo him nhn th v phi nhn th 100% vn nc ngoi c t do hot ng trn th
trng bo him Vit nam. Ln u tin cc cng ty nc ngoi c t do tip th v
bn trc tip cc sn phm bo him a dng, hin i vi trnh chuyn mn cao cho
ngi Vit nam vi rt t hn ch v mt s nhng iu kin bt li nh trong cnh tranh
vi cc cng ty bo him trc thuc b ti chnh.

4. Hin nay Vit nam c 5 cng ty bo him ln trong nc, ngoi ra cn c hn 45 cng
ty nc ngoi v 4 cng ty i l t vn phng Vit nam. Nhng cng ty nc
ngoi cm thy y l mt th trng c tim nng to ln v mc tng trng hangf nm
kh cao. Mt vi cng ty trong s l nhng tn tui c hng trong th trng bo him
quc t, v nhng cng ty tm c v dy dn kinh nghim ny gip cho nng lc cnh
tranh gia cc cng ty bo him trong v ngoi nc tng ln ng k.

5. Nh trin vng kinh t sng sa cng vi Lut Kinh doanh Bo him mi c ban hnh
v bt u c hiu lc t ngy 15 thng 4 nm2001, hi vng rng th trng bo him
Vit nam s c nhng khi sc mi trong th k 21. Tc tng trng ton ngnh nm
2001 t khong 40%, tnh c nhn th ln phi nhn th. Bo him nhn th c tc
tng trng 80%, chim hn mt na tng thu ph. Bo him phi nhn th c tc tng
10%.

6. Khc vi cc ngnh khc, th trng bo him khng b gii hn bi tc tng trng
kinh t trong nc. Cc cng ty bo him nc ngoi c th tn dng c mt thc t
hin nay l cung khng p ng nhu cu i vi cc sn phm bo him. y l hin
trng ca cc dng bo him nh bo him ti sn, bo him trch nhim dn s, bo
him xng du, bo him hng hi Hull v P&I, v bo him CAR/EAR, v cc cng ty
bo him trong nc khng nng lc p ng nhu cu v nhng sn phm ny.
Ngoi ra cc cng ty bo him cng cha p ng c nhu cu v nhng sn phm mi
cha c trn th trng, nhng snp phm tuy c bn trn th trng nhng cn trong
giai on th im, hay nhng sn phm cha c php lut cng nhn hay cha c
ph bin. Nhng sn phm ny bao gm cc sn phm nhn th v phi nhn th, bo
him y t, v bo him x hi. Vi vic sp gia nhp WTO v ci thin c quan h
thng mi vi Hoa k, Vit nams to ra c mt th trng nhiu tim nng i vi
cc cng ty bo him trong cng nh ngoi nc.





Unit 29. Task 3.

77

LEVEL THE PLAYING FIELD FOR
VIETNAMS INSURANCE COMPANIES

1. Competition in Vietnams insurance market is intense and state firms are trying to hold
on to their former monopolies against well-organized and stiff foreign pressures.

2. The Vietnam Insurance Corporation (Bao Viet) has a head start in this aspect. Its
collected premiums of $96 mil in 1999 posted an impressive rise of 12% over the
previous year. With 63 branches and over 4000 staff, Bao Viet remains the market leader,
grabbing around 60% of the market share around the land, followed by Bao Ming CMG (
a joint-venture between the Australian financial group Colonial and the HCM Insurance
Company), Prudential UK ( the largest foreign insurer with total investment of $14 mil)
and AIG ( the American International Group).

3. The unleveled playing field is causing concerns among insurers, especially with non-life
insurance products. To sell more policies, some companies are willing to pay
commissions much higher than levels permitted by the Ministry of Finance, and reduce
premiums to unacceptable levels. The Government, in an attempt to secure future
sustainability of the sub-sector, is moving forward with new policies and regulations.
Circular 144, for instance, governs insurance commissions for agents and brokers with
regard to 5 insurance products: death, termlife, endownment, lifetime and annuity.

4. The establishment of the Association of VietnamInsurers signifies another move to bar
unfair competition and promote cooperation in the sub-sector. The founding members
expect to reach consensus on minimum insurance premiums and to seek ways to
strengthen effective cooperation in the face of foreign competition.

5. The sub-sectors role in the national economy is also a matter of public interest. Figures
fromthe MPI reveal a trivial contribution of 0.58% GDP frompremiumrevenue, in sharp
contrast to the 5-14% GDP in developed countries. But theres grounds for optimism: the
amount of premiums has demonstrated an annual growth of 30%. Foreign insurers
therefore believe that increased marketing and strategic alliances will boost demand for
existing and new products that will be affordable to the majority of Vietnams 80 million
residents.


Unit 29. Task 4.

1. heated/ lively debate
2. intense/ great/immense/enormous pressure
3. solid/ sound/profound understanding
4. key/ major/burning/pressing issue
5. vigorous/ fierce/ intense/ stiff/ pressing/ mounting/ tough/harsh competition
6. overwhelming/ irreversible/ unstoppable/ strong/ pervasive/ sweeping trend
7. radical/ swift/ bold/ tough/ painful /tentative/ drastic reform
8. acute/serious problem
9. devastating/ damaging/ violent/ raging storm
10. outstanding/ impressive/ spectacular/ formidable performance
11. corrosive/deleterious/negative/profound/major/significant/positive/favoura-ble/lasting/far-
reaching impact
12. unique/unprecedented/valuable/golden/precious/breath-taking/impressive opportunity
13. convincing/persuasive/compelling answer

78
14. hostile/ inhospitable/ unattractive/ agressive/ attractive/ supportive/charming / healthy/
favourable/ welcoming/ encouraging/enabling environment
15. strong/ robust/ impressive/ spectacular/ respectable/ vigorous economic rebound
16. massive/ numerous/ painstaking/ enormous/ collected/ concerted effort


Unit 30. Task 1.

d sao cng l mt s khi u

1. S giao dch chng khon mi c thnh lp ny ch c vn vn 4 cng ty c nim
yt, cch mt ngy mi m ca giao dch mt ln (tr th by v ch nht), v ch trong
tun khai trng m qui nh giao dch thay i ti hai ln. Nhng thi, chng ta cng
khng nn ma mai th trng chng khon mi khai sinh ca Vit nam lmg. Vic th
trng ny c thnh lp l c mt s kin trng i ri. Tuy kh c th xc nh
ngy thng mt cch chnh xc, nhng cng chng ngoa nu ni rng ngi ta phi
mt t nht 6 nm Trung tm Giao dch Chng khon t ti thnh ph HCM c th
m ca n cc nh u t.

2. Bc khi u khng hon ton sun s. Ngy giao dch u tin hm 28 thng 7 ch c
2 cng ty thc hin giao dch l Cng ty C in lnh (REE) v Cng ty Vt liu Dy
cp v Vin thng (SACOM), vi khi lng giao dch 70.4 triu ng (tc l ch hn
5000 la). Mt tun sau, thmhai cng ty khc l Cng ty Giy Hi phng v Cng ty
Kho bi v Giao nhn c nim yt (hai cng ty ny khng kp hon tt h s
c ln sn trong ngy u tin). Vy l S GDCK Vit nam tr thnh SGD v
tin khong hu trong lch s: c s lng s cng ty nim yt tng gp i ch trong tun
u tin!

3. Khng ch nhng con s ni trn t ra km thuyt phc i vi cc nh u t nc
ngoi, m c cch qun l ca U ban Chng khon Nh nc cng khin h ngc nhin.
Ngay trc phin giao dch u tin, ng mt ci u ban ny tuyn b p t mc gi
trn i vi c phiu ca c hai cng ty c nim yt (kt qu l mc d c lnh t mua
ti 187000 c phiu ca SACOM, nhng cui cng ch c 100 c phiu c bn).
Trc ngy th hai, bin dao ng gi b thu hp t 5% xung cn 2%. Bo Si gn
trch dn li mt quan chc ca UBCKNN gii thch rng y l bin php nhm
ngn chn u c thc t chng c s giao dch no li t ra mc tiu ny.

4. Ni chung s GDCK mi ca Vit nam vn cn rt nhiu tn ti cn khc phc. Nhng
d sao dn chng cng t ra phn khi khi s c thnh lp. Ph gim c Trung tm
GDCK, ng Trn c Sinh, cho bit trong tng lai s c khong 20 n 30 cng ty na
c yt danh, nhng c l qui m ca cc cng ty l vn quan trng hn ch khng
phi l s lng cc cng ty c nim yt. Cho n nay cc cng ty ln sn u l
nhng cng ty lmn tng i pht t v n nh, nhng nu Vit nam mun thu ht
c s quan tm ca cc nh u t nc ngoi th S GDCK cn phi yt danh cc
cng ty c tm c hn nh Tng Cng ty Bu chnh Vin thng, Tng Cng ty xng du
Vit nam, hay Hng Hng khng Quc gia Vit nam.

5. Mt thch thc na m chnh ph cn phi vt qua hp dn cc nh u t l nn
kinh t Vit nam vn cn da qu nhiu vo giao dch tin mt, mt phn l do mc thu
nh vo ngi giu qu cao mt nt in hnh ca cc nn kinh t x hi ch ngha.
Mun mua c phiu, cc nh u t phi ng k vi mt trong s 6 cng ty mi gii
chng khon c nh nc ch nh, v phi t tin vo ti khon ca cng ty mi gii
trc khi tin hnh giao dch. Cc nh u t trong nc lo ngi rng nh vy th s
l ra h giu n th no mt iu m h khng mun chnh ph bit c.

79


Unit 30. Task 3.

toward a fair securities trading centre

1. Fund managers are gearing up for the launch of the first securities trading centre in
Vietnamwhich has just been opened late J uly 2000. Both a primary and an OTC stock
market have sprung up some time ago. What we aimto do is to legalise the whole system
by setting up an official stock exchange in the formof a Securities Trading Centre, said
Tran Dac Sinh, deputy director of the centre.

2. He said a set of measures to protect the rights of prospective investors have been
implemented. These include a comprehensive legal framework concerning securities
trading, establishment of professional securities companies, and installation of advanced
facilities and equipment. Also, the State Securities Committee (SSC) will only allow
transactions involving good-quality financial assets such as government bonds and listed
companies shares. Some $214.9 million of shares and bonds are expected to be ready for
transactions.

3. In another move to ensure smooth trading at the newly born stock market, Sinh said the
SSC will control the maximum price movement on each trading day within a 5% band.
We have now completed the installation of the system and conducted training
programmes for our officers and staff, Sinh said. In the near future we will work
towards creating a favourable working environment as well as establishing connections
between the trading floor and securities firms.

4. Regarding the extremely small scale of the future stock market with only 5 stockbroking
firms lisenced and 2 joint-stock companies registered for trading so far, Sinh said he is
optimistic the number of players and commodities will incease rapidly once the exchange
takes shape and proves to be efficient.

5. Yet a word of caution. In the flush of Vietnamenthusiasm5 years ago, no less than 6
Vietnamcountry funds raised a total of $400 million in capital. Unfortunately, none have
invested all their funds due to the small size of Vietnams private sector. Two funds have
already moved out. Others have been forced to write down the values of their portfolios.

6. The Government has therefore issued a decision to give tax concessions to encourage
securities trading activities. VAT is temporarily exempted with respect to the business
acitvities of securities companies. They also enjoy exemption of Enterprise Income Tax
for one year and a 50% reduction for the subsequent two years.


Unit 30. Task 4.

1. Chinas political outlook seems promising, but on the financial front, things can not be
more different.

2. Economic growth depends on far more than foreign aid.

3. The use of force is no longer an option. Any conflict or dispute must be settled by
negotiation and compromise.

4. Hardly a week goes by without a complaint froma customer.

80

5. J apans role in the regional economy is far fromclear.

6. Nothing like this happens in real life/ Things dont quite turn out that way.

7. You cant convince buyers unless you yourself believe that youre selling good value.



check your progress 6
Task 1. EN-VN

1. Qu Tin t Quc t v Ngn hng Th gii tun ny s li gp rc ri to. Vi mc ch cu
th gii khi cn bnh u ma y nguy him, hng ngn ngi phn i ton cu ho
ang d nh s bao vy tr s ca hai t chc ny Washington, ni vo ngy 28 v 29
thng 9 ny s din ra cuc hp thng nin ca b trng ti chnh v thng c ngn hng
trung ng n t 184 nc trn th gii. Sau mt thi gian ngn im hi lng ting vo cui
nmngoi do c cuc tn cng khng b vo nc M, gi y hot ng ca nhng ngi
ch trng v chnh ph, cc sinh vin i hc v cc nh hot ng x hi khc bt u
si ni tr li. H c gng ph hoi cc hi ngh kinh t quc t vi phng chmMt cch
phn i ch ngha t bn y sng to.

2. Mc d nhng ngi ging cao khu hiu v biu ng ny khin cho ph x tr nn
ng nght, v i bo hu nh chng a c tin g khc, nhng h li khng th gy mt
e do thc s no cho Qu Tn t Quc t v Ngn hng Th gii. Khu hiu kt liu ch
ngha t bn m h a ra tht v l, nhng lp lun ca h cng rt thiu nht qun.
Nhng nmnay, Qu Tin t Quc t li phi ng u vi s phn i nghim trng hn
t chnh ni b ca mnh ch khng phi t nhng k bn ngoi. Cng ngy, cc nhn vin
ca t chc ny (tuy ch t thi mt cch mm mng) v cc gimc ngn hng th
trng ti chnh M (nhng ngi ny th phn i gay gt hn) cng t ra nghi ng khng
bit t chc ny v cc nc giu vn c ting ni quan trng trong vic hoch nh chnh
sch ca t chc c hiu r vic mnh lmhay khng.

3. Vo thi im ny, ngi ta khng cn tin tng vo l l chnh m Qu Tin t Quc t
thng dng thanh minh cho nhng sai lm trc y ca mnh - l h ang th p
dng nhng loi thuc men dng cp cu. ng l chu , Qu phi quyt nh
nhanh chng xem phi lmth no i ph vi cuc khng hong v ngoi hi ht sc
t ngt xy ra nhng nc m Qu khng theo di st sao nhiu nm nay. Cn Nga,
Qu phi h tr cho cng cuc chuyn i c mt khng hai trong lch s t ch ngha
cng sn sang ch ngha t bn. Nhng thm ch vi s chmnom cn thn ca Qu i vi
khu vc chu M Latinh, th ngay c Gim c qu, ng Horst Kohler, cng vn phi tha
nhn rng tht bi ca qu trong vic ngn chn khng hong hin nay khu vc ny cho
thy rng Qu Ting t Quc t cn phi tip tc rt kinh nghim trong tng lai.