Chan Doan Trang Thai Ky Thuat Oto - Tran Thanh Hai Tung

Chng 1*Chn on trng thi k thut t - Bin son- Trn Thanh Hi Tng, Nguyn L Chu Thnh
CHNG 1
L THUYT MA ST V HAO MN
1.1. L THUYT CHUNG V MA ST V HAO MN
1.1.1. Khi nim v ma st
1.1.1.1. Quan im c in
Lc ma st Fms t l thun vi ti trng php tuyn N:
Fms = .N
N- ti trng php tuyn.

-h s ma st, =const.
Cng thc trn ch c phm vi s dng nht nh.
1.1.1.2. Quan im hin i
Ma st l kt qu ca nhiu dng tng tc phc tp khc nhau, khi c s tip
xc v dch chuyn hoc c xu hng dch chuyn gia hai vt th, trong din ra
cc qu trnh c, l, ho, in...quan h ca cc qu trnh rt phc tp ph thuc
vo c tnh ti, vn tc trt, vt liu v mi trng.
Fms = .N
- h s ma st, = f(p,v,C)
N-ti trng php tuyn
C-iu kin ma st (vt liu, cng, bng, ch gia cng, mi
trng)
Cng ma st A chuyn ho thnh nhit nng Q v nng lng hp ph gia 2 b
mt E.
A = Q + E.
1.1.2. Cc yu t nh hng n h s ma st
1.1.2.1. nh hng ca ti trng.
Khi thay i p th thay

i theo. Nhng tn ti mt
khong pth1< p <pth2 m trong
n nh v nh nht. Khi vt ra
ngoi khong th xy ra h
hng v tng cao.
= f(p, C2)
= f(p, C1)
0
pth1 pth2
pth1 pth2
Hnh1.1. nh hng ca ti trng n
Nhn xt:
Khi thay i iu kin ma st C th dng ng cong khng thay i m ch
thay i cc gi tr , pth1, pth2.
1
1.1.2.2. nh hng ca vn tc. Hnh 1.2

ng cong = f(v,C)
cng c qui lut tng t ng
cong = f(p,C).
= f(v, C2)
= f(v, C1)
0
vth1 vth2
vth1 vth2
Hnh1.2. nh hng ca vn tc n
1.1.2.3. nh hng ca iu kin ma st. Hnh 1.3

Th nghim 1: cho cp ma st Fe-Fe lm vic
vi ti trng p = const, vn tc v = const, c cho
v khng cho bt mi vo gia hai b mt ma

st.
OA: khng c bt mi.
AB: gim do tc dng r trn ca bt mi
O
A
B
C
D t
BC: tng cao v khng n nh do s ph hoi
ca bt mi.
Hnh1.3. nh hng ca iu kin ma st n CD: khng c bt mi --> n nh v gim.
Nhn xt: const khi iu kin ma st thay i
Th nghim 2: Cho ba cp ma st Fe-Fe, Al-Al, Cu-Cu lm vic vi p = const,
v =const, thay i ch gia cng t bng b mt khc nhau. Kt qu, thay
i nh bng 1.1
Bng 1.1. nh hng ca bng b mt n
bng
7
14
14
Phng php gia cng
Fe-Fe
nh bng bng in gii

2,08
nh bng bng in gii
1,32
nh bng bng in gii c lp mng xt
0,8
dy 300A0
Gia hai b mt c mng du bi trn
0,06
Al-Al
Cu-Cu
4,05
3,00
1,7
1,08
1,08
0,37
0,05
0,07
14
Kt lun: h s ma st ph thuc vo nhiu yu t. = f(p,v,C)
- const.
- Tn ti khong c = const v nh nht.
- Cho ta phng hng ch o thc tin thay i iu kin ma st C sao cho
m rng c phm vi s dng m = const v nh nht.
1.1.3. Phn loi ma st

- Da vo ng hc chuyn ng:
2
p
p
+ Ma st trt.
v
v
+ Ma st ln.
+ Ma st xoay.
- Da vo s tham gia ca
Hnh 1.4. Cc dng ma st
cht bi trn:
+ Ma st t.
+ Ma st kh.
+ Ma st ti hn.
- Da vo ng lc hc:
+ Ma st tnh.
+ Ma st ng
- Da vo c tnh qu trnh ma st:
+ Ma st bnh thng l qu trnh ma st trong ch xy ra hao mn tt yu v
cho php (xy ra t t, ch trn lp cu trc th cp, khng xy ra s ph hoi kim loi
gc), trong phm vi gii hn ca ti trng, vn tc trt v iu kin ma st bnh
thng.
+ Ma st khng bnh thng l qu trnh ma st trong p,v,C vt ra ngoi
phm vi gii hn, xy ra h hng: trc loi 1, loi 2, mi mn...
Ngi ta tm cc bin php thit k, cng ngh, s dng m rng phm vi
cho php ca p, v, C theo hng tng hoc gim .
V d: Cn tng : m phanh, b mt ma st ca a ly hp ma st.

Cn gim : trt, ln...
1.2. KHI NIM V HAO MN, H HNG

1.2.1. Khi nim chung
Hao mn: L s ph hoi dn dn b
mt ma st, th hin s thay i kch thc
dn dn theo thi gian. Trong qu trnh hao mn
khng xy ra s ph hoi kim loi gc m ch
xy ra s ph hoi trn lp b mt chi tit (gi
l lp cu trc th cp).
Ch tiu nh gi hao mn: nh
gi hao mn ngi ta dng t s gia lng hao
mn tuyt i vi chiu di ca qung ng xe
chy gi l cng mn.
Lp cu trc th cp
Kim loi gc
Hnh 1.5. Hao mn lp cu trc th cp
- Cng mn I:
I =
l1 l 2
L
( m/1000km) hoc I=
(g/1000km).
3
V1 V2
L
(m3/1000km) hoc I=
G1 G 2
L
l1, l2-kch thc chi tit o theo phng php tuyn vi b mt ma st trc ma
st v khi o, ( m).
V1, V2-th tch chi tit trc v sau khi o.
G1, G2-khi lng chi tit trc v sau khi o.
L-chiu di qung ng xe chy, (1000km).
- Tc mn V:
V=
l1 l 2
t
( m/gi) hoc V=
V1 V2
G G2
(m3/gi) hoc I= 1
(g/gi)
t
L
t-thi gian ma st (gi)

H hng: l s ph hoi b mt chi tit xy ra khng c qui lut v mc
v m. C th quan st c bng mt thng v c s ph hoi kim loi gc nh:
trc, r, bin dng b mt, cong, vnh, co, xc, nt b mt (phng php tuyn),
dp, ln, xm thc.
1.2.2. Phn loi hao mn, h hng

1.2.2.1. Phn loi hao mn
Hao mn xy ho loi 1: l hao mn m lp cu trc th cp l lp mng
dung dch rn (c x lch mng).
Hao mn xy ho loi 2: l hao mn m lp cu trc th cp l lp xt. V
d: FeO, Fe2O3
1.2.2.2. Phn loi h hng
Trc loi 1: l dng ph hoi b mt, th hin s dnh cc b gia hai b mt
do bin dng do gy ra v lc ln qu gii hn n hi.
Trc loi 2: l dng ph hoi b mt, th hin s dnh cc b gia hai b mt
do nhit gy ra.
Mi mn: do tn ti ht mi gia hai b mt ma st, do ct bi hoc do trc
Trc xi ho ng: l s cng ho qu trnh hao mn.
n mn in ho, xm thc...
Mi: xy ra khi ti trng thay i tun hon, xut hin v pht trin cc vt nt
t vi, dn n gy t ngt.
1.2.3. Cc yu t nh hng n hao mn, h hng

Bt k cp chi tit no lm vic vi nhau u sinh ra ma st trong iu kin c
trt tng i, chu lc, iu kin mi trng lm vic, cht bi trn, cht lng chi
tit (thnh phn vt liu, tnh cht c l ho b mt ...) l dn n hao mn.
1.2.3.1. nh hng ca ti trng p

Th nghim: Cho cp ma st thp
Y10A c nhit luyn lm vic vi nhau khi
tng dn P, o I, hnh 1.6:
ng 1: ng vi v = 3,11 m/s
ng 2: ng vi v = 2,59 m/s
ng 3: ng vi v= 1,78 m/s
Kt lun: vn tc trong gii hn
no , cng hao mn l n nh v
nh nht khi p[p]. Nu p>[p] th hao mn
xy ra mnh lit.
I [mg/100km]
1
p1
p2
p3
p[kg/m2]
Hnh 1.6. nh hng ca ti

trng n hao mn, h hng.
1.2.3.2. nh hng ca vn tc trt v

Vn tc trt cho php m rng kh nng
chu ti nhng cha r m phi nghin cu nh
hng ring ca tng chi tit nh th no:
Th nghim: cho cp ma st thp C10
lm vic vi nhau, thay i v, o cng hao
mn I, hnh 1.7.:
Vng 1 v 3: c hao mn nh v n nh
(ng vi hao mn xy ho)
Vng 2: hao mn ln nht (trc loi 1)
Vng 4: trc loi 2
I [mg/100km]
v[m/s]
Hnh 1.7. nh hng ca vn tc n

hao mn, h hng
1.2.3.3.nh hng ca iu kin ma st

nh hng ca tnh cht vt liu
T hai th nghim i vi thp Y10A v thp C10 ta thy:
- Thp Y10A khng c dng ph hoi do trc, cn thp C10 c ph hoi do
trc. chng trc loi 1 phi dng vt liu khc nhau cho hai chi tit ma st vi
nhau. V nu ging nhau th chng c mng tinh th ging nhau nn d khuch tn vi
nhau.
- cng cng cao th mn cng thp.
nh hng ca cht bi trn
- Tc dng ca cht bi trn: gim ma st lm gim hao mn, lm mt chi tit,
bao kn b mt, bo v b mt khi b xy ho, lm sch b mt.
- Yu cu i vi cht bi trn:
+ Phi bo m kh nng lm vic trong phm vi P,v,
+ Phi in y cc hm v l t vi, bm ton b vo b mt chi tit to thnh
mng du bi trn.
+ To kh nng cn trt ln theo phng vung gc vi b mt ma st v nh
theo phng tip tuyn vi b mt ma st.
+ Khng gy hi n chi tit (n mn).
5
+ Khng to cn, sinh bt nh...

- C ch bi trn:
+ Ma st t (bi trn thu ng). Khi trc bt u quay, do du c nht,
nn trong khe h gia trc v bc to thnh nm du c p sut, p sut cng tng khi
tc quay ca trc tng ln. n khi ng vi tc no , tng p lc ca du
sc nng trc ln, khng c s tip xc trc tip gia trc v bc, dn n khng hao
mn. Thc t khi khi ng, tt my hoc thay i tc th trc v bc c tip xc
nn c hao mn.
n.
nh th. Trong :
Trong bi trn thu ng h s ma st ph thuc vo
p
n-s vng quay/pht

- nht
p-p sut
1-vng ma st kh
2-vng ma st ti hn
3-vng ma st t, vng ny vn c l do ni ma st trong du.
+ Ma st ti hn: xy ra khi lp mng du c
chiu dy rt nh < 0,1m. b dy ny, cc

Thc t
phn t du sp xp ng hng. Do , ccchi tit
L thuyt
nh trt trn mt m n hi, gim. Tuy nhin,
y l mt qu trnh km bn vng d chuyn thnh
ma st kh hoc t.
n.
1 2
3
- Ci thin tnh cht du bi trn: ngi ta
p
pha vo du bi trn cc cht ph gia hot tnh ho
Hnh 1.8. Anh hng ca n,,p n h s
hc hoc hot tnh b mt.
ma st.
+ Cht ph gia hot tnh ho hc, c gc l
axit v c, lm tng kh nng chu ti ca mng
du bi trn, ci thin bn lp cu trc th cp,
m rng phm vi lm vic, gim hao mn.
+ Cht ph gia hot tnh b mt, c gc l cc axit hu c, gc ru, x phng,
c tc dng lm mm lp rt mng trn b mt chi tit, lm tng kh nng r kht
nhanh, gim p sut ring, gim lc ma st, cng ma st.
nh hng ca cht lng b mt ma st
Cht lng b mt ma st c th hin qua cc yu t:
- Hnh hc b mt: v m, vi m v siu vi m:
+ V m: phn nh trn ton b, phm vi ln: cn, van, dung sai ch
to, nhng sai s ny do dao ng ca h my-dao-chi tit trong qu trnh gia cng gy
nn.
+ Vi m: phn nh tnh trng b mt phm vi kch thc tng i b
+ Siu vi m: l sai khc hnh hc trong phm vi rt nh do cu trc kim loi
gy ra.
6
- Trng thi ng sut b mt: do tc dng lc bin dng do nn trn b mt chi

tit lun lun c ng sut d (trong qu trnh cng ngh v trong qu trnh s dng).
Trng thi ng sut thay i d gy ra nt t vi, hng do mi.
- Tnh cht c l ho b mt:
+ Sau khi gia cng ch to bc cui cng, ngi ta tin hnh ti, thm C,N,
phun bi...Do thao tc nh vy, nn b mt chi tit c kh nng hp th ln, tnh cht b
mt khc vi tnh cht kim loi gc. Mt khc, do thay i trng thi kim loi b mt
nn n c nng lng t do ln, d hp ph cc nguyn t mi trng to thnh lp
xt hoc lp dung dch rn.
+ Trong qu trnh lm vic: do bin dng do, lc, vn tc trt lp kim loi b
mt b bin dng do nhiu ln, ng thi bn thn chng c hot tnh ln nn d hnh
thnh lp mng dung dch rn hoc xt. Nh vy, b mt chi tit khc xa kim loi
gc, c tc dng bo v chi tit, qu trnh hao mn ch xy ra trn b mt ny.
Trong thc t lun lun tn ti qu trnh chuyn ho t b mt chi tit sau gia
cng n b mt chi tit lm vic n nh. l qu trnh chy r tt yu, v vy
nhanh chng r kht, gim hao mn trong qu trnh ny ngi ta phi:
+ Gia cng b mt chi tit c bng gn bng bng chi tit khi lm vic n
nh.
+ Gii hn ch ti vn tc trong qu trnh chy r v lc mi s dng.
1.2.4. Mt s dng hao mn, h hng ch yu

1.2.4.1. Hao mn xy ho
Khi nim: l dng ph hoi dn dn b mt chi tit ma st, th hin s hnh
thnh v bong tch cc lp mng cu trc th cp, do tng tc gia b mt kim loi
b bin dng do vi xy v cc phn t mi trng.
+ Hao mn xy ho loi 1: lp mng cu trc th cp l dung dch rn gia
kim loi gc v cc nguyn t khc.
+ Hao mn xy ho loi 2: lp mng cu trc th cp l xt kim loi.
iu kin hnh thnh:
- Tc hao mn xy ho phi ln nht so vi cc qu trnh khc.
- qu trnh hao mn l n nh th:
Vhao mn
V xy ho
Qu trnh cn bng ng. s hnh thnh lp mng cu trc th cp phi nhanh
hn s ph hoi xy ra trn n. Ngha l, chi tit lun lun c lp bo v.
- Xy ra trong mi trng c xy, trong phm vi cho php ca ti trng v vn
tc.
- Xy ra ma st kh, ma st ti hn. V ma st t c mng du.
Bng 1.2. c tnh b mt khi hao mn xy ha

Hao mn xy ho loi 1
Dung
Kim
Hao mn xy ho loi 2
xt
dch
Kim
loi
loi
9 13
< 2000C
= 1000A0
0,05m/h
+ bng:
10 14
+ Nhit b mt:
< 1000C
+ Chiu su ph hoi: = 100 300A0
+ Tc ph hoi:
0,01m/h
1.2.4.2. Trc loi 1
Khi nim: l mt dng h hng b mt, th hin s hnh thnh v bong tch
cc mi lin kt cc b gia hai b mt ma st do bin dng do v lc (khng nhit).
Nguyn nhn: do nh hng ca ti trng ln (p sut tip xc cc b cao)
m hai b mt b bin dng do mnh, b mt dnh st nhau khong cch tinh th,
nguyn t b mt ny khuych tn sang b mt khc v hnh thnh lin kt.
* F1 < Flk < F2 trc v p vo
* Flk > F1,F2 trc ri to thnh ht mi
* Flk < F1,F2 khng trc
iu kin hnh thnh:
- Tc trc l ln nht.
- Ma st kh v gia hai b mt khng c
lp trung gian ngn cch.
- Vn tc trt nh (v < 0,1m/s) kp cho
cc nguyn t khuych tn.
Hnh1.9. c tnh b mt trc loi 1
- p sut tip xc p > [p], ng vi gii hn chy ca vt liu.
Trc loi 1 rt nhy cm vi hai b mt c cng loi vt liu. Trc loi 1 chu
nh hng ln ca cng b mt, cng b mt tng s gim trc loi 1.
c tnh b mt: hnh 1.9
+ Chiu su ph hoi: = 0,5mm.
+ Nhit b mt: <500C
+ bng b mt: 3 4
+ Tc ph hoi: 10 15m/h.
1.2.4.3. Trc loi 2
Khi nim: l dng ph hoi do bin dng v nhit, lm mm nhn b mt khi
nhit tng do vn tc trt tng.
8
Nguyn nhn: do nh hng vn tc trt lm cho nhit cc b mt tng

cao, xy ra s dnh kt gia hai chi tit ma st v s ph hu b mt hoc b mt b
bin dng nh ln, nt...
iu kin hnh thnh:
- Vn tc trt ln. 25 30m/s.
- Nu vn tc trt ln, ti ln th trc loi 2 cng mnh lit.
- Nhy cm vi chi tit c nhit nng chy thp.
Bin php chng trc loi 2:
- Ph ln b mt ma st 1 lp kim
loi Bo, vanai, c kh nng chu nhit
.
- Dng vt liu chu nhit.
c tnh b mt:
- Chiu su ph hoi: < 0,1mm.
- Nhit tip xc: 15000C.
- Tc ph hoi: 1 5m/h.
Vng chu nh
hng nhit
Kim loi gc
Hnh1.10. c tnh b mt trc loi 2
1.2.4.4. Mi mn
Khi nim: l dng ph hoi b mt chi tit do tn ti cc ht cng gia hai b
mt ma st t ngoi vo hoc t chi tit trc ra. Dng ph hoi: co xc, ct phoi t
vi.
C hai dng mi mn: mi mn c hc hoc mi mn c ho.
iu kin hnh thnh:
Vn tc mi l ln nht so vi cc qu trnh khc. Tuy nhin, iu kin ny
khng cht ch trong trng hp c c trc.
H m cnghatmai
=
< 0,6: mi mn c ho (bin dng do tng, khng ct
H KL cngKL gc
phoi)
0,6: mi mn c hc (ct phoi t vi)
Nu b mt chi tit tip xc vi khi lng ln ht mi th xy ra mi mn c
ho, v khi cc ht mi trt ln nhau v trt i m khng c lc ct.
Bng 1.3. c tnh b mt khi mi mn.
Mi mn c hc
Mi mn c ho
P
v
712
50 0C
2000A0
[ 0,5 m/h
+ bng:
510
+ Nhit b mt:
50 0C
+ Chiu su ph hoi: = 0,2mm
+ Tc ph hoi:
0,550m/h
1.2.4.5. Mi
Do thay i ti trng tun hon trn cc chi tit, sinh ra cc vt nt t vi. Cc

vt nt ny c pht trin t b mt chi tit vo kim loi gc dn n gy do mi. Chi
tit in hnh l trc khuu.
V d: trc khuu ng c D6-3D12 gy 40 50%. Kt cu trng ip bng
khng.
Nguyn nhn: trong qu trnh sa cha khng ch n kt cu trnh ng sut
tp trung: gc ln, hoc trong lp ghp do sai lch tm cc trc, to ti trng lm
hng trc bc.
Bin php chng mi: tng cht lng b mt, mi ht cc vt nt, trnh tp
trung ng sut, bo m ng tm lp rp, chng ti ph, hn ch ti trng ln t
ngt.
1.2.4.6. Xm thc
Hin tng r, h, su, sc cnh phng php tuyn, thng pht trin vng
b mt sch do tc dng ca dng chy ti khu vc p sut nh hn p sut bay hi
bo ha. Cc v tr thng gp: trn b mt cnh bm v v bm ti ca ra, b mt
ngoi ca lt xi lanh...
Bin php chng xm thc: m lp kim loi cng trn b mt.
1.2.5. Lun c bn ca l thuyt hao mn

1.2.5.1. Lun 1
C s: hao mn do nhiu qu trnh khc nhau gy ra, k hiu l P1,2..., tng
ng tc qu trnh v1,2...,
Trong bt k iu kin ma st no cng din ra qu trnh vi tc ln nht vP.
Pht biu lun : Dng hao mn c quyt nh bi qu trnh P, din ra
trn b mt ma st vi tc ln nht vP.
H qu: khi s hao mn l n nh, tc ph hoi cc b mt lm vic (tc

hao mn) khng th ln hn tc ca qu trnh quyt nh dng hao mn. Tc l:
vph < vp
ngha:
- C s xc nh dng hao mn.
- C s iu khin qu trnh hao mn.
- Trnh h hng, iu khin ch tn ti hao mn xi ho (dng hao mn c tc
nh nht)
iu kin: vox >vph (vox = vp)
10
1.2.5.2. Lun 2
C s: nhng iu kin ca lun 1 mi ch gii quyt cc vn iu khin
qu trnh hao mn, nhng khng cho php khc phc hao mn h hng, v vn cn tn
ti hao mn xi ho. Vn l lm sao gim hao mn xi ho.
Ni dung lun : "Tnh chng mn khi hao mn xi ho c quyt nh
bi cng hnh thnh v tnh cht cc cu trc th cp xut hin trong qu trnh
ma st." y c th hiu: cu trc th cp khng ch l cc lp mng hnh thnh do
kt qu tng tc gia kim loi vi xi m cn l cc lp mng bo v c thnh phn,

cu trc v tnh cht khc ngn b mt kim loi tip xc vi xi.
ngha: lm c s phn tch nh gi, nghin cu tnh cht lp cu trc
th cp quyt nh mc hao mn xi ho.
iu kin: vox min
1.2.6. Bin php khc phc hao mn h hng

1.2.6.1.Bin php thit k:
Chn loi ma st ln hoc trt:
+ Ma st ln: chu ti c gii hn, kh m bo ng tm, d r, nhng vn tc
trt nh, h s nh, trc ngn.
+ Ma st trt: ln, trc di, nhng ng tm tt, kh r, vn tc trt ln.
Chn hnh dng v kch thc ca chi tit:
Hnh dng v kch thc ca chi tit c nh hng n p lc ring, bn
vng, chu mn, chu mi... Bi vy, khi thit k phi tng cng hon thin kt
cu, kch thc, hnh dng hnh hc ca chi tit, khe h ban u, (piston hnh van,
sc mng khng ng p...).
m bo chng hao mn th phi da vo iu kin: p sut b mt tip xc
nh hn gii hn cho php.
p=
P
< [p]
S tx
p- p sut b mt tip xc.

P-ti trong php tuyn trn b mt tip xc
Stx-din tch b mt tip xc
i vi trc khuu ng c, xu hng l tng ng knh trc d trc ngn
li, trnh un, vng, ng c gn.
Gim t s S/D tng s vng quay trc khuu m khng tng vn tc trt
ca piston,
Gim chiu cao tng chiu dy tng lc bung cho sc mng.
Thit k kt cu, phng n lm mt tt:
+ Phn b trng nhit hp l (piston).
+ Phn b ng nc lm mt hp l n tng xi lanh.
i lu t nhin c kt: dng cnh ngn gi to chnh lch nhit (c qut,
khng c bm).
11
Cng bc h 500C: tn hao nhit tng, cht n mn, tp cht d ngng t, dn

n hao mn nhiu.
Cng bc kn: n nh nhit.
Lm mt bng gi:
+ Lm sch b mt tn nhit. (xe my)
+ Lm kn qut gi tng lng gi.
Chn kt cu lc:
+ Khng kh: lc kh, t.
+ Bi trn: th, tinh, ly tm.
+ Nhin liu:
ng c Diesel yu cu lc rt kht khe m bo lm vic cho b i.
i vi ng c xng: hao mn zicl do bo dng khng ng k thut. Lc
nhin liu khng cho php c van an ton.
Chn phng n bi trn hp l.
S dng la chn vt liu hp l.
1.2.6.2. Bin php cng ngh:
Cht lng gia cng chi tit nh hng rt ln n hao mn h hng ca chi
tit, m hoc ti cng b mt lm vic ca chi tit kt hp vi ph hp chng
mn:
Tng bn b mt:
+ Bin cng ngui: phun bi, ln, p...
+ Nhit luyn: ti, ram, nhit ho, thm C, N, kim loi
+ M ph (khng dng vi chi tit chu ti trng ng)
Bo v b mt:
M ph b mt trch xy ho, trng thic, cht do.
Nng cao cht lng gia cng:
+ bng gia cng gn bng bng lm vic.
+ chnh xc cn, van.
+ Lm cn cc cnh sc (tr mt s trng hp nh b i bm cao p).
1.2.6.3. Ch s dng:
- Ch lm vic: phi cn c vo iu kin m bo ma st bnh thng:
p<pth, v<vth. (trnh qu ti v vt tc).
- Trnh v thi quen ca ngi iu khin xe.
- Chm sc bo dng k thut kp thi: hng ngy nh k ng lc. Nu dng
qu thi hn qui nh s gy ph hoi, h hng mnh lit. Khng cho php chy c khi
chi tit t n kch thc gii hn.
- S dng nguyn vt liu.
+ ng c xng yu cu dng xng ng chng loi.
+ Du bi trn phi m bo cht lng.
12
+ S dng dung dch lm mt thch hp. (xe TOYOTA dng dung dch lm mt
mu , chng ng cn, chng ng).
1.3. HAO MN, H HNG MT S CHI TIT IN HNH

1.3.1. Hao mn xy lanh
1.3.1.1. iu kin lm vic
- Chu nhit cao v bin thin khng u:
ng c xng: Tmax = 2800 0K
ng c Diesel: Tmax = 2200 0K
Vng trn chu nhit cao hn vng
di v thay i trong mt chu k.
- Chu ma st ln, c bit i vi ng c cao
tc. khu vc st bung chy thng phi chu ma st
kh v ti hn, vng di ma st ti hn v ma st t.
- Mi trng: sn vt chy cha cc cht n mn
nh: CO2, NO, SO2...kt hp vi nc to thnh cc
axit.
- Chu ti trng ln v thay i theo chu k.
Ma st gia sc mng
v xi lanh ph thuc vo lc
p ca sc mng ln xi lanh:
Pxi = Px + ki.Pkt
Pxi-lc ca sc mng
th i tc dng ln xi lanh
Px-lc bung hng
knh ca sc mng
Pkt-lc kh th
k1 = 0,7 4 0,8
k2 = 0,1 4 0,15
k3 = 0,05 4 0,08
Ma
st
Ma st ti
Ma st t
Hnh 1.11. Qui lut phn b
p sut kh th trn xi lanh
pkt
kipkt
Hinh 1.12. p lc sc mng tc

dng ln xi lanh
13
Hnh1.13. Phng ca lc
ngang tc dng ln xi lanh
Piston p ln xi
lanh theo phng vung
gc b cht v 2 pha do
lc ngang N. S bin
thin ca lc ngang N
theo chiu cao ca xi
lanh v theo gc quay
ca trc khuu c
biu din nh hnh 1.14.
180
360
180
360
720
540
540
Hnh 1.14. p sut(do N) tc dng ln thnh xi lanh theo cc
Vn tc trt do tip xc gia sc mng v thn piston thay i ln. Hao mn

ca xi lanh t l thun vi lc, vn tc trt, nhit . l hao mn c qui lut.
1.3.1.2. Hao mn xy lanh theo phng dc trc
p_p sut
v_Vn tc
t_nhit
p
v
t
Dng mn
Hnh 1.15. Dng mn hng trc ca xi lanh
1.3.1.3. Hao mn theo phng hng knh

Theo phng lc ngang N xi lanh b mn nhiu nht dc theo chiu trc.
1.3.1.4. Hao mn khng theo qui lut
Trong vng nhiu bi, khong gia xi lanh mn
nhiu do bi (ht mi t l vi vn tc trt). Bi cng
nhiu qui lut mn cng tng v pha di.
- Mn nhiu theo phng vung gc lc ngang N th
l do l piston b nghing.
- i vi ng c xng: vng i din xupp np
thng mn nhiu, l do l kh np ra sch mng du bi
trn hoc do ngng t sn phm gy mn.
14
Hnh 1.16. Dng hao mn

hng knh ca xi lanh
1.3.2. Hao mn trc khuu

- Trc khuu lm vic trong iu kin bi trn ma st t, nhng c khi ma st
kh hoc ti hn (lc khi ng hoc tt my, tng gim t ngt vn tc gc, khi khe
h trc bc ln).
- Chu nhit t 1502500C, do nhit truyn t bung chy qua piston thanh
truyn hoc do bn thn ma st gia trc v bc
- Chu ma st ln.
- Ti trng bin thin, c tnh cht va p v phn b khng u.
- Vn tc trt kh ln: 5 10m/s.
- Chu mi mn: do lc du khng sch hoc do cc ht mi.
1.3.2.2. Hao mn trc khuu c qui lut
Hao mn, h hng bnh thng do qui lut lm vic ca trc khuu.
Theo th hnh 1.17 vng trn s ln tc dng t,
vng di tc dng nhiu. Di tc dng ca lc ly tm cc
c trc ca trc khuu nhiu xi lanh chu ph ti khng u.
ng c xng lng hao mn khc ng c diesel,
T
nhng nh tnh nh nhau.
ng c 1 xi lanh mn c chnh bng 1/2 lng mn
c bin.
ng c nhiu xi lanh c gia thng mn nhiu hn.
Z
Tip xc trc bc, nu c ht mi th ht mi ng li
Hnh 1.17. th lc tc
gy hao mn gia nhiu hn.
dng ln cht khuu
Gi s hao mn t l thun vi lc tc dng (p lc) v thi gian (s ln) tc

dng ca n th qui lut hao mn ca cht khuu v c trc chnh ca ng c xng
khc ng c diesel. S d vy, l v th ph ti tc dng ln cht khuu ca hai loi
ng c ny l khc nhau:
- ng c xng cao tc: phn u to lc qun tnh ln v tc dng nhiu ln,
phn ui mc d c tr s ln hn, nhng ch mt ln tc dng. Do , cht khuu
mn pha di nhiu hn v c trc chnh mn pha trn nhiu hn.
- ng c diesel vn tc gc khng ln lm nhng p sut ln, nn th lc
tc dng ln cht khuu c u nh ui to. iu b tr vi s ln tc dng lc. Do
cht khuu v c trc chnh mn u hn
1.3.2.3. Hao mn trc khuu khng c qui lut
Hao mn, h hng khng bnh thng, do cc dng kt cu c bit ca trc khuu.
15
Dng hao mn
Dng hao mn
Hnh 1.18. Hao mn trc khuu khng qui lut
- Do thanh truyn ch to lch tm nn phn b lc khng u (dng hnh thang). Do

, hao mn khng u.
- Khoan l du khng hp l: do qun tnh ly tm m cc cn du bm vo
thnh v em sang pha tri (hnh 1.18). V vy, pha tri cht khuu mn nhiu hn
pha phi.
1.3.2.4.Hng do mi
Xut hin cc vt nt t vi ni tp trung ng sut: gc ln, cnh sc l
du...Di tc dng ca ti trng bin thin v i chiu m cc vt nt t vi dn pht
trin ln ln n lc lm gy trc, vt gy phng. Thng xy ra i vi cc trc
khuu:
- C kt cu khng hp l: = 0 (khng c trng ip). V d: ng c D63D12 (gy 4050%).
- C qu trnh gia cng sa cha khng ng: khng c gc ln hoc gc ln
khng ng, khng lm cn cc cnh sc ca l du.
- Ch s dng khng tt: thay i ti t ngt.
- Lp rp khng tt: cc c trc khng ng tm gy ti trng ph trong qu
trnh s dng.
1.3.3. Hao mn sc mng

- Chu nhit cao: trong qu trnh lm vic, sc mng trc tip tip xc vi
kh chy, do piston truyn nhit cho xi lanh qua sc mng v do ma st vi vch xi
lanh nn sc mng c nhit cao, nht l sc mng th nht. Khi sc mng kh b h,
khng kht vi xi lanh, kh chy thi qua ch b h lm cho nhit cc b vng ny
tng ln rt cao, c th lm chy sc mng v piston. Nhit ca sc mng kh th
nht 623673K, cc sc mng kh khc 473523K, sc mng du 373423K. Do nhit
cao, sc bn c hc b gim st, sc mng d b mt n hi, du nhn d b chy
thnh keo bm trn sc mng v xilanh, lm xu thm iu kin lm vic, thm ch
lm b sc mng.
- Chu lc va p ln: khi lm vic, lc kh th v lc qun tnh tc dng ln sc
mng, cc lc ny c gi tr rt ln, lun thay i v tr s v chiu tc dng nn gy ra
va p mnh gia sc mng v rnh sc mng.
- Chu mi mn: khi lm vic, sc mng ma st vi vch xi lanh rt ln. Cng
ma st ca sc mng chim n 5060% ton b cng tn tht c gii ca ng c t
16
trong. Sc mng s d ma st ln v mi mn nhiu (nht l sc mng kh th nht) l

do p sut tip xc ca sc mng tc dng ln vch xi lanh ln, tc trt ln m bi
trn li rt km, b n mn ho hc v mi mn bi cc tp cht sinh ra trong qu trnh
chy hoc c ln trong kh np v trong du nhn.
1.3.3.2. Hao mn sc mng
Mn
P = 3 5 kg
Mn
Mn lng
Hnh 1.19. Hao mn sec mng
Hnh 1.20. Kim tra lc

bung ca sc mng
- Sc mng hao mn phn ming v phn lng l nhiu nht, hnh 1.19. i
vi sc mng t my ko khi khe h ming = 1,5 2mm th loi b.
- Mn theo chiu cao ch yu mn cc gc.
Khi mn nhiu lc bung gim kim tra nh hnh 1.20.
Th b dy sc mng: ln trong rnh sc mng khng o l c.
17
Chn on trng thi k thut t - Bin son- Trn Thanh Hi Tng, Nguyn L Chu Thnh
CHNG 2
KINH T VN HNH T
2.1.CC CH TIU KINH T VN HNH T
2.1.1. nh ngha
L t hp cc thng s c trng cho kh nng hot ng ca t. Nhng
thng s ny c th hin di dng cc h s.
Qu trnh vn chuyn: gm ton b cc cng vic a hng ho t ni ny
n ni khc nh: cn ong, o m, bc d, vn chuyn...
di vn chuyn: khong cch xe i c hng.
Khi lng vn chuyn: o bng tch khi lng hng ho hoc hnh khch vi
qung ng vn chuyn (T.km hay hnh khch.km).
2.1.2. Cc h s thi gian s dng

H s ngy xe tt T:
i lng nh gi thi gian xe tnh trng tt c th hot ng c so vi s
ngy theo lch thi gian.
i vi mt xe: T =
Dt
.
Dl
Dt- ngy xe tt.

Dl- ngy xe theo lch.
i vi c on xe
n
T =
D ti
=
D li
D ti
=
n.D l
Ti
Nhng yu t nh hng n T:
- Khong cch vn chuyn.
- iu kin ng x.
- Trnh li xe.
- Cu to v cht lng xe, tin cy, bn ca xe.
i vi xe ti T= 0.75 - 0.9, xe du lch T = 0.9 - 0.96
H s ngy xe hot ng hd:
nh gi thc t s dng xe.
i vi mt xe: hd =
D hd
.
Dl D n
Dhd-ngy xe hot ng.

Dn-ngy xe ngh l.
i vi mt on xe:
n
hd =
D hdi
(Dli D ni )
n.(Dl D n )
H s s dng phng tin sd:

18
D hdi
=
hdi
D hd
= 0.5 - 0.9
Dl
sd =
H s s dng thi gian trong ngy :

Th + Tn = 24
Trong Th , Tn l s gi xe hot ng trong ngy v s gi xe ngh trong ngy
(gi). Th bao gm gi xe chy, t chc, bc xp.
=
Th
24
i vi on xe:
n
Thi
=
24n
H s s dng thi gian lm vic :

=
Tch
Th
2.1.3. H s s dng qung ng

Qung ng xe chy c ti: LT (km)
Qung ng xe chy khng ti: LKT (km)
Qung ng xe chy sau mt khong thi gian: L (km)
H s s dng qung ng:
=
LT
.
L
n
i vi on xe: =
LTi
ni chung <1 v tu thuc kho bi.
Li
H s chy khng:
=
L KT
.
L
n
i vi on xe: =
LKTi
Li
2.1.4. H s s dng ti trng

T s gia khi lng vn chuyn thc t vi khi lng vn chuyn nh mc:
=
u
q.L T
Trong : u l khi lng vn chuyn thc t (T.km).

q l ti trng nh mc (T)
19
n
ui
q .L
i
Ti
i vi xe khch tnh bng h s xp y:

K =
NK
(t s gia s khch thc t v s khch nh mc).
Nm
2.1.5. Tc vn chuyn
Tc k thut:
v KT =
L
Tch
(km/h)
Qui nh:
Trong thnh ph
19 - 22 km/h vi xe khng c mc
Di 19 km/h vi xe c mc
30 - 40 km/h vi xe khng c mc
25 - 35 km/h vi xe c mc.
Ngoi thnh ph
Tu theo c im ng x m qui nh tc k thut.

Tc s dng l tc trung bnh sau thi gian xe lm nhim v:
v Sd =
L
V
T
ch rng = Sd = ch
Th
v KT
Th
2.1.6. Nng sut vn chuyn

Khi lng hng ho hay hnh khch vn chuyn sau mt n v thi gian.
W=
u
Th
i vi on xe:
n
W=
Th
n
u = T qiLTi = T qiLi
Mt khc
Li = TchivKTi
Tng s gi xe chy :
Do :
Suy ra:
Tchi = 24n Dli

n
Li = 24sd...vKT . Dli
n
ui = 24 sd...vKT .. T .q Dli
20
Ch rng:
Thi = 24. sd . . Dli
Do nng sut vn chuyn s l:
W = . .v KT . . T .q
(Tkm/h)
2.2. CC NHN T NH HNG N TUI TH T

2.2.1. nh ngha
- Tui th t: l thi gian gi c kh nng lm vic n mt trng thi gii
hn no cn thit phi dng li bo dng k thut v sa cha. Gii hn c
th xc nh c bng s mi mn ca cc chi tit chnh theo iu kin lm vic an
ton v theo tnh cht cc thng s s dng c qui nh trc. Thi hn ny xc
nh bng qung ng xe chy, t khi xe bt u lm vic n khi xe cn sa cha
ln, ng c cng nh h thng truyn lc v cc cm khc.
- Tui th ti u: tui th ng vi gi thnh 1 km xe chy thp nht.
Chi ph min
L
Cc yu t lm gim tui th t: nguyn nhn c bn l s mi mn cc chi

tit trong cc cm ca t, tc l s ph hy cc b mt lm vic ca cc chi tit, a
kch thc chi tit n gi tri gii hn..
Nu iu kin bo dng k thut tt th s mi mn cc chi tit xy ra theo
ng qui lut c qui nh ca nh ch to, tng thi hn gia hai ln sa cha (theo
th mi mn) v ngc li.
Khi mi mn xy ra mnh, c th xy ra s c trong s dng lm gim tin
cy ca xe. Tuy nhin, s c ca xe cn do:
- Cu to hp l ca t.
- H s bn ca cc chi tit.
- Cht lng cc nguyn vt liu ch to chi tit.
- Phng php gia cng.
i vi tng chi tit mi mn do nhng nguyn nhn:
- Tnh cht l ha ca
cc vt liu ch to.
- Cht lng b mt
lm vic ca cc chi tit.
- p sut ring trn b
mt.
- Tc chuyn ng
tng i.
- Nhit chi tit.
- Khi lng, cht
lng du bi trn, phng
php bi trn.
Trc
Hnh 2.1. Qui lut hao mn trc, l.
21
2.2.2. nh hng ca nhn t thit k ch to

- Cu to: bo m tnh hp l kt cu. V d: gc ln, mp vt, t van hng
nhit khng ch nhit nc lc khi ng, ( nung nng gim 3 4 ln v mi
mn tng 6 8 ln so vi khi khng c van). Chn kt cu hp l m bo iu
kin bi trn (khi nhit < 800C mi mn tng l do: khng nng hnh
thnh mng du bi trn, do c cht ngng t). Xupp t xoay, hoc trong c cha
Natri tn nhit tt, con i thu lc t ng iu chnh khe h nhit xupp.
- Chn vt liu: vt liu ch to phi m bo tnh nng k thut ph hp vi
iu kin lm vic. Tng quan tnh cht vt liu ca hai chi tit tip xc nhau, phi
ph hp vi kh nng thay th v gi thnh ch to. Phi s dng hp l ca cc yu t
nh hng n chi tit s dng. V d: tm ma st li hp nu kh mn th s kh tn
nhit dn n tng mi mn v nhit ln (vn tc trt).
V d:
+ Dng gang hp kim c bn cao hoc vt liu Crm-Niken ch to phn
trn ca ng lt xi lanh.
+ Dng vt liu ch to bnh rng c chng mn, chng mi cao.
+ Thay th mt s bc lt kim loi bng bc cht do khng cn bi trn.
- Phng php gia cng: phi p ng c iu kin lm vic. V d: m,
thm Cr, Ni...
2.2.3. nh hng ca nhn t s dng

- iu kin ng x: theo tnh trng mt ng, nghing, dc, mt
xe c, bi bn...
Khi ng xu xe phi chy vi nhiu tc khc nhau lm cho phm vi thay
i tc quay ca cc chi tit ln, rung xc nhiu, tng s ln s dng cn, phanh,
chuyn s lm tng mi mn, tng ti trng ng. Khi ng x xu, yu cu phi s
dng tay s thp, tuy tc quay gim, gim kh nng bi trn, nhng nh hng
mi mn t hn ca ti trng ng. Mt d, sut tiu hao nhin liu c tng ln.
Trnh thay i ga t ngt v d lm xu qu trnh chy, nhin liu chy khng
ht, to thnh nhin liu lng, ra sch mng du bi trn xi lanh lm tng mi mn xi
lanh.
Va p tng lm tng p sut ring phn, mi mn tng
Bi bn nu lc khng tt, nhanh chng lm gim tui th cc chi tit ca ng
c. Ct bi bm vo cc chi tit ca h thng truyn lc, gim chn (treo) lm mn
nhanh.
ng dc ni, tng s ln phanh, mn tng, hiu qu phanh gim (510 ln).
Ngoi ra, ng nghing dc lm bin dng lp, tui th c th gim xung 3 4 ln.
- iu kin kh hu: c trng: nhit trung bnh khng kh, m, gi, p
sut kh quyn.
22
Nhit thp: kh
khi ng, nht du
bi trn tng, p sut
phun nhin liu thay i,
nhin liu chy khng
ht, cng sut gim, mi
mn tng.
Van hng nhit c
ngha quan trng
vng nhit thp.
mn
t0
85
Hnh 2.2. nh hng ca nhit n hao mn
i vi nc ta: nhit cao, m ln do thot nhit kh khn. Nc si

khi xe chy ti ln, nng my, kch n, b my lm cho cng sut ng c gim r rt.
nht du bi trn gim lm mi mn tng. m cao tng kh nng xi ha, tui
th gim.
Ch lm vic: c trng bi tc chuyn ng, s ln sang s, dng li,
phanh.
Tc chuyn ng: ph thuc ng x, ti trng.
- Ti trng tng qu mc qui nh lm p sut ring tng, tng mi mn chi tit.
c bit tui th lp, h thng treo gim nhanh.
S ln chuyn i tc tng dn n tng mi mn , gim kh nng bi
trn b mt ma st.
Trnh li xe: li xe gii trnh c ti trng ng do iu kin ng,
khong thay i tc khng ng k. Trnh li xe nh gi qua:
- Phng php tng tc sao cho ln trn nh qun tnh.
- S dng tay ga hp l (ti ng c), kt hp s dng ga v qun tnh.
Thc nghim cho thy, phng php th nht tit kim 5 6% nhng tc xe
thng xuyn thay i (nht l khi ng c khng lm vic), mi mn tng 20 28%
- Kh nng x tr cc s c trn ng, gi vng tc xe hp l, vic chuyn
tay s, dng ly hp, phanh, ga t nht sao cho xe chy m th tiu hao nhin liu nh
nht.
Vi li xe gii phi kt hp chm sc bo dng tt th s ko di thi k gia
hai ln sa cha v c th tit kim n 20%.
Cht lng bo dng k thut v k sa cha trc:
S dng tt cc bin php kim tra v t chc trong bo dng k thut nhm
chun b tt iu kin lm vic ca xe, nng cao bn chi tit, tng tui th xe. Khi
trong qu trnh s dng khng c chm sc du m, iu chnh kp thi th mi mn
s tng nhanh t ngt, dn n ph hng: gy, v, mt an ton ko theo ph hng
nhiu chi tit khc.
V d: du nhn ti thi hn thay m vn dng th s dn n iu kin bi trn
khng m bo, lt bc, cong vnh, thm ch p v c thn my.
Trc then hoa khng bo dng tt lm mi mn, r, lch trc cc ng, sinh
gy trc.
m bo tin cy v tui th ng c, t nht thit phi tun th cc qui
tc bo dng k thut.
23
V d: trong qu trnh lm vic khe h m vt bch kim ca b chia in b thay
i so vi tiu chun lm thay i gc nh la sm, tng tiu hao nhin liu, cng
sut ng c gim.
Khi gc nh la sm thay i 20 500 th tiu hao nhin liu tng 10 15%
cng sut gim 7 10 %.
Hn hp chy long th mi mn xi lanh tng 2,5 3 ln
p sut lp khng , tng bin dng, mn nhanh.
S dng nhin liu -nguyn liu:
i vi nhin liu: tnh cht l ha ca nhin liu c trng cho kh nng s dng ca
nhin liu .
Khi s dng nhin liu khng ng s tng mc tiu hao nhin liu, cng sut
ng c gim, tng mi mn ng c.
i vi xng: nh gi qua thnh phn phn on (bay hi). Tr s c tan.
i vi du diesel: nh gi qua thnh phn phn on. Kh nng t bc chy.
nht nhin liu. Tr s x tan ca nhin liu.
i vi nhin liu xng:
- Thnh phn phn on X, tin cy khi ng, thi gian lm nng ng c,
tnh kinh t v s mi mn ng c. Nhin liu bay hi km, ng c s kh khi
ng, tng tiu hao nhin liu. Phn nhin liu khng bay hi s ra mng du, ph v
kh nng bi trn lm mi mn nhm piston - xi lanh - sc mng d di.
- Nu gim nhit bay hi cui cng ca xng, cp xng kh khn do c bt
kh, ng c lm vic gin on.
- Dng xng c tr s c tan sai tiu chun, s gy kch n, tng mi mn ng
c, ng c nng ln d di.
- Dng xng c thnh phn S ln th mi mn do xi ha tng. Nu S tng 0,05
0,35 th mi mn s tng ln 3 ln.
i vi du Diesel:
Khi nht nh th gc phun nhin liu s ln, qu trnh hnh thnh hn hp
km lm qu trnh chy xu.
Khi nht tng th gc phun nh, chy km, chy rt, cng sut gim.
Tr s c tan nh hn qui chun s xu kh nng t bc chy, qu trnh chy
ko di, nng my, cng sut gim.
Thnh phn nhin liu nhiu hc n, gy bm mui, b kt sc mng, hao mn
xi lanh, khng m bo kn, cng sut gim.
i vi du bi trn: du duy tr iu kin ma st t, hn ch mi mn b
mt lm vic ca chi tit tip xc nhau.
Chiu cao nh nht ca mng du:
hmin = A.
.v
p
A-h s ph thuc kch thc chi tit tip xc.

- nht tuyt i ca du.
v-vn tc tng i ca chi tit.
p-p sut ring trn b mt chi tit lm vic.
Theo kinh nghim:
hmin 1,5(1 + 2).
1, 2- g gh ln nht ca hai b mt ma st
24
H s ma st t ph thuc nhiu vo
.v
iu kin hnh thnh mng du ng
p
vi tng loi du.

nh hng ch ti trng:
Khi thng xuyn s dng ti trng ln, gy ra qu ti i vi cc chi tit trong
cm, lm cho tui th cc chi tit gim nhanh.
- Nu khng m bo tng quan gia ti trng v tc (t s truyn lc) theo
nh c tnh ng lc hc t, th kh nng mi mn tng ln, tui th t gim. Do
, phi thng xuyn bo m tc chuyn ng hp l ca t, va m bo tui
th, va gim tiu hao nhin liu, tng tnh kinh t.
25
CHNG 3
IU KIN A T VO SA CHA
3.1 IU KIN BO HNG CHI TIT - CM MY
3.1.1. Qui nh i vi cm my
Mt cm my (tng thnh) phi a vo sa cha khi:
+ Do s mi mn cc cm chi tit chnh lm tnh nng kinh t - k thut ca
cm my b h thp di mc qui nh.
+ Chi tit c bn b h hng phi a vo sa cha ln (thn my, v hp s,
v cu...).
3.1.2. Qui nh i vi mt t a vo sa cha

i vi t, my ko phi a vo sa cha ln khi:
- Cm my (tng thnh) chnh ca n b h hng khng m bo hiu qu kinh
t cng nh cc tnh nng ng lc hc m t phi t c.
- Vic xc nh kh nng lm vic tip tc hay phi sa cha 1 t phi da
trn tnh trng k thut ca cc cm my chnh, chi tit chnh, mc h hng ca cc
chi tit, cm my .
3.1.3. Qui nh i vi chi tit chnh- tng thnh chnh

Trong cm my c nhiu chi tit cn sa cha khi cc tnh nng kinh t, k
thut gim xung di mc cho php. Tnh nng kinh t k thut ph thuc nhiu vo
cc cp chi tit chnh, ngha l ph thuc nhiu vo s hao mn ca chng.
Loi
t
Vn
ti
Xe
khch
Du
lch
Cm my chnh
Bng 3.1 Xc nh cm my chnh, chi tit chnh

Loi
Chi tit
Chi tit chnh
cm
c bn
ng c, hp s, cu ch
ng, khung b, trc trc,
ng c
bung li, b truyn cng
sut, c cu nng (nu c)
(Nh trn) tr hp truyn
cng sut, c cu nng.
Hp s
(Nh trn) thm thn xe
Np my, xy lanh, trc

khuu, trc cam, bnh
Trc s cp, th cp,

trc trung gian, np
hp s.
Cu ch ng bc bn trc, v
ng
hp gim tc, v hp
vi sai.
Thn
V hp s
V cu
3.2 TH MI MN CHI TIT

3.2.1. Ni dung th - phn tch
Xc nh s thay i kch thc chi tit l hm s ca thi gian. Trong thi gian
s dng, ng vi dng hao mn xy ha n nh, cc chi tit u c dng c tnh
mn theo thi gian nh sau. V d i vi chi tit dng l:
25
tcr -thi gian chy r.

tgh -gii hn thi gian lm vic.
Hcr -kch thc sau chy r.
Hgh-kch thc gii hn
H0-kch thc ban u
tg =
Hgh
H0
Theo Kazasep Smin l khe h lp rp

n.
p.c
Hcr
h
t lv
= Sb = 0,467d
Lng mn
tcr
tlv
tgh
t (t gian)
Hnh 3.1. th mi mn chi tit
d- ng knh l.
n-s vng quay chy r.
- nht tuyt i
p-p sut tip xc
d+l
, l-chiu di tip xc.
l
S 2b
,-tng cao nhp nh.
Smax =
4
c-h s, c =
Giai on 1: ng vi thi gian chy r chi tit, chi tit b mn mnh, kch
thc b thay i nhanh t H0 Hcr (do nhng nhp nh ban u b san phng). B
mt chi tit cha chun b chuyn sang giai on lm vic. Ht kim loi b bong
tch, to thnh ht mi, lm tng qu trnh hao mn chi tit. Cho nn sau chy r phi
thay du bi trn.
Do qu trnh gia cng c kh li m chi tit c nhng tnh cht c trng cho
b mt cng ngh (c tnh c, l, ho, cn, van, bng). c tnh ny s
c chuyn ho t b mt gia cng sang b mt lm vic. Qu trnh xy ra tng i
nhanh, ng cong dc, hao mn nhanh.
Giai on 2: sau khi chy r b mt chi tit tt hn v s n nh trong qu
trnh lm vic: b mt tip xc ln, chu ti tng, qu trnh hao mn xy ra chm v n
nh, ng c tnh t dc. Lng mn t l thun vi thi gian, cng mn I=
tg =
h
nh.
t lv
Giai on 3: l giai on nu tip tc lm vic chi tit s b ph hng, do khe

h ca cc cp chi tit tng ln, gy ra va p, hnh thnh mng du kh, nn hao mn
tng, ng c tnh l ng phi tuyn.
3.2.2. ngha th mi mn chi tit

Giai on chy r l tn ti tt yu. Song nu nh c cc phng php chy r
tt th rt ngn c thi gian chy r (tcr) v c th gim lng hao mn chy r.
giai on tlv: (t kch thc chy r n kch thc gii hn) hao mn l ti
thiu v n nh, c trng cho tnh cht s dng chi tit (phi m bo ch ti
trng v vn tc...)
Khi chi tit t n Hgh nu tip tc s dng th b mt lm vic s b ph hoi
mnh. y l thi k khng cho php s dng.
26
Ngi ta thng s dng Hgh , tgh lm thng s quyt nh a chi tit vo

sa cha hay kim tra chi tit trong qu trnh sa cha. Thi gian lm vic ca chi
tit chnh b hao mn l c s sa cha ln cm my. Cng c th dng th hao
mn so snh cc chi tit cng loi trong nhng iu kin lm vic khc nhau.
3.3 CC TIU CHUN XC NH MN GII HN

Trong cc cm my khc nhau nhiu khi chi tit chnh ca n cha b mi mn
n Hgh, nhng c tnh lm vic ca cm my thay i r rt, khng m bo tnh
nng kinh t, k thut. V vy, xc nh tui th (thi gian lm vic n khi sa
cha) ca cm my ngi ta cn c vo mn cc chi tit chnh m ng vi n cm
my khng cho php s dng tip tc, v khng m bo cc ch tiu cng ngh, k
thut, kinh t cn thit. mn y gi l mn gii hn Hgh ( Hgh).
(Hlv Hgh)
Hgh = Hlv - H0
Hlv-kch thc chi tit khng cho php vt qu m bo tnh nng
cn thit ca cm my.
H0-kch thc ban u.
V d: Cp piston-xilanh bm cao p phi to ra p sut ln phun nhin liu.
Nu mn qu gii hn th chng khng lm vic c. Do , tiu chun Hgh khng
p ng c m phi s dng tiu chun k thut, da vo kh nng lm vic (m
bo c p sut lm vic).
Trong thc t, nhng chi tit truyn lc (truyn m men xon), nu khe h ln
s sinh ra va p, n, nhng khng nh hng n truyn lc v t s truyn. Kch
thc lc cho php t n gii Hgh.
Ngi ta s dng 3 tiu chun sau xc nh mn gii hn:
3.3.1. Tiu chun cng ngh

Theo tiu chun ny cc chi tit c php mn ti kch thc gii hn (Hgh).
Cc b phn truyn lc (hp s, cu, hp truyn cng sut...) c php p dng tiu
chun ny. V khe h khng lm nh hng n cng sut m n ch gy n.
Hgh = Hgh - H0
3.3.2. Tiu chun k thut

Tiu chun ny ly yu cu k thut ca cm my hay cp ma st lm c s.
Cc chi tit ch c mn n khi cc c tnh an ton v tin cy lm vic ca cc
cm my gim xung di mc cho php.
p dng tiu chun ny cho thit b an ton (phanh), thit b iu khin (li, h
thng thy lc).
(Hlv < Hgh)
Hgh = Hlv - H0
Chi tit vn cha mn n kch thc sa cha nhng vn phi a vo sa
cha.
V d: cp piston-xilanh thy lc, ng knh 5080 nu khe h qu 0,03mm
phi em i sa cha v khng p sut. Cp bc trc khuu 5080 cho php
mn 0,2mm, nu qu gii hn ny phi em i sa cha.
27
3.3.3. Tiu chun kinh t

Cm my phi a vo sa cha khi cc
ch tiu kinh t khng m bo: thng nh gi
cho h thng nhin liu, h thng bi trn, nh
la.
V d: xt vi mt xe, cng s dng chi
ph cho sa cha, qun l, tiu hao nguyn vt
liu cng tng. Thu v do vn chuyn cng gim
do xe t lm vic hn, h hng thi gian xe nm
sa cha tng.
Khi tin thu v chi cn bng xe phi a
vo sa cha
Llv- ng vi thi gian lm vic, khi m thu
bng chi
Kch thc khi l kch thc gii hn
theo tiu chun kinh t.
28
Tin
Thu
Chi
Llv ng vi tlv
L(Km)
Hnh 3.2. th thu chi theo tiu

chun kinh t.
CHNG 4
QUI TRNH CNG NGH BO DNG T
4.1. KHI NIM CHUNG
Bo dng l hng lot cc cng vic nht nh, bt buc phi thc hin vi cc
loi xe sau mt thi gian lm vic, hay qung ng qui nh.
Mc ch:
- Ch yu l kim tra, pht hin nhng h hng t xut, ngn nga chng
m bo cho cm my, xe vn hnh an ton.
- Chm sc cc h thng, cc c cu m bo chng lm vic an ton v
khng b h hng.
- Gi gn hnh thc bn ngoi.
4.2. CC CP BO DNG
Bo dng t, l cng vic d phng c tin hnh bt buc sau mt chu k
vn hnh nht nh trong khai thc t theo ni dung cng vic quy nh nhm duy
tr trng thi k thut ca t.
Bo dng t cn l bin php gip ch phng tin hoc ngi li xe t
thc hin trch nhim duy tr tnh trng k thut ca phng tin theo tiu chun quy
nh khi tham gia giao thng ng b gia hai k kim nh nh quy nh ti Khon
5, iu 50 Lut Giao thng ng b. Tu theo cp bo dng m mc c khc
nhau. Bo dng chia lm 2 cp.(theo quyt nh s 992/2003/Q-BGTVT ngy
09/04/2003).
- Bo dng hng ngy.
- Bo dng nh k.
4.2.1. Bo dng hng ngy

Bo dng hng ngy do li xe, ph xe hoc cng nhn trong trm bo dng
chu trch nhim v c thc hin trc hoc sau khi xe i hot ng hng ngy,
cng nh trong thi gian vn hnh. Nu kim tra thy tnh trng xe bnh thng th
mi chy xe. Nu pht hin c s khng bnh thng th phi tm v xc nh r
nguyn nhn. V d: Kh khi ng, my nng qu, tng tc km, h thng truyn lc
qu n hoc c ting va p, h thng phanh, h thng li khng trn tru, h thng
n, ci lm vic km hoc c trc trc...
Phng php tin hnh kim tra ch yu l da vo quan st, nghe ngng, phn
on v da vo kinh nghim tch lu c.
Yu cu thi gian kim tra phi ngn.
4.2.1.1. Kim tra, chn on.
1. Vic kim tra, chn on t c tin hnh trng thi tnh (khng n my)
hoc trng thi ng (n my, c th ln bnh).
29
2. Quan st ton b bn ngoi v bn trong t, pht hin cc khim khuyt ca

bung li, thng xe, knh chn gi, gng chiu hu, bin s, c cu nng h knh, ca
ln xung, np ng c, khung, nhp, lp v p sut hi lp, c cu nng h (nu c)
v trang b ko moc...
3. Kim tra h thng in: c qui, s lm vic n nh ca cc ng h trong
bung li, n tn hiu, n pha, ct, n phanh, ci, gt nc, c cu ra knh, h
thng qut gi...
4. Kim tra h thng li: Hnh trnh t do ca vnh tay li, trng thi lm vic
ca b tr lc tay li, hnh thang li.
5. Kim tra h thng phanh: Hnh trnh t do ca bn p phanh, trng thi lm
vic v kn ca tng phanh, cc ng dn hi, du, hiu lc ca h thng phanh...
6. Kim tra s lm vic n nh ca ng c, cc cm, tng thnh v cc h
thng khc (h thng cung cp nhin liu, bi trn, lm mt, truyn lc chnh, c cu
nng h...).
4.2.1.2. Bi trn, lm sch.
7. Kim tra mc du bi trn ca ng c, truyn lc chnh, hp tay li. Nu

thiu phi b sung.
8. Kim tra mc nc lm mt, dung dch c qui...
9. Kim tra bnh cha kh nn, thng cha nhin liu, bu lc nhin liu, bu
lc du.
10. i vi ng c Diesel cn kim tra mc du trong bm cao p, b iu
tc.
11. Lm sch ton b t, bung li, m v gh ngi, thng xe. Lau sch knh
chn gi, gng chiu hu, n, pha, ct, n phanh, bin s.
4.2.1.3. Ni dung bo dng hng ngy i vi r moc v na r moc.
1. Lm sch, kim tra dng c v trang thit b chuyn dng ca r moc, na

r moc.
2. Kim tra thng, khung, nhp, xch, cht an ton, p sut hi lp, c bt d
bnh xe, cng, cht ngang, mm xoay ca r moc, na r moc.
3. Sau khi ni r moc, na r moc vi t phi kim tra khp, mc ko v
xch an ton. Kim tra tc dng v phanh ca r moc, na r moc.
4. i vi r moc 1 trc kim tra cng ni chn chng, gi .
5. i vi na r moc kim tra chn chng, c cu nng v mm xoay.
6. Kim tra cc v tr bi trn. Chn on tnh trng chung ca r moc, na r
moc.
4.2.2. Bo dng nh k
Bo dng nh k do cng nhn trong trm bo dng chu trch nhim v
c thc hin sau mt chu k hot ng ca t c xc nh bng qung ng xe
chy hoc thi gian khai khc. Cng vic kim tra thng thng dng thit b chuyn
dng.
Phi kt hp vi vic sa cha nh v thay th mt s chi tit ph nh sc
mng, r li xupp, iu chnh khe h nhit, thay bc lt, m phanh, m ly hp...
Tuy nhin, cng vic chnh vn l kim tra, pht hin ngn chn h hng.
4.2.2.1. Chu k bo dng:
30
1. Chu k bo dng nh k c tnh theo qung ng hoc thi gian khai

thc ca t, ty theo nh ngch no n trc.
2. Bo dng nh k c thc hin nh sau:
a. i vi nhng t c hng dn khai thc s dng ca hng sn xut th chu
k bo dng nh k phi tnh theo quy nh ca nh ch to.
b. i vi nhng t khng c hng dn khai thc s dng th chu k bo
dng nh k phi tnh theo qung ng t chy hoc theo thi gian khai thc ca
t c quy nh trong bng.
Chu k bo dng
Trng thi k
Loi t
Qung ng
Thi gian
thut
(km)
(thng)
Chy r
1.500
t con
Sau chy r
10.000
6
Sau sa cha ln
5.000
3
Chy r
1.000
t khch
Sau chy r
8.000
6
Sau sa cha ln
4.000
3
Chy r
1.000
t ti, r moc, na
Sau chy r
8.000
6
r moc
Sau sa cha ln
4.000
3
3. i vi t hot ng iu kin kh khn (min ni, min bin, cng
trng, hi o...) cn s dng h s 0,8 cho chu k quy nh ti khon 2 iu ny.
4. i vi t chuyn dng v t ti chuyn dng (t cn cu, t ch xng
du, t ng lnh, t cha chy, t thang, t cu h...), cn c vo c tnh s
dng v hng dn ca nh ch to xc nh chu k v ni dung cng vic bo
dng nh k cho nhng h thng, thit b chuyn dng ngoi nhng b phn ca
thng thng ca t ni chung.
5. i vi t mi hoc t sau sa cha ln phi thc hin bo dng trong
thi k chy r nhm nng cao cht lng cc b mt ma st ca cp chi tit tip xc,
gim kh nng hao mn v h hng ca cc chi tit, nng cao tui th tng thnh,
h thng ca t.
a. i vi t mi, phi thc hin ng hng dn k thut v quy trnh bo
dng ca nh sn xut.
b. i vi t sau sa cha ln, thi k chy r c quy nh l 1500km u
tin, trong phi tin hnh bo dng giai on 500km v 1500km.
6. Khi t n chu k quy nh bo dng nh k, phi tin hnh bo dng.
Phm vi sai lch khng c vt qu 5% so vi chu k n nh.
4.2.2.2. Cc ni dung bo dng k thut nh k t, r moc v na r
moc
a. Cng tc tip nhn t vo trm bo dng
1. Ra v lm sch t.
2. Cng tc kim tra, chn on ban u c tin hnh nh mc 1 ca bo
dng hng ngy, trn c s lp bin bn hin trng k thut ca t.
31
b. Kim tra, chn on, xit cht v iu chnh cc cm, tng thnh, h
thng trn t. Bao gm cc tng thnh, h thng sau:
* i vi ng c ni chung:
1. Kim tra, chn on trng thi k thut ca ng c v cc h thng lin quan.
2. Tho bu lc du th, x cn, ra sch. Tho v kim tra ra bu lc du

li tm. Thay du bi trn cho ng c, my nn kh theo chu k, bm m vo bi
ca bm nc. Kim tra p sut du bi trn.
3. Kim tra, sc ra thng cha nhin liu. Ra sch bu lc th, thay li
lc tinh.
4. Kim tra, xit cht cc bulng, gudng np my, bm hi, chn my, v
ly hp, ng ht, ng x v cc mi ghp khc.
5. Tho, kim tra bu lc khng kh. Ra bu lc khng kh ca my nn
kh v b tr lc chn khng. Kim tra h thng thng gi cacte.
6. Thay du bi trn cm bm cao p v b iu tc ca ng c Diesel.
7. Lm sch b mt kt nc, qut gi, cnh tn nhit, b mt ngoi ca
ng c, v ly hp, hp s, xc ra kt nc.
8. Kim tra tm chn qut gi kt nc lm mt, tnh trng ca h thng
lm mt, s r r ca kt nc, cc u ni trong h thng, van hng nhit, ca
chn song kt nc.
9. Kim tra, iu chnh khe h nhit supp; cng dy ai dn ng qut
gi, bm nc, bm hi.
10. Kim tra r trc bm nc, puli dn ng...
11. Kim tra p sut xi lanh ng c. Nu cn phi kim tra kn kht ca
supp, nhm pittng v xi lanh.
12. Kim tra r ca bc lt thanh truyn, trc khyu nu cn.
13. Kim tra h thng cung cp nhin liu; Kim tra cc ng ng dn;
thng cha nhin liu; xit cht cc u ni, gi ; kim tra s r r ca ton h
thng; kim tra s lin kt v tnh trng hot ng ca cc c cu iu khin h
thng cung cp nhin liu; kim tra p sut lm vic ca bm cung cp nhin
liu...
ng c xng:
a. Kim tra bm xng, b ch ha kh. Tho, sc ra v iu chnh nu cn.
b. iu chnh ch chy khng ti ca ng c.
c. i vi ng c xng s dng h thng cp nhin liu kiu phun cn kim
tra s lm vic ca ton h thng.
ng c Diesel:
a. Kim tra, xit cht gi bm cao p, vi phun, bu lc nhin liu, cc
ng ng cp dn nhin liu, gi bn p ga.
32
b. Kim tra vi phun, bm cao p nu cn thit a ln thit b chuyn dng

hiu chnh.
c. Kim tra s hot ng ca c cu iu khin thanh rng bm cao p, b iu
tc, nu cn hiu chnh im bt u cp nhin liu ca bm cao p.
d. Cho ng c n my, kim tra kh thi ca ng c, hiu chnh tc chy
khng ti theo tiu chun cho php, chng nhim mi trng.
* H thng in
1. Kim tra ton b h thng in. Bt cht cc u ni gic cm ti my khi ng,
my pht, b chia in, bng iu khin, ng h v cc b phn khc.
2. Lm sch mt ngoi c quy, thng l thng hi. Kim tra in th, kim tra mc,
nng dung dch nu thiu phi b sung, nu cn phi sc, np c quy. Bt cht u cc, gi
c quy.
3. Kim tra, lm sch bn ngoi b tit ch, my pht, b khi ng, b chia in, b
nh la bng bn dn, dy cao p, b bin, nu nh la, gt ma, qut gi. Tra du m theo
quy nh.
4. Kim tra khe h m vt, lm sch, iu chnh khe h theo quy nh.
5. Kim tra, lm sch in cc, iu chnh khe h gia hai in cc ca nn nh la.
6. iu chnh b cng dy ai dn ng my pht, kim tra, iu chnh s lm vic
ca r le.
7. Kim tra hp cu ch, ton b cc n, nu chy, h hng phi b sung. iu chnh
chiu sng ca n pha, ct cho ph hp theo quy nh.
8. Kim tra ci, bt cht gi ci, iu chnh ci nu cn.
9. Kim tra cc cng tc, u tip xc m bo h thng in hot ng n nh.
* Ly hp, hp s, trc cc ng
1. Kim tra, iu chnh bn p ly hp, l xo hi v v hnh trnh t do ca bn p.
2. Kim tra cc khp ni, c cu dn ng v h thng truyn ng ly hp. i vi ly
hp thy lc phi kim tra kn ca h thng v tc dng ca h truyn ng, xit cht gi
bn p ly hp.
3. Kim tra mn ca ly hp. Nu cn phi thay.
4. Kim tra xit cht bulng np hp s, cc bulng ni ghp ly hp hp s, trc cc
ng. Lm sch b mt hp s, ly hp, cc ng.
5. Kim tra r trc then hoa, bi cc ng v bi trung gian.
6. Kim tra tng th s lm vic bnh thng ca ly hp, hp s, cc ng. Nu cn
khim khuyt phi iu chnh li. Cc vng chn du, m phi m bo kn kht.
7. Kim tra lng du trong hp s, c cu dn ng ly hp. Nu thiu phi b sung.
8. Bm m vo cc v tr theo s quy nh ca nh ch to.
* Cu ch ng, truyn lc chnh

9. Kim tra r tng cng ca truyn lc chnh. Nu cn phi iu chnh li.
33
10. Kim tra kn kht ca b mt lp ghp. Xit cht cc bulng bt gi. Kim tra
lng du v cu ch ng. Nu thiu phi b sung.
* Cu trc v h thng li
1. Kim tra chm ca cc bnh xe dn hng, mn cc lp. Nu cn phi
o v tr cc lp theo quy nh.
2. X du khung, bi trn cht nhp, cc ngng chuyn hng, b t. Bi m
phn ch cho khe nhp.
3. Bm m bi trn theo s quy nh ca nh ch to.
4. Kim tra dm trc trc hoc cc trc ca bnh trc, r ca vng bi
moay , thay m, iu chnh theo quy nh.
Kim tra cht chuyn hng, cht cu (r tuyn). Nu r vt tiu chun cho
php, phi iu chnh hoc thay th.
5. i vi t, s dng h thng treo c lp phi kim tra trng thi ca l xo,
thanh xon v cc cao su , gi treo.
6. Kim tra kn kht ca hp tay li, gia trc, cc ng tay li, h thng
tr lc tay li thy lc. Nu r r phi lm kn, nu thiu phi b sung.
7. Kim tra r cc ng tay li. Hnh trnh t do vnh tay li. Nu vt qu
tiu chun cho php phi iu chnh li.
8. Kim tra ton b s lm vic ca h thng li, bo m an ton v n nh.
* H thng phanh
1. Kim tra p sut kh nn, trng thi lm vic ca my nn kh, van tit lu,
van an ton, cng ca dy ai my nn kh.
2. Kim tra, b sung du phanh.
3. Kim tra, xit cht cc u ni ca ng ng dn hi, du. m bo kn,
khng r r trong ton b h thng.
4. Kim tra trng thi lm vic b tr lc phanh ca h thng phanh du c tr
lc bng kh nn hoc chn khng.
5. Kim tra, xit cht ai gi bnh kh nn, gi tng bm phanh v bn p
phanh.
6. Tho tang trng, kim tra tang trng, guc v m phanh, a phanh, l xo hi
v, mm phanh, gi bu phanh, cht qu o, ta mm phanh. Nu lng phi xit
cht li. Nu mn qu tiu chun phi thay.
7. Kim tra kn kht ca bu phanh trong h thng phanh hi hoc xi lanh
phanh chnh trong h thng phanh du. Kim tra mc du bu cha ca xi lanh
phanh chnh.
8. iu chnh khe h gia tang trng, a phanh v m phanh, hnh trnh v
hnh trnh t do ca bn p phanh.
9. Kim tra hiu qu ca phanh tay, xit cht cc gi . Nu cn phi iu
chnh li.
10. Kim tra, nh gi hiu qu ca h thng phanh.
* H thng chuyn ng, h thng treo v khung xe
1. Kim tra khung xe (sat xi), chn bn, ui m nhp, cht nhp khung,
b nhp, quang nhp, quai nhp, bu lng tm nhp, bu lng hm cht nhp. Nu x lch
phi iu chnh li. Nu lng phi bt cht, lm sch, sn v bi m bo qun theo quy
nh.
34
2. Kim tra tc dng ca gim sc, xit cht bu lng gi gim sc. Kim tra cc
l xo v cao su . Nu v phi thay.
3. Kim tra vnh, bnh xe v lp, k c lp d phng. Bm hi lp ti p sut
tiu chun, o lp theo quy nh ca s . G nhng vt cng dt, dnh vo k lp.
* Bung li v thng xe
1. Kim tra, lm sch bung li, knh chn gi, cnh ca, ca s, gng chiu
hu, m gh ngi, c cu nng lt bung li, tra du m vo nhng im quy nh.
Xit cht bu lng bt gi bung li vi khung t. Kim tra h thng thng gi v qut
gi.
2. Kim tra thng, thnh b, cc mc kha thnh b, bn l thnh b, quang gi
b vi khung t, bu lng bt gi dm, bc ln xung, chn bn. Nu lng phi xit
cht li.
* i vi t t , t cn cu v t chuyn dng
1. Kim tra c cu nng, h thng t, an ton v kn ca cc u ni, ng
dn du. S lm vic n nh ca h thng nng h thy lc.
2. Kim tra, xit cht cc ta, hp truyn lc, gi thng t, c cu nng
h lp d phng.
3. Ra bu lc du ca thng cha du, x khng kh trong h thng thy lc.
Kim tra mc du trong thng du. Nu thiu phi thm. Thay du theo quy nh.
4. Kim tra cp, c cu an ton i vi t cn cu.
5. Nhng ni dung bo dng i vi cc c cu, cm h thng c th phi
tun theo hng dn k thut ca nh ch to.
4.2.2.3. Cc ni dung bo dng k thut nh k r moc v na r moc
a. Cng tc lm sch, kim tra, chn on, bi trn.
1. Lm sch, x du v nc trong bu cha hi phanh.
2. Kim tra n, bin s, xch an ton, hiu qu n tn hiu v n phanh,
thnh b.
3. Chn on trng thi k thut tng th r moc, na r moc.
4. Tra du, bm m vo tt c cc im cn bi trn theo s . X du cho
khung v gm ca r moc, na r moc. Bi m cho nhp.
b. Cng tc iu chnh, sa cha v xit cht.
1. i vi r moc c b chuyn hng trc trc: Phi kim tra b phn
chuyn hng, tnh trng k thut ca trc trc. Xit cht bu lng bt gi b phn
chuyn hng, cht, khp chuyn hng. Nu r vt tiu chun k thut phi iu
chnh hoc thay th.
2. i vi r moc c mm xoay. Kim tra tnh trng k thut ca mm xoay,
con ln, trc v mm xoay. Xit cht ai c bt gi tr mm xoay. iu chnh
chm bnh trc, nu cn.
3. i vi h thng phanh r moc, na r moc.
- Kim tra tc dng ca h thng phanh. Kim tra tnh trng v s r r ca cc
ng dn, u ni v cc b phn ca h thng phanh.
- Kim tra xit cht quang bt gi b, thnh b, vn sn v bn l thnh ca.
- Tho ra moay v tang trng. Kim tra trng thi k thut moay , tang
trng, m phanh, l xo hi v, bi, c trc. Thay m v iu chnh t yu cu k thut.
- Xit cht ai gi, gi bnh cha kh nn, cc u ni dy dn, mm phanh,
gi trc quay, bu phanh, bnh xe v cc cm chi tit ghp ni.
35
- iu chnh khe h m phanh - tang trng v h thng phanh tay nu mn qu

tiu chun, khng cn tc dng phi thay mi.
4. i vi na r moc
- Kim tra, chn on tnh trng k thut trc chuyn hng, mm xoay, mm
, cht an ton, c cu chn chng, c cu bt ni na r moc vi u ko.
- Kp thi sa cha v hiu chnh ng theo tiu chun k thut quy nh.
4.2.3. Bo dng theo ma

Tin hnh hai ln trong nm, lm nhng cng vic lin quan chuyn iu kin
lm vic ma ny sang ma khc. Thng b tr sao cho bo dng ma trng bo
dng nh k:
- Xc ra h thng lm mt.
- Thay du nhn, m.
- Kim tra b hm nng nhin liu, b sy khi ng.
4.3. CC PHNG PHP T CHC BO DNG K THUT

Ty theo trnh t chc v kh nng th, tnh cht chuyn mn ha ca th
m c nhng phng php sau:
4.3.1. Phng php t chc chuyn mn ha

-Tt c cc cng nhn ca xng c phn thnh t chuyn mn ha, v d:
T 1: bo dng thng xuyn, (ch c trong x nghip vn ti)
T 2: bo dng gm.
T 3: bo dng ng c...
- Cc cng nhn c tay ngh khc nhau.
- Nng sut cao, nh mc thi gian lao ng d.
- Thiu trch nhim vi hot ng ca xe trn tuyn.
- Kt qu lao ng ch c nh gi bng s lng xe qua bo dng. Ch
thc hin phn vic ca mnh, khng c s lin h vi phn vic ca t khc. Khng
phn tch nh gi c nguyn nhn cc tng thnh b loi.
- Khng thc hin khi gii quyt cng vic vi nhiu loi xe khc nhau (kim
tra cng vic kh).
4.3.2. Phng php t chc ring xe.

Cng nhn trong xng thuc cc t tng hp, thnh phn gm cng nhn c
tay ngh trong nhiu cng vic. Thc cht cng vic l: bo dng k thut v sa
cha vt ghp li:
u im: qui nh c mc trch nhim.
Nhc im: do phi phn chia dng c thit b, v vy s dng khng hiu qu
v khng p dng dy chuyn c, kh khn trong vic s dng cc ph tng thay
th.
4.3.3. Phng php t chc on tng thnh

y l phng php tin tin. Khi chun b k hoch ngi ta tch on sn
xut chuyn mn ha. Mi on sn xut thc hin cc cng vic bo dng, sa cha
36
cc cm tng thnh, c cu nh cho on y. S lng on sn xut ty thuc vo

qui m ca ca x nghip, chng loi xe v tnh trng i tng a vo. Thng phn
thnh 6 on chnh v 2 on ph:
Ph G sn xut
iu sn xut
K thut vin
T trng, xng trng
Hnh 4.1. S t chc on - tng thnh
Su on chnh:
1. Bo dng v sa cha ng c.
2. Bo dng v sa cha h thng truyn lc.
3. Bo dng v sa cha cu trc, cu sau, phanh, li, treo.
4. Bo dng v sa cha in, nhin liu.
5. Bo dng v sa cha khung b, cabin, sat xi, v xe.
6. Bo dng v sa cha lp.
Hai on ph:
7. Sa cha c ngui.
8. Ra, lau chi, sn.
Khi t chc theo phng php ny phi thng k ton b cc chi tit trong tng
thnh, xt khi lng cng vic, sp xp cng nhn cho mi cng on (cng c th
ghp cc cng on 1-2, 3-4, 5-6 gim bt c cu t chc). S dng cc phng
php t chc ny cho php chuyn mn ha t ng ha.
4.4. TRANG THIT B C BN CHO TRM BO DNG

Nu xt theo v tr lm vic i vi xe th phn b cng vic nh sau:
- Cng vic di gm xe 40 45%.
- Cng vic trn 10 20%.
- Cng vic xung quanh 40 45%.
4.4.1.Trang thit b cho bo dng k thut v sa cha gm:
- Trang b cng ngh:
Thit b trc tip tham gia vo qu trnh cng ngh: bm, h thng ra, cc
trang b kim tra, trang b bm du m, trang b sit cht.
- Trang b c bn trn trm:
Trang b ph gin tip tham gia vo qui trnh cng ngh: hm bo dng, thit
b nng (kch, ti, cu trc ln...) cu ra, cu cn, cu lt.
Yu cu chung:
Kt cu n gin, d ch to v s dng, an ton, cho php ci thin iu kin
lm vic ca cng nhn, din tch chim ch nh, s dng thun li mi pha. C tnh
vn nng d s dng cho nhiu mc xe.
37
4.4.1. Hm bo dng.
Hm bo dng
Hm tn u
Hm thng qua
Hm hp
Hm rng
Hm gia hai
bnh xe
Hm hai bn
bnh xe
Cu nng
Treo bnh xe
Hnh 4.2. Phn loi hm
Trang thit b vn nng c kh nng lm vic mi pha.

Theo chiu rng hm th c: hm hp, hm rng.
- Hm hp: l hm c chiu rng nh hn khong cch 2 bnh xe, kch thc t
0,91,1m.
- Hm rng: l hm c chiu rng ln hn khong cch 2 bnh xe, kch thc t
1,4 3m. chiu di ln hn chiu di t 12m. Kt cu phc tp, phi c bc ln
xung su 12m.
Theo cch xe vo c hm tn u v hm thng qua.
Trong hm bo dng phi c h thng tho du di ng hoc c nh, c h thng
n chiu sng. Thnh hm phi c g chn cao t 15 20cm an ton khi di chuyn
xe. B tr h thng ht bi, kh thng thong gi, h thng nng h xe.
4.4.2. Cu cn.
L b xy cao trn mt t 0,7 1m dc 20 25%. C th cu cn tn u
hay thng qua. Vt liu g, b tng hoc kim loi, c th c nh hay di ng.
u im: n gin.
Nhc im: khng nng bnh xe ln c. Do c dc nn chim nhiu din
tch.
4.4.3. Thit b nng.

- Di ng: cu ln, cu trc.
- C nh: kch thu lc, kch hi...
- Cu lt: nghing xe n 450 dng cho cc xe du lch.
38
4.4.4. Bng chuyn

Trang b bng chuyn khi t chc bo dng theo dy chuyn.
Lm vic lin tc
Bng chuyn
Lm vic chu k
Loi mang
Loi ko
Loi y
Hnh 4.3. S t chc bo dng theo dy chuyn

4.5. CC CNG VIC TRONG BO DNG
4.5.1. Ty ra:
4.5.1.1. Ty ra ngoi xe, cm my
- Bm nc c p sut cao p = 5 10 at bng bm ly tm nhiu cp, dng vi
phun hoc h thng vi phun phun v ra sch.
- Dng vi phun quay, b tr quanh theo xe, khi nc phun ra to thnh phn
lc v lm quay u phun.
- S dng khung ra xe to thnh mt khung bao quanh xe.
C cu rung:
+ To cho cc tia nc c bin rung100 150mm vi tn s f = 20 ln/pht .
+ Tia nc c hng tip tuyn d lm bong cc cht bn bm vo xe.
Dung dch ra: C th s dng dung dch xt NaOH 5%, nhit 50 700C.
Sau ra li bng nc sch v thi kh.
- Dng nh ra xe.
i vi xe khch, xe du lch c th kt hp ra v chi: b tr cc chi quay
xung quanh xe.
4.5.1.2. Ra h thng lm mt
Kh cc cn bn t, cht bn ng li, cc cn kt ta ca nc cng: CaCO3,
MgCO3 (Cn canke)
Ra theo hai bc:
- Kh cn bn t:
+ Dung dch:
NaPO 4
NaOH
KOH
150g
25g pha vi 10 lt nc
20g
+ Tho b ton b nc c, 24 h cho chy ht.

+ dung dch ra vo.
+ Khi ng ng c v cho chy khng ti n nhit lm vic 75 900C.
+ Dng my, tho dung dch ra.
- Kh cn kt ta:
39
Na 2 CO 3 100g
pha vi 10 lt nc
Duhoa 30g
Hoc
NaOH
100g
pha vi 10 lt nc
Duhoa 30g
Nu h thng lm mt khng c chi tit bng nhm th c th dng dung dch

HCl 4%.
+ Cho dung dch vo h thng lm mt.
+ Cho ng c lm vic n nhit lm vic v tho dung dch ra.
4.5.1.3. Ty ra h thng bi trn
S dng h thng ra. Cc bc thc hin nh sau:
- Tho ton b du c ra.
- Ni ng c vi h thng ra.
- Dung dch ra: 80% du diesel.
20% du bi trn.
Ch : trong qu trnh ra, thnh thong phi quay trc khuu ng c vi vng
trch ng bm cht bn.
- Sau khi ra tho dung dch ra v thay du bi trn mi.
* Nu ty ra nng (ng c lm vic) th trc tip dung dch ra l 80%
du bi trn + 20% du diesel. Cho ng c chy chm trong thi gian 5 10 pht.
Pha trn nh vy l nhm dung dch bi trn long ra c th ty ra v cun theo
nhng cn bn.
* i vi bnh lc du:
- Loi lc th: tho tung tng tm v chi ra sch trong du diesel ri lp li
- Loi lc thm: phi thay thnh phn lc (li lc)
4.5.2. Phng php kim tra trong bo dng

Quan st, chy th, nghe, o mt s thng s, ch tiu.
4.5.2.1. Phng php quan st
+ Kim tra tnh trng chung ca xe, ng c, kn kht ca cc ng ng,
u ni, nhin liu, du, nc...
+ Kim tra s lm vic ca cc dng c o: nhit nc lm mt, nhit
du, s vng quay...
+ Kim tra trng thi ca h thng truyn lc.
4.5.2.2. Phng php chy th - nghe- nhn
+ Khi ng ng c.
+ Nghe pht hin nhng rung ng, va p, ting g bt thng.
+ Kim tra dao ng ca xe, ng c.
+ Xc nh tnh trng lm vic ca ng c thng qua quan st kh thi.
4.5.2.3. Phng php o cc thng s, ch tiu lm vic
Li dng cc ng h, dng c sn c trn xe o (ng h bng iu
khin, thc thm du, nhin liu) kim tra cc thng s:
40
+ p sut du bi trn, p sut nhin liu, p sut khng kh bnh xe bng cc

p k.
+ Nhit nc lm mt, nhit du.
+ o cc khe h: khe h nhit, khe h m vt, khe h gia cc bnh rng...
+ Kim tra sc cng ca b truyn ai, xch bng phng php kinh nghim:
dng ngn tay n gia ai, xch nu c vng 10 15 mm l c hoc dng lc k.
+ Kim tra h thng phanh, li bng thc o r tng hp
+ Kim tra nghing, chm ca cc bnh xe dn hng.
+ Kim tra in p v t trng dung dch.
41
CHNG 5
QUI TRNH CNG NGH SA CHA T
5.1. KCH THC SA CHA V S LN SA CHA
5.1.1. nh ngha ct sa cha:
Ct sa cha l bc tng (gim) kch thc ca chi tit l (trc) c qui nh
gia nh ch to ph tng v ngi sa cha sau mi ln sa cha.
Khi sa cha theo ct, cho php tiu chun ho trong cng tc sa cha v ch
to ph tng thay th.
5.1.2. Cch tnh ct sa cha:

Gi s chi tit trc v l c kch thc ban u l dH v DH nh trn hnh v:
a)
b)
Hnh 5.1. S tnh ton ct sa cha.
a.) Chi tit dng trc. b.) Chi tit dng l
ds , Ds_kch thc sau khi sa cha ln th nht ca trc v l.

1_hao mn ln nht.
d1, D1_ kch thc trc sa cha ca trc v l.
_lng d gia cng nh nht.
a. Tnh kch thc sa cha ca trc ds:
Kch thc sa cha ln th nht
ds1 = dH - 2(1 + )
(5.1)
Tnh theo kinh nghim:
(5.2)
1 = (dH - d1) =
_hao mn tng cng
d1_kch thc trc sa cha
_h s phn b lng mn = 0,5 1. Mi loi chi tit c ring,
c xc nh bng phng php thng k.
(5.3)
T (5.1) ds1 = dH - 2( + )
42
t 2( + ) =
ds1 = dH -
_ Lng kch thc thay i sau mi ln sa cha
Ta suy ra:
- Kch thc sa cha ln th nht:
ds1 = dH -
- Kch thc sa cha ln th hai:
ds2 = ds1 - = dH - 2
- Kch thc sa cha ln th ba:
ds3 = ds2 - = dH - 3
- Kch thc sa cha ln th n
dsn = dH - n
b.Tnh kch thc sa cha ca trc l Ds1:
Kch thc sa cha ln th nht
(5.4)
Ds1 = DH + 2(1 + )
Tnh 1 theo kinh nghim:
(5.5)
1 = ( D1 - DH) =
_hao mn tng cng
_h s phn b lng mn 0,5 1. Mi loi chi tit c ring, c
xc nh bng phng php thng k.
(5.6)
T (5.4) Ds1 =DH + 2(1 + )
t 2(1 + ) =
Ds1 = DH +
_ Lng kch thc thay i sau mi ln sa cha
Ta suy ra:
- Kch thc sa cha ln th nht:
Ds1 = DH +
- Kch thc sa cha ln th hai:
Ds2 = Ds1 + = DH - 2
- Kch thc sa cha ln th ba:
Ds3 = Ds2 + = DH - 3
- Kch thc sa cha ln th n
Dsn = DH + n
Kch thc sa cha ph thuc vo:
- Chiu su lp thm ti
- bn ca chi tit
- Kt cu v b tr chung ca chi tit v cm my
V d:
+ i vi xi lanh, sc mng, piston: n = 4, = 0,5mm.
+ i vi trc khuu, bc lt: n = 67, = 0,25mm.
5.2. QUI NH CNG NGH SA CHA T

5.2.1. Mc ch cng tc sa cha
Mc ch ca sa cha l nhm khi phc kh nng lm vic ca cc chi tit,
tng thnh ca t b h hng.
43
5.2.2. Qui nh chung i vi cng tc sa cha nh

Nhim v:
Khc phc nhng h hng t xut hay tt yu ca cc chi tit, cm my. C
tho my v thay th tng thnh, nu n c yu cu phi sa cha ln.
c im:
- L loi sa cha t xut nn n khng xc nh r cng vic s tin hnh.
- Thng gm cc cng vic sa cha, thay th nhng chi tit ph c kt hp
vi nhng k bo dng nh k gim bt thi gian vo xng ca xe;
- Cng vic sa cha nh c tin hnh trong cc trm sa cha.
V d: thay th li lc nhin liu, du nhn...
- Cng c trng hp sa cha nh thay th c tng thnh gim thi gian
nm ch ca xe.
- Thng qua kim tra tnh trng k thut xe quyt nh c sa cha nh hay
khng.
5.2.3. Qui nh chung i vi cng tc sa cha ln

5.2.3.1. Nhim v
Tho ton b cc cm trong xe, sa cha thay th phc hi ton b cc chi tit
h hng m bo cho cc cm my v xe t c ch tiu kinh t k thut gn
ging ban u.
5.2.3.2. c im
Tin hnh theo nh k qui nh i vi tng loi xe hoc khi c t nht 3 tng
thnh chnh trong c ng c phi a vo sa cha ln.
Bng 5.1 nh ngch sa cha mt s loi xe (1000km)
Mc xe
Ton b xe ng c Cu trc
Cu sau
C cu li
300
200
300
300
300
AZ 24
PAZ- 672
320
180
180
180
180
250
250
250
250
250
AZ 53A
ZIL 130
300
250
300
300
300
Maz 500A
250
250
250
250
250
KaMaz5320
300
300
300
300
300
Cng vic sa cha ln thc hin trong cc nh my i tu. Ty theo phng
php sa cha m cng vic sa cha theo mt qui nh nht nh.
5.2.3.3. Khi nim v cng tc sa cha ln
- Qui trnh cng ngh sa cha: l mt lot cc cng vic khc nhau c t
chc theo mt th t nht nh k t khi xe vo xng n khi xut xng.
i vi tng loi cm my ring c qui trnh cng ngh ring, ph thuc
phng php sa cha chng v c im kt cu. Cng c trng hp cng mt cm
trn mt xe c cc qui trnh sa cha khc nhau. Cng vic sa cha c c th ha
thnh cc qui trnh (qui trnh tho lp, ty ra...)
- Cc phng thc t chc sa cha:
+ Sa cha theo v tr c nh.
+ Sa cha theo dy chuyn.
- Cch t chc lao ng trong sa cha: ty theo qui m ca c s sa cha:
44
+ Sa cha tng hp.

+ Sa cha chuyn mn ha.
Xe vo sa cha
Tho s b - ra ngoi
Tho s b ra
ngoi cm
Tho cm
Khung xe
Tho chi tit
Giao xe
Sn xe
Sa cha khung
Ty ra chi tit
Th xe
Kim tra phn loi chi tit
Lp xe
Sa cha phc hi chi tit

Lp cm, chy r, th nghim
Hnh 5.2 S qui trnh cng ngh sa cha ln
5.2.3.4. Cc phng php sa cha

a. Sa cha ring xe
nh ngha: l phng php sa cha m chi tit ca xe no sau khi sa cha th
hon ton lp vo xe .
c im: c tnh cht t pht trong iu kin chng loi xe nhiu, nhng s lng
mi loi t. Cc n v qun l xe c th t ng ra sa cha ring xe cho mnh.
L phng php lc hu v khng cho php thay chi tit nn thi gian sa cha
xe hon ton ph thuc vo thi gian sa cha cc chi tit trong cm v cc cm trong
xe, thi gian xe nm ch lu.
S chi tit phc hi sa cha s rt nhiu gy phc tp cho qun l, k hoch
ha sa cha. Khng th p dng chuyn mn ha sa cha v hin i ha thit b.
Nng sut lao ng thp, cht lng sa cha khng cao.
Thch hp vi phng thc t chc sa cha theo v tr c nh vi t chc lao
ng theo kiu sa cha tng hp (mt nhm cng nhn ph trch sa cha)
iu kin p dng:
- Chng loi xe nhiu, s lng tng loi t.
- Qun l xe phn tn khng hp l.
- Khi cha c h thng sa cha trn qui m ln sa cha ton b xe hng
hng nm.
- Ch qun l, ng k xe cn kht khe.
45
Tho xe vo sa cha
Khung xe
Tho cm
Sa cha khung
Tho chi tit
Sa cha chi tit
Chi tit mua
Lp xe
Lp cm
Th v giao xe
Hnh 5.3. S phng php sa cha ring xe
b. Phng php sa cha i ln

L phng php m cc cm, cc chi tit ca xe cng loi c th i ln cho
nhau.
iu kin i ln:
- i ln cc chi tit hay cm cng ct sa cha.
- Khng i ln cc chi tit trong cp ch to ng b nh:
+ Trc khuu - bnh .
+ Thn my - np my.
+ Np hp s - v hp s.
+ V cu - v hp vi sai.
+ Np u to - thn thanh truyn.
Khng cho php i ln cc chi tit c bn nh thn my, v hp s, v cu,
khung xe.
Hai hnh thc i ln:
- i ln cm: cc cm cng loi (cng ct sa cha) c th i ln nhau.
- i ln chi tit, cc chi tit trong cm (cng ct sa cha) c th i ln nhau.
Thc t thng phi hp i ln chi tit vi cm.
c im: l phng php tin tin.
- Rt ngn thi gian sa cha cm my hay xe. Thi gian sa cha xe ph
thuc ch yu vo thi gian sa cha chi tit c bn, khung xe...
- C th d dng t chc sa cha theo dy chuyn v chuyn mn ha thit b
lao ng. Do gim bt chi ph sn xut, h gi thnh.
46
Tho xe vo sa cha
Khung xe
Tho cm
Sa cha khung
Tho chi tit
Chi tit mua
Sa cha chi tit
Kho chi tit
Lp cm
Lp xe
Th, giao xe
Kho cm
Cm d tr
Hnh 5.4. S qu trnh cng ngh sa cha theo phng php i ln
iu kin thc hin phng php sa cha i ln:

- S lng xe, cm my cng loi nhiu;
- Phi d tr mt lng nht nh cm my, chi tit ty theo:
+ Sn lng sa cha hng nm;
+ Thi gian sa cha phc hi;
+ Tc sa cha cm, xe.
- H thng cc nh my sa cha kh nng p ng nhu cu sa cha, c
bit thch hp vi quan h nh my sa cha bn xe sa cha v mua xe hng cng
loi vi ch phng tin.
5.3. CC HNH THC T CHC SA CHA

5.3.1. T chc sa cha theo v tr c nh
Sa cha in
II
III
Gia cng c kh ngui
Mc
IV
G hn
Phc
hi
bc
m
c
VI
Hnh 5.5 S t chc sa cha theo v tr c nh
Ton b cng vic sa cha c thc hin mt v tr c nh.

c im:
S lin quan gia cc khu rt t, thi gian sa cha mt xe hu nh khng ph
thuc vo nhau.
- Thch hp vi phng php sa cha ring xe, trong qui m xng sa cha
nh;
47
- S dng cng nhn vn nng, tay ngh cao;

- Tiu hao nhin vt liu ph tng, do phi trang b, cung cp nguyn - nhin
vt liu nh nhau cho nhiu v tr sa cha;
- Thit b, ngh vn nng, kh p dng thit b chuyn dng hin i.
- Nng sut lao ng thp, gi thnh cao, cht lng kh n nh
5.3.2. T chc sa cha theo dy chuyn

Cng vic sa cha c tin hnh lin tc mt s v tr sn xut hay mt s
dy chuyn sn xut.
c im: c lin quan cht ch gia cc khu.
- Thch hp vi phng php sa cha i ln trong qui m xng ln;
- S dng lao ng chuyn mn ha nn gim c bc th v nng cao cht
lng tng cng vic;
- Gim tiu hao nguyn vt liu ph;
- Thit b tp trung v c iu kin s dng thit b chuyn dng hin i. Nng
sut cao, gi thnh h.
Xe vo sa cha
Giao xe
Ra ngoi
Sn xe
Th xe
in
Sa cha in
Thng b
Mc
Cabin
G hn
Phn xng ng c
Hp s
Phn xng
gm
Phanh-li
Kho cm ng c
Kho cm Gm
Dy chuyn lp xe
Dy chuyn tho
ng c
Cu trc-sau
H thng treo
Khung
Sa cha khung
Hnh 5.6. S phng thc t chc sn xut theo dy chuyn
5.4 CC TRANG THIT B CHNH DNG TRONG CNG TC SA

CHA
5.4.1. Dng c ngh
- Tua vt: gm tua vit dp v tua vt 4 chu.
48
Tua vt dng m hoc sit

cc con vt s rnh, s dng tua vt nn
ch : chn tua vt ng c, khng
c s dng tua vt lm cy xeo, cy
c.
Khi cn mi li phi mi ng
k thut, hai bn li tua vt gn song
song, ch khng nhn bn nh mi
c, hnh 5.7.
Hnh 5.7 Mi tua vt dp
- Cc loi ba
Ba c mt lm vic mm
Sai
ng
Ba nha
Trong sa cha ng c, ba
thng dng tho lp cc chi tit.
Ch phi chn ng loi ba
khng lm hng cc chi tit, cc chi tit
c b mt lm vic c gia cng chnh
xc th khng c dng ba u kim
loi m phi dng ba nha.
Hnh 5.8 Cc loi ba
- Cc loi km:
Km thng dng, km m nhn, km rng... bo v rng trong ca km khng
nn dng km km cp cc vt thp cng. Khng c dng km thay c l
vn bu lng, ai c v s lm trn u lc gic ca ai c.
49
Hnh 5.9 Cc loi km
- Cc loi c l
C l ming dng ni lng hoc vn nhng bu lng vi lc nh, khi m hoc
sit cht vi lc ln phi dng c l vng. Khi lc rt ln th phi dng tp. Ch phi
s dng ng loi v c.
b
Hnh 5.10 Cc loi c l m ai c
a_c l ming, b_c l vng,
- Cc loi typ
Khi lm vic vi cc bu lng ai c chu lc ln hoc nm su bn trong ta phi s
dng typ vi cc cn ni. i vi cc bu lng np my, bu lng c trc chnh, bu
lng np u to thanh truyn... phi s dng typ vi cn sit o lc.
50
Hnh 5.11 Cc loi typ v cn sit
- M lch
ng
Hnh 5.12. Cc loi m lch
- Cc loi c
51
Sai
Hnh 5.13 Cc loi c
- Mi khoan ph bu lng gy
Hnh 5.14 Khoan ph bu lng gy
- Cc loi di
Hnh 5.15 Cc loi di
52
- Cc loi ca
Ca to l
Hnh 5.16 Cc loi ca
- Dng c khoan ta r ren
Hnh 5.17. Dng c khoan v ta r l
- Cc loi dng c kp
Hnh 5.18 Cc loi dng c kp
53
- Dng c ct v loe ng
Hnh 5. 19. Dng c ct v loe ng
- Cc loi co
Hnh 5.20. Cc loi co bnh rng, bnh ai, vng bi.
Hnh 5.21 Dng c p l xo
5.4.2 Dng c o kim

- Thc l c:
Hnh 5.22 Thc l c
- Dng c o ng knh trc
Hnh 5.23 Dng c o ng knh trc
54
- Dng c o ng knh l kiu compa;
Hnh 5.24 Dng c o ng knh l
Pamme
Hnh 5. 25 Cc loi panme
- Cch c kch thc trn Panme
b).
Hnh 5. 26 Cch c kch thc trn

Panme
a. D = 9,98mm
b. D = 10,66mm
a).
55
- Thuc cp v cch c gi tr
Gi tr c c l 13,45
Hnh 5.27 Thc cp v cch c gi tr
- Dng c kim tra o
Hnh 5.28 Kim tra o bnh
Hnh 5.29 Dng c o ng knh l
- Dng c kim tra ng knh l. Hnh 5.29

- Dng c o chiu su l.
- Dng c o ng knh ca nhng l nh.
Hnh 5.31 Dng c o ng knh

nhng l nh
Hnh 5.30 Dng c o chiu su l
56
- Dng c kim tra vung gc

- Kim tra mt phng
Hnh 5.32 Dng c kim tra vung gc
Hnh 5.33. Thc kim tra mt phng
57
CHNG 6
KIM TRA PHN LOI CHI TIT
6.1. MC CH, NGHA CNG TC KIM TRA, PHN LOI CHI
TIT
- Qua kim tra phn loi cho php s dng li cc chi tit cn dng li c
mt cch c hiu qu trnh lng ph, loi b nhng chi tit b h hng v xc nh
nhng chi tit c th sa cha, phc hi dng li.
- Vic kim tra phn loi tt s cho php nng cao cht lng v h gi thnh
sa cha.
- Nu kim tra phn loi khng tt s c hi cho vic sa cha v s dng sau
ny. V d: dng li cc chi tit h hng.
Cng tc kim tra phn loi chi tit c tin hnh sau khi chi tit c ty
ra sch s, bao gm 3 loi cng vic:
- Kim tra chi tit pht hin v xc nh trng thi, cht lng ca chng.
- i chiu vi ti liu k thut phn loi chng thnh:
+ Dng c;
+ Phi sa cha mi dng c;
+ Loi b.
- Tp hp cc ti liu sau khi kim tra phn loi ch o cng tc sa cha.
Nguyn tc kim tra phn loi
Da trn c s chc nng ca chi tit trong cm my m t chc kim tra k
mc no.
Kt qu phn loi.
KT h hng ngm
o lng mn
Quan st
C bn
Chnh
Ph
Phi sa cha
Dng li
B i
Hnh 6.1 S kim tra phn loi chi tit
6.2. CC H HNG V PHNG PHP KIM TRA

6.2.1. H hng
- Chi tit bin dng: cong, xon trc dn n s khng song song, khng vung
gc gia cc b mt, cc c trc...
- Thay i kch thc do hao mn: mn cn, van, gim chiu cao, mt tnh
chnh xc ca bin dng lm vic. Nhng h hng ny n mt gii hn no s lm
cho c tnh lm vic ca chi tit, ca cp ma st khng cn m bo dn n h hng
cm my, xe.
- Thay i v tnh cht: cng, n hi, trng thi ng sut.
- H hng t xut mc v m: gy v, st m, nt, thng...
58
6.2.2. Cc phng php kim tra ch yu

a. Quan st
Ch yu da vo kinh nghim xc nh mc h hng ca chi tit.
b. o lng mn
- Dng cc dng c o xc nh kch thc: thc kp, pam me, ng h o
l, o chiu su, cn l, mi V, bn r.
- S dng cc dng c chuyn dng: ca lp, cc loi dng, con ln, trc chun,
cc loi vng chun...
c. Kim tra h hng ngm
S dng cc dng c c bit pht hin h hng ngm hoc kim tra tnh
cht chi tit: my o cng, bng, n hi, cc my cn bng tnh, cn bng
ng, cc my d khuyt tt: t, siu m, quang tuyn... cc thit b o s dng quang
hc, kh ng, cc loi dng c g kim tra cc v tr tng quan gia cc b
mt, cc ng tm...
6.3. MN CHO PHP KHNG PHI SA CHA

I
H
Hgh1
Hcr
t
tcr
tlv1
tgh1
II
Hgh2
Hcr
t
tcr
tlv2
tgh2
III
H
Hgh3
Hcr
t
tcr
tlv3
tgh3
Hnh 6.2 th hao mn chi tit
Trong mt cm my c nhiu loi chi

tit, iu kin ma st ca tng loi cng khc
nhau. Cc chi tit khc nhau v vt liu, gia
cng ch to... V vy, trong qu trnh lm
vic cc chi tit ca cm my c mn
khng ng u. Khi cm my a vo sa
cha c nhng chi tit c th dng li c,
c chi tit phi sa cha. Tuy nhin, ngi ta
ch quan tm n nhng chi tit ch yu
quyt nh a cm my vo sa cha.
Ni dung kim tra phn loi l pht
hin v xc nh nhng chi tit cn dng li
c, tc l ch mi mn mc no ,
cha vt qu gii hn cho php. l
mn cho php khng phi sa cha ca chi
tit.
V d: c 3 chi tit cng lp ghp vi
nhau trong mt cm my. Gi s tcr nh
nhau, do kh nng lm vic khc nhau nn
tlv1< tlv2 < tlv3. Trong , chi tit 2 l chi tit
chnh, v vy ly tlv2 l thi gian s dng ca
cm my gia hai k sa cha.
Khi :
- i vi chi tit 1 hoc l phi thay khi cha ti k sa cha (trong k bo
dng) hoc l phi nng cao cht lng ch to chi tit cho tlv1= tlv2. Nh vy,
n s c thay th hoc sa cha cng vi chi tit 2.
59
- i vi chi tit 3 phi xc nh xem c tip tc s dng thm mt k sa cha

ln na hay khng.
Cch xc nh c cn s dng
thm mt k sa cha ln na hay
khng:
T tgh3 ly ngc li 1 khong
bng tlv2 ca chi tit chnh im A. T A
dng vung gc ct ng cong hao
mn ti B, ng vi mn Hcp. o chi
tit III trong thc t c Ho:
- Nu Ho Hcp th kt lun l chi
tit III c dng li thm mt k sa
cha ln na m khng phi sa cha
hoc thay th.
H
Hgh3
Hcp
Hcr
tcr
tlv3
tlv2
tgh3
Hnh 6.3 Cch xc nh thi gian tip

tc lm vic ca chi tit
- Nu Ho > Hcp th hoc l phi thay th chi tit III trong cc k bo dng k
tip (trc khi sa cha ln) hoc l phi nng cao cht lng ch to chi tit 3 ko
di thi gian s dng sao cho tlv3 2tlv2.
Kch thc Hcp l kch thc gii hn cho php.
H = Hcp - Hcr gi l mn cho php.
i vi ng c thng chia chi tit ra lm 2 loi:
- Loi khng cho php c lng mn khi lp ghp nh: piston-scmng, pistonxi lanh, piston-cht piston, trc khuu-bc, v bm-bnh rng bm du...
- Loi cho php c lng mn:
+ mn t 0,01 0,03: l bu lng-bu lng bnh , trc-bc bm
nc, trc-bc bm du.
+ mn t 0,03 0,15: con i-dn hng, xu pp-dn hng.
+ mn t 0,15 0,3: chi tit h thng truyn lc, cc bnh rng, then
hoa-rnh then.
6.4. CC PHNG PHP O KCH THC V SAI LCH HNH

DNG HNH HC
6.4.1. Kim tra chi tit dng l
Cc chi tit dng l nh xi lanh, l trc khuu, trc cam v.v... chu mi mn
hoc bin dng trong qu trnh lm vic. V vy, phng php kim tra cc chi tit
dng l ch yu l o lng mn v sai lch hnh dng.
Nguyn tc: da vo c tnh mn v c tnh bin dng ca chi tit chn v tr
kim tra. V d: i vi xi lanh cc v tr cn kim tra l:
Vng I mn nhiu theo qui lut.
Vng II mn nhiu nu c bi.
Vng III v tr di ca xi lanh, t mn.
Ti cc mt ct I-I, II-II, III-III kim tra theo cc phng 1-1 v 2-2.
60
Hnh 6.4. V tr v phng php kim tra xi lanh
Dng c kim tra: thng dng dng c o l vi ng h so c chnh xc

0,01mm hoc panme o l.
Cch o: gi cho cn ng h v tr thng ng, bng cch lc qua, lc li sao cho
kim ng h dao ng t nht.
So snh:
DI1, DII1, DIII1
Vi D0_ng knh trc sa cha
DI2, DII2, DIII2
Chn Dmax quyt nh ct sa cha.
i vi cc chi tit dng l khc, da vo c tnh hao mn, kch thc v yu
cu chnh xc ca chng chn dng c o v phng php kim tra thch hp:
Hnh 6. 5 o kim tra chi tit dng l
Xc nh: lng mn, cn, van, lng mn khng u v mt pha

(lch so vi ng tm).
6.4.2. Kim tra cc chi tit dng trc

Cc chi tit dng trc nh: trc khuu, trc cam, xu pp, a y...c im h
hng ca chng l:
- Mn cc b mt lm vic (c trc), lm tng khe h lp ghp gia trc v bc,
gim p sut du bi trn v pht sinh ting va p khi ng c lm vic.
- Bin dng: cong, xon gy sai lch gc cng tc (i vi trc khuu) hoc vi
phm ch lp ghp gia trc v bc do cc c mt ng tm gy nn.
61
- Kim tra vt nt trn b mt nhng vng chuyn tip gia c trc v m.

Nhng ni c g cch sc hoc nhng rnh xc t vi trn b mt trc do mi.
a. Kim tra mn
Kim tra cc c bin, c chnh, c lp bnh rng, c lp bi trc s cp hp
s, chiu di c lp bc hn ch dc trc...
Hnh 6.6. Dng c o ng knh trc
Da vo c tnh hao mn, kch thc v yu cu chnh xc ca chng

chn dng c o v phng php kim tra thch hp:
V d kim tra mn trc khuu: hnh 6.7
- V tr kim tra: chn tit din II, II-II cch m khuu 5 10mm o
lng mn. mi tit din kim tra
theo cc phng vung gc nhau (1-1,
2-2)
- Dng c o: pamme c
chnh xc 1/100 1/1000mm, thc cp
c chnh xc 1/100mm
Hnh 6.7. Kim tra mn trc khuu
- Xc nh: lng mn, cn, van, lng mn khng u v mt pha

(lch so vi ng tm). Trn mn nhiu hn, su hn so vi di (ng c diesel) v
ngc li (ng c xng)
b. Kim tra cong, xon
b1. Trc khuu:
- Xc nh cong:
Chng tm hai u trc khuu hoc t 2 c 2 u ln 2 khi V. Xoay trc
khuu 1 vng, mi t ca ng h so t vo ch khng mn (t mn) st l du (v ch
ng vi rnh ca bc nn khng c ma st) hoc vai trc. Dao ng ca ng h
so s cho ta xc nh c cong ca trc khuu.
62
Hnh 6.8. S kim tra cong trc khuu bng ng h so

a. S dng chng tm
b. S dng 2 khi V
cong trc khuu cn c xc

nh theo th trc: H 1 H 2 . Hnh 6.9
H1_kch thc gia hai m khuu
o pha di
H2_kch thc gia hai m khuu
o pha trn
Hnh 6.9 Kim tra cong trc

khuu theo th
- Xc nh xon trc khuu:

trc khuu c gi ln 2 khi V, hnh
6.10. Dng ng h so kim tra cc c 1
v 4 (i vi ng c 4 xi lanh), hoc 1
v 6 (i vi ng c 6 xi lanh) ng
sinh cao nht. Hiu s ca 2 ln o H
chia cho bn knh khyu trc l xon
ca trc.
tg
Hnh 6.10 Kim tra xon trc khuu
H
(rad)
R
b2. Kim tra cong supap

S kim tra nh hnh 6.11. Khi xu pp b cong s lm cho ng tm thn
v nm supap khng vung gc, lm cho xu pp ng khng kn v gy b kt xu pp.
khng vung gc (hoc khng ng tm) khng c vt qu 0,025mm. Xu pp
phi loi b nu mn thn 0,1mm, b dy tn nm 0,5mm, hoc phi nn li
nu cong thn 0,03mm.
63
Hnh 6.11. S v dng c kim tra cong xu pp

1_gi dng c; 2_khi V; 3_gi ng h so; 4_bi t; 5_tm c; 6,7_cc ng h so
6.4.3. Kim tra thanh truyn

Cong theo x,y, xon theo z.
Ly u to lm chun nh v, kim tra u nh
- Dng ng h so:
+ Cong theo y: 1, 2 lch pha. 1
tng, 2 gim hoc 1 gim, 2 tng
cng lng.
+ Cong theo x: 3,4 cng pha. 3,
4 cng tng hoc cng gim v 1, 2
tng so vi chun.
+ Xon theo z: 3 tng, 4 gim
hoc 3 gim, 4 tng.
1 3
2 4
Hnh 6.12 Kim tra cong, xon thanh truyn

bng ng h so
- Dng V ngn kim tra. Khi cong theo y c khe h a, khi xon theo z c khe h b.
Hnh 6.13.
Thng cng cong v xon lm cho kt qu o b bin i nn phi phn tch tr
s o.
cong cho php ca thanh truyn i vi my ko 0,03 0,05; i vi t
0,020,03 mm/100mm chiu di thanh truyn (tnh t ng tm l u to n ng
tm l u nh)
xon cho php i vi thanh truyn my ko l 0,050,08mm; t l
0,040,06mm trn 100mm chiu di.
64
6.4.4. Kim tra cc chi tit thn

hp
Thn hp l nhng chi tit c
hnh dng, kt cu phc tp. H hng
thng do bin dng v ti, nhit. Dn
n cong vnh, tng quan kch thc
b sai lch: phng, ng tm,
song song, vung gc.
a. Kim tra phng
C nhiu phng php kim tra
phng nh:
- Phng php sai lch ng:
xc nh khe h gia dng c kim tra
vi b mt chi tit bng cn l, c hoc
ng h so. Hnh 6.14
b
b
Hnh 6.13. Kim tra cong, xon

thanh truyn dng V ngn
Chiu di thc 2/3 chiu di chi tit

Hnh 6.14 Kim tra phng
- Phng php khe h sng: xc nh s lt nh sng qua khe h gia dng c

kim tra mt v chi tit khi p ln nhau.
- Kim tra bng bt mu: xc nh phng chi tit bng din tch b nhum
mu khi xoa chi tit ln bn r mt phng c bi bt mu.
- Phng php phn bc: o chuyn v ca cc im chun tinh c trn b
mt kim tra so vi mt im ban u ty chn, bng cc dng c: cc chun, ni-v,
knh ngm.
- Phng php giao thoa nh sng: xc nh khng phng ca cc b mt
nhn bng bng cch p thc thu tinh kim tra ln b mt, lc ny s xut hin vn
giao thoa, vn thng nu b mt thng, vn cong nu b mt khng phng. Tr s
khng phng xc nh theo t s gia cong v khong cch gia cc vn.
65
- Phng php kh ng: o khng phng bng cch xc nh lng tiu hao
kh nn lt qua khe gia u o v mt phng khi dch chuyn u o trn b mt kim
tra.
La chn phng php kim tra ph thuc vo kch thc chi tit v yu cu v
chnh xc t c. V d: vi nhng chi tit nh nh thn b ch ho kh, c th
dng bn r mt phng, nhng chi tit nh thn v np ng c t c th dng thc
o phng vi ng h so. Nhng chi tit c bng b mt cao dng phng php
giao thoa nh sng. Nhng chi tit ln nh nh khung xe c th s dng knh ngm
vi cc chun. Trng hp thiu dng c o, nu khng i hi chnh xc cao, c
th dng bin php cng dy.
chnh xc ca cc phng php kim tra c gii thiu trong bng 6.1
Bng 6.1. Phng php kim tra phng
Chiu di chi tit chnh xc (m) Phng php v dng c kim tra
(mm)
1,2
Phng php giao thoa
n 250
2,5 12
Phng php khe h sng
12 120
Phng php sai lch ng
1,6
Phng php giao thoa
38
Phng php khe h sng
250 400
8 60
Phng php phn bc
25 200
Phng php sai lch ng
4 10
Phng php khe h sng
400 1000
4 16
Phng php khe h sng
16 320
Phng php sai lch ng
12 50
Phng php phn bc
1000 1600
12 400
Phng php sai lch ng
b. Kim tra ng tm
S kim tra nh hnh 6.15
Hnh 6.15. Kim tra ng tm cc c trc ng c.

a). Dng thc x mt phng
b). Dng trc kim tra v ng h so: 1_Cn nh v. 2_ng h so.
3_Cc c trc cn o. 4_trc o
s hnh 6.15.a s dng cn l o khe h ti cc v tr a, b xc nh

khng ng tm. s hnh 6.15.b dng ng h 2 xc nh khng ng tm.
Trng hp ng c t xi lanh c th dng dy cng v thc kim tra
khng ng tm ca cc c trc.
66
c. Kim tra song song v vung gc

- Kim tra song song gia hai dy l: hnh 6.16. a) s dng hai trc kim v
cn nh v lng vo cc u v cui ca hai hng l. o khong cch gia hai trc
ti hai u bng dng, nu bng nhau chng t hai l tm cn kim tra song song v
ngc li. V d cc l cn kim tra: l trc khuu v l trc cam.
2
2
2
1
a)
b)
c)
Hnh 6.16 Kim tra song song v vung gc gia hai hng l
a). 1_dng o, 2_trc chun;
b). 1_trc chun c l u, 2_trc chun c cht u
c). 1_trc chun; 2_trc c u d.
- Kim tra vung gc gia

cc hng l: hnh 6.16 b) s dng mt
trc c l u v mt trc c cht
u c ng knh va kht vi l
trc khia. Nu cht trn trc th hai
xuyn qua c l trn trc th nht
th hai trc vung gc vi nhau. Hoc
s dng trc c u d nh hnh
6.1.6c)
- Kim tra vung gc ca cc
cnh:hnh 6.17
Hnh 6.17 Kim tra vung gc ca

cc cnh
6.4.5. Kim tra l xo, vng bi, bnh rng

a. Kim tra l xo
L xo c kim tra v mn thn (trong trng hp thn l xo b ma st vi
thnh l dn hng), kim tra cc hin tng nt mi, gy v kim tra n hi ca
l xo khi chu ti. Vi cc h hng nh nt gy hoc mn vt qu 1/3 ng knh dy
qun th phi loi b. kim tra n hi trc ht phi o chiu di l xo trng
thi t do bng thc cp hoc l xo mu. Sau , kim tra chiu di khi chu ti.
67
L xo mu
L xo kim tra
Hnh 6.18. Cc phng php kim tra l xo
b. Kim tra vng bi

Vng bi b mn th hin r dc trc v r hng knh.
Kim tra r dc trc:
Hnh 6.19 Kim tra r dc trc ca vng bi
Kim tra r hng knh:
Hnh 6.20 Kim tra r hng knh ca vng bi
c. Kim tra bnh rng

Bnh rng thng b mn hoc trc r b mt rng, lm tng khe h gia cc
rng, v vy pht sinh ting n khi lm vic, hin tng nt chn rng do chn p du
hoc do chu ti ln dn n nguy c gy rng cng thng xy ra. i vi cc bnh
rng hp s, do thng xuyn thay i v tr n khp nn d b va p lm st m phn
nh rng, lm gim kh nng chu ti. Nhng bnh rng cn nh bnh rng ch ng
68
cu xe v bnh rng trn v hp vi sai, nu iu chnh n khp khng chnh xc s

lm chn rng, lng rng hoc n khp lch... cng l nguyn nhn gy n hoc
tng ma st, tng mi mn.
Vic kim tra bnh rng khi sa cha ch yu l kim tra mn, nt, st m
rng, kim tra ng tm ca vng trn chia v tm trc. Khi lp rp, c bit i
vi hp s v cu xe, cn kim tra vt tip xc v iu chnh chnh xc n khp
gia cc bnh rng.
Kim tra mn: dng thc hoc dng o rng, hnh 6.21 nu y dng o t
st c vo nh rng chng t rng mn n gii hn.
a)
b)
Hnh 6.21 Kim tra mn rng bng dng o rng (a) v thc cp (b)
1_c khe h gia dng o v nh rng th bnh rng cn dng c
2 khng c khe h gia dng o v nh rng: bnh rng phi loi b
C th kim tra mn rng khi cho

bnh rng kim tra n khp vi mt bnh
rng mu c bin dng rng chnh xc
khng mn, sau o khe h gia cc
rng bng mt ng h so hnh 6.22.
t u t ca ng h o vo rng
ca bnh rng th nht. Bnh rng ny n
khp vi bnh rng th hai. Quay bnh
rng th nht (hm bnh rng th hai li),
la chn he h gia cc rng v ng thi
Hnh 6.22 o khe gia cc rng
theo di x dch ca kim ng h. Sai
bnh rng tr
lch cc s liu do ng h ch bo l khe
h gia cc rng ca cp bnh rng n
khp vi nhau. Nu khe h khng ng
u th phi xc nh xem bnh rng no
hng.
Mun vy, phi tch mt bnh rng ra v quay i 1800 ri lp vi nhau. Nu
thy vn n khp nh c th bnh rng hng chnh l bnh rng c nh. Nu trc khi
quay bnh rng, khe h l nh nht v sau khi quay, khe h l ln nht th bnh rng
quay l bnh rng hng, phi thay th.
Kim tra khng ng tm v o ca bnh rng:
Sau khi nh v bnh rng trn khi V ln bng trc v cn nh tm, t vo
gia cc rnh rng cht kim 1 c ng knh ph hp sao cho cht tip xc vi cc
b mt rng vng trn chia. Khi quay bnh rng 1800, ng h 2 t ln cht kim s
xc inh khng ng tm vng chia v ng h t ln mt u s xc nh o
mt u bnh rng so vi ng tm trc.
69
Hnh 6.23 Kim tra khng ng tm v

o ca bnh rng
6.5. KIM TRA CN BNG TNH V NG CC CHI TIT QUAY

Khi mn khng u v sau khi gia cng c sa cha, do kh bo m ng
tm ban u nn cc chi tit quay nh trc khuu, bnh , bnh rng, trc cc ng...
trn ng c thng mt cn bng tnh v ng. mt cn bng ny thng c
kim tra v x l trc khi lp cm my, nhm bo m mc rung ng trong
phm vi cho php ca nh ch to.
Vic kim tra cn bng tnh p dng cho cc chi tit c ng knh kh ln so
vi chiu di nh cc bnh rng, bnh ... Kim tra cn bng ng c bit cn thit
i vi cc chi tit trc c hnh dng phc tp v c tc quay cao nh trc khuu,
hoc cho cc trc c cch lp rp kh lng lo nh trc cc ng. Bnh xe t trong
trng thi lp hon chnh, do lp kh t ng u khi ch to nn cng thng
c kim tra cn bng ng.
6.5.1. Kim tra cn bng tnh

a. Cn bng tnh trn V ln.
Mt trc v cn nh tm c lng vo moay ca chi tit kim tra m bo
ng tm cn thit. t ton b khi chi tit ln cp V ln, nu vi v tr bt k, chi
tit khng t ng quay c ngha l chi tit c cn bng tt. Nu chi tit t quay v
lun lun dng li ti mt v tr nht nh th c th khng nh chi tit b mt cn
bng, im mt cn bng s nm trn bn knh pha di theo phng thng ng.
xc nh khi lng mt cn bng, ta dn mt ming sp ti v tr thch hp
bn knh pha trn, sau kim tra v thm bt khi lng sp dn cho n khi
chi tit t cn bng theo yu cu.
X l chi tit mt cn bng c th dng phng php hn thm kim loi pha
dn ming sp hoc ly bt kim loi pha i din (ni c khi lng tha). Khi
lng v v tr thm bt kim loi c xc nh theo cng thc:
mr = msrs
Trong : m, r_khi lng thm hoc bt v khong cch ti tm chi tit
ms,rs_khi lng sp sau khi cn bng v khong cch ca n n
tm.
70
C th chn v tr r s hn thm hoc ly bt kim loi khng nh hng n

kt cu cng nh bn ca n, t tnh ra khi lng m cn thm hay bt theo
cng thc:
m=
m s rs
r
Nu hn thm kim loi phi ct ming kim loi hn thm sao cho t khi
lng m tnh trn. Nu ly bt kim loi phi xc nh th tch ch ly:
V=
- khi lng ring ca kim loi, vi st = 78g/cm3; vi ng = 89g/cm3

b. Cn bng tnh trn dao ln
Dng c kim tra cn bng tnh
dng dao ln, hnh 6.24 dng hai li
dao t song song v c iu chnh
nm ngang chnh xc. t khi chi
tit cng trc nh tm ln trn hai li
dao mt v tr bt k. Nu chi tit
khng cn bng, khi chi tit s t ng
ln trn dao cho ti khi im mt cn
bng nm v tr thp nht th dng li.
Sau khi xc nh c v tr mt cn
bng, tin hnh cc bc kim tra iu
chnh nh trn.
Hnh 6.24 Kim tra cn bng trn dao ln
c. Cn bng tnh trn mm

xoay
Dng c gm mt mm
trn 5 t trn tm 4, chi tit
c nh tm nh tr nh tm
trn mm. Nh kt cu ny, khi
chi tit c khi lng khng cn
bng pha no, mm s
nghing v pha . Trn vnh
Hnh 6.25 Cn bng tnh trn mm xoay.
mm c gn sn mt n cn v
1_chi tit; 2_qu cn; 3_thc o; 4_ tm; 5_mm
qu cn, ch cn xoay chi tit
g chi tit; 6_mi d thng bng
cho pha mt cn bng i din vi n cn, sau iu chnh qu cn n khi mm
thng bng tr li. T khi lng qu cn v khong cch ca n ti tm bit, d
dng tnh c m men mt cn bng x l.
6.5.2. Kim tra cn bng ng.

Trc khi cn bng ng, cc chi tit trc phi qua cn bng tnh. Do khng
xc nh c khi lng mt cn bng nm trn mt phng no, nn khi lng cn
bng Q thng c thm vo mt mt phng khc, cch khi lng mt cn bng
mt khong l no , hnh 6.26. V vy, khi chi tit quay, cc lc ly tm do hai khi
71
lng ny sinh ra s to thnh mt m men M, vi M = F.l. chnh l nguyn nhn

gy ra rung ng cho chi tit. Trong trng hp , chi tit c gi l mt cn bng
ng.
kh m men mt cn bng
ny, phi t vo chi tit mt m
men c cng gi tr nhng ngc
chiu vi n. M men cn bng
c to thnh nh vic thm hoc
bt 2 khi lng kim loi m1, m2
hai mt phng cch nhau mt
khong l1 to thnh cc lc ly tm
F1 sao cho F1l1 = Fl. chnh l
thc cht ca phng php cn bng
ng trn hai mt phng chn trc.
Hnh 6.26 S nguyn tc cn bng

ng chi tit trc trn 2 mt phng chn
Thit b cn bng ng c gii

thiu trn hnh 6.27. Khi cn bng trc
ht iu chnh a cho t vo khung dao
ng cn b t do. Cho trc quay
n mt tc thch hp, nu mt cn
bng trc s rung lm khung dao ng
rung theo. Do u pha a b khng
ch nn khung ch rung ng ti u b,
bin dao ng pha u b c ch
th bi cm bin 2. Thm mt khi
lng vo u b ti mt phng II-II sao
cho dao ng u b gim thp nht
trong phm vi cho php. Chuyn sang
lm tng t vi u a, ta s xc nh
c cp khi lng cn bng t ti hai
mt phng I-I v II-II, t xc nh
c m men mt cn bng v c
phng n x l thch hp.
Hnh 6.27 Nguyn l thit b cn bng

trn 2 mt phng chn trc
1,2_cm bin bin dao ng khung
a,b_cc t; A,B_cc trc trc
trn khung dao ng.
Bng 6.2. khng cn bng cho php ca t 3-53 v Zin-130

khng cn bng m.r cho php
c im cn
(g.cm)
Loi chi tit
bng
Zin-130
3-53
Trc khuu
Cn bng ng
15
30
Trc khuu-bnh -ly hp
Cn bng ng
70
120
Cnh qut gi
Cn bng tnh
15
20
Bnh
Cn bng tnh
35
50
Ly hp
Cn bng tnh
35
50
Cc ng lp y
Cn bng ng
50
70
72
6.6. KIM TRA CC H HNG NGM

6.6.1. Th cng
G: gia hai lp kim loi b trc s c ting ku khc vi ch khng trc (dng
m thanh).
Xoa phn: thoa du ho ln b mt kim tra; lau sch, rc phn ln, ch c vt
nt du cha li s thm ln, nh vy s cho ta xc nh c vt nt.
6.6.2. Dng kh nn hay nc c p sut

Dng kh nn bm vo bn trong, xoa x phng bn ngoi hoc nhng vo
trong nc, nu c bt kh chng t ch b nt.
Dng nc p lc 3 5 at a vo kim tra. Thng c p dng kim
tra kt nc, bao kn ng ng...
6.6.3. Kim tra vt nt bng t trng

Phng php ny ch p dng c cho
cc chi tit c kh nng nhim t (nhng chi
tit lm bng st) pht hin nhng vt nt
trn b mt. Thc cht ca phng php ny l
t chi tit trong mt t trng ca nam chm
in nhm to ra s nhiu t v hnh thnh cc
t ph ti hai u vt nt, sau rc bt st
hoc bt xt st (Fe3O4) ln b mt. Ti ch
Hnh 6.28 Pht hin vt nt bng
c vt nt, bt st s t li cc cc t nn rt
phng php t trng
d quan st, hnh 6.28.
ng sc t ca nam chm phi t vung gc vi trc vt nt mi to ra
c s phn cc r rt. V vy, cn b tr 2 ngun t trng vung gc nhau ln
lt pht hin cc vt nt chy dc v vt nt chy ngang.
i vi chi tit trc, thng c cc vt nt mi theo phng hng knh v cc
vt nt dc trc do chu m men xon ln (khi b b bc). Khi kim tra vt nt mi s
dng khung dy qun vo on trc, hoc dng ngay dy dn qun quanh trc mt vi
vng ri cho dng in mt chiu chy qua to t trng dc. Khi kim tra cc vt
nt dc trc, cho trc dng in mt chiu chy t u ny sang u kia ca trc
to t trng vng ct cc vt nt.
Vi cc chi tit c t thm yu
(t nhim t), thng duy tr ngun nam
chm in hoc nam chm vnh cu.
Vi cc chi tit c t thm cao,
gy nhim t ban u cho chi tit v s
dng t d trn chi tit kim tra. Nh
vy, khi kim tra xong, phi kh t d cho
chi tit, nu khng kh t d, sau ny cc
mt st do mi mn s bm vo b mt
gy co xc bc v trc.
Khi to t bng dng in mt
chiu th phng php kh t l cho dng
in ngc chiu vi dng in t ho ban
Hnh 6.29 Cch t t trng ln chi tit
u ri gim dn dng in ny xung
73
khng, ch trong qu trnh kh t phi

thay i thng xuyn chiu cc trnh
chi tit b nhiu t mi. Cng c th dng
dng in xoay chiu t ln chi tit v
gim dn xung khng.
6.6.4. Kim tra vt nt bng quang tuyn

S dng dung dch c cha cht
pht quang vi thnh phn: 75% du
ha +15% du bin th + 10% ben zn
+ (3 5)g/lt cht pht quang
Fluorexein bi ln b mt. Sau
lau sch v sy nng nhit 60
700C cho cht pht quang t vt nt
tit ra, dng n tia cc tm chiu ln
b mt, ch c vt nt, cht pht
quang s tit ra s to thnh nh sng
xanh lc rt d nhn thy. S kim
Hnh 6.30 Kim tra vt nt bng quang tuyn.
1_hp
n, 2_knh lc tia, 3_n chiu tia, 4_bin th
tra bng quang tuyn gii thiu trn
cao
p, 5_bin th ngun, 6_chi tit kim tra.
hnh 6.30.
6.6.5. Kim tra theo hiu ng xung (siu m)

Da trn hin tng phn x
xung siu m, khi cc xung pht ra
v c ghi li trn dao ng k
in t c hnh dng u n,
chng t chi tit khng b r. Khi
gp phi ch r, xut hin trn mn
hnh cc xung phn x s xc nh
c chiu su v kch thc ca
khuyt tt, hnh 6.31.
Hnh 6.31 Kim tra r theo hiu ng xung

1_chi tit, 2_cc pht siu m, 3_b khuch i xung phn x,
4_ng dao ng k, 5-6-7_cc b iu bin xung, 8_ chm tia
siu m, 9_vt r ngm.
74
Chng 7*Chn on trng thi k thut t
- Bin son- Trn Thanh Hi Tng, Nguyn L Chu Thnh
CHNG 7
THO V LP, CHY R, TH XE
7.1. KHI NIM V THO V LP XE
7.1.1. Yu cu tho v lp
a. Tho
- Quy trnh tho xe, tho cm phi hp l nht nhm m bo nng sut v cht lng
tho;
- Phi m bo an ton cho chi tit tho, tng tnh kinh t sa cha;
- Phi c gii ho, t ng ho, ci tin dng c tho gii phng lao ng nng
nhc v tng nng sut lao ng.
b. Lp
Quy trnh lp cht ch hn quy trnh tho.
- L khu quyt nh cht lng cm my, xe v n phi m bo chnh xc lp
ghp, v tr tng quan gia cc b mt lp ghp (khe h, di, song song,
vung gc...);
- Phi m bo quy trnh lp hp l, t chnh xc cao, nng sut cao.
- Phi c cc nguyn cng kim tra cht ch tng cng on lp, s dng nhiu dng
c kim tra;
- Khi lng lao ng nhiu hn khi tho, vi trnh tay ngh, kinh nghim cao hn;
- S dng nhiu dng c, thit b, g...
Nu lp khng tt cht lng ca cm my, xe s thp, tng hao mn. Thm ch c
trng hp phi tho ra lp li.
7.1.2. Cng vic tho v lp

a. Tho
Nguyn tc tho
- Nhng thit b bao che, thit b in phi tho trc;
- Tho t ngoi vo trong;
- Dng c tho phi c qui nh cho tng bc tho;
- Qu trnh tho nn tin hnh phn loi ngay chi tit c tho ra, v nu khng
t chc tt th sau rt mt thi gian tm kim;
- Cm khng dng ba, c tho chi tit. Nu cc chi tit b han r kh tho
th tm du ho, du Diesel ngm mt thi gian mi tho.
Cc bc cng ngh trong dy chuyn tho:
- Tho s b:
+ i vi ton xe: cabin, thng b, che chn, thit b in...
+ i vi cm,v d:
ng c: tho my nn, bm nc, qut gi, bm tr lc li, bu lc du, ccte
du, bm du, np che dn xu pp, np bnh ...
Hp s: np hp s, nt du.
Cu sau: np ccte du, bn trc, nt du.
Trc trc: np moay bnh xe.
Mc ch ca vic tho s b l ra sch trc khi tho chi tit.
75
- Tho chi tit: tho cm ra khi xe, tho chi tit ra khi cm. Cng vic c
tin hnh cc b phn tho.
b. Lp
Nguyn tc lp:
- Lp t trong ra ngoi (ngc vi quy trnh tho);
- Qui nh dng c lp, dng c kim tra v kim tra cho mi bc lp. V d:
cc khe h ghp ni, khe h xu pp, khe h cm truyn ng, khe h bc trc...
- Theo ng mmen sit bu lng c qui nh. V d: bu lng thanh truyn,
trc chnh, np my, trc khuu - bnh ...
- Kim tra kn kht cc mi ghp (xu pp - ), trn tru ca cc mi ghp
(pistonxi lanh...).
- Theo ng qui nh cc bin php an ton mi ghp: m vnh, cht ch, dy
buc...
- Phi m bo v sinh sch s trc mi cng on lp rp: ra, x nc, x kh
nn;
Cc bc cng ngh trong dy chuyn lp:
+ Chun b-sp b: la sn nhng chi tit s lp cho cm my ;
+ Cn bng tnh, ng cc chi tit quay: trc khuu, bnh , qut gi, puli...
+ Cn bng khi lng nhm piston.
+ Chn lp: la chn nhng chi tit c s dng li m khe h nh
+ Chun b dng c lp v dng c kim tra
+ Nhng nhm chi tit c th lp trc th lp trc, v d: nhm piston- sc
mng- thanh truyn.
7.2. LP NG C
7.2.1. Cng vic chun b
Cc cng vic chun b lp ph thuc vo phng php sa cha ring xe hay
i ln, cch t chc sn xut theo v tr c nh hay theo dy chuyn...Nhng ni
dung chnh ca cng vic chun b gm:
- Sp b chi tit;
- Kim tra iu chnh khi lng v cn bng tnh, ng cc chi tit;
- Lp trc mt s nhm chi tit c yu cu lp ring.
a. Sp b chi tit
- Thng k v giao nhn y cc chi tit s c a vo lp cho mt ng
c. Ch rng, nu khng c iu g c bit th cc chi tit chnh ca ng c no lp
li cho ng c (v d: thn my, trc khuu, bnh , trc cam, thanh truyn...) do
trong khi tho ra v kim tra chng thng c nh du bng sn khi ln
vi chi tit cng loi ca ng c khc.
- Chn lp nhng chi tit c php dng li m khng qua sa cha (khi p
dng cch sa cha i ln chi tit), v d: chn cc con i xu pp vi l dn hng
con i, bu lng bnh vi l bu lng trn bnh m bo khe h lp ghp gia
chng. Chn chiu dy m np my mi theo nh ca piston trong xi lanh c t
s nn theo thit k.
- Ch to cc giong m, thng thng bng ba cctng hoc aming.
76
- Nhn cc ph kin trong h thng nhin liu, bi trn, lm mt, khi ng...
c sa cha hon chnh ti cc b phn sa cha ring.
- Sp xp ton b cc chi tit trn mt khay hoc bn lp bn giao cho th
lp my.
b. Kim tra iu chnh khi lng v cn bng tnh, ng cc chi tit
Cc chi tit chuyn ng quay nh bnh , trc khuu trong qu trnh sa cha
phi mi c trc nn cn c kim tra cn bng tnh v cn bng ng trong trng
thi lp ghp chng. khng cn bng ng cho php tu thuc vo kt cu v kch
thc ca trc c nh ch to qui nh c th. i vi ng c nhiu xi lanh,
nhm cc chi tit piston - scmng - thanh truyn cn phi c cn bng khi lng.
Khi c s chnh lch vt qu gii hn cho php c th ly bt kim loi bng cch
khoan hay phay nhng vng khng quan trng (nh phn chn piston...)
c. Lp trc mt s nhm chi tit c yu cu lp ring.
Mt s chi tit i hi c x l c bit trc khi lp nh luc, dng my p...
c lp trc ti khu chun b. Cng vic ny thng l: lp cht piston - thanh
truyn, lp xu pp vo np my, p bnh rng trc khuu, lp b ly hp.
Cn lu trong khi gia cng c cc chi tit ny c ly kch thc theo tng
xi lanh hoc c trc hay c r thnh b nn phi chn lp ng theo du.
7.2.2. Trang thit b tho-lp

Trang thit b dng cho lp rp c nh hng trc tip n nng sut v cht
lng ca vic lp. Nhng thit b ny bao gm:
- Cc gi lp ng c;
- Bn hoc gi chi tit lp;
- Cc loi vam hoc dng c chuyn dng tho lp nhng mi ghp di;
- Cc dng c kim tra khi lp;
- Cc loi dng c lp vn nng v c bit nhng dng c dnh cho nhng v tr lp
kh...
a. Gi lp ng c.
Do yu cu phi xoay tr c ng c cc t th bt k (lt nghing tri,
nghing phi, lt nga...) to thun tin cho vic lp, cc gi lp u c thit k theo
nguyn tc ng. Vi cc ng c c khi lng ln (ng c diesel lp trn xe ti),
gi lp ng c c kt cu rt n gin song rt hiu qu, hnh 7.1. Gi lp gm hai
khung ghp t hai na vnh trn 2 v 4, c lin kt bng cc thanh ging ngang 10
to thnh mt cp bnh xe vng chc. Khung ny c ln trn cc con ln 9 gn trn
khung 1 v c hm li ti mt s v tr bng cht hm 7. ng c c t trn
n ngang 10, kp cht ng c bng c cu kp 5. Do khung c th ln trn, v vy
to c cc v tr bt k ca ng c thun tin cho qu trnh lp.
i vi ng c t du lch, gi lp gm 1 hp s kiu trc vt 2, gn trn tr
ng ca bn lp, hnh 7.2. Trc ra ca bnh vt c ghp cht mt bch 4 c khoan
cc l vi hp che bnh ng c (mt lp ghp vi hp s t). Khi quay trc vt
bng tay quay 3, s xoay c ng c ti mi v tr m khng cn phi c vt nh v
do tnh t hm ca cp bnh vt trc vt. V ng c lp trn gi theo kiu cng sn
nn phi lp y cc c bt vi mt bch ca gi v cn thn trng khi dng lc ln.
77
Hnh 7.1. Gi lp ng c c khi lng nng

1- khung; 2-na khung di; 3-bu lng kp; 4-na khung trn; 5-gi di ng kp ng c;
6-vt kp; 7-cht hm trc con ln; 9-con ln t; 10-thanh ngang.
Hnh 7.3. Vam p xi lanh t

1-Bch p; 2-tay n p; 3-u lp bch p; 4-vt bt
g p ln thn
Hnh 7.2. Gi lp ng c nh
1-bnh xe; 2-hp trc vt; 3-tay quay;
4-bch lp ng c; 5-tay hm ng c
Bch p 1 ca vam c ch to vi nhiu kch thc khc nhau thay i

ph hp vi xi lanh cc ng c. Trc khi p lt cn kim tra di ca giong nc
so vi rnh lp giong (khong 0,5mm l va ) ng thi bi mt lp m ln b mt
giong cho an ton v d p.
2. Dng c kim tra di lt xi lanh
Sau khi p xong cc lt xi lanh, cn kim tra di v song song ca mt

u lt xi lanh vi mt phng thn my. g kim tra c gii thiu trn hnh 7.4.
78
Hnh 7.4 g kim tra di ca lt xi lanh t
Hnh 7.5 Cn lt xi lanh
g gm mt mt bch phng c bc nh v vo l xi lanh, di y mt bch

c tin rnh su 2mm khng chm vo phn nh ln ca vai lt. Pha trn l rnh
lp hai ng h so c chn t vo vai lt o di, chnh lch tr s ca hai ng
h cho ta khng song song ca mt u lt xi lanh so vi thn.
Khi di khng m bo, cn phi iu chnh bng cch thm bt cn di
vai lt. Hnh 7.5 gii thiu m iu chnh di vai lt xi lanh.
3. g lp trc khuu - bnh
Trc khuu, bnh trn ng

c t l cc chi tit nng, cn m
men sit ln, thng thng 2 chi tit
ny c lp vi nhau sau lp c
khi ln thn my. i vi ng c
diesel ca xe ti nng, c trng hp
trc khuu li c lp trc ln thn
ri mi lp bnh ln trc.
bo m an ton v thun
tin khi lp nhm trc khuu-bnh ,
nn s dng gi lp nh hnh 7.6. B
phn g trc ca gi c th xoay
trc c th v tr thng ng hoc
v tr nm ngang, iu ny rt cn khi
tho lp cc nt bt trn ng du
cht khuu. Trc khuu c nh v
v kp cht trn gi bng khi V 1 v 4
trn c chnh hai u. Ngoi ra c c
cu t 2 c iu chnh bng tay quay
10 t st vo mt cht khuu chng
xoay cho trc. Gi lp c h thng
chn 9 cho php lp c nh trn
sn xng bng bu lng chn chm.
Hnh 7.6 G lp trc khuu v bnh

1,4-cc khi V nh v v kp trc; 2-c cu t chng
xoay; 3- t mt u; 5-dm xoay; 6-thanh dm; 7-bu
lng hm dm v tr thng ng; 8- t cao su; 9-chn
; 10-tay quay iu chnh c cu chng xoay; cht hm
dm v tr nm ngang.
Sau khi lp hon chnh, trc khuu bnh c a ln lp vi thn my.

pht hin nng nh ca cc c trc, ln lt lp t c gia ra v sit cht tng c,
79
sau quay th trc vi vng. Nu c no b nng phi tho bc r li. Trc khi lp
cn bi du nhn sch ln b mt bc. V nguyn tc cc khe h gia trc v bc
c m bo khi gia cng c, tuy nhin do nh hng ca cong trc v khng
ng tm dy l khi doa, mi, nn c th xut hin hin tng chm st b mt trc
vi thnh (c bit c gia hay c u) mt d khe h ring tng c vn c. Trong
trng hp ny nn dng phng php kp ch kim tra khe h cc trc khi lp
rp. kim tra, trc khi lp np s t ln tng c trc mt on dy ch hoc dy
cht do c ng knh ln gp 2 ln khe h cho php. Sau lp tt c cc np v
sit cht n m men qui nh. Tho cc np, g si dy b cn mng ra o b dy
ca tng si ng vi cc bng pan-me, ghi li kt qu nh l mt h s theo di
trong qu trnh ng c lm vic sau ny.
ng thi vi vic kim tra khe h trc chnh, cn phi kim tra khe h dc
trc bng cn l hay ng h so. Dng tay n by trc dch dc kim tra khe h.
Nu khe h khng t phi x l cn r dc (mi bt cn nu khe h qu b hoc hn
p thm nu khe h qu ln).
4. Dng c tho lp nt du
Nt du trn trc khuu l mt chi tit

kh tho lp do c m men sit ln v khng
dng cl vn c, ngoi ra v tr cc nt cng
khng thun li thao tc. g tho lp nt
du trnh by trn hnh 7.7 gii quyt c
kh khn trn.
g c 7 kp cht vo c trc ni c
nt du cn tho lp. Gi tho 5 c hn cht
vi 7, trn gi lp vt tho 1 cng vi c tho
4 c tay quay 2, tm chn 3 gi cho c tho ch
xoay ch khng tut ra khi gi. Khi tho t
u vn 1 vo rnh x trn nt du v quay tay
quay 2 cho u 1 tin vo p cht vi nt du,
dng c l vn vt tho 1 theo chiu ra hoc
vo, vt tho s xoay nt du ra theo.
Hnh 7.7 Dng c tho lp nt du trn trc

khuu
1-vt tho; 2-tay vn c tho; 3-tm hm c
tho; 4-c tho; 5-gi tho; 6,7-hai na kp.
5. Dng c p cht piston
Khi lp cht piston vo thanh truyn v b

cht theo kiu lp bi, mt bin php ph bin l
luc piston trong nc si cho b cht gin n,
sau dng tay y cht xuyn qua l. Lm cch
ny kh mt thi gian un nu. Kiu dng c
chuyn dng gii thiu trn hnh 7.8 cho php p
cht nhanh hn.
Dng c gm mt ng bao c cong m ly
b cht. Trong ng lng trc rt 2 c ng knh
xuyn qua l cht piston. Mt u trc rt
c ren lp vi vt 3 khng cho cht tut ra. Phn
u xuyn qua ng bao c ren lp vi ai c 1 c
chiu di ren ln hn chiu di cht piston khong
20mm. Khi lng y cht piston vo trc rt
80
Hnh 7.8 Dng c p cht piston

1-ai c; 2-trc rt; 3-vt hm
v lng trc rt qua l b cht cng nh ng bao, dng cl sit c 1 rt trc vo ng

bao, nh vy cht piston cng c ko xuyn qua l b.
6. g kim tra thng ca nhm pistonthanh truyn
Sau khi lp nhm pistonthanh truyn, cn kim tra vung gc ca piston
vi ng tm l u to thanh truyn v n s nh hng trc tip n thng ca
piston trong xi lanh, nu khng vung gc vt qu gii hn phi thc hin vic
nn li trnh lm nghing piston trong l xi lanh gy ma st v mi mn ln. g
kim tra gii thiu trn hnh 7.9. u to thanh truyn c lng vo cht kp nh v 4
ca dng c.
Thn piston t vo khi V c nh 3,
khi V di ng 2 c gn ng h so s ch
khng vung gc ca thn piston vi l u
to thanh truyn. Nhiu trng hp khng c
g c th kim tra trc tip bng cch lp
piston thanh truyn (khng c sc mng) vo
xi lanh v trc khuu. Sit cht np thanh
truyn vi m men qui nh, sau dng
cn l kim tra khe h hai bn ca piston vi
xi lanh theo phng dc trc khuu. Yu cu
khe h hai pha ca piston v xi lanh chnh
lch nhau khng qu 20%.
Hnh 7.9 g kim tra thng nhm pistonthanh truyn
1-ng h so; 2-khi V di ng; 3-khi V c

nh; 4-cht inh v v kp cht u to thanh
truyn
7. Dng c lp sc mng ln piston
Trong b ngh tho lp t, thng c trang b

mt km lp sc mng nong tng sc mng t vo rnh
piston. Nhiu khi th ch cn 4-5 l cn mng ci quanh
chu vi sc mng hay dng tay banh ming sc mng cng
lp c. Tuy nhin cc phng php ny c nng sut
thp hoc d dn n s c gy sc mng (khi lp bng
tay). Di y gii thiu mt kiu chp lp n gin cho
php lp nhanh v an ton hn, hnh 7.10
Chm c dng nh mt chic cc, phn u chp
c lm cn lng sc mng mt cch d dng, phn
di chp c tin va kht vi ng knh u piston.
Khi lp, t chp ln piston, lng cc sc mng theo th t
v rt chp t t ln cao y cc sc mng tt vo rnh
ca n.
81
Hnh 7.10 Chp lp secmng

1-piston; 2-chp lp secmng
Trong cc x nghip sa cha vi

s lng ln, s dng g bng thu lc
kp cc sc mng khi lp vo piston
theo hnh 7.11. C hai kiu g vi
cng mt nguyn tc hot ng, hnh
7.11 a l g dng c cu p thu lc,
g hnh 7.11 b s dng c cu p
bng tay. Thao tc g nh sau: lng
cc sc mng theo ng v tr lp ln
piston gi 3, c ng knh bng ng
knh piston tht. Xoay ming ca tt c
cc sc mng xung di ci vo gia
rnh cc tm kp 6. Dng xi lanh thu lc
Hnh 7.11 g sc mng
a- g dng c cu p thy lc
8 hay quay tay n p cc tm 6 kp
b-
g dng c cu p bng tay
cht ming sc mng. Sau ko piston 3
1,8-cc xi lanh thu lc; 2-scmng lp; 3-piston
ra ngoi bng tay hay bng xi lanh thu
gi; 4-piston lp; 5-thanh c; 6-cc tm kp; 7lc 1 v y piston tht th ch, cui cng n kp; 9-l xo
nh c cu kp gii phng cc sc
mng vo rnh piston. Vi g ny cho
php nng cao nng sut lp nhiu ln.
8. Vng kp sc mng
lp nhm piston-sc mng vo c xi

lanh, cn mt dng c n gin song rt hiu qu
l vng kp sc mng. Trc khi kp phi xoay
ming 2 sc mng k nhau lch mt gc t 120
1800 v khng c ming nm trn pha b
cht nhm trnh lt kh. Lng vng kp quanh
trn ton b cc sc mng mt cch cn i. Dng
tay bp cht kp ng thi dng ba cao su g
quanh chu vi, cho sc mng kht ming. Cui
cng ly chy g g cho piston t t vo xi lanh.
Trc nn dng du nhn sch bi ln b mt
xi lanh cho d lp v gim nh ma st khi quay
my.
Hnh 7. 12 Vng kp lp piston-sc

mng vo xi lanh
1-xi lanh; 2-vng kp sc mng; 3-piston
Hnh 7.12 gii thiu cch lp piston vo xi lanh bng vng kp scmng (hnh
v m t xi lanh ri, lm mt bng gi nn n c lp t trn xung, piston-thanh
truyn c lp trc vo trc khuu)
c. Mt s g, vam tho, dng c tho lp vn nng
Cc dng c, g chuyn dng c tc dng rt ln ti an ton v nng sut lp
rp. Nhiu trng hp khng c dng c chuyn dng s khng th tho lp c
nhng chi tit lp di hay nhng v tr lp kh. Di y gii thiu mt s loi dng
c g tho lp ph bin dng trong sa cha ng c:
82
1. Vam tho chi tit ghp di
(Hnh 7. 20)
Hnh 7.21 Lp vng bi

a-lp vng bi vo trc;
b-lp vng bi vo trc vi u p;
c-Lp vng bi vo l v trc vi u p
Hnh 7.20 Cc loi vam

a-vam tho puli u trc khuu;
b-vam tho vnh chn du;
c-vam tho bnh rng.
2. Dng c lp vng bi
(Hnh 7.21)
3. Dng c vn c bng in v kh nn
(Hnh 7.22 v hnh 7.23)
Hnh 7.22 Cl in
1-v u vn; 2-u vn thay i; 3-u iu chnh mmen vn; 4-l xo; 5-trc; 6-7-khp ni;
8-9-cc bnh rng gim tc; 10-tay cm; 11-cng tc in; 12-13-khp va p
Cc loi u vn cl in hay kh nn lm gim nhiu sc lao ng ca cng

nhn, cho nng sut cao, song quan trng hn c l m bo mmen lp chnh xc.
Mmen lp u vn in c iu chnh bng tng gim sc cng l xo 4 ca khp
va p 12-13. Khi lp nu t n m men qui nh, khp va p s b trt, song mi
ln ra khp, l xo li y na ch ng vo n khp vi na b ng v tip tc b
trt, mi ln trt khp nh vy s to nn s va p ngi cng nhn bit m
ngng vn. Ngoi vic khng ch m men vn, khp va p cn c tc dng vn cht
hn hoc to xung lc d tho c hn.
83
Hnh 7. 23 Cl kh
1-u vn thay i; 2-cht hm; 3-trc; 4-v u vn; 5-khp va p; 6-bnh truyn lc; 7-trc
ch ng; 8-thn u vn; 9-ng c kh; 10-vt tra m; 11-tm chn; 12-ng dn kh nn; 13-van
bi; 14-vt iu chnh; 15-nt cng tc.
7.3. MT S NGUYN TC CHN LP CHI TIT

7.3.1. Nguyn nhn phi chn lp chi tit theo nhm kch thc
d gia cng, mi loi chi tit ch to u cho php c sai lch kch thc
trong mt phm vi nht nh so vi kch thc danh ngha, cn gi l dung sai kch
thc. Khi kch thc chi tit c s dao ng trong phm vi dung sai ca n, th khi
ghp mt cch ngu nhin cc chi tit thnh nhng cp lm vic, khe h lp ghp cc
cp chi tit s khng bng nhau: mi ghp c th qu cht hoc qu lng. Nhm
trnh tnh trng ny, nh sn xut ph tng phn cc chi tit sau khi ch to xong
thnh cc nhm, vi iu kin cc chi tit trong mt nhm c kch thc tuyt i dao
ng trong phm vi kh nh so vi khong dung sai cho php khi ch to. V d in
hnh l vic phn nhm kch thc ca b i bm cao p, mi nhm c sai lch kch
thc tuyt i ch t 0,002 0,003mm trong khi dung sai cho php ch to chi tit
piston hay xi lanh bm cao p ti 0,1mm.
bit c chi tit nm trong mt nhm, tc l bit kch thc thc ca
chng, t chn c kch thc chi tit s lp vi n theo nhm no, cho ta mi
ghp c khe h ph hp vi iu kin k thut qui nh. Lm c iu , khi lp
cp chi tit mt ln l xong ngay, cng vic sa cha rt thun li.
Nhng cp chi tit quan trng trong nhm chi tit truyn ng c phn nhm
kch thc gm:
- Lt xi lanh v l trn thn my.
- Bc lt v l trc chnh cng nh vi c trc.
- Bc lt v l u to thanh truyn cng cht khuu.
84
- Cht piston v l b cht piston.

- Piston v xi lanh.
- Bc cam v c trc cam...
Ngoi vn phn nhm kch thc, mt s b mt lm vic chi tit c ghp
t hai na nh: l u to thanh truyn, l chnh trc khuu...cng khng th lp ln
bo m chnh xc v hnh dng hnh hc ca chng, v vy cc na ny u c
nh du tng ng vi nhau cho d nhn bit khi lp. i khi cc chi tit cng loi
trong mt ng c cn c nh s th t theo xi lanh phc v cho vic chn lp
thun li nh nh s th t thanh truyn, hoc nh du ch chiu lp nh nh du
lp pha trc trn piston v thanh truyn...
7.3.2. Phng php chn lp mt s chi tit in hnh

a. Chn lp xi lanh v l trn thn
Hnh 7.24 th hin s trn lt xi lanh biu
th nhm kch thc ng knh ngoi, c
nh s 1, 2 hoc 3 (v tr 1), trn thn my mi
l lp lt cng nh mt s ch nhm kch thc
ca l (v tr 2). lp ng cn chn s trn lt
ging vi s nh trn l thn, tt nhin s c
ti a 3 lt xi lanh c nhm kch thc khc nhau
lp trn mt thn my.
Mi tn trn hnh ch pha trc ng c
Hnh 7. 24 Chn lp xi lanh vi thn my
b. Chn lp bc vi trc khuu

Chn bc c chnh phi ch iu kin lp vi l trn thn v lp vi c chnh
trn trc khuu, vi bc cht khuu l l trn u to thanh truyn v cht khuu v
chng s quyt nh chnh xc khe h gia trc v bc. Thc cht l l c chnh v c
chnh c kch thc c th, c nh du theo nhm (thng c 3 nhm, nh s
t 1 n3), phi hp hai kch thc l v kt hp vi khe h lm vic theo qui nh
s cho ta chiu dy bc cn thit, nh vy t hp hai b kch thc ca l v trc s
phi c s lng nhm kch thc b dy ti a l 5.
Cch nh s trc, l v chn bc c th nh sau: hnh 7.25.
Trn thn my c nh du 5 ch s:
V d: ng c 4 xi lanh, c 5 c chnh, 4 cht khuu. Tnh theo th t t pha
trc ra sau, cc s ny ch th nhm kch thc (s ct) ca 5 l chnh s 1 n s
5. S ct ca tng l c th t 1 n 3 (do ch phn lm 3 nhm kch thc)
Trn m u tin ca trc khuu ng c , c nh 2 hng s ch th nhm
kch thc ca 5 c chnh t u cho n cui theo th t t tri sang phi (hng trn)
v 4 cht khuu (hng di), chng cng c s ct l 1,2 hoc 3.
Tng t nh trn mi thanh truyn ca ng c cng c mt s ct (t 1, 2
hoc 3) nh mt phng bn ca u to, ch rng cn c s ch v tr thanh truyn
(t 1 n 4) nh trn thn v np hoc nh chnh gia mt lp ghp hai na
khng th lp ln, nhng s ny thng c kch thc kh ln.
85
c. Lp np my
m bo ng dung tch bung chy,
cn kim tra di ca piston khi nm im
cht trn so vi mt u thn my, t c cn c
chn m np my dy hay mng cho ph hp.
Dng ng h so t trc tip ln thn my
kim tra di ca piston.
Sau khi c di c th s chn c
m theo qui nh. m np my c nh du
bng cc l khoan hay cc khc mp m nh
hnh 7.13. S lng l khoan hay khc s ch th
dy hay mng ca m tng ng theo lng
di nhiu hay t ca piston.
Hnh 7. 13 Khc ch th dy m np
Trc khi lp np my, cn quan st k

xem c d vt hay cht bn trn np, thn v trn
l xi lanh hay khng, t m np ng chiu sau
t np my v ln lc sit c np my theo
trnh t t u n n u kia hoc t gia ra hai
bn nh hnh 7.14. Trnh t ny do cc nh ch
to qui nh c th cho cc ng c khc nhau.
Nn chia m men sit ra lm mt s khong ri
ln lt sit theo th t cho n khi cht hn. i
vi np my dng hai loi gu jng c ng knh
khc nhau bao gi cng sit loi c ln trc ri
Hnh 7.14 Th t sit np my
mi n sit loi c nh.
Ch s trn hnh ch th t sit c, khi tho phi lm theo th t ngc li vi lp.
Cc bnh rng, bnh ai dn ng chi tit
c ln quan n thi im lm vic nh bnh rng
dn ng trc cam, b chia in bm cao p... u
phi lp chnh xc theo nh du ca nh ch to.
Thng chn v tr ca piston my s 1 im
cht trn thi k cui nn u chy lm chun
lp cc bnh rng n khp hoc bnh ai dn
ng. Mt cp bnh rng n khp bao gi cng c
du ring nh chn rng bnh n v nh rng
bnh rng kia, nn khi lp ghp ch cn t cc
du ny hng ng vo nhau l c. i vi
cc bnh ai rng, cc du lp c nh trn
Hnh 7. 15 Lp dy ai
bnh ai v thn my. Hnh 7.15 trnh by mt v 1-2, 5-6- du trn cc bnh ai trc cam
d c th khi lp dy ai cho h thng bnh ai v np my; 8-9-du trn bnh ai trc
dn ng trong ng c t.
khuu v thn my; 4-bnh ai bm
nc; 3-7-bnh ai trc cam;
86
Quay bnh ai trc khuu 10, bnh ai trc cam 3 v 7 sao cho du nh trn
mi bnh trng vi du khc trn thn hay np my; ni lng c cu bnh cng ai,
sau lp dy ai chong qua cc bnh. Khi iu chnh c cu cng dy ai, phi m
bo sao cho dy cng v cc du khng x dch l c.
d. Kim tra cng dy ai
cng dy ai c kim tra bng lc k l xo nh hnh 7.16. t dng c
ln mt nhnh dy ai v n trc ca dng c cho t vo gia dy ai, vng ca dy
di mt lc nn nht nh phi ph hp vi yu cu ca nh ch to. V d vng
dy ai ca ng c 4B lp trn t Landcruiser bng 12mm di lc nn 100kN
e. Xc nh im cht trn ca piston
Nhiu trng hp du ca im cht trn (CT) khng r rng nn buc phi
xc nh li CT my 1 lm chun cho vic kim tra iu chnh. S dng c gii
thiu trn hnh 7.17. Dng c gm mt ng 8 trong lng kim, c y bng l xo 7.
Kim d xuyn qua l lp bu gi hay l lp vi phun lun t ln mt im c nh ca
nh piston. Khi kim d di ng s lm quay kim ch th v tr 6 trn vnh chia 5.
Hnh 7.16 Kim tra cng dy ai

1-c cu cng dy; 2-puli bm nc; 3-puli trc
khuu; 4-thanh t; 5-cht t; 6-ui cht t
Hnh 7.17. Xc nh im cht trn

1-v tr by bnh ; 2,3-bnh v thn my;
4-du nh trn thn; 5-vnh khc ; 6-kim ch
th; 7-l xo; 8-ng; 9-; a-c-cc im nh du
nh du v tr u tin trn bnh (im a, hnh 7.17a) ng vi mt im

trn thn (im 4), lc ny v tr ca kim 6 trn vnh 5 s ch ti mt vch chia no .
Quay trc khuu cho piston qua CT, y kim d dao ng ln xung. Khi kim 6 li
tr v v tr ban u, nh du im th hai trn bnh (im c) trng vi im 4 trn
thn. Chia i khong cch gia hai im a v c ta s c CT cn tm.
87
f. Lp bm cao p
Bm cao p c lp vi vi khp dn
ng bng mt bch hnh 7.18. L lp bu lng
trn bch dn ng li c dng cung di iu
chnh chnh xc gc phun sm ca ng c. Khi
lp bm, cn t v tr my 1 ang ng im
phun sm (du phun sm trn bnh trng vi
du ch th trn thn my) cc xu pp np thi u
ng kn. Sau quay trc cam bm cho piston
nhnh bm cao p 1 im bt u phun (du
trn khp trc bm trng vi du ch th trn v
bm) ri sit cht cc vt kp 2 mt bch li l
c. m bo chnh xc, sau khi lp xong
nn dng dng c thi k kim tra im phun
sm ln cui.
Hnh 7. 18 Du lp bm cao p
1-du lp trn v bm; 2-du trn khp ni
bm
g. iu chnh khe h nhit

Khe h gia n by v ui xu pp (khe h
nhit) c iu chnh khi ton b ng c c
lp hon chnh, cc mi ghp c sit cht.
Thi im iu chnh khe h nhit ca tng
my l cui nn u chy, lc c hai xupp u ng
kn. Nhn bit thi k n ca my no c th cn c
vo v tr con quay ca b chia in ang hng v
cc in ca my (i vi ng c xng) hoc
piston bm cao p va chm dng ln (i vi ng
c diesel), cng c th cn c vo du CT trn puly
u trc khuu hay trn bnh ca my 1 ri t
suy ra cc my khc.
Hnh 7.19 Chnh khe h nhit xu pp
Mt phng php khc cho php xc nh nhanh v chnh xc l nhn my c

hnh trnh piston tng ng vi n (my song hnh). V d: ng c 4 xi lanh thng
hng, c th t n 1-3-4-2 th my 1-4, my 2-3 song hnh. Nu my 4 u k np, xu
pp np chm m th my 1 ang u k chy v ngc li. Nu my 3 y k np,
xu pp np chm m th my 2 ang u k chy v ngc li. S dng cl v tut
n vt vn vo c iu chnh trn ui n by chnh ln lt cc xupp, khi chnh
a cn l c chiu dy ng bng khe h nhit ci vo ui xu pp kim tra v sit
cht vt hm, kt thc iu chnh, kim tra bng cch a cn l vo khe h ny phi
va st song cn l vn di trt c mt cch d dng.
Vi loi xu pp c cc dn hng l xo v cam tc ng trc tip, khe h nhit
c iu chnh bng cch thay i tm m t trn cc c chiu dy ph hp.
Sau khi chnh nhit bnh thng, khe h nhit cn c kim tra trong tnh
trng ng c c nhit lm vic qui nh.
88
Vic chn bc ph hp vi
l chnh, l cht khuu v c trc
khuu theo nguyn tc sau:
Ly s ct ca l cng vi
s ct ca c trc tng ng s l
ct ca bc cn lp. Nh vy nu
c trc v l c 3 nhm kch thc,
nh s t 1 n 3, s c 5 nhm
kch thc ca bc, c nh du
t 2 n 6.
T v d cho trn hnh 7. 25
vi c chnh ta c:
Dy l trn thn: 11123
Dy l trn c: 21111
S ct ca bc: 32234
Ngha l bc lp cho c
chnh s 1 c nhm kch thc 3,
cho c 2 c nhm kch thc 2, cho
c cui c nhm kch thc 4...i
vi bc bin ta cng lm tng t.
Hnh 7. 25 Du nh trn thn, trn trc khuu v thanh

truyn chn lp bc
7.4. CHY R, TH XE
7.4.1. CHY R
7.4.1.1. ngha ca vic chy r
Sau khi gia cng c, cc chi tit u c mt cht lng b mt nht nh c
nh gi bi mt s tham s nh: bng b mt, cng, trng thi ng sut, sai
lch hnh dng hnh hc... Chng l hu qu ca cc tc nhn ha l trong qu trnh gia
cng (c bit l cc nguyn cng cui) li. Do c im ny, tnh trng tip xc
ban u gia hai b mt lp ghp cha th hon ho, din tch tip xc thc kh thp,
dn n p sut phn b ti cc im tip xc cao hn nhiu so vi p sut trung
bnh, kn kht gim ng thi kh nng truyn nhit cng b gim rt mnh. Trong
89
mi ghp trc bc, do khe h lp ghp kh nh cha iu kin hnh thnh qu

trnh bi trn ma st t, nn c kh nng xy ra s tip xc trc tip gia hai chi tit
gy mi mn v sinh nhit ln.
V vy, thun li cho cp chi tit ma st bc vo giai on lm vic chnh
thc, cn c mt thi k chuyn tip gi l chy r sau khi sa cha mt cm my,
nhm ci thin cht lng b mt theo hng san phng cc nhp nh, lm tng din
tch tip xc thc. T nng cao c kh nng chu lc v truyn lc ca chng,
cho php cc chi tit lm vic vi ti trng cng nh vn tc trt theo ng thit k
m khng b h hng.
Vic chy r mang tnh tt yu v d mun hay khng s thay i tnh cht b
mt cng xy ra, nu t chc tt, qu trnh chuyn ha din ra mt cch hon ho nh
phn tch trn, ngc li nu t chc khng tt rt c kh nng chi tit s b hng
ngay sau khi chy r.
7.4.1.2. Mt s yu t nh hng n cht lng chy r
thc hin vic chy r ng c, cn phi la chn mt qui trnh hp l, qui
trnh ny bao gm nhiu bc chy r hp thnh, trong mi bc c qui nh c th
cc ch ti trng, vn tc, thi gian chy cng nh cc iu kin bi trn, nhit ...
s c p dng.
nh hng ca ti trng:
Bt u t chy khng ti, sau tng dn theo tng bc hoc tng ti v cp.
i vi ng c t my ko, bc chy r khng ti u tin l ch chy r ngui
khng c p sut (cc bugi hoc vi phun c tho ht, ng c t trong c mt
ng c in ko). Sau l chy r ngui c p, ri n chy r nng khng ti v
chy r nng vi ti tng dn, thng thng khong cch mi ln tng ti t 10 n
15%, n 75% ti trng nh mc th dng li. Cui cng l chy r vi 100% ti trng
trong thi gian ngn, ch yu l nh gi kh nng pht huy cng sut ti a ca
ng c, c bit i vi ng c diesel cn nhm pht hin v x l nhng sai lch
do iu chnh bm cao p khng tt gy nn hin tng non ti hoc qu ti cho cm
my.
nh hng ca vn tc:
Vn tt chy r trong mi bc c chn t thp n cao, khong iu chnh
nhanh hn so vi ti trng. Tc chy ln u thp nht khong 100v/ph l ti u v
ma st khng gy ra nhit ln, mt khc vn m bo h thng bi trn hot ng hiu
qu v trnh xy ra hin tng dnh kt b mt do tc trt qu chm gy nn. T
ch chy chm ban u, ng c c nng dn tc theo tng bc vi khong
cch mi bc l 300 n 500v/ph, kt thc giai on r ngui, tc ng c c th
tng ln 75% tc nh mc.
Ch bi trn:
Vi cc ng c c h thng bi trn cng bc, cn s dng du bi trn sch
v c nht thp (M8~M10 tng ng vi SAE10~SAE20), do nht du thp
nn du d in y vo cc khe h hp ty ra cc ht mi d dng v truyn nhit tt
hn. C th s dng cc cht ph gia hot tnh ha hc v hot tnh b mt pha vo
du nhn tng nhanh tc r kht ng thi chng trc cho cc chi tit ma st. Sau
khi chy xong, du c x ht v sinh cc-te, lc du v thay vo loi du m
ng c yu cu.
90
Vi ng c s dng xng pha du nhn, tng t l pha khi chy ra cao hn so

vi thng thng (c th pha n 5~6%).
nh hng ca thi gian chy r mi bc:
Thi gian chy r ban u nh hng n tnh cht b mt ma st rt ln, cng
v sau nh hng cng t. Ta ch s dng thi gian chy r hiu qu, loi b thi gian
chy r khng hiu qu, tp hp li ta c c mt qui trnh chy r nhanh, cho php
rt ngn thi gian chy r m vn pht huy c cht lng chy r v gim c
lng mn cho chi tit.
bit c khi no l giai on chy r khng hiu qu, phi da vo cc
php o gin tip thng qua nhng thng s nh: tn tht ma st, nhit ca ng c,
cng ca dng in ng c in ko ng c t trong... Nhng thng s ny
u phn nh trng thi b mt chi tit, lc mi chy r chng s c gi tr ln, n
mt lc no chng s bng hng s th tnh cht b mt chi tit ma st khng thay
i na, nu tip tc chy r th cng khng c hiu qu.
7.4.1.3. Thi k sau chy r
Sau khi chy r, ng c c lm v sinh h thng bi trn gm: tho ra cc
te du, ra hoc thay th li lc, thay mi du bi trn theo ng loi du qui nh ca
nh ch to. Cc mi ghp quan trng c kim tra, sit cht li nh: bu lng thanh
truyn, bu lng np trc chnh, c np my...cc thng s lm vic ca h thng
nhin liu, nh la cng c kim tra iu chnh ln cui.
Trong phm vi khong 1500~2000km ln bnh u tin ca t sau khi xut
xng, ch c php s dng ti a 75% cng sut my cc b mt ma st c iu
kin lm vic an ton nht. l ch chy r trn (chy rt-a) ca t. Thc hin
iu ny thng qua vic hn ch tc v ti trng ca xe. Mt s nh sa cha c
bin php phng an ton nh iu chnh vt khng ch hnh trnh cp nhin liu ln
nht ca thanh rng bm cao p hoc lp tm c thu hp hng np ca ng c xng
my khng th pht huy c cng sut nh mc cho d ngi s dng c p ht
cn ga, sau khi kt thc thi k r trn cc bin php ny s c loi b.
7.4.1.4. Cc ch tiu c trng
a. Cng sut c ch Ne
Cng sut c ch Ne ca ng c c pht ra t ui trc khuu t
truyn nng lng ti cho my cng tc.
Ne = Ni - Nm (kW)
Ni-cng sut ch th (kW)
Nm-cng sut tn hao c gii (kW)
Ne =
p e .Vh .i.n
(kW )
30
pe-p sut c ch trung bnh (MPa)

Vh-th tch cng tc ca mt xi lanh (lt)
i-s xi lanh
n-s vng quay trong mt pht (vng pht)
b. Mmen Me
Me =
Ne Ne.60
Ne
=
= 9,55.
( Nm) . Ne(W), n(vng/pht)
2..n
n
91
c. Hiu sut v tnh kinh t ca ng c

- Hiu sut c ch e
=
Ne
G nl .Q tk
Gnl-nhin liu cp cho ng c trong 1 giy (kg/g).

Qtk-nhit tr thp ca 1kg nhin liu (j/kg)
- Sut tiu hao nhin liu ge(g/kW.h)
ge =
G nl
.10 3
Ne
7.4.2. TH XE
Sau khi lp rp xe hon chnh ngi ta tin hnh th xe. Mc nh th xe l:
- Kim tra ton b v cht lng lp rp cc cm, cc h thng.
- Kim tra s lm vic bnh thng ca cc cm, cc h thng.
- Kim tra kn kht, thao tc nh nhng.
7.4.2.1. Th xe trong nh
Hnh 7.1 S th xe trong nh
Trng phanh
Trc xe c th c qut to sc cn gi ging nh ang chy trn ng.

S mt bng th xe
Hnh 7.2. S mt bng kim tra xe
92
I-v tr kim tra tng th. II-v tr kim tra ng c v h thng in.
III-v tr th phanh. IV-cn bng xe, trang b li cc khu.
1-bn ngui. 2-bn iu khin thit b o lc. 3-thit b ty ra h thng bi
trn v cc te. 4-thit b ty ra h thng lm mt. 5-thit b kim tra in. 6-thit b
kim tra n pha. 7-bn iu khin thit b kim tra phanh. 8-thit b kim tra cn bng
xe. 9-dng c kim tra cn bng xe. 10-cn lc k. 11-bn iu khin thit b kim tra
tng hp bnh xe (va kim tra va trang b li v cn bng bnh xe).
7.4.2.2. Th xe ngoi ng
- Cht ti 75%
- Vn tc 30km/h (ng bng)
Kim tra trc khi i ra ng
- Tnh trng ng c: d khi ng, ting n trn u, s vng quay nh, v ga
d bc my, gim ga t ngt khng cht my, nghe ting g, va p, cc mi
ghp, kim tra cc thng s, nhit du, nhit nc, s vng quay ca ng c.
- Kim tra s lm vic bnh thng ca cc h thng: n, ci.
- Tnh trng cc cm truyn lc, khp ni: cho xe i chm, thay i s nghe
ngng v pht hin cc ting g, kt, h hng...
- Tnh trng h thng li: khng r, nh nhng, u xe phi quay ti gc gii
hn.
- Tnh trng h thng phanh: c p sut, khng r r.
- Cc thao tc khc: ng m ca bnh thng
Kim tra khi chy trn ng
Cho xe chy tc khong 15~20km/h. Thay i s, kim tra s tng tc ,
chy chm, th phanh. Yu cu khi th phanh:
- Hoa lp: + Bnh trc in hoa lp.
+ Bnh sau lt trn ng.
+ Hai bn ging nhau.
- Qung ng phanh:
Loi xe
Xe du lch khng ti
Xe ti di 9 tn
- Khng ti
- y ti
Xe ti trn 9 tn
- Khng ti
- y ti
Xe khch khng ti
Qung ng phanh
(m)
Gia tc phanh cho php

(m/s2)
7,2
5,8
10
12.5
4,8
3,8
11
13
4,2
3,5
11,5
4,0
93
Chng 8* Chn on trng thi k thut t - Bin son- Trn Thanh Hi Tng, Nguyn L Chu Thnh
CHNG 8
L THUYT CHUNG V CHN ON
8.1. KHI NIM CHN ON TRNG THI K THUT
8.1.1. nh ngha:
L cng tc k thut nhm xc nh trng thi k thut ca cm my d bo tui
th lm vic tip tc m khng phi tho my.
8.1.2. Cc loi thng s dng trong chn on:

Mt tng thnh bao gm nhiu cm chi tit v mt cm bao gm nhiu chi tit to
thnh. Cht lng lm vic ca tng thnh s do cht lng ca cc cm, cc chi tit quyt
nh.
Cc thng s kt cu l tp hp cc thng s k thut th hin c im kt cu
ca cm chi tit hay chi tit. Cht lng cc cm, cc chi tit do cc thng s kt cu
quyt nh:
Hnh dng, kch thc.
V tr tng quan.
bng b mt.
Cht lng lp ghp.
Trng thi tt hay xu ca cm chi tit th hin bng cc c trng cho tnh trng
hot ng ca n, cc c trng ny c gi l thng s ra v c xc nh bng vic
kim tra o c. V d: cng sut, thnh phn kh thi, nhit nc, du, p sut du bi
trn, lng mt kim loi trong du bi trn, ting n, ting g, rung ng, tnh trng lp,
qung ng phanh...
Mi mt cm my u c nhng thng s ra gii hn l nhng gi tr m khi nu
tip tc vn hnh s khng m bo tnh kinh t k thut hoc khng cho php. Khi i
chiu kt qu kim tra vi cc gi tr gii hn, cho php xc nh, d bo c tnh trng
ca cm my. Cc thng s ra gii hn do nh ch to qui nh hoc xc nh bng thng
k kinh nghim trn loi cm my .
Ch cn mt thng s ra t gi tr gii hn bt buc phi ngng my xc nh
nguyn nhn v tm cch khc phc.
8.1.3. Cc iu kin mt thng s ra c dng lm thng s

chn on
C ba iu kin:
iu kin ng tnh:
Thng s ra c dng lm thng s chn on khi n tng ng (t l thun) vi
mt thng s kt cu no . V d: hm lng mt kim loi trong du bi trn t l thun
vi hao mn cc chi tit ca cm my nn tho mn iu kin ng tnh.
iu kin m rng vng bin i:
94
Thng s ra c dng lm thng s chn on khi s thay i ca n ln hn

nhiu so vi s thay i ca thng s kt cu m n i din.
V d: - Hm lng mt kim loi s thay i nhiu, trong khi hao mn thay i t
nn n c dng lm thng s chn on hao mn.
- Cng sut ng c Ne thay i t khi c hao mn nn khng c dng lm thng
s chn on hao mn.
iu kin d o v thun tin o c.
Mt thng s c dng lm thng s chn on khi n phi ng thi tho mn ba
iu kin trn.
8.2. L THUYT C BN V CHN ON

8.2.1. Khi nim tin cy
Khi nim v tin cy rt phc tp, v n ph thuc rt nhiu vo tham s ngu
nhin, ch c th p dng l thuyt xc sut mi c th phn tch mi tng quan ca
chng nh hng ca chng n tin cy trong s dng.
Khi nim c bn ca l thuyt
tin cy l khi nim s c, thi
im pht sinh s c l bin c ngu
nhin. Cc s c ny pht sinh ng
vi nhng xe a vo s dng vi
cng iu kin sau nhng qung
ng hot ng khc nhau v c
xc nh bng phn tn. S c
c chia thnh s c tc thi (t
xut) hoc s c tim tin (din bin
t t theo thi gian s dng). i vi
t, trong cc cm my, tng thnh
th h hng v s c din ra mt cch
t t do qu trnh thay i ca cc
thng s kt cu.
Tham s
cu trc
S'
1
S"
Sn
l'
l"
l1
Thi gian ph
Hnh trnh
2
l
Hnh 8.1 th trnh by khi nim s c
V d xt mt thng s kt cu S no , (hnh 8.1) ty theo iu kin s dng

thng s ny s thay i theo cc ng cong khc nhau (ng gch gch), gi tr trung
bnh ca s thay i biu din bng ng nt lin. Nu tm thng s kt cu S sau mt
qung ng l th tr s s nm trong vng S - S v s phn b tun theo qui lut
Gauss (ng 1). Ta gi gi tr gii hn ca thng s kt cu l Sn th hnh trnh pht sinh
s c s l l - l, s phn b cng theo qui lut Gauss (ng 2). Hnh trnh khng pht
sinh s c s l l vi khuch tn l (-l1,+l2).
c im c bn ca bn xe t t khi s dng n khi bt u xut hin s c
u tin l xc sut ca s lm vic tt trong qung hnh trnh cng tc hoc trong iu
kin vn hnh c th no , c ngha l bn c xc nh nh xc sut trong hnh
95
trnh khng h pht sinh ra mt h hng, mt s c no c tr s ln hn tr s cho

trc no .
Xc sut ca hnh trnh hot ng tt ca phng tin cho ti khi pht sinh s c
u tin c biu th bng biu thc:
p(l ) = p( L > l )
l- l hnh trnh hot ng ca phng tin.

Hnh trnh khng pht sinh s c ngu nhin L l hnh trnh hot ng cho ti khi
c biu hin h hng. V d vi mt tng thnh no vi mt hnh trnh xc nh khi
p(l)=0,8 c ngha l ch c 80% tng thnh gi c khng h hng trong khong hnh
trnh .
Xc sut p(l) c gi l hm tin cy v c cc tnh cht sau:
0p(l) 1 sau mt thi gian s dng do thng s kt cu thay i, bn gim i.
p(l=0) = 1, khi bt u s dng phng tin cn tt.
p(l) = 0, khi s dng qu lu (l tin ti ), tng thnh h hng hon ton, ht tin
cy.
p(l) l hm gim u theo thi gian s dng hay qung ng (tr trng hp xy
ra tai nn hoc khi khng chp hnh ng cc qui nh bo dng k thut). hm tin
cy c th c th biu din bng cng thc ton hc nh sau:
i= li
p(l) = 1
n
i=1
(8.1)
No
N0 - l s lng t, tng thnh hot ng khng xy ra s c trong gii hn hnh

trnh qui nh.
ni - s tng thnh b h hng trong khong hnh trnh li.
l - hnh trnh lm vic khng c xy ra s c.
i - s th t qung kho st.
i vi cc cm tng thnh ca t cn tip tc c s dng sau khi c sa
cha ht cc h hng th tin cy ca n c nh gi bng khong hnh trnh hot
ng gia hai ln pht sinh s c, khi xc nh ngi ta thng ly tr s hnh trnh trung
bnh gia hai ln s c Lcp theo s liu thng k ca tng loi xe. Cn khng nh rng
tng cm, tng thnh ring bit th c tin cy khc nhau.
Hnh trnh trung bnh gia hai ln s c c th tnh ton theo cng thc sau:
Lcp =
L
N
i= N
n
i =1
(8.2)
N- Tng s i tng c kho st.

ni - S lng cc h hng ca i tng th i pht sinh ra trong hnh trnh L.
96
8.2.2. L thuyt c bn v chn on

Chn on l mt qu trnh lgc nhn v phn tch cc tin truyn n ngi tin
hnh chn on t cc thit b s dng chn on tm ra cc h hng ca i tng (xe,
tng thnh my, hp s, gm v.v).
Trng thi k thut ca t, ca tng thnh cng nh triu chng h hng ca
chng kh phc tp, trong khi lng thng tin li khng y lm. V vy vic chn
cc tham s chn on (triu chng chn on) c trng cho trng thi k thut ca i
tng phi c tin hnh trn c s s lng tin tc nhn c i vi tng triu chng
c th. Trong chn on thng s dng l thuyt thng tin x l kt qu.
Trong qu trnh s dng, trng thi k thut ca xe t thay i dn kh bit trc
c. Tin hnh chn on xc nh trng thi k thut ca t da trn c s s liu
thng k xc sut ca cc trng thi k thut . Th d, trng thi k thut ca bng n
pha t c th hai trng thi: tt (sng), khng tt (khng sng). Ta gi thit rng, xc
sut ca trng thi k thut tt l rt ln - 0,9, cn xc sut ca h hng - 0,1. Bng n
nh mt h thng vt l c rt t bt nh - hu nh lc no cng u thy bng n
trng thi k thut tt.
Mt th d khc, b ch ha kh do c th c nhiu h hng nh mc tc cc
gicl, mn cc c cu truyn ng, cc h hng khc v.v nn c th ri vo nhiu trng
thi k thut khc nhau.
bt nh ca mt h vt l ( di dng i tng chn on l t, tng thnh,
cm v.v) trong l thuyt thng tin c th hin bng entrpi.
i =m
Entrpi ( X ) = pi log 2 pi ,
(8.3)
i =1
trong : m - s trng thi k thut ca i tng X;

pi - xc sut ca i tng X ng vi trng thi i.
Trong l thuyt thng tin entrpi o bng n v nh nguyn v s dng lgart c
s 2. n v o entrpi l bt. Bt l entrpi mt lit s nh nguyn nu nh n c ng xc
sut c th bng 0 hoc bng 1, ngha l:
1bt = log 2
1
1
= log 2
=1
pi
0,5
Ngy nay ta cha th cung cp mt cch y tr s xc sut ca cc trng thi k

thut khc nhau ca tt c cc tng thnh my. V vy n gin bi ton trc tin l
cho ng xc sut tt c cc trng thi k thut ca i tng chn on. Khi cng thc
(8.3) c dng nh sau:
( X ) = log 2 m
Trong trng hp ny entrpi l ln nht. Th d i vi mt i tng no c 4

trng thi k thut (m = 4) th entrpi bng 2 bt. Nu nh xc sut ca 4 trng thi k
thut c tr s khc nhau, th d 0,5; 0,3; 0,1; 0,1 th entrpi ca n lun lun bng 1,68
bt. bng 8.1 l tr s entrpi ca i tng c cc trng thi k thut khc nhau.
97
Bng 8.1
S trng thi k thut m
Entrpi (X), bt
1,585 2,0
2,322 2,585 2,807 3,0
3,17
Nh vy l nh chn on ta bit c mt phn no trng thi k thut, do

bt nh (v trng thi k thut ca t) s gim i. Nh vy cng hiu bit nhiu, nm
chc trng thi k thut ca phng tin ang s dng th entrpi cng gim i. Khi trng
thi k thut ca i tng hon ton xc nh th entrpi ca n s c tr s bng 0. Do
trong trng hp ny s lng tin tc v i tng X bng entrpi ca n.
U x = ( X ) = log 2 m .
Nu mt i tng no (my, hp s v.v) c trng thi k thut c th cng

xy ra mt lc v xc sut ca trng thi ny bng xc sut ca trng thi khc (cc trng
thi k thut c ng xc sut) th phn tin tc Uxi xut pht t mt ngun no cng
bng:
U xi = log 2 p i = log 2 m ,
1
m
trong : pi - xc sut tnh trng th i ca i tng X trong trng hp ny pi =

(v cc trng thi k thut c cng mt tr s xc sut).
Phn tin tc s tng ln ty theo gim ca tr s xc sut ca trng thi k thut

ca i tng.
Gia entrpi ca i tng v hm tin cy ca i tng c mt quan h xc
nh. Th d, ta kho st mt cm n gin sau:
Trong bt k thi im no ph hp vi hnh trnh ca t L hm tin cy p(l)
c biu th bng xc sut ca trng thi tt ca cm my. Gi thit rng p(l) = 0,85 th
xc sut v trng thi khng tt ca cm my s bng 1 - p(l) = 0,15.
Nh vy i vi hai trng thi k thut ca cm my c th xy ra ta c th xc
nh c entrpi ca cm theo cng thc (8.3).
Ta ly p1 = p(l): ng vi trng thi k thut tt;
p2 = 1 - p(l): ng vi trng thi k thut xu. V trong trng hp ny m = 2 nn
entrpi ca cm bng
( X ) = p( l ) log 2 p( l ) [1 p( l )]log 2 [1 p( l )]
(8.4)
cng thc (8.5) l mi quan h gia hm tin cy ca cm my khi c m =2

vi entrpi ca cm ny. Quan h gia entrpi vi tin cy gii thiu hnh 8.2.
98
Chn on trng thi k

thut ca i tng
Thu nhn v phn tch s liu h
thng v c tnh h hng
Xc nh
mc sai
lch so vi
tiu chun
Phn tch
c im
v nguyn
nhn sai
lch
Xc nh
xc sut
ca s
lm vic
tt
Kim tra k
thut
Nhng kt
lun v
chn on
Nhng
d on
Nhng
ngh hp l
ha v k
thut bo
dng
Nhng
ngh v ci
tin, hp l
ha gia c
cc chi tit
ca tng
thnh my
Hnh 8.2. Quan h gia entrpi ca cm (X) vi hm tin cy

Nu trong mt tng thnh c n cm, mi cm c m = 2 th entrpi ca tng thnh
ny l:
i =n
p i (l )
(X ) = log2 [p i (l )]
i =1
[1 p i (l )]1p (l )
i
(8.5)
Nh vy ta c hai h thng lin quan: h thng trng thi k thut (H) - khng tt
v h thng triu chng ca trng thi k thut (C).
Trong qu trnh tin hnh chn on ta cn c vo cc triu chng C, ngha l da
trn h thng trng thi C. Nhng tin tc m ta nhn c lc s lm gim entrpi ca
h thng H.
Ta k hiu nhng tin tc nhn c do kt qu quan st trn h thng C, bng ch
U vi ch s C H. Nh vy ln ca tin tc l:
U CH = (H ) (H / C ),
trong : (H/C) - tng entrpi ca h thng H tng ng vi h thng C. ln

no c trng ln bt nh ca h thng H trong khi h thng C hon ton xc nh.
Sau khi c kt qu chn on th tr s entrpi cn li bng (H/C).
Nhng gi tr thc cht ca cng vic chn on nm phn tin tc (triu chng
Ci) chng t h thng H nm trong mt trng thi k thut c th - ngha l c nhng h
hng Hj . Phn tin tc c k hiu bng UCiH v c tnh bng cng thc sau y:
U C i H = P(H j / C i )log 2
m
j =1
P(H j / C i )
P(H j )
(8.6)
tnh ton trc tip phn tin tc nhn c t h thng Ci d dng, ta thay tr s
xc sut c iu kin P(Hj/Ci) bng tr s xc sut khng c iu kin P[HHj)(CCi)] v
k hiu bng Pij th cng thc (8.6) c dng:
m
U C i H =
Pij
(C i )
j =1 P
log 2
Pij
;
P(C i )P(H j )
99
(8.7)
P(H j / C i ) =
Pij
P(C i )
trong : Pij - xc sut khng c iu kin. Nh vy h thng H s nm trong trng

thi Hj, ngha l H Hj, cn h thng C nm trong trng thi Ci, ngha l C Ci;
P(Hj) - xc sut ca h hng xut hin Hj hoc xc sut h thng H trong trng
thi k thut Hj;
P(Ci) - xc sut ca triu chng r rng Ci, ngha l xc sut ca h thng C
trong trng thi Ci.
Gi thit rng tt c cc h hng c cng xc sut cn cc triu chng c trng
cho cc h hng c cng xc sut th nu mt cm c ba h hng (m = 3) xc sut ca
mt trong ba h hng P(Hj) = 1/3. Nu cho mt h hng c th no c trng bi ba
triu chng (nj = 3) th xc sut khng iu kin ca mt trong cc triu chng bng:
Pij =
1
1 1 P(H j )
v Pij
= =
9
33 9
nj
Nh vy l trong trng hp cc h hng c cng xc sut ta c th vit:

P(H j ) =
1
;
m
Pij =
m
1
1 m 1
; P(C i ) = Pij = .
mn j
m j =1 n j
j =1
Do cng thc (8.7) vit di dng sau:

m
U C i H =
j
log2
nj
j =1
1
nj
(8.8)
nj
j =1
1
nj
Gi thit rng h thng H c ba trng thi k thut H1, H2, H3 v cc h hng c

c trng bng bn t hp triu chng khc nhau C1, C2, C3, C4. Ta thnh lp ma trn chn
on C nh bng 8.2.
Bng 8.2
chng)
Ci(triu
Hj (trng thi k thut)

H1
H2
H3
C1
C2
C3
C4
T bng trn ta thy: trng thi k thut H1 c triu chng n1 = 3; trng thi k
thut H2 c triu chng n2 = 2; trng thi k thut H3 c triu chng n3 = 3. Da trn c s
ma trn chn on ta lp c ma trn xc sut v tin tc (bng 8.3).
UCiH l tr s phn tin tc tnh theo cng thc (8.8) ng vi tng triu chng.
Bng 8.3
100
Pij
Ci
P(
H1
H2
H3
Ci)
UCiH
C1
1/9
1/6
5/18
0,614
C2
1/9
1/9
4/18
0,585
C3
1/9
1/6
1/9
7/18
0,028
C4
1/9
2/18
1,585
1/3
1/3
1/3
1,0
P(Hj)
Kt qu thu c hon ton ph hp vi l thuyt thng tin l: tin tc nh nht

nhn c t tr s xc sut ln nht.
Nh ta thy (bng 8.3) gi tr thng tin ln nht c triu chng C4, tr s ny hon
ton ph hp vi entrpi ca i tng v bng:
(H ) = log 2 m = log 2 3 = 1,585bt
Tr s thng tin nh nht ng vi triu chng C3. Thc t chng t rng vi triu
chng c thng tin nh nh vy s khng cho ta tin tc xc nh mt h hng c
th ca i tng. Khi lng thng tin ca triu chng C3 ch bng 1,77% so vi ton b
thng tin UH bng 1,583 bt. Triu chng C1 v C2 c tr s thng tin gn bng nhau.
Triu chng C3 l mt triu chng tng trng tng hp. N chng t rng trong
b phn my ny c c ba h hng H1, H2, H3 cng xy ra mt lc. Nhng khi xut
hin triu chng C3 th b phn my ny n lc phi thay mi.
8.3. CC PHNG PHP CHN ON CH YU

8.3.1. Cc phng php chn on n gin
Cc phng php chn on n gin c thc hin bi cc chuyn gia c nhiu
kinh nghim, thng qua cc gic quan cm nhn ca con ngi hay thng qua cc dng c
o n gin.
8.3.1.1. Thng qua cm nhn ca cc gic quan con ngi
Cc thng tin thu c qua cm nhn ca con ngi thng di dng ngn ng
( dng m): tt, xu, nhiu, t, va, t c kh nng cho bng tr s c th. Cc kt lun
cho ra khng c th nh: hng, khng hng; c, khng c
a. Nghe m thanh trong vng con ngi cm nhn c
Tin hnh nghe m thanh cn phi t c cc ni dung sau:
V tr ni pht ra m thanh.
Cng v c im ring bit m thanh.
Tn s m thanh.
phn bit cc trng thi k thut, yu cu phi nm chc m thanh chun khi i
tng chn on cn trng thi tt. Cc yu t v: cng , tn s m thanh c cm
nhn bi h thnh gic trc tip hay qua ng nghe chuyn dng. Cc sai lnh so vi m
thanh chun thng qua kinh nghim ch quan ca chuyn gia l c s nh gi cht lng.
101
Vi cc b phn n gin, c hnh th nh gn ca i tng chn on c th

nhanh chng kt lun: ch h hng, mc h hng.
Vi cc cm phc tp, hnh th a dng (chng hn nh cm ng c) c th
chn on ng, phi tin hnh nhiu ln cc v tr khc nhau.
b. Dng cm nhn mu sc
i vi t c th dng cm nhn mu sc chn on tnh trng k thut ca
ng c. Thng qua cm nhn mu sc kh x, bugi (ng c xng), mu sc du nhn bi
trn ng c.
c. Dng cm nhn mi
Khi t hot ng cc mi c th cm nhn c l: mi chy t sn phm du
nhn, nhin liu, vt liu ma st. Cc mi c trng d nhn bit l:
Mi kht do du nhn r r b chy xung quanh ng c, do du bi trn b chy
thot ra theo ng kh x, cc trng hp ny ni ln cht lng bao kn b suy gim, du
nhn b lt vo bung chy.
Mi nhin liu chy khng ht thi ra theo ng kh x hoc mi nhin liu thot
ra theo cc thng p ca bung trc khuu. Mi ca chng mang theo mi c trng ca
nhin liu nguyn thy. Khi lng mi tng c th nhn bit r rng th tnh trng k thut
ca ng c b xu nghim trng.
Mi kht t trng t vt liu ma st nh tm ma st ly hp, m phanh. Khi xut
hin mi kht ny chng t ly hp b trt qu mc, m phanh b t nng ti trng
thi nguy him.
Mi kht c trng t vt liu cch in. Khi xut hin mi kht, tc l c hin
tng b t chy qu mc ti cc im ni ca mch in, t cc tip im c vt liu
cch in nh: tng in, cc cun dy in tr, cc ng dy
Mi kht c trng t vt liu bng cao su hay nha cch in.
Nh tnh c trng ca mi kht c th phn on tnh trng h hng hin ti ca
cc b phn t.
d. Dng cm nhn nhit
S thay i nhit cc vng khc nhau trn ng c l khc nhau. Kh nng trc
tip s, nm cc vt c nhit cao l khng c th, hn na s cm nhn thay i nhit
trong mt gii hn nh cng khng m bo chnh xc, do vy trn t t s dng
phng php ny chn on. Trong mt s hn hu cc trng hp c th dng cm
nhn v nhit nc lm mt hay du bi trn ng c.
a s cm nhn nhit thc hin trn cc cm ca h thng truyn lc: cc hp s
chnh, hp phn phi, cu xe, c cu liCc b phn ny cho php lm vic ti a ti
(75 800C). Nhit cao hn gi tr ny to cm gic qu nng l do ma st bn trong
qu ln (do thiu du hay h hng khc).
e. Kim tra bng cm gic lc hay mmen
Trong phn ny ch cp n vic xc nh trng thi ca i tng chn on
thng qua cm nhn ca con ngi. iu ny thc hin bng vic phn bit nng nh ca
dch chuyn cc c cu iu khin, cc b phn chuyn ng t do nh:
102
Pht hin r dc ca hai bnh xe nm trn trc ca n, kh nng quay trn bnh
xe trong khong r bnh xe trn h thng truyn lc.
Kh nng di chuyn t do trong hnh trnh t do ca cc c cu iu khin nh:
bn p phanh, bn p ly hp, cn s, vnh li.
Pht hin r theo cc phng ca bnh xe dn hng khi nng bnh xe ln
khi mt ng.
chng ca cc ai cao su bn ngoi nh: dy ai bm nc, bm hi, bm ga
my lnh, my pht in
Pht hin r ca cc mi lin kt, c bit cc khp cu, khp tr trong h thng
treo, h thng li. Trn hnh 8.3.a m t v tr kim tra r khp cu bng cch nm tay,
lc nh v cm nhn r trong khp. Trn hnh 8.3.b m t v tr kim tra r vnh li
bng cch nm tay, xoay nh v cm nhn gc xoay t do vnh li.
Hnh 8.3. Dng cm gic lc kim tra r
8.3.1.2. Xc nh thng s chn on qua dng c o n gin

Trong cc iu kin s dng thng thng, xc nh gi tr ca thng s chn
on c th dng cc loi dng c o n gin.
a. i vi ng c
a.1. Nghe ting g bng ng nghe v u d m thanh
Khc phc mt phn cc nh hng ting n chung do ng c pht ra, c th dng
ng nghe v u d m thanh. Cc dng c n gin, mc chnh xc ph thuc vo
ngi kim tra. Mt s dng ca chng trnh by trn hnh 8.4.
Hnh 8.4. Mt s dng c nghe m thanh
103
a.2. S dng ng h o p sut

ng h o p sut kh nn:
trng thi mi mn gii hn ca piston xi lanh sc mng p sut cui k nn
pc gim khong (15 20%). S gim p sut pc cho php kt lun v tnh trng mi mn
ca nhm chi tit rt quan trng trong ng c: piston xi lanh sc mng, cht lng
bao kn ca khu vc bung chy.
ng h o p sut chn khng trn ng np
ng h o p sut chn khng trn ng np dng o chn khng trn
ng np sau b ch ha kh hay ti bung cha chn khng trn ng c hin i. Cc
loi t ngy nay c mt l chuyn dng c ht ca ng c, do vy vi ng c nhiu
xi lanh thc cht l xc nh chn khng trn ng np ca ng c. Nh gi tr p
sut chn khng o c c th nh gi cht lng bao kn ca bung chy. Cc ng h
dng ny thng cho bng ch s milimet thy ngn hay inch thy ngn.
Mc d thng s p sut ny khng c kh nng chuyn i trong tnh ton thnh
cng sut ng c nh vic o pc, nhng thun li hn nhiu khi cn chn on tnh trng
k thut ca bung t, n l phng php d dng khi chm sc v sa cha ng c t
ti cc gara.
Loi ng h o p sut chn khng thng c s dng c tr s ln nht l: 30
inch Hg (750mm Hg)
ng h o p sut du bi trn
Vic xc nh p sut du bi trn trn ng du chnh ca thn my cho php
xc nh c tnh trng k thut ca bc thanh truyn, bc c trc khuu. Khi p sut du
gim c kh nng khe h ca bc, c trc b mn qu ln, bm du mn hay tc mt phn
ng du.
p sut du bi trn trn ng du chnh thay i ph thuc vo s vng quay
ng c, cht lng h thng bi trn: bm du, li lc trong y du, bu lc th, tinh.
Khi kim tra c th dng ngay ng h ca bng iu khin. Nu ng h ca bng
iu khin khng m bo chnh xc cn thit, th lp thm ng h o p sut trn thn
my, ni c ng du chnh. ng h kim tra cn c gi tr ln nht n 800KPa,
chnh xc ca ng ho o mc 10kPa.
ng h o p sut nhin liu diesel
ng h o p sut nhin liu diesel dng o p sut nhin liu thp p (t bm
chuyn nhin liu n bm cao p). Loi ng h o p sut thp c gi tr o p sut ln
nht n 400kPa v c lp sau bm chuyn. Loi ng h o p sut cao ca h thng
nhin liu thuc loi chuyn dng.
a.3. o s vng quay ng c
a s cc trng hp vic xc nh s vng quay ng c cn thit b sung thng
tin chn on cho trng thi o cc gi tr mmen, cng sut (mmen s vng quay xc
nh, cng sut s vng quay xc nh).
Cc ng h o c th dng thng dng vi ch s v chnh xc ph hp:
Vi ng c diesel ch s ti (5000 6000) vng/pht
104
Vi ng c xng ch s ti (10000 12000) vng/pht

Mt loi ng h o chuyn dng l ng h o s vng quay t tn hiu p sut
cao ca nhin liu ng c diesel, hay bng cm ng in t cp trn ng dy cao p ra
bugi.
b. i vi h thng truyn lc
b.1. S dng cc loi thc o
o khong cch:
o hnh trnh t do, hnh trnh lm vic ca bn p phanh.
o qung ng tng tc, qung ng phanh.
o gc:
Dng kim tra r ca cc c cu quay: r ca trc cc ng, r ca
bnh xe. Cc gc ny gi l cc gc quay t do. Gc quay t do biu th tng hp mn
ca c cu trong qu trnh lm vic nh: bnh rng, trc, ng thi nu ln cht lng
ca cm nh cc ng, hp s, cu, h thng li
Cc thng s ny em so vi thng s chun (trng thi ban u, hay trng thi cho
php) v suy din tm ra h hng, nh gi cht lng ca c cu hoc cm.
b.2. o bng lc k
Nhiu trng hp khi xc nh hnh trnh t do, cn thit phi cn lc k, chng
hn trn t c ti trng ln cc gi tr gc quay t do trn bnh xe phi dng lc k
xc nh chnh xc, trn h thng c cng ha, cm gic nng nh khi b cng ha lm
vic khng nhng ch thng qua thng s hnh trnh m cn cn o lc tc dng trn c
cu iu khin.
c. i vi h thng in
Cc thit b thng dng l:
ng h o in (vn nng k) dng o cng dng in, in p trn mch
(mt chiu, xoay chiu), in tr thun
ng h o cch in (mogommet).
ng h o in p c qui (ampe k km).
Cc loi dng ny ny thuc dng c dng ph bin ti cc trm, ga ra v c th s
dng o bit kh nng thng mch, in p v cng trn cc bo mch chnh trong
h thng, cun dy, linh kin in. Vi dng in hnh trnh by trn hnh 8.5.
105
Hnh 8.5. Mt s dng c o in thng dng
Trong nhng iu kin kh khn v trang thit b o c, cng tc chn on c th

tin hnh theo phng php i chng. Trong phng php ny cn c mu chun, khi
cn xc nh cht lng ca i tng chn on, chng ta em cc gi tr xc nh c
so vi mu chun v nh gi.
Mu chun cn xc nh l mu cng chun loi, c trng thi k thut ngng
ban u, hay ngng gii hn s dng ca i tng chn on. Cng vic ny c
tin hnh nh khi nh gi cht lng du nhn bi trn, nh gi cng sut ng c theo
th nghim leo dc
8.3.2. T chn on
8.3.2.1. Khi nim v t chn on
T chn on l mt cng ngh tin tin trong lnh vc ch to v sn xut t.
Khi cc h thng v c cu ca t hot ng c s tham gia ca cc my tnh chuyn
dng (ECU) th kh nng t chn on c m ra mt cch thun li. Ngi v t c
th giao tip vi cc thng tin chn on (s lng thng tin ny ty thuc vo kh nng
ca my tnh chuyn dng) qua cc h thng thng bo, do vy cc s c hay triu chng
h hng c thng bo kp thi, khng cn ch n nh k chn on.
Nh vy, mc ch chnh ca t chn on l m bo ngn nga tch cc cc s
c xy ra. Trn t hin nay c th gp cc cc h thng t chn on: h thng nh la,
h thng nhin liu, ng c, hp s t ng, h thng phanh, h thng treo, h thng iu
ha nhit ,
8.3.2.2. Nguyn l hnh thnh h thng t chn on
Nguyn l hnh thnh h thng t chn on da trn c s cc h thng t ng
iu chnh. Trn cc h thng t ng iu chnh c cc thnh phn c bn: cm bin
o tn hiu, b iu khin trung tm (ECU), c cu chp hnh. Cc b phn ny lm vic
theo nguyn tc iu khin mch kn (lin tc).
Yu cu c bn ca thit b t chn on bao gm: cm bin o cc gi tr thng s
chn on tc thi, b x l v lu tr thng tin, tn hiu thng bo.
Nh vy, ghp ni hai s tng qut l: cm bin o c dng chung, b x l
v lu tr thng tin ghp lin vi ECU. Tn hiu thng bo c t ring. Hai s ca
h thng t ng iu chnh c t chn on c m t trn hnh
106
Do nhng hn ch v gi thnh, khng gian trn t do vy cc b phn t chn

on khng phi l h thng hon thin so vi thit b chn on chuyn dng, song s c
mt ca n l mt yu t tch cc trong s dng.
u vit c bn ca h thng t chn on trn t l:
Nh vic s dng cc tn hiu t cc cm bin ca h thng t ng iu chnh trn
xe, cc thng tin thng xuyn c cp nht v x l, bi vy chng d dng pht hin
ngay cc s c v thng bo kp thi, ngay c khi xe ang hot ng.
- Vic s dng kt hp cc b phn nh trn to kh nng hot ng ca h thng
chn on rng hn thit b chn on c lp, n c kh nng bo h hng, hy b chc
nng hot ng ca h thng trong xe, thm ch hy b kh nng lm vic ca t, nhm
hn ch ti a h hng tip sau, m bo an ton chuyn ng. Nhng mt khc thit b
cng khng cng knh, m bo tnh kinh t cao trong khai thc
a. H thng iu chnh t ng
b. H thng iu chnh t ng c t
chn on
Hnh 8.6. S nguyn l hnh thnh h thng t chn on
T chn on l mt bin php phng nga tch cc m khng cn ch ti nh k

chn on. Ngn chn kp thi cc h hng, s c hoc kh nng c th mt an ton
chuyn ng n ti a. Hn ch c bn hin nay l gi thnh cn cao, cho nn s lng
cc t nh trn cha nhiu, mt khc h thng t chn on khng s dng vi mc ch
nh gi k thut tng th.
8.3.2.3. Mt s s nguyn l h thng t ng iu khin c t
chn on
Vic s dng nhiu h thng t ng iu khin trn t to nn nhiu kh khn
trong chn on v c th lm gim tin cy ca h thng. Nhng thi quen v kinh
nghim khng th ph hp vic s dng thit b chn on chuyn dng hay tng hp
cng khng m bo chnh xc v tnh thch ng khng cao, v vy h thng c t chn
on ngy cng m rng.
Ty thuc vo mc s dng cc b phn t iu chnh m c cc thng tin t
chn on khc nhau. Cc h thng t ng iu khin thng t hp kt cu v cng
dng chung nhiu cm bin (CB), khi ECU c nhiu mnh ghp to nn nhng hp iu
khin in t phc tp.
Phn tch cc cm t hp ny c th thy c cc s nguyn l ca h thng t
ng iu khin c t chn on nh phn di y:
107
a. S in hnh ca h thng iu khin t ng chuyn s (EAT)

EAT c hnh thnh trn c s ca b bin m men thy lc (BMM), hp s hnh
tinh, h thng iu khin thy lc in t. Trong trng hp ny h thng t chn on c
hiu qu r nt v chnh xc ca thng tin.
Ngoi cc thng tin bo s c trn mn hnh cn c cc thng s chuyn i ci
sn ti ch ang hot ng, nh cc phn mm chuyn i.
S in hnh ca h thng iu khin t ng chuyn s (EAT) m t trn hnh
8.7.
Hnh 8.7. S khi h thng in ca EAT
b. S in hnh ca h thng in iu khin ABS

S in hnh ca h thng in iu khin ABS m t trn hnh 8.8. Cc b iu
khin ABS thng c tin cy cao, do vy cm bin bnh xe c th cn c thm cun
dy d phng. Khi cm bin b h hng, n bo trn tp l sng, sau t tt, hay gim
sng nhm thng bo cho ngi s dng bit s c xy ra v h thng chuyn
sang ch lm vic d phng, mun tm hiu k hn cn thit phi xc nh qua m nh
sng bo li.
108
Hnh 8.8. S khi ca h thng in
8.3.2.4. Cc hnh thc giao tip ngi - xe

a. Bng tn hiu n, m thanh (chung hay ci)
Dng n gin nht trong giao tip l s dng n, tn hiu m thanh, hoc c hai.
Thng thng cc b phn bo hiu ti v tr d thy, d nghe nh trn bng tp l, mu
n c mu l bo nguy him, cn mu xanh, vng l bo an ton. Khi cc gi tr o t
cm bin cn nm trong ngng s dng th n bo an ton (khng sng). Khi tn hiu
vt ngng n bo sng (nguy him).
Dng bo hiu bng m thanh xut hin ch khi c s c, m thanh vng nghe
thy c tn s cao lin tc hay t qung.
Cch giao tip nh trn ch thng bo dng tt, xu, m khng cho bit dng s
c, cm c s c.
b. Bo m bng bng giy c l
Tng t nh vic bo m bng n nhy, trn mt s xe dng bng giy c l.
Khi c s c, my t ng y ra mt bng giy c l bo s c. c m s c theo ti
liu s dng km theo t.
c. Bo bng m nh sng
T thp k 90 li y, cc thng s bo dng m nh sng c dng ph bin hn.
Cc dng bo ny c gi l m chn on v c to nn trn c s ngn ng
ASSEMBLY. Nhp n sng tng ng nh hot ng ca mch c hai ngng ON,
OFF v lm vic ko di 0,15 giy mt nhp, lin tc hay t qung ty theo m li cn
thng bo. n thng bo thng dng loi n LED mu xanh chi hay mu d thy,
t ngay trn ECU, hay bng tp l.
Mt vi v d v m chn on trnh by trn hnh 8.9
Hnh 8.9. Cc v d v m chn on
Thng thng cc thng tin giao tip dng ny ch xut hin khi thc hin ng
mch bo chn on. Trong trng thi khi ng xe (cha kha in v tr ON), cc h
thng cn thit c kim tra (n bo trn tp l sng), sau n bo tt, ton b h
thng sn sng lm vic, nu cn n no sng, chng t phn h thng c s c cn
tin hnh kim tra su hn.
Trn xe NISSAN vic tin hnh bo m chn on su hn ch thc hin c khi
ng mch kim tra (n CHECK bo sng).
Sau khi sa cha s c cn tin hnh xa m trong b nh ca ECU.
109
Bng cch bo m nh trn s lng thng tin tng ln ng k (c th ti vi chc

m khc nhau). Vic c m cn phi theo cc ti liu chuyn mn ca cc hng sn xut
xe.
d. Giao tip nh mn hnh
Giao din nh mn hnh l mt ng dng tin tin trong cng ngh chn on trn
xe. Mn hnh thng dng tinh th lng mng, nh gn. Khi cn thit kim tra, mn
hnh c ni vi h thng nh b u ni ch, cn li c bo qun chu o trong v
bo v.
C hai loi mn hnh vi cc phng php iu khin khc nhau:
Loi thc hin iu khin bng phm n nh bn phm my tnh thng thng.
Loi thc hin iu khin bng phm n, c cc phn t chn bng cm ng nhit
trc tip trn mn hnh tinh th lng.
C hai loi ny u cho cc MENU ty chn. Mi trnh t, th tc ra vo u c
cc nh sn xut ci t sn, rt rt tin li cho ngi s dng khi cn bit v trng k
thut ca chng.
Nh mn hnh giao tip, cc s c nhanh chng c ch r v cng tc chn on
khng cn kh khn v tn km nhiu cng sc.
Hnh 8.10. Mn hnh giao din v u ni ca NISSAN, VOLVO
Trn hnh 8.10 l mt dng mn hnh giao din s dng cc tm phiu in t c

th cho php xc nh cc thng s chn on cho mt h thng trn xe. Nh vy, trong
mt thit b ngoi vi giao din ny cn c s lng phiu ty thuc vo s lng h thng
c t chn on trn xe.
110
111
CHNG 9
CHN ON TRNG THI K THUT NG C
9.1. CHN ON NG C THEO CNG SUT C CH Ne
Ne l mt thng s dng chn on chung tnh trng k thut ng c.
9.1.1. Cc yu t nh hng n cng sut ng c

- Cht lng qu trnh np (u, ). Vic bo m cht lng np do h thng
phi kh, h thng np quyt nh.
- iu kin chy: Tc, pc ... do tnh trng nhm bao kn bung chy quyt nh.
- Cht lng nhin liu: th hin qua tnh cht ca nhin liu kh nng bay hi,
thnh phn chng ct, nhit bn la, tr s Ctan, c tan...
- Cht lng lm vic ca h thng nh la (ng c xng): gc nh la, cht
lng tia la, in p th cp U2.
- Cht lng lm vic ca h thng nhin liu: lng nhin liu, gc phun sm,
p sut phun, mc ti (ng c Diesel), m hn hp (ng c xng).
- Cht lng lm vic ca h thng bi trn, h thng lm mt.
Theo thng k trn ng c xng, t l h hng dn n gim cng sut ng
c nh sau:
43%
Do h thng nh la
Do h thng nhin liu
18%
Do nhm Piston - xilanh -xecmng
13%
Do c cu khuu trc- thanh truyn
12%
Do c cu phi kh
7%
Do h thng lm mt
4%
Do h thng bi trn
1%
Nh vy, Ne gim ch yu l do h thng nh la, h thng nhin liu, khi
iu chnh sai gc nh la hay gc phun sm c th lm gim cng sut 20 - 30%.
Nht l khi c hin tng b my.
9.1.2. Cc hin tng ca ng c khi c Ne gim
p sut cui k nn yu (pc gim),

ng c qu nng.
Kh nng tng tc km.
Kh thi mu xanh sm.
My rung ng nhiu.
9.1.3. Cc phng php o cng sut ng c dng trong chn

on
Phng php o khng phanh: y l phng php n gin v khng phi
tho ng c ra khi xe. Ngi ta li dng tn tht c gii ca cc xi lanh khng lm
vic lm ti cho xi lanh cn o. Khi o thanh rng v tr cc i (hoc bm ga
m ht), nh cht cc xi lanh dng lm ti, ch li mt xi lanh lm vic o tc
112
ca ng c, thi gian o ch khong 1 pht. Ln lt thay i cc xi lanh khc v ghi
kt qu o s vng quay.
Cng sut ng c s c xc nh theo cng thc:
(ml),
Ne = Nem(1- N)
trong :
Nem l cng sut nh mc ca ng c theo thit k (ml)
N l chnh cng sut so vi nh mc (%).
N =
(n1Ne n tb ).k
100
n1Ne l s vng quay ca ng c khi lm vic vi mt xi lanh khi tnh

trng cn mi (theo ti liu k thut).
ntb s vng quay trung bnh ca cc xi lanh khi lm vic ring r (o khi
chn on).
k: h s kinh nghim
i vi ng c my ko: k = 0,055
i vi ng c t: k = 0,02 - 0,04
V d: vi ng c D50 c 4 xi lanh, cng sut nh mc 55 m lc, s vng
quay nh mc khi lm vic vi mt xi lanh l 1370 v/ph. H s k = 0.055. n1 =
1090v/ph. n2 = 1210 v/ph. n3 = 1215 v/ph. n4 = 1105 v/ph.
n1 + n 2 + n3 + n 4
= 1150 v/ph
4
(1370 1150)0.055
N =
=12.1%
100
ntb =
Ne = 55(1- 0.121) = 48 m lc.

o cng sut theo phng php gia tc: da trn nguyn tc s thay i tc
gc ca ng c ph thuc vo cng sut ng c, khi cng sut ng c cng ln
th gia tc gc cng ln. Thc cht ca dng c o l o thi gian tng tc t tc
thp n tc nh mc khi tng tc t ngt, ch th s l cng sut ng c.
o cng sut bng phanh th cng sut: y l phng php o chnh xc
nht, nhng yu cu phi tho ng c ra khi t t ln phanh th. Gy ti cho
phanh c th bng ma st (phanh c kh), lc cn ca nc (phanh thu lc) hoc lc
in t (phanh in). Cng sut ng c c tnh theo cng thc:
Ne = Me. = Me.
.n
,
30
Me cn bng vi m men cn Mc ca phanh.
9.2. CHN ON NG C THEO THNH PHN KH THI

9.2.1. c im phng php
Thnh phn kh thi l mt thng s ra phn nh cht lng qu trnh chy ca
ng c. Thnh phn kh thi l thng s chn on chung v n ph thuc nhiu yu
t: m hn hp chy, cht lng ho trn nhin liu v khng kh, kh nng bay
hi ca nhin liu xng, phun sng v ng u ca vi phun, trng thi nhit ,
p sut trong xi lanh, thi im phun hoc thi im nh la...
113
i vi ng c Diesel, hn hp chy vi h s d lng khng kh lun ln
hn 1. Trong khi , ng c xng th tu thuc ch lm vic m h s ny dao
ng quanh gi tr 1. V vy, nng cc cht thnh phn trong kh thi hai loi
ng c khc nhau, nhng c bn cc thnh phn c hi nh nhau bao gm: CO,
CO2, H2O (hi), SO2, NOx, HC, b hng.
9.2.2. Phng php chn on

S dng cc thit b phn tch kh phn tch cc thnh phn trong kh thi.
Khi CO tng th do hn hp m.
Xc lp v tr tay ga ng vi cc ch lm vic ca ng c. Khi my chy n
nh v nhit ng qui nh th mi tin hnh o.
Khi ch khng ti: HC tng v khng tn ti O2.
Tng dn ti CO2 tng, O2 gim, HC, CO gim dn.
Khi ton ti ch yu tn ti CO.
ch tng tc v khi ng tn ti HC.
ch ti trung bnh th cc thnh phn trn n nh. Nu khng bnh thng
th cc thnh phn trn s dao ng rt ln.
9.2.3. X l kt qu
ch kinh t m tn ti HC v O2 th chng t c hin tng b my.
Khi tng tc nu HC khng tng th chng t b phn tng tc trc trc.
Khi chy ton ti m tn ti HC v O2 th chng t c my b b.
9.2.4. Thit b phn tch kh x

i vi ng c xng, s dng thit b AVL DiGas 4000
i vi ng c Diesel s dng thit b AVL DiSmoke 4000
9.3. CHN ON NG C THEO HM LNG MT KIM LOI

TRONG DU BI TRN
9.3.1. c im phng php
Khi cc chi tit mi mn, hm lng mt kim loi trong du tng ln, xc nh
hm lng ny nh gi mc mn ca cc chi tit. Mi chi tit c nhng thnh
phn kim loi c trng. Do vy, khi o cc thnh phn ny s cho php bit c chi
tit no mn nhiu. Trong ch to th chi tit mu c th cy thm cht ng v phng
x vo o mc mn khi th nghim.
Theo thng k xi lanh c trng bi: Fe, C, Ni.
Trc khuu: Fe, Cr.
Piston: Al, Si.
Bc lt: Al, Sn (thic).
9.3.2. Phng php chn on

Mu du c ly nhiu ln, thng trong cc k bo dng cp hai. Ly mu
du khong 100cc khi ng c ang lm vic hoc mi ngng lm vic, nu tho lc
trc th kt qu chnh xc hn. Mu c ly sau tng khong thi gian lm vic qui
114
nh. a mu ln my phn tch xc nh lng kim loi thnh phn. So snh kt
qu phn tch vi mu du ca ng c chun (thng l th). Nu gia hai ln ly
mu c thay du th phi cng thm kt qu ca ln trc.
9.3.3. X l kt qu
Theo th hnh 9.1:
ng 1: Du bnh thng.
ng 2: Du km phm cht.
ng 3: C s c trc bc.
ng 4: Lc b tc.
Hnh 9.1. th hm lng mt kim loi trong du

nhn theo thi gian
9.4. CHN ON NG C THEO TING N, MU KHI, MI KHI

9.4.1. Chn on theo ting n
Ting n trong ng c bao gm hai loi chnh: ting n c kh v ting n qu
trnh chy.
1. Ting n c kh
Do mi mn, khe h cc chi tit tng ln gy ra va p, chnh l nguyn
nhn gy n. Mi vng chi tit c ting n c trng khc nhau v xut hin cc ch
khc nhau.
Qui trnh:
Cho ng c chy khng ti, pht hin ting g bt thng theo cc vng.
Cho ng c lm vic ch ton ti v 2/3 mc ti a ca s vng quay,
pht hin ting g bt thng cho cc vng.
Cc vng nghe ting g:
Vng 1: bao gm ting g ca xupp, con i, trc cam, m thanh pht ra nh,
c bit r khi ng c ch khng
ti.
Nguyn nhn:
Khe h ln gia ui xupp v
cam hay con i.
v trc cam c khe h
ln.
Mn bin dng cam
Hnh 9.2. Cc vng nghe ting g ng c
115
Vng 2: bao gm ting g ca sc mng, piston vi xi lanh, cht u nh, u
nh v bc u nh thanh truyn, c bit r khi ng c lm vic ch thay i ti
trng. V tr ting g tng ng vi v tr b tr trong xi lanh.
Nguyn nhn:
Khe h ln gia piston v sc mng, hay c th b gy sc mng.
Khe h gia piston v xi lanh ln, c th do mn phn y dn hng
piston. Mn nhiu xi lanh.
Khe h gia cht u nh, u nh v bc u nh thanh truyn
Vng 3: bao gm ting g ca trc khuu vi bc u to, m thanh pht ra
trm, c bit r khi ng c lm vic vi ch thay i ti trng.
Nguyn nhn:
H hng bc u to vi trc khuu: mn bc, chy bc do thiu du bi
trn.
B xoay nh v bc bin, mn, mo c trc
Vng 4: bao gm ting g ca trc khuu vi bc c trc chnh, m thanh pht
ra trm nng, nghe r mi ch dc theo chiu di trc khyu, c bit r khi ng c
lm vic ch thay i ti trng, v c khi s vng quay ln.
Nguyn nhn:
H hng trong phn bc c trc khuu vi trc khuu: mn bc, chy bc
do thiu du bi trn.
B xoay nh v bc bin, mn, mo c trc.
Mn cn dc trc khuu.
Lng c bt bnh
Vng 5: bao gm ting g ca cc cp bnh rng dn ng trc cam, m thanh
pht ra u, nghe r mi ch ti trng ng c.
Nguyn nhn:
Mn cc cp bnh rng cam.
trc bnh rng hng.
Cc loi ng c khc nhau s c cc vng nghe ting g khc nhau, v vy
mun chn on ng phi nm vng kt cu cc loi ng c ngy nay b tr trn
t, tm hiu cc quy lut ca s c v rn luyn kh nng phn bit ting g tt (kinh
nghim).
Xc nh ting n bng que thm hoc ng nghe.
2. Ting n qu trnh chy
Nguyn nhn do dao ng m thanh ca dng kh tc cao khi thot ra ngoi
kh quyn.
i vi ng c xng khi gc nh la sm khng ng gy ra ting n khc
nhau. nh la mun my nng, ting n m ng thi c th c ting n trong ng
x. nh la sm qu nghe ting n rn anh, nu kch n nghe c ting rt rt chi tai
nh ting kim loi mit trn nn cng.
116
Cn ch phn bit hai loi ting n c th phn on chnh xc.
9.4.2. Chn on theo mu khi v mi khi

i vi ng c c th dng cm nhn mu sc chn on tnh trng k
thut ca ng c. Thng qua cm nhn mu sc kh x, bugi (ng c xng), mu sc
du nhn bi trn ng c.
1. Mu kh x
a. Mu kh x ng c diesel:
Mu nu nht: my lm vic tt, qu trnh chy trit .
Mu nu sm chuyn en: my qu tha nhin liu.
Mu xanh nht (lin tc hay khng lin tc) mt vi xi lanh khng lm vic.
Mu trng: my thiu nhin liu hay nhin liu ln nc, r r nc vo
bung t do cc nguyn nhn khc nhau.
Mu xanh en: du nhn lt vo bung t do h hng sc mng, piston, xi
lanh.
b. Mu kh x ng c xng:
Khng mu hay xanh nht: ng c lm vic tt.
Mu trng: ng c thiu nhin liu, hay tha khng kh do h ng np,
bung t.
Mu xanh en hay en: hao mn ln trong khu vc sc mng, piston, xi
lanh, du nhn lt vo bung t.
c. Mu kh x ng c xng hai k:
Tng t ng c xng, ngoi ra cn lu n nguyn nhn pha trn du nhn
vo nhin liu.
Mu xanh en: t l trn du nhn ln qu quy nh.
Mu trng nht: t l trn du nhn nh di quy nh.
Vic xc nh cht lng ng c thng qua mu kh x c th nh gi cht
lng ng c nht l h thng cung cp nhin liu v nh la. Khi nh gi chung
tnh trng k thut cn tham kho cc thng s khc.
2. Mu chu bugi
Chu bugi c mu gch non (hng): ng c lm vic tt.
Chu bugi c mu trng: thiu nhin liu.
Chu bugi c mu en: tha nhin liu.
Chu bugi c mu en v t du: du nhn khng chy ht do mn sc
mng-xi lanh, b kt sc mng, gy sc mng, hay hin tng lt du qua ng dn
hng xu pp. Khi ti nh mc nu tt th kh thi khng mu hoc mu nht.
Kim tra my b b c th bng cch nh cht my hoc s c x khi mi khi
ng. Ni tt bu gi nh cht my trng hp ng c xng, ch ni t mt vo
117
u cao p, khng c ni ngc li. i vi ng c Diesel ni ng cao p ct du
diesel.
3. Mu du nhn bi trn ng c
Mu nguyn thy du nhn bi trn ng c khc nhau nh: trng trong, vng
nht, xanh nht, nu nht. Sau qu trnh s dng mu ca du bi trn c xu hng
bin thnh mu nu en. Vic xc nh cht lng ng c thng qua mu du nhn
cn phi so snh theo cng lng km xe chy.
Mu du nhn chuyn sang m nhanh hn khi cht lng ng c gim, do
vy cn c mu du nguyn thy kim chng.
Hiu qu nht l pht hin cc mt kim loi nh: st, nhm, ng ln trong du
nhn to nn mu ring bit ca kim loi c trong du nhn.
4. Dng cm nhn mi
Khi ng c hot ng cc mi c th cm nhn c l: mi chy t sn phm
du nhn, nhin liu, vt liu ma st. Cc mi c trng d nhn bit l:
Mi kht do du nhn r r b chy xung quanh ng c, do du bi trn b
chy thot ra theo ng kh x, cc trng hp ny ni ln cht lng bao kn b suy
gim, du nhn b lt vo bung chy.
Mi nhin liu chy khng ht thi ra theo ng kh x hoc mi nhin liu
thot ra theo cc thng p ca bung trc khuu. Mi ca chng mang theo mi c
trng ca nhin liu nguyn thy. Khi lng mi tng c th nhn bit r rng th tnh
trng k thut ca ng c b xu nghim trng.
Mi kht c trng t vt liu cch in. Khi xut hin mi kht, tc l c
hin tng b t chy qu mc ti cc im ni ca mch in, t cc tip im c
vt liu cch in nh: tng in, cc cun dy in tr, cc ng dy
Mi kht c trng t vt liu bng cao su hay nha cch in.
Nh tnh c trng ca mi kht c th phn on tnh trng h hng hin ti
ca cc b phn ng c.
9.5. CHN ON NHM BAO KN BUNG CHY

9.5.1. Chn on theo lt kh xung cc te
1. c im ca phng php
lt kh cc te ph thuc vo:
- Mc kn kht ca nhm piston - xilanh - secmng.
- Mc ti ca ng c, khi thay i ti lt kh thay i.
- Ch tc ca ng c.
- Nhit ng c.
Mc lt kh cc te khi my mi n khi mn gii hn thay i t 10 - 12 ln.
118
2. M t dng c
Thc cht l dng c o lu lng, nhng thang o ch th m ca ca
thng. Khi o, iu chnh m ca 5 lun duy tr chnh p gia phn khoang
u dng c v hng thng ng c l 15mm H2O. Xy dng bng chun bng lu
lng k chun. th chun ca dng c th hin quan h m ca vi lu lng
kh. c im phng php ny rt chnh xc, cc sai s ch to u c kh khi
chun dng c. Sai s ca php o tu thuc vo sai s ca lu lng k chun.
Hng AVL (Cng ho o) ch to thit b o lt kh cc te AVL442, s dng
cc ng o lu lng kh lt qua tm tit lu vi cm bin p in, vi nhiu kch c
khc nhau pht hin lng kh lt thp nht 0,2 lt/pht v ln nht ti 2400
lt/pht. Cc kt qu u c s ho.
3. Phng php o
Khi ng ng c, cho vn
hnh n nhit theo qui nh, mang
ti cho ng c theo qui nh (nu
khng t ti chp nhn sai s). Nu
ng c dng phng n thng hi
cacte h th phi nt l thng hi li.
Cm u o vo hng du ca ng
c. Mun kim tra xi lanh no nh
cht my xi lanh , nu my tt lt
kh cc te gim (trong khi khng thay
i m ca).
9.5.2. Chn on ng c theo

p sut pc
1. c im phng php
Nhm bao kn bung chy gm:
Hnh 9.3 Dng c o lt kh cc te
1,2,3-L o chnh p. 4-Np c nh. 5-Np di ng. 6Piston, xilanh, secmng, giong m,
np my, xupp. Khi nhm bao kn Ca tit lu. 7-Tm xoay. 8-ng kh vo. 9-L thot kh
bung chy khng kn do mn hoc ph. 10-V dng c. 11-Vnh khc lu lng. 12-L xo.
13-ng kh ra. 14-Ca thot kh
hng s lm p sut cui k nn gim.
p sut pc ph thuc:
- kn kht ca cc chi tit trong nhm bao kn bung chy.
- T s nn.
- Nhit ng c.
- Tc ng c.
c im phng php ny l khng cn mang ti cho ng c. o pc ch yu
dng nh gi cht lng sa cha. Khi dng pc chn on th c th c sai s.
2. Phng php o pc trn ng c xng
Dng p k cm tay o c thang o 10 - 15 at.
Cho ng c n n nhit qui nh, tt my, tho ton b bu gi, qua l bu gi
khong 20cc du bi trn. Cm u o p k vo l bu gi ca xi lanh cn o, cho
119
my khi ng lm vic khong 10 - 12 vng, c kt qu p sut trn ng h o.
Ngng khong 2 pht mi tin hnh o xi lanh khc.
3. Phng php o pc trn
ng c Diesel
Dng p k cm tay o c
thang o 40 - 50 at.
Cho ng c n n nhit
qui nh, iu chnh s vng quay
nh nht v n nh, tho vi phun
ca xi lanh cn o v lp p k vo,
o nhanh khi nng p k, c
kt qu p sut trn ng h o.
Hin nay c loi p k c
bng giy t ghi cho php ghi li kt
qu ca tng xi lanh so snh.
Hnh 9.4 p k cm tay
a-dng cho ng c xng. b-dng cho ng c Diesel
1-van; 2-p k.
Tr s pc ca mt s ng c trn bng sau:

ng c
n(v/ph)
pctb
pc min
Zil 130
50 - 180
6 - 6,8
5,6
Gaz 24
180 - 200
8 - 8,8
8
AMZ 236
500
34
26
Kamaz 740
500
30
pc
0,7 - 1
1
2
2
9.5.3. Chn on theo mc lt kh qua nhm bao kn bung chy

1. c im phng php
u im kim tra khi ng c tnh. Nguyn tc a dng kh nn c p sut n
nh 1,6 t vo xi lanh nu c lt kh th p sut ch th trn ng h s gim. p k
c khc vch theo % lt kh.
2. M t dng c
Hnh 9.5 Dng c o lt kh qua nhm bao kn bung chy
120
1- Bu gim p. 2- ng dn khng kh. 3,5- Vt iu chnh. 4- ng cp kh nn. 6- Van cp kh xi
lanh. 7-u cm. 8-p k (% lt kh). 9-Gc l n p. 10-Vt chun p k. 11-Gc l n p cho p k
3. Phng php o
N my n nhit qui nh. Tho vi phun, bu gi. vo xi lanh khong 20
cc du bi trn. Quay trc khuu vi vng. Ni u 7 vo trong l bu gi (vi phun) ca
xi lanh cn o. c tr s lt kh trn ng h 8.
4. X l kt qu
a. Phng php xc nh im cht
Cn c theo th t lm vic ca ng c nhn con i hoc n gnh. V d:
ng c 4 xi lanh th t lm vic 1-3-4-2. Xc nh xi lanh 1 th nhn xupp ca xi
lanh 4. Xi lanh 2 th nhn xupp ca xi lanh 3.
XL1
XL2
XL3
XL4
Ht
Nn
Thi
N
Nn
N
Ht
Thi
N
Thi
Nn
Ht
Thi
Ht
N
Nn
b. Kim tra nhm Piston, Xi lanh, Secmng

Khi xupp ng kn piston trong xi lanh c hai v tr: cui nn u k gin n
(CT) v cui thi k gin n (CD).
Gi Y1 tr s lt kh khi Piston CT
Y2 tr s lt kh khi Piston CD. (xi lanh phn di t mn)
Nh vy:
Y1 nh gi mc kn kht nhm P, X,S.
Y2 nh gi mc kn ca Piston,Secmng.
Hiu s Y1 - Y2 nh gi tnh trng ca xilanh.
Y1, Y2 cho php c qui nh theo ng knh xi lanh v loi ng c.
Tr s
[Y1]
[Y2]
[Y1-Y2]
51<D75
>16
>8
12
ng c xng
76<D100 101<D130
28
50
14
23
20
30
ng c Diesel
75<D100 101<D130
45
52
14
29
22
30
c. Kim tra kn xupp - :

Ni van cp kh vo xi lanh v dng ng so hoc ci kim tra.
VD: Khi piston xilanh 1 CT nu xupp np h s c lt kh xi lanh 3. Nu
xupp thi h s c lt kh xi lanh 4.
d. Kim tra kn kht ca m np my:
m c th h theo ng nc, kim tra c si bt kt nc khng.
m h ra xung quanh dng nc x phng kim tra.
m h t xi lanh ny sang xilanh khc dng ci kim tra.
121
9.6. CHN ON H THNG BI TRN

9.6.1. Kim tra cht lng du bi trn
1. Cht lng du bi trn ph thuc
Thi gian lm vic ca ng c.
Du bi trn dng c ng loi khng.
Kh nng lc sch ca lc.
Tc hao mn cc b mt ma st.
Cht lng nhin liu (hm lng lu hunh trong nhin liu).
2. L do du gim cht lng
Do lng tp cht c hc trong du (mt kim loi)
Do sn phm chy sinh ra b ngng t (b hng).
3. Cch kim tra cht lng du
Dng cc thit b phn tch du phn tch cc tnh cht ca du c cn m
bo hay khng.
Phng php quan st: hm nng du n nhit
o
60 C, tm giy lc ln np my cn nng. Nh bn
git du ln bn tm giy lc, 10 pht o cc tr s D,
d1, d2. Ly gi tr trung bnh. D l ng knh ngoi ln
nht ca vt, d1 ng knh trong ca vt, d2 ng knh
ca ht. Xem hnh 9.6.
K = D/d1 c trng cho s c mt ca cht ph gia.
Hnh 9.6 Mu du trn giy lc
K<1,3 du cn dng c.
K1,3 du khng cn cht ph gia, gim kh nng
trung ho axit, khng dng c na.
Nu vt ht du c mu en hay xm th xc nh thm h s K1 = d1/d2. (K1
c trng cho lng tp cht c hc).
K1 1,4 lng tp cht cn trong gii hn cho php.
K1 < 1,4 lng tp cht ngoi gii hn cho php cn phi thay.
9.6.2. Kim tra bm du, lc du

Bm du dng ng h o lu lng kim tra trn bng.
i vi lc ly tm, xc nh thi gian rto cn quay sau khi tt my khng
nh hn 20 - 30s, hoc o tc ca rto.
Lc thm kim tra thi gian thm nhin liu Diesel qua lc. Nhit ca du
phi ng qui nh ca qui trnh th. V d vi ng c CMD14, thi gian ngm qua
lc khng nh hn 45s, nhit du 20oC.
122
9.6.3. Kim tra p sut ng du chnh

ng c xng p sut du trn ng du chnh khng nh hn 2 - 4 kG/cm2
ng c Diesel p sut du trn ng du chnh khng nh hn 4 - 8 kG/cm2.
p sut ny thng c theo di trn ng h bo p sut du lp trc ng du
chnh. Cng c th mt s ng c lp n bo nguy khi p sut du bi trn gim n
s sng.
1. p sut du gim do
p k ch sai.
Du b r r qua m.
Nhit ng c qu cao.
Du trong cacte thiu.
nht du khng ng hoc b gim.
Khe h trc qu ln.
Bm du khng m bo lu lng.
Li lc b tc, ng ht, ng y b tc.
Bm b mn qu.
Van an ton khng kn, l xo van yu, chnh sai.
Bu lc du hng.
Van an ton khng kn, l xo yu.
ng du b tc, lc b tc.
i vi lc ly tm khe h trc, bc qu ln. Cc mi ghp khng kn.
Khi p sut du gim t t thng do hao mn, hay lc b tc. Khi p sut gim
t ngt thng do c s c trn trc, bc. Hoc sau khi sa cha iu chnh l xo van
an ton sai, khe h bc co qu ln, m lp ghp b h khng kn. Khi p sut gim
khng cho php iu chnh van an ton v khng gii quyt tn gc nguyn nhn.
2. p sut tng
Do ng du b tc, hoc do lu ngy s dng du ng cn trn thnh ng
du chnh.
9.7. CHN ON H THNG NHIN LIU NG C XNG

9.7.1. Nhim v v cu to chung
Nhim v: Chun b v cung cp hn hp hi xng v khng kh cho ng c,
m bo v s lng v thnh phn ca kh hn hp lun ph hp vi ch ng ca
ng c.
Phn loi:
H thng nhin liu dng b ch ho kh cung cp nhin liu t chy.
H thng nhin liu dng b ch ho kh cung cp nhin liu cng bc.
H thng nhin liu phun xng iu khin in t.
123
Cu to chung ca h thng nhin liu dng b ch ha kh cng
bc gm: thng cha, lc th, bm xng, lc tinh, b ch ho kh, lc khng kh,
ng np.
9.7.2. Cc triu chng ca ng c khi h hng h thng nhin

liu.
1. ng c kh hoc khng khi ng c
Nguyn nhn:
- Thao tc khng ng: lc khi ng ng bm gi lu qu, gy sc xng.
- Khng c ha kh vo xi lanh.
- Thng cha ht xng.
- Van khng kh np xng b kt.
- Tc bnh lc xng.
- C nc hoc cht bn trong cc lc lng.
- Van kim trong bung phao b kt.
- Bu lc khng kh b tc.
2. Tiu th nhiu xng:
Nguyn nhn:
- Mc xng trong bung phao qu cao do: van kim ng khng kn, mn
khuyt hay kt bn, phao b thng.
- Gc l chnh mn ln.
- Van lm m ng khng kn.
- Tc khng ti qu cao.
- Lc khng kh b tc.
3. ng c mt cng sut tc cao, xe khng vt (gia tc km)
Nguyn nhn:
- Bm tng tc b mn, hng.
- Mch xng chnh b nghn.
- Van lm m khng m khi nhn ht chn ga.
- Mc xng trong bung phao qu thp.
- Li lc bu lc khng kh b tc.
- ng ng np phn sau BCHK h.
4. Chy khng ti khng n nh
Nguyn nhn:
Hiu chnh cc vt xng, vt gi ca mch khng t yu cu hoc do mch
xng khng ti b tc nghn.
124
9.7.3. Cc h hng
1. Bm xng
Hnh 9.7 Bm xng

1-Cn bm, 2-Tay bm, 3-Trc bm, 4-m lm kn, 5-L xo, 6-Thn di, 7-Thn trn, 8-Van x, 9li lc, 10-Np, 11-Van ht, 12-Mng bm, 14-l xo hi v, 15-Tm xoay, 17-Cam.
- Mng bm chng, rch lm gim p sut y, gim lu lng Qbx.

- L xo bm xng yu lm gim p sut y.
- Van ht, van y khng kn lm gim Qbx v p.
- Trc cn y bm xng b mn lm cho trc b t vo trn thn bm
dn n gim hnh trnh ca bm.
- Mt lp ghp np v thn bm b h.
- Lt kh trn ng xng cp.
2. B ch ho kh
- H hng gc l.
- Cc mt lp ghp khng kn.
- Mn trc bm ga v l trn thn b ch ho kh.
- H hng bm tng tc.
- Van lm m b iu chnh sai hoc kim van b mn. Lm cho cung cp
hm hp m khng ng thi im cn thit (>80% m bm ga).
- Mc xng trong bung phao khng ng.
125
Hnh 9.8 B ch ha kh K-126

1-bm gi. 2-van an ton. 3-u phun sng ca bm tng tc. 4-van nn. 5-gc-l khng kh ca h
thng chy khng ti. 6-hng khuch tn nh ca bung th nht. 7,23-gc-l khng kh ca h thng
nh lng chnh. 8,16-ng nh tng. 9-ca kim tra bung phao. 10,17-gc-l chnh. 11-bm ga
ca bung th nht. 12-vt iu chnh cht lng hn hp. 13-gc-l nhin liu ca h thng chy
khng ti. 14-bm ga ca bung th hai. 15-hng khuch tn ln ca bung th hai. 18-van tr v
ca bm tng tc. 19-van ca c cu lm m. 20-thanh ko dn ng bm tng tc v c cu lm
m. 21-thanh dn ng c cu lm m. 22-piston ca bm tng tc. 24-hng khuch tn nh ca
bung th hai. 25-u phun sng ca c cu lm m.
9.7.4. Thit b chn on:

H thng dng du cho php kim tra bm xng, mc xng trong bung phao,
lu lng bm tng tc.
1. Kim tra bm xng
Lp bm xng cn kim tra nh s , ng kho K1 m kho K2, kim tra p
sut ht. ng kho K2, m kho K1 kim tra p sut y ca bm. Nu cc van ng
kn th cc gi tr p sut khng thay i. Lp vo b B1 gc l kim tra lu lng ca
bm, m kho K1 v K2, cho bm lm vic nu lu lng ng th trn p k 10 s
ch gi tr theo qui nh ca qui trnh th, nu lu lng thp p sut s ch thp hn.
2. Kim tra mc xng trong bung phao
M kho K1 v K2, m van K3 thng vi K4, m van K4 thng vi ng 12 v 14.
ng kn kho K5. Cho bm lm vic, mc du trong ng 12 v 14 dng ln cho n
khi khng nn c ct khng kh trn mt thong na th dng li. Xoay van K4 ni
thng vi van V1 ni nhin liu vo BCHK, m kho K5, quan st mc nhin liu
trn ng quan st ca BCHK hoc mt quan st.
3. Kim tra lu lng ca bm tng tc
kim tra bm tng tc, tt bm dp tay ga 10 ln quan st mc nhin liu
gim trn ng 14 bit lu lng cung cp sau 10 ln bm.
126
H thng dng nc cho php kim tra gcl, kn van kim, h thng lm
m v iu chnh nh la sm dng chn khng.
13
12
14
11
10
9
K2
K3
K4
8
K1
V1
B1
K5
Hnh 9.9. H thng dng du th bm xng v CHK trn thit b MBKV-2

1-Thng nhin liu. 2-Cc lc. 3-ng ht. 4-Bm xng cn kim tra. 5- ng c in. 6- Trc cam. 7-C cu
iu chnh hnh trnh cam. 8-ng y. 9-Bnh n p. 10 -p k 11.- Chn khng k. 12-ng khng kh. 13ng thng. 14-ng khc vch. K1,K2 - kho hai ng. K3 -kho ba ng. B1- b lp gc l th lu lng bm.
Kim tra gc l: B phn cung cp nc gm thng cha nc di, bm

nc, h thng dn ng dng ng c in, thng cha nc trn c mng trn 11
m bo ct p ti gc l l 0,1 t. ng quan st 10 kim tra nc trn. Gc l kim
tra c lp trn u g 15 theo chiu ng nh khi nhin liu chy qua. Cc 17 dung
tch hng ht lng nc thng qua gc l trong 1 pht. C cu iu khin gm
cn 13, tm chn 16 v ng h bm giy 14. Khi ko cn 13 tm chn s m ra cho
nc chy qua l xung cc 17 ng thi vu t s khi ng ng h bm giy
tnh thi gian, nh vy vic phi hp o lu lng v tnh thi gian c thc hin
ng b.
Kim tra kn van kim: Van kim c lp trn b B2, ui van quay ln
trn dng trng lng van bt kn l thng. Cho bm nc lm vic, kho K7 m,
ng dn kho K6, xut hin chn khng trong bnh 3, do bnh 3 thng vi K7 v
ng 9 nn nc s c ht ngc ln ng 9 , cho nc dng ln n 1 v tr d quan
st th ng nhanh kho K7 li duy tr ct nc. Nu van kim h th ct nc trong
ng 9 s tt xung.
Kim tra cc h thng dng chn khng: Ni cc b phn cn kim tra
(nh b lm m chn khng) vi van V2. Cho bm nc lm vic, K7 ng cht v
iu chnh K6 ng dn to chn khng trong bnh 3. Nu ti chn khng qui
nh piston bm phi c rt ln.
127
11
12
10
K8
K7
13
V
K6
B2
14
15
16
17
5
4
Hnh 9.10 H thng kim tra b ch ho kh dng nc trn thit b MBKV2

1-Thng nhin liu. 2-Cc lc. 3-Bnh to chn khng. 4-Bm nc. 5- ng c in. 6- Trc cam. 7Bnh n p. 8- Chn khng k. 9-ng thu tinh chia . 10-ng quan st nc trn.11-Mng trn.
12-Thng nc trn. 13- Tay iu khin. 14- ng h bm giy. 15-u g gc l kim tra. 16-Tm
chn. 17-Cc o lu lng. V- van ly chn khng. K6,K7, K8 -kho . B2- b lp van kim kim tra
9.8. CHN ON H THNG NHIN LIU NG C DIESEL

9.8.1 Nhim v v cu to chung
Nhim v:
- Cha nhin liu d tr, m bo cho ng c hot ng lin tc trong mt
khong thi gian qui nh.
- Lc sch nc v tp cht c hc ln trong nhin liu.
- Cung cp lng nhin liu cn thit cho mi chu trnh ng vi ch lm vic
qui nh ca ng c.
- Cung cp nhin liu ng u vo cc xi lanh ng c theo trnh t lm vic
qui nh ca ng c.
- Cung cp nhin liu vo xi lanh ng c ng theo mt qui lut nh.
- Phun ti v phn b u hi nhin liu trong th tch mi cht bung chy.
Cu to chung:
H thng nhin liu ng c Diesel bao gm thng cha, lc th nhin liu,
bm chuyn nhin liu, lc tinh nhin liu, bm cao p, ng ng cao p, vi phun,
ng du hi.
128
9.8.2. Cc triu chng ca ng c Diesel khi h hng h thng

nhin liu
1. ng c khng khi ng c
a. Khng c nhin liu vo xi lanh
Khng c nhin liu trong thng cha.
Kho nhin liu khng m, ng ng tc.
Tay ga cha v tr cung cp nhin liu, hoc b kt.
Lc du b tc.
Trong ng ng c khng kh.
Van ca bm chuyn ng khng kn.
Van cao p ng khng kn, b kt.
Piston b kt.
L xo piston b gy.
Cp piston xi lanh bm b mn nghim trng.
Vnh rng b lng khng kp c ng xoay.
Kim phun b kt hoc l phun tc.
b. C nhin liu vo nhiu trong bung chy
Vi phun b kt, mn mt cn ng khng kn.
L xo vi phun yu, gy.
c. C khng kh trong ng ng cao p
d. R r nhin liu ng cao p
e. Trong nhin liu c nc, hoc b bin cht
f. iu chnh thi im phun khng ng
2. ng c khi n c khi en hoc xm
Do nhin liu chy khng ht.
Tha nhin liu: Lng nhin liu khng ng u trong cc nhnh bm, nhin
liu phun mun qu, ng c b qu ti.
Thiu khng kh: Sc cn ng thi ln, b tc ng thi, gy ra kh st nhiu.
Sc cn ng ng ht ln do lc khng kh tc, khe h xupp ln lm xupp m
khng ht.
Cht lng phun ti: do vi phun, do nhiu liu sai loi hoc khng ng phm
cht.
3. ng c khi n c khi xanh
Do lt du bi trn vo bung chy.
4. ng c khi n c khi trng
C th c xi lanh khng n.
C nc trong nhin liu.
129
5. ng c khng pht huy c cng sut
Cung cp nhin liu vo ng c khng : Lc, ng ng thp p tc, c
khng kh lt vo ng thp p, bm chuyn b yu, van khng ch p sut trong
bm cao p chnh thp qu, piston xi lanh bm cao p mn, khng ng u lng
nhin liu gia cc nhnh bm, gc lch cung cp gia cc nhnh bm khng ng,
iu chnh s vng quay lm vic ca iu tc thp hn qui nh, c r r nhin liu
trn ng cao p, ng ng cao p b bp, thn kim phun mn nghim trng.
Cht lng phun nhin liu khng ng yu cu: Khng m bo phun ti,
phn b ht nhin liu khng ng trong khng gian bung chy.
Thi im phun khng ng: Cp piston xilanh mn, t bm khng ng du,
lp khng ng du cp bnh rng truyn ng. Chnh gc lch gia cc nhnh khng
ng.
Qui lut phun nhin liu sai: Cp piston xi lanh mn nhiu, chiu cao con i
chnh sai, cam mn, l phun b tc, nng kim phun khng ng, dng sai loi vi
phun.
6. ng c lm vic khng n nh
C hin tng b my hoc n khng u: C xi lanh khng c cp nhin
liu. C khng kh trong ng ng nhin liu. iu kin chy khng m bo.
Hin tng my r lin hi: Piston bm cao p b kt, vt kp vnh rng b lng,
l xo qu vng iu tc khng u.
Tc my tng cao qu: c hn ch tc chnh sai, thanh rng b kt, mc
du trong iu tc cao.
C ting g: Do chnh sm gc phun sm.
9.8.3. Phn tch cc dng h hng ca bm cao p

1. Bm chuyn nhin liu:
Mn xi lanh, piston: p sut y v lu lng bm khng , ng c lm vic
khng n nh.
Mn cam v con ln: Gy gim hnh trnh ca bm, ng c lm vic khng n
nh.
Gong khng kn: do hng, vnh r r, lt kh, tc ng c khng n nh,
khng tng s vng quay c.
L xo y piston yu: gim hnh trnh lm lu lng gim.
L xo van ht, y yu, van khng kn: Kh khi ng, tc ng c khng
n nh, lu lng v ct p gim.
Lt kh ng ht ca bm lm cho gim lu lng bm v c th gy ra bt
kh ng y.
130
Hnh 9.11. Bm chuyn nhin liu

1-Cam, 2-Con ln ca con i, 3-Piston ca con i, 4, 7, 9, 11-L xo, 5-Thanh, 6-van ht, 8-Rnh thot,
10-Piston ca bm, 12-Van nn, 13-Bm tay.
2.Bm cao p
Mn xi lanh, piston bm: Lm gim lu lng Qct, my yu, khng tng tc
c, khng pht huy c cng sut, tiu hao nhin liu tng.
Hnh 9.12 Bm cao p thng hng

1-bm cung cp nhin liu. 2-trc cam ca bm cao p. 3-con i kiu trc ln. 4-khp t ng phun
sm ca nhin liu. 5-qu vng ca khp. 6-l xo ca piston bm cao p. 7-thanh rng. 8-bnh rng
r qut. 9-piston bm cao p. 10-xi lanh. 11-van y. 12-ng ni. 13-nt x khng kh. 14-bm tay.
15-b iu tc.
Van cao p khng kn: L xo yu, mn, kt gy khi en do phun rt, my

nng, ng mui trong bung chy.
131
Con i, cam mn: Do mn, hiu chnh sai lm mun thi im phun, sai qui
lut cung cp, khi en, my nng.
bi trc cam mn lm sai lch gc phun sm, sai hnh trnh.
C cu vnh rng b lng: Do vt kp b lng, ng c lm vic rung, i khi
khng n c do khng thay i c lng nhin liu cung cp chu trnh.
Hnh 9.13 Mn xi lanh v piston bm cao p

A-mn xi lanh v piston pha ca np. B-mn xi lanh v piston pha ca x
Thanh rng b kt: xy ra vi bm cao p vi phun lm cho khng thay i

lng nhin liu cung cp, khi gim ti gy vt tc.
L xo hi v piston yu, gy, kt c th lm thay i hnh trnh cp hoc khng
cp nhin liu c.
i vi b iu tc: l xo gy, yu, khp truyn ng b gy, lng, kt c th
do thiu du lm b iu tc mt tc dng.
i vi b iu chnh gc phun sm t ng: l xo gy, yu, cht quay b mn
lm sai lch thi im iu chnh gc phun sm. Lp bm sai du c th lm cho ng
c khng n c.
Van n p ng du v nu chnh khng ng c th lm cho ng c lm
vic khng n nh.
132
9.8.4. Phn tch cc dng h hng ca vi phun

Mn kim phun v kim: mn
thn lng phun gim, ng c lm vic
yu. Mn u cn gy phun rt, ng c
c khi en, c th gy tc l phun, cng
sut ng c gim, du diesel lt xung
cc te.
Tc l phun: do ng mui, lm cho
qui lut phn b tia nhin liu khng ng,
gy tiu hao nhin liu tng, my nng,
cng sut gim, ng c lm vic khng
n nh.
L xo kim phun yu, gy do mi:
gy khi en, my yu, my nng, ng
mui.
Kim b kt: do lu khng s dng,
lc km, ng c khng n c.
H gia vi phun v np my: do
m ng khng n hi, ng c yu.
Hnh 9.15 Cu to vi phun

1-u phun; 2-ai c ca u phun; 3,5-cht
nh v; 4-tm m; 6-cn nn kim phun; 7-thn;
8-vnh kht; 9-ng ni; 10-li lc;11-bc lt;
12-vng iu chnh; 13-l xo; 14-ng dn nhin
liu;15-kim;16-bung hnh vnh khn.
Hnh 9.14 Mn van cao p
133
Hnh 9.17 Thit b th vi phun K -562

1-thn thit b; 2-cn bm; 3-ng dn hng;
4-cp piston xilanh thy lc; 5-van tng p; 6ai c thn bm; 7,13-tay vn; 8-thn ca u
phn nhnh; 9-p lc k; 10-bnh cha nhin
liu; 11-bu lc; 12-kha; 14-u ni; 15-vi
phun; 16-ng hng; 17-khay ; 18-van x kh.
Hnh 9.16 Mn thn kim phun v

I. Mn phn cn kim A v cht B
II. Mn phn cn kim A v l cht B
134
9.8.5. Thit b kim tra vi phun

Kim tra p sut phun, kim tra kn ca mt
cn ca kim vi , kim tra gc chp ca chm tia
v s phn b ht nhin liu.
Dng Macximet kim tra p sut phun, lp
macximet ni tip trn ng cao p trc vi phun
cn kim tra.
Hnh 9.18 Kim tra cht lng chm tia phun
Hnh 9.19 Kim tra gc chm tia

phun
9.8.6. Thit b kim tra bm cao p:

Thit b kim tra bm cao p nhm kim tra:
- kn ca b i thng qua thi gian gim p.
- ng u ca cc nhnh bm.
- Lu lng phun.
- Thi im phun.
- Kim tra hot ng ca iu tc.
1. Kim tra ng u lng phun
Kim tra s vng quay nh mc lu lng cung cp ng vi 100 ln phun.
Ni cc ng ng cao p t bm vo vi phun chun, vi phun chun c iu
chnh ng vi p sut phun qui nh. Bt ng c in cho bm lm vic, iu chnh
tc ca bm ng vi nh mc, tc ny bng mt na tc ng c. Kim tra
xem cc nhnh bm c trc trc g khng, c cp nhin liu khng. Lc ny tm chn
6 che kn ming cc o khng cho nhin liu vo cc. t b m tng ng vi 100
ln phun, gt tay gt 9 cho tm chn 6 m nhin liu vo cc o.
135
Hnh 9.20. S h thng nhin liu ca bng th.

1- Bm cao p, 2- Vi phun chun, 3- ng o, 4- Phao bo mc nhin liu, 5- Nhit k, 6,10- Thng cha
nhin liu, 7- Bm cp nhin liu ca bng th, 8- Bu lc nhin liu, 9- p k, 11- Van kho, 12- Khay
hng nhin liu, 13-Bm chuyn nhin liu cn kim tra.
Xc nh lng nhin liu cung cp chu trnh ng vi ch ti nh mc,

thanh rng v tr cung cp nhin liu ln nht. Sau tnh khng u lng cung
cp chu trnh theo cng thc:
=
2(Qmax Qmin )
.100%
Qmax + Qmin
Gi tr ny phi nh hn 3%, i vi ch tc khng ti ln nht th gi tr

ny nh hn 30%.
136
2. Kim tra thi im phun
Hnh 9.21 S dn ng bng th bm cao p

1 - Bm cao p cn kim tra, 2- ng ng cao p, 3 - Vi phun chun, 4 - V cm bin bo thi
im phun, 5 - Tip im n bo thi im phun, 6 - Tm chn, 7 - Cc o, 8 - B m s ln phun, 9
- Tay gt ni vi b m, 10- Trc dn ng, 11- n xung, 12- im du, 13-a chia , 14-Khp
ni, 15-Gi , 16-Bm chuyn nhin liu
ng c AMZ 236 th t lm vic l 1-4-2-5-3-6, gc lch tng ng ca cc

nhnh bm so vi nhnh th nht l: 1=0o. 4=45o. 2=120o. 5=165o. 3=240o. 6=285o.
Bm ca AMZ 236 l bm thng hng.
ng c KaMaZ 740 th t lm vic l: 1-5-4-2-6-3-7-8, gc lch tng ng
ca cc nhnh bm so vi nhnh th nht l: 1=0o. 5=45o. 4=90o. 2=135o. 6=180o.
3=225o. 7=270o. 8=315o. (Ch bm ca KaMaZ l bm ch V).
S dng n hot nghim 11 kim tra thi im phun nhin liu. n c
mc song song vi cc cm bin 5, s cm bin bng s nhnh bm. Khi vi phun
phun nhin liu tip im 5 ng thng qua b khuych i lm cho n 11 sng. Ln
lt nh vy n 11 s sng vi s ln sng trong mt vng quay ca trc bm bng
s nhnh bm cn th. Quan st s thy tia sng chiu qua khe ca a ng. Khi cc
gc phun u nhau s thy tia sng gn nh c nh, nu nh gc phun lch nhau s
thy s tia sng ln hn 1, i chiu vi vch du trn a c nh 12 s bit c gc
phun sm l bao nhiu. Mun kim tra xem nhnh bm no b lch th tt cng tc ca
nhnh bm , khi tia sng lch s mt.
xc nh thi im phun cng c th dng ng thu tinh lp trn u ra
ng cao p, quan st khi nhin liu bt u dng ln ng vi gc quay ca trc cam
bao nhiu .
137
3. Kim tra s vng quay iu tc hn ch tc lm vic
y thanh rng cung cp nhin liu cc i, tng dn s vng quay cho n khi
ngng cung cp nhin liu, hoc v tr tc m thanh rng b ko ngc tr li,
chnh l s vng quay gii hn, nu khng ng chnh li sc cng l xo.
9.9. CHN ON H THNG LM MT

9.9.1. Nhim v, phn loi v cu to chung ca h thng lm mt
Nhim v:
Thc hin qu trnh truyn nhit t kh chy qua thnh bung chy n mi
cht lm mt m bo cho nhit cc chi tit khng qu nng nhng cng khng
qu ngui.
Phn loi:
H thng lm mt bng gi.
H thng lm mt bng nc:
H thng lm mt bng nc kiu bc hi.
H thng lm mt bng nc kiu i lu t nhin.
H thng lm mt bng nc kiu tun hon cng bc.
H thng lm mt bng nc kiu nhit cao.
Cu to chung:
i vi h thng lm mt bng nc gm c mt s b phn chnh sau: kt lm
mt, van hng nhit, bm nc, qut gi, ng dn, kha...
Hnh 9.22. S h thng lm mt tun hon cng bc

1-kt lm; 2- van hng nhit; 3-nhit k; 4-ng dn hi nc; 5-ng dn nc nng vo kt; 6-ng
dn nc kh ng c ngui; 7-bm nc; 8-ng phn phi nc; 9-van x nc; 10-bnh lm mt
du bi trn; 11-ng dn nc v bm; 12-qut gi.
138
9.9.2. Cc dng h hng ca h thng lm mt

1. ng cn
Khi s dng dung dch lm mt khng ng hoc ng c lm vic lu ngy s
to cn trong thn, np my v kt nc lm mt.
2. H hng bm nc
Mn bi trc bm, lm cnh bm c kh nng chm vo v gy mn vt, gim
lu lng v p sut nc cung cp, h b phn bao kn khin nc r r ra ngoi.
3. H hng qut gi
i vi loi qut c truyn ng trc tip, h hng l s cong vnh cnh
qut do va chm trong qu trnh lm vic hay tho lp khng cn thn gy ra hoc dy
ai b chng.
i vi loi qut truyn ng gin tip qua khp in t hoc khp ni thy
lc, s h hng cc khp ny nh r r du lm gim m men truyn lc, hot ng
khng tt ca b phn cm bin nhit , khin qut lm vic km chnh xc.
4. H hng kt nc
Cc ng dn, ng tn nhit c th b tc, nt, thng.
Tc van p sut, chn khng dn n sai lch p sut iu chnh.
Van hng nhit lm vic khng chnh xc do n hi thn van v c cu
cnh van lm vic km, do cc cht dn n cha trong hp van b r r, dn n hin
tng van khng m hay m khng gy nng my khi ng c hot ng cng
sut cao. C trng hp van khng ng kn khi nhit cn thp gy tn tht nhit.
9.9.3. Chn on h thng lm mt

1. ng c qu nhit
Cht lm mt thiu hoc bn.
ai chng.
Np p sut b hng.
B tn nhit hoc bnh ngng b iu ha khng kh b nght.
Van hng nhit b kt, ng.
Qut b kt.
Cng tc hoc ng c qut in b h.
S lu thng cht lm ngui b cn tr.
2. ng c khng t n nhit lm vic, khi ng chm
Van hng nhit m hoc khng hot ng.
3. R r, tht thot cht lm mt
Np p sut v m kn b h.
R r bn ngoi.
R r bn trong.
139
9.10. CHN ON H THNG NH LA

9.10.1. Nhim v v cu to chung ca h thng nh la
To ra tia la in mnh v ng thi im t chy hn hp trong ng c
nh la cng bc.
Cu to chung bao gm: ngun, bin p nh la, b chia in, b phn iu
chnh gc phun sm t ng, dy cao p, bu gi.
i vi h thng nh la bn dn, c thm cm iu khin bn dn ECM hay
ECU. H thng nh la hin i, thi im nh la c iu khin hon ton do
nhng b phn in t, khng cn tn ti c cu nh la sm ly tm hay chn khng
na.
9.10.2. Cc dng h hng ca h thng nh la

1. H hng ca bin p
Nt, chy sm np cao p, chp mch gia cc vng dy, hng in tr ph.
2. H hng b chia in
Tip im b chy, mn khng u, khi t in bo v yu vt tnh b lm,
ngc li vt ng lm khi t in qu mnh. Khe h m vt trng thi m hon ton
khng ng do chnh sai v tr m tnh, nu nh qu c th gy chy r m vt, nu ln
qu lm gim dng s cp. Nt chy np phn phi gy r in cao p, mn cam, mn
vu cn tip im gy mun thi im nh la. L xo l p cn tip im yu gy ra
tia la chp chn. Vt bt cht m tnh b lng cng gy hin tng tng t. L xo b
iu chnh gc nh la sm theo s vng quay b yu, gy lm thay i thi im tc
dng iu chnh. Mng chn khng b chng, rch, l xo yu cng lm sai lch thi
im iu chnh gc nh la theo ph ti.
3. H hng ca bugi
V s b nt, r in t cc gia ra thnh, khe h in cc qu ln, in cc b
mn, b chy, ng cn lm tng in tr.
9.10.3. Chn on h thng nh la

1. Tia la yu
C ngha l in th cao p thp, c th do bin p nh la b hng, chp, do
m vt bn, r, dy cao p b r in, b h, do bu gi b bn, in cc mn qu, khe h
bu gi qu ln.
2. nh la khng ng thi im
nh la sm qu: Biu hin khi khi ng c hin tng quay ngc, ch
khng ti khng n nh, khi tng tc c ting kch n, nhit ng c cao, tiu hao
nhin liu tng. Nguyn nhn do: t la sai, do khe h m vt qu ln. Cn tin hnh
t la li.
nh la qu mun: ng c kh khi ng, c ting n trong ng thi,
nhit ng c tng cao, tiu hao nhin liu tng, khng tng tc c. Nguyn nhn
do t la sai, khe h m vt qu nh.
140
Kim tra trn bng th chuyn dng chiu di tia la v hot ng ca cc h
thng iu chnh gc nh la sm t ng.
3. Cch t la trn ng c
Lp delco n khp vi trc dn ng. Quay trc khuu v quan st v tr con
quay xc nh my th nht. Lp cc dy cao p theo ng th t lm vic ca ng
c. Xoay delco ng vi v tr tc ng c ln nht v khng c ting g.
4. Thit b kim tra nh la trn ng c
Cu to: gm c n hot nghim 1, hp kp cm ng 2, cc kp bnh c qui
m, dng 3 vi dy ni in.
Hnh 9.22. Kim tra thi im nh la bng n hot nghim

1-n hot nghim, 2-Hp cm ng, 3-Kp in,
Cng dng:
- Kim tra vic t la, cn la ban u c ng yu cu k thut hay
khng.
- Kim tra tnh trng hot ng ca cc c cu nh la sm t ng.
- Kim tra gc ngm m vt
Kim tra im cn la trn ng c nhiu xi lanh:
1. Kp in dng vo cc dng c qui, kp in m vo cc m c qui 12V.
2. Kp hp cm ng vo dy cch in cao th bugi s 1.
3. Khi ng ng c cho t n nhit vn hnh.
4. Chnh cho ng c n khng ti ng s vng quay trc khuu qui nh.
5. Hng n vo puli trc khuu v du cn la, bm cng tc. Quan st du
cn la trn puli v s ghi ni cc te. V d qui nh nh la sm 50, du cn la
trn puli phi ngay nc 50 mi khi n chp sng.
6. Nu nh la mun, ta ni lng c sit v delco vo thn my, xoay nh v
delco ngc chiu roto tng thm gc nh la sm. Nu nh la qu sm, ta
xoay v delco theo chiu quay ca roto.
Kim tra c cu nh la sm t ng ly tm:
141
1. Tch ng chn khng ni c cu nh la sm t ng chn khng ti delco,
bt ng li.
2. Cho ng c n khng ti, bm n hot nghim quan st du cn la. Tng
ga cho vn tc trc khuu t n 2000v/ph.
3. Khi tng tc du cn la trn puli phi t t di chuyn lui, ngc vi chiu
quay ca puli tng ln dn gc nh la sm.
4. Nu khi tng ga, du cn la vn ng yn v tr nh lc ng c n khng
ti, hoc ng tc chy li khng u, khng n nh, phi kim tra c cu nh la
sm ly tm.
Kim tra c cu nh la sm t ng chn khng:
1. Ni ng vo c cu nh la sm t ng bng chn khng ni delco, cho
ng c n khng ti.
2. Tng tc trc khuu ln 2000v/ph, gc nh la sm phi tng nhiu hn
ln kim tra trn.
3. Du cn la phi di ng li nhanh hn ln kim tra trn.
Nu kt qu kim tra khng t c nh th l do h hi hp chn khng ni
delco, mm la b kt, h thng dn ng chn khng b hng.
9.11. CHN ON H THNG KHI NG

9.11.1. Nhim v, phn loi v cu to chung ca h thng khi
ng
Nhim v: Dng nng lng bn ngoi quay ng c ti tc khi
ng tc l ti mt tc m bo cho nhin liu a vo ng c bc chy.
Phn loi:
- Khi ng bng ng c in.
- Khi ng bng khng kh nn.
- Khi ng bng ng c xng ph.
- Khi ng bng tay quay.
- Khi ng bng ng c thu lc.
Cu to chung h thng khi ng bng in:
142
Hnh 9. 23. H thng khi ng bng in CT130 - A3

1- tip im ca rle iu khin; 3- tip im ng mch in tr b sung; 3- cun ca rle iu
khin; 4- phn ng ca rle iu khin; 5- thanh ko iu chnh; 6- v bo v cn y; 7- cn y; 8vt iu chnh khong chy ca bnh rng; 9- np my khi ng in; 10- vng ta; 11-bnh rng
dn ng; 12- khp mt chiu; 13- l xo; 14- khp ni dn ng; 15- thn my khi ng in; 16phn ng my khi ng in; 17- vt ko; 18- c gp.
9.11.2. Cc dng h hng ca h thng khi ng

- Chy r tip im.
- Chp t cun dy rle ng mch.
- Mn khp mt chiu hoc mn rnh xon.
- Mn rng.
- Gy hoc gim cng l xo khp khi ng.
9. 12. CHN ON TRN NG C PHUN XNG

Vi h thng iu khin phun phc tp v tinh vi, khi xy ra s c k thut,
(my khng chy chm c, khng th ko ti c, tc khng tng c...)
khng d pht hin c s c k thut xy ra. gip ngi s dng xe, th sa
cha nhanh chng pht hin h hng trong h thng phun xng, ECU c trang b h
thng t chn on. N s ghi li ton b nhng s c a s cc b phn quan trng
trong h thng v lm sng n kim tra (Check engine lamp), thng bo cho li xe
bit h thng c s c. Khi thy n bo hiu s c sng li xe s ngng xe chn
on. Cch chn on ca mi hng khc nhau, y ch gii thiu h thng chn
on trn loi xe TOYOTA.
Trong mng in ca xe c b tr nhng gic h (c y np bo v) c
gi l gic kim tra (check conector). i vi hu ht cc xe TOYOTA, cch thao tc
gm hai bc:
- Normal mode: tm chn on h hng cc b phn xe.
- Test mode: Dng xa b nh c (code c) v np li t u (code mi) sau
khi sa cha h hng.
143
* Normal mode: phi p ng cc iu kin sau:
Hiu in th accu bng hoc ln hn 11V.
Cnh bm ga ng hon ton (cng tc cm bin v tr bm ga ng).
Tay s v tr s khng.
Ngt tt c cc cng tc ti in khc.
Bt cng tc v v tr ON (khng n my).
Dng on dy in ni tt 2 u
ca gic kim tra: l E1 v TE1. Khi
check engine chp theo nhng nhp ph
thuc vo tnh trng ca h thng. Nu
tnh trng bnh thng th n chp u
n 2 ln/giy (vi loi xe dng cm bin
o gi loi cnh, khong cch gia nhng
ln n sng v n tt khc nhau).
Hnh 9.24. H thng hot ng bnh thng
Code 21
Code 32
Code 21
Nu xe c s c b phn no ca
h thng phun xng th bo s c s chp
theo nhng chui khc nhau, mi chui
chp ng vi mt m s h hng.
V d: i vi loi phun xng c
cm bin o gi cnh trt:
n chp hai ln cch nhau 0,5s,
ngh 1,5s chp 1 ln (m 21).
Ngh 2,5s chp 3 ln cch nhau
0,5s ngh 1,5s chp 2 ln (m 32).
Hnh 9.25. H thng c s c
Ngh 4,5s chp 2 ln cch nhau
0,5s chp 1 ln (m 21).
Nu trong h thng ch c mt s c th cc m ny s lp sau khong ngh
4,5s. Nu c nhiu s c th h thng chn on s pht ln lt cc m s s c t
thp n cao. Khong ngh gia s c ny vi s c kia l 2,5s. Sau khi pht ht ln
lt cc m s c n s tt 4,5s v li ln lt pht li cc m s cho n khi no ta
rt dy ni tt l E1 v TE1 gic kim tra ra. khng b nhm ln tt nht nn ghi
li chui m s c vi ln.
144
EN KI
M TRA
MA
DA
NG
TN HI
U
HTH N
G
CHU
N OAN
CH CH
TH NG KI
M TRA
VUNG HHONG
LU TRONG
B NH
Xu
t hi
n khi khng
comanao khac
BNH TH NG
12
TN HI
U S
VONG QUAY
ON
N.A
Tn hi
u G ho
c NE khng vao ECU
sau 2 giy ho
c lu hn sau khi khi
ng
- Ch
p ho
c t ma
ch tn hi
u G, NE
- Bchia i
n
- Ch
p ho
c t ma
ch tn hi
u STA
- ECU
CO
13
TN HI
U S
VONG QUAY
ON
ON
Tn hi
u G ho
c NE khng vao ECU
sau 0,1 giy ho
c lu hn sau khi
ng c
a
t t
c 1000vong/phut ho
c cao hn
- Ch
p ho
c t ma
ch tn hi
u NE
- Bchia i
n
- ECU
CO
14
TN HI
U
ANH LA
ON
N.A
Tn hi
u IGF th
p i
u khi
n anh la
khng h
i ti
p vECU sau 4 5 xung
anh la
- Ch
p ho
c t ma
ch tn hi
u
IGT, IGF
- H
p anh la
- ECU
CO
21
MA
CH CAM
BI
N XY
N.A
ON
ON
- Hhay ng
n ma
ch cam bi
n xy
- Bx
y cam bi
n xy
- ECU
Khi t
c xe th
p hn 100km/h vat
c
- Hhay ng
n ma
ch cam bi
n xy
- Cam bi
n xy
.c di 1500v/p, i
n ap ra cua cam bi
n
xy lin tu
c t0,35 V
n 0,7 V trong 60 giy - ECU
Hhay ng
n ma
ch dy bs
y cam bi
n xy
trong 0,5 giy ho
c lu hn
22
MA
CH CAM BI
N
N. N C
ON
ON
Hhay ng
n ma
ch trong ma
ch tn hi
u
cam bi
n nhi
t nc lam mat (THW)
24
MA
CH CAM BI
N
ON
NHI
T KHNA
P
ON
Hhay ng
n ma
ch trong ma
ch tn hi
u
cam bi
n nhi
t khna
p (THA)
31
TN HI
U C.BI
N
CHN KH NG
ON
ON
Hhay ng
n ma
ch trong tn hi
u cam bi
n
ap su
t ng
ng na
p (PIM)
41
TN HI
U C.BI
N
VTRB M GA
ON
ON
Hhay ng
n ma
ch trong tn hi
u cam bi
n
vtrbm ga (VTA)
42
TN HI
U C.BI
N
T
C XE
ON
OFF
Khng cotn hi
u SPD
n ECU trong 8 giy
ho
c lu hn sau khi xe cha
y
43
TN HI
U MAY
KH I N
G
ON
OFF
Khng cotn hi
u STA
n ECU sau khi b
t
khoai
n
52
TN HI
U CAM
BI
N KCH N
N.A
OFF
Khi t
c
ng c gia 1200 va6000 v/p, tn
hi
u tcam bi
n ti
ng gokhng
n ECU
trong m
t khoang thi gian nh
t nh (KNK)
- Hhay ng
n ma
ch trong cam bi
n nhi
t nc
- Cam bi
n nhi
t nc
- ECU
n ma
ch trong cam bi
n nhi
t khna
p
- Hhay ng
- Cam bi
n nhi
t khna
p
- ECU
- Hhay ng
n ma
ch trong cam bi
n chn khng
- Cam bi
n chn khng
- ECU
- Hhay ng
n ma
ch trong cam bi
n vtrbm ga
- Cam bi
n vtrbm ga
- ECU
- Hhay ng
n ma
ch trong ma
ch cam bi
n t
c xe
- Cam bi
n t
c xe
- ECU
- Hhay ng
n ma
ch tn hi
u may khi
ng
- Hhay ng
n ma
ch cng t
c i
n (IG/SW) hay rle chnh
- ECU
- Hth
ng cng t
c A/C
- Ma
ch IDL cua cam bi
n vtrbm ga
- Ban a
p ga, cap
- ECU
Cn c vo m s c v bng m ta c th tm pan khc phc.

mt s xe
TOYOTA, vic chn
on c th khng bo
bng n check engine
m bo bng my qut
m li (scanner). Khi
thc hin thao tc chn
on th trn mn hnh
my qut s bo lun
cc m s c bng s
Hnh 9.26. H thng chn on bng my qut
nh hnh.
* Test mode: phi tha mn cc iu kin sau:
- Hiu in th accu bng 11 V hoc ln hn.
- Cng tc cm bin v tr bm ga ng.
- Tay s v tr s khng.
- Tt c cc cng tc ph ti khc phi tt.
Dng on dy in ni tt chn E1 v TE2 ca TDCL (Toyota Diagnostic
Communication Line) hoc check connector. Sau bt cng tc sang ON, quan st
n check engine chp, tt cho bit ang hot ng ch test mode.
145
KH NG
CO
CO
CO
CO
CO
CO
KH NG
KH NG
Khi ng ng c lc ny b nh RAM s xa ht cc m chn on v ghi
vo b nh cc m chn on mi. Nu h thng chn on nhn bit ng c vn cn
b h hng th n check engine vn sng. Mun tm li m s c chng ta thc hin
li cc bc Normal mode v sau khi khc phc s c, phi xa b nh. Nu khng
xa, n s gi nguyn cc m c v khi c s c mi ta s nhn c thng tin sai. C
th tin hnh xa b nh bng cch n gin sau: tho cu ch chnh ca h thng
phun xng ra t nht l 10s, sau lp li. Nu khng bit cu ch u th c th
tho cc accu ra khong 15s.
* Chc nng fail-safe:
Khi c s c k thut trong h thng phun xng khi xe ang hot ng (mt tn
hiu t cm bin) vic iu khin n nh xe tr nn kh khn hn? V th, chc nng,
fail-safe c thit k ECU ly cc d liu tiu chun trong b nh tip tc iu
khin ng c hot ng hoc ngng ng c nu cc s c nguy him c nhn
bit.
Hin tng
Tn hiu mt
Tn hiu nh la H hng h thng nh la v
ca (IGF)
vic nh la khng th xy ra (tn
hiu IGF khng gi n ECU)
Tn hiu t cm Nu mt tn hiu t cm bin ny
bin
p
sut lng xng phun c bn khng
ng ng np c tnh v kt qu l ng c b
(MAP sensor).
cht my hoc kh khi ng.
Tn hiu o gi
Nu mt tn hiu ny ECU khng
th nhn bit lng gi np tnh
lng xng phun c bn, kt qu
l ng c b cht my hay kh
khi ng.
Tn hiu v tr Nu mt tn hiu ny ECU khng
cnh bm ga
th nhn bit v tr bm ga m
hay ng hon ton. iu ny s
lm ng c cht my hay chy
khng m.
Tn hiu cm bin Mt tn liu ny ECU s hiu rng
nhit nc lm nhit nc < - 500C hay
mt v cm bin >1390C. iu ny s lm t l ho
kh tr nn qu giu hay qu
nhit kh np.
ngho. Kt qu l ng c b cht
my hoc chy khng m.
Tn hiu t cm Nu v bc ngoi ca cm bin o
bin o xy
xy b ng bn. ECU khng th
nhn bit hm lng o xy trong
kh thi v th n khng th duy tr
t l ha kh mc ti u.
Tn liu t cm Nu mt tn hiu ny, ECU khng
146
Chc nng fail-safe

Ngng phun nhin liu
Nu ni tt cc T v E1
ECU s ly gi tr tiu chun
(30 kPa) thay th cho tn
hiu ny.
Gi tr chun c ly t tn
hiu khng ti cho vic tnh
lng xng phun v thi
im nh la.
ECU s ly gi tr tiu chun
trong b nh thay th cho
tn hiu ny.
ECU s ly gi tr chun
trong b nh ty thuc vo
loi ng c vi nhit
nc: 890C v nhit kh
np l 200C
Khng th thc hin vic
hiu chnh hi tip t l ha
kh.
iu chnh thi im nh
bin kch n.
Cm bin p sut
kh tri.
Tn hiu iu
khin hp s t
ng.
Tn hiu t p sut
tng p ng c.
th nhn bit khi ng c b kch

n v th n s khng iu chnh
gim gc nh la sm.
Nu mt tn hiu t cm bin ny,
ECU s hiu rng p sut kh tri
lun gi tr ti a hay ti thiu.
iu ny lm ha kh qu ngho
hay qu giu.
Nu c h hng trong ECU iu
khin hp s, hp s hot ng
khng tt.
Nu c s tng bt thng trong
p sut tng p ng c hoc
lng gi np. iu ny c th
lm h hng ng c.
la tr ti a.
Ly gi tr p sut kh tri
mc tiu chun l 101 kPa
(60 mmHg) thay th cho tn
hiu ny.
Khng hiu chnh gc nh
la theo sc ko.
Ngng cung cp nhin liu
cho ng c.
Chc nng Back-up:

Chc nng Back-up c thit k khi c s c k thut ECU, Back-up IC
trong ECU s ly ton b d liu lu tr duy tr hot ng ng c trong thi gian
ngn.
ECU s hot ng chc nng Back-up trong cc iu kin sau:
ECU khng gi tn hiu iu khin nh la (IGT).
Mt tn hiu t cm bin p sut ng ng np (PIM).
Lc ny Back-up IC s ly tn hiu d tr iu khin thi im nh la v
thi im phun nhin liu duy tr hot ng ng c. D liu lu tr ny ph hp vi
tn hiu khi ng v tn hiu t cng tc khng ti ng thi n Check-engine s bo
sng thng bo cho li xe.
147
** Trn Thanh Hi Tng, Nguyn L Chu Thnh
CHNG 10
CHN ON CC H THNG T
10.1. CHN ON H THNG TRUYN LC
10.1.1. Chn on ly hp
1. Nhim v v iu kin lm vic ca li hp
Ly hp c nhim v nh l mt khp ni, ng nh thng xuyn khi thay i
s truyn. Do cn phi ng t t, m du, v vy dn n hin tng mn gy trt li
hp. Khng c php bi trn b mt ma st. Ly hp gm cc phn chnh sau:
C cu dn ng ly hp, b phn tr lc.
a p.
a ma st
Cc l xo
S dn ng ly hp:
Hnh 10.1 S ly hp loi mt a v hai a

1-trc khuu; 2-bnh ; 3-a b ng; 4-a p; 5-ccte ly hp; 6-chp bnh trn; 7-bulng p; 8-gi
cn p; 9-cn p; 10-vng nh li hp; 11-trc ly hp; 12-bn p; 13-thanh ko; 14-n by; 15-l xo hi
v; 16-l xo p; 17,23-cht dn hng; 18-gi ; 19-l xo p tch a trung gian; 20-bu lng iu chnh a
p trung gian; 21-a ch ng; 22-a b ng sau; 24-a trung gian; ,25-a b ng trc.
2. Cc hng hc thng gp v phng php xc nh ca li hp

a. Ly hp b trt: biu hin khi tng ga, tc xe khng tng theo tng ng.
149
a ma st v a p b mn nhiu, l
xo p b gy hoc yu.
a ma st b dnh du hoc b chai
cng.
Bn p ly hp khng c hnh trnh
t do, th hin xe ko ti km, ly hp
b nng.
Hnh10.2. Ly hp mt a GAZ-53A
1-v bao bnh , 2-v b ly hp, 3-l xo
bn ngoi, 4-bnh , 5-trc dn ng hp
s, 6-l xo chng rung, 7-a b dn, 8-cn
ngt ly hp, 9-a p, 10-a chng rung c
b phn ht du, 11-khp ngt ly hp
Hnh 10.3 S li hp dn ng c kh
Hnh 10.4. S li hp dn ng thu lc
Cc phng php xc nh trng thi trt:

a.1. Gi s cao, ng ly hp
Chn mt on ng bng, cho xe ng yn ti ch, n my, gi s tin s
cao nht (s 4 hay s 5), p v gi phanh chn, cho ng c hot ng ch ti
150
ln bng tay ga, t t nh bn p ly hp. Nu ng c b cht my chng t ly hp

lm vic tt, nu ng c khng tt my chng t ly hp trt ln.
a.2. Gi trn dc
Chn on ng phng v tt c dc (8-10) . Xe ng bng phanh trn
mt dc, u xe theo chiu xung dc, tt ng c, tay s s thp nht, t t nh
bn p phanh, bnh xe khng b ln xung dc chng t ly hp tt, cn nu bnh xe
ln chng t ly hp trt.
a.3. y xe
Chn mt on ng bng, cho xe ng yn ti ch, khng n my, gi s tin
s thp nht (s 1), y xe. Xe khng chuyn ng chng t ly hp tt, nu xe
chuyn ng chng t ly hp b trt. Phng php ny ch dng cho t con, vi lc
y ca 3 n 4 ngi.
a.4. Xc nh ly hp b trt qua mi kht
Xc nh ly hp b trt qua mi kht c trng khi t thng xuyn lm vic
ch y ti. Cm nhn mi kht ch khi ly hp b trt nhiu, tc l ly hp cn
tin hnh thay a b ng hay cc thng s iu chnh b thay i.
b. Ly hp ngt khng hon ton: biu hin sang s kh, gy va p hp s.
Hnh trnh t do bn p ly hp qu ln.
Cc u n m khng nm trong cng mt phng do a ma st v a p b
vnh. Do khe h u n m ln qu khng m c a p lm cho a p b vnh.
bi T b kt.
bi kim n m r.
i vi ly hp hai a ma st, cc c cu hay l xo vt nh v a ch ng
trung gian b sai lch.
Cc phng php xc nh trng thi ngt khng hon ton:
b.1. Gi s thp, m ly hp
t ng trn mt ng phng, tt, n my, p bn p ly hp ht hnh trnh
v gi nguyn v tr, gi s thp nht, tng ga. Nu t chuyn ng chng t ly hp
ngt khng hon ton, nu t vn ng yn chng t ly hp ngt hon ton.
b.2. Nghe ting va chm u rng trong hp s khi chuyn s
t chuyn ng thc hin chuyn s hay gi s. Nu ly hp ngt khng hon
ton, c th khng ci c s, hay c va chm mnh trong hp s. Hin tng xut
hin mi trng thi khi chuyn cc s khc nhau.
c. Ly hp ng t ngt:
a ma st mt tnh n hi, l xo gim chn b lit.
Do li xe th nhanh bn p.
Then hoa may a ly hp b mn.
Mi ghp a ma st vi may b lng.
d. Ly hp pht ra ting ku:
Nu c ting g ln: r lng bnh , bn p, hng bi u trc.
151
Khi thay i t ngt vng quay ng c c ting va kim loi chng t khe h
bn then hoa qu ln (then hoa b r)
Nu c ting trt mnh theo chu k: a b ng b cong vnh.
trng thi lm vic n nh (ly hp ng hon ton) c ting va nh chng t
b va nh ca u n m vi bc, bi T .
e. Li hp m nng:
Tr lc khng lm vic, do khng c kh nn hoc kh nn b r r xi lanh tr
lc hay van iu khin.
3. Cch iu chnh
Kim tra v iu chnh hnh trnh t do ca bn p li hp
Hnh trnh t do ca bn p ly hp gin tip nh hng n khe h gia u
n m vi bi t (bc m ly hp), trc tip nh hng n s trt v m khng dt
khot ca ly hp. Kim tra hnh trnh t do ca bn p ly hp bng thc o t
vung gc vi sn xe v song song vi trc bn p ly hp. Dng tay n bn p
xung n khi cm thy nng th dng li, c tr s dch chuyn ca bn p trn
thc. So snh gi tr o c vi gi tr hnh trnh t do tiu chun nu khng ng
ta phi tin hnh iu chnh.
Nguyn tc ca iu chnh l: lm thay i chiu di n dn ng thay i
khe h gia bi t (bc m) vi u n m (m bo khong 3 4mm)
Hnh trnh t do ca loi dn ng c kh ln hn loi dn ng bng thu lc,
hnh trnh t do ca bn p ly hp mt s loi xe thng dng c cho trong bng
di y:
Hnh trnh t do ca bn p ly hp
(mm)
Loi t
UAZ
ZIL 130, 131
GAZ 66
IFA-W50L
KAZAZ
TOYOTA
CARINA,
CORONA,
COROLLA (cc xe dn ng thu lc ca
Nht)
152
28 38
3550
3037
3035
612
515
Hnh 10. 5. Kim tra v iu chnh hnh trnh t do ca bn p li hp

a) Kim tra hnh trnh t do.
b) iu chnh hnh trnh t do i vi loi dn ng c kh.
c) iu chnh hnh trnh t do i vi loi dn ng thu lc.
1-bn p ly hp. 2-n dn ng. 3-l xo hi v. 4-dn ng n cng cua m ly hp. 5- ai
c (ng ren) iu chnh thay i chiu di n dn ng. 6-cng cua m ly hp. 7-bi t (bc m ly
hp). 8-ai c hm. 9-khung xe. 10-n m li hp.
Hnh 10.5 b v hnh 10.5 c trnh by cch iu chnh hnh trnh t do bng cch
vn ai c iu chnh hoc ng ren 5. cc cp bo dng cao ngi ta cn iu
chnh ng phng ca cc u n m ( khng ng phng bng 0,1 mm) hoc
iu chnh bu lng hn ch s dch chuyn ca a p trung gian v pha a p chnh
(loi hai a ma st)...
10.1.2. Chn on hp s
1. Nhim v v cu to chung hp s
Thay i t s truyn v m men xon t ng c xung bnh xe ca t ph
hp vi sc cn chuyn ng ca t. Cn phi thay i s khi ti thay i. Thay i
153
chiu chuyn ng ca t. Dn ng cc b phn cng tc khc i vi xe chuyn

dng.
Hp s bao gm nhng cm chi tit chnh:
Cc bnh rng
C cu gi s
B ng tc
Trc hp s
V v np hp s, cc bi.
Hnh 10.6. Hp s Zil 130
1-khp nh ly hp. 2-trc dn ng. 3-np vng bi trc dn ng. 4-hp ly hp. 5-b
ng tc ca s truyn IV v V. 6-np trn ca hp s. 7-l xo vi bi nh v. 8-bnh
rng ca s truyn V trc b dn. 10-b ng tc ca s truyn II v III. 11-bnh rng
ca s truyn II trc b dn. 12-bnh rng ca s truyn I v s li trc b dn. 13-v
hp s. 14-np vng bi trc b dn. 15-mt bch bt cht trc cc ng. 16-trc b
dn. 17-np vng bi ca trc trung gian. 18-trc trung gian.19-bnh rng ca s truyn
II trc trung gian, 20-b gom ca bm du nhn. 21-bnh rng ca s truyn III trc
trung gian. 22-bnh rng ca s truyn V trc trung gian. 23-bnh rng dn ng trch
cng sut. 24-bnh rng chng rung. 25-bm du nhn. 26-trc ca khi bnh rng s
li. 27-khi bnh rng s li.
2. Cc h hng ca hp s
a. Sang s kh, vo s nng: thanh trt cong, mn, khp cu mn, b ng tc mn
nhiu (rnh cn ma st b mn khuyt, hc hm b mn nhiu). Rng ng tc mn,
cng cua mn, bi trc s cp mn gy s trc. Cc khp dn ng trung gian cn s
b r, cong.
154
b. T ng nhy s: bi, hc hm mt tc dng (do mn nhiu), l xo b yu hoc gy.

R dc trc th cp.
c. C ting va p mnh: bnh rng b mn, b mn, du bi trn thiu, khng ng
loi. Khi vo s c ting va p do hc hm ng tc mn qu gii hn lm mt tc
dng ca ng tc. Bc bnh rng lng khng b mn gy ting rt.
d. Du b r r: giong m cc te hp s b lit hng, cc pht chn du b mn, h.
3. Kim tra v bo dng
- Ta c th dng ng nghe (nghe ting g) kim tra mn bnh rng, bi,
dng tay lc kim tra mn then hoa hay lng cc bu lng mi ghp lp mt bch cc
ng.
- Kim tra mc du v thay du: mc du phi m bo ngang l du, nu t
s khng m bo bi trn, lm tng hao mn chi tit, nng cc chi tit, nng du, nu
nhiu qu d chy du v sc cn thu lc tng.
Khi chy xe n s km qui nh hoc kim tra t xut thy cht lng du
khng m bo ta phi tin thay du bi trn:
Thay du bi trn theo cc bc:
- Khi xe va hot ng v (du hp s ang nng), nu xe khng hot ng ta
phi kch cu ch ng, n my, vo s mt lt cho du nng sau tt my, x ht
du c trong hp s ra khay ng.
- du ra hoc du ho vo hp s.
- N my, ci s 1 cho hp s lm vic vi pht lm sch cn bn, du bn,
keo cn sau x ht du ra ra.
C th cho du long vo ra sch du ra, n my ci s 1 vi pht, sau
x du long ra.
- du bi trn hp s ng m hiu, chng loi y ngang l du, hoc ng
vch qui nh.
+ i vi truyn ng cc ng: ta bm m vo cc bi kim, bi trung gian
(nu c), vo rnh then hoa, sit cht cc mt bch...
+ bo dng cc cp cao ngi ta tho ri hp s kim tra mn, cong,
gy, rn nt...cc chi tit.
+ Vi cc hp s, hp phn phi thu lc phi thay du truyn ng ng m
hiu, chng loi.
10.1.3. Chn on trc cc ng

S dng khi mun truyn chuyn ng gia hai trc khng nm trn cng
ng thng.
Rung vng tc no do mn then hoa.
Ku khp cc ng do bi kim b mn hoc kh m.
Ku mi ghp bch chc ch thp.
10.1.4. Chn on cu ch ng
(Trng tm truyn lc chnh)
155
1. Nhim v v cu to truyn lc chnh

Tng m men v bin chuyn ng quay dc ca ng c thnh chuyn ng
quay ngang ca hai bn trc.
n do mn b truyn, mn bi. iu chnh khe h bng cch thay i cc tm
m v sit cng cc bi cn.
Moay bnh xe o, do mn r ca moay .
Hnh 10.7 Truyn lc chnh bnh rng nn
Hnh 10.8 Truyn lc chnh bnh rng Hypit
Hnh 10.9 Truyn lc chnh kp kiu tp trung
Hnh 10.10 Truyn lc chnh kp kiu phn tn
2. Chn on k thut truyn lc chnh

Truyn lc chnh lm vic n: khe h trc bnh rng cn ch ng (qu da)
tng. r tng cng ca truyn lc chnh tng, kim tra bng cch kch bnh xe ln,
ko phanh tay lc nu dch chuyn qu 45mm theo chu vi th phi iu chnh khe h
bi.
Thiu du bi trn trong v truyn lc chnh. S n khp ca cp bnh rng cn
khng ng, iu chnh bng cch dch trc ca cc bnh rng theo s .
iu chnh bi b vi sai sau iu chnh vt n khp ca bnh rng qu
da v bnh rng vnh chu. Vt tip xc lin quan n p sut tip xc mt rng, nh
hng n ti trng tc dng ln rng.
156
iu chnh khe h bi bnh rng qu da (bnh rng ch ng). iu chnh

khe h bi moay . Cc khe h ny lin quan n r tng cng ca bnh xe.
Vt tip xuc trn banh rng va hng

iu chnh
157
Hnh 10.11 Truyn lc chnh kp ZIL-130

1-Mt bch bnh rng dn ng. 2-Vng chn du. 3-Np. 4-Vng m bnh rng dn ng. 5-m. 6-Vng
bi trc ca trc bnh rng cn. 7-ng lt ca cc te b truyn ng chnh. 8-Vng iu chnh ca vng bi
trc bnh rng cn dn ng. 9-Vng bi sau ca bnh rng cn dn ng. 10-m iu chnh s n khp
ca cc bnh rng cn. 11-Bnh rng cn dn ng. 12-Bnh rng cn b ng. 13-m iu chnh. 14, 29Vng bi trc bnh rng dn ng hnh tr. 15,28-Np vng bi. 16-Bnh rng dn ng hnh tr. 17-cc
ng b truyn ng chnh. 18-Np vng bi b vi sai. 19-a ta ca bnh rng na trc. 20-Np bn phi
hp vi sai. 24-Vng bi hp vi sai. 25-ai c iu chnh vng bi hp vi sai. 26-Na trc. 27-Dm cu sau. 30Ti du nhn.
158
Hnh 10.12. Cu xe Kamaz
10.2. CHN ON H THNG LI

10.2.1. Nhim v v cu to h thng li
1. Nhim v
Gi xe chuyn ng n nh theo yu cu ca ngi li.
Nh h thng li t c th:
- Quay vng m bnh xe t b trt.
- Lc trn vnh li hp l v to cm gic nh li ph hp.
- m bo t c kh nng t tr v trng thi chuyn ng thng.
- Gim cc va p t mt ng ln vnh li to iu kin thun li cho vic
iu khin chnh xc hng chuyn ng.
2. Cu to
Kt cu ca h thng li rt a dng, cc h hng trong h thng li ty thuc
vo cu trc ca n v cch b tr bnh xe dn hng.
Cu to chung h thng li bao gm: v lng, c cu li, b tr lc li, tr quay
ng, hnh thang li.
Gc nghing ngang ca tr quay ng = 00 160
Gc nghing dc ca tr quay ng = -30 100
Gc dong = -50 50
chm A-B 0 6mm
159
Hnh 10.13. Gc t bnh xe
a. Phn loi h thng li

H thng li c kh bao gm: vnh li, cc trc dn ng c cu li, c cu li,
n lin kt cc bnh xe dn hng, cc khp tr hay cu. Ton b h thng l cc
cm c kh.
H thng li c kh c tr lc bng thy lc bao gm: cc cm c kh ca h
thng li c kh, h thng tr lc bng thy lc. H thng tr lc bng thy lc c
lp ghp t cc b phn: bm thy lc, van phn phi iu khin ng m ng du,
xi lanh thy lc, cc khp, cc n lin kt vi h thng li c kh. Loi tr lc ny
dng ph bin trn c t con v t ti.
H thng li c kh c tr lc kh nn bao gm: cc cm c kh ca h thng li
c kh, h thng tr lc kh nn. H thng tr lc kh nn c lp ghp t cc b
phn: bm kh nn, van phn phi iu khin ng m ng kh nn, cc khp, cc
n lin kt vi h thng li c kh.
Ngoi ra trn h thng li tr lc cn c thm cc b phn in, in t khc
nhm hon thin kh nng iu khin hng chuyn ng t, mt s t cn c
thm gim chn cho h thng li.
Hnh 10.14. C cu kiu trc vt-con ln

1- Ccte ca c cu; 2- trc ca n quay ng; 3- con ln ba rng; 4- ming lt; 5- trc vt; 6- nt;
7-vng m chn; 8- ai c m; 9- trc con ln; 10-trc li; 11-vt iu chnh; 12- cht hm; 13- vng
pht; 14- n quay ng; 15- ai c; 16- ng lt bng ng thanh.
b. Phn loi c cu li
160
Trc vt lm (globoit) con ln: trc vt l phn ch ng ca c cu li, con

ln c th c hai hoc ba tng rng n khp vi rng ca trc vt v ln t do trn trc
con ln, trc con ln t trn trc quay c gi l trc b ng ca c cu li.
Trc vt cu bi thanh rng
bnh rng: trc vt l phn
ch ng ca c cu li, lin
kt vi thanh rng nh cc
vin bi, cc vin bi in y
trong cc rnh to nn bi
ren trc vt v rnh thanh
rng, thanh rng n khp vi
mt phn bnh rng, trc ca
bnh rng l trc b ng ca
c cu li. Khi trc vt quay
thanh rng chuyn ng tnh
tin lm cho bnh rng v
trc b ng quay.
Bnh rng thanh rng:
bnh rng l phn ch ng,
Hnh 10.15. C cu li ca xe Maz
n khp vi thanh rng.
Rng ca bnh rng c th l thng hay nghing. Thanh rng c th l n ngang dn
ng li. Nh vy thanh rng l phn b ng ca c cu li. Loi c cu li ny hay
dng trn t con vi h thng treo cu trc l dng c lp. Khi hot ng bnh
rng quay, cn thanh rng chuyn ng tnh tin.
c. Dn ng li
Dn ng li l phn lin kt t c cu ti cc bnh xe dn hng.
Trn h thng treo ph thuc thng dng c cu bn khu: dm cu, hai n
bn v n ngang. Thng thy kt cu ny trn t ti, t but v cc loi t con
c kh nng c ng cao.
Trn h thng treo c lp l dn ng nhiu khu, kt cu ca n rt a dng
v ph thuc vo khng gian b tr. Dn ng nhiu khu thng gp trn t con.
Nhn chung dn ng li bao gm cc n, khp lin kt. S mi mn cc khu
khp hay cong, bin dng cc thanh lin kt lm sai lch quan h ca dn ng li, tc
l lm xu kh nng iu khin chnh xc hng chuyn ng t.
3. Mt s tiu chun c bn trong kim tra h thng li
a. Tiu chun chu u
Lc trn vnh li khi c hay khng c tr lc ti a khng vt qu 600N. t
c ti trng t trn cu dn hng ln hn 3,5 tn phi c tr lc.
r vnh li cho php nh sau:
Bng. r vnh li cho php theo ECE 79-1988
161
Vmax trn bng tablo (km/h)

r vnh li cho php ()
> 100
25 100
< 25
18
27
36
b. Tiu chun Vit Nam

Bng . r vnh li cho php theo 22-TCN 224
Loi t
t con
t khch <=12 ch
t ti <=1500 kG
r vnh li cho php ()
10
t khch
>12 ch
t ti
>1500 kG
10.2.2. Cc h hng thng gp

1. C cu li
a. Mi mn c cu li
C cu li l mt cm m bo t s truyn ln trong h thng li. Thng
thng t s truyn t con nm trong khong 1423, t ti v t but khong
1832. Do vy cc v tr lm vic ca c cu li b mi mn rt nhanh, mc d trong
ch to c gng s dng vt liu c bn cao v c kh nng chu mi mn tt.
C cu li thng c kt cu c kh nn lun lun tn ti khe h ban u. Khi t cn
mi, khe h ban u trong c cu li to nn gc r vnh li. Gc r ny c
tiu chun k thut hn ch ti mc ti thiu m bo kh nng nhanh chng iu
khin xe chuyn hng khi cn thit, chng ta thng dng khi nim r vnh
li.
S mi mn trong c cu li tham gia phn ln vo vic tng r vnh li.
Vic tng r vnh li lm cho nhy ca c cu li gim, to nn s va p trong
khi lm vic v lm mt kh nng iu khin chnh xc hng chuyn ng.
S mi mn trong c cu li c th chia thnh cc dng chnh sau:
Mi mn theo quy lut thng thng, c ngha l khi chuyn ng t thng
hot ng theo hng chuyn ng thng, v vy s mi mn trong c cu li xy ra
nhiu nht ti ln cn v tr n khp trung gian, s mi mn gim dn cc vng bin.
Do vy nh gi s mi mn, chng ta thng t vnh li tng ng vi ch
t i thng v kim tra r vnh li.
Mi mn t bin xy ra do ch nhit luyn b mt khng ng u, do sai
st trong ch to. Hin tng ny xy ra theo quy lut ngu nhin v khng c nh ti
mt v tr no. Tuy nhin c th xc nh c khi chng ta nh li u v hai pha v
xc nh s thay i lc nh tay li.
S mi mn c cu li cn do nguyn nhn mn cc bi, bc ta, thiu du, m
bi trn. Hu qu ca mi mn ny l: gy nn r vnh li, tng lc iu khin
vnh li, i khi cn c th xut hin n trong khi quay vnh li.
Vi c cu li trc vt con ln s mi mn ch yu xy ra ch n khp ca
trc vt vi con ln. C cu li bnh rng thanh rng mi mn ch yu l bnh rng vi
thanh rng, cc bc ta ca thanh rng. Vi c cu li trc vt cu bi thanh rng mi
mn ch yu ti ch n khp ca thanh rng bnh rng.
b. Rn nt gy trong c cu li
162
S lm vic nng n trc ti trng va p c th dn ti rn nt gy trong c

cu li. Cc hin tng ph bin l: rn nt chn rng, gy rng. Cc h hng ny c
th lm cho c cu li khi lm vic gy nng t bin ti cc ch rn nt gy. Cc mi
mn tip theo to nn cc ht mi c kch thc ln lm kt c cu hoc tng nhanh
tc mi mn c cu li.
S mi mn v rn nt c cu li cn gy n v tng nhit cho c cu li,
tng ti tc dng ln cc chi tit trc li.
c. Hin tng thiu du, m trong c cu li
Cc c cu li lun c bi trn bng du m, Cn ht sc lu n s tht
thot du m ca c cu li thng qua s chy du m, c bit trong c cu li c xi
lanh thy lc cng chung bung bi trn. Nguyn nhn ca thiu du m c th l do
rch nt m kn, jong pht lm kn, cc bc mn to nn khe h hng tm ln m
pht khng kh nng lm kn. Hu qu dn ti l thiu du, gy mi mn nhanh,
tng n v nhit c cu li.
Trn h thng tr lc thy lc cn dn ti kh nng mt p sut du v kh
nng tr lc.
d. R lng cc lin kt v c cu li vi khung, v xe
C cu li lin kt vi khung v xe nh cc lin kit bng mi ghp bulng,
cu. Cc mi ghp ny lu ngy c hin tng t ni lng. Nu khng kp thi vn
cht th c th gy nn hin tng tng r vnh li, khi thay i chiu chuyn
hng c th gy nn ting va chm mnh, qu trnh iu khin xe mt chnh xc.
2. Dn ng li
a. i vi dn ng li kiu c kh
Mn r cc khp cu, khp tr:
Trong s dng cc khp cu, khp tr thng l nhng chi tit c kch thc
nh, lm vic trong trng thi bi trn bng m, tnh cht chu ti va p thng
xuyn, lun lun phi xoay tng i vi m hoc v, d bi bn bm vo, do vy rt
hay b mn.
Cc dng mn thng to nn cc hnh ovan khng u. Mt s khp cu c l
xo t nhm t trit tiu khe h, mt s khc khng c. Do vy khi b mn thng dn
ti tng r trong h thng li v th hin qua r vnh li.
Khi b mn ln thng gy nn va p v to nn ting n khi i chiu quay
vng, c bit nghim trng l khi mn, r lng cc khp cu, khp tr s lm thay
i gc b tr bnh xe dn hng, gy nn sai lch cc sai lch cc gc t bnh xe v
mi mn lch lp xe.
Bin dng cc n dn ng bnh xe dn hng:
Cc n dn hng u c th b qu ti trong s dng, nhng nghim trng
hn c l n ngang (hay cm n ngang) h thng li. Hin tng cong vnh n
ngang do va chm vi chng ngi vt trn ng, hoc do sai lch kch thc n
ngang u lm sai lch gc quay bnh xe dn hng. Bnh xe s b trt ngang nhiu
trn ng khi quay vng (k c bnh xe dn hng v bnh xe khng dn hng),
nh vy s gy nn kh nng iu khin hng khng cn chnh xc, lun phi gi
163
cht vnh li v thng xuyn hiu chnh hng chuyn ng, mi mn nhanh lp
xe
Cc h hng ph bin k trn l c trng tng qut cho cc h thng li, k c
h thng li c tr lc.
H hng c hn ch quay bnh xe dn hng:
Cc c hn ch s quay bnh xe dn hng thng t khu vc bnh xe, do
vy khi quay vng vi gc quay ln nht, ti trng trc tip va p ln c hn ch, c
th gy nn lng c, cong thn c. S nguy him l khi quay bnh xe tc cao s
c th lt xe. Biu hin ca h hng ny l bn knh quay vng ca t v hai pha
khng ging nhau.
Bin dng dm cu dn hng:
Dm cu trn h thng treo ph thuc ng vai tr l mt khu c nh hnh
thang li, trn dm cu c b tr cc chi tit: n bn, n ngang, tr ng lin kt vi
nhp to nn lin kt ng hc vi khung xe. Mt khc, dm cu li l b phn
ton b t. Trn dm cu dn hng khi b qu ti, do xe chuyn ng trn ng
xu c th gy nn bin dng v lm sai lch kch thc hnh hc ca cc chi tit trong
h thng treo, li. Ty theo mc bin dng ca dm cu m gy nn cc hu qu
nh:
- Mi mn lp do sai lch gc b tr bnh xe.
- Nng tay li, lc nh li v hai pha khng u do thay i cnh tay n quay
bnh xe quanh tr ng.
- Mt kh nng chuyn ng thng.
b. c im h hng i vi dn ng li c tr lc
H hng trong ngun nng lng tr lc (thy lc, kh nn):
Dng h hng ph bin l mn bm thy lc hay bm kh nn.
S mn bm thy lc dn ti thiu p sut lm vic hay tng chm p sut lm
vic. Do vy, khi nh li m ng c lm vic s vng quay nh th lc trn vnh
li gia tng ng k, cn khi ng c lm vic vi s vng quay cao th tr lc c hiu
qu r rt.
H hng bm thy lc cn do h hng bi trc v pht ra ting n khi bm
lm vic, do mn b mt u cnh bm, do du qu bn khng du cp cho bm,
do tc lc, bp ng ng dn du
Trong s dng chng ta cn gp s thiu tr lc do dy ai b chng, do thiu
du. V vy trc khi kt lun v h hng bm nht thit phi loi tr kh nng ny.
Kim sot cc hin tng ny tt nht l dng ng h o p sut sau bm, qua
lc tc dng ln vnh li cc ch lm vic ca ng c, ting n pht ra t bm.
Sai lch v tr ca van iu tit p sut v lu lng, cc cm van ny thng lp ngay
trn thn bm, do lm vic lu ngy cc van ny b r r, b kt hay qu mn. Gii
php tt nht l kim tra p sut sau bm thy lc.
S c trong van phn phi du:
Van phn phi du c th c t trong c cu li, trn cc n dn ng hay
ngay u xi lanh lc. S sai lch v tr tng quan ca con trt v v van s lm
cho vic ng m ng du thay i, dn ti p sut ng du cp cho cc bung
164
ca xi lanh lc khc nhau, gy nn tay li nng nh khi quay vng v hai pha. Cm
nhn hay lc nh tay li khng u, s iu khin t lc b mt chnh xc.
Hin tng mn con trt van c th xy ra do du thiu hay qu bn, trong
trng hp ny hiu qu tr lc gim v gy nn nng tay li.
S c trong xi lanh h thng tr lc:
Trc ht phi k n s h hng jong pht bao kn, s c ny dn n lt
du, gim p sut, mt dn kh nng tr lc, hao du.
Mn xi lanh tr lc xy ra do cn bn du ng li trong xi lanh, du ln tp
cht v nc, do mt kim loi gy nn, hu qu ca n cng lm gim p sut, mt dn
kh nng tr lc.
Trng hp c bit c th xy ra khi t va chm mnh, cong cn ca piston
tr lc, gy kt xi lanh lc, khi tay li nng v c khi b kt xi lanh lc v mt kh
nng li.
Lng v sai lch cc lin kt:
S r lng v sai lch cc lin kt trong s dng, i hi thng xuyn kim tra
vn cht.
Cc h hng thng gp k trn, c th tng qut qua cc biu hin chung v
c gi l thng s chn on nh sau:
1. r vnh li tng.
2. Lc trn vnh li gia tng hay khng u.
3. Xe mt kh nng chuyn ng thng n nh.
4. Mt cm gic iu khin.
5. Rung vnh li, phi thng xuyn gi cht vnh li.
6. Mi mn lp nhanh.
3. Cc biu hin ca t khi h hng h thng li
a. Tay li nng
i vi h thng li c tr lc khi tay li nng do bm tr lc hng hoc thiu
du, r bi, thiu du bi trn, tr ng b mn lm sai lch cc gc t bnh xe, lp
bm khng p sut.
b. Tay li b r
bi cn trong c cu li b mn, bnh vt v trc vt b mn, khp cu (r tuyn)
b mn, b r. bi moay mn, khe h tr quay ng ln.
c. Tay li nng mt bn
Piston van phn phi tr lc li chnh khng u, nhp lch mt bn.
d. Vnh tay li r dc v r ngang
bi tr v lng mn.
e. V lng tr khng v v tr cn bng
Sai gc t bnh xe: gc nghing ngang v dc ca tr ng , , do mn gy
gim hiu ng nghch t bnh xe ln vnh tay li.
165
10.2.3. Phng php, thit b chn on v iu chnh h thng li

1. Xc nh r v lc ln nht t trn vnh li
a. o r vnh li
r vnh li l thng s tng hp quan trng ni ln mn ca h thng li,
bao gm mn ca c cu li, khu khp trong dn ng li v c ca h thng treo.
Vic o r ny c thc hin khi xe ng yn, trn nn phng, coi bnh xe b
kha cng khng dch chuyn.
S dng vnh d qut c thang chia hnh 10.16 (c th kt hp vi lc k)
hay bng cm nhn trc tip ca ngi kim tra o r vnh li.
- G vnh d qut 3 ln ng bc trc tr
li 4.
- Kp kim ch ln vnh tay li 1
- xe ni bng phng v cc bnh xe
v tr i thng
- Quay nh vnh tay li ht mc v bn
phi kh ht r, xoay bng chia 3
kim ch v tr s 0. Sau o xoay nh vnh tay
li ht mc bn tri kh ht r t do. Gc
ch ca kim 2 trn vnh chia 3 s l hnh trnh
t do ca vnh tay li.
Hnh trnh t do ca nhng xe cn tt
khong (10150) vi nhng xe c <250. Nu
gi tr o c khng ng vi nhng gi tr trn
ta phi tin hnh kim tra v iu chnh tng b
phn trong h thng li.
Lc ko phi c t theo phng tip
tuyn vi vng trn vnh li.
Hnh 10. 16. Kim tra r ngang ca v lng

1-vnh tay li. 2-kim ca dng c o. 3-vnh d
qut c thang chia ca dng c o. 4-trc tr
li
Nu h thng c tr lc th ng c phi n my s vng quay nh nht.

Gi tr lc ko o r ty thuc vo loi xe, thng nm trong khong:
- i vi xe con (10 20)N, khi c tr lc (15 25)N.
- i vi xe vn ti (15 30)N, khi c tr lc (20 35)N.
r vnh li c th cho bng hay mm, ty thuc vo quy c ca nh sn
xut. V d: trn t ti ca hng HINO hoc HYUNHDAI cho r vnh li l
1535 mm.
t c tc cng cao th r vnh li yu cu cng nh. Gi tr r cho
php ban u thng c tra theo tiu chun k thut ca nh sn xut.
b. o lc ln nht t trn vnh li
- xe ng yn trn mt ng tt v phng.
- nh li n v tr gn tn cng, dng lc k o gi tr lc ti xc nh
gi tr lc vnh li ln nht. Nu xe c tr lc li th ng c phi hot ng.
- Dng lc k khi nh li hai pha khc nhau cn cho bit sai lch lc nh
li khi r phi hay tri.
166
Khi xut hin s sai khc chng t:

- mn ca c cu li v hai pha khc nhau.
- Gc t bnh xe hai pha khng u.
- C hin tng bin dng thanh n dn ng hai bnh xe dn hng.
- Lp hai bn c p sut khc nhau
c. o gc quay bnh xe dn hng
- Cho u xe ln cc b kiu mm xoay. Dng vnh li ln lt nh v hai
pha, xc nh cc gc quay bnh xe hai bn trn mm xoay chia
- Khi khng c mm xoay chia c th tin hnh kim tra nh sau: nng bnh
xe cu trc ln khi mt ng, t vnh li v bnh xe v tr i thng, nh du
mt phng bnh xe trn nn, nh li v tng pha, nh du cc mt phng bnh xe ti
cc v tr quay ht vnh li. Xc nh
cc gc quay bnh xe dn hng nh
hnh 10.17.
Trn hnh 10.17 cc gc quay
bnh xe dn hng v hai pha t, n
khc nhau, nhng cc gi tr c
hai bn bnh xe phi bng nhau.
Gc quay bnh xe ln nht ca
t v hai bn phi bng nhau v m
bo tiu chun quy nh.
Hnh 10.17. o gc quay bnh xe dn hng bng
Khi nh li v hai pha cc gc
phng php nh du
quay bnh xe khng bng nhau c th
do:
- Tr ng hay rtuyn mn.
- C cu li b mn gy kt.
- n ngang dn ng li b sai lch.
- c hn ch quay bnh xe b hng .
d. Kim tra qua ting n
t ng yn trn nn phng, lc mnh vnh li theo hai chiu nhm to xung
i chiu nghe ting n pht ra trong h thng, xc nh v tr b va p, tm hiu
nguyn nhn.
c bit cn kim tra r dc ca trc li v cc lin kt vi bung li, bng
cch lc mnh dc vnh li theo phng dc trc li.
e. Chn on khi th trn ng
+ Cho xe chy trn mt ng rng, tc thp, ln lt nh li ht v pha
tri, sau v pha phi, to nn chuyn ng rch rc, theo di s hot ng ca xe,
lc nh li, kh nng quay vng tc thp c th xc nh h hng ca h thng li
theo ton b gc quay.
+ Tin hnh kim tra tc cao, khong 50% vn tc ln nht ca t,
nhng gii hn gc quay vnh li t 300 n 500.
167
Xc nh kh nng chuyn hng linh hot qua nh gi tnh iu khin ca

t, cm nhn lc nh li trn vnh li.
H hng ca h thng li v gc kt cu bnh xe s phn nh cht lng tng
hp ca h thng li, treo, bnh xe. Trn cc xe c nhiu cu ch ng cn chu nh
hng ca h thng truyn lc.
f. Xc nh kh nng n nh chuyn ng thng khi th trn ng
Chn mt ng phng, tt, cho t chuyn ng vi vn tc cao bng khong
2/3 vn tc ln nht, t tay ln vnh li, cho xe chy thng (vnh li t v tr trung
gian), khng gi cht v hiu chnh hng khi th, cho xe chy trn on ng
1000m, xem xt lch bn ca t. Nu lch bn khng qu 3m th h thng li
v kt cu bnh xe tt, ngc li cn xem xt k hn bng cc phng php xc nh
khc.
2. Chn on h thng li lin quan ti cc h thng khc trn xe
a. Chn on h thng li lin quan ti gc t bnh xe, h thng treo
Ti trng thng ng c nh hng rt ln n qu o chuyn ng ca t,
nht l trn t con. S sai lch ln gi tr ti trng thng ng s kh m bo gi
chuyn ng ca t i thng. Khi quay vng s lm cho cc bnh xe chu ti khc
nhau v c th sau mt thi gian di gy nn mi mn lp v kh m bo quay vng
chnh xc. Nhng kt cu lin quan thng gp trn t l: thanh n nh ngang, l xo
hay nhp b yu sau thi gian di lm vic, gc b tr bnh xe b sai lch. Biu hin r
nt nht l s mi mn bt thng ca lp xe.
S mn lp xe trn b mt sau thi gian s dng ni ln trng thi ca gc t
bnh xe v tr ng. Cc gc ny chu nh hng ca cc n trong hnh thang li v
dm cu, h thng treo. V vy chn on su hn v tnh trng ca h thng li lin
quan n bnh xe cn phi loi tr trc khi kt lun.
b. Chn on h thng li lin quan n h thng phanh
Khi xe chuyn ng, lc dc (phanh, ko) tc dng ln bnh xe, nu cc lc ny
khc nhau hoc bn knh ln ca bnh xe khng ng u s gy hin tng lch
hng chuyn ng. S lch hng ny s c khc phc nu loi tr c cc
khuyt im ni trn. Trng hp loi tr c cc khuyt im ni trn m hin
tng vn cn chng t s c nm trong h thng li.
i vi xe nhiu cu ch ng, hin tng lch li cn c th do nhiu nguyn
nhn khc. c bit ch i vi h thng truyn lc m trong vi sai c khp ma
st, khi c s c ca khp ma st c th cng gy hin tng lch li hay tay li nng
mt pha.
i vi xe c h thng truyn lc kiu AWD c khp ma st gia cc cu v
thng xuyn gi cu th khi h hng khp ma st ny cng gy nn sai lch tc
chuyn ng ca hai cu v t s rt kh iu khin chnh xc hng chuyn ng.
Trong trng hp k trn c th tho cc ng truyn th chy t bng mt cu
trong thi gian ngn, nhm loi tr nh hng ca khp ma st v pht hin h hng
trong h thng li.
3. Kim tra cc gc t bnh xe dn hng
a. Xc nh cc gc t bnh xe bng dng c c kh o gc
168
S dng ng h bt nc v hp o
gc hnh 10.18 kim tra cc gc:
- Gc dong bnh xe .
- Gc nghing ngang ca tr quay
ng .
- Gc nghing dc ca tr quay ng
.
a1. Kim tra gc dong bnh xe
- Kch cu trc ln.
- Bt ng h bt nc vo bulng
bt lp v tr trn cng, quay mt ng h
xung, iu chnh ng h v tr thng
bng v song song vi mt phng ng bt
nc v tr 0 ca thang o 8, hnh 10.19.
- Quay bnh xe i 1800 xung pha
di thp nht mt ng h s quay ln, gi
tr ca bt nc dch chuyn trn thang o 8
l gc .
Hnh 10. 18 Cu to ca ng h bt nc
Vi t c h thng treo c lp c
M2142
th iu chnh c gc nh bc lch tm
v ren ca nng 2 ni thanh chng 3 vi n 1-thang o gc lch ; 2-cht xoay ca ng
h quanh trc 3; 3-trc; 4-m kp; 5,5-tay
di 1, hnh 10.20. Vi t c h thng treo
vn, tay hm; 6- thn dng c; 7-thang o
ph thuc gc khng iu chnh c.
gc lch ; 8-thang o gc lch
Nu khi kim tra khng ng tiu chun
th phi kim tra li khe h cht chuyn
hng, cong ca cu dn hng. = -50 50
Hnh 10. 20. V tr iu chnh gc

Hnh 10. 19 Kim tra gc
1-n di. 2-v tr iu chnh (bc lch

tm v ren). 3-thanh chng.
a2. Kim tra gc nghing ngang ca tr quay ng

169
Khi kim tra , phi quay bnh

xe i 1 gc, xc nh c gc quay
ngi ta thm hp o gc, dng c gm
hai a gim ma st bnh xe khi quay
7 v 8. Thn hp o 1, bng khc vch
2, kim ch 3 lin vi cht quay 4 v
khung ca thanh ta 5, hnh 10.21 Thao
tc kim tra:
Hnh 10. 21. Kim tra gc nghing ngang

1-thn hp o; 2-bng khc vch; 3-kim ch; 4cht quay; 5-khung ca thanh ta; 6-ng h
bt nc; 7,8-a gim ma st; 9-thang o gc
lch ;10-gi tr bt nc dch chuyn trn
thang o; 12-thang o gc lch ; 13-thang o
gc lch
- Kch cu trc, tng cp a di bnh xe dn hng (hai a quay mt li

tip xc vi nhau), h kch.
- Quay v lng bnh xe v tr i thng, nn bng phng.
- t cc hp o gc, lp gi ca kim 3 v khung thanh t 5 vo cht 4 lp thanh
t 5 st vo lp bnh xe.
- Lp ng h bt nc vo bu lng bt lp, quay mt ng h ln trn, iu
chnh ng h bt nc nm trong mt phng nm ngang v thanh o 7 song song
vi mt phng quay bnh xe.
- Quay v lng v bn tri mt gc 200 (nh quan st hp o), quan st gi tr
ca thang o khi bt nc dch chuyn v quay tay li v pha phi qua v tr trung
gian 200 (tng cng v hai pha l 400), quan st s dch chuyn ca bt nc.
Gi tr dch chuyn bt nc v hai pha s l gc . = 00 160
a3. Kim tra gc nghing dc ca tr quay ng
Mi thao tc o, cch lp t ng h nh kim tra gc (nhng ch : ng
h bt nc nm trong mt phng nm ngang v thang o 1 vung gc vi mt
phng quay bnh xe).
= -30 100
Nu quay bnh xe quanh cht chuyn hng 900 th s phn nh c gc ,
trn ng h, nhng thc t quay bnh xe v hai pha 400 nn ngi ta hiu chnh
thang o nh gi ng gc , khi ch cn quay bnh xe nh kim tra trn.
b. Xc nh chm
170
4
3
Hnh 10.22 Kim tra chm

1-ng trt. 2-kim ch. 3-dy xch. 4-u t
Hnh 10. 23. iu chnh chm
chm c th kim tra trn thit b o trt ngang ca bnh xe dn hng

v thng qua tr s lc trt ngang nh gi chm. Khi kim tra tr s ch trn
bng in t thng 5mm nu ln hn phi iu chnh li chm. C th dng
dng c n gin l thc o chm c th thay i c chiu di, hnh 10.22. Tin
hnh o: xe v tr i thng, nn bng phng, t thc o chm t vo ch
phnh to nht ca lp v nm trong mt phng ngang qua tm bnh xe, iu chnh si
dy xch 3 chm t. nh du phn vo v tr hai cht t 4 trn lp, quan st kim ch
ca thc khc vch (khong cch B). y xe tin v pha trc (gi v lng xe
vn chuyn ng thng) sao cho du phn chuyn v pha sau v u dy xch 3 chm
t, o khong cch gia hai im nh du phn (khong cch A)
chm = A-Bmm. Ta o nhiu ln v ly gi tr trung bnh nh gi .
Vi xe con = (1,53,5)mm, xe ti = (1,5 5)mm.
Nu chm khng ng qui nh phi tin hnh iu chnh li bng cch ni
cc bu lng hm u n ko ngang, dng cl ng thay i chiu di n ko ngang
iu chnh chm, hnh 10.23. iu chnh xong vn bu lng hm li.
c. Chn on trn b o trt ngang bnh xe tnh v ng
Khi bnh xe t nghing trn b mt ng s to nn lc ngang tc dng ln
ng. Gi tr lc ngang ty thuc vo kt cu xe v c cho bi nh sn xut. Vic
t nghing bnh xe ph thuc vo cc thng s kt cu ca n dn ng li, gc
nghing trc bnh xe v h thng treo. Thng s ny nh hng rt ln n kh nng
quay vng, n nh chuyn ng thng, lc t trn vnh li, v vy vic xc nh lc
ngang l mt thng s chn on quan trng.
Thit b o lc ngang c tn gi l thit b o trt ngang tnh bnh xe. Thit
b o trt ngang tnh c hai loi chnh: mt bn trt v hai bn trt.
S nguyn l ca thit b mt bn trt m t trn hnh 10.24.
171
Hnh 10.24. S nguyn l ca thit b o trt ngang
Thit b bao gm: bn trt ngang t bnh xe, bn trt c th di chuyn trn
cc con ln trn, nhng b gi li nh gi im ta mm bin dng bng l xo cn
bng. Lc ngang t trn bn trt, do ti trng thng ng ca bnh xe sinh ra, gy
nn bin dng l xo v dch chuyn bn trt. Cm bin o chuyn v ca l xo v ch
th trn ng h gi tr trt ngang.
Thit b c hai bn trt ngang cho php o vi ch th c lp ca tng bnh
xe, do vy c chnh xc cao hn.
Hnh 10.25. Thit b o trt ngang loi hai bn trt
Thit b o trt ngang bnh xe tnh ch thch hp cho vic chn on khi
t cn mi, mn cc khu khp khc cn nh. Nu mn h thng cu dn hng
ln, cc loi thit b ny cho s liu o khng chnh xc (khng phn nh ng trng
thi ca gc t bnh xe).
Thit b o trt ngang bnh xe ng dng thm b gy rung in kh nn
hay thy lc to nn lc ng theo phng trt ngang c tnh cht chu k, nhm m
bo nhy ca thit b.
172
Hnh 10.26. S nguyn l ca thit b o trt ngang ng
Thit b i hi thm cm x l tn hiu v cho ra thng s o, sau khi x l

cc s liu ghi li c trong qu trnh rung. Cc b thit b o ng c kh nng thay
th thit b tnh nhng gi thnh cao.
Trn mt s thit b th phanh c b tr ng thi vi thit b o trt ngang.
Thit b ny i hi qu trnh o phi tun th theo quy nh ring. Chng hn khi o
trt ngang, bn trt c nng ln, tch bnh xe khi tang trng ca b o
phanh. Gi trt c thay bng con ln c kh nng trt bn, ng thi khi th
phanh con ln ng vai tr b o tc bnh xe. Khi th phanh con ln lm vic nh
b o tc .
Ngy nay, cc thit b ny c tch ri, nhng s dng chung h thng ch th
v b tr trong cng khu vc chn on.
Hnh 10.27. B o phanh kt hp vi o trt ngang
d. Xc nh gc t bnh xe trn b th chuyn dng

S sai lch v tr b tr cc gc t bnh xe cn do mt s nguyn nhn khc,
vic chn on bng cc thit b ni trn c th khng phn nh ng cc trng thi kt
cu t bnh xe tng quan vi khung hay v.
173
Thit b o gc t bnh xe bng nh sng laser (hay hng ngoi) cho php xc
nh cc thng s kt cu
gc t bnh xe chnh
xc hn.
Thit b bao gm:
- Cc gi o lp
ti bnh xe bng cc c
cu nh v chc chn
trn vnh bnh xe. Mt
phng thng ng ca
gi chp nguyn dng v
tr ca bnh xe. Trn gi
c lp b ngun pht
Hnh.10.28. Cu to h thng o v s nguyn l
sng bng n neon laser
1-T my, 2- Gi o lp ti bnh xe.
helium. Chm tia sng
c pht ra thng qua
h thng quang hc nh hng truyn nh sng.
Pha trn u xe c t my gm: c cu thu nhn chm nh sng pht ra t cc
gi o t ti bnh xe trc v sau, c cu xc nh v tr chm tia sng laser, cc b
chuyn i digital nhm s ha cc s liu v v tr, mn hnh ch th, bn phm giao
tip, my in kt qu, cc b nh ng, cc b lu tr d liu.
Nguyn l o c thc hin nh sau:
Chm sng t gi o cc bnh sau chuyn dc thn xe v gi o bnh trc v
chuyn v t my u xe.
Chm sng t gi o bnh xe trc v chuyn v t my u xe.
Cc chm tia pht ra t cc gi tr o c ghi v lu tr trn my bao gm v
tr tng i ca cc bnh xe vi khung v xe. Cc s liu ny hin th trn mn hnh,
khi trong b lu tr c sn s liu ca xe, mn hnh c th cho php so snh d liu
v hin th mc ph hp vi s liu chun tin nh gi kt qu.
Thc hin o tin hnh theo trnh t sau:
t xe ln b nng thch hp, lp cc mm gia bnh xe v b nng, nu l bnh xe
dn hng phi lp mm xoay.
Nhn mnh u xe v ui xe h thng nm v v tr xc nh.
Lp cc gi o vo cc bnh xe v t bnh xe v tr i thng, iu chnh cc
gi tr o hng chm tia sng v t my bng cch ng t my v ng in cho
gi o.
Hiu chnh mn hnh hin th s liu ca chm tia.
Xc nh gc dong bnh xe, ghi s liu vo b nh (n phm MEMORRY).
Xc nh gc nghing ngang, gc nghing dc tr ng, chm bnh xe, bng
cch quay bnh xe dn hng i khong 200, ghi s liu vo b nh. Quay tr li bnh
xe dn hng v v tr i thng, ghi s liu vo b nh.
Cho hin th s liu.
So snh vi cc s liu chun. nh gi, kt lun.
174
Cc thng s thu c bao gm cc thng s gc t bnh xe. Thit b ny c

chnh xc cao, c th dng trong chn on trng thi k thut t con, t ti
nngkhi ang s dng, sa cha, sau s c ln nh: m, , va chm
4. Chn on v iu chnh c cu li
a. r c cu li
Chn on c cu li bng cch o r c thc hin khi kha cng phn b
ng c cu li, xc nh r trn vnh li (tng t nh xc nh r h thng li)
Kt hp vic o r h thng li, s dng phng php suy lun loi tr, xc
nh khu vc hay chi tit b mn, h hng.
b. Xc nh kh nng h hng trong ton b gc quay ca c cu li
Nng ton b bnh xe cu trc dn hng, quay vnh li ti v tr tn cng bn
phi v bn tri, pht hin cc h hng trong c cu li v r vnh li cc v tr,
c bit v tr tn cng. Vic xc nh ny c th dng cm nhn thay i lc quay
vnh li hay nh lc k.
c. iu chnh c cu li
cc c cu li kiu trc vt - con ln, qut rng v ai c-thanh rng, c hai
vic iu chnh: iu chnh khe h chiu trc ca vng bi trc vt v iu chnh s vo
khp ca qut rng v ai c-thanh rng.
Vic kim tra v iu chnh khe h chiu trc ca vng bi tin hnh nh sau: x
ht du nhn trong cacte c cu li, tch khp ni gia trc vt c cu li v trc tay
li, khp ni gia n quay ng v b tr lc thu lc.
Dng tay lc n quay ng, kim tra khe h trong cc vng bi trc vt. Nu
thy c khe h, phi tho bulng, tho np di ca cacte c cu li 1 v rt m iu
chnh ra, hnh 10.29.
Hnh 10.29. iu chnh khe h chiu trc c cu li

kiu trc vt con ln
1-Np. 2-Cc te c cu li. 3-m iu chnh
Hnh 10. 30. iu chnh khe h n khp ca trc

vt- con ln.
1-cl. 2-ai c iu chnh. 3-c hm. 4-m hm
iu chnh khe h n khp ca cp truyn ng trong c cu li: c nhiu loi

c cu li khc nhau c s dng trn cc t khc nhau, tu thuc vo kt cu c
th m c cch iu chnh khc nhau nhng nguyn tc iu chnh l:
175
- Dch chuyn dc trc n quay ng s iu chnh c khe h n khp ca

cp truyn ng trong c cu li. V d c cu li trc vt-con ln hnh 10.30. Ta tin
hnh iu chnh nh sau:
- Tho ai c hm 3.
- Ly m hm 4 ra.
- Dng cl 1 iu chnh ai c iu chnh 2.
5. Kim tra dn ng li v khc
phc khe h
a. Cc khp ni
Kt cu ca khp ni cu rt a
dng, c loi kt cu t ng iu
chnh khe h trong qu trnh lm vic,
hnh 10.31, c loi ta phi iu chnh
hnh 10.32.
C th d dng pht hin khe
h trong cc khp ni ca c cu dn
ng li bng cch lc mnh n quay
ng trong khi xoay tay li v nm tay
vo cc khp kim tra hnh10.33 (a). Hnh 10.31. Loi khp cu t ng iu chnh r
trong qu trnh lm vic
Nu khe h vt qu qui nh, hy
khc phc bng cch vn cc nt c ren ca khp ni tng ng hnh 10.29 (b). Mun
vy, phi tho cht ch nt ra, vn nt vo n ht c ri li ni nt ra n khi mt
u ca nt trng vi mt l lp cht ch.
Hnh 10. 32. Loi khp cu khng t ng iu chnh r

1-cht cu. 2-gi cht cu. 3-ai c iu chnh. 4-cht ch
176
Hnh 10. 33. Kim tra (a) v khc phc (b) khe h trong cc khp ni dn
b. Kim tra khe h cht chuyn hng

bnh xe v tr thng.
Kch cu bnh xe khng tip t.
G ng h so 1 vo dm cu 3, iu chnh u o t vo mm phanh 2, xoay
mt ng h kim ch v tr s 0.
+ Kim tra, iu chnh khe h hng trc hnh 10.34 a.
Dng cn l o khe h pha di ca dm cu vi mt cam quay, khe h ny
phi 1,5mm. Nu khe h ln hn ta phi tho cam quay khi du cu v thm m
mt u dy hn gim khe h hng trc.
+ Kim tra khe h hng knh

hnh 10.34 b.
H kch bnh xe ng trn mt t.
Tr s ch trn ng h l khe h
hng knh u. u 0,75mm, nu
khe h ln hn ta phi thay bc cht
chuyn hng mi.
Hnh 10. 34. Kim tra khe h cht chuyn hng

1- ng h so; 2- mm phanh; 3- dm cu
6. Chn on h thng li c tr lc
a. Xc nh hiu qu ca tr lc
177
t ng yn ti ch, khng n my, nh tay li v hai pha cm nhn lc

vnh li. Cho ng c hot ng cc s vng quay khc nhau: chy chm, c ti, gn
ti ln nht, nh tay li v hai pha cm nhn lc vnh li.
So snh bng cm nhn lc trn vnh li hai trng thi, bit c hiu qu
ca tr h thng lc li.
b. i vi h thng c tr lc thy lc
b1. Kim tra bn ngoi
Trc khi kim tra cht lng ca h thng tr lc thy lc cn thit phi xem
xt v hiu chnh theo cc ni dung sau:
S r r du tr lc xung quanh bm, van phn phi, xi lanh lc, cc ng ng
v ch ni.
Kim tra, iu chnh cng dy ai ko bm thy lc.
Kim tra lng du v cht lng du, nu cn thit phi b sung du.
Kim tra v lm sch li lc du nu c th.
b2. Xc nh hiu qu tr lc trn gi mm xoay
Vic xc nh hiu qu ca tr lc cn c th xc nh trn mm xoay. Trnh t
tin hnh theo hai trng thi ng c khng lm vic v ng c hot ng ch
khng ti. So snh lc nh li trn vnh li
b3. Xc nh cht lng h thng thy lc nh dng c chuyn dng o
p sut
Xc inh cht lng h thng thy lc bng cch dng ng h o p sut sau
bm, nh trn hnh 10.35.
Dng c o chuyn dng gm: mt ng ng ni thng ng du, trn c
b tr u ni ba ng dn du vo ng du o p sut, ng h ny c kh nng
o n 150 kG/cm2, pha sau l van kha ng du cung cp cho van phn phi.
Dng c ny c lp ni tip trn ng du ra c cu li.
+ Sau khi lp dng
c vo ng du, cho
ng c lm vic, ch cho
h thng nng ln ti nhit
n nh (sau 15 n 30
giy).
+ Tin hnh x ht
khng kh trong h thng
thy lc bng cch: nh
tay li v hai pha, ti cc
v tr tn cng dng vnh
li v gi ti ch khong
Hnh 10.35. o p sut bm bng dng c chuyn dng
23 pht.
+ ng c lm vic vi ch khng ti, m ht van kha ca dng c o
chuyn dng du lu thng. Xc nh p sut lm vic ca h thng trn ng h
(p1) tng ng khi t chy thng.
178
+ ng c lm vic vi s vng quay trung bnh, ng ht van kha ca

dng c kha kn ng du. Xc nh p sut lm vic ca bm khng ti trn
ng h (p2).
+ M hon ton van kha, ng c lm vic ch khng ti, quay vnh li
n v tr tn cng, gi vnh li v xc nh p sut trn ng h, p sut phi quay v
tr s p2.
V d trn t HINO FF cc gi tr o kim nh sau:
p1 = 500,5kG/cm2 ( 800 vng/pht)
p2 = 122130kG/cm2 ( 2000 vng/pht)
p3 = 122kG/cm2 ( 800 vng/pht)
Nh vic kim tra nh trn c th xc nh cht lng bm, van iu p v lu
lng, van phn phi xi lanh lc.
b4. Xc nh cht lng h thng thy lc nh quan st phn b ng
Xc nh cht lng h thng thy lc nh quan st phn b ng c th thc
hin bng cc phng php sau:
+ Cho u xe ln cc b kiu mm xoay c ghi . Dng vnh li ln lt nh
ht v hai pha, xc nh cht lng h thng thy lc nh quan st s chuyn ng
ca phn b ng:
- Nu c cu li chung vi xi lanh lc, quan st s dch chuyn ca: n ngang
li (c cu li bnh rng thanh rng), n quay ng (nu c cu li trc vt cu bi
thanh rng bnh rng)
- Nu xi lanh lc t ring, quan st s dch chuyn ca cn piston xi lanh lc.
+ Khi khng c mm xoay chia c th tin hnh kim tra nh sau: nng bnh
xe ca cu trc ln khi mt ng, quan st s chuyn ng ca phn b ng nh
trn.
c. i vi h thng c tr lc kh nn
c1. Kim tra nhanh
+ chng dy ai ko my nn kh, lin kt my nn kh vi ng c.
+ Theo di s r r kh nn tr lc khi xe ng yn v khi xe chuyn ng c
nh li.
+ Kim tra p sut kh nn nh ng h trn bng tablo: khi ng ng c,
m bo np y kh nn ti p sut nh mc (khong 8 kG/cm2) sau thi gian 2 pht.
+ Kim tra nc v du trong bnh cha kh, cng vic ny cn kim tra thng
xuyn, nu thy lng nc v du gia tng t xut cn xem xt cht lng ca my
nn kh.
c2. Kim tra my nn kh v van iu p
Xc nh cht lng my nn kh bng ng h o p sut kh nn sau my nn:
- Nu p sut qu nh (so vi p sut nh mc) th c th do my nn kh cht
lng km, h ng ng kh nn, sai lch v tr van iu p v van an ton.
- Nu p sut qu ln chng t van iu p v van an ton b hng.
c3. Xc nh cht lng h thng tr lc
179
Xc nh cht lng h thng tr lc bao gm: cm c cu li, van phn phi,

xy lanh lc: tin hnh nng cu dn hng, nh li v cc pha u n, o lc tc
dng ln vnh li theo hai chiu, quan st s dch chuyn ca cn piston lc. Nu thy
c hin tng lc vnh li khng n nh, s di chuyn ca cn piston lc. Nu thy
c hin tng vnh li khng n nh, s di chuyn ca cn piston lc khng u n
l do cm c cu li, van phn phi, xi lanh lc h hng.
10.3. CHN ON H THNG TREO

10.3.1. Nhim v v cu to
1. Nhim v
Lin kt gia dm cu vi khung hoc v t.
2. Cu to
H thng treo trn t bao gm: b phn n hi, b phn dn hng, b phn
gim chn, b phn n nh ngang thn xe.
a. Phn loi tng qut v h thng treo
H thng treo ph thuc c dm cu cng, trong bao gm: h thng treo ph
thuc n (dng cho treo mt cu) t trn cu trc hoc cu sau v h thng treo
ph thuc cn bng t trn cu kp cc cu sau t nhiu cu.
H thng treo c lp, cc dng kt cu c bn:
H thng treo n ngang bao gm: hai n ngang, mt n ngang, t trn cu
trc, cu sau.
H thng treo n dc bao gm: n dc n v n dc c thanh ngang lin
kt ch t trn cu sau.
H thng treo n cho: t trn cu sau.
b. Phn loi b phn n hi
Nhp l: loi mt l, loi nhiu l b thnh b nhp, loi i xng, loi khng
i xng. Nhp bao gm: l nhp, quang nhp, bu lng nh v, cao su gi nhp hn ch
hnh trnh.
L xo xon c: l xo tr, l xo cn, l xo xp phng, loi c tit din iu, loi
c tit din thay i
Thanh xon: thanh xon n, thanh xon ghp b, loi tit din trn, tit din
vung hay su cnh.
Ngoi ra cn c cc dng b phn n hi c bit nh: kh nn, kh nn-thy
lc-in t, n hi bng cao su, b phn n hi kt hp vi gim chn
c. Phn loi gim chn
B gim chn gm: xi lanh, piston, van v c cc loi:
Gim chn ng mt lp v c t trn t con.
Gim chn ng hai lp v thng dng c t trn t con, t ti v t but.
Gim chn ng mt lp v c kh nng dp tt dao ng rt cao, nhng li c
bn thp (bng 80% tui th ca loi hai lp v) nn ch dng trn t con c gi
thnh cao.
180
d. Kt cu thanh n nh ngang
Ty thuc yu cu v kh nng lm vic ca h thng treo trn t, m c th
c mt thanh n nh hay khng. Phn ln t con, t but v trn mt s t ti c
b tr thanh n nh ngang. Thanh n nh ngang thng b tr ngang theo cu xe v s
lm vic khi thn xe b nghing lch v mt pha, to iu kin gim gc nghing
ngang v sn u ti trng cho hai bn thng xe ca cng mt cu.
Thanh n nh c kt cu a dng, phn ln l ch U tit din trn, hnh dng
v kch thc cu to ty thuc vo yu cu gy nn m men chng lt, khng nht
thit tun th theo ti trng ca t.
3. Mt s tiu chun trong kim tra h thng treo
a. Tiu chun v n
n trn t do nhiu nguyn nhn. Cc ch tiu di y l n tng hp:
n do h thng treo, truyn lc, do ng c qua kh thi v do to nn ngun rung
ng t ng c, do cu trc thng, v xe gy nn Khi tin hnh kim tra h thng
treo c th o t xc nh mt s ln kt lun nguyn nhn.
Tiu chun v n chung cho ton xe ph thuc vo phng php o: t
microphone thu bn trong xe nhm o n trong xe, t microphone ngoi nhm o
n ngoi. Cc ch tiu di y dng cho xe mi khi xut xng.
Cc tiu chun v n yu cu o trong khi xe ng yn n my v khi xe
chuyn ng. Nhng nu n nh hng ca h thng treo cn thit kim tra
n khi xe chuyn ng. Nu c th kim tra n khi xe ng yn th c th thu c
cc thng tin loi tr nh hng ca cc thng s khc.
181
Hnh 10.36. H thng treo xe Zil 130
- Cc thng s n cho php ca ECE (N0 41; N0 51)-1984 cho cc loi t khc
nhau, khi th trn ng tt 80 km/h cho trong bng.
- Cc thng s n cho php ca Vit Nam TCVN 5948:1999 khi th trn
ng tt 50 km/h cho trong bng.
Bng. Cc thng s n cho php ca ECE

n trong ECE N0 41
Loi xe*
n ngoi ECE N0 51
n dB (A)
khng qua
Loi xe*
182
n dB(A)
khng qu
M1- t con
80
M1- t con
80
M2- t but n 5 tn
82
M2- t but c ti <3,5 tn
81
M3- t but hn 5 tn
82
M2, M3 t but c ti >3,5 tn
82
t but
82
M2, M3 t but c ng c
>147kW
85
Cc loi but
84
80
Ch thch: (*) Loi xe xem trong phn loi xe.
N2 t ti c ti <3,5 tn
81
N2, N3 t ti c ti <12 tn
86
N3 t ti c ti >12 tn ng c
>147kW
88
Bng. Cc thng s n ngoi cho php ca Vit Nam 1999.

n ngoi TCVN 5948:1999
Loi xe
n dB (A) khng qu
M1 t con
7477
M2- t but c ti <3,5 tn
7679
M2, M3 t but c ti >3,5 tn
7883
M2, M3 t but c ng c >147kW
7784
N2, N3 t ti c ti <12 tn
7883
N3 t ti c ti >12 tn ng c >147kW
7784
b. Tiu chun v bm ng ca ECE

Trong khong tn s kch ng t thit b gy rung, gi tr bm dnh bnh xe
trn nn khng nh hn 70%
Tiu chun v bm ng
10.3.2. H hng ca h thng treo

1. B phn dn hng:
Mn cc khp tr, khp cu.
Bin dng khu: n ging, b , b xoay, dm cu, nhp l, quang treo.
183
Sai lch cc thng s cu trc, cc ch iu chnh, vu gim va, vu tng

cng
Cc h hng ny s lm cho bnh xe mt quan h ng hc, ng lc hc ng,
gy nn mi mn lp nhanh, mt kh nng n nh chuyn ng, mt tnh dn hng
ca xe Ty theo mc h hng m biu hin ca n r nt hay m.
2. B phn n hi
B phn n hi quyt nh tn s dao ng ring ca t, do vy khi h hng
s nh hng nhiu ti cc ch tiu cht lng k trn.
Gim cng, hu qu ca n l gim chiu cao ca thn xe, tng kh nng va
p cng khi phanh hay tng tc, gy n, ng thi dn ti tng gia tc dao ng thn
xe, lm xu m du khi xe i trn ng xu.
B kt nhp do ht m bi trn lm tng cng, hu qu ca vic b cng
nhp lm cho t chuyn ng trn ng xu b rung xc mnh, mt m du chuyn
ng, tng lc tc dng ln thn xe, gim kh nng bm dnh, tui th ca gim chn
trn cu xe s thp.
Gy b phn n hi do qu ti khi lm vic, hay do mi ca vt liu. Khi gy
mt s l nhp trung gian s dn ti gim cng. Khi b gy cc l nhp chnh th b
nhp s mt vai tr ca b phn dn hng. Nu l l xo xon c hay thanh xon b
gy, s dn ti mt tc dng b phn n hi.
V tng cng ca h thng treo lm mm b phn n hi, tng ti trng tc
dng ln b phn n hi. V t hn ch hnh trnh cng tng ti trng tc dng ln
b phn n hi. C hai trng hp ny u gy nn va p, tng n trong h thng
treo. Cc ting n ca h thng treo s lm cho ton b thn xe hay v xe pht ra ting
n ln, lm xu mi trng hot ng ca t.
R lng cc lin kt nh: quang nhp, ai kp, gi l xou gy nn ting
n, x lch cu t, kh iu khin, nng tay li, tng n khi xe hot ng, d gy
tai nn giao thng.
3. B phn gim chn
B phn gim chn cn thit phi lm vic vi lc cn hp l nhm dp tt
nhanh chng dao ng thn xe. H hng ca gim chn dn ti thay i lc cn ny.
Tc l gim kh nng dp tt dao ng ca thn xe, c bit gy nn gim mnh
bm dnh trn nn ng.
Cc h hng thng gp l:
Mn b i xy lanh, piston. Piston xi lanh ng vai tr dn hng v cng vi sc
mng hay pht lm nhim v bao kn cc khoang du. Trong qu trnh lm vic ca
gim chn piston v xi lanh dch chuyn tng i, gy mn nhiu trn piston, lm
xu kh nng dn hng v bao kn. Khi , s thay i th tch cc khoang du, ngoi
vic du lu thng qua l tit lu, cn chy qua gia khe h ca piston v xi lanh, gy
gim lc cn trong c hai hnh trnh nn v tr, mt dn tc dng dp tt dao ng
nhanh.
H pht bao kn v chy du ca gim chn. H hng ny hay xy ra i vi
gim chn ng, c bit trn gim chn ng mt lp v. Do iu kin bi trn ca pht
bao kn v cn piston hn ch, nn s mn l khng th trnh c sau thi gian di s
dng, du c th chy qua khe pht lm mt tc dng gim chn. S thiu du gim
184
chn hai lp v dn ti lt khng kh vo bung b, gim tnh cht n nh lm vic.

gim chn mt lp v, s h pht bao kn dn ti y ht du ra ngoi v gim nhanh
p sut. Ngoi ra s h pht cn ko theo bi bn bn ngoi vo v tng nhanh tc
mi mn.
Du bin cht sau mt thi gian s dng. Thng thng du trong gim chn
c pha thm ph gia c bit tng tui th khi lm vic nhit v p sut thay
i. Gi c nht trong khong thi gian di. Khi c nc hay tp cht ha hc
ln vo d lm du bin cht. Cc tnh cht c l thay i lm cho tc dng ca gim
chn mt i, c khi lm b kt gim chn.
Kt van gim chn c th xy ra hai dng: lun m hoc lun ng. Nu cc
van kt m th lc cn gim chn b gim nh. Nu van gim chn b kt ng th lc
cn gim chn khng c iu chnh, lm tng lc cn gim chn. S kt van gim
chn ch xy ra khi du thiu hay b bn, pht bao kn b h. Cc biu hin ca h
hng ny ph thuc vo cc trng thi kt ca van hnh trnh tr hay van lm vic
hnh trnh nn, van gim ti
Thiu du, ht du u xut pht t cc h hng ca pht bao kn. Khi thiu
du hay ht du gim chn vn cn kh nng dch chuyn th nhit pht sinh trn v rt
ln, tuy nhin khi cng ca gim chn thay i, lm xu chc nng ca n. C
nhiu trng hp ht du c th gy kt gim chn, cong trc.
Do qu ti trong lm vic, cn piston gim chn b cong, gy kt hon ton
gim chn.
Nt cao su ch lin kt c th pht hin thng qua quan st cc u lin kt. khi
b v nt t chy trn ng xu gy nn va chm mnh, km theo ting n.
Cc h hng ca gim chn k trn c th pht hin thng qua cm nhn v
m du chuyn ng, nhit v ngoi gim chn, s chy du hay o trn b kim tra
h thng treo.
4. Bnh xe
Bnh xe c th c coi l mt phn trong h thng treo, cc thay i chnh
trong s dng l: p sut lp, mn, mt cn bng
5. Thanh n nh
H hng ca thanh n nh ch yu l: nt cc gi ta cao su, gim cng, h
hng cc n lin kt. Hu qu ca cc h hng ny cng tng t nh ca b phn
n hi, nhng xy ra khi t b nghing hay chy trn ng c sng ghnh.
10.3.3. Kim tra, iu chnh h thng treo

- Quan st s rn nt ca nhp, vn cht cc mi ghp: quang nhp, cc u c
nh, di ng ca nhp...
- Bi trn cho c nhp.
- o vng tnh ca nhp so snh vi tiu chun, nu khng m bo phi
thay mi.
- Kim tra mn ca c nhp, bc c nhp.
- i vi gim chn phi kim tra r r du (vi gim chn ng, r du nhiu
phi thay mi, vi gim chn n b xung du gim chn qua l b xung du), xit
cht cc mi ghp...
185
10.4. CHN ON H THNG PHANH

10.4.1. Nhim v v cu to chung ca h thng phanh
1. Nhim v
H thng phanh dng gim tc ca t cho n khi dng li hn, m
bo tnh nng an ton khi s dng t.
2. Cu to
Cu to ph thuc tng loi h thng phanh.
a. Phn loi h thng phanh
Theo kt cu
- H thng phanh thy lc: thng gp trn t con, t ti nh (tng trng
lng khng qu 12 tn) v c th chia ra:
+ Phanh thy lc n gin, gm c: bn p, xi lanh chnh, xi lanh bnh xe, c
cu phanh.
+ Phanh thy lc c tr lc bn p phanh, cc dng tr lc l: tr lc chn
khng, in t (dng cho t nh), tr lc kh nn, thy lc (dng cho t ti nh v
va).
+ Phanh thy lc c iu chnh lc phanh cho bnh xe, cc b iu chnh
thng dng l: b iu ha lc phanh n gin (trn c s van hn ch p sut cho
cc bnh xe cu sau), b iu chnh t ng chng trt lt (iu chnh s phanh theo
kh nng chng b cng bnh xe ABS)
- H thng phanh kh nn: thng gp trn t ti, t but loi va, nng v
c th chia ra:
+ Phanh kh nn n gin gm: bn p, van phanh, my nn kh, b iu p,
bnh cha kh nn, bu phanh bnh xe, c cu phanh.
+ Phanh kh nn c iu chnh lc phanh, cc b iu chnh thng dng l: b
iu chnh n gin, b iu chnh t ng chng trt lt (iu chnh phanh theo kh
nng chng b cng bnh xe ABS)
- H thng phanh thy lc kh nn: thng gp trn t ti nh v trung bnh
(tng trng lng 6 tn n khng qu 22 tn). H thng phanh loi ny dng cht
lng iu khin c cu phanh thng qua xi lanh bnh xe nh h thng phanh thy lc,
vic to p lc cho cht lng nh h thng cung cp kh nn qua van phn phi v xi
lanh kh nn. H thng ny cho php c cc u im chung ca c h thng kh nn v
h thng thy lc.
186
Hnh 10.37. S h thng phanh kh nn xe ZIL 130
Vic chia hai dng phanh c th c thc hin ti van phn phi kh nn hay
ti xi lanh chnh thy lc.
Theo s dng dn ng: dn ng iu khin mt dng, hai dng.
Theo qui chun ca quc t ch cho php dng loi dn ng iu khin hai
dng, cc dng iu khin lm vic c lp vi nhau, nhm trnh xy ra mt phanh
cng mt lc trn tt c h thng phanh, nng cao tin cy, an ton cho xe khi
chuyn ng. Cu trc hai dng c th l: c lp, song song (b tr hn hp).
Theo v tr c cu phanh: b tr trong lng bnh xe, b tr cnh cu xe.
Theo tiu chun kim tra cht lng phanh:
- Loi M: M1 cho t con, M2 cho t but c tng trng lng n 5 tn, M3
ln hn 5tn.
- Loi N dng cho t ti: N1 cho t ti c tng trng lng n 3,5 tn, N2
t 3,5 n 12 tn, N3 ln hn 12 tn.
- Loi O dng cho cc loi rmoc v bn rmoc.
b. Phn loi c cu phanh
C cu phanh dng tang trng.
C cu phanh dng a.
Kt cu ca phanh a rt a dng, cc chc nng hon thin nhiu, chng hn:
trong cc phanh a nm trn bnh xe sau thng c c cu lin ng iu khin vi
phanh tay, c cu t ng iu chnh khe h m phanh v a phanh, cm bin o tc
quay ca bnh xeDo cc h hng xy ra c th l cc biu hin khng r rng.
Vic phn tch h hng v chn on k thut cn nm chc kt cu c th ca chng.
3. Mt s tiu chun c bn trong kim tra hiu qu phanh
a. Cc yu cu c bn khi kim tra h thng phanh
187
H thng phanh l mt h thng m bo an ton chuyn ng cho t. Do vy

phi chp hnh nhng yu cu kim tra kht khe, nht l i vi t thng xuyn
hot ng tc cao. Cc yu cu sau:
- Phi m bo nhanh chng dng xe khn cp trong bt k tnh hung no. Khi
phanh t ngt, xe phi dng sau sau qung ng phanh ngn nht, tc l c gia tc
phanh cc i.
- Phi m bo phanh gim tc t trong mi iu kin s dng, lc phanh
trn bn p phi t l vi hnh trnh bn p, c kh nng r phanh khi cn thit. Hiu
qu phanh cao v phi km theo s phanh m du m bo phanh chuyn ng vi
gia tc chm dn bin i u n gi n nh chuyn ng ca xe.
- Ti thiu trn t phi c hai h thng phanh l: phanh chnh v phanh d
phng (phanh chn v phanh tay). Hai h thng u phi sn sng lm vic khi cn
thit. Dn ng phanh tay v phanh chn lm vic c lp khng nh hng ln nhau.
Phanh tay c th thay th phanh chn khi phanh chn c s c. Phanh tay dng gi
nguyn v tr xe trn ng bng cng nh trn dc nghing theo thit k ban u.
- Lc iu khin khng qu ln v iu khin nh nhng, d dng k c iu
khin bng chn hoc bng tay.
- Hnh trnh bn p phanh hoc tay phanh phi thch hp v nm trong phm
vi iu khin c th ca ngi s dng.
- H thng phanh cn c nhy cao, hiu qu phanh khng thay i nhiu
gia cc ln phanh. chm tc dng phi nh v c th lm vic nhanh chng to
hiu qu phanh t ngay sau khi va mi thi phanh.
- Khi phanh lc phanh pht sinh ra gia cc bnh xe cng mt cu phi bng
nhau, Nu c sai lch th phi nh trong phm vi cho php. Khi th phanh trn ng
phi ng qu o mong mun theo iu khin.
- Cc h thng iu khin c tr lc phanh, khi b h hng tr lc, h thng
phanh vn c iu khin v c tc dng ln t.
- m bo tin cy s dng ca t trong c h thng v cc chi tit trong h
thng, nht l cc chi tit bao kn bng vt liu cao su, nha tng hp.
- Cc c cu phanh phi thot nhit tt, khng truyn nhit ra cc khu vc lm
nh hng ti s lm vic ca cc c cu xung quanh (lp xe, moay ) phi d dng
iu chnh, thay th cc chi tit h hng.
b. Mt s tiu chun c bn trong kim tra
Cc quc gia khc nhau u c tiu chun ring cho ph hp vi mc pht
trin kinh t, chnh v vy cc tiu chun s dng u khng ging nhau. Tiu chun
c bn trong kim tra hiu qu phanh cho trong bng 10.1 ca ECE R13 Chu u, v
ca TCVN 6919-2001 Vit Nam trong trng hp lp rp, xut xng t.
+ Khi phanh xe trn ng qu o chuyn ng ca t khng lch qu 80 so
vi phng chuyn ng thng v khng b lch bn 3,50m.
+ Tiu chun kim tra cht lng phanh chn dng trong kim nh lu hnh
ca Vit Nam do b GTVT ban hnh trong bn 10.2. Tiu chun ngnh 224-2000.
Cng trong tiu chun ny yu cu cho phanh tay: khi phanh tay (phanh dng
xe) xe c dng trn dc ( dc 20%), hay lc phanh trn bnh xe kim tra trn b
th khng nh hn 16% trng lng t.
188
Tiu chun Chu u: ECE-R13

ECE-R13
Trng lng ln
t ch ngi
t con
Phanh tay
Phanh chnh (chn)
Tc ban u (v)
km/h
Cng thc tnh ton gn
ng qung ng
phanh
t ch hng
T but
t c tng trng lng
M1
M2
M3
3,5Tn
N1
>3,5tn,12T
n N2
>12Tn
N3
80
60
60
80
60
60
0,1v +
v2
150
0,15v +
v2
130
36,7
0,15v +
36,7
Qung ng phanh m
50,7
Gia tc chm dn trung

bnh m/s2
5,8
5,0
5,0
Lc bn p max N
500
700
700
Thi gian chm tc

dng max s
0,36s
0,54s
0,54s
Tc ban u phanh
(v) km/h
80
Cng thc tnh ton gn

ng qung ng
phanh
2v 2
0,1v +
150
Qung ng phanh m
93,3
64,4
Gia tc chm dn trung

bnh m/s2
2,9
2,5
Lc tay ko max N
400
60
61,2
v2
(*)
130
60
36,7
70
2v 2
0,15v +
130
36,7
50
40
2v 2
(*)
0,15v +
115
64,4
95,7
54,0
38,3
2,2
600
600
Ch thch: (*)-Cng thc tnh ton gn ng qung ng phanh ly bng n,v tnh
bng km/h
Tiu chun ngnh 22-TTN 224-2000
22-TCN 224:2000
Trng lng ln nht
t ch ngi
t con
t ch hng
t but
t ti
8,0Tn
>8,0Tn
8,0Tn
>8,0Tn
Tc ban u phanh
(v)km/h
30
30
30
30
30
Qung ng phanh m
7,2
9,5
11,0
9,5
11,0
Gia tc chm dn ln
nht m/s2
5,8
5,0
4,2
5,0
10.4.2. H hng ca h thng phanh

1. C cu phanh
a. Mn cc c cu phanh
Qu trnh phanh xy ra trong c cu phanh c thc hin nh ma st gia
phn quay v phn khng quay, v vy s mi mn ca cc chi tit m phanh vi tang
trng hay a phanh l khng trnh khi. S mi mn ny lm tng kch thc b mt
lm vic ca tang trng, gim chiu dy m phanh, tc l lm tng khe h m phanh
189
v tang trng khi khng phanh. Khi , mun phanh hnh trnh bn p phi ln ln
hoc vi h thng phanh kh nn thi gian chm tc dng s tng. Hu qu ca n l
lm tng qung ng phanh, tng thi gian phanh, gim gia tc chm dn trung bnh
ca t, chng ta thng ni l s mn c cu phanh lm gim hiu qu phanh ca
t. Nu hin tng mn xy ra cn t th nh hng ca n ti hiu qu phanh l khng
ng k, nhng khi s mi mn tng ln nhiu s dn ti gim ng k hiu qu
phanh, ng thi lm cho ngi li phi tp trung cao x l cc tnh hung khi
phanh v s nhanh chng mt mi.
S mi mn qu mc ca m phanh c th dn ti bong trc lin kt (inh tn,
hay keo dn) gia m phanh v guc phanh, m phanh c th ri vo khng gian nm
gia guc phanh v tang trng, gy kt cng c cu phanh.
S mi mn tang trng c th xy ra theo cc dng: b co xc ln trn b mt
ma st ca tang trng v lm bin ng ln m men phanh, gy mo tang trng khi
phanh v c th nt tang trng do chu ti trng qu ln.
S mi mn cc c cu phanh thng xy ra:
Mn u gia cc c cu phanh, khi phanh hiu qu phanh s gim, hnh trnh
bn p phanh tng ln (nu l h thng phanh thy lc).
Mn khng u gia cc c cu phanh, hiu qu phanh gim mnh, t b lch
hng chuyn ng mong mun, iu ny thng dn ti cc tai nn giao thng khi
phanh ngt. Cc trng thi lch hng chuyn ng thng nguy him k c khi t
chuyn ng thng, v c bit khi t quay vng v phanh gp.
b. Mt ma st trong c cu phanh
C cu phanh ngy nay thng dng ma st kh, v vy nu b mt ma st dnh
du, m, nc th h s ma st gia m phanh v tang trng s gim, tc l gim m
men phanh sinh ra. Thng thng trong s dng do m t moay , du t xi lanh bnh
xe, nc t bn ngoi xm nhp vo, b mt m phanh, tang trng chai cng lm
mt ma st trong c cu phanh. S mt ma st xy ra khng ng thi trn cc c cu
phanh nn s lm gim hiu qu phanh v gy lch hng chuyn ng ca t khi
phanh. Trng hp ny hnh trnh bn p phanh khng tng, nhng lc trn bn p
d c tng cng khng lm tng ng k m men sinh ra.
Nu b mt ma st b nc xm nhp th c th sau mt s ln phanh nht nh,
m men phanh sinh ra s phc hi li trng thi ban u.
c. B kt c cu phanh
C cu phanh cn thit phi to cho bnh xe ln trn khi khng phanh. Trong
mt s trng hp c cu phanh b b kt do: bong tm ma st gc phanh, h hng cc
c cu hi v, do iu chnh khng ng, vt l ri vo khng gian lm vic S b
kt c cu phanh cn c th xy ra trn c cu phanh c phanh tay v phanh chn lm
vic chung trong cng mt c cu phanh.
S b kt c cu phanh s gy mi mn khng theo qui lut, ph hng cc chi
tit c cu, ng thi lm mt kh nng chuyn ng ca t tc cao. S b
phanh khi khng phanh lm tng ma st khng cn thit, nung nng cc b mt ma st
trong c cu phanh, do vy h s ma st gim v gim hiu qu phanh khi cn phanh.
Khi c hin tng ny c th pht hin thng qua s ln trn ca t hay kch bnh xe
quay trn, qua ting chm pht ra trong c cu
190
2. Dn ng iu khin phanh
a. i vi dn ng iu khin thy lc
Khu vc xi lanh chnh:
- Thiu du phanh.
- Du phanh ln nc.
- R r du phanh ra ngoi, r r du phanh qua cc jong, pht bao kn bn
trong.
- Du phanh b bn, nhiu cn lm gim kh nng cp du hay tt l cp du t
bung cha du ti xi lanh chnh.
- Sai lch v tr cc piston du do iu chnh khng ng hay do cc s c khc.
- Nt hay hng cc van du.
- Co xc hay r b mt lm vic ca xi lanh.
ng ng dn du bng kim loi hay bng cao su:
- Tc bn trong, bp bn ngoi ng ng dn.
- Thng hay nt, r r du ti cc ch ni.
Khu vc cc xi lanh bnh xe.
- R r du phanh ra ngoi, r r du phanh qua cc jong, pht bao kn bn
trong.
- Xc hay r b mt lm vic ca xi lanh.
H hng trong cm tr lc: bao gm cc h hng ca:
- Ngun nng lng tr lc (ty thuc vo dng nng lng truyn: chn
khng, thy lc, kh nn, hoc t hp thy lc-kh nn, in). V d: h hng ca
bm chn khng, my nn kh, bm thy lc, ngun in, ng ng dn, li lc,
van iu p
- Van iu khin tr lc: mn, nt cc b mt van, sai lch v tr, khng kn kht
hay tt hon ton cc l van
- Cc xi lanh tr lc: sai lch v tr, khng kn kht, r rc bit s h hng
do cc mng cao su, cc vng bao kn s lm cho xi lanh tr lc mt tc dng, thm
ch cn cn tr li hot ng ca h thng.
- Cc c cu b phn lin kt gia phn tr lc v phn dn ng iu khin,
gy nn sai lch hay ph hng mi tng quan ca cc b phn vi nhau.
Khi xut hin cc h hng trong phn tr lc c th dn ti lm tng ng k
lc bn p, cm nhn v lc bn p tht thng, khng chnh xc. Trn t c tr
lc phanh, khi c cc s c trong phn tr lc s cn dn ti gim hiu qu phanh, hay
gy b kt bt thng c cu phanh.
H hng trong cm iu ha lc phanh: mn, nt cc b mt van, sai lch v tr, khng
kn kht hay tc hon ton cc l van
b. i vi dn ng phanh kh nn
Dn ng phanh kh nn yu cu kn kht cao, do vy ph bin nht l s r
r kh nn, thng gp tt c mi v tr trn h thng.
My nn kh v van iu p c cc h hng thng gp sau:
191
- Mn bung nn kh: sc mng, piston, xi lanh.

- Mn hng cc b bc hay bi trc khuu.
- Thiu du bi trn.
- Mn, h van mt chiu.
- Chng dy ai.
- Kt van iu p ca h thng.
ng ng v bnh cha kh nn:
- Tc ng ng dn.
- Du v nc ng li.
Van phn phi, van ba ng, cc u ni:
- Kt cc van lm mt hiu qu dn kh.
- Nt hng cc mng cao su.
- Sai lch v tr lm vic.
Cm bu phanh bnh xe:
- Thng cc bt cao su.
- Gy l xo hi v cc bt cao su.
- Sai lch v tr lm vic.
Cc cm quay c cu phanh:
- B kt cc c cu do va chm hay kh m bi trn.
- Sai lch v tr lin kt
- Mn mt bin dng cam.
3. Cc thng s chn on c bn
Qua phn tch v lit k cc h hng trong h thng phanh c th dn ti cc
thng s biu hin kt cu chung nh sau:
- Gim hiu qu phanh: qung ng phanh tng, gia tc chm dn trung bnh
nh, thi gian phanh di.
- Lc phanh hay m men phanh bnh xe khng m bo.
- Tng hnh trnh t do bn p phanh.
- Phanh trn ng thng nhng xe b lch hng chuyn ng.
- Khng ln trn khi khng phanh
4. Cc biu hin ca t khi h hng h thng phanh
a. Phanh khng n
Do tr lc khng hiu qu.
Khe h m phanh v tang trng ln
M phanh dnh du, m phanh b t, tang trng b cc vt rnh vng, m
phanh p khng ht ln tang trng. M phanh b chai cng.
i vi phanh du:
Lt kh trong ng ng thu lc, du phanh b chy, piston ca xi lanh phanh
chnh b kt. Piston xi lanh con b kt, ng ng du bn, tc. Thiu du.
192
i vi phanh kh:
p sut trong bu phanh khng , b iu chnh p sut khng lm vic, dy
cua roa b chng lm p sut gim, van ca my nn b h, sc mng ca my nn b
mn, li lc khng kh vo my nn b tc, van an ton ca my nn iu chnh sai,
van ca tng phanh b mn, bu phanh khng kn, ng ng dn kh b h. iu
chnh cm phanh khng ng, mng trong bu phanh b chng.
b. Phanh b dt
L xo ko cc guc phanh b gy, m phanh b gy, khe h m phanh v trng
phanh khng ng qui nh nh qu, gi m phanh mn, trc tri o b r, tang
trng b o, bi moay b r.
Bn p khng c hnh trnh t do: Khng c khe h gia m phanh v tang
trng, piston xi lanh phanh bnh xe b kt. Khe h gia cn piston v piston ca xi
lanh chnh qu ln.
c. Phanh n khng u cc bnh xe
Piston ca xi lanh bnh xe b kt (phanh du), iu chnh sai cam nh (phanh
kh), m phanh v tang trng b mn, iu chnh sai khe h tang trng, m phanh.
d. Phanh b b
Guc phanh b dnh vo trng, l xo tr guc phanh b gy, m phanh b trc ra
khi guc phanh. L b xung du xi lanh chnh b bn, tc. Vng cao su ca xi lanh
chnh b n ra, kt. Piston xi lanh chnh b kt.
e. C ting ku trong trng phanh
M phanh mn qu, b chai cng, l xo trong guc phanh b gy.
f. Mc du gim
Xi lanh chnh b chy du, xi lanh bnh xe b chy du.
10.4.3. Kim tra, iu chnh h thng phanh

1. Xc nh hiu qu phanh
a. o qung ng phanh trn ng
Chn on ng phng di, mt ng kh c h s bm cao, khng c
chng ngi vt. Ti 1/3 qung ng cm cc ch th im bt u t chn ln bn
p phanh.
Cho t khng ti gia tc n tc qui nh (v), duy tr tc ny cho n v
tr cc tiu phanh. Ti v tr cc tiu ct ly hp, t chn ln bn p phanh v phanh
ngt. Khi phanh, gi yn v tr bn p phanh, vnh li trng thi i thng. Ch cho
t dng li.
o khong cch t cc tiu n v tr t dng, khong cch ny l qung
ng phanh. So snh vi ch tiu nh gi.
Phng php ny kh thun li, khng i hi nhiu thit b, nhng nhc
im l chnh xc khng cao, qu trnh o ph thuc vo mt ng v trng thi
p phanh, d gy nguy him khi th trn ng.
b. o gia tc chm dn, thi gian phanh trn ng
193
Phng php ny tng t nh trn, nhng cn c dng c o gia tc vi

chnh xc 0,1m/s2 v xc nh bng gi tr gia tc phanh ln nht trn dng c o. o
gia tc chm dn ln nht l phng php cho chnh xc tt, c th dng nh gi
cht lng h thng phanh, v dng c o nh gn (gn trn knh t).
Vic tin hnh o thi gian phanh cn ng h o thi gian theo kiu bm giy
vi chnh xc 1/10 giy. Thi im bt u bm giy l lc t chn ln bn p
phanh, thi im kt thc l lc t dng hn.
c. o lc phanh hoc mmen phanh trn b th
Dng c bn ca thit b o hiu qu phanh thng qua vic o lc phanh bnh
xe bng b th con ln.
B th phanh bao gm ba phn chnh: b o, t iu khin v ng h ch th.
B o l mt thit b i xng. B o bao gm hai tang trng c dn ng quay nh
ng c in thng qua mt hp s. V hp s c lin kt vi v ng c in v
cng quay trn hai . Trn v hp s c gn tay n o m men cm ng ca
stator. Do vy khi c lc cm ng sinh ra trn v ng c in th v hp s s quay i
mt gc nh to nn cm bin o m men cm ng v th hin bng chuyn v o lc.
Gia hai tang trng c b
tr con ln o tc di
ca bnh xe, nhm xc
nh o tc bnh xe v
kh nng ln trn. Pha
trc b o c t b o
trng lng t ln cc
bnh xe.
Mn hnh hin th
cho bit lc o ti cm
bin o lc, biu th m
men cm ng stator. Khi
phanh ti trng thi gn b
Hnh 10.38. S nguyn l b th phanh t
cng ( trt bnh xe
khong 25 n 50%), m men cm ng ln nht v thit b khng hin th cc gi tr
tip sau.
T in bao gm mch in, r le t ng iu khin, my tnh lu tr v hin
th s liu.
Quy trnh o c xc nh bi nh ch to thit b, bao gm cc trnh t sau
y: t khng ti, sau khi c kim tra p sut lp, cho ln t t ln b th, qua
bn o trng lng, vo gi tang trng. ng c hot ng nhng tay s v tr
trung gian. Bnh xe phi c inh trn tang trng. Khi ng ng c ca b th, lc
ny do ma st ca tang trng vi bnh xe, bnh xe ln trn tang trng. Ngi li p
phanh nhanh, u cho n khi bnh xe khng quay c v kim ch th ca ng h b
th khng tng ln c na. Qu trnh kt thc v cho bnh xe cu sau tip tc vo b
o. Khi o cc bnh xe cu sau thng kt hp o phanh tay.
Cc loi b th c th ch th s tc thi hay lu tr ghi li qu trnh thay i lc
phanh trn cc bnh xe. Kt qu o c bao gm:
194
- Trng lng t t ln cc bnh xe.

- Lc phanh ti cc b mt tip xc bnh xe vi tang trng theo thi gian .
- Tc di ca bnh xe theo thi gian.
Cch tnh ton x l s liu
- Sai lch tuyt i v tng i ca trng lng gia hai bn.
- Sai lch tuyt i v tng i ca lc phanh gia hai bn.
- Lc phanh n v: l lc phanh chia cho trng lng ca tng bnh xe.
- Tc gc ca tng bnh xe theo thi gian.
- trt ca tng bnh xe theo thi gian.
Kt qu tnh ton v hin th bao gm:
- Trng lng ca t t ln cc bnh xe, sai lch tuyt i v tng i gia
hai bn.
- Lc phanh ti cc b mt tip xc ca bnh xe trn cng mt cu, sai lch
tuyt i v tng i gia hai bn.
- Qu trnh phanh (lc phanh) theo thi gian.
- khng ng u ca lc phanh sinh ra trong mt vng quay bnh xe tnh
bng % ( mo ca tang trng).
- Lc phanh ca cc bnh xe cu sau khi phanh bng phanh tay.
- T l lc phanh v trng lng trn mt bnh xe (%).
- Gi tr sai lch ca lc phanh gia hai bnh xe trn cng mt cu, dng
nh gi kh nng n nh hng chuyn ng khi phanh.
Qua cc thng s ny cho bit: cht lng tng th ca h thng phanh, gi tr
lc phanh hay m men phanh ca tng bnh xe. Khi gi tr lc phanh ny nh hn tiu
chun ban u th c cu phanh c th b mn, h thng dn ng iu khin c s c,
hay c cu phanh b b cng (kt). Tuy nhin, kt qu khng ch r h hng hay s c
khu vc no, iu ny ph hp vi nh gi cht lng tng th ca h thng phanh,
thng qua thng s hiu qu.
Kt qu ca vic o phanh trn b th cho t con ghi li trn giy trong hnh
10.39.
195
Hnh 10.39. V d kt qu o phanh t con
2. o lc phanh v hnh trnh bn p phanh

Vic o lc phanh v hnh trnh bn p phanh c th tin hnh thng qua cm
nhn ca ngi iu khin. Song chnh xc cc gi tr ny c th dng lc k o lc
v thc o chiu di, khi xe ng yn trn nn ng.
196
Khi o cn xc nh: lc phanh ln nht t trn bn p phanh, hnh trnh t

do ca bn p phanh, khong cch ti sn khi khng phanh hay hnh trnh ton b
bn p phanh, khong cch cn li ti sn.
Hnh trnh t do ca bn p phanh c o vi lc bn p nh khong (20
50)N, gi tr nh vi t con, gi tr ln vi t ti. Hnh trnh ton b c o khi
p vi lc bn p khong (500 700)N.
Lc phanh ln nht trn bn p c o bng lc k t trn bn p phanh,
ng vi khi p ht hnh trnh ton b.
Cc gi tri o c phi so snh vi tiu chun k thut ca nh sn xut. Mt
s s liu cho trong bng 6.3.
Khi hnh trnh t do ca bn p phanh qu ln hoc qu nh v hnh trnh
ton b bn p phanh thay i chng t c cu phanh b mn, c sai lch v tr n
dn ng.
Khi lc phanh ln nht trn bn p qu ln chng t c cu phanh b kt, hoc
c h hng trong phn dn ng.
3. o lc phanh v hnh trnh cn ko phanh tay
Mt s s liu ca hnh trnh bn p phanh, phanh tay
Mc t
Phanh chn
A
HINO FC
34
HINO FF
Phanh tay
D
Ting tch
70100
36
1030
Van kha
194204
KAMAZ
2030
100130
HUYNDAI
1216
CROWN
16
125135
810
MAZDA
36
5070
47
TOYOTA
4WD
36
6070
57
A-hnh trnh t do; B- khong cch ti sn; D- khong cch cn li ti sn.

Khi o cn xc nh: lc phanh ln nht t trn cn ko phanh tay, hnh trnh
ton b cn ko. Thng thng trn phanh tay c c cu cc hm, v vy dng ting
tch xc nh. S lng ting tch cho bi nh ch to, tham kha bng 6.3.
4. o hiu qu ca phanh tay
a. Trn b th phanh
Tng t nh th phanh chn, c th ng thi tin hnh khi th phanh cho cu
sau. Thng s cn xc nh bao gm:
Lc phanh trn cc bnh xe.
Hiu qu phanh o bng lc phanh n v (TCVN 5658-1999) khng nh hn 20%
trng lng t ln cu sau.
S lng ting tch theo yu cu ca nh sn xut.
197
b. Kim tra trn ng phng

Chn mt ng nh trnh by khi th phanh chn trn ng. Cho t chy thng
vi tc 15km/h, ko nhanh u phanh tay. Qung ng phanh khng c ln hn
6m, gia tc khng nh hn 2m/s2, t khng lch khi qu o thng.
Vi t con c th cho t ng yn ti nn ng phng, ko phanh tay, dng t 4
n 5 ngi y xe v trc, xe khng ln bnh l c.
c. Kim tra trn dc
Chn mt ng tt c dc 200. Cho t dng trn dc bng phanh chn, tt
my, chuyn v s trung gian, ko phanh tay, t t nh phanh chn, xe khng b tri l
c.
5. Xc nh s khng ng u ca lc hay m men phanh
a. Bng cch o trn b th (chn on) phanh
S khng ng u ny c th xc nh c lp ca tng lc phanh sinh ra trn
cc bnh xe (nh nu trn nh kt qu o ghi).
b. Bng cch th xe trn ng
Cc cng vic chnh tin hnh nh sau:
Chn mt ng tt kh, c nhn v bm gn ng u, chiu di khong 150m,
chiu rng mt ng ln t 4 n 6 ln chiu rng thn xe. K sn trn nn ng
vch chun tim ng, cm mc tiu v tr bt u phanh. Cho xe chuyn ng thng
vi vn tc qui nh v phanh ngt, gi cht vnh li.
Thng qua trng thi dng xe xc nh lch hng chuyn ng t, o
chiu di qung ng phanh AB, v lch qu o BC.
Hnh Xc nh lch hng chuyn ng ca t khi phanh
Tr s lch hng ny c th ly bng gi tr trung bnh ca lch ngang thn

xe trn chiu di qung ng phanh, n biu th s khng ng u ca mmen
phanh trn cc c cu phanh, do mn hoc do h hng trong cc ng dn ng
(dng dn ng phanh). iu kin th nh vy c ngha khi xem xt an ton chuyn
ng m khng ch r s khng ng u cho cc bnh xe. Theo TCVN 224-95
lch qu o khi phanh vn tc qui nh (30m/h vi t ti, but, 40km/h vi t
con) khng qu 8 hay 3,5m.
Trc khi th cn ch mt s vn sau:
- Xe khng ti hoc c ti b tr i xng qua mt ct dc tm xe.
- Kim tra cht lng bnh xe, p sut lp, iu chnh ng gc kt cu bnh
xe.
198
Trn cc t khng c b iu chnh lc phanh, bnh xe v mt ng c cht

lng tt, ng u c th xc nh qua vt lt ca cc bnh xe xc nh s khng
u ny.
6. Chn on c cu phanh
C cu phanh c chn on thng qua cc biu hin chung khi xc nh trn
ton xe. Hiu qu v chnh xc hn c l nh vic xc nh lc phanh hay m men
phanh cc bnh xe bng b th.
Trn cc xe ti ln v trung bnh s dng phanh tang trng c l kim tra khe h m
phanh tang trng xc nh trng thi.
Quan st:
- Bng mt thy cc hin tng r r du phanh khu vc xi lanh bnh xe.
- S hot ng cam quay h thng phanh kh nn.
Kim tra s ln trn bng cch kch nng v quay cc bnh xe, xc nh s va
chm ca m phanh vi tang trng hoc a phanh.
Kim tra s r r kh nn, khi p phanh.
Kim hin tng b phanh bng cch xc nh nhit ca tang trng hoc a
phanh sau khi th phanh trn ng, qua mi kht chy ca tm ma st (mi kht c
trng).
Kim tra s ln trn ton bnh xe khi th trn ng bng, ct ly hp hay nh s v s
0. Nhn xt v nh gi theo kinh nghim s dng.
i vi c cu phanh c t im ring c th kim tra:
a. C cu phanh thy lc
Kch bnh xe, kim tra trng thi b cng bnh xe ln lt qua cc trng thi:
phanh bng phanh chn, phanh bng phanh tay, khi thi phanh.
Hnh 10. 40. Kt cu c cu phanh du

1-ng ng dn. 2-xi lanh ph. 3-vt x gi. 4-m guc phanh. 5-piston xi lanh ph. 6-l xo hi v guc
phanh. 7-trng phanh (tang trng). 8-guc phanh. 9-cupen vnh khn. 10-l xo gin cch. 11-cam lch tm
iu chnh khe h pha trn. 12-cht lch tm iu chnh khe h pha di.
Khe h gia m phanh v tang trng (a phanh) c nh hng n hnh trnh

t do v hiu qu phanh, kh nng n nh, dn hng khi phanh.
199
Hnh 10. 41. iu chnh khe h gia m phanh v

trng phanh i vi phanh du
1-cam lch tm. 2-tang trng. 3-m phanh. 4-guc
phanh. 5-cn l. cht lch tm.
Hnh 10.42. X khng kh trong xi lanh bnh xe

1-c x kh. 2-ng cao su. 3-bnh cha du phanh.
Kim mc du v b sung du trong tng bm: mc du trong tng bm nu

cao qu d tro gy lng ph, nu thp khi xe ln hoc xung dc d lm lt kh vo
trong ng ng dn lm phanh khng n. Mc du o t mt thong n mt l
du l (15 20)mm. Nu thiu b xung du phanh ng chng loi, m hiu, s lng.
Kim tra iu chnh khe h gia m phanh v tang trng
Khe h gia m phanh v tang trng c o pha trn v pha di (cch u
mt khong 15 20mm) ca m phanh v tang trng nh cn l 5 hnh 10.41.
Phanh khng t cng ho
Loi phanh
khe h pha trn
khe h pha di
i vi phanh du
(0,2 0,25)mm
0,12mm
i vi phanh hi
(0,4 0,5)mm
0,2mm
Nu khe h ny khng ng qui nh hoc khc nhau cc bnh xe ta phi tin

hnh iu chnh bng cch xoay cam lch tm 11 v cht lch tm 12, hnh 10.40
X kh trong xi lanh bnh xe, hnh 10.42
- Mt ngi di, dng on ng cao su mt u cm vo nt x du, mt
u cm vo bnh cha.
- Mt ngi ngi trn ca bin p phanh, nh phanh. p- nh nhiu ln n khi
cng chn phanh v gi nguyn.
- Ngi ngi di ni c x kh 1/2 3/4 vng s thy du v bt kh chy ra
bnh cha. n khi thy ch c du chy ra th vn cht c x, ngi ngi trn nh
chn phanh.
b. C cu phanh a
Trn t con dng phanh a c gn thm ming kim loi bo ht m phanh,
khi mn ti gii hn phi thay, ming kim loi ny s c st vi a phanh te tia la
v pht ting va chm bo hiu. Ting va chm c st ny c th nhn bit c khi
phanh hay quay khi kch nng bnh xe.
c. C cu phanh kh nn
200
C cu phanh guc cam quay c bu phanh tch nng v t ng iu chnh khe

h m phanh tang trng.
C cu phanh loi ny dng ph bin trn xe but, xe ti hin i, khi kim tra
cht lng cn phi tin hnh cho ng c n my ti p sut kh nn lm vic, m
van phanh tay, ri mi xc nh kh nng ln trn ca bnh xe.
iu chnh khe h pha di gia m phanh v tang trng
iu chnh khe h pha di tin hnh c lp cho tng m phanh nh quay
u bu lng 7 s xoay cht lch tm 8 lm thay i khe h pha di gia m phanh v
tang trng, hnh 10.43
Hnh 10. 43 Kt cu c cu phanh kh

1-m phanh. 2-l xo hi v guc phanh. 3-guc phanh. 4-vng hm. 5-thanh ni. 6-cam phanh. 7-bu
lng iu chnh lin vi trc lch tm. 8-trc lch tm iu chnh khe h pha di gia m phanh
v tang trng
iu chnh khe h pha trn gia m phanh v tang trng hnh 10.45 v hnh
10.45
- Xoay trc vt 2, ren vt 3 quay, lm vnh rng 4 quay, lm cho trc cam lp
then hoa vi then pha trong ca vnh rng quay lm cam 5 xoay i mt gc, hoc y
hai guc phanh i ra (gim khe h) hoc lm hai guc st vo (tng khe h).
201
Hnh 10. 44. iu chnh khe h pha trn

1-c lm lin vi nhau to thnh gi v
n y. 2-trc vt. 3-rng vt. 4-vnh rng. 5trc cam lch tm.
Hnh 10.45. iu chnh phanh bnh xe dn ng kh

nn
Vi c cu phanh hi khng th iu chnh c lp tng m phanh cho nn yu

cu mn ca hai m phanh ca cng mt c cu phanh phi nh nhau, mi c khe
h gia m phanh v tang trng nh nhau khi iu chnh
Thng thng khi iu chnh khe h ngi ta tin hnh theo kinh nghim:
- Kch cu ln.
- Quay bnh xe ta tin hnh iu chnh: vn cht cht lch tm bnh xe
ngng quay sau ni ra t t bnh xe quay c v khng chm st m phanh l
c, tin hnh iu chnh cht lch tm ca m phanh bn kia cng tng t.
Tin hnh iu chnh khe h pha trn nh cam lch tm hoc trc vt quay cam
phanh cng tng t nh iu chnh khe h pha di.
7. Chn on h thng dn ng phanh
Ngoi cc vic xc nh cc thng s chung nh gi hiu qu phanh khi tin
hnh chn on cc loi h thng phanh khc nhau cng c cc biu hin khc nhau.
a. i vi phanh thy lc
Do c truyn nng lng iu khin c cu phanh l cht lng nn khi chn
on cn thit phi xc nh trng thi k thut ca h thng thng qua:
S r r cht lng dn ng.
S lt kh vo h thng dn ng.
H hng cc van iu tit cht lng.
Vn bao kn cc khu vc khng gian cha cht lng.
202
Vic chn on c th tin hnh bng vic quan st bng mt cc vt r r ca

du phanh. Song tt nht l dng ng h o p sut nhng v tr c th o c nh
sau: sau xi lanh chnh, xi lanh bnh xe.
Hin tng gim p sut so vi tiu chun c th l do cc nguyn nhn nu
trn, nht l hin tng h hng do mn cc jong, pht bao kn cc khng gian cha
cht lng. ng thi cng cn ch thm nhng nguyn nhn:
Do sai lch cc n dn ng.
Tc, bp ng dn du.
V ng ng.
Thiu du hoc tc l du ti bnh cha du
a1. Vi h thng phanh c b iu ha lc phanh
Tin hnh kim tra p sut cht lng sau b iu ha nh trn hnh 10.46. S
dng cc ng h o c tr s ln nht n 100kG/cm2. Vic o c tin hnh nh
tho cc ng ng dn du ra cc cu, lp vo cc ng h o p sut, x khng
kh trong h thng v b sung du phanh. Khi o, p phanh v theo di s tng p
sut du v xc nh p sut ng du ra cu sau trn b iu chnh lc phanh hai
trng thi:
Tng ng mc bn p chn phanh nh, khi b iu ha cha thc hin
iu chnh (vi p sut nh), p sut dn ra cu sau v cu trc l nh nhau.
Tng ng vi mc bn p chn phanh ln, khi b iu ha thc hin iu
chnh (vi p sut cao), p sut dn ra cu cu sau thp hn p sut dn ra cu trc.
Khi b iu ha c mt ng dn du ra cu sau ch cn dng mt ng h o
p sut ra cu sau.
Vic nh gi kt qu ty thuc vo thng s chun do nh ch to qui nh v
bng s liu dng i chiu cho trong bng (i vi mt t con). Nh vic o p
sut c th xc nh kh nng lm vic ca b iu ha trn t. Cc thng s kim
tra p sut ca b iu ha trn cc xe cng loi c th khng ging nhau, v vy cng
vic ny cn c ti liu c th. Mt b s liu ca xe s dng ti c ca hng
TOYOTA cho trong bng.
Hnh 10.46. Chn on s lm vic ca b iu ha lc phanh
S liu kim tra s lm vic ca b iu ha lc phanh

203
p sut sau xi lanh chnh
p sut ra cu sau
15kG/cm2(213psi=1,471kPa)
15kG/cm2(213psi=1,471kPa)
80kG/cm2(1138psi=7,845kPa) 39kG/cm2(555psi=3,825kPa)
a2. Vi h thng phanh c tr lc chn khng
Cc h hng xut hin trong h thng tr lc thng l:
- Hng van mt chiu ni gia ngun chn khng v xi lanh tr lc.
- Van m tr lc b mn, nt, h.
- Mng cao su b thng.
- H thng b h.
- Du phanh lt vo xi lanh.
- Tc, bp do s c bt thng.
- Ngun chn khng b hng (trn ng c phun xng, hay ng c diesel).
Cc biu hin xut hin nh sau:
- R r du phanh khu vc b cng ha.
- Lc trn bn p tng cao.
- Hnh trnh t do ca bn p b gim nh.
- Hiu qu cng ha khng cn.
Phng php chn on
- N my p phanh ba ln t c hnh trnh ng nht.
- Khi ng c khng lm vic, o hnh trnh t do, t chn ln bn p phanh,
gi nguyn chn trn bn p, n my, bn p phanh c xu hng tht xung mt
on nh na chng t h thng cng ha lm vic tt, nu khng h thng c h
hng.
- o lc t trn bn p ti khi t gi tr ln nht, so vi gi tr tiu chun,
khi lc bn p ln chng t h thng c h hng phn ngun chn khng (my ht
chn khng hng, h ng ng chn khng ti xi lanh cng ha) hay van mt chiu.
Khi lc bn p tng qu cao chng t h thng cng ha b mt hiu qu.
- Khi lm vic c hin tng mt cm gic ti bn p phanh: c giai on qu
nng hay qu nh (hng chn phanh) chng t van cng ha sai lch v tr hoc hng
(mn, n, nt van bng cao su).
- Khi phanh c hin tng mt ht cm gic ti bn p phanh, mun r phanh
m khng c, chng t van mt chiu b kt, v tr van cng ha bi sai lch.
- Trn ng c xng c ch ha kh khi b h ng chn khng, c th dn ti
khng n my c, hay ng c khng c kh nng chy chm.
- H cng ha lm vic tt khi dng xe, tt my, hiu qu cng ha cn duy
tr c trong 2,3 ln p phanh tip theo.
b. i vi h thng phanh kh nn
H thng phanh kh nn ngoi vic o c cc thng s chung trn cn cn
thit phi:
Xc nh s r r kh nn trc v sau van phn phi.
204
Tc ng ng dn.
Kt cc van lm mt hiu qu dn kh.
H hng cc mng xi lanh.
Bm kh nn khng kh nng lm vic.
Khi xc nh: cho ng c lm vic, ch h thng kh nn lm vic p sut
yu cu trong khong (5,5 8,0)kG/cm2, sau :
Kim tra s r r qua vic xut hin ting kh nn lt qua khe h hp trc v
sau lc p phanh.
Kim tra s hot ng ca cc c cu cam quay ti khu vc bnh xe.
kn kt ca h thng c th pht hin lc dng xe, tt my, ng h ch th
p sut phi duy tr c p sut trong mt thi gian di nht nh, khi c hin tng
tt nhanh p sut chng t h thng b r, k c khi h phanh tay lin ng qua h kh
nn.
Cc h hng trong my nn kh l:
Mn bung nn kh: sc mng, piston, xi lanh.
Mn, h van mt chiu.
Mn hng b bc, hoc bi trc khuu.
Thit b bi trn.
Chng dy ai
Kt van iu p h thng.
Cc h hng trn c th pht hin thng qua cc biu hin sau:
Kim tra iu chnh chng ca dy ai ko bm hi.
Xc nh lng v cht lng bi trn.
p sut kh nn thp do kt van hoc my nn kh b mn, hng.
Thng xuyn x nc v du ti bnh tch ly kh nn, theo di lng du x
ra xem xt kh nng lm vic ca my nn, nu lng du nhiu qu mc th cn
tin hnh kim tra cht lng ca my nn kh. Khi tin hnh phanh lin lc 3 ln
gim p sut cho php khng c vt qu (0,8 1,0)kG/cm2 (xem trn ng h o
p sut ca t), tng ng vi ng c lm vic ch chy khng ti.
Nghe ting g trong qu trnh bm hi lm vic.
Trn h thng phanh c dng phanh cho r moc vic xc nh cng nh trn,
song khi lng cng vic tng ln nhiu.
Kim tra iu chnh cc b phn ca my nn kh
+ Kim tra, iu chnh cng ca dy ai dn ng my nn kh.
+ Kim tra, iu chnh van iu chnh p sut.
205
Khi thy p sut trong h thng phanh

(trn ng h bo) b gim khng bo m th
ta phi tin hnh chnh li sc cng l xo ca
van iu chnh p sut: hnh 10.47.
- Vn vo chp c ren 1 tng sc
cng l xo 2, s tng c p sut trong bnh
cha. Khi iu chnh phi so snh vi p sut
ln nht cho php trong bnh cha.
- Kim tra kn cc mt phn cch
ca van phn phi v bu phanh bnh xe, cc
u ni bng cch bi nc x phng v quan
st.
- Kim tra p sut ln nht bu
phanh bnh xe khi phanh c th quan st trn
ng h o p sut ca bu phanh bnh xe,
hoc dng ng h o p sut ni vi ng
kh nn vo bu phanh (vi loi khng c
ng h ch th trn ca bin). Khi p phanh v
gi nguyn chn phanh p lc khong (45)
kG/cm2.
Hnh 10. 47. Van iu chnh p sut

1- chp c ren, 2- l xo
c. i vi h thng phanh thy lc kh nn

Trn t ti thng s dng h thng phanh thy lc kh nn: c cu phanh
lm vic nh thy lc, iu khin nh kh nn.
Khi chn on cn tin hnh cc cng vic cho h thng phanh thy lc v cc
cng vic cho phn h thng phanh kh nn. Ngoi ra cn cn tin hnh cc cng vic
sau:
c1. Kim tra p lc kh nn sau van phn phi p (kG/cm2) tng ng vi
cc v tr gc bn p phanh (0)
Lp ng h o p sut kh nn vo u vo ca xi lanh kh nn. ng h o c
gi tr o ln nht ti 10kG/cm2.
N my cho ng c lm vic n nh, p sut kh nn t gi tr 7,0 kG/cm2.
Hnh 10.48. Phng php nh gi cht lng h thng iu khin ti van phn phi
Dng thc o chiu cao hay thc o o v tr bn p phanh, tng ng

vi cc gc cho trong bng, ghi li gi tr p sut ch th trn ng h.
206
Nu cc gi tr o c nm trong vng ca hai ng m th van phn phi

v h thng thy lc lm vic tt. Nu nm ngoi cn tin hnh xem xt tip cht
lng ca van phn phi v h thng.
c2. Kim tra p lc thy lc sau xi lanh chnh p(kG/cm2) tng ng vi
cc v tr gc bn p phanh (0)
Lp ng h o p sut kh nn vo u ra ca van phn phi. ng h o c
gi tr o ln nht ti 10kG/cm2.
N my cho ng c lm vic ti nhit n nh, p sut kh nn t gi tr
7,0 kG/cm2.
Dng ng h o p sut thy lc lp u ra. X khng kh trong h thng
sau vn cht ng h o.
p bn p theo mc phanh nh, theo di ng h o p sut thy lc,
nhn r trng thi p sut thy lc bt u gia tng, xc nh gi tr p sut kh nn.
p bn p theo mc ch phanh ngt, theo di ng h o p sut thy
lc, ng h o p sut kh nn, xc nh p sut kh nn cc i v p sut thy lc
cc i.
Kt qu c xem xt theo kt cu:
Vi loi van phn phi khng chnh p sut thy lc gia cu trc v cu sau
(loi I).
Vi loi van phn phi chnh p sut thy lc gia cu trc v cu sau (loi
II).
Hnh 10.48. Phng php nh gi cht lng h thng iu khin ti xi lanh kh nn v thy lc
d. i vi t nhiu cu ch ng lm vic ch lun gi

Mt s t c kh nng c ng cao s dng h thng truyn lc vi nhiu cu
ch ng. Cu trc v cu sau lin kt vi nhau thng qua khp ma st v lm vic
ch lun gi c hai cu. Nu khi o kim tra phanh trn b th ch cho mt cu, th
cc gi tr o khng phn nh c m men phanh trn cc c cu phanh ca bnh xe.
Trong trng hp ny c th nh gi thng qua:
Tho cc ng lin kt gia cc cu v tng cu xe ring bit th trn b th
thng thng.
S dng cc b th c kh nng lu tr d liu ca nh sn xut khi th trn b
th phanh mt cu thng thng. Sau khi th xong so snh kt qu vi s liu c
lu tr.
Th phanh t trn ng.
207
S dng b th chuyn dng cho t hai cu ch ng, th ng thi trn hai cu.
Mt vi dng s t c kh nng c ng s dng h thng truyn lc vi
nhiu cu ch ng. Hnh 10.49.
Hnh 10.49. Cc dng cu trc truyn lc trn t con c kh nng c ng
8. Chn on h thng phanh c ABS

H thng ABS c chn on bng cc phng thc sau y:
a. Chn on chung
Dng chn on h thng phanh thng qua cc thng s hiu qu trnh by
trn, h thng ABS ch lm vic tc bnh xe tng ng vi tc t 10 km/h tr
ln. V vy khi kim tra trn b th phanh vn xc nh cc thng s nh h thng
khng ABS.
Dng t chn on c sn trn xe.
Hnh 10.50. Kim tra p sut trn bnh tch nng ca ABS
Quy lut kim tra chung ca chng nh sau:

a kha in v v tr ON, khi ng ng c, n BRAKE hay ANTILOCK
sng, sau n tt, chng t h thng lm vic bnh thng, ngc li, h thng c
s c cn xem xt su hn.
208
Vic tin hnh chn on su hn theo phng thc trnh by phn t chn
on ca cc h thng c t ng iu chnh. Cc qui trnh chn on phn iu khin
thy lc in t ty thuc vo kt cu ca cc nh sn xut (theo ti liu ring).
S bin ng ca p sut thy lc c th xc nh thng qua l chuyn dng
trn khi (block) iu chnh p sut du.
b. Chn on h thng phanh ABS cho t TOYOTA CROWN
Kim tra:
- Bt kha in v ON, en ABS sng, nhp sng u n, trong vng 3 giy ri
tt, bo hiu h thng c kim sot v tt.
- Nu n nhy lin tc khng tt, chng t h thng c s c.
Hnh 10.51. Tm m bo hng
Hnh 10.52. c m
Tm m bo hng:
- M hp u dy ni E1 vi Tc, rt PIN ro khi hp ni dy,
- Ch mt lt, xc nh h hng qua n ABS.
- c m h hng v tra s tay sa cha, so m tm h hng.
c m:
- M bo hng gm hai s u ch s th t li, hai s sau ch s m li,
mi li bo 3 ln, sau chuyn sang li khc, li nng bo trc li nh bo sau.
- M bo bnh thng l n nhy lin tc.
Xa m:
- Bt kha in v ON, ni E1 vi Tc.
- p phanh v gi chng 3 giy.
- Kim tra li trng thi bo m v m bnh thng.
H thng ABS l h thng quan trng do khng th lm theo kinh nghim,
cn thit c ti liu hng dn chi tit v kim tra trc ht l trng thi bnh in.
209
10. 5. CHN ON CM BNH XE, MOAY , LP

10.5.1. CC H HNG THNG GP
1. Mn b mt ngoi ca lp
Mn u trn b mt ta theo chu vi ca lp. Hin tng ny thng gp trn
t do thi gian s dng nhiu, km theo l s bong trc cc lp xng mnh ca
lp. nh gi s hao mn ny bng chiu su cn li ca cc lp hoa lp bng cao su
trn mt lp. Nu c s bong trc cc lp xng mnh s dn ti thay i kch thc
hnh hc ca bnh xe. Vi lp dng cho xe ti c chiu su ti thiu cn li ca lp
hoa lp phi 2mm, vi t con phi l 1mm.
Hin tng mn ca cc bnh xe c th khc nhau trn mt xe, cc trng hp
ny lin quan n s khng ng u tui th s dng hay do kt cu chung ca ton
b cc bnh xe lin kt trn khung khng ng tiu chun quy nh cho php. Khi xut
hin s mn gia tng t xut trn mt bnh xe cn phi xc nh li trng thi lin kt
cc bnh xe ng thi.
Mn vt bnh xe theo cc trng thi:
+ Mn nhiu phn gia ca b mt lp l do lp thng xuyn lm vic
trng thi qu p sut. Khi duy tr p sut lp nh mc thy lm gia.
+ Mn nhiu c hai mp ca b mt lp l do lp thng xuyn lm vic
trng thi thiu p sut lp.
+ Mn lch mt pha (trong hay ngoi ca cc bnh xe) l do lin kt bnh xe
trn xe khng ng qui nh ca hng sn xut.
+ Mn vt mt phn ca chu vi lp, trc ht l do s chu ti ca cc lp
xng mnh khng ng nht trn chu vi lp, do mt cn bng khi xe chy tc
cao (ln hn 50km/h), do cc s c k thut ca h thng phanh gy nn khi phanh
ngt lm b cng v mi b mt lp trn ng.
2. Khng cn bng bnh xe
Vi cc bnh xe khi quay tc cao (thng ln hn 60km/h) cc phn khi
lng khng cn bng ca bnh xe s gy nn lc ly tm, sinh ra s dao ng ln ca
bnh xe theo phng hng knh. S bin dng vng ny ca bnh xe s thu nh
bnh knh ti vng khc trn chu vi, to nn s bin i bn knh bnh xe lm rung
ng ln. Trn bnh xe dn hng ngi li cm nhn qua vnh li. Trn bnh xe
khng dn hng to nn s rung ng thn xe gn ging xe chy trn ng mp m
dng sng lin tc.
S mt cn bng bnh xe l mt yu t t hp bi: s khng cn bng ca lp,
sm (nu c), vnh, moay , tang trng hay a phanh nhng chu nh hng ln
hn c l ca c bnh xe (trng lng ln v khi lng phn b xa tm hn) nh m
t trn hnh 10.53.
210
Hnh 10.53 . Nguyn nhn v hu qu ca s khng cn bng
C th hnh dung s mt cn bng bnh xe nh sau: bnh xe t trn trc dng

cng sn nh hai bi. Do c s mt cn bng nn khi quay bnh xe quanh trc xut
hin lc ly tm lm cho tm trc b cong, mt phng bnh xe b o. Nhng v s thay
i v tr ca phn khng cn bng theo gc quay bnh xe nn trc quay banh xe b
ngoy trn, to nn s rung ngang bnh xe rt ln ng thi dn n thay i ng
knh bnh xe theo chu k quay ca chng.
S mt cn bng dn ti bin dng trc bnh xe tng, dn p cc khe h theo
chiu tc dng ca lc ly tm qun tnh v bi vy gy nn o mt phng quay ca
lp nh hnh 10.53.
S cn bng lp c c bit quan tm trn t con kha cnh iu khin v
an ton giao thng trn ng.
3. R lng cc lin kt
Cc lin kt ca khu vc bnh xe gm: lin kt bnh xe vi moay , lin kt
bnh xe vi khung, h hng cc lin kt c th chia thnh hai dng: do b t ni lng,
b mn cc mi ghp.
Lin kt bnh xe vi moay thng do c bnh xe b lng, bi bnh xe b
mn. Hu qu ca n l bnh xe khi chuyn ng b o, lc, km theo ting n. Nu
bnh xe cu dn hng th lm tng r vnh li, vic iu khin bnh xe dn
hng khng chnh xc. Ngoi ra ting n cn chu nh hng ca r ca bc v
trc tr ng.
Lin kt cm bnh xe vi khung gm cc lin kt ca: tr ng vi trc bnh xe
dn hng, cc khp cu (rtuyn) trong h thng treo ng lp. Khi cc lin kt b h
hng s dn ti: sai lch v tr b tr bnh xe, c bit trn bnh xe dn hng, gy nn
mi mn lp nhanh, ng thi lm pht sinh ting n v rung khu vc gm sn xe,
khi xe chuyn ng trn ng xu.
Cc biu hin chnh trong qu trnh chn on c th da vo pht hin h
hng:
Cc rn nt bn ngoi.
Hin tng mi mn lp.
S thay i kch thc hnh hc.
Xc nh s cn bng bnh xe.
n v s rung ng ton xe.
211
S r lng cc kt cu lin kt
10.5.2. PHNG PHP V CC THIT B CHN ON CM BNH

XE
1. Xc nh p sut bnh xe
Xc nh p sut kh nn trong lp l iu kin c s xc nh tt c cc
nhim v chn on tip sau thuc cc vn xc nh trng thi k thut: gim chn,
b phn n hi, trong h thng treo, h thng li, h thng phanh, h thng truyn
lc.
p sut kh trong lp cng lin quan nhiu n cc tnh cht tng qut chuyn
ng ca t, chng hn nh: tnh nng ng lc hc, tnh iu khin, kh nng dn
hng, m du, bn chung ca xe.
Gi tr p sut chun:
Gi tr p sut chun c quy nh bi nh ch to, gi tr ny l tr s ti u
nhiu mt trong khai thc, ph hp vi kh nng chu ti v s an ton ca lp khi s
dng, do vy trc ht cn phi bit cc gi tr tiu chun bng cc cch:
p sut ghi trn b mt lp. Trong h thng o lng c mt s loi lp ghi p sut
bng n v psi c th chuyn i nh sau:
1psi 6,9Pa
V d: Trn b mt lp t con c ghi: MAX. PRESS 32 psi
Ngha l: p sut ln nht 32psi 0,22Mpa 2,2KG/cm2
p sut s dng thng cho trong cc ti liu k thut km theo xe.
Trn mt s lp t con ca Chu u khng quy nh phi ghi trn b mt lp,
cc loi lp ny c quy nh theo quy c ca s lp mnh tiu chun ghi trn b
mt lp. Vi loi c 4,6,8 lp mnh tiu chun, tng ng vi mi loi p sut kh nn
ln nht trong lp nh sau:
4PR tng ng pmax = 0,22MPa 2,2KG/cm2
Trn mt s lp t con ca M, p sut lp c suy ra theo quy nh t ch
ti trng ca lp. Phn loi ti trng ghi bng ch: LOAD RANGE. So snh gia
hai tiu chun ca M v Chu u:
Load Range B: pmax = 0,22MPa tng ng 4PR
thc hin cng vic kim tra p sut kh nn ngy nay thng dng cc thit
b o p sut kh nn.
i vi ngi s dng xe c th dng loi n gin. Loi ny c cu trc: mt
u t m van kh nn ca bnh xe, mt cp piston xi lanh c l xo cn bng, cn
piston c ghi vch mc p sut ty theo s dch chuyn ca piston bn trong.
i vi cc trm sa cha dng gi o c chnh xc cao hn.
212
2. Kim tra trng thi h hng bn ngoi

Cc rn nt bn ngoi trong s dng do cc nguyn nhn t xut gy nn nh:
va chm mnh trn nn cng, lo ha vt liu khi chu p lc gia tng t bin, lp s
dng trong tnh trng thiu p sut
C th nhn thy cc vt rn nt hnh thnh trn b mt khu vc c vn lp v
mt bn ca b mt lp. Cc rn nt trong s dng khng cho php, do vy cn thng
xuyn kim tra.
c bit cn quan st k cc tn tht c chiu su ln, cc vt nhn cng bng
kim loi cm vo lp trong khi bnh xe ln, m cha gy thng, cn sa cha hoc
thay th ngay. Mt s dng h hng trnh by trn hnh 10.54.
Hnh 10.54. Mt s dng h hng b mt

a. Vt nt chn chim chy dc theo chu vi b mt bn ca lp
b. Vt nt hng tm
c. Vt ca rch b mt lp do va chm vi vt cng
d. Cc vt thng b mt lp do b cc vt cng m xuyn.
3. Kim tra kch thc hnh hc bnh xe

Hnh dng hnh hc bnh xe c ch l s mo ca bnh xe th hin bng
gi tr sai lch kch thc hnh hc ca bnh xe khi quay trc.
Thit b kim tra bao gm: gi ng h so v u o. u o c gn trn
gi o.
Khi o t t trn nn phng, cng. Dng kch nng bnh xe cn o ln c
th quay bnh xe bng tay quanh trc ca n. a u o vo v quay nh bnh xe
sang cc v tr khc nhau cho n ht mt vng quay bnh xe.
213
Hnh 10.55. Kim tra kch thc hnh hc bnh xe
Cc v tr cn o trn lp v vnh c ch ra trn hnh 10.55. Quan trng hn

c l cc kch thc sai lch ng knh, chiu rng bnh xe v vnh.
Sai lch ng knh c so snh vi cc loi lp khc nhau v tra theo tiu
chun.
Khi sai lch ln gi tr ng knh c th dn n mt cn bng bnh xe.
4. Xc nh s hao mn lp do mi mn
S mn lp xe trn b mt sau thi gian s dng l mt thng tin quan trng
hu ch cho vic chn on v: tui th, p sut kh trong lp ang s dng, gc t
bnh xe v cc h hng tr ng, khp quay
Hnh 10.56. Cc dng c bn ca mn lp

Nhn vo u xe, bnh xe bn phi:
a. Khi p sut qu thp hay qu ti; b. khi p sut qu cao;
c. Khi chm dng qu ln; d. Gc nghing ngang tr ng qu ln;
e. Gc nghing ngang bnh xe qu ln; f. Lp b mt cn bng.
m bo cho lp mn u v tng tui th ca lp c khong (5000

9000)km cn thay i v tr ca lp theo s hnh 10.57.
Hnh 10.57. S thay i v tr lp
214
5. Kim tra s r lng cc kt cu lin kt bnh xe

S r lng ca cc bnh xe dn hng lin quan ti: mn bi bnh xe, lng c
bt bnh xe, mn tr ng, hay cc khp cu, khp tr trong h thng treo c lp, cc
khp cu trong cc n dn ng li.
+ Pht hin cc r lng ny c th tin hnh khi kch nng bnh xe cn xem xt
ln khi mt nn. Dng lc ca c hai cnh tay lc bnh xe quay xung quanh tm quay
theo cc phng AA v BB. Cm nhn r ca chng.
- Nu b r theo c hai phng th l bi bnh xe b mn.
- Nu ch r theo phng AA th l mn tr ng, hay cc khp cu, khp
tr trong h thng treo c lp.
- Nu b r theo phng BB th do mn cc khp cu trong h thng li.
S r lng bi hay tr ng cn c th tin hnh xc nh khi a ln b th
kiu rung ngang.
Bng thit b o rung ngang theo thi gian c th pht hin c cc xung va
p, hay nhn trc tip bng mt nu c r mn ln ti ch lin kt.
S r lng cc bnh xe s nh hng ln ti chm v cc gc t, ng thi
vi s xut hin mn lp khng u.
Trn cc b th o trt ngang tnh, khi c s r lng ny, khng th xc
nh chnh xc gi tr gc t bnh xe.
+ Pht hin r lng khi xe chuyn ng trn ng thng qua cm nhn nhng
va p, r vnh li trn ng xu.
6. Xc nh s mt cn bng bnh xe.
a. Bng cm nhn trc quan
- Thng qua hin tng mi mn cc b b mt lp theo chu vi
- Khi xe chuyn ng vi tc cao (khong trn 50 km/h) c th xc nh mt
cn bng ny nh cm nhn trc quan v s rung ny bnh xe trn nn ng cc
bnh xe khng dn hng (cu sau). Trn cc bnh xe dn hng, ngoi hin tng
rung ny bnh xe cn km theo s rung lc bnh xe dn hng v vnh li, do hin
tng xut m men hiu ng con quay. Nu s mt cn bng khng ln th cc hin
tng ny ch xy ra mt vng tc nht nh.
b. Bng thit b kim tra trc tip trn xe
Vic kim tra mt cn bng c th thc hin i vi cc bnh xe tho ra khi
xe v a ln b quay kim tra cn bng tnh, cn bng ng. Trong chn on
thng s dng phng php kim tra trc tip trn xe.
Trong cc ga ra sa cha c nhiu loi thit b o v cn bng bnh xe. Nguyn
l chung ca thit b o cn bng da trn vic o dao ng trc khi c s mt cn
bng cc bnh xe. Cc dng c o ny u m nhn chc nng o, kim tra trc v
sau khi b khi lng cn bng v gi chung l thit b cn bng bnh xe.
c. Thit b kim tra cn bng bnh xe khi tho bnh xe ra khi xe
Vic xc nh mt cn bng tt nht l tho ri bnh xe ra khi xe, khi bnh
xe khng chu nh hng ca cc lc t con ln. Tc quay ca bnh xe c th t
215
ln nht khong 120km/h, to iu kin pht hin v tin hnh lp thm i trng b
li trng lng gy nn mt cn bng.
Cn ch : bnh xe gm lp (c hay khng c sm) phi ng b vi cc loi
vnh tng ng, do nh sn xut quy nh.
216

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Chng 1*Chn on trng thi k thut t - Bin son- Trn Thanh Hi Tng, Nguyn L Chu Thnh

N- ti trng php tuyn.

Khi thay i p th thay

Hnh1.1. nh hng ca ti trng n

1.1.2.2. nh hng ca vn tc. Hnh 1.2

1.1.2.3. nh hng ca iu kin ma st. Hnh 1.3

v khng cho bt mi vo gia hai b mt ma

Phng php gia cng

nh bng bng in gii

1.1.3. Phn loi ma st

V d: Cn tng : m phanh, b mt ma st ca a ly hp ma st.

1.2. KHI NIM V HAO MN, H HNG

Hnh 1.5. Hao mn lp cu trc th cp

t-thi gian ma st (gi)

1.2.2. Phn loi hao mn, h hng

1.2.3. Cc yu t nh hng n hao mn, h hng

1.2.3.1. nh hng ca ti trng p

Hnh 1.6. nh hng ca ti

1.2.3.2. nh hng ca vn tc trt v

Hnh 1.7. nh hng ca vn tc n

1.2.3.3.nh hng ca iu kin ma st

+ Khng to cn, sinh bt nh...

n-s vng quay/pht

chiu dy rt nh < 0,1m. b dy ny, cc

- Trng thi ng sut b mt: do tc dng lc bin dng do nn trn b mt chi

1.2.4. Mt s dng hao mn, h hng ch yu

Bng 1.2. c tnh b mt khi hao mn xy ha

Nguyn nhn: do nh hng vn tc trt lm cho nhit cc b mt tng

Hnh1.10. c tnh b mt trc loi 2

Do thay i ti trng tun hon trn cc chi tit, sinh ra cc vt nt t vi. Cc

1.2.5. Lun c bn ca l thuyt hao mn

H qu: khi s hao mn l n nh, tc ph hoi cc b mt lm vic (tc

kt qu tng tc gia kim loi vi xi m cn l cc lp mng bo v c thnh phn,

1.2.6. Bin php khc phc hao mn h hng

p- p sut b mt tip xc.

Cng bc h 500C: tn hao nhit tng, cht n mn, tp cht d ngng t, dn

1.3. HAO MN, H HNG MT S CHI TIT IN HNH

Hinh 1.12. p lc sc mng tc

Hnh 1.14. p sut(do N) tc dng ln thnh xi lanh theo cc

Vn tc trt do tip xc gia sc mng v thn piston thay i ln. Hao mn

Hnh 1.15. Dng mn hng trc ca xi lanh

1.3.1.3. Hao mn theo phng hng knh

Hnh 1.16. Dng hao mn

1.3.2. Hao mn trc khuu

Gi s hao mn t l thun vi lc tc dng (p lc) v thi gian (s ln) tc

Hnh 1.18. Hao mn trc khuu khng qui lut

- Do thanh truyn ch to lch tm nn phn b lc khng u (dng hnh thang). Do

1.3.3. Hao mn sc mng

trong. Sc mng s d ma st ln v mi mn nhiu (nht l sc mng kh th nht) l

Hnh 1.20. Kim tra lc

2.1.2. Cc h s thi gian s dng

Dt- ngy xe tt.

Dhd-ngy xe hot ng.

H s s dng phng tin sd:

H s s dng thi gian trong ngy :

H s s dng thi gian lm vic :

2.1.3. H s s dng qung ng

ni chung <1 v tu thuc kho bi.

2.1.4. H s s dng ti trng

Trong : u l khi lng vn chuyn thc t (T.km).

i vi xe khch tnh bng h s xp y:

Tu theo c im ng x m qui nh tc k thut.

2.1.6. Nng sut vn chuyn