HA PHN TCH

L THUYT V THC HNH

SCH O TO

Dc s TRUNG HC

Ch bin:
PGS.TSKH. L THNH PHC - CN. TRN TCH

B Y T'

HA PHN TCH
L THUYT V THC HNH
SCH O TO TRUNG HC Dc Ch bin:
PGS.TSKH. L THNH PHC - CN. TRN TCH M s: T.60.Y.3

NH XUT BN Y HC H NI - 2007

CH O BIN SON:

V Khoa hc v o to, B Y t
CH BIN:
PGS. TSKH. L Thnh Phc CN. Trn Tch
BIN SON:
PGS. TSKH L Thnh Phc CN. Trn Tch ThS. Nguyn Nh H TS. Nguyn Th Kiu Anh
THAM GIA T CHC BN THO:
TS. Nguyn Mnh Pha ThS. Ph Vn Thm

Bn quyn thuc B Y t (V Khoa hc v o to)

3

LI GII THIU
Thc hin mt siu ca Lut Gio dc, B Y t ban hnh ch ng trnh khung v chng trnh gio
dc ngh nghip cho vic o to trung cp ngnh Y t. B Y t t chc bin son ti liu dy hc cc
mn c s v chuyn mn theo chng trnh trn nhm tng bc xy dng b sch chun trong cng
tc o to nhn lc y t.
Sch Ha phn tch (L thuyt v thc hnh) c bin son da trn chng trnh gio dc ngh nghip
ca B Y t bin son trn c s chng trnh khung c ph duyt. Sch c cc nh gio lu
nm v tm huyt vi cng tc o to bin son theo phng chm: Kin thc c bn, h thng; ni
dung chnh xc, khoa hc; cp nht cc tin b khoa hc, k thut hin i v thc tin Vit Nam. Sch
c cu trc gm 4 phn bm st chng trnh gio dc vi nhng ni dung c bn nht v phn tch
nh tnh v nh lng gip hc sinh sau khi hc c c nhng kin thc c bn, k nng thc hnh
phn tch nh tnh v nh lng p dng trong thc t pha ch cc dung dch chun, thc hin cc
php chun th tch, nh lng theo phng php khi lng thng gp v tnh c kt qu ca
php phn tch. ng thi qua rn luyn c tc phong lm vic khoa hc, thn trng, chnh xc,
trung thc trong hot ng ngh nghip khi ra trng. Sch l tin cc gio vin v hc sinh cc
trng c th p dng phng php dy hc tch cc.
Sch Ha phn tch (L thuyt v thc hnh) c Hi ng chuyn mn thm nh sch v ti liu
dy - hc ca B Y t thm nh vo nm 2006. B Y t ban hnh lm ti liu dy - hc chnh thc ca
ngnh Y t. Trong thi gian t 3 n 5 nm, sch phi c chnh l, b sung v cp nht.
B Y t xin chn thnh cm n PGS.TSKH. L Thnh Phc, CN. Trn Tch, ThS. Nguyn Nh H v
TS. Nguyn Th Kiu Anh ca Trng i hc Dc H Ni dnh nhiu cng sc hon thnh cun
sch ny, cm n PGS.TS. Trn T An v ng Nguyn Vn Th c, phn bin cun sch c
hon chnh kp thi phc v cho cng tc o to nhn lc Y t.
V ln u xut bn nn cn khim khuyt, chng ti mong nhn c kin ng gp ca ng nghip,
cc bn sinh vin v cc c gi ln xut bn ln sau sch c hon thin hn.
V KHOA HC V O TO B y T'

Mc Lc
Li gii thiu 3

PHN I. L THUYT PHN TCH NH TNH 15

Bi 1: Mt s nh lut v khi nim c bn trong Ha phn tch 17

1. Cc nh lut 17
1.1. nh lut bo ton khi lng 17
1.2. nh lut thnh phn khng i 18
1.3. nh lut ng lng 18
2. Nhng khi nim c bn 22
2.1. Nng dung dch. Cc cch biu th nng 22
2.2. S in ly ca nc. Thang pH 25
2.3. iu kin kt ta v ha tan. Tch s tan 28
2.4. Phn ng oxy ha kh 30
2.5. Phc cht 33 Bi tp (Bi 1) 35
Bi 2: i cng v Phn tch nh tnh cc ion trong dung dch 1. Cc phng php

phn tch nh tnh 40

1.1. Phng php ha hc 40
1.2. Phng php vt l - ha l 40
1.3. Phn tch t v phn tch kh 41
1.4. Phn tch ring bit v phn tch h thng 41
2. Cc phn ng dng trong phn tch nh tnh 42
2.1. Cc loi phn ng 42
2.2. nhy v tnh c hiu ca phn ng 43
2.3. Thuc th trong cc phn ng nh tnh 44
3. Phn tch nh tnh cation theo phng php acid-base 44
4. Phn tch nh tnh anion 47
5

5. Nhng k thut c bn trong thc hnh ha phn tch nh tnh 48

5.1. Ra dng c 48
5.2. Cch un nng 49
5.3. Lc 50
5.4. Ly tm 51
5.5. Ra kt ta 51
5.6. Thc hin phn ng 52
Bi tp (Bi 2) 54
Bi 3: Cation nhm I: Ag+, Pb40
2
+, Hg22+ 1. Tnh cht chung 56

2. Cc phn ng phn tch c trng ca cc cation nhm I 56

3. S phn tch 61
Bi tp (Bi 3) 61
Bi 4: Cation nhm II: Ca56
2
+, Ba2+ 1. Tnh cht chung 63

2. Cc phn ng phn tch c trng ca cation nhm II 63

3. S phn tch 65
Bi tp (Bi 4) 65(69)
Bi 5: Cation nhm III: Al63
3
+, Zn2+ 1. Tnh cht chung 66

2. Cc phn ng phn tch c trng ca cation nhm III 66

3. S phn tch 69
Bi tp (Bi 5) 70
Bi 6: Cation nhm IV: Fe66
3
+, Fe2+, Bi3+, Mg2+, Mn2+ 1. Tnh cht chung 71

2. Cc phn ng phn tch c trng ca cation nhm IV 71

3. S phn tch 75
Bi tp (Bi 6) 75
6

Bi 7: Cation nhm V: Cu71

2
+, Hg2+ 77

1. Tnh cht chung 77

2. Cc phn ng phn tch c trng ca cation nhm V 77
3. S phn tch
79 (82) Bi tp (Bi 7) 79
Bi 8: Cation nhm VI: Cu2+, Hg2+ 80
1. Tnh cht chung 80
2. Cc phn ng phn tch c trng ca cation nhm VI 80
3. S phn tch 82
Bi tp (Bi 8) 82
Bi 9: Anion nhm I: Cl", Br, I", SCN', S2O32- 83
1. Tnh cht chung 83
2. Cc phn ng phn tch c trng ca anion nhm I 83
3. S phn tch 86
Bi tp (Bi 9) 87
Bi 10: Anion nhm II: CO32-, PO43-, CH3COO", AsO33-, AsO43-, SO32- 88 SO4 ', (S2O3 ')
2

1. ng li phn tch nhm II 88

2. Cc phn ng c trng ca anion nhm II 88
3. S phn tch 92 Bi tp (Bi 10) 93

Bi 11: Phn tch hn hp cation v anion trong dung dch 1. Nhn xt v th s b 94

1.1. Nhn xt nh gic quan 94

1.2. Th pH ca dung dch 95
1.3. Th tnh bay hi ca cht tan 96
1.4. Th mu ngn la 96
1.5. Th mt s phn ng 96
2. Phn tch anion 97
3. Phn tch cation 97
4. Nhn xt kt qu 98
7

PHN li. THC HNH PHN TCH NH TNH 99

Ni quy phng th nghim ha phn tch nh tnh loi
Quy tc an ton phng th nghim 102
Vi quy nh v s dng ha cht Bi 1: Dng c v k thut thc nghim c bn
trong Ha phn tch 94
104
105

nh tnh
Bi 2: nh tnh cation nhm I: Ag+, Pb2+, Hg22+ 108
Bi 3: nh tnh cation nhm II: Ba2+, Ca2+ v nhm III: Ae3+, Zn2+ 110
Bi 4: nh tnh cation nhm IV: Fe2+, Fe3+, Bi3+, Mg2+, Mn2+ 113
Bi 5: nh tnh cation nhm V: Cu2+, Hg2+ v nhm VI: Na+, K+, NH4+ 115
Bi 6: Phn tch tng hp cc nhm cation theo phng php acid - base 118
Bi 7: nh tnh anion nhm I: Cl-, Br", I-, SCN", S2O32- 120
Bi 8: nh tnh anion nhm II: CO32-, CH3COO, PO43-, AsO33-, AsO43-, 123 SO3 , SO4
(S2O3 )
Bi 9: Phn tch hn hp cation v anion trong dung dch 127
PHN lll. L THUYT PHN TCH NH LNG Bi 1. i cng v ha phn tch
nh lng 1. i tng ca phn tch nh lng 131
2-

2-

2. Phn loi cc phng php phn tch nh lng 131

2.1. Cc phng php ha hc 131
2.2. Cc phng php vt l v ha l 132
3. Nguyn tc chung ca cc phng php ha hc dng trong 133 nh lng
4. Sai s trong phn tch nh lng ha hc 134
4.1. Mt s khi nim 134
4.2. Cc loi sai s 134
4.3. Cch ghi d liu thc nghim theo qui tc v ch s c ngha 136 Bi tp (Bi 1) 136
8

2-

Bi 2. Phng php phn tch khi lng 1. Ni dung v phn loi 137 1.1. Phng php kt

ta 137 1.2 Phng php bay hi 138

2. Nhng ng tc c bn ca phng php phn tch khi lng 139
2.1. Ha tan 139
2.2. Kt ta 139
2.3. Lc ta 140
2.4. Ra ta 140
2.5. Sy v nung 141
2.6. Cn 141
3. Cch tnh kt qa trong phn tch khi lng 141
3.1. Trong phng php kt ta 141
3.2. Trong phng php bay hi 143
4. Cn phn tch 143
4.1. Cn c hc 143
4.2. Cn in t 143
5. Mt vi th d p dng nh lng bng phng php khi lng 144
5.1. nh lng Clorid 144
5.2. nh lng Na2SO4 145 Bi tp (Bi 2) 146
Bi 3. Phng php nh lng th tch 147
1. Ni dung ca phng php phn tch th tch 147
2. Yu cu i vi mt phn ng dng trong phn tch th tch 148
3. Phn loi cc phng php th tch 148
3.1. Phng php acid-base 148
3.2. Phng php oxy ha kh 148
3.3. Phng php kt ta 149
3.4. Phng php to phc 149
4. Cc k thut chun 149
9

4.1. nh lng trc tip 149

4.2. nh lng ngc 149
4.3. nh lng th 149
5. Cch s dng mt s dng c dng trong phng php th tch 150
5.1. S dng buret 150
5.2. S dng pipet 151
5.3. S dng bnh nh mc 152
6. Hiu chnh dung tch cc dng c ong o th tch chnh xc 153
6.1. Nguyn tc 153
6.2. Hiu chnh dung tch bnh nh mc 153
6.3. Hiu chnh dung tch ca pipet 155
6.4. Hiu chnh dung tch ca buret 155
7. Cch tnh kt qu trong phng php th tch 156
7.1. Quy tc chung 156
7.2. Tnh kt qu theo nng ng lng thuc th 156
7.3. Tnh kt qu theo chun ca thuc th 157
7.4. Mt s th d 158
Bi tp (Bi 3) 159
Bi 4. Pha cc dung dch chun 1. Khi nim v dung dch chun 161
2. Cc cch pha dung dch chun 161
2.1. Pha ch t cht chun gc 161
2.2. Pha ch t cht khng phi l cht gc 163
2.3. Pha t ng chun 164
2.4. Cch iu chnh nng dung dch 164
3. Pha mt s dung dch chun 165
3.1. Pha dung dch chun HCl 0,1N t HCl c 165
3.2. Pha dung dch chun KMnO4 0,1N 166
3.3. Pha dung dch chun I2 0,1N t I2 tinh khit thng hoa 167
3.4. Pha dung dch complexon III 0,1M t complexon II tinh khit 167
10

3.5. Pha dung dch chun Na2S2O3 0,1N t Na2S2O3.5H2O 168

Bi tp (Bi 4) 169
Bi 5. nh lng bng phng php acid - base 170

1. Mt s khi nim c bn 170

1.1. nh ngha acid, base theo Bronsted 170
1.2. Nc v pH 171
1.3. Cng ca acid v base 171
1.4. a acid, a base 171
1.5. Cng thc tnh [H+] v pH ca mt s dung dch 172
2. nh lng bng phng php acid-base 174
2.1. Nguyn tc 174
2.2. Cht ch th trong phng php acid-base 175
2.3. Mt s trng hp nh lng acid-base 178
2.4. Mt s ng dng nh lng bng phng php acid-base 182 Bi tp (Bi 5) 186
Bi 6. nh lng bng phng php kt ta - nh lng bng phng 188 php
to phc

1. Chun kt ta 188
1.1. Mt s khi nim c bn 188
1.2. Phng php chun kt ta 190
2. Chun to phc 196
2.1. Mt s khi nim c bn 196
2.2. nh lng bng phng php to phc 198
Bi tp (Bi 6) 208
Bi 7. nh lng bng phng php oxy ha kh 210

1. Mt s khi nim c bn 210

1.1. nh ngha 210
1.2. Cng ca cht oxy ha v cht kh 210
1.3. Cn bng phng trnh phn ng oxy ha kh 211
11

2. nh lng bng phng php oxy ha kh 212

2.1. Nguyn tc 212
2.2. Cht ch th trong phng php nh lng oxy ha kh 213
2.3. Phn loi cc phng php oxy ha kh 214
2.4. Mt s ng dng nh lng 217
Bi tp (Bi 7) 221

PHN IV. THC HNH PHN TCH NH LNG

223

Bi 1. Cn phn tch 225

Bi tp (Bi 1) 228
Bi 2. Xc nh m ca natri clorid v nh lng natri sulfat 229

Bi tp (Bi 2) 233
Bi 3. Thc hnh s dng cc dng c phn tch nh lng - nh 234 lng acid
acetic

Bi tp (Bi 3) 239
Bi 4. Pha v xc nh nng dung dch acid hydrochloric 0,1 N 240

Bi tp (Bi 4) 244
Bi 5. Pha v xc nh nng dung dch natri hydroxyd 0,1 N 245

Bi tp (Bi 5) 248
Bi 6. nh lng natri hydrocarbonat 250

Bi tp (Bi 6) 252
Bi 7. nh lng natri clorid bng phng php Mohr 253
Bi tp (Bi 7) Bi 8. nh lng natri clorid bng phng php Fonhard Bi tp (Bi 8)
Bi 9. Pha v xc nh nng dung dch kali permanganat 0,1 N 261
Bi tp (Bi 9) Bi 10. nh lng dung dch nc oxy gi 3% 265

Bi tp (Bi 10) 268

Bi 11. Pha v xc nh nng dung dch natri thiosulfat 0,1 N 269

Bi tp (Bi 11) 272

12

Bi 12. nh lng dung dch glucose 5 % Bi tp (Bi 12) Bi 13. Pha v xc nh

nng dung dch EDTA 0,05 M 277
Bi tp (Bi 13) PHN PH LC Ph lc 1. Dng c thng thng bng s, thy
tinh v mt s' my 281 thng dng dng trong Ha phn tch
Ph lc 2. Danh php cht v c theo Dc in Vit Nam 289
Ph lc 3. Bng nguyn t lng cc nguyn t Ph lc 4. Hng s in ly ca cc
acid v base Ph lc 5. Th oxy ha kh chun (E129
131
137
161
256
257
260
264
273
276
280
281
298
301
o

) Ph lc 6. Tch s tan ca mt s cht t tan Ph lc 7. Hng s to phc Gii

p bi tp 309

Phn I. L thuyt phn tch nh tnh 309

Phn III. L thuyt phn tch nh lng 312
Phn IV. Thc hnh phn tch nh lng 313
Ti liu tham kho 314
13

PHN 1

L THUYT PHN TCH NH TNH

14

15

Bi 1

MT s NH LUT V KHI NIM c BN

TRONG HA PHN TCH
MC TIU
1. Gii thch c ni dung v ngha ca ba nh lut: nh lut bo ton khi lng, nh lut thnh
phn khng i v nh lut ng lng.
2. Trnh by c cc nh ngha v ba loi nng dung dch: nng phn trm, nng mol/L, nng
ng lng v cch vn dng gii cc bi ton chuyn i gia cc loi nng y.
3. Trnh by c khi nim pH v s hnh thnh thang pH; khi nim ch th mu v cch xc nh pH
bng ch th mu.
4. Nu c iu kin kt ta-ha tan mt cht da trn khi nim tch s tan
5. Ch ra v c tn c cc thnh phn ca phc cht. Gii thch c ngha ca hng s khng bn
hoc hng s to phc nc v tng cng.
1. CC NH LUT
1.1. nh lut bo ton khi lng
"Khi lng tng cng ca cc cht khng i trong mt phn ng ha hc".
S lng cc cht v tnh cht ca chng c th thay i, nhng khi lng ca cc cht th gi nguyn
khng i trc v sau phn ng. Ngay c nhng bin i sinh hc phc tp trong c th c lin quan
n nhiu phn ng th khi lng vn c bo ton:
C6H12O6 + 6O2 6CO2 + 6H2O
180g glucose + 192g kh oxy 264g carbon dioxyd + 108g nc
(372g nguyn liu trc phn ng 372g cht sau bin i)
* Nh nh lut bo ton khi lng m chng ta c th cn bng cc phng trnh ha hc v tnh c
khi lng ca cc cht tham gia phn ng v cc cht sn phm theo t ng quan t l thun khi da vo
phng trnh phn ng cn bng.
16

1.2. nh lut thnh phn khng i

"Mt hp cht d c iu ch bng cch no th vn bao gm cng mt loi cc nguyn t v cng t
s khi lng ca cc nguyn t trong hp cht'.
c kt qu sau y thu c v thnh phn khi lng ca cc nguyn t trong 20,0 g calci carbonat:
Phn tch theo khi lng S phn khi lng Phn trm khi lng
8,0g calci 0,40 calci 40%
2,4g carbon 0,12 carbon 12%
9,6g oxy 0,48 oxy 48%
20,0 g 1,00 phn khi lng 100% khi lng

nh lut thnh phn khng i cho ta bit rng, calci carbonat tinh khit thu c t hoa cng
mt ngn ni, t san h ngm di bin, hoc t bt k mt ngun no khc, th vn tm thy cng cc
loi nguyn t to thnh (calci, carbon, oxy) v cng mt s phn trm nh cho bit bng trn.
Nh vy, nh nh lut thnh phn khng i m mi hp cht xc nh c biu th bng mt cng
thc ha hc nht nh.
C th suy ra khi lng nguyn t t t l khi lng ca n trong hp cht:

, y
S phn khi lng nguyn t
Khi lng nguyn t = Khi lng hp cht X 302
T-7~1

,-

305
307

v & v r 1 phn khi lng hp cht

Chng ta c th biu din phn khi lng theo bt k n v o khi lng no nu tin dng cho tnh
ton.
Cng cn ch l thnh phn khng i ch hon ton ng cho nhng hp cht c khi l ng phn t
nh trng thi kh v lng. i vi cht rn hoc polymer, do nhng khuyt tt trong mng tinh th hoc
trong chui di phn t, thnh phn ca hp cht thng khng ng ng vi mt cng thc ha hc xc
nh. V d, t l oxy/titan trong titan oxyd iu ch bng cc ph ng php khc nhau dao ng t 0,58
n 1,33; cng thc ca st sulfid c th vit Fe1xS vi x dao ng t 0 n 0,005; phn t glycogen trong
cc t bo gan v c c th gm 1000 n 500000 n v glucose; v.v...
1.3. nh lut ng lng
T nh lut thnh phn khng i ta thy rng cc nguyn t kt hp vi nhau theo cc t l v l ng
xc nh nghim ngt. Do , ngi ta a vo ha hc khi nim ng lng, tng t nh khi
nim khi lng nguyn t v khi lng phn t.
17
&

&

1.3.1. nh ngha
Thc nghim ha hc xc nh rng: 1,008 khi lng hydro tc dng va vi:
8,0
khi lng
oxy to thnh nc (H2O)
35,5 - clor - hydro clorid (HCl)
23,0 - natri - natri hydrid (NaH)
16,0 - lu hunh - hydro sulfid (H2S)
3,0 - carbon - metHan (CH4)
v.v...
S phn khi lng m cc nguyn t tc dng va vi 1,008 phn khi lng hydro li tc dng va
vi nhau to thnh cc hp cht khc. V d:
8,0 khi lng oxy + 3,0 khi lng carbon carbon dioxyd (CO2)
35,5 khi lng clor + 23,0 khi lng natri natri clorid (NaCl)
16,0 khi lng lu hunh + 3,0 khi lng carbon carbon disulfid (CS2)
v.v...
Ngi ta gi s phn khi lng m cc nguyn t tc dng va vi 1,008 phn khi lng hydro (v
li tc dng va vi nhau) l ng lng ca cc nguyn t, k hiu l E (equivalence), v vit: E H =
1,008; EO = 8; ECl = 35,5; ES = 16; v.v.. ch rng, ng lng l s phn khi lng tng ng
gia cc cht trong phn ng nn c th s dng bt k n v khi l ng no biu th n (mg, g,
kg...).
Do chnh t khi nim ng lng nu trn m vic xc nh ng lng ca mt nguyn t hay ca
mt hp cht khng nht thit phi xut pht t hp cht ca chng vi hydro. V d, tm ng
lng ca km (Zn) khng th xut pht t phn ng ca km vi hydro, v iu kin th ng phn ng
ny khng xy ra. Tuy nhin, thc nghim d dng cho thy: 32,5 khi lng km tc dng va vi 8
khi lng oxy (1E0) to thnh km oxyd (ZnO), vy, EZn = 32,5. Hoc tm ng lng H2SO4
khng th bng cch cho acid ny tc dng vi hydro hoc oxy, nh ng thc nghim cho bit: 49 khi
lng H2SO4 tc dng va vi 32,5 khi lng km (1EZn), vy EH SO = 49. T y, c th a ra nh
ngha chung cho
ng lng:
ng lng ca mt nguyn t hay hp cht l s phn khi lng ca nguyn t hay hp cht kt
hp hoc thay th va vi 1,008 phn khi lng hydro hoc 8 phn khi lng oxy hoc vi mt
ng lng ca bt k cht no khc bit.
18

Trong thc t ngi ta thng dng ng lng gam, vi quy c:

ng lng gam ca mt cht l lng cht c tnh bng gam v c tr s bng ng lng ca
n.
Nh vy,
EH = 1,008 g ;
EO = 8 g ;
ENa = 23 g
Ezn = 32,5 g ;
EH2SO4 = 49 g
1.3.2. nh lut dng lng ca Dalton
Cc cht tc dng vi nhau theo cc khi lng t l vi ng lng ca chng.
Ni cch khc: S ng lng ca cc cht trong phn ng phi bng nhau.
nh lut c th hin qua h thc n gin: = hoc m^ = B
m

B EB EA EB

y: mA, mB l khi lng tnh bng gam ca cht A v cht B trong phn ng
EA, EB l ng lng gam ca cht A v B
nh lut ng lng cho php tnh khi lng mt cht trong phn ng nu bit ng lng ca cc
cht v khi lng tc dng ca cht kia. V d, tnh khi lng kh clor tc dng ht vi 3,45g natri, bit
ENa = 23; ECl = 35,5. p dng h thc nu trn d dng tm thy:
= ^ - mCl = 3,45g X 35,5 = 5,33g 23 35,5 23
Vi khi nim nng ng lng l s ng lng gam cht tan c trong 1 lt dung dch (k hiu N
vit sau tr s ng lng), nh lut ng lng c s dng rng ri trong php phn tch chun
. Chang hn, cn bao nhiu mL dung dch kim B (t l VB) trung ha ht VA ml dung dch acid A
c nng ng lng l NA. Bit nng ng lng ca dung dch kim B l NB.
p dng nh lut ng lng: s ng lng ca cc cht trong phn ng phi bng nhau, ta c:
1000 A 1000 B B Ni
B

Phng trnh trn c p dng cho tt c cc phng php phn tch th tch (phng php acid - base;
phng php kt ta; phng php phc cht; phng php oxy ha - kh).
19

1.3.3. ngha ha hoe ca khi nim ng lng lin quan trc tip n khi nim ha tr ca
cc nguyn t. Trc y, ngi ta coi ha tr l kh nng ca mt nguyn t ca nguyn t c th kt
hp hoc thay th bao nhiu nguyn t hydro hoc bao nhiu nguyn t khc t ng ng. Nh vy,
ng lng ca mt nguyn t l s n v khi lng (s phn khi lng) ca nguyn t y tng
ng vi mt n v ha tr. Gia ng lng (E), ha tr (n) v khi lng nguyn t (A) ca nguyn t
c mi tng quan sau:
E=n
V d, oxy c ha tr 2, khi lng nguyn t 16, nn:
EO = A
16
=8
O
2
Nu nguyn t c nhiu ha tr th ng lng ca n cng thay i tuy thuc vo ha tr m n th
hin trong sn phm to thnh sau phn ng. V d, carbon c ha tr 2 v 4. phn ng: 2C + O 2 = 2CO,
carbon
12
th hin ha tr 2, nn EC = = 6. Cn phn ng: C + O2 = CO2,
12

carbon th hin ha tr 4, nn EC = = 3.
M rng khi nim ng lng cho cc hp cht, ta vn nhn ra ngha ha hc ca n l phn khi
lng tng ng vi mt n v ha tr m hp cht em trao i hoc kt hp vi cc hp cht khc
trong phn ng. Chang hn, H3PO4 = 98. Nu trong phn ng, phn t H3PO4 ch trao i 1 proton, hp
cht c xem nh th hin ha tr 1, th EH PQ = 98/1 =
98; nu trao i 2 proton, hp cht c xem nh th hin ha tr 2, th EH = 98/2 = 49; cn nu trao
i c 3 proton th hp cht H3PO4 c coi
l c ha tr 3 v phn khi lng tng ng vi 1 n v ha tr (tc ng lng ca n) trong trng
hp ny l: EH = 98/3 = 32,7.
Cc nh ha hc hin ti quan nim: ha tr ca mt nguyn t l s lin kt ha hc m mt nguyn t
ca nguyn t c th to ra kt hp vi cc nguyn t khc trong phn t.
Cng vi khi nim ha tr, ngi ta cng dng khi nim s oxy ha cho cc ion hoc cho cc nguyn t
trong hp cht. Tuy khng c ngha vt l r rng, nht l trong cc phn t phc tp, nh ng s oxy ha
kh tin dng cho nhiu mt thc hnh ha hc.
20
PO

PO

Chnh v khi nim ha tr pht trin v m rng gn vi bn cht nhiu loi lin kt, nn theo , khi
nim ng lng cng cn c c th cho cc trng hp (cch tnh ng lng ca cc hp cht
c trnh by mc biu th nng ng lng di y).
2. NHNG KHI NIM c BN
2.1. Nng dung dch. Cc cch biu th nng
Nng l cch biu th thnh phn nh lng ca mt dung dch. N c th biu th lng cht tan
trong mt th tch xc nh ca dung dch, hoc lng cht tan trong mt khi lng xc nh ca dung
dch hoc ca dung mi. Lng cht tan trong dung dch cng ln th nng cng ln v ngc li.
Bng 1 tm tt cc loi nng thng c dng trong ha hc v Y- Dc.
Bng"!.

Cc loi nng
Loi nng

K hiu

nh ngha

Phn trm theo khi lng (KL)

% (KL/KL)

S g cht tan trong 100 g dung dch

Phn nghn theo khi lng

Xo (KL/KL)

S' g cht tan trong 1000 g dung dch

Phn trm theo th tch (V)

% (V/V)

S' mL cht tan trong 100 mL dung dch

Phn trm theo khi lng-th tch

% (KL/V)

S' g (hoc s mg) cht tan trong 100 mL

dung dch

Phn nghn theo khi lng-th tch

Xo (KL/V) hoc g/L

S g cht tan trong 1000 mL (= 1 L) dung

dch

Mol

M, mol/L

S mol cht tan trong 1 L dung dch

ng lng

S ng lng gam cht tan trong 1 L

dung dch

Di y l mt s v d c th v cc loi nng hay gp.

2.1.1. Nng %, %0 theo khi lng/khi lng
V d: Dung dch KNO3 10% c ngha l c 10 g KNO3 trong 100 g dung dch. Dung dch cc acid c
H2SO4, HNO3 v HCl bn trn th trng c nng tng ng bng 96%, 65% v 36%.
Bi v o th tch dung dch d dng hn o khi lng, nn ngi ta thng ghi khi lng ring km
theo cho loi dung dch ny, chuyn i t khi lng cht cn ly sang th tch dung dch cn ong.
V d, HCl 36% c D = 1,179 g/mL ( 20oC).
Dung dch NaCl 9%0 c ngha l c 9 g NaCl trong 1000 g dung dch.
21

2.1.2. Nng %, %o theo khi lng/th tch (thng c vit g/100 mL; g/L...):
V d, dung dch glycerin 10 g/100 mL, glucose 50 g/L c ngha l c 10 g glycerin trong 100 mL dung
dch, c 50 g glucose trong 1 lt dung dch cho 2 dung dch tng ng k.
2.1.3. Nng mol/L (M)
Mol l mt lng cht cha sht cng kiu cu trc (phn t, nguyn t, ion, electron, proton...) bng s
Avogadro 6,022.1023. Thng s dng l mol/L, s phn t gam/L.
Cc dung dch c nng mol bng nhau th cha cng s lng ht cht tan trong nhng th tch dung
dch bng nhau (ch : ht cht tan phi cng kiu cu trc).
V d, dung dch NaOH 2M, ngha l trong 1 lt dung dch ny c 2 mol hay 2 mol X 40 g/mol = 80 g
NaOH.
Dung dch cha phenobarbital 0,001M v NaCl 0,1M, ngha l trong 1 lt dung dch nh th c 0,001
mol X 232,32 g/mol = 0,2323 g phenobarbital
(C12H12N2O3 = 232,32) v 0,1 mol X 58,45 g/mol = 5,8450 g NaCl (M = 58,45).
Trong 1 lt dung dch NaCl 1M c 1 mol X 58,45 g/mol = 58,45 g NaCl. Xem NaCl in ly hon ton
thnh cc ion, th trong 1 lt dung dch nh th cng c 1 mol ion Na+ (23 g Na+) v 1 mol Cl- (35,45 g
Cl-).
Ngc li, dung dch Na2CO3 1M c trong 1 lt dung dch ca n 1 mol CO32- (60 g CO32-) v 2 mol Na+
(2 mol X 23 g/niol = 46 g Na+), vi iu kin gn ng rng trong dung dch, c 1 phn t natri carbonat
th in ly ra 1 ion CO32- v 2 ion Na+.
2.1.4. Nng ng lng (N)
V d, H2SO4 0,5N l dung dch cha 0,5 ng lng gam H2SO4 trong 1 lt dung dch.
Khi nim ng lng ca mt cht xut pht t nh lut ng lng ca Dalton nu ra nm 1792.
Gi ng lng ca mt cht l E, ta c th nu cc cng thc tnh E trong cc phn ng trao i v
oxy ha kh nh sau:
Khi lng nguyn t
^nguyn t u, .

Ha tr
_ 16 V d: Eoxy
2

22

=8

E
Khi lng ion
ion

V d, E
Al3+

9
E

SO4

acid

V d, E
| in tch ion |
27 :
3 96
2

:
:

2
Khi lng phn t acid S" ion H+ in ly t mt phn t acid 36,45
48
HCl

E
H2SO4

1
98 2
36,45
49
E
base

Khi lng phn t base

V d: E
S" ion OH in ly t mt phn t base 40
NaOH
mui

1
40
Khi lng phn t mui
V d: E
|in tch ion (dng hoc m)| x S" ion (dng hoc m) 342
Al2 (SO4) 3

3 X2
57
E
OX(Kh)

Khi lng tiu phn (phn t, nguyn t, ion)

S" electron nhn (hoc cho) ca mt tiu phn dng oxy ha (hoc dng kh)
y, EOX(Kh) l ng lng ca dng oxy ha, hoc ca dng kh.
V d, tm ng lng ca cht oxy ha v cht kh trong phn ng:
2KMnO4 + 10FeSO4 + 8H2SO4 = 2MnSO4 + 5Fe2(SO4)3 + K2SO4 + 8H2O
Cn c theo s electron m mt phn t KMnO4 nhn bng 5 v s electron m mt phn t FeSO4 cho
bng 1, ta xc nh c ng lng ca cht oxy ha l:
158
E
KMnO4

5
31,6
v ng lng ca cht kh l:
23

151,8

E=

1J1

; = 1 5 1 8
1 1J1,0
V ha tr ca nguyn t, s H+ hay OH- in ly ca acid hay base, s electron nhn hoc cho ca cht
oxy ha hoc cht kh c th thay i tuy theo iu kin ca phn ng, nn ng lng ca mt cht
cng c nhng gi tr bin i.
ng lng l mt i lng khng c th nguyn. Trong ha hc ngi ta thng dng:
ng lng gam ca mt cht l khi lng ca cht biu din bng gam v c tr s bng ng
lng ca n.
Mili ng lng gam, k hiu mE, bng 1/1000 ng lng gam v ly n v khi lng l
miligam.
2.2. S in ly ca nc. Thang pH
2.2.1. S in ly ca nc
Nc l dung mi lng tnh, va cho v va nhn proton:
H20 =^ H+ + OH-H2O + H + H3O+
H2O + H2O =^ H3O + + OH -Acid 1 Base 2 Acid 2 Base 1
v tng ng vi 2 cp acid - base lin hp theo thuyt Brnsted -Lowry: H2O/0H- v H3O+/H2O.
Mc d s in ly ca nc rt b, ngi ta vn o c dn in ca n v xc nh c gi tr ca
hng s cn bng theo nh lut tc dng khi lng:
K = 3 +] OHJ = 3 1 8
( 25oC) [H2O]K [H2O]2
2
= 3,24.10-18 (1000 )2 = K = [H3O+] [OH-] = 1,0.1018
Hng s Kn gi l tch s ion ca nc. Tch s ny thay i theo nhit .
V mt ion H3O+ v mt ion OH-14
c phn ly t mt phn t H2O, do trong nc nguyn cht:
[H3O+] = [OH-] = V10 14 = 10-7 mol/L
24
I:

'FeSO4

[H

(Nng nc nguyn cht = 1000 18,02 55,5M, vy c mi 555 triu

phn t nc ch c 1 phn t in ly ra cc ion). Da vo cn bng in ly ca n c, ngi ta nh
ngha dung dch acid, base v trung tnh tuy theo ln tng i gia [H3O+] v [OH-]:
Dung dch

Gii hn chung

25oC

Acid

[H3OI > [OH-]

[H3O+] > 107

[OH-] < 107

Trung tnh

[H30+] = [OH ]

[H3O+] = 10-7

[OH-] = 10-7

Base

[H30+] < [OH ]

[H3O+] < 10-7

[OH-] > 10-7

V Kn l hng s nhit nht nh, nn khi bit nng ca mt trong hai ion, ta c th tnh c
nng ion kia.
V d: Bit [H3O+] ca mt dung dch bng 3,0.10 4M. Tnh [OH] v cho bit dung dch l acid, trung tnh
hay base?
Gii:
[OH]
103,3 X 10-11
M
[H3O + ] 3,0 X 10-4 y l dung dch acid v [H3O+] > [OH-]. 2.2.2. ThangpH
Nng H3O+ trong dung dch nc c th bin i trn mt phm vi rng t 10M n 10-15M, gy kh
khn v di dng trong tnh ton, do Srensen ngh dng i lng pH biu th tim nng ion
hydro (hydrogen ion potential) vi nh ngha:
pH = -lg [H3O+] hoc [H3O+] = 10v pOH = -lg [OH-pH
] hoc [OH-] = 10V Kn = [H3O+][OH-pOH
] = 1,0 X 10-14 nn ngi ta cng hay dng i lng: pKn = -lgK = -lg([H3O+][OH-]) = -lg[H3O+] lg[OH-] = pH + pOH = 14
( 25oC)
Thng thng ngi ta ch s dng thang pH, cc i lng khc c suy ra theo phng trnh quan h
(Bng 2).
25

Bng 2.

[H3O+]

Quan h gia [H3O+], pH, pOH v [OH-].

pH pOH [OH]

Ch : V Kn ph thuc nhit nn pKn, pH, pOH ca nc nguyn cht cng thay i theo nhit
(Bng 3).
Bng 3.

Tch s ion (Kn) ca nc nguyn cht mt s nhit .

Nhit (oC)
Kn X l"14
pKn
pH = pOH
0

0,11

14,96

7,48

10

0,29

14,54

7,27

25

1,00

14,00

7,00

50

5,66

13,25

6,62

100

51,30

12,29

6,15

300

400,00

11,40

5,70

2.2.3. Cht ch thi acid - base

C hai cch thng dng o pH trong phng th nghim l o bng my (pH-meter) v o bng cht ch
th acid-base (cn gi l cht ch th mu). Nguyn l o pH bng my s cp chuyn mc ring.
Cht ch th acid-base l nhng thuc th c bit c mu sc thay i tuy theo nng ion H 3O+ trong
dung dch, tc l tuy theo pH mi trng. Ni chung, c th xem cht ch th mu l mt acid hu c yu
m dng acid (k hiu Hlnd) c mu, gi tt l mu acid, khc vi mu ca dng base lin hp vi n
(Ind-), gi tt l mu base. Nh vy, s thay i mu ca ch th l do s bin i cu trc phn t gia
hai dng acid v base.
26

Trong dung dch, s bin i gia hai dng th hin qua cn bng in ly ph thuc vo pH:
Hlnd + H2O ^5=^
H3O+
+ IndAcid 1 Base 2 Acid 2 Base 1
Mu acid Mu base
Trong vng pH chuyn mu, mu ca dng acid v dng base ang trong qu trnh chuyn i nhau: mu
ca dng ny dn dn sang mu ca dng kia, hoc ngc li.
Bng 4 cho bit khong pH chuyn mu ca mt s ch th acid - base thng gp.
Bng 4.

Mu, khong pH chuyn mu ca mt s ch th acid - base hay gp

Mu

Cht ch th

Acid Base

Khong pH chuyn mu

Da cam Methyl (Heliantin)

Hng - Vng

3,1 - 4,4

Qu

- Xanh

5,0 - 8,0

Phenolphthalein

Khng mu -

8,2 - 10,0

Vng Alizarin

Vng - Tm

10,0 - 12,0

2.3. iu kin kt ta v ha tan. Tch s tan

- Khi nim v Tch s tan
Khi ha tan mt cht in ly t tan MmXn vo nc s to ra mt dung dch bo ha, trong tn ti cn
bng d th gia lng cht rn cn d v cc ion ca n trong dung dch:
MmXn (r)
-. m Mn
+ + n X(rn) (dung dch)
Lng MmXn tan vo dung dch rt t, gi l tan S, c coi l in ly hon ton thnh cc ion M mn+
v Xm-. Ging nh cc h cn bng khc, i vi dung dch bo ha ca cht ang xt ta c biu thc
tc dng khi lng:
n
mK = [M + ] [X ]~ [Mm Xn ] (r)
Nng pha rn l hng s, nn:
[Mn
n
+]m [Xm-]n = K [MmXn] (r) = T M X
27
m

K hiu sau cng gi l tch s tan ca MmXn. Nh vy:

Tch s nng cc ion ca cht in ly t tan trong dung dch bo ha, mi nng c lu tha
tng ng vi h s trong phng trnh in ly, l mt hng s nhit nht nh gi l tch s tan, k
hiu T.
Cc gi tr ca T cho bit tan tng i ca cc hp cht ion. Khi cc cht in ly ra cng s ion,
ngha l m+n nh nhau, th T ca cht no cng ln, tan ca n cng ln, v ngc li. iu ny
c th hin qua Bng 5.
Bng 5.
S ion

Quan h gia T v tan 25oC ca mt s hp cht.

Cng thc
cation/anion
T

tan (M)

MgCO3

1/1

3,5

10-8

1,9

10-4

PbS04

1/1

1,6

10"8

1,3

10"4

BaCrO4

1/1

1,2

10"1

1,4

10"5

Ca(OH)2

1/2

6,5

10"6

1,2

10"2

BaF2

1/2

1,5

10"6

7,2

10"3

CaF2

1/2

3,2

10"11

2,0

10"4

Ag2Cr04

2/1

1,1

10"12

8,7

10"5

iu kin kt ta hay ha tan mt cht in ly t tan:

Mt cht s kt ta khi tch s nng cc ion ca n trong dung dch ln hn tch s tan. Ng c li, khi
tch s nng cc ion cn b hn tch s tan th cht cha kt ta, hoc nu c ta th ta s tan
ra.
V d:
Cho bit kt ta c hnh thnh hay khng trong cc trng hp sau: a) Trn ln 0,100 L Ca(NO3)2 0,30 M
vi 0,200 L NaF 0,060 M. b) Trong nc mt dng sng tm thy [Ca2+] = [PO43-] = 1,0 X 10-9 M. Choo
bit T ap = 3,2 X 0-11 ; TT a3 (po4) = 1,2 X 10-29.
Gii:
a) Cc ion c mt trong hn hp l Ca2+, Na+, NO3- v F-. Ch c CaF2 l c th kt ta theo cn bng:
CaF2(r) ^ Ca2+ + 2FTnh nng mol/L cho cc ion:
S mol Ca2
+ a vo hn hp = 0,30M Ca2+ X 0,100L = 0,030 mol Ca2+
28
C

v [Ca2+] = 0,030 mo1 = 0,10 M Ca2+

0,100 L + 0,200 L
S mol F- a vo hn hp = 0,060M X 0,200L = 0,012 mol Fm , 0,012 moi
v [F] =-- - = 0,040M F0,100 L + 0,200 L
Trong hn hp, ta c tch s nng cc ion, k hiu Qm, l: Qm = [Ca2
+] [F-]2 = 0,10 X 0,0402 = 1,6 X 10-4 > TCaF = 3,2 X 10Vy, kt ta CaF2 phi c to thnh. b) Tm Qm ca
Ca3(PO4)2 theo cn bng:
Ca3(PO4)2 (r) ^ 3Ca-11
2
+ + 2PO43-v s dng cc d liu cho, ta c:
Qm = [Ca2+]3 [PO43-]2 = (1,0 X 10-9)3 (1,0 X 10-9)2 = 1,0 X 10-45 TTca3(po )2 = 1,2 X 10-29. Vy, cha th hnh
thnh kt ta Ca3(PO4)3 dng sng ang xt. 2.4. Phn ng oxy ha - kh
2.4.1. Cc nh ngha
- Phn ng oxy ha - kh l phn ng c s chuyn dch electron gia cc cht phn ng, do lm bin
i s oxy ha ca cc nguyn t.
- Cht oxy ha (phn t, nguyn t, ion) l cht nhn electron v gim s oxy ha, n l cht b kh.
- Cht kh (phn t, nguyn t, ion) l cht cho electron v tng s oxy ho, n l cht b oxy ha.
- Theo suy ra: s kh l s nhn electron, s oxy ha l s cho i electron.
Rt cn lu khng nhm ln cc thut ng: cht oxy ho, s oxy ha, cht kh, s kh.
V d: trong dung dch nc xy ra phn ng:
Fe + Cu2+ Fe2+ + Cu
lon Cu2+ nhn electron (t Fe) l cht oxy ha, s oxy ha ca n gim t +2 n 0, n b kh v gi l s
kh ion Cu2+ (bi Fe).
St cho electron nn l cht kh, s oxy ha ca n tng t 0 n +2, n b oxy ha v gi l s oxy ha
st (bi Cu2+).
29
4

2.4.2. Soxy ha (S.O)

- S oxy ha (cn gi l mc oxy ha, trng thi oxy ha) l in tch hnh thc ca nguyn t trong n
cht, ion hay hp cht khi qui c cc cp electron dng chung lch hon ton v nguyn t c m
in ln hn.
Ch rng, S.O ca nguyn t c gi tr i s khc ha tr. S.O c th l s m, s d ng hoc bng
khng. Tri li, ha tr tnh theo s electron tham gia lin kt nn ch c gi tr d ng.
- SS.O ca mt nguyn t c xc nh theo nhng quy tc sau: + Quy tc chung:
1. Nguyn t trong n cht (Na, Cu, O2, N2, S): S.O = 0.
2. Nguyn t trong ion n nguyn t: S.O = in tch ion.
3. Tng i s S.O ca cc nguyn t trong phn t = 0, cn trong ion nhiu nguyn t = in tch ion.
+ Quy tc c th cho cc nguyn t hoc nhm nguyn t trong Bng tun hon:
1. Nhm IA: S.O = +1 trong tt c cc hp cht.
2. Nhm IIA: S.O = +2 trong tt c cc hp cht.
3. Hydro: S.O = +1 trong cc hp cht vi phi kim
S.O = -1 trong cc hp cht vi kim loi v Bor
4. Fluor: S.O = -1 trong mi hp cht
5. Oxy: S.O = -1 trong cc hp cht peroxyd
S.O = -2 trong tt c cc hp cht khc (tr vi fluor)
6. Nhm VIIA: S.O = -1 trong cc hp cht vi kim loi, vi phi kim (tr vi oxy) v vi cc halogen
khc pha di nhm.
+ Lu :
1. S.O dng cao nht ca cc nguyn t trong cc nhm chnh A bng s th t ca nhm (tr O v F).
2. S.O m thp nht ca cc phi kim v mt s kim bng s th t ca nhm tr 8.
V d: Lu hunh c S.O dng cao nht l +6 (v nguyn t S nhm VI A) nh trong hp cht SF6;
v c S.O m thp nht = 6 - 8= -2 nh trong FeS.
3. V nguyn tc, xc nh s oxy ha cn phi bit cu to phn t v m in ca cc nguyn t.
m in c th suy ra gn ng t v
30

tr ca nguyn t trong Bng tun hon. Cn nu khng bit r cu to phn t th S.O xc nh c t

cc nguyn tc nu c th l S.O gi. Chang hn, t S.O ca L u hunh l x, tm c S.O ca n
trong S2O82-qua phng trnh: (x.2) + (-2.8) = -2 x = +7. y l s oxy ha gi, v L u hunh nhm
VIA, S.O cao nht ca n ch l +6 ph hp vi cng thc cu to:
\/

p-

O .O-Ox
_
-0N /OHn na, cn gp s" oxy ha gi v l, nh S trong Na2S4O6 c S.O = +2,5.
Tuy nhin, S.O tht hay gi u c gi tr nh nhau trong cn bng phng trnh ca phn ng Ox-Kh.
2.4.3. Cn bng phn ng oxy ha kh theo phng php S.O c tha hin theo cc bc
sau:
1. Vit cc cht u (cht phn ng) v cc sn phm. V d:
HClO3 + P HCl + H3PO4
(D nhin cht u bit, nhng sn phm l g th phi da vo cc php phn tch ha hc hoc cn c
vo quy lut bin i ca cc nguyn t' v hp cht cc iu kin).
2. Xc nh S.O ca cc nguyn t" trc v sau phn ng. v d trn, tm thy:
HCl5+O3 + P0 HCl1- + H3P5+O4
3. Tm s electron m mt phn t cht kh cho v s electron m mt phn t cht oxy ha nhn, t
lp phng trnh trao i electron tm h s chnh ca cht kh v cht oxy ha. Tip v d trn, thnh
lp:
6|P - 5e P5+
5|Cl5+ + 6e ClCh : cc h s" chnh phi c mt bi s" chung nh nht biu th tng s electron m
cht kh cho bng tng s electron m cht oxy ha nhn.
4. t h s chnh ph hp vo cc cht kh v cht oxy ha ban u, kim tra s" nguyn t ca mi
nguyn t" 2 v' phng trnh cn bng chng nhng cha cn ch n s nguyn t H v O (nu
2 nguyn t ny khng trc tip l cht kh hay cht oxy ho). Tip theo v d trn, thu c:
5HClO3 + 6 P = 5HCl + 6 H3PO4
31

5. Kim tra s nguyn t H 2 v tm s phn t nc tham gia hoc to thnh. Vi v d ang xt,
cn 9 phn t H2O tham gia phn ng.
Vy:
5HClO3 + 6P + 9H20 = 5HCl + 6H3PO4
6. Kim tra li s nguyn t O 2 v v tin rng thc cht ph ng trnh c cn bng.
Vi 6 bc tin hnh nh trn, mi phng trnh phn ng oxy ha -kh vit di dng phn t u c
th c cn bng. Tuy nhin, nhiu trng hp khng cn thc hin cc bc v khi quen th ch
cn nhm tnh trn mt phng trnh phn ng.
Lu : Khi vit phng trnh phn ng cn bng di dng phng trnh ion th in tch 2 v phi
bng nhau
2.5. Phc cht
2.5.1. nh ngha
Bn cnh cc mui n gin nh K2SO4, Al2(SO4)3, KI, HgI2, KCN, Fe(CN)2... cn c cc mui kp (gi
l phn) nh: K2SO4.Al2(SO4)3.24H2O (phn chua), (NH4)2SO4.FeSO4.6H2O (phn st amoni hay mui
Mohr)...
Mui n gin v mui kp ging nhau ch, khi ha tan trong nc, chng in ly hon ton ra cc ion
n gin. V d:
K2SO4 2K+ + SO4(NH4)2SO4.FeSO4.6H2O 2NH4+ + Fe122

+ + 2SO42- + 6H2O
T lu, ngi ta cng bit nhiu hp cht phc tp khc c thnh phn ging mui kp, nh 2KI.HgI2,
Zn(NO3)2.4NH3, nhng trong nc chng in ly cho nhng ion phc tp, v d:
2KI.HgI2 2K+ + [HgI4]2-, nn phn t c vit: K2[HgI4]
Zn(NO3)2.4NH3 [Zn(NH3)4]2+ + 2NO3-, nn phn t c vit: [Zn(NH3)j(NO3)2.
Cc hp cht kiu ny c t tn l phc cht vi nh ngha:
Phc cht l nhng hp cht phn t m trong s t hp cc cu t ca chng to nn nhng ion phc
tch in dng hay m, nhng ion ny c kh nng tn ti trong dung dch cng nh trong tinh th.
2.5.2. Cu tao, danh php v cc hng s ca phc cht
- Cc thnh phn ca phc cht c th hin qua s , v d vi K2[HgI4], nh sau:
32

Cu ngoi (2K+ )'

lon trung tm Phi t (Hg2+) (4ICu ni (ion phc)
Cch c tn phc cht phi tun theo quy nh cht ch, c trnh by phn ph lc (cui gio trnh
ny).
Trong dung dch nc, phc cht in ly hon ton thnh cc ion cu ngoi v cu ni. V d:
Ks[HgIJ 2K+ + HgI4Sau , cu ni c th in ly yu tng nc ra cc phi t ng vi cc hng s cn
bng in ly, thng gi l hng s khng bn k ca phc. V d:
HgI4HgI2
HgI2 + I-)
22-

HgI+ + IHgI+ Hg+ + IPhng trnh in ly tng cng : HgI4- Hg2+ + 4I

k2
k3
k4
[HgV ][I- ] [HgI 4 ]
[HgI 2 ][I- ] [HgI 3 ]
[HgI + ][I- ] [HgI 2 ]
[Hg2+][I-]
k
[HgI ]
[Hg 2+ ][I- ]= 5,0.10= 1,6.10= 1,0.104
2

2-

2-

-3
-4
-11

= 1,2.10[HgI 4-13

]
= k1.k2.k3.k4 = 9,6.10k1, k2, k3, k4 l hng s khng bn nc, cn k l hng s khng bn tng cng. k cng
ln, phc cng khng bn, v ngc li.
Nu xt qu trnh hnh thnh, s to thnh phc cng theo tng nc v tn ti cc cn bng. V d:
[HgI + ]
Hg-31
2
+ + I- ^ HgI+ HgI+ + I- HgI2
K1 =
K 2=
[Hg2+ ][I- ]
[HgI 2 ] [HgI+- ]
33
2-

HgI2 + I- - HgI3
2-

HgI3 + I- ^ HgI4
Phng trnh to phc tng cng: Hg2+ + 4I- ^ HgI4 K 3=
K 4=
[HgI3 ] [HgI2 ][I- ]
[HgI 4 ] [HgI-][I- ]
K
[HgI 4 ] [Hg ++ ][I- ]K1, K2, K3, K4 l hng s bn hay hng s to phc nc, cn K l hng s to phc
tng cng. K cng ln, phc cht cng bn, v ngc li.
Gia hng s bn v hng s khng bn c mi quan h nghch o, do :
k1.K4 = k2.K3 = k3.K2 = k4.K1 = k.K = 1
Ch : Du ngoc vung [ ] trong phc cht ch cu ni, cn trong cc biu thc ca k hoc K ch
nng mol/L ca cc cu t.
-

BI TP (BI 1)
1.1. Carbon monooxyd cha 43% carbon theo khi lng. Hy vit cng thc ha hc ca oxyd y v
biu th t l carbon/oxyd theo cc n v kg, g v khi l ng nguyn t.
1.2. Lu hunh (VI) oxyd cha 25% mol lu hunh. Cch biu th t l no sau y l ng, v sao?
25molS ;
25kgS ;
25LitS ; 100molSO3
;
100kgS3 ' 100LitSO3 a) b) c)
1.3. Xc nh t l % ca mi nguyn t trong Trimagnesi phosphat.
1.4. Tnh t l % ca H v C trong: a. Benzen C6H6
b. Acetylen C2H2
c. So snh kt qu tnh a) vi b) v gii thch
d. i lng no phn bit benzen v acetylen.
1.5. Tnh s nguyn t oxy trong 300 gam CaCO3?
34
4

1.6. Tm cng thc thc nghim ca cc cht c t l % ca cc nguyn t nh sau:

a) Fe = 63,53%; S = 36,4% b) Fe = 46,55%; S = 53,45% c) Fe = 53,73%; S = 46,27%
1.7. nh ngha ng lng trong phn ng trung ha v trong phn ng oxy ha-kh khc nhau nh
th no?
1.8. Tnh th tch ca dung dch 0,232 N cha: a. 3,17 E cht tan
b. 6,5 E cht tan.
1.9. Tnh nng ng lng ca mi dung dch sau: a. 7,88 g HNO3 trong mi lt dung dch.
b. 26,5 g Na2CO3 trong mi lt dung dch.
1.10. C bao nhiu ng lng cht tan trong: a. 1L dung dch 2 N
b. 1L dung dch 0,5 N
c. 0,5 L dung dch 0,2 N
1.11. Cho bit nng ng lng ca dung dch H3PO4 0,300M trong phn ng sau:
H3PO4 + 2OH;
HPO4- + 2H2O
1.12. Tnh th tch nc cn thm vo 250mL dung dch 1,25 N thu c dung dch c nng 0,500
N.
1.13. Cn my mL dung dch NaOH 6,0 N trung ha ht 30mL
dung dch HCl 4,0 N?
1.14. Xc nh nng ng lng ca dung dch H3PO4 nu 40,0mL dung dch ny trung ha va
120mL dung dch NaOH 0,531 N.
1.15. Mt dung dch KMnO4 1,752 N b kh thnh MnO2. Tnh nng mol/L ca dung dch .
1.16. Cn bng phng trnh phn ng sau:
Sn + HCl + HNO3 SnCl4 + NO + .... V cho bit:
a. 1mol Sn cha my ng lng? b. 1mol HNO3 cha my ng lng?
35

1.17. Cn bng phng trnh phn ng sau:

KMnO4 + KI + H2SO4 K2SO4 + MnSO4 + I2+ .... V cho bit:
a. Cn bao nhiu gam KMnO4 pha 500mL dung dch KMnO4 0,250 N?
b. Cn bao nhiu gam KI pha 25,0mL dung dch KI 0,360 N?
1.18. Tm s oxy ha ca mi nguyn t (tr oxy) trong mi hp cht sau: a) P2O74- ; b) C3O2 ; c)
MnO4- ; d) MnO42- ; e) VO2+ ;
f) UO2 + ; g) C1O3- ;
h) S2O3 ; i) CS2 ;
j) S406 ; k) S2CI2
1.19. Cn bng cc phng trnh phn ng sau: a. HNO3 + H2S NO + S +...
b. KMnO4 + KCl + H2SO4 MnSO4 + K2SO4 + Cl2 +...
c. K2Cr2O7 + HCl CrCl3 + Cl2 + KCl + ....
d. Zn + NaNO3 + NaOH Na2ZnO2 + NH3 + ...
e. HgS + HCl + HNO3 H2HgCl4 + NO + S + ...
f. KMnO4 + H2SO4 + H2O2 MnSO4 + O2 + K2SO4+ ...
g. CrI3 + KOH + Cl2 K2CrO4 + KIO4 + KCl +...
Hy c v vit tn tt c cc cht c trong cc phn ng trn theo Danh php ca D c in Vit Nam.
1.20. a) in nhng gi tr thch hp vo tt c cc cn trng ca
bng sau:
2

2-

Dung dch

[HaO+l

5.1Q-4

2
3
4

2-

[OH]

pH

pOH

3.1Q5
6
12

b) Cho 3,31 g Pb(NO3)2 vo 1 lt dung dch th nhng dung dch no trong bng trn c kt ta
Pb(OH)2?
Cho bit: TTPb(Om. = 1036

1.21. Tnh pH ca dung dch 1,0.10-12

-3

M ca mi cht sau, gi thit cc cht tan l in ly hon ton.

a) HCl b) NaOH c) Ba(OH)2 d) NaCl
1.22. Tnh pH v pOH ca mi dung dch sau, gi thit cc cht l in ly hon ton.
a. HNO3 0,00345 M b. HCl 0,000775 M
c. NaOH 0,00886 M
1.23. Tnh pH ca 500mL dung dch cha 0,050 moi NaOH.
1.24. Tnh [H3O+] cc dung dch c pH bng:
a) 4 b) 7
c) 2,50 d) 8,26
1.25. Cho bit gi tr TAgCl, nu tan ca AgCl trong nc bng
1,0.10-5M.
1.26. Tm tan S ca Mg(OH)2 trong nc. Bit TM = 1,2.10-11.
1.27. Dung dch bo ha Mg(OH)2 trong nc c pH bng my? Bit TMg(OH)2 = 1,2.10-11.
1.28. Hy tnh tan cu AgCl trong dung dch AgNO3 0,20M.
1.29. tan ca PbSO4 trong nc l 0,038 g/L. Tnh TPbSO .
1.30. tan ca Ag2CrO4 trong nc bng 0,044g/L. Tnh TA .
1.31. Tnh tan ca Fe(OH)3 trong dung dch nc c pH = 8,0.
Bit TFe(OH)3 = 1,0.10-36.
1.32. Xc nh tan ca AgCl trong dung dch BaCl2 0,10M.
Bit TAgCl=1,0.10-10.
1.33. tan ca Fe(OH)2 trong nc l 2.10-5mol/L. Tnh gi tr ca T
(OH)

C O

Fe(OH)2

1.34. Tnh khi lng (theo gam) ca PbI2 ha tan trong: a. 500mL nc
b. 500mL dung dch KI 0,10 M
c. 500mL dung dch cha 1,33 g Pb(NO3)2
Cho bit TPbI = 1,4.10-8.
37

1.35. Bit cc hp cht phn t di y u l phc cht: a. CaF2.ZnF2 vi Ca2+ cu ngoi.

b. PtCl4.5NH3 vi 3Cl- cu ngoi
c. 4NaCN.Fe(CN)2 vi tt c CN- cu ni
d. 3KCN.Fe(CN)3 vi c 6CN- cu ni
Hy vit cng thc phn t ca cc hp cht trn di dng phc cht (cu ni c t trong du ngoc
vung [ ]). Xc nh in tch ca ion trung tm v in tch ca cu ni.
1.36. c tn cc phc cht bi 35.
1.37. Vit phng trnh in ly v biu thc ca cc hng s khng bn nc v tng cng ca cc phc
sau:
a) NH4[Ag(CN)2]
b) K3[Fe(SCN)6]
1.38. So snh cc hng s cho bit phc no bn hn trong mi cp sau y:
a. [Zn(NH3)4](OH)2 v [Cu(NH3)4](OH)2 c hng s khng bn k ln lt l 10-1 v 10-13.
b. Na[Ag(CN)2] v K[Ag(SCN)2] c hng s to phc K ln lt bng 1021,1 v 1011,3.
c. HgBr+ v HgI+ c hng s to phc nc K1 ln lt bng 109 v 1012,9.
38

Bi 2

I CNG V PHN TCH NH TNH CC ION

TRONG DUNG DCH
MC TIU
1. Gii thch c s khc nhau gia cc phng php trong phn tch nh tnh:
- Phng php ha hc v phng php vt l - ha l
- Phn tch t v phn tch kh
- Phn tch ring bit v phn tch h thng
2. Trnh by c s khc nhau gia:
- Phn ng tch v phn ng xc nh
- nhy tuyt i v nhy tng i ca mt phn ng
- Thuc th nhm, thuc th chn lc v thuc th c hiu
3. Lp c s phn tch tng qut 6 nhm cation theo phng php acid-base
4. K c tn cc thuc th nhm anion v vit phn ng minh ha.
Theo nh ngha rng, nhim v ca phn tch nh tnh l s dng cc ph ng php phn tch (ha hc
hay vt l-ha l) cho bit: c nhng nguyn t, phn t, nhm nguyn t trong phn t, hay ion no
trong mt mu vt cn nghin cu.
Gio trnh ny ch yu ch gii thiu phn phn tch nh tnh cc ion v c trong dung dch.
1. CC PHNG PHP PHN TCH NH TNH
1.1. Phng php ha hc: L phng php nh tnh da trn cc phn ng ha hc. Phng php ny
khng cn trang thit b phc tp nn tit kim v d thc hin. Tuy nhin, n i hi thi gian t ng i
di v lng cht phn tch tng i ln.
1.2. Phng php vt l - ha l: L phng php phn tch nh tnh da
trn cc tnh cht vt l v ha l ca mu vt cn kim nghim. V d, cc ph ng php thng dng l:
39

a. Phng php soi tinh th: Dng knh hin vi pht hin cc tinh th c mu sc v hnh dng c
trng ca mt hp cht. Chang hn, ion Na+ to tinh th hnh mt nhn mu vng lc nht vi thuc th
Streng.
b. Phng php so mu ngn la: t cc hp cht d bay hi ca cc nguyn t trn ngn la n gas
khng mu ri quan st. Chang hn, ngn la stronti cho mu son, kali mu tm, natri mu vng, bari
mu lc nht.
c. Cc phng php dng c: L nhng phng php dng cc my, thit b hot ng theo nhng
nguyn l xc nh phn tch nh tnh. V d, sc k, quang ph pht x, quang ph hp th, hunh
quang, cc ph.
Cc phng php vt l ha l c nhy v chnh xc cao, nhng i hi trang thit b phc tp.
1.3. Phn tch t v phn tch kh
a. Phn tch t: L phng php nh tnh c tin hnh vi cc dung dch. Mu vt rn cn kim
nghim phi c ha tan trong nc, trong acid, trong dung dch cng thy hay trong cc dung mi
hu c.
b. Phn tch kh: Tin hnh phn tch vi cc cht rn hoc vi dung dch bng ng li kh. Chang
hn:
- Th mu ngn la: Khi t mui Sr2+ hoc dung dch cha ion Sr2+, xut hin ngn la mu son.
- iu ch ngc mu vi natri borat: ngc mu lam l c mui cobalt, ngc mu lc l c mui crom.
1.4. Phn tch ring bit v phn tch h thng
a. Phn tch ring bit: L xc nh trc tip mt ion trong hn hp nhiu ion bng mt phn ng c
hiu phn ng ch xy ra vi ring ion . Ta c th ly tng phn dung dch phn tch th ring
tng ion m khng cn theo mt th t nht nh no. Chang hn, xc nh Iod (cng dng ion I 3-) trong
dung dch bng h tinh bt, phn ng c hiu cho mu xanh.
Thc t, khng nhiu ion c phn ng tht c hiu. Do , phn tch ring bit ch c s dng trong
s kt hp vi phn tch h thng
b. Phn tch h thng: L tin hnh xc nh ion theo mt th t nht nh. Trc khi xc nh mt ion
phi loi b hoc kha li cc ion cn tr l cc ion c phn ng vi thuc th ging nh ion cn tm.
Chang hn, ngi ta thng dng thuc th amoni oxalat (NH4)2C2O4 xc nh ion Ca2+ qua phn ng:
Ca2+ + C2O42-- CaC2O4 mu trng
40

Tuy nhin, Ba2+ cng cho phn ng tng t, do trc ht cn phi loi ion ny (nu c) khi dung
dch nh phn ng vi cromat trong mi trng acid acetic:
Ba2+ + CrO42-- BaCrO4 mu vng
phn tch h thng mt hn hp nhiu ion, ngi ta thng dng cc thuc th nhm chia cc ion
thnh nhiu nhm, mi nhm c th li chia thnh cc phn nhm, v cui cng c tch thnh tng ion
ring bit xc nh. Trnh t tin hnh nh vy to nn nhng s phn tch tng qut v s phn
tch nhm.
2. CC PHN NG DNG TRONG PHN TCH NH TNH
2.1. Cc loi phn ng
a. Phn ng theo bn cht ha hc:
- Phn ng ha tan. V d:
CaCl2/nc = Ca2+ + 2Cl-CaCO3 + 2HC1 = CaCl2 + CO/ + H20
- Phn ng kt ta. V d:
Ag+ + Cl- = AgCl
- Phn ng trung ha. V d:
Ba(OH)2 + 2HCl = BaCl2 + 2H20
- Phn ng to cht bay hi. V d:
NH4NO3 + NaOH = NH/ + NaNO3 + H20
- Phn ng oxy-ha kh. V d:
2Mn2+ + 5PbO2 + 4H+ = 2MnO4- + 5Pb2+ + 2H20
- Phn ng to phc. V d:
Hg2+ + 4I- = [HgI4]b. Phn ng theo mc ch phn tch:
- Phn ng tch: Nhm chia cc cht, cc ion thnh nhng nhm nh, hay tch ring mt ion, mt cht
dng cho phn ng xc nh.
- Phn ng c trng hay xc nh: Nhm tm mt ion khi n c c lp hay khi cn trong hn hp.
- Phn ng to iu kin cho tch v xc nh, nh: + Phn ng "kha" hay loi ion cn tr.
41

+ Phn ng "m kha" hoc ph phc gii phng ion cn tm.

+ Phn ng iu chnh pH mi trng ha tan, kt ta hoc trung ha cht cn phn tch.
2.2 nhy v tnh c hiu ca phn ng
Cc phn ng dng trong phn tch nh tnh cn phi nhanh, nhy, c hiu, c du hiu d nhn bit
(nh kt ta, to mu, mu thay i trong cc dung mi hay iu kin phn ng, sinh kh c c im
ring ...), xy ra hon ton. Tuy nhin, ty theo mc ch phn tch m phn ng c la chn ch cn
t mt vi yu cu c th, khng nht thit phi c cc c tnh nu. Chang hn, khi tch ring mt
ion bng cch kt ta th phn ng phi hon ton. Nh ng ch nh tnh ion th khng cn phi nh
vy.
Hai yu cu quan trng i vi mt phn ng nh tnh l nhy v tnh c hiu.
2.2.1. nhay ca phn ng: L lng cht ti thiu c th pht hin c bng phn ng trong
nhng iu kin xc nh. C 2 cch biu th nhy:
a. nhy tuyt i hay gii hn pht hin: L lng cht nh nht, thng tnh bng microgam (1 mcg
= 10
-6
g)trong mt mu em th, cn c pht hin bng mt phn ng no .
b. nhy tng i: L nng gii hn (hay pha long gii hn), thng tnh theo g/mL, cn c
pht hin bng mt phn ng trong iu kin xc nh.
V d: Phn ng kt ta xc nh Na+ bng thuc th Streng trong ng nghim c nhy tuyt i l 10
mcg, ngha l ti thiu phi c 10 mcg Na+ trong mt mu em th. Mt khc, quan st c r rng
trong ng nghim th th tch dung dch mu em th t nht l 0,5 mL. V vy, nhy t ng i bng
2.10-5 g (Na+)/mL.
Cng phn ng nhng thc hin bng cch soi tinh th di knh hin vi, th th tch dung dch mu
th ch cn 0,001 mL, theo nhy tng i vn l 2.10-5 g/mL (hay pha long l 1/50.000 so vi
n v nng g/mL), nhng nhy tuyt i s l 0,02 mcg (nhy hn 500 ln so vi phn ng trong
ng nghim).
V d trn y cho thy, nhy ph thuc cch thc hin phn ng. Ngoi ra, nhy cn chu nh
hng ca cc yu t nhit , nng thuc th, s c mt ca cc ion l...
C mt s cch lm tng nhy ca phn ng. Chang hn, dung dch iod rt long trong n c c
mu vng kh nhn bit, nhng khi chit iod vo cloroform mu tm xut hin rt r rng.
42
2-

2.2.2. Tnh c hiu ca phn ng: L trong nhng iu kin xc nh, c th dng phn ng (hay
thuc th) xc nh mt cht khi c mt cc cht khc. Tnh c hiu ca mt phn ng c th biu
th bng gi tr:
Lng ion cn pht hin
F =-:-:

Lng ion l cng c mt

Tt nhin, F cng nh, phn ng cng c hiu.
V d: KI l thuc th c hiu ca ion Hg2+ v n cho ta mu son HgI2 rt d nhn ra, d nng
Hg2+ rt nh nm ln trong nhiu ion khc. Hn na mu d dng bin mt nu cho d KI do to
thnh phc [HgI4]2- tan v khng mu.
2.3. Thuc th trong cc phn ng nh tnh
a. Yu cu ca thuc th trong phn tch: Phi tinh khit, nhy v c hiu.
tinh khit l yu cu quan trng nht. Cc thuc th ha hc xp theo tinh khit tng dn nh sau:
- Loi k thut thng lm nguyn liu ban u.
- Loi tinh khit th nghim ha hc ni chung.
- Loi tinh khit phn tch.
- Loi tinh khit ha hc lm cht chun.
- Loi tinh khit quang hc dng trong phn tch quang ph. b. Thuc th theo tc dng phn tch:
gm cc loi
- Thuc th nhm: L thuc th c tc dng ging nhau ln mt nhm cc ion. V d, HCl l thuc th
ca nhm Ag+, Pb2+, Hg22+.
- Thuc th chn lc: L thuc th c tc dng ging nhau trn mt s ion m cc ion ny c th thuc
cc nhm phn tch khc nhau. Chang hn, NH3 c th to phc tan v khng mu vi mt s ion nhiu
nhm phn tch.
- Thuc th c hiu hay thuc th ring: L thuc th ch cho phn ng c hiu vi mt ion hoc vi
mt cht. V d, h tinh bt cho mu xanh ch vi iod, dimethyglyoxim trong mi tr ng amoniac to
thnh ch vi ion Ni2+ mt kt ta mu hng.
3. PHN TCH NH TNH CATION THEO PHNG PHP ACID-BASE
phn tch nh tnh cc cation, ngi ta c th dng ng li phn tch ring bit hay phn tch h
thng, thng thng l kt hp c hai cch ny.
Trong ha hc, ng li phn tch h thng cc cation trong dung dch c xy dng kh cht ch:
t mt phn dung dch cn phn tch
43

(cn gi l dung dch ban u, dung dch gc) ngi ta ln lt tch tng nhm, tng phn nhm, ri
tch ring tng cation xc nh cc cation c mt trong dung dch.
C hai ng li ch yu phn tch h thng cc cation l ng li theo phng php dng H2S v
ng li theo phng php acid-base.
ng li theo phng php dng H2S da trn s khc nhau v tan ca nhiu sulfid kim loi tch
cc cation thnh 5 nhm. ng li ny kh cht ch, cho kt qu chnh xc, pht hin trit cc cation
k c khi chng nm trong phc cht. Tuy nhin, ng li ny c nhc im ch yu l H2S rt c
hi, mi kh chu v trong qu trnh phn tch thng gp cc dung dch keo ca S rt kh x l. V th,
ngy nay, phng php dng H2S hu nh khng cn c s dng.
ng li phn tch h thng cation theo phng php acid-base ch yu da trn kh nng to kt ta,
to phc vi cc acid-base l HCl, H2SO4, NaOH, NH4OH.
Bng 6 v S 5 ch ra s hnh thnh 6 nhm cation c bn v ng li phn tch tng qut. Nhm
cation c bn tch li c phn tch thnh tng phn nhm, ri tng cation nhn bit nh cc phn
ng xc nh hoc phn ng vi thuc th c hiu (xem cc s cc bi tip sau).
Bng 6.

S hnh thnh 6 nhm cation theo phng php acid-base

Nhm

Thuc th nhm

Cc Cation thuc
nhm

Sn phm to thnh vi thuc th

nhm

HCl

Ag+, Hg22+, Pb2+

AgCl, Hg2Cl2, PbCl2

Nhm acid II
Nhm
base
III

44

H2SO4 long

Ba2+, Sr2+ Ca2+, (Pb2+)

BaSO4, SrSO4, CaSO4, (PbSO4)

NaOH d +
H2O2

Al3+, Cr3+, Zn2+ Sn2+,

Sn4+ As3+, As5+

AlO2-, CrO42-, ZnO22-SnO32-, AsO43-

IV

(NaOH)

Fe2+, Fe3+, Sb3+ Sb5+,

Bi3+, Mn2+ Mg2+

Fe(OH)2, Fe(OH)3, Sb(OH)3

Sb(OH)5, Bi(OH)3, Mn(OH)2
Mg(OH)2

NH4OH c, d

Cu2+, Cd2+, Hg2+ Co2+,

Cc phc amino [Me(NH3)n] + n = 4, 6
Ni2+

VI

Khng c

Na+, K+, NH4+

S 5*:

S phn tch tng qut 6 nhm cation theo phng php acid-base
(Phn tch theo s 2)
Nhm III: (nc ly tm cha oxoanion) AlO2-, ZnO22-, (SnO32-, CrO42-)
Kt ta (oxyd, hydroxyd nhm (IV + V) + HNO3 (+ H2P2)
(Phn tch theo s 2)
Ly tm
N c ly tm + Na2CO3 ti thong c + NH4OH c (+ H2O2)

Ta HSbO3 (hoc Sb2O5.H2O) Ho tan bng HCl c Xc nh Sb:

- Phn ng thy phn
- Thuc th Caille-Viel
Ly tm
(Sb3+,5+ c th xp nhm IV do to ta hydroxyd/acid, khng to phc amoniacat/ -.hoc xp ring
Nhm IV: (ta hydroxyd)
Fe(OH)2,Fe(OH)3, Bi(OH)3,MnO2,Mg(OH)2
Nhm V: (nc ly tm cha phc amino)
Cu(NH3)42+, Hg(NH3)42+ (Ni(NH3)42+,Co(NH3)62+,Cd(NH3)42+)
(Phn tch theo s 3) (Phn tch theo s 4)

* S th t (5) c ghi tng ng vi s 5 trong Phn 2. Thc hnh phn tch nh tnh
45

4. PHN TCH NH TNH ANION

Do khng c thuc th nhm tht r rng, nn cng khng th phn chia mt cch cht ch ton b cc
anion thnh nhng nhm ring phn tch h thng ging nh cc cation.
Da theo tc dng, cc thuc th nhm anion c th c phn loi theo Bng 7.
Nh nhng phn ng ca thuc th trn nhm anion- ch yu l phn ng kt ta v oxy ha kh, chng
ta c th nhn bit chnh xc s c mt hay vng mt nhiu ion.
V d, mt phn ng kt ta khng xy ra vi thuc th nhm AgNO3 + HNO3 2N, c ngha l cc anion
tng ng Cl-, Br-, I-, SCN- khng c mt trong dung dch cn phn tch.
Cn nu, mt phn ng oxy ha kh xy ra lm mt mu dung dch I2 th chc chn l dung dch phn tch
c mt hay nhiu anion ca nhm S2-,
SO3 , S2O3 , AsO3 .
Nh ch dn ca thuc th nhm, cc anion trong mt nhm c xc nh bng thuc th c hiu, hoc
sau phn ng tch, c xc nh bng mt vi phn ng c trng.
Lu : V c nhiu cation gy ri phn ng nhm v phn ng xc nh, nn cc cation cn c loi
b trc khi tin hnh phn tch anion. iu ny c th thc hin c bng cch chuyn dung dch phn
tch thnh nc soda (dung dch cha Na2CO3). Trong nc soda, hu ht cc cation gy ri (thng l
kim loi kim th, kim loi nng) b kt ta dng carbonat hoc hydroxyd. Cch to n c soda thng
thng l: 1 th tch dung dch phn tch (vi mL) + 1 th tch dung dch Na 2CO3 (vi mL) + vi git
NaOH c. Lc hoc ly tm. Dung dch trong sut cha cc anion dng cho phn tch gi l nc soda;
v cch pha ch nh vy gi tt l lm nc soda.
Tuy nhin nu dung dch gc phn tch, hoc dung dch iu kin tin hnh phn ng c tr ng,
c tnh cht ca nc soda th c th thc hin ngay cc bc phn tch m khng cn lm nc soda
na.
mc gio trnh ny, s anion c quan tm ch chia thnh 2 nhm:
Nhm I: gm Cl"; Br"; I"; SCN-, S2O32- c tch ring bng thuc th
nhm AgNO3 + HNO3 2N
Nhm II: gm CO3 , SO3 ; SO4 ; AsO3 ; AsO4 ; PO4 ; CH3COO-, SO3 ,
SO42- c xc nh theo phng php phn tch na h thng v phn tch trc tip.
46
2-

2-

3-

2-

2-

2-

3-

3-

3-

2-

S phn tch anion nhm v nhm li c trnh by Bi 9 v Bi 10 pha sau.

Bng 7.
STT

Phn loi thuc th theo nhm anion

Thuc th nhm Nhm anion Sn phm hoc du hiu phn ng
T o c c k h t n g n g :
CO32-; CN-; S2-; SO32-S2O32-; CO2 (khng mu, lm c nc vi trong);
HCN (mi hnh nhn); H2S (mi thi); SO2
NO2-; ClO(mi sc mnh); SO2 v S; NO v NO2 (mu
nu , kh th); Cl2 (mu vng lc, kh th)

HCl 2N hay H2SO4 2N

T o k t t a t n g n g :
AsO33-; AsO43-; CrO42-; ClO-; Ca3(AsO3)2 trng; Ca3(AsO4)2 trng; BaCrO4
BaCl2 + CaCl2 trong mi
MnO4-; SO42-;PO43-; BrO3-;
vng; Ba(MnO4) ; BasO4 trng; Ca3(PO4)2
trng trung tnh
IO3-; F- ...
trng; Ba(BrO3)2 trng; Ba(IO3)2 trng; CaF2
trng;...

AgNO3 + HNO3 2N

SCN-; Cl-; Br-; I-

T o k t t a t n g n g :
AgSCN trng; AgCl trng; AgBr vng nht; AgI
vng r

Hn hp Mg (NH4OH +
NH4Cl + MgCl2)

AsO43-; PO43-

T o k t t a t n g n g : MgNH4AsO4
trng; MgNH4PO4 trng

KI + H2SO4 2N

CrO4 ; AsO3 ; MnO4 ; ClO-;

ClO3-; BrO3-; IO3 ,
NO2

Gii phng I2
(Nhn bit iod bng mu trong dung dch
nc hoc trong cloroform, hoc th bng h
tinh bt)

2-

3-

Dung dch I2

S2-; SO32-; S2O32-; AsO33-

Lm mt mu I2

Dung dch KMnO4 +

H2sO4 2N

S2-; SO32-; S2O32-; NO2-;

AsO33-; Cl-; Br-; I-; C N ;
SCN-

Lm mt mu KMnO4

Khng c thuc th
nhm

NO3-; ClO4-

5. NHNG K THUT c BN TRONG THC HNH HA PHN TCH NH TNH

5.1. Ra dng c
Khi tin hnh th nghim, dng c th nghim phi hon ton sch. kim tra xem dng c sch hay
cha, ta c th trng bng mt t nc ct. Nu trn thnh thy tinh ch li mt lp nc mng v u
th coi nh dng c sch. Nu nc dnh trn thnh dng c thnh tng git th dng c cha sch cn
phi ra li.
C nhiu phng php ra dng c: ra bng phng php c hc v ra bng phng php ha hc.
47

Thng thng ra bng cch dng chi lng c st vo thnh dng c ngm nc hoc dung mi
thch hp, sau trng ra nhiu ln. i vi cc dng c thu tinh ch nn xoay chi lng nh nhng vo
thnh dng c, khng chc mnh s lm v hoc thng y dng c.
i vi cc dng c khng ra sch c bng chi lng v nc th phi dng cc dung dch ra c tc
dng vi cht bn. Vic chn dung dch ra da vo cc c im sau:
- Bn cht dng c cn ra (l thy tinh, g, st, nha ...)
- Dng c b bn bi cht g, tnh cht ca n nh th no (c th tan trong dung mi g, c tnh acid hay
base, tnh oxy ha hay kh ... )
Vi cc cht bn l mui v c hoc hu c d tan trong nc th ra bng nc x phng. Vi cc cht
bn l du m, nha hoc cc cht hu c khng tan trong n c th c th dng mt s dung mi hu c
nh ru, bezen, ether ...
Trong trng hp cht bn bm chc vo thnh dng c th c th b vo bnh mt t giy lc vn, cho
dung dch ra vo v lc mnh. Giy vn s ko theo cc cht bn i m khng lm x c thnh dng c
thy tinh.
Ngoi ra cn c th dng cc dung dch ra c tnh oxy ha kh nh :
- Hn hp ra KMnO4 5%: ra s b dng c bng nc, sau ngm dng c vo dung dch KMnO4
5% acid ha bi H2SO4 v un nng nh. Ra sch cc vt mu nu (sn phm phn hy ca
KMnO4v cht bn) bng dung dch acid oxalic H2C2O4, hoc cc dung dch khc nh NaHSO3,
FeSO4,.... Trng li dng c bng nc ct ri sy kh.
- Hn hp ra sulfocromic (gm 20 - 30 g K2Cr2O7 hoc Na2Cr2O7 trong 1 lt acid H2SO4 c) c mu nu
: dng ra cc dng c bng thy tinh, gm s. Sau khi ra bng dung dch ny, trng li dng c
bng nc ct ri sy kh. Hn hp ra sulfocromic c th ti s dng nhiu ln cho n khi mu nu
chuyn thnh mu xanh tham mi ht tc dng ra.
Ch :
Khng hn hp ra ri trn da hoc qun o.
Khi cn ra cc loi ng nh, khng c dng ming ht m phi dng qu bp cao su ht dung dch
ra hoc c th ngm c dng c vo dung dch ra.
5.2. Cch un nng
un nng ha cht, tuy theo nhit ta c th s dng cc thit b un nng thch hp. Trong qu trnh
un khng nn dng c b thay i nhit t ngt v d gy nt v.
48

- un cht lng:
+ Khi un cht lng ng trong bnh cu, cc thy tinh phi lt mt tm li amian trnh v. Khng
c t cc nng nhc t bp xung mt bn m phi lt bng cc vt c tnh cht cch nhit nh
g, amian....
+ Khi un cht lng trong ng nghim phi dng cp g cp ng nghim. Trc ht un nh ton b ng
nghim, sau mi tp trung un, va un va lc u, hng ming ng nghim v pha khng c
ngi.
- un cht rn: Dng ng nghim kh, khi un ng nghim nm nghing, u cao hn y mt cht.
Lc u un u khp ng nghim, sau mi tp trung un ch c cht rn, hng ming ng nghim
v pha khng c ngi.
5.3. Lc
Lc l phng php tch cht rn ra khi cht lng bng cch cho hn hp i qua mt mng lc.
C nhiu loi mng lc: giy lc, bng thng, bng thy tinh, bng amian, phu y thy tinh xp....
Vic la chn mng lc tuy thuc vo bn cht dung dch v cht rn cn tch. Nu cht rn hay dung
dch lc ph hu mng lc loi no th khng dng loi y.
V d: acid hoc kim c s ph hu giy lc cellulose nn khi lc phi dng mng lc amian; CrO 3 c
tnh oxy ha mnh, t chy cc cht hu c th khng dng bng, giy lc thng th ng m phi dng
bng thy tinh hoc phu lc c mng thy tinh xp.
Tuy thuc vo kch thc ca kt ta nh lc m chn loi mng lc c kch thc l rng cho ph hp.
Cc loi giy lc, phu thy tinh xp c cc s hiu khc nhau ch kch th c l rng.
V d: vi giy lc, thng phn bit chng da vo mu sc ca bng giy dn ngoi hp:
- Giy lc bng hay bng en: l loi c kch thc l rng ln ( # 10 m).
- Giy lc bng trng c l rng trung bnh ( # 3 m).
- Giy lc bng xanh c kch thc l rng nh ( # 1 - 2,5 m).
Nhng kt ta thng thng v dung dch c pH t 0 n 14 thng c lc qua bng hoc giy lc
cellulose. Tuy theo mc ch lc m ta c cc cch gp giy lc nh sau:
- Gp giy lc phang ly phn kt ta, dng cho phu thy tinh thng.
49

- Gp giy lc c nhiu np gp ly phn dung dch, dng cho phu thy tinh th ng.
- Ct giy lc trn v phang ly c phn kt ta v dch lc, dng cho phu y phang c l.
Ch : Khi gp giy lc khng nn mit tay qu mnh vo giy lc d gy thng giy khi lc.
hc di p sut thng bng phu thy tinh hnh nn:
Giy lc sau khi gp, t vo phu phi thp hn ming phu t 3-5 mm. Giy lc phi t st vo thnh
phu v gn tm phu nht, trnh hin tng c khong cch khng kh lm cho vic lc chm. Phi thm
t giy lc bng nc ct trc khi lc.
Khi lc, cung phu cn chm vo thnh cc dng chy lin tc v lc nhanh hn. Rt cn thn dung
dch pha trn kt ta xung ht theo a thu tinh xung phu. Sau khi dung dch chy ht th mi
a kt ta ln phu.
Ch : khng c kt ta v dch lc cao qu 3/4 mp giy lc; kt ta khng cao qu 1/2 chiu cao
giy lc.
5.4. Ly tm
Khi cn tch kt ta ra khi dung dch, ta dng my ly tm quay tay hay my ly tm in.
Khi dng my ly tm cn theo ng nhng quy tc sau y:
a) Dng cc ng c kch thc, hnh dng nh nhau
b) Khng dung dch qu 2/3 ng
c) Mi ng ng dung dch cn ly tm phi c mt ng i trng (ng nc) nng tng ng v t 2
ng i xng qua trc quay.
d) y np my (nu l ly tm in), cho quay chm ri nhanh dn.
e) Khi tt my phi gim tc dn.
Sau khi ly tm, kt ta nm di y ng nghim, phn dung dch trn quy c gi l nc ly tm.
Trng hp cn ta ni trn mt nc ly tm th cn lc qua mt giy lc nh.
5.5. Ra kt ta
Thng dng ba cch ra kt ta l ra gn, ra ly tm v ra trn phu lc.
50

5.5.1. Ra gan
Rt nc ra vo kt ta trong cc, dng a thy tinh khuy u v lng. Gn b phn dung dch
trong, ri li thm mt lng nc ra na v lp li ng tc trn nhiu ln.
5.5.2. Ra ly tm
Trn ta trong ng nghim vi vi mL nc ct ri em quay ly tm, gn b nc ly tm. Lp li vi ln
cho n khi ta sch.
5.5.3. Ra trn phu loe
Chuyn ton b kt ta ln phu lc, rt nc ra va ngp ta. Ch cho dung dch ra chy ht qua
phu lc ri mi rt tip ln khc. Lp li ng tc ny nhiu ln cho n khi kt ta sch.
Ch : vic ra ta nhanh v sch, mi ln rt nc ra ch cn rt mt lng nh v phi ch cho
dung dch trn phu chy xung ht mi cho ln tip theo.
kim tra vic ra hon thnh cha, ta ly vo mt ng nghim nh vi git nc ra sau khi ra
c vi ln v th xem c cn cht cn ra hay khng.
Vic chn nc ra tuy thuc vo tan ca kt ta trong cc dung mi. Thng th ng trong phng th
nghim hay dng nc ct ra. Cc kt ta c tan t thay i theo nhit c th dng n c ra
nng. Kt ta d tan trong nc th ra bng nc ngm trong hoc cc dung mi hu c.
5.6. Thc hin phn ng
5.6.1. Kt ta
Thng dng phn ng kt ta tch ring hoc nh tnh cc ion.
- Kt ta l tinh th, nu em soi knh hin vi th ta phi c hnh dng xc nh.
- Kt ta l v nh hnh hoc keo, nu ngay sau phn ng ta kh lng, c m c dung dch.
5.6.2. Soi tinh th
Bng hai cch:
a) Lm phn ng trong ng nghim, dng pipet nh 1 git dung dch c ln tinh th ln phin knh v
em soi trn knh hin vi.
b) Lm phn ng trn phin knh: nh 1 git dung dch, thm 1 git thuc th bn cnh, dng a thu
tinh ni lin 2 git phn ng.
51

Ch : Dung dch long, tinh th xut hin chm nhng r hnh dng. Nu long qu th h nng phin
knh tng nng cht phn ng.
Dung dch c qu, tinh th xut hin nhanh v nhiu, nhng t c tinh th p v hnh dng c trng.
5.6.3. Th xem kt ta hon ton
- Sau khi quay ly tm, nh t t theo thnh ng nghim 1-2 git thuc th v quan st. Nu phn n c
ly tm khng cn xut hin ta th phn ng kt ta hon ton, nu ngc li l cha hon ton.
- Cng th bng cch xem mi trng: nu nc ly tm c pH kim th phn ng ta kim loi nng bng
kim hon ton.
5.6.4. Ha tan kt ta
Thm thuc th hay dung mi vo, nu ta khng tan ht th dng a thy tinh trn k hoc un nng
mt cht.
Nu mun ha tan ht kt ta, c th phi thm tip thuc th v dung mi.
Nu mun ha tan ch mt phn ta th em quay ly tm ri gn hay dng pipet tch ring ta v dung
dch.
5.6.5. Th cht kh
Cht kh thot ra c th nhn bit bng mu, mi hoc dng thuc th. Thuc th c th tm vo giy lc
ri dnh vo u pipet, u dy hoc ng y mt ng nghim khc v nghing hay dc ng c
hng kh vo.
5.6.6. Th mu ngon la
Mt s cht khi t trong ngn la khng mu ca n gas th bay hi v cho ngn la c mu c tr ng.
Cch th: dng dy Nickel-Crom hoc dy Platin ra sch (bng cch nhng vo dung dch HCl c
v t vi ln) nhng vo bt th hay dung dch cht th ri a vo ngn la khng mu ca n gas.
5.6.7. ThpH ca mi trng
cc phn ng nh tnh trong ng nghim, thng dng cc ch th mu l nhng cht c mu sc bin
i theo pH ca dung dch.
Cch th:
- Nh 1-2 git phenolphthalein vo dung dch th. Nu dung dch khng mu th pH < 8; dung dch c
mu th pH > 10; dung dch c mu hng cnh sen th pH = 8-10.
52

- Nhng giy quy tm vo dung dch th hoc tm t giy quy ri h vo kh bay ra. Nu giy quy c
mu th dung dch th hoc kh bay ra to dung dch c pH < 6; nu giy quy c mu xanh th pH > 8.
- Nh 1 git dung dch th ln giy ch th vn nng ri so snh mu vi thang o mu mu (in sn trn
hp hoc ba) xc nh gi tr pH ( cho mi mu mu).
5.6.8. iu chnh pH ca mi trng
- Khi mi trng ang acid m cn iu chnh v mi trng kim hay trung tnh th thm tng git dung
dch KOH, NaOH, NH4OH, NaCH3COO, Na2CO3 hay mui ca acid yu v kim mnh khc hoc l dung
dch m vng kim. Tt nhin, nu ang xc nh Na+ th khng dng nhng cht cha Na+ iu
chnh mi trng.
- Khi mi trng ang kim m mun iu chnh v mi trng acid hoc trung tnh th thm dn tng
git dung dch HCl, HNO3, CH3COOH, NH4Cl, NH4NO3 hay cc mui ca acid mnh v base yu khc
hoc l dung dch m vng acid.

BI TP (BI 2)
2.1. Chn mt tr li ng nht:
(nh du V vo tr li ng nht)
a. Phng php ha hc trong phn tch nh tnh l phng php da trn:
A. Cc tnh cht vt l ca mu kim nghim B. o ph hp th nguyn t, phn t C. Cc phn ng ha
hc D. Soi tinh th d i knh hin vi b. Phn tch t l phng php phn tch nh tnh tin hnh vi:
A. Dung dch B. Cht rn
C. Dung dch bng ng li kh D. C dung dch v cht rn c. Phn tch ring bit l phn tch:
A. Xc nh mt ion bng phn ng c trng B. Xc nh mt ion bng thuc th c hiu
53

C. Xc nh ion bng thuc th nhm D. Xc nh mt nhm ion bng thuc th c hiu d. Phn tch h
thng l phng php:
A. Xc nh ion trong hn hp nhiu ion bng thuc th c hiu B. Xc nh cc ion theo th t nht
nh C. Xc nh ion bng thuc th nhm D. Xc nh ion bng phn ng xc nh
2.2. Phn bit ng (), sai (S)
(nh du V vo thch hp) S
a. Phn ng tch l phn ng kha 1 ion cn tr
b. Phn ng chia cc ion thnh tng nhm nh hoc tch ring 1 ion gi l phn ng tch
c. Phn ng xc nh l phn ng tm 1 ion c lp hoc cn trong hn hp vi cc ion khc
d. nhy tuyt i l gii hn nng cn c pht hin bng mt phn ng
e. Lng cht nh nht tnh bng mcg trong mt mu kim nghim cn c pht hin bng mt
phn ng gi l nhy tuyt i
f. nhy tng i l nng nh nht tnh theo g/mL cn c pht hin bi mt phn ng
g. nhy ca mt phn ng xc nh ph thuc iu kin tin hnh
2.3. ng li phn tch h thng cc cation theo phng php acid-base da trn nguyn tc no?
2.4. K ra cc thuc th nhm v tn cc cation trong nhm phn tch theo ph ng php acid-base
2.5. V s phn tch tng qut 6 nhm cation theo phng php acid-base
2.6. K tn cc thuc th nhm anion v c tn cc anion theo mi thuc th t ng ng
2.7. Phn ng gia thuc th nhm anion v anion trong nhm thuc nhng loi phn ng no v cho
nhng sn phm g ? Nhn bit cc sn phm y nh th no?
2.8. Phn chia cc anion thnh 2 nhm (theo gio trnh ny) l da trn ng li phn tch h thng?
Na h thng? Hay phn tch trc tip? Gii thch.
54

Bi 3

OATIQN NHM I: Ag+, Pb2+, Hg22+

Mc TIU
1. Trnh by v gii thch c phn ng ca thuc th nhm vi cc cation nhm I.
2. Vit c mt s phn ng c trng ca cc cation nhm I.
3. Gii thch c cc bc phn tch theo s 1.
1. TNH CHT CHUNG
Cc cation nhm ny c kh nng to kt ta vi hu ht cc acid (tr HNO 3), nhng ch c HCl 6N th
to ta vi nhm ny m khng to ta vi cc cation nhm khc. V th, HCl chnh l thuc th tch
nhm cation Ag+, Pb2+, Hg22+ ra khi cc cation khc.
T cc mui kt ta ny, ngi ta li tch chng ra v nhn bit tng cation nhm I da vo cc phn ng
c trng ca chng.
2. CC PHN NG PHN TCH C TRNG CA CC CATIN NHM I
2.1. Vi HCl long
Ag
+ HCl = AgClitrng, v nh hnh + H 2 + + 2HCl = 2 2^trng, v nh hnh + 2H+
(Hg2Cl2 cn gi l calomel)
Pb2+ + 2HCl = PbC^trng, tinh th + 2H+
AgCl v Hg2Cl2 c tan t ph thuc vo nhit , trong khi tan ca mui PbCl 2 ph thuc rt nhiu
vo nhit ( 20oC l 11,0g/L v 100oC l 32,0g/L), nn ngi ta c th tch PbCl2 ra khi AgCl v
Hg2Cl2 bng nc nng.
AgCl v c bit l PbCl2 tan c trong HCl c v cc dung dch mui clorid m c, nht l khi un
nng:
55
Hg 2

Hg Cl

AgCl + 2HCl = H2[AgCl3]

PbCl2 + 2HCl = H2[PbCl4]
Khi pha long cc dung dch ny th thu c kt ta AgCl v PbCl2 tr li.
AgCl c kh nng to thnh cc phc cht tan:
AgCl + 2NH4OH = [Ag(NH3)2]Cl + 2H2O AgCl + 2KCN = K[Ag(CN)2] + KCl
AgCl + 2Na2S2O3 = ^3^^03)2] + NaCl
Khi acid ha dung dch [Ag(NH3)2]+ th kt ta AgCl xut hin tr li:
[Ag(NH3)2]+ + 2HNO3 = AgCl + 2NH4NO3
Hg2Cl2 ch tan trong HN03 c hoc dung dch cng thy do Hg22+ b oxy ha thnh Hg2+.
Hg2Cl2 tc dng vi NH40H th to kt ta en, do:
Hg2Cl2 + 2NH4OH = (NH2Hg2)Cl + NH4Cl + 2H2O
(NH2Hg2)Cl = [NH2Hg]CU trng + Hg en
2.2. Vi KI hay KBr
Ag+ + I" = Agl vng
Ag
Br
++ "=
vng nht
Agl ch tan trong KCN v Na2S203, khng tan trong acid v NH40H c. AgBr khng tan trong cc acid,
nhng tan trong NH4OH c, KCN v Na2S203.
Hg2 + + 2I" = Hg2^ vng xanh
Hg2I2 + 2I" = [HgI4] + HgC th nhn bit c s c mt ca Hg2o
2
+ nh kt ta mu vng xanh ca Hg2I2 trn nn vng ca cc ta Agl v PbI2, nhng nng ca Hg22+
phi ln.
AgBr

2"

Pb2+ + 2I" = PbU

PbI

+ 2I" =

vng

[PbI ]2"

4 khng mu

Tinh th PbI2 khi un nng s tan v lm lnh s to thnh cc tinh th ng nh mu vng rt p. Nh ng

phn ng ny cng cn nng ca Pb2+ tng i ln. Khi nng nh th dng cc thuc th khc
nh KI hay K2 Cr04 trong mi trng acid yu hoc trung tnh, hoc Na2S trong mi trng kim.
56

2.3. Vi H2SO4 long

Pb
+ 4 = 4 tinh th trng
PbSO4 khng tan trong cc acid long, nhng tan trong H2SO4 c,
HCl c, NaOH c, CH3COONH4:
PbSO4 + H2SO4 = Pb(HSO4)2
PbSO4 + 4HCl = H2[PbCl4] + H2SO4
PbSO4 + 4NaOH = Na2PbO2 + Na2SO4 + 2H2O
PbSO4 + 4CH3COONH4 = (NH4)2[Pb(CH3COO)4] + (NH4)2SO4
Cation Ag+ v Hg22+ ch to c kt ta vi SO42" khi nng ca chng tng i ln, do tch s tan
ca cc mui tng ng khng nh.
2.4. Vi NaOH hay KOH
Ag+ + OH" = AgOH trng 2Ag0H = Ag20 en + H2O
Ag20 khng tan trong kim d, d tan trong HN03, NH40H v d b nh sng phn huy to thnh Ag.
Hg2 + + 20H" = Hg20 en + H2O
Hg20 tan c trong HN03 v CH3C00H c.
S0

PbS0

Pb2+ + 20H" = Pb(0HU trng

Pb(0H)2 + 20H" = Pb022" + 2H20
Do d to thnh plumbit nn cc mui ch PbS04, PbCr04... u d tan trong kim d.
2.5. Vi NH4OH
2Ag+ + 2NH40H = Ag20 + 2NH4+ + H20 Ag20 + 4NH40H = 2[Ag(NH3)2]0H + 3H20
2Hg2(N03)2 + 4NH3 + H2O = (NH2Hg20)N03 trng +2Hg en + 3NH4NO3
Pb(N03)2 + NH40H = Pb(0H)N03 + NH4N03
2.6. Vi Na2CO3 hay K2CO3
2Ag+ + C03 = Ag2C03
2Pb2+ + C03 + 20H" = Pb2(0H)2C03
Hg2 + C03 = Hg2C03
Hg2C03 = HgO + Hg + C0257
o

2"

2"

2+

2"

2.7. Vi K2CrO4
2Ag+ + Cr04
" = Ag2Cr04 nu
Tuy theo mi trng m thu c cc sn phm khc nhau: Mi trng kim th to Ag20 en; mi
trng NH3 th to [Ag(NH3)2]+; mi trng acid yu s to Ag2Cr207; mi trng acid mnh s khng
c kt ta.
Hg2 + Cr04 = Hg2Cr04 Pb2+ + Cr04 = PbCr04 vng
PbCr04 khng tan trong CH3C00H long v NH40H, nhng tan
trong HN03 long v Na0H.
2.8. Vi dung dch H2S
- Ag+ + S2" = Ag2S en
Ag2S khng tan trong NH40H, KCN, Na2S203, nhng tan trong HN03
long, nng:
3Ag2S + 8H+ + 2N03 = 6Ag+ + 2N0 + 3S + 4H20
Hg2 + + H2S = HgS en + Hg + 2H+
Pb2+ + H2S = PbS + 2H+
PbS c tch tan rt nh, nn phn ng ny thng c dng tm Pb2+. PbS khng tan trong HCl,
H2S04, nhng tan trong HN03 long, nng hoc trong HN03 c:
3PbS + 8HN03 = 3Pb2+ + 6N03" + 2N0 + 3S + 4H20
3PbS + 8HN03 = 3PbS04 + 8N0 + 4H20
2.9. Vi Na2S2O3
- 2Ag+ + S2O3 " = Ag2S203 trng
Nu d S2032" th to phc tan:
Ag2S203 + 3S203 = 2[Ag(S203)2]Khi un nng hoc trong mi trng acid th phc ny khng bn, b phn
hy to Ag2S:
2[Ag(S203)2]
" + H2O = Ag2S en + SO4 " + 2H+ + 3S2O3*
2[Ag(S2o3)2] " + 4H+ = Ag2S en + SO4 " + 3SO2 + 3S + 2H2O
Hg2 + + 2S2O3 " = HgS en + Hgo + S + SO2 + SO4 " Pb2+ + S2O3 " = PbS203 trng
PbS203 + 2S203 = [Pb(S203)3]58
f

2+

2"

2"

"

en

long
c

2"

3"

2"

[Pb(S203)3]
4
" + 2H+ = PbS + 2S + 2S02 + S042" + H20 2.10. Vi Na2HPO4
- 3Ag+ + HPO4 " = Ag3P04 vng ti + H+
Ag3P04 tan trong HN03 v NH40H:
Ag3P04 + 6NH40H = 3[Ag(NH3)2] + P04 + 6H20
- 3Pb+ + 2HPO4 "" = Pb3 (P04)2 trng + 2H+
Pb3(P04)2 khng tan trong CH3C00H, HCl, nhng tan trong HN03, Na0H:
Pb3 (P04)2 + 90H" = 3HPb02" + 2P043" + 3H20
4"

3"

Bng 8:

Tm tt cc phn ng c trng ca cation nhm I

Thuc th

Cation
Ag+

AgCl
HCl long

trng,

tan trong NH4OH

d do tao phc [AgNH

H2SO4 long

NaOH hay KOH

Ag

NH4OH d

tao phc [Ag(NH3)2]+

K2CO3 hay
Na2cO3
K2CrO4
KI

H2S

59

2O en

^r

Pb2+

Hg22+

PbCl2 trng, tan trong nc

nng

Hg2Cl2 trng, tc dng vi

NH4OH
tao Hg +
NH2HgCl

PbSO4 trng

Hg

2SO4 trng

Pb(OH)2 trng, tan trong kim

d, tao PbO22-

Hg

2 en

Pb(OH)2 trng

[Hg2ONH2]NO3 + Hg

Hg2CO3 = HgO + Hg + C2

Ag

2CO3 trng

Pb2(OH)2CO3 trng

Ag

2CrO4 nu

PbCr4 vng tan trong kim d Hg2Cr4

Ag|

Ag

vng

2S en

Pbl2 vng tan trong nc nng Hg2^2vng xanh , nu d

thuc th s tao thnh: Hgl4
+ Hg

PbS en

HgSen + Hg

2-

3. S PHN TCH
S 1*:

S l thuyt phn tch Cation nhm I: Ag+, Hg22+, Pb2+

Dung dch phn tch + HCl 6 N (tng git) Lc k, ly tm, ly kt ta

Ta T (AgCl, Hg2Cl2, PbCl2) ra bng H2O + HCl

2N. un si, ly tm nng

Nc ly tm L (c cation cc nhm II, III, IV, V)

N c ly tm L2: Tm Pb2+
Ta T2 (AgCl, Hg2Cl2) + NH4OH c, lc l

Kt ta

Tm Hg22+

Nc ly tm:

Tm Ag+

* S thc hnh tng ng: xem s 1, Phn2. Thc hnh phn tch nh tnh

BI TP (BI 3)
3.1. Hy hon thnh cc phng trnh phn ng sau:
1) AgNO3 + NaBr ... +....
2) AgNO3 + NH4OH d - ... + ...
3) Hg(NO3)2 + KId - ... + ....
4) Hg2Cl2 + NH4OH d - ... + ...
5) Pb(NO3)2 + K2CrO4 ... + ...
6) Pb(NO3)2 + Na2S ... + ...
60

3.2. Hy cn bng v la chn mt phn ng pht hin ion Ag+ trong dung dch phn tch:
1) Ag+ + I- Agl
2) AgNO3 + H2SO4 - Ag2SO4 + HNO3
3) AgNO3 + N^OHd [Ag(N3)2]NO3 + H2O
3.3. Hy gii thch v sao c th ha tan PbCl2 t hn hp AgCl, PbCl2, Hg2Cl2 bng cch un nng?
3.4. Khi dng NH4OH c ha tan hn hp AgCl, PbCl2, Hg2Cl2 th cht no s b tan, v sao ?
3.5. V sao ra ta T1 ( s 1) bng nc li phi thm HCl 2N ?
61

Bi 4

OATIQN NHM II: Ca2+, Ba2+

Mc TIU
1. Trnh by v gii thch c phn ng ca thuc th nhm vi cc cation nhm II.
2. Vit mt s phn ng c trng ca cc cation nhm II.
3. Gii thch c cc bc phn tch theo s 2 ( Bi 5, phn phn tch cation nhm li).
1. TNH CHT CHUNG
Cc cation Ca2+, Ba2+ d dng to kt ta bn vng vi acid H2SO4 long, nn acid ny l thuc th nhm
tch cation kim loi kim th ra khi cc cation khc. Tuy nhin, cc kt ta sulfat ny kh tan hoc
khng tan trong acid hoc kim, nn cn chuyn chng thnh ta carbonat. Sau ha tan ta carbonat
bng CH3COOH ri nhn bit tng cation nhm II nh cc phn ng c tr ng ca chng.
2. CC PHN NG PHN TCH C TRNG CA CATIN NHM II
2.1. Vi H2SO4 long
Ba
2H Sr
2H
++ 2 4=
4 tinh th trng +
+
++ 2 4=
4 tinh th trng +
+
2
Ca + + H2SO4 = CaSO4 + 2H+
C th chuyn cc ta sulfat MeSO4 (Me2+ = Ba2+ Sr2+ Ca2+) v dng ta carbonat bng cch un nng
vi dung dch Na2CO3 bo ha nhiu ln:
MeSO ^ Me2+ + SO42-, , + CO3MeCO3
2.2. Vi Na2CO3 hay K2CO3, (NH4)2CO3:
Na2CO3 + MeCl2 = MeCO3 + 2NaCl
62
2

H SO

BaSO

>2

trng

H SO

SrSO

Cc mui carbonat ny t tan trong nc, nhng tan trong cc acid

HCl, HNO3, CH3COOH:
MeCO3 + 2HCl = MeCl2 + H2O + CO/
Do CO3
2kt ta c nhiu cation nhm khc, nn khng dng n tch cc cation kim loi kim th ra khi
cc nhm khc.
2.3. Vi K2CrO4
2-

Ba2+ +
Sr

CrO 2-

BaCrO

4 tinh th vng

+ 4 = 4 tinh th vng
Kt ta xut hin ph thuc nhiu vo pH ca dung dch v lun tn ti cn bng:
Cr2O72- + H2O ^ 2CrO42- + 2H+
2

CrO 2

SrCrO

cam Vng

BaCrO4 khng tan trong kim, nn y l c s tch Ba2+ ra khi Pb2+.

2.4. Vi amoni oxalat (NH4)2C2O4
Me2+ + (NH4)2C2O4 = MeC2O4 tinh th trng + 2NH4+
Cc MeC2O4 tan trong HCl, HNO3; ring BaC2O4 v SrC2O4 tan c trong CH3COOH, cn CaC2O4 khng
tan.
2.5. Vi Na2 HPO4
Me2+ + Na2HPO4 = MeHPO + 2Na+
MeHPO4 tan trong HCl, HNO3 v CH3COOH.
4 trng

Bng 9:
Thuc th

Tm tt cc phn ng c trng ca cation nhm II

Cation

H 2 SO 4 long
Na 2 CO 3
K 2 CrO 4

Ba2+

Sr2+

BaSO 4 trng

SrSO

BaCO

3 trng

Ca2+

4 trng

CaSO 4 trng tan nhiu

trong n c

3 trng

CaCO

SrCO

- Mi tr ng trung tnh

BaCrO

4 vng

SrCrO 4 vng

--

- Mi tr ng acid

BaCrO

4 vng

--

--

(NH 4)2C 2O 4
Na 2 HPO 4
Th mu ngn la

63

BaC

2O4

trng

SrC

2O4

trng

CaC

3 trng

2O4

trng

BaHPO 4 trng

SrHPO 4 trng

CaHPO 4 trng

Mu vng lc

Mu mnh

Mu gch

3. S PHN TCH
S 2*: S l thuyt phn tch cation nhm II: Ca2+, Ba2+ v nhm III: Al3+, Zn2+ (Xem mc 3,
bi 5 tip sau)

BI TP (BI 4)
4.1. Hy hon thnh cc phng trnh phn ng sau:
1) BaCl2 + H2SO4 ... +....
2) Ba(NO3)2 + K2CrO4 ... +....
3) CaCl2 + Na2CO3 ... +....
4) Ca(NO3)2 + (NH4)2C2O4 ... +....
4.2. Hy gii thch v sao c th dng Na2CO3 bo ha chuyn kt
ta BaSO4, CaSO4 thnh kt ta BaCO3, CaCO3 ?
4.3. Hy gii thch v sao c th dng (NH4)2C2O4 nhn bit s c mt ca ion Ca2+ trong dung dch?
4.4. Hy gii thch v sao c th dng K2CrO4 trong mi trng kim nhn bit s c mt ca ion Ba2+
trong dung dch?
64

Bi 5

CATIQN NHM III: Al3+, Zn2+

Mc TIU
1. Trnh by v gii thch c phn ng ca thuc th nhm vi cc cation nhm III.
2. Vit c mt s phn ng c trng ca cc cation nhm III.
3. Gii thch c cc bc phn tch theo s 2 (phn phn tch cation nhm III).
1. TNH CHT CHUNG
Cc cation nhm III u c kh nng to thnh cc mui tan trong mi trng kim d:
Al3+ + 4OH- = AlO2 + 2H2O
Aluminat Zn2+ + 4OH- = ZnO22- + 2H2O Zincat
V vy thuc th tch cation nhm III ra khi cc nhm khc l NaOH hoc KOH d. Sau nhn bit
tng cation nhm III bng cc phn ng c trng ca chng.
2. CC PHN NG PHN TCH C TRNG CA CATION NHM III 2.1. Vi NaOH hay KOH
Al
+ 3OH = 3 trng v nh hnh
Al(OH)3 + OH- = AlO2 + 2H2O
Mun thu c kt ta Al(OH)3 th dng acid yu:
AlO2 + NH4 + H2O = Al(OH)3 + NH3
2
2- Zn + + 2OH = Zn(OH)2 Zn(OH)2 + 2OH = ZnO2 + 2H2O
65
-

Al(OH)

Mun thu c kt ta Zn(OH)2 th dng acid yu, nhng khng dng NH4+ v to thnh phc tan
[Zn(NH3) ] +.
2.2. Vi NH4 OH
Al3+ + 3NH4OH = Al(OH)3 + 3NH4Zn
2
+ + 4NH4OH = [Zn(NH3)4]2+ + 4H2O
2.3. Vi Na2 CO3 hay K2 CO3
2AlCl3 + 3Na2CO3 + 3H2O = 2Al(OH) + 6 NaCl + 3CO t Ring Zn2+ to thnh cc sn phm khc nhau
tuy theo nng dung dch: 2ZnCl2 + 2Na2CO3 + H2O = Zn2(OH)2CO + 4NaCl + CO t 3ZnCl2 +
3Na2CO3 + H2O = Zn3(OH)2(CO ) + 6NaCl + CO t
2.4. Vi Na2HPO4
AlCl3 + 2Na2HPO4 = AlPO4
+ 3NaCl + NaH2PO4 3ZnCl2 + 4Na2HPO4 = Zn3(PO4)2
+ 6NaCl +
2NaH2PO4 Cc mui phosphat trn u tan c trong kim v acid v c.
2.5. Vi H2 S:
- Trong mi trng trung tnh hoc amoniac th Al3+ to thnh Al(OH) :
2NH4OH + H2S = (NH4)2S + 2H2O 2AlCl3 + 3(NH4)2S = Al2S3 + 6NH4Cl Al2S3 + 6H2O = 2Al(OH)3 +
3H2S
- Trong mi trng trung tnh hoc kim yu th Zn2+ to thnh ZnS :
Zn2+ + 2 = ZnS trng v nh hnh + 2H+
ZnS tan trong cc acid v c, nhng khng tan trong CH3COOH v
NaOH.
66
4

3 2

keo trng

keo trng

H S

Bng 10:
Thuc th

Tm tt cc phn ng c trng ca cation nhm III

Cation
Al3+

Zn2+

NaOH d

AlO 2 -

ZnO 2 2 -

Na 2 CO 3

Al(OH)

keo trng

Zn 2(OH )2CO 3 trng

NH 4 OH d

Al(OH)

keo trng

[Zn(NH 3>4]

Na 2 HPO 4

AlPO 4 trng

Zn 3(PO 4)2 trng

H 2 S trong CH 3 COOH

ZnS

(NH 4 ) 2 S trong mi tr ng trung

tnh hay kim yu

Al(OH)

tan

trng

keo trng

(NH 4)2Hg(SCN)J

Alizarin-S

Kt ta sn

O OH
S03Na
O

o
0
(1/3 cng thc phc)

67

2+

trng

ZnS

- C mt vt Cu 2 +, to kt
ta mu tm
- C mt vt Co 2 +, to kt
ta mu lc

3. S PHN TCH
S 2*:

S l thuyt phn tch Cation nhm II: Ca 2 +, Ba 2 + v nhm III Al 3 +, Zn 3 +

Dung dch phn tch + H 2 SO 4 2N (tng git) + C 2 H 5 OH. un nh, ly tm

Ta T 1 (BaSO 4 , CaSO 4 )
Na 2 CO 3 bo ho lc k, un nng, ly tm.
Lp li 3,4 ln chuyn ht ta T1 th
nh ta BaCO 3, CaCO 3

Nc ly tm L 1 :Al 3 +, Zn 2 + + NaOH 2N d

'
Dung dch: AlO 2 - , ZnO 2 2 - , c cn bt + NH 4 Cl
bo ha + N H 4 O H c (vi git)

Ta T 3 : CaCo 3 , BaCO 3 + CH 3 COOH 2N ( tan ht)

Dung dch: Ca 2 +, Ba 2 +
+ K 2 CrO 4 5% (ti dung
dch mu vng)
Ta T 2 : BaCrO 4 mu vng (khng tan trong NaOH 2N)
Tm Ba 2 +
Nc ly tm L 2 : Ca 2 + Tm Ca 2 +

* S thc hnh tng ng: xem s 2, Phn 2. Thc hnh phn tch nh tnh.
68

BI TP (BI 5)
5.1. Hy hon thnh cc phng trnh phn ng sau:
1) AlCl3 + KOHd ... +....
2) Al(NO3)3 + Na2CO3 ... +....
3) ZnSO4 + NH4OHd ... +....
4) ZnCl2 + Na2S ... +....
5.2. Hy gii thch v sao c th dng hn hp NH4Cl bo ha v NH4OH c tch ring AlO2" v
ZnO22- ?
5.3. nhn bit s c mt ca ion Al3+ trong dung dch, c th dng thuc th no trong s cc cht
sau, v sao?
1) Dung dch NH4OH c
2) Dung dch Na2S
3) Dung dch Alizarin-S
69

Bi 6

OATIQN NHM IV: Fe3+, Fe2+, Bi3+, Mg2+, Mn2+

Mc TIU
1. Trnh by v gii thch c phn ng ca thuc th nhm vi cc cation nhm IV.
2. Vit c mt s phn ng c trng ca cc cation nhm IV.
3. Gii thch c cc bc phn tch theo s 3.
1. TNH CHT CHUNG
c tnh chung ca cation nhm IV l to kt ta hydroxyd khng tan trong kim d . Hn hp Na2CO3
bo ha v NH4OH c l thuc th nhm cung cp OH- cho phn ng:
Fe3+ + 3OH- = Fe(OH)3 nu
Fe2+ + 2OH- = Fe(OH)2 tring xanh Mg2+ + 2OH- = Mg(OH)2 trng
Bi3+ + 3OH- = Bi(OH)
Mn2+ + 2OH- = Mn(OH)
Sau khi tch ring c cc kt ta hydroxyd ca cation nhm IV th ha tan bng acid ri nhn bit tng
cation bng cc phn ng c trng ca chng.
2. CC PHN NG PHN TCH C TRNG CA CATIN NHM IV
2.1. Vi H2O (phn ng thy phn)
Cc cation nhm IV d phn ng vi nc to kt ta, nn mun chng tn ti trong dung dch th cn
duy tr pH ca dung dch thp.
Fe3+ + H2O = Fe(OH)2+ + H+ Fe(OH)2+ + H2O = Fe(OH)2 + HBi(NO3)3 + H2O = BiONO3 tring + 2HNO3
70
3

2.2. Vi NaOH
Fe+
3
+ + 3OH- = Fe(OH)3 nu
Fe2+ + 2OH- = Fe(OH)2 tring xanh
Fe(OH)2 rt d b oxy ha bi cc tc nhn nh H2O2 hay chnh O2 khng kh chuyn thnh Fe(OH)3:
4Fe(OH)2 + O2 + 2H2O = 4Fe(OH)3
Fe(OH)2v Fe(OH)3 rt d tan trong cc acid, nhng khng tan trong
NH4OH.
Mg2+ + 2OH- = Mg(OH)2 tring
Mn2+ + 2OH- = Mn(OH)
Ring Mg(OH)2 do tch s tan ln nn d tan trong mi trng acid nh ca mui NH4Cl:
2 trng

Mg(OH)2 Mg2+ + 2OH

+ 2NH4Cl

2NH4OH + 2ClMn(OH)2 d b oxy ha to thnh MnO2:

Mn(OH)2 + H2O2 = MnO2 nu en + 2H2O Bi3

+ + 3OH- = Bi(OH)3 trng

Bi(OH)3 tan trong cc acid, khng tan trong kim d. Nhng khi un nng, d chuyn thnh mu vng,
do b mt nc:
Bi(OH)3 = BiO(OH) vng + H2O
2.3. Vi Na2CO3
Mn2+ + Na2CO3 = MnCO3 + 2Na+ Fe2+ + Na2CO3 = FeCO3 tr^g + 2Na+ lu trong khng kh m
FeCO3 b oxy ha dn to thnh
FeOHCO3.
4FeCO3 + O2 + 2H2O = 4FeOHCO3
2Fe3+ + 3Na2CO3 + H2O = 2FeOHCO3 + 6Na+ + CO t
FeOHCO3 d b bin thnh Fe(OH)3 khi un nng:
FeOHCO3 + H2O = Fe(OH)3 + CO t
2Mg2+ + 2Na2CO3 + H2O = (MgOH)~CO3 tring + 4Na+ + CO2t 2Bi3+ + 3Na2CO3 + H2O = 2BiOHCO3
+ 6Na+ + CO t
71
trng

nu

trng

Cc mui carbonat v mui carbonat base ny u tan c trong cc acid, ring (MgOH)2CO3 cn tan
c trong mui amoni:
(MgOH)2CO3 + 4 NH4Cl = 2MgCl2 + 2NH4OH + (NH4)2CO3
2.4. Vi H2S:
- Trong mi trng acid:
2Bi3+ + 3H2S = Bi2S3en + 6H+
2Fe3+ + H2S = 2Fe2+ + 2H+ + S
- Trong mi trng NH3:
Fe2+ + S2- = FeS
2Fe3+ + 3S2- = Fe2S3 en
Mn2+ + S2- = MnS hng nht
Cc kt ta sulfid ny u tan c trong acid long, ring Bi2S3 ch tan trong HNO3 long nng v HCl
c:
Bi2S3 + 2NO3- + 8H+ = 2Bi3+ + 3S + 2NO + 4H2O
2.5. Vi Na2HPO4:
4Fe2+ + 3HPO4 = FeHPO4 + Fe3(PO4)2 trng + 2H+ Trong mi trng acid acetic th ch to thnh
Fe3(PO4)2.
Fe3+ + 2HPO4 = FePO4 + H2PO43Mn
2
+ + 4HPO42- = Mn3(PO ) + 2H2PO4-Phn ng trn mun xy ra hon ton, cn thm d NH4OH to
kt ta MnNH4PO4 kh tan:
Mn2+ + HPO4 + NH4OH = MnNH4PO4 + H2O
Mg2+ + HPO4 = MgHPO4 trng
Trong mi trng NH4OH + NH4Cl th to thnh kt ta MgNH4PO4:
Mg2+ + HPO4 + NH4OH = MgNH4PO4 trng + H2O
2.6. Vi tc nhn oxy ha mnh Mn2+ -> MnO42Mn2
+ + 5PbO2(r) + 4H+ = 2MnO4- + 5Pb2+ + 2H2O
en

2-

2-

4 2 trng

2-

2-

2-

Khng mu Mu tm

2Mn(NO3)2 + 6HNO3 + 5PbO2(r) = 2HMnO4 + 5Pb(NO3)2 + 2H2O

Khng mu Mu tm

72

2.7. Vi KSCN
Fe3+ + 3KSCN = Fe(SCN)3 mu + 3K+ Fe(SCN)3 + 3KSCN = K;1|Fe(SCN),ij tan mu mu
2.8. Vi K3[Fe(CN)6]
3Fe2+ + 2K3[Fe(CN)6j = Fe3[Fe(CN)6]2 xanh tua bin + 6K+
2.9. Vi K4[Fe(CN)6]
4Fe3+ + 3K4[Fe(CN)6] = Fe4[Fe(CN)6]3 xanh ph + 12K+
Bng 11:
Thuc th

Tm tt cc phn ng c trng ca cation nhm IV

Cation
Fe2+

Fe3+

Mn2+

Mg2+

Bi3+

Fe(OH )3 nu

Mn(OH )2trng,
ha nu trong
khng kh

Mg(OH )2 trng

Bi(OH )3 trng

2 trng xanh'

Fe(OH)

NaOH

ha nu trong
khng kh

H2O

Na 2 CO 3

FeCO

3 trng

Fe(OH)CO 3

MnCO 3

Mg(OH)CO 3
trng

BiOCl hoc
BiONO 3 trng
Bi(OH)CO 3 trng

MgHPO 4 hoc
Na 2 HPO 4

Fe

KI

KSCN

3(PO4)2 trng

Mn 3(PO 4)2 trng

trong mi
trng NH 4 OH
MgNH 4PO 4

Bil 3 en, nu d
KI thi to BI 4 mu cam

Fe(SCN )3 mu,
hoc d SON to phc tan
mu
[Fe(SCN )6]

FePO

4 vng nht

BiPO

4 trng

3-

K 3[Fe(CN) 6 ]

Fe 3[Fe(CN )6k
xanh tua bin

FeJFe(CN )6k

K 4[Fe(CN) 6 ]

xanh ph
2S3 en

Bi

H 2 S trong
mi trng
acid

PbO 2 trong
mi trng
acid

MnO 4 - mu tm -

73

3. S PHN TCH
S 3*:

S l thuyt phn tch Cation nhm IV: Fe 2 +, Fe 3 +, Bi 3 +, Mn 2 +, Mg 2 +

Dung ch phn tch + NaCO + 3 bo ha ti thong c ri tan _y
NH 4 OH c. 1
tm, ly kt ta

Ta Fe(OH) 2 , Fe(OH) 3 , Mg(OH) 2 , Mn(OH) 2 , Bi(OH) 3 . + NH 4 Cl bo ha

Nc ly tm L.,: Mg 2 + Tim Mg 2 +
Ta T : Fe(OH) 2 , Fe(OH) 3 , Mn(OH) 2 , Bi(OH) 3 + HNO 3 10%, un si
Dung dch: Fe 2 + , Fe 3 + , Mn 2 + , Bi 3 + Chia thnh 4 phn

Tim Fe 2 +

Tim Fe 3 +

Tim Bi 3 +

Tim Mn 2 +

S thc hnh tng ng: xem s 3, Phn2. Thc hnh phn tch nh tnh

BI TP (BI 6)
6.1. Hy hon thnh cc phng trnh phn ng sau:
1) FeCl3 + NaOH -- ... +....
2) Fe(NO3)3 + K4[Fe(CNU - ... +....
3) Fe(NO3)2 + NaOH - ... +....
74

4) FeSO4 + K3[Fe(CN)6] - ... +....

5) Bi(NO3)3 + Na2S - ... +....
6) Bi(NO3)3 + KId - ... +....
7) MnSO4 + PbO2 + HNO3 - ... +....
8) MnSO4 + Na2HPO4 ... +....
9) MgCl2 + Na2HPO4 + NH4OH ... +....
10) MgCl2 + NH4OH ... +....
6.2. Hy gii thch v sao c th ha tan Mg(OH)2 bng dung dch NH4Cl bo ha? C th thay dung dch
NH4Cl bo ha bng cht no?
6.3. C th dng dung dch KSCN nhn bit s c mt ca ion Fe3+ trong dung dch khng? V sao?
6.4. Nu ch dng dung dch kim, c th phn bit c hai ion Fe2+ v Fe3+ hay khng?
75

Bi 7

OATION NHM V: Cu2+, Hg2+

Mc TIU
4. Trnh by v gii thch c phn ng ca thuc th nhm vi cc cation nhm V.
5. Vit c mt s phn ng c trng ca cc cation nhm V.
6. Gii thch c cc bc phn tch theo s 4 ( Bi 8, phn phn tch cation nhm V).
1. TNH CHT CHUNG
- Cc cation nhm ny c kh nng to thnh cc phc bn vng vi
NH3, CN-, SCN-...
- Cc mui sulfid ca cc cation nhm ny c tan khc nhau ph thuc vo acid ca mi tr ng.
Do c th dng NH4OH tch cc cation nhm V, sau dng Na 2S tch ring tng cation trong
nhm.
2. CC PHN NG PHN TCH C TRNG CA CATIN NHM V
2.1. Vi NaOH
Cu2+ + 2OH- = Cu(OH)2 xanh lc
Khi un nng th to thnh CuO mu en
Cu(OH)2 = CuOen + H2O
Cu(OH)2 d tan trong acid long v tan trong NH4OH to phc
[Cu(NH3)4] .
Hg + OH =
+
mu gch [HgOH] + OH = Hg(OH)2 Hg(OH)2 = HgOvng + H2O
76
2+

2+

[HgOH]+

2.2. Vi NH4OH
Cu2+ + 4NH4OH = [Cu(NH3)4] +xanh lam m + 4H2O
Hg2+ + 4NH4OH = [Hg(NH3)4] + 4H2O
2.3. Vi H2S hay Na2S
Cu2+ + H2S = CuS + 2H+
Cu2+ + S2- = CuS
CuS khng tan trong HCl, H2SO4 c nhng tan trong HNO3 theo phn ng:
3CuS + 8HNO3 = 3Cu(NO3)2 + 3S + 2NO + 4H2O
Hg2+ + H2S = HgS en + 2H+
2

2+

en

en

Hg2+ + S2- =

HgS

en

HgS khng tan trong HCl, H2SO4, HNO3, nhng tan trong cng thu theo phn ng:
3HgS + 6HCl + 2HNO3 = 3HgCl2 + 3S + 2NOt + 4H2O
HgS cng b kh bi SnCl2 trong kim hay b oxy ha bi H2O2 trong mi trng acid:
HgS + SnCl2 + 6NaOH = Hg + Na2SnO3 + Na2S + 2NaCl + 3H2O
HgS + 3H2O2 + 2HCl = SO2 + HgCl2 + 4H2O
2.4. Vi KCN
Cu2+ + 4KCN = [Cu(CN)4] + 4K+ Hg2+ + 4KCN = [Hg(CN)4] + 4K2.5. Vi SnCl2 trong NaOH
HgCl2 + SnCl2 + 6NaOH = 2Hg + Na2SnO3 + 4NaCl + 3H2O
2.6. Vi KI
2Cu+
2
+ + 4I- = 2CuI + I2
en

2-

2-

en

tr4ng

Hg2+ + 2I- =

HgI

2 cam HgI2

+ 2I- =

[HgI ]2-

4 khng mu

2.7. Vi NH4SCN
Cu2+ + 2NH4SCN = Cu(SCN) + 2NH4+ Hg2+ + 2NH4SCN = Hg(SCN)2 tr4ng + 2NH4+
77
2 en

Nu d NH4SCN:
Hg(SCN)2 + 2NH4SCN = (NH4)2[Hg(SCN)4]
Bng 12:
Thuc th

Tm tt cc phn ng c trng ca cation nhm V

Cation

NaOH
NH 4 OH d
H 2 S trong mi tr ng acid Hoc
Na 2 S

Cu2+

Hg2+

Cu(OH )2 xanh CuO en

HgO

[Cu(NH3)4] xanh lam m

[Hg(NH 3)4p

en

ng

en

CuS

HgS

KCN

[Cu(CN )4] -

KI

Cu|

SnCl 2 /NaOH

Hg

NH 4 SCN

Cu(SCN )2 en

Hg(SCN )2 trng, nu d NH 4SCN thi to

phc (NH 4 ) 2 [Hg(SCN) 4 ]

trng + I2

[Hg(CN )4]

2-

HgI 2 , nu d KI to phc tan

khng mu [HgI 4 ] 2 cam

en

3. S PHN TCH
S 4*: S l thuyt phn tch cation nhm V: Hg2+, Cu2+ v nhm VI: NH4+, Na+, K+ (xem
mc 3., Bi 8 tip sau)

BI TP (BI 7)
7.1. Hy hon thnh cc phng trnh phn ng sau:
1) CuSO4 + NH4OHd ... +....
2) CuSO4 + Na2S ... +....
3) Hg(NO3)2 + KId ... +....
4) Hg(NO3)2 + NH4SCNd ... +....
7.2. Hy gii thch v sao khng th ha tan kt ta HgS bng dung dch HNO3 c hoc HCl c? Nhng
khi trn HNO3 v HCI theo t l 1:3 v th tch th li ha tan c HgS?
7.3. Vit phn ng ha tan HgS bng H2O2 trong mi trng acid.
7.4. C th dng dung dch KI d phn bit hai ion Cu2+ v Hg2+ khng? V sao?
7.5. C th dng dung dch NH4OH d phn bit hai ion Cu2+ v
Hg2+ khng? V sao?
78

Bi 8

CATION NHM VI: Na+, K+, NH4+

Mc TIU

1. Vit c cc phn ng c trng tm cc cation nhm VI.

2. Gii thch c cc bc phn tch theo s 4 (phn phn tch cation nhm VI).
1. TNH CHT CHUNG
Mui ca cc cation nhm ny u l mui tan, nn thuc th chung ca nhm khng c. Chng ta tm
ln lt tng ion trc tip t dung dch phn tch (dung dch gc) nh vo cc phn ng c tr ng ca
tng cation vi tng thuc th ring.
2. CC PHN NG PHN TCH C TRNG CA CATION NHM VI 2.1. Tm K+
2.1.1. Bng thuc th Garola Na 3 [Co(NO 2 ) 6 ] mi trng trung tnh:
2K+ + Na+ + [Co(NO2)6] = ^Na^NO^] tinh th vng Nhng NH4+ cng cho phn ng tng t:
2NH4+ + Na+ + [Co(NO2)6] = (NH4)2Na[Co(NO2)6] tinh th vng
Do phi loi NH4+ bng kim v un nng, sau a dung dch v pH gn trung tnh trc khi thm
thuc th.
Phn ng tm K+ b cn tr bi ion I- v nhy ca phn ng tng ln khi c mt ion Ag+. Nu c Iphi loi trc bng HNO3 c hoc H2O2
2.1.2. Bng acid picric
K+ + C6H2(NO2)3OH = C6H4(NO2)3OK vng + H+ NH4+ + C6H2(NO2)3OH = C6H4(NO2)3ONH4 vng + H+
Cn loi NH4+ bng kim trc khi tm K+.
79
3-

3-

2.1.3. Bng th mu ngon la: K+ cho mu tm.

2.2. Tm NH4+
2.2.1. Bng kim manh
NH4+ + OH- = NH3t + H2O
Nhn bit NH3 bay ln bng giy qu tm t chuyn thnh xanh, hoc giy tm dung dch
phenolphtalein chuyn thnh , hoc bng mi khai c trng.
2.2.2. Bng thuc th Nessler:
Trong thuc th Nessler NH4+ chuyn thnh NH3 v cho phn ng:
NH3 + 2K2[HgIJ + KOH = [Hg2NHJI nu + 5KI + H2O \___/
TT Nessler Thu ngn(II)amidodiiodo iodid

Mt s cation kim loi chuyn tip gy cn tr phn ng trn do to ta hydroxyd c mu hoc ph hy

thuc th, nn phi loi chng bng kim mnh v carbonat hoc kha chng trong phc vi kali natri
tartrat (KNaC4H4O6) trc khi dng thuc th Nessler.
2.3. Tm Na+
2.3.1. Bng thuc th Streng (Km Uranyl acetat)
Na+ + Zn(UO2)3(CH3COO)8 + CH3COO" = NaZn(UO2)3(CH3COO) vng lc
9

TT Streng

NaZn(UO2)3(CH3COO) c tinh th hnh mt nhn khi soi trn knh hin vi.
Cc ion Ag+, Hg22+, Sb3+ cng to kt ta vi thuc th, nhng tinh th hnh kim di; hoc loi b cc
ion ny bng kim mnh trc, ri mi dng thuc th Streng.
2.3.2. Th mu ngon la:
Na+ cho mu vng c trng.
3. S PHN TCH
80
9

S 4*:

S l thuyt phn tch cation nhm V: Hg 2 + , Cu 2 + v nhm VI: NH 4 + , Na + , K+

Dung dch phn tch: Hg 2 +, Cu 2 +, NH 4 +, Na+, K+
Tm NH4+: Bng NaOH c Bng TT Nessler
Tm Na+: Bng TT Streng
Dung dch phn tch + Na 2 S. un nng
Ta en: CuS, HgS + HNO 3 . un nng

Nc ly tm Tm Cu 2 +

Ta: HgS + S Tm Hg 2 +

* S thc hnh tng ng: xem s 4, Phn2. Thc hnh phn tch nh tnh

BI TP (BI 8)
8.1. Hy hon thnh cc phng trnh phn ng sau:
1) NaCl + Zn(UO2)3(CH3COO)8 + CH3COOH ... +....
2) KCl + Na3[Co(NO2)6] ... +....
3) NH4Cl + Hg(NO^2 + Kd ... +....
4) KCl + C6H4(NO2)3OH - ... +....
8.2. Hy gii thch v sao cn cho dung dch kali natri tartrat c tr c khi cho thuc th Nessler vo
dung dch gc nhn bit ion NH4+?
8.3. C th cho dung dch K2CO3 bo ha v NaOH c vo dung dch gc trc khi nhn bit ion Na+
bng thuc th Streng? V sao?
8.4. C th cho dung dch Na2CO3 bo ha v KOH c vo dung dch gc trc khi nhn bit ion K+
bng thuc th Garola? V sao?
81

Bi 9

ANIQN NHM I: OI", Br", ", SON", S2O32"

Mc TIU

1. Vit c phn ng ca thuc th nhm vi cc anion nhm I

2. Gii thch c cc bc phn tch theo s 6 tch ring v tm tng anion
1. TNH CHT CHUNG
- Cc anion nhm to kt ta vi Ag+ trong mi trng acid HNO3 long. Mui bc ca cc anion nhm
ny khng tan trong acid HNO3. V th AgNO3 + HNO3 c gi l thuc th nhm tch ring anion
nhm ra khi hn hp phn tch. Sau da vo cc phn ng c tr ng ca tng anion tch v pht
hin chng.
- loi cc cation gy tr ngi khi xc nh cc anion, cn chuyn dung dch phn tch thnh n c soda
(xem mc 4 Bi 2). Chang hn, trong nc soda th Hg2+ c loi b, nh cc anion Cl", " c
gii phng khi HgCl2, Hg+, Hg3" l nhng hp cht tan nhiu nhng in ly rt km
2. CC PHN NG PHN TCH C TRNG CA ANIN NHM I 2.1. Phn ng ca Cl"
- Vi Ag+:
Cl" + AgNO3 = AgCl trng + NO3"
AgCl tan trong NH4OH, KCN, Na2S2O3... to thnh cc phc tan.
- Vi Pb2Cl" + Pb2+
2
+ = PbCl PbCl2 tan trong nc nng v kt ta tr li khi lm lnh.
- Phn ng oxy ha:
2Cl" + PbO2 + 4H+ = Cl2 + Pb2+ + 2H2O
82
2 tr4ng

Nhn bit Cl2 sinh ra bng giy tm K v h tinh bt do:

Cl2 + 2K = 2KCl + 2 2 lm xanh h tinh bt.
2.2. Phn ng ca Br"
- Vi Ag+:
Br" + AgNO3 = AgBr vng nht + NO3" AgBr tan trong NH4OH, KCN, Na2S2O3... to thnh cc phc tan.
- Vi Pb2Br" + Pb2+
2
+ = PbBr2 trng
PbBr2 tan trong kim, CH3COONH4 v KBr d: PbBr2 + 2KBr = K2[PbBr4]
- Br" tc dng vi nc clor hoc nc Javel, sinh ra Br2 :
2Br" + Cl2 = Br2 + 2ClBr2 tan trong cloroform cho dung dch mu vng rm.
- Vi thuc th hu c:
Br" + dung dch Fluorescein = Eosin
2.3. Phn ng ca "
- Vi Ag"
+
:
" + AgNO3 = Ag vng + NO3"
Ag khng tan trong NH4OH, nhng tan trong KCN to thnh phc tan.
- Vi Hg2+:
h ng

Hg2+ + 2" =
Hg

+ 2" =

Hg

2 cam

[Hg ]2"

4 tan, khng mu

- Vi Cu2+:
2Cu2+ + 4" = 2Cutr4ng + 2nu sm
(Nu c ln SO3 th: 2 + SO3 + H2O = " + SO4 + 2H+)
- Vi NaNO2 trong mi trng acid:
2" + 2NO2 + 4H+ = 2 + 2NO + 2H2O
2 lm xanh h tinh bt.
83
2"

"

2"

2"

- Vi nc clor hoc nc Javel, sinh ra 2:

2" + Cl2 = 2 + 2Cl2 tan trong cloroform (dung mi khng oxy) cho dung dch mu tm. Nu Cl 2 d s
lm mt mu 2, v:
2 + 5Cl2 + 6H2O = 2HO3 + 10HCl
- Vi Fe"
3+
:
2Fe3+ + 2" = 2Fe2+ + 2
2.4. Phn ng ca SCN"
- Vi Ag+:
Ag+ + SCN" = AgSCN trng Nu d SCN" th kt ta tan do to phc:
AgSCN + 2SCN" = [Ag(SCN)3]- Vi Hg
2+
:
Hg2+ + 2SCN" = Hg(SCN)2 trng Nu d SCN" th kt ta tan do to phc:
Hg(SCN)2 + 2SCN" = [Hg(SCN)4]Nu c mt ion Co
2+
th s to kt ta xanh thm:
Co2+ + [Hg(SCN)4] " = Co[Hg(SCN)4] xanh thm
- Vi Fe3+:
2"

2"

Fe3+ + 3SCN" =

Fe(SCN)

3 mu

Nu d SCN" th kt ta tan do to phc tan c mu mu:

Fe(SCN)3 + 3SCN" = [Fe(SCN)6]2.5. Phn ng ca S2O3
2
"
- Vi Ag+:
2Ag+ + S2O3 " = Ag2S2O3 trng
+ Ag2S2O3 sinh ra b phn hy thnh mu vng nu ri chuyn thnh en do:
3"

Ag S O

22 3

H O

Ag S

2 en

H SO

2 4

+ Ag2S2O3 tan trong Na2S2O3 d do to thnh phc:

Ag2S2O3 + 3 Na2S2O3 = 2Na3[Ag(S2O3)2]
84

- Vi Ba2+:
Ba2+ + S2O3 - = BaS23 Kt ta BaS2O3 d tan trong cc acid v c thng thng.
- Vi acid v c long:
2H+ + S2O32- = SO/ + S + H2O
- Vi dung dch iod:
S2O32" lm mt mu dung dch iod do n kh I2 n ". Phn ng ny cn ng dng trong php phn tch
nh lng:
I2 + 2S2O32" = 2I" + S4O62"
2

tr4ng

Tetrathionat

3. S PHN TCH
S 6*: S l thuyt phn tch anion nhm Cl"' Br", ", SCN", S2O32"
Dung dch phn tch + Na 2 CO 3 (lm nc soda)

Nc ly tm (nc soda):
Cha anion nhm I + Cation kim loi kim v
NH 4 +, + HNO 3 2N + AgNO 3

Ta:

carbonat cc cation khng phi kim

loi kim (b i hoc tm cc cation)

Ta:

Anion nhm I (Nu ta t nu -> en l c

S 2 O 3 2 - , v Ag 2 S 2 O 3 -> Ag 2 S) Chia 2 phn

Nc ly tm:

Phn ln ta:

Phn nh ta:

Anion cc nhm khc

(b i)

- Tm SCN-

+ (NH 4 ) 2 CO 3 un k

1
Ta:

AgBr, Agl, AgSCN (c th cn AgCl), +

H 2 SO 4 2N + Zn ht

Nc ly tm:

Nc ly tm:
[Ag(NH 3 ) 2 ]Cl - Tm Cl-

Br-, I-, SCN- (Cl-) Tm I-, Br-,

SCN-

*. S thc hnh tng ng: xem s 6, Phn 2. Thc hnh phn tch nh tnh
85

BI TP (BI 9)
9.1. Hy hon thnh cc phng trnh phn ng sau:
1) NaCl + PbO2 + HNO3 ... +....
2) NaBr + Cl2 ... +....
3) Hg(NO3)2 + Nad ... +....
4) Nai + FeCl3 ... +....
5) Nai + NaNO2 + H2SO4 ... +....
6) FeCl3 + NaSCNd ... +....
9.2. Cn bng cc phn ng sau v cho bit phn ng no c th dng pht hin ion Cl" trong dung
dch? V sao?
1) NaCl + AgNO3 AgCl + NaNO3
2) BaCl2 + H2SO4 BaSO + HCl
3) CaCl2 + Na2CO3 CaCO + NaCl
9.3. Cn bng cc phn ng sau v cho bit phn ng no c th dng pht hin ion Br " trong dung
dch? V sao?
1) KBr + Pb(NO3)2 PbBr2 + KNO3
2) SrBr2 + Na2SO4 NaBr + SrSO4
3) AlBr3 + NaOH NaBr + Al(OH)3
9.4. Cn bng cc phn ng sau v cho bit phn ng no c th dng pht hin ion I" trong dung
dch? V sao?
1) Nai + NaNO2 + HNO3 NaNO3 + I2 + H2O
2) ZnI2 + NH4OH [Zn(NH3)4](OH)2 + NH4I + H2O
3) BaI2 + K2CO3 BaCO3 + KI
9.5. Cn bng cc phn ng sau v cho bit phn ng no c th dng pht hin ion SCN " trong dung
dch? V sao?
1) KSCN + FeCl3 K3[Fe(SCN)6] + KCl
2) Ca(SCN)2 + (NH4)2SO4 CaSO + NH4SCN
3) Ba(SCN)2 + Na3PO4 Ba3(PO4) + NaSCN
9.6. Cn bng cc phn ng sau v cho bit phn ng no c th dng pht hin ion S 2O32" trong dung
dch? V sao?
1) Na2S2o3 + AgNO3 Ag2S2O3 + NaNO3
2) SrS2O3 + K2CO3 K2S2O3 + SrCO3
3) K2S2O3 + BaCl2 BaS2O3 + KCl
9.7. V sao c th dng nc Javel hoc nc clor va pht hin I", sau cho d nc Javel
hoc d nc clor pht hin tip Br" ?
86
4

Bi 10

ANION NHM II: CO32-, PO43-, CH3COO-, AsO33-, AsO43-,

SO

32-, S 42-,
O

(S2O32-)

Mc TIU
1. Vit c phn ng ca thuc th nhm v mt s phn ng c trng cho cc anion nhm II.
2. Gii thch c cc bc phn tch theo s 7 tm anion nhm li.
1. NG LI PHN TCH NHM II
- Khng c thuc th nhm chung cho tt c cc anion nhm II. nh tnh anion nhm ny, cn s
dng nhiu phng php phn tch v thuc th khc nhau, nh:
+ Phng php phn tch ring bit tm trc tip mt ion t dung
dch gc, v d i vi CO3 , CH3COO".
+ Phng php phn tch na h thng tm vi anion, v d i vi
cm SO3 , SO4 v S2O3 .
+ Dng thuc th nhm, v d hn hp Mg xc nh AsO43", PO43"
+ Dng thuc th c hiu, v d formalin tm SO32"; amoni molypdat tm PO4- loi cc cation
gy ri cho phn ng c trng hay nh hng n phn ng c hiu, cn chuyn dung dch phn tch
thnh nc soda (xem mc 4, Bi 2) trc khi tm anion.
2. CC PHN NG C TRNG CA ANIN NHM II 2.1. Phn ng ca CO 33"
2
- Vi Ba2+:
Ba2+ + CO3 " = BaCO3tr4ng BaCO3 tan trong acid v c thng thng.
87
2"

2"

2"

2"

- Vi Ag+:
2Ag+ + CO3 " = Ag2CO3 tr4ng Ag2CO3 = Ag2Oen +
- Vi acid long:
2H+ + CO32" = H2CO3 CO t + H2O Kh CO2 sinh ra c th nhn bit do lm c nc vi trong.
2.2. Phn ng ca PO4- Vi thuc th amoni molybdat (NH4)2MoO4:
PO43" + 12(NH4)2MoO4 + 12H2O = (NH4)3[PMo12O40] vng + 21NH4OH + 3OH"
- Vi Ag+:
3Ag+ + PO4 " = Ag3PO4vng Ag3PO4 tan trong acid v c v trong NH4OH.
- Vi Ba2+:
3Ba2+ + 2PO4 " = Ba3(PO4)2 tr4ng
- Vi Mg2+ (trong hn hp Mg = MgCl2 + NH4OH + NH4Cl):
Mg2+ + NH4OH + PO4 " = MgNH4PO4 tr4ng + OH"
2.3. Phn ng ca CH3COO- Vi FeCl3:
6CH3COO" + 3Fe3
+ + 2OH" = ^(OH^C^COOy+phc tan, mu . Nu pha long, un si, phc b thy phn:
[Fe3(OH)2(CH3COO)6]+ + 4H2O = 3Fe(OH)2CH3COO + 3CH3COOH + H+
- Vi H+:
CH3COO" + H+ = CH3COOH
Acid acetic c th nhn bit bng mi.
- Vi ru:
CH3COO" + C2H5OH = CH3COOC2H5 Ester sinh ra c mi thm c trng.
2.4. Phn ng ca AsO3- Vi H2S trong mi trng acid:
3H2S + 6H+ + 2AsO33" = As2S3 vng + 6H2O
88
2

nu

- Vi Na2S2O3 trong mi trng acid:

3Na2S2O3 + 6H+ + 2AsO3 = As2S3vng + 3Na2SO4 + 3H2O
- Vi Ag+ trong mi trng trung tnh:
3"

3Ag+ +

AsO 3"

Ag AsO

3 vng

- Vi nc I2 trong mi trng trung tnh:

AsO3 + I2 + H2O = AsO4 + 2I" + 2H- Vi Cr2O7+
2
" trong mi trng acid:
Cr2O7 "da cam + 8H+ + 3AsO3 " = 3AsO4 " + 2Cr +xanh lc + 4H2O
2.5. Phn ng ca AsO4- Vi Na2S2O3 trong mi trng acid:
3Na2S2O3 + 10H+ + 2AsO433
" = As2S + 3Na2SO4 + 5H2O
- Vi Ag+ trong mi trng trung tnh:
3Ag+ + AsO4 " = Ag3AsO4 nu
- Vi H2S trong mi trng acid mnh:
5H2S + 6H+ + 2AsO43" = As2S + 8H2O
- Vi KI trong mi trng acid:
AsO4 + 2I" + 2H+ = AsO3 + I2 + H2O
- Vi hydro mi sinh trong mi trng acid:
4Zn + 4H2SO4 + AsO43" = AsH^ + 4ZnSO4 + 3OH" + H2O AsH3 sinh ra s lm i mu HgCl2 tm trn
giy lc: 2AsH3 + 3HgCl2 = As2Hg3 nu vng + 6HCl
2.6. Phn ng ca SO3- Vi Ba22+
:
3"

3"

3 vng

5 vng

3"

Ba2+ +

SO 2"

3"

BaSO

3 tr4ng

BaSO3 tan trong cc acid long:

BaSO3 + 2HCl = BaCl2 + H2O + SO/
- Vi cc acid v c long:
SO32" + 2H+ = H2O + SO/
Kh SO2 sinh ra c th nhn bit bng cch lm c nc vi trong hoc lm mt mu thuc tm:
89

SO2 + Ca(OH)2 = CaSO3 tr4ng + H2O

5SO2 + 2KMnO4 + 2H2O = K2SO4 + 2MnSO4 + 2H2SO4
- Vi dung dch I2, lm mt mu nc iod:
SO3 + I2 + H2O = SO4 + 2I" + 2H- Vi formalin (formaldehyd):
HCHO +SO3+
+ H2O HCH(OH)SO3 + OHS xut hin ca ion OH" lm phenolphthalein
2.7. Phn ng ca SO4- Vi Ba"
2"

2"

2"

"

22+

:
Ba2+ + SO42" = BaSO BaSO4 khng tan trong cc acid long thng thng.
- Vi Ag+:
2Ag+ + SO4 " = Ag2SO4 tr4ng
Kt ta Ag2SO4 ch to thnh khi nng SO42" kh ln. Khi pha long dung dch th kt ta li b tan ra
do tch s tan ca Ag2SO4 ln.
90
4 tr4ng

3. S PHN TCH
S 7*: S l thuyt phn tch anion nhm II CO32", CH3COO",
PO4 , AsO3 , AsO4 , SO3 , SO4 , (S2O3 )
3"

3"

3"

2"

2"

2"

Dung dch phn tch: Anion nhm II

Tm CO32-

= Dung dch phn tch

+ HCl 2N ->
CO 2

Tm PO4 " = Dung

Tm CH3COO- =
3

dch va tm CO 3 2 - + HNO 3 c + TT amoni molypdat ( lnh trong nc )

Dung dch phn tch:

- Hoc bng FeCl 3 10%
- Hoc bng H 2 SO 4 c + ru amylic

Nc ly tm
(nc soda): iu chnh pH v kim nh hoc trung tnh bng CH 3 COOH 2N chia lm 2 phn
Ta: carbonat, hydroxyd cc cation khng phi kim
loi kim (b i hoc tm cation)

Mt phn (nc soda):

+ Hn hp Mg

Mt phn (nc soda):

un nng, + Sr(NO 3 ) 2 bo ha
Nc ly tm L2:
Tm S 2 O 3

Ta T2:
2

Mui Sr 2 + ca SO 3 2 - , SO 4 2 - , AsO 3 2 - , PO 4 3 - , CO 3 2 - , + HCl 2N

Tm SO 4 Tm SO 3 *.

91

S thc hnh phn tch: xem s 7, Phn 2. Thc hnh phn tch nh tnh

BI TP (BI 10)
10.1. Hy hon thnh cc phng trnh phn ng sau:
1) Na2CO3 + HNO3 ... +....
2) MgCl2 + (NH4)3PO4 + NH4OH ... +....
3) FeCl3 + CH3COONa + NaOH .... +....
4) Na3AsO3 + I2 + H2O .... +....
5) Na3AsO4 + KI + HCl ... +....
10.2. Cn bng cc phn ng sau v cho bit phn ng no c th dng pht hin ion CO 32 2-

2-

trong dung dch? V sao?

1) K2CO3 + HCl KCl + H2CO3 ....
2) K2CO3 + Na3[Co(NO2)6] KNa[Co(NO2y + Na2CO3
3) (NH4)2CO3 + NaOH Na2CO3 + NH4OH

10.3. Cn bng cc phn ng sau v cho bit phn ng no c th dng pht hin ion CH 3COO" trong
dung dch? V sao?
1) CH3COONa + HCl CH3COOH + NaCl
2) (CH3COO)2Ca + Na2CO3 CaCO3 + CH3COONa
3) CH3COONa + FeCl3 + NaOH [Fe3(OH)2(CH3COO)6] + NaCl
10.4. Cn bng cc phn ng sau v cho bit phn ng no c th dng pht hin ion SO 32- trong dung
dch? V sao?
1) Na2SO3 + HCl NaCl + H2SO3 ....
2) (NH4)2SO3 + NaOH Na2SO3 + NH4OH
3) K2SO3 + CaCl2 CaSO3 + KCl
92
+

Bi 11

PHN TCH HN HP OATION V ANION TRONG

DUNG DCH
MC TIU
1. Trnh by v gii thch c cc cch th s b i vi dung dch gc trc khi tin hnh phn tch h
thng
2. Nu c cc kha cnh cn nhn xt v ngha ca chng i vi kt qu phn tch cui cng.
y ch trnh by i cng cc bc phn tch khi c dung dch l hn hp cation v anion cn xc
nh.
Qu trnh phn tch nh tnh mt dung dch bao gm 4 phn: Nhn xt v th s b; phn tch anion;
phn tch cation; v nhn xt v kt qu cui cng
1. NHN XT V TH s B
Trc khi tin hnh phn tch mt dung dch bao gi cng phi nhn xt v th s b. Kt qu nhn xt
v th s b s gip d on v thnh phn dung dch, nh gip nh hng cho phn tch h thng,
na h thng hay phn tch ring bit. Tuy nhin, khng c nh kin v s c mt hay v4ng mt vi
mt ion c th no, tr mt vi trng hp c bit.
1.1. Nhn xt nh gic quan
1.1.1. Mu sc
Da vo mu ca dung dch c th d kin v s c mt mt s cation v anion (Bng 13).
93

Bng 13.

Mu ca mt s cation v anion
Mu dung dch
Nhng ion c th c
Tm

MnO 4 -

Lam

Cu 2 + (trong n c)

Lam tm m

Cu 2 + (trong amoniac)

nu

I2

da cam

Cr 2O 7 2 - ; [ Fe(CN) 6 ] 3 -

mu

Cc phc ca SCN - v Fe 3 +

Hng

Co 2 + (Trong n c)

Lc

Cr 3 + ; Fe 2 + (trong n c); Co 2 + (trong acid mnh)

Vng

[Fe(CN) 6 ] 4 - - ; Cr0 4 2 - ; I 2 long; Fe 3 +

Mun bit mu l ca anion hay ca cation, c th th s b nh sau: cho Na2C03 bo ha vo dung dch,
un si, ly tm. Nu dung dch c mu th l mu ca anion, nu ta c mu th l mu ca cation,
cn nu mu mt i th c th l ca Cl2, Br2, I2. Nh rng, mu ca dung dch c khi l hn hp mu ca
nhiu cht.
1.1.2. Mi
Khi dung dch cha mt s hp cht bay hi, c th to ra mi ca n. V d: mi khai ca NH 3 (dung
dch c NH4+); mi hnh nhn ca HCN (dung dch c CN); mi thi ca H 2S (dung dch c S2"); mi sc
lu hunh chy ca SO2 (dung dch c HSO32"); mi dm ca CH3COOH (dung dch c CH3COO")
1.2. Th pH ca dung dch
Da vo pH ta c th d on s b thnh phn ca dung dch.
- Dung dch c pH acid (lm giy qu hoc cho mu vng vi da cam methyl) th:
+ C th cha acid, v d: HCl, H2SO4, NaHSO3, NH4CL...
+ Khng c mt cc anion b huy mi trng acid, v d: CO32",
,
2 3
3
+ Khng th ng thi c mt cc ion c phn ng oxy ha kh vi nhau mi tr ng acid, v d: I" vi
NO2", ClO3", AsO43" (gii phng I2)/ NO2" vi ClO37 SO32 v S2O32" vi AsO43"/ NO2" vi AsO33y Sn2"
vi Hg2+ hay Fe3+// Cr2O72" v Mn04" vi I", Fe2+, NO2", Sn2+/ v..v..
- Dung dch c pH kim (lm phenolphthalein, hoc lm xanh giy qu tm) th:
C th c kim t do hoc cc mui cho phn ng kim, v d: NaHCO 3; K2CO3; NaCH3COO";..
94
S O 2

SO 2

- Dung dch c pH trung tnh th khng cha acid hay kim t do, khng c mt cc mui d thuy phn.
1.3. Th tnh bay hi ca cht tan
Chng hn c cn 1mL dung dch ri nung cn. Nu cn bay hi ht th c th l cc mui amoni
NH4+, cc acid v vi mui khc d phn huy thnh kh.
1.4. Th mu ngn la
Nhng dy Platin hay dy Nikelcrom sch vo dung dch ri a vo ngn la khng mu ca n kh,
nhiu cation s cho mu c trng
Bng 14:

Mu ngn la ca cc cation
Mu ngn la

Cation c mt

Tm

K+, Cs+, Rb+

Vng mnh

Na+

mnh

Sr 2 +, Li+

gch

Ca 2 +

Vng lc

Ba 2 +

Lc

Cu 2 +, Bi 3 +

Xanh l nht

As, Sb, Pb

1.5. Th mt s phn ng
1.51. Thy phn
Pha long dn dung dch, hoc nh vi git dung dch vo 1mL nc ct. Nu c ta tr4ng xut hin v
li tan khi thm acid th c th l mui ca Bi3+, Sn2+, 4+, c bit l cc mui Sb3+, 1.5.2. Th vi
kim
Da vo mu ta to thnh v kh nng ho tan ca n trong kim d hay trong amoniac d on s
c mt ca mt s ion trong dung dch. V d:
- Ta tr4ng tan trong Na0H d, nhng khng tan trong amoniac: cc
ion mt s l Al5+
3+
, Pb2+, Sb3+.
- Ta xanh lam, en khi un nng, khng tan trong NaOH d, tan trong amoniac cho mu xanh lam m:
ion c mt l Cu2+.
- Ta nu , khng tan trong NaOH d v Amoniac: ion c mt l Fe3+. v..v.. (Xem cc phn ng c
trng v bng tm t4t cc phn ng cc
bi 3, 4, 5, 6 v 7).
95

1.5.3. Th vi NH 4 OH v (NH 4 ) 2 S
Ly dung dch cho tc dng vi HCl ta ht vi cc cation dng mui clorid. Ly tm. Ly n c ly tm
v thm vo NH40H d:
- Nu khng c ta th ch4c ch4n khng c mt lng ng k ca Mg2+, Al3+, Sb3+, Bi3+, Fe2+, Fe3+,
Sn2^
- Nu c Cu2+, Ni2+ s cho dung dch mu xanh ca phc tan.
- Tip sau , nh vi git (NH4)2S vo dung dch. Nu vn khng c ta en th coi nh khng c B i ,
Fe2+, Fe3+.
1.5.4. Th vi (NH 4 ) 2 SO 4
Ly 1mL (NH4)2SO4 bo ha thm vo vi git dung dch th, nu khng c ta tr4ng th khng c Ba 2+,
Sr2+; cn nu c ta tr4ng th c th
c Ba2+, Sr2+, Pb2+.
1.5.5. Th bng cc thuc th nhm i vi cation v anion d on nhm ion hay mt vi ion
trong nhm c th c mt trong dung dch th (xem cc thuc th nhm cc bi pha tr c).
Ngoi cc phn ng s b trn, ngi ta cng chn mt vi phn ng th s b khc na vic d on
cc ion c mt nhanh v gn ng hn.
2. PHN TCH ANION
- Trong s lng gii hn cc anion v cc cation quan tm gio trnh ny th hu ht cc anion l
khng gy tr ngi g cho phn tch h thng cc cation, tr PO 43". Nu dung dch phn tch c PO43" s
gy kh khn cho nh tnh cation nhm IV, v khi kim ha dung dch s ko theo kt ta phosphat ca
Ba2+,Ca2+. Trong trng hp ny cn tm PO43" trc, sau loi n i bng FeCl3 bo ha, tip theo mi
phn tch nh tnh cc cation. Cng cn nhng l do tng t khc nn ni chung ngi ta thng tin
hnh phn tch anion trc khi phn tch h thng cc cation. Khi gp cc anion gy tr ngi (t ng t
PO43" va nu), cn loi b chng bng mt mt vi k thut c th m trong ti liu ny khng cp
n.
- Ly 1mL dung dch phn tch, thm Na2CO3 ti phn ng kim mnh, nu c ta th nn lm nc soda
trc khi phn tch anion. Cn nu khng c ta th tin hnh tm anion ngay t dung dch gc.
- Phn tch nh tnh cc anion theo s 6 v7.
3. PHN TCH CATION
Tin hnh theo s 5 v c ch dn chi tit cc s 1, 2, 3 v 4.
96

4. NHN XT KT QU
Sau khi c kt qu phn tch, cn phi nhn xt li n ln cui cng, chng hn cc kha cnh:
- Cc ion tm thy c thc s cng tn ti vi nhau trong dung dch gc hay khng. V d: khng th cng
c Ba2+ v SO42"/ Ag+ v Cl"/ Fe3+ v I"/ Fe3+ v CO32"/ v.v...
- Ion tm thy dng no trong dung dch. V d: dung dch phn tch c pH>>7 th Al,' zn phi dng
AlO2", ZnO22" (ch khng th l Al3+, Zn2+).
- i chiu kt qu vi cc nhn xt v phn ng th s b ban u xem c mu thun g khng. Nu
khng hp l v cn nghi ng th phi phn tch li cn thn hn.
97

PHN II

THC HNH PHN TCH NH TNH

98

99

NI QUY
PHNG TH NGHIM HA PHN TCH NH TNH
1. Hc sinh ch lm th nghim sau khi chun b bi, nm c mc tiu v cch tin hnh cc th
nghim.
2. Mi hc sinh c mt ch lm vic ring trong phng th nghim sut cc bi thc hnh ca mn hc.
Hc sinh ch lm vic trong khu vc qui nh cho mnh, trnh i li ln xn.
3. Ch c mang vo phng th nghim ti liu v dng c hc tp. Cc t trang khc ch qui nh
ngoi phng.
4. Ch s dng b ha cht, dng c c gio vin hng dn. B dng c, ha cht dng chung cho
c t khng c mang v ch ca c nhn.
5. Hc sinh phi t mnh lm ly th nghim. Trong qu trnh lm phi theo di, quan st hin t ng v
ghi ly cc d kin thc nghim vo v.
6. Lm xong thc tp, mi hc sinh phi sp xp li dng c, ha cht, ra sch ng nghim, dng c,
lm v sinh bn th nghim. Mi t c trc nht lm sch phng th nghim.
7. Sau mi bi thc hnh, hc sinh phi lm bo co kt qu cho gio vin h ng dn. Bo co th
nghim phi m t y cc thao tc tin hnh th nghim, gii thch cc hin t ng xy ra, vit v cn
bng y cc phng trnh phn ng xy ra trong qu trnh lm th nghim.
8. Kt qu hon thnh mn thc hnh c nh gi theo qui ch chung cc mn thi.
100

QUY TC AN TON PHNG TH NGHIM

1. Cc phn ng c cht c bay hi phi lm trong t ht hoc ngoi tri.
2. Cc cht d chy, n phi t xa ngn la.
3. Khi un nng cc dung dch phi nghing ng nghim v hng ming ng nghim v pha khng c
ngi.
4. Khng ci mt vo cc dung dch ang si hoc cc cht ang nng chy trnh ha cht bn n vo
mt.
i vi cc cht d n, d bn tch, nu mun quan st phi eo knh bo him.
5. Khi pha long acid sulfuric c phi rt t t acid vo n c m khng lm ngc li; khng c cm
trn tay dung dch ang pha v c ta nhit mnh.
Khng c t ng di chuyn cc bnh ln cha acid v pha long acid t bnh ln.
6. Nu lm ri vi thy ngn th phi ht li bng my ht bi hoc pipet c qu bp cao su, ng thi rc
vo ch thy ngn ri mt t lu hunh bt hoc ti vo dung dch FeCl3 20% v bo co cho cn b
hng dn bit x l.
7. Mun th mi cc cht khng c ngi trc tip m phi dng tay vy hi cht n mi tng
lng nh.
8. Sau khi lm vic vi cc cht c nh Hg, As, cc mui cyanid... v cc dung dch kim loi qu, cn
phi thu vo bnh cha nht nh.
9. Khi c ha hon:
- Nu m chy nh th dng bao ti t dp tt.
- Nu c m chy ln v lan rng th bo cu ha (gi in thoi s 114); dng ct v bnh cu ha sinh
CO2 lm tt hoc hn ch m chy. Trong khi phi cch ly ngay cc cht d chy v d n (nh
ether, cc loi cn, cc bnh acid c...).
9. Nu b acid c hoc kim c ri trn da phi ra ngay bng vi n c chy vi pht. Sau bo ngay
cho cn b qun l x l vt bng, chng nhim khun.
101

Nu acid c, kim c bn vo mt cng phi ra ngay bng n c nhiu ln v bo cho i cp cu ti

bnh vin (gi in thoi s 115).
10. Nu b bng do cc vt nng vi vt bng khng ln th cng di vi nc lnh 5-10 pht, sau
thm kh v bi cc thuc m dc dng, du c...
11. Nu vt thng c chy mu th u tin phi st khun bng cn iod, cn 70 - 90o, dung dch KMnO4
5%, sau cm mu bng dung dch FeCl3 5% v bng gc, bng dnh y t.
12. Nu cm thy kh th do trong phng th nghim c nhiu hi c th phi nhanh chng thot ra
ngoi hnh lang.
102

VI QUY NH V s DNG HA CHT

1. Trc khi s dng cc ha cht u phi c k nhn. ha cht c phn ra nhiu loi c tnh
khit khc nhau:
- Loi tinh khit
- Loi tinh khit phn tch
- Loi tinh khit ha hc
Da vo yu cu v chnh xc ca tng th nghim m la chn ha cht thch hp v ha cht cng
tinh khit th gi thnh cng cao.
2. Nu do yu cu chnh xc ca th nghim th ly lng ha cht ng hng dn ca bi.
3. Nu th nghim ch yu cu v mt nh tnh th ch ly lng ha cht ti thiu quan st c phn
ng (cht rn ch ly mt lp mng di y ng nghim; cht lng khng ly qu 1/5 th tch ng
nghim).
4. Khi xc, ong ha cht phi dng cc dng c chuyn dng nh tha thy tinh, tha s, tha nha,
khng c dng tay bc. Tha xc ha cht ny khng c dng xc ha cht khc. Nu thiu
phi dng chung tha, trc khi ly sang ha cht khc phi ra sch tha.
5. Ch s dng cc l ha cht c nhn ghi r rng v c nt, np y kn. Khi ly ha cht, nu cn
nt ln bn th phi nga, trnh phn c dnh ha cht tip xc vi mt bn th nghim. Sau khi ly
xong ha cht phi y ngay nt, np ng cho l ha cht y.
6. Khi rt cc cht lng phi quay nhn vo trong lng bn tay ha cht khng dy ra nhn. Nu rt
tha th khng tr li l m tp trung vo cc ang ng ha cht bn.
7. Tuyt i khng dng pipet (ng thy tinh nh c u nhn) ht bng mm cc dung dch kim c,
acid c, cc cht c d bay hi, thy ngn, cc dung dch ang un nng, cht ang nng chy nhit
cao, cc hn hp ra.
103

Bi 1

DNG C V K THUT THC NGHIM c BN

TRONG HA PHN TCH NH TNH
MC TIU
1. Ni c tn, cng dng v s dng c mt s dng c thng thng trong phng th nghim ha
hc.
2. M t v thc hin c cc k thut gii thiu trong thc hnh ha phn tch nh tnh.
1. GII THIU DNG c THNG THNG BANG s, THY TINH V MT s MY THNG
DNG
(Hnh nh: xem ph lc 1 cui sch)
1.1. Cc dng c thng dng khi ly mt lng cht lng
Khi ly mt lng ha cht lng, thng dng cc dng c sau:
- Pipet: Dng ly mt lng nh cht lng Pipet in t (hnh 1)
Pipet nh mc 10, 25 mL (hnh 2)
Pipet nh mc c vch chia 1; 5; 10 mL (hnh 3)
Cc loi gi pipet (hnh 4)
Qu bp bng cao su dng ni vi pipet (hnh 5)
- Cc dng c nh mc khc: ly mt th tch cht lng xc nh hoc dng pha dung dch
Cc loi ng ong nh mc (hnh 6)
Cc c chn nh mc (hnh 7)
Cc loi bnh nh mc pha dung dch (hnh 8)
Cc loi buret (hnh 9)
104

1.2. Nhng dng c thng dng tin hnh cc phn ng

- ng nghim: Dng lm cc phn ng lng nh
ng nghim thng v ng nghim c chia vch (hnh 10) Gi ng nghim (hnh 11)
- Cc c m: Dng pha ch, hng, ng. M to iu kin rt dung dch d dng.
Cc loi cc c m (hnh 12)
- Knh cn: Dng ng cht cn cn Knh cn, mng cn (hnh 13)
- Cc loi bnh cu y trn: Dng un nng (bng thy tinh chu nhit) hoc hng ng cht lng
(hnh 14)
- Bnh cu y bng: Dng ng cht lng nh nc ct (hnh 15)
- Bnh nn dng ng dung dch, chun nh lng (hnh 16)
1.3. Dng c lc ra p sut thng
Cc loi phu lc (hnh 17)
Cch gp giy lc nhiu np ly dch lc (hnh 18) Cch gp giy lc phang ly cht kt ta (hnh
19)
Phu thy tinh t th lc (hnh 20)
1.4. Cc loi king v li un nng (hnh 21)
1.5. Dng c un nng
n cn, nhit khng qu 400oC (hnh 22) Cc loi n gas, nhit t 500-1500oC (hnh 23)
Bp in (hnh 24)
Cc loi ni un cch thy, nhit t 90-100oC (hnh 25)
1.6. Cc loi ng h o trong phng th nghim (hnh 26)
1.7. Cc loi knh bo him (hnh 27)
1.8. Cc loi knh lp thng (hnh 28)
1.9. Cc loi knh hin vi (hnh 29)
1.10. Cc loi t ht (hnh 30)
105

1.11. Cc loi my iu nhit (hnh 31)

1.12. My ly tm (hnh 32)
1.13. Cc loi my o pH (hnh 33)
2. MT s K THUT c BN THC HNH HA PHN TCH NH TNH
(Xem Phn 1. L thuyt phn tch nh tnh - Bi 2, mc 5 trang 48).
3. DNG C - HA CHT - THUC TH
4.1. Ni ng tn v cng dng ca cc dng c c gii thiu v trng by.
4.2. Ra bng chi lng, x phng, nc my v nc ct mt s dng c thy tinh bn (ng nghim,
pipet, chai l) t sch.
4.3. Ly 10 mL dung dch H2SO4 10% vo cc c m, cho tng git BaCl2 0,1M n khi khng cn thy
xut hin kt ta trng na.
- Ra gn BaSO4 trong cc trc ri ra trn phu lc sau.
- Ra kt ta trn phu lc bng nc ct n khi khng cn ion Cl- (th
bng dung dch AgNO3 5%) v SO4 (th bng dung dch BaCl2 0,1 M ).
Ch :
- Mi ln ra ch cho nc ct va ngp phn kt ta
- Khi ra kt ta cn ch cho dung dch chy ht mi thm nc ct ra tip.
- Ly mt lng nh ta ngay sau phn ng vo ng nghim v ra ly tm song song vi ra trn phu
lc. Th ion Cl-, SO42- trong nc ly tm nh cch th trn.
Dng c
- n cn
- a thy tinh
- Kp g
- ng nghim cc loi
- ng nghim ly tm
- My ly tm
Ho cht
H2SO4 10% BaCl2 0,1M AgNO3 5%
4. THC HNH
106
2-

Bi 2

NH TNH CATION NHM I: Ag+, Pb2+, Hg22+

MC TIU
1. Tm c tng cation nhm I da vo cc phn ng c trng ca chng.
2. Gii thch cc hin tng xy ra v vit cc phng trnh phn ng trong qu trnh tin hnh thc
nghim.
1. DNG C - HA CHT - THUC TH
2.1. Ly 1mL dung dch phn tch vo ng nghim sch, thm vo tng git dung dch HCl 6N n
mi trng acid mnh kt ta hon ton nhm I (nhn bit qu trnh kt ta xong khi git HCl thm
vo thnh ng nghim th ch tip xc gia git HCl v dung dch phn tch khng thy xut hin kt
ta thm na). un nng nh kt ta vn cc d tch. ngui, ly tm, tch phn kt ta nhm I (gi
l T1) cha: AgCl, PbCl2, Hg2Cl2 v phn nc ly tm (L1) cha cc cation nhm khc.
2.2. Ra gn 3 ln kt ta T1 bng nc ct c pha thm vi git HCl long 2N (thm nc ra vo T1,
lc k, ly tm, gn ly kt ta). Thm vo kt ta ra trn 1 mL n c ct, un n si, lc ny PbCl2
s tan ra. Ly tm gn ly kt ta T2 (cha: AgCl v Hg2Cl2) v nc ly tm L2 (cha PbCl2).
Dng c
- n cn
- a thy tinh
- Kp g
- ng nghim cc loi
- ng nghim ly tm
- My ly tm
Ho cht, thuc th
Dung dch phn tch cha cc cation: Ag+, Pb2+, Hg2 +
HCl 6 N, HCl 2 N
HNO3 6 N NH4OH c
KI 0,1 M
K2CrO4 5%
2. THC HNH
107
2

2.3. Thm vo nc ly tm L2 vi git thuc th KI 0,1M, nu thy xut hin kt ta PbI2 mu vng m,
chng t c cha Pb2+. un nng, kt ta li tan ra, lm lnh di vi nc chy, hoc ngui dn s
thu c tinh th mu vng lng lnh ri xung (phn ng ma vng).
Hoc c th nhn bit Pb2+ bng cch cho nc ly tm L2 tc dng vi vi git K2CrO4 5% thy xut hin
kt ta mu vng PbCrO4.
2.4. Thm vo kt ta T2 NH4OH c, lc k, nu thy xut hin mu ta xm en (do to thnh Hg +
NH2HgCl), chng t c ion Hg22+. Ly tm, ly nc ly tm, acid ha bng HNO3 6N, nu thy xut hin
kt ta trng tr li (AgCl) chng t c ion Ag+.
S 1.

S thc hnh phn tch Cation nhm I: Ag+, Hg 2 2 + , Pb 2 +

Dung dch phn tch + HCl 6N (tng git) Lc k, ly tm, ly kt ta

Ta (AgCl, Hg 2 Cl 2 , PbCl 2 ) ra bng H 2 O +

HCl 2N. un si, ly tm nng

Nc ly tm L -I (c cation cc nhm II, III, IV,

V)

1
N c ly tm L 2 : Pb 2 + + KI 0,1M
o

PbI 2

vng + K CrO

Kt ta en xm ca Hg + NH 2 HgCl c
N c ly tm: Ag(NH 3 ) 2 ]+ + HNO 3 6N

108

Hg2 +

5%

PbCrO 4

vng c Pb +
2

Bi 3

NH TNH CATION NHM II: Ba2+, Ca2+ V NHM

III: Al3+, Zn2+
MC TIU
1. Tm c tng cation nhm II v nhm III da vo cc phn ng c trng ca chng.
2. Gii thch cc hin tng xy ra v vit cc phng trnh phn ng trong qu trnh tin hnh thc
nghim.
2. DNG C - HA CHT - THUC TH
2.1. Ly 1mL dung dch phn tch vo ng nghim sch, thm vo tng git dung dch H 2SO4 2N n
khi ngng xut hin kt ta kt ta hon ton nhm II. un si nh kt ta vn cc d tch.
ngui, thm vo dn dn ru ethylic 96o n khi kt ta khng xut hin thm na, kt ta hon ton
Ca2+ (ch cho lng ru va , nu cho qu d pH ca dung dch tng ln s lm thy phn mt s
cation khc). Khuy u, ly tm, tch phn kt ta nhm II l T1 (cha: BaSO4 v CaSO4) v phn nc
ly tm L1 (cha cc cation nhm III: Al3+, Zn2+).
Dng c
- n cn
- a thy tinh
- Kp g
- ng nghim cc loi
- ng nghim ly tm
- My ly tm
Ho cht, thuc th
- Dung dch phn tch cha cc cation: Ba2+, Ca2+, Al3+, Zn2+
- H2SO4 2N - K2CrO4 5%
- HCl 2N - Na2CO3 bo ha
- CH3COOH 2N - CH3COOONa 6N
- NaOH 2N - Na2S 2%
- NH4OH c - Thuc th Alizarin - S
- NH4Cl bo ha - Cn 962. THC HNH
109

2.2. Ra gn kt ta T1 bng hn hp H2SO4 2N v C2H5OH: thm nc ra vo T1, lc k, ly tm, gn

ly kt ta. Chuyn kt ta BaSO4 v CaSO4 thnh BaCO3 v CaCO3: thm khong 1 mL Na2CO3 bo ha
vo T1, lc k, un nng, ly tm, gn ly kt ta. Lp li ng tc ny 3-4 ln chuyn ht BasO 4, CaSO4
thnh BaCO3, CaCO3.
2.2.1. Ha tan kt ta BaCO3, CaCO3 bng CH3COOH 2N: thm dn tng git CH3COOH n khi kt
ta va tan ht.
Thm K2CrO4 5% vo dung dch n khi dung dch c mu vng. Ly tm thu c kt ta T2 v nc ly
tm L2.
Kt ta T2 c ra sch bng nc ct, sau thm khong 1mL NaOH 2N, un nh, ly tm. Nu di
y ng nghim vn cn kt ta mu vng, chng t l c BaCrO 4, tc trong dung dch phn tch c Bao
2+
.
2.2.2. Phn nc ly tm L2: thm vi git dung dch (NH4)2C2O4 5%, nu thy xut hin kt ta mu
trng (CaC2O4) v kt ta ny khng tan trong acid acetic, chng t trong dung dch c cha ion Ca 2+.
2.3. Nc ly tm L1: thm vo L1 NaOH 2N d n khi thy xut hin kt ta v kt ta li va tan ht.
un si nh dung dch c cn bt. Cho tip vo vi git NH 4Cl bo ha v vi git NH4OH c. Lc
u, ly tm tch ring kt ta T3 (Al(OH)3) v nc ly tm L3 ([Zn(NH3)4]2+).
2.3.1. Ha tan kt ta T3 bng vi git HCl 2N va v vi git CH3COONa 6N to mi trng acid
nh. Thm tip vi git thuc th Alizarin-S thy c phc mu sn , chng t c ion Al 3+.
2.3.2. Nc ly tm L3: thm vo vi git dung dch Na2S 2% thy xut hin kt ta trng (ZnS) chng t
dung dch c cha ion Zn2+.
110

S 2:

S thc hnh phn tch Cation nhm II: Ca 2 +, Ba 2 + v nhm III: Al 3 +, Zn 2 +

Dung dch phn tch + H 2 SO 4 2N (tng git) + C 2 H 5 OH. un nh, ly tm.
Ta T 1 (BaSO 4 , CaSO 4 )
+ Na 2 CO 3 bo ha lc k, un nng, ly tm, gn. Lp li 3, 4 ln chuyn ht ta T 1 thnh ta BaCO 3 ,
CaCO 3 lc.
Dung dch: AlO 2 - , ZnO 2 2 - , c cn bt + NH 4 Cl bo ha + NH 4 OH c (vi git) Na 2 CO 3 -> SrCO 3 + CaCO 3 . Ly
tm, ra kt ta sch
Nc ly tm L3: [Zn(NH 3 ) 4 ] 2 +
Ta T 3 : Al(OH 3

+ HCl 2N tan
+ CH 3 COOONa 6N n mi trng acid nh.
+ TT Alizarin-S phc mu

+ Na 2 S 2% ZnS

Al3+

- c

Zn2+

Ta: CaCO 3 , BaCO 3 + CH 3 COOH 2N ( tan ht)

Dung dch: Ca 2 + , Ba 2 + + K 2 CrO 4 5% (ti dung dch mu vng)
Ta T 2 : BaCrO4
c

mu vng (kh ng tan trong NaOH 2N)

Ba2+

(khng tan trong

Nc ly tm L 2 : Ca 2 + + (NH 4 ) 2 C 2 O 4 10% CaC 2 O 4

CH 3 COOH 2N) ""**c

111

Ca2+

trng

Bi 4

NH TNH CATION NHM IV: Fe2+, Fe3+, Bi3+, Mg2+,

Mn2+
MC TIU
1. Tm c tng cation nhm IV da vo cc phn ng c trng ca chng.
2. Gii thch cc hin tng xy ra v vit cc phng trnh phn ng trong qu trnh tin hnh thc
nghim.
1. DNG C - HA CHT - THUC TH
2.1. Ly 1mL dung dch phn tch vo ng nghim sch, thm vo vi git Na2CO3 bo ha ti thong c
ri li tan. Thm tip tng git dung dch NH4OH c n khi kt ta hon ton. Ly tm, ly kt ta
(Fe(OH)2, Fe(OH)3, Bi(OH)3, Mn(OH)2 v Mg(OH)2). Thm vo kt ta 1 - 2mL dung dch NH4Cl bo
ha ha tan Mg(OH)2. un nh, ly tm, tch phn kt
ta T1 ( Fe(OH)2, Fe(OH)3, Bi(OH)3, Mn(OH)2) v phn nc ly tm L1 (cha Mg2+).
3.2. Nc ly tm L1: thm vo thuc th Na2HPO4 12%, nu thu c kt ta mu vng hnh lc lng
hoc hnh sao, hnh l (MgNH4PO4), chng t trong dung dch c cha ion Mg2+.
Dng c
- n cn
a thy tinh Kp g
ng nghim cc loi ng nghim ly tm My ly tm
Ho cht, thuc th
- Dung dch phn tch
cha cc cation: Fe2+, Fe3+, Bi3+, Mg2+, Mn- Na2CO3 bo ho - HNO3 c
- NH4OH c - KI 0,1M
- NH4Cl bo ha - Thuc th KSCN
- HNO3 10% - Thuc th K4[Fe(CN)6]
- Na2HPO4 12% - Thuc th K3[Fe(CN)6]
2. THC HNH
112

2.3. Ha tan kt ta T1 bng HNO3 10%, un si, dung dch sau chia ra lm 4 phn tm Fe2+
2
+, Fe3+, Bi3+, Mn2+ bng cc phn ng c trng:
* Tm Fe2+: Cho vo thuc th K3[Fe(CN)6], nu c kt ta mu xanh Tua bin (Fe3[Fe(CN)6])2, chng t
dung dch c cha ion Fe2+.
* Tm Fe3+: Cho tc dng vi thuc th KSCN d s to thnh phc tan mu mu ([Fe(SCN)6]3-),
chng t dung dch c cha ion Fe3+.
Hoc c th cho tc dng vi thuc th K4[Fe(CN)6] s to phc kt ta mu xanh ph Fe4[Fe(CN)6]3.
* Tm Bi3+: Cho tc dng vi dung dch KI 0,1M d nu thy to phc mu da cam ([BiI4]-), chng t
dung dch c cha ion Bi3+.
* Tm Mn2+: Ly vi git dch lc vo 1 ng nghim, thm vo vi git acid HNO 3 c v mt t bt PbO2.
un nh hn hp, ly tm, nu thy phn dung dch c mu tm (MnO4-), chng t dung dch c cha ion
Mn2+.
S 3:

S thc hnh phn tch Cation nhm IV: Fe 2 +, Fe 3 +, Bi 3 +, Mn 2 +, Mg 2 +

Dung dch phn tch + Na 2 CO 3 bo ho ti thong c ri tan + NH 4 OH c. Ly tm, ly kt ta.
Ta Fe(OH) 2 , Fe(OH) 3 , Mg(OH) 2 , Mn(OH) 2 , Bi(OH) 3 + NH4Cl bo ha. un nh, ly tm, tch ring kt ta v
nc ly tm
Nc ly tm L 1 : Mg 2 + + Na 2 HPO 4 12%
c

MgNH PO 4 (hnh lng tr, hnh sao, hnh l)

4

Mg2+

Xc nh Fe 2 +:

)]

+ TT K 3 [Fe(CN) 6 ] Fe 3 [ Fe(CN 6 2
xanh Tua bin c Fe2+

Xc nh Fe 3 + :
TT KSCN phc mu mu

)]

TT K 4 [Fe(CN) 6 ] Fe 4 [Fe(CN 6 3 xanh ph

c Fe3+
Xc nh Bi 3 + :
+ KI 0,1M - phc [BiI 4 ] - mu cam m (pha long cho ta BiI 3 mu en, nu nhiu Bi 3 +)
c Bi3+
Xc nh Mn 2 + : + HNO 3 c + PbO 2 bt, un si MnO 4 - - mu tm
c Mn2+

113

Bi 5

NH TNH CATION NHM V: Cu2+, Hg2+ V NHM

VI: Na+, K+, NH4+
MC TIU

1. Tm c tng cation nhm V v nhm VI da vo cc phn ng c trng ca chng.

2. Gii thch cc hin tng xy ra v vit cc phng trnh phn ng trong qu trnh tin hnh thc
nghim.
1. DNG c - HA CHT - THUC TH
2.1. Tm cation nhm VI trc bng cc phn ng c trng
Chia nh dung dch phn tch vo vi ng nghim nh, sau nhn bit s c mt ca tng cation.
Dng c
- n cn
- a thy tinh
- Kp g
- ng nghim cc loi
- ng nghim ly tm
- My ly tm
Ho cht, thuc th
- Dung dch phn tch cha
cc cation: Cu2+, Hg2+, Na+, K+, NH4+
- HNO3 6 N - K2CO3 bo ha
- HCl 10% - Na2CO3 bo ha
- CH3COOH 2 N - Thuc th Garola
- HCl c - Na2S 2%
- HNO3 c - K-Na tartrat 50%
- NaOH c - Thuc th Nessler
- NH4OH c - Thuc th Streng
- KOH c - H2O2 10%
- SnCl2 0,5 N
2. THC HNH
114

2.1.1. Cation NH 4 +
Nh vi git dung dch NaOH c vo ng nghim, pha trn ming ng nghim y mu qu tm tm
t. un nh ng nghim trn n cn, nu giy qu chuyn sang mu xanh, chng t trong dung dch c
NH4+.
Hoc dng thuc th Nessler: thm vi git dung dch kali natri tartrat 50% vo ng nghim to
phc bn vi cc cation khc, sau nh vi git thuc th Nessler, nu thy xut hin kt ta nu
([NH2HgI2]I), chng t trong dung dch c NH4+.
2.1.2. Tm Na+
Thm vo vi git K2CO3 bo ha v vi git KOH c n ta hon ton. un nh, ly tm, b kt ta.
Nc ly tm c acid ha bng CH3COOH 2N (nu thy xut hin kt ta th gn b kt ta i), thm
vo vi git thuc th Streng Zn(UO2)3(CH3COO)8, nu thu c cc tinh th mu vng lc nht (soi trn
knh hin vi c hnh mt nhn), chng t trong dung dch c Na+.
2.1.3. Tm K+
Thm vo vi git Na2CO3 bo ha v vi git NaOH c n ta hon ton. un nh, ly tm, b kt ta.
Nc ly tm c acid ha bng CH3COOH 2N (nu thy xut hin kt ta th gn b kt ta i), thm
vo vi git thuc th Garola Na3[Co(NO2)6], nu thy kt ta tinh th mu vng, chng t trong dung
dch c K+.
2.2. Tm cation nhm V (Cu2+, Hg2+):
Cho vo dung dch phn tch tng git Na2S 2% to kt ta (CuS v HgS). ung nng, ly tm, ly kt
ta. ha tan kt ta trong HNO3 6N th ch c CuS tan, cn HgS khng tan. Ly tm, tch ring kt ta
cha HgS v nc ly tm cha Cu2+.
Nc ly tm cho tc dng vi dung dch NH4OH c: Nu thong xut hin kt ta mu xanh lc nht,
sau tan ngay to phc mu xanh tm, chng t trong dung dch c ion Cu2+.
Kt ta HgS c th th bng phn ng sau
Ho tan ta trong HCl 10% + H2O2 10%. Nu kt ta en tan ra, chng t trong dung dch gc ban u
c ion Hg2+.
Thm tip thuc th SnCl2 0,5N v NaOH c, nu li thu c kt ta Hg mu en cng chng t trong
dung dch c ion Hg2+.
Hoc cho kt ta tc dng vi cng thy (ly theo t l: 3 git HCl c + 1 git HNO3 c), nu kt
ta tan ra chng t c Hg2+.
115

S 4:

S phn tch nhm_cation nhm V: Hg 2 +, Cu 2 + v nhm VI: NH 4 +, Na+, K+

Dung dch phn tch: Hg 2 + , Cu 2 + , NH 4 + , Na + , KTm NH +
4+
:
NaOH c

NH 3 (mi khai)
lm xanh giy qu tm t.
TT Nessler + K-Na tactrat 50%

t a nu
c NH4+

Tm Na + :
+ K 2 CO 3 bo ho + KOH c, n kt ta hon ton. un nng, ly tm, b kt ta.

Nc ly tm:
+ CH 3 COOH 2N n gn trung tnh (nu c ta th ly tm, b i)
+ TT Streng ta vng lc nht, hnh mt nhn (soi knh hin vi)

c Na+

Tmm K + :
+ Na 2 CO 3 bo ho + NaOH c, n kt ta hon ton. un nng, ly tm, b kt ta.

N c ly tm:
+ CH 3 COOH 2N n gn trung tnh (nu c ta th ly tm, b i)
+ TT Garola ta vng c K+
Dung dch phn tch: Hg 2 + , Cu 2 + , NH 4 + , Na + , K + + Na 2 S 2% (tng git). un nng, ly tm ly ta
Ta en: CuS, HgS. Ra kt ta bng H 2 SO 4 2N + HNO 3 6N. un nng, ly tm, tch ring phn ta v phn
nc ly tm.
Nc ly tm: Cu+ NH 4 OH c thong ta, sau tan, c mu xanh tm m
c Cu2 +
2

Ta HgS + S:

ta en tan ra.
Sau : + SnCl 0,5N + NaOH c Hg en.
> Cng thu (1V HNO c + 3V HCl c) ta tan ra.
> HCl 10% +H 2 O 2 10%
2

Hg2+

116

Bi 6

PHN TCH TNG Hp CC NHM CATION THEO

PHNG PHP ACID - BASE
MC TIU
1. Tch ring c cc nhm cation bng thuc th nhm
2. Xc nh c cc cation c mt trong mi nhm bng cc s phn tch 1,2, 3, 4 bit.
1. DNG C - HA CHT - THUC TH
Nh cc bi 2, 3, 4, 5
Dung dch phn tch cha cation cc nhm
2. THC HNH
2.1. Tin hnh phn tch theo s 5 tch nhm cation
2.2. Nhm cation tch c phn tch theo s tng ng cc bi 2, 3, 4, 5 pha trc nhn bit
tng ion c mt.
117

S 5:

S thc hnh phn tch tng hp cc nhm cation

Nhm II: (ta sulfat)
Nc ly tm
BaSO 4 , CaSO 4 , (SrSO 4 )

+ NaOH 2N d
(+H 2O 2)

(Phn tch theo s 2)

Ly tm

Nhm III:

Kt ta (oxyd, hydroxyd

(nc ly tm cha oxoanion)

AlO 2 , ZnO 2

, (SnO 3

, CrO 4

(Phn tch theo s 2)

nhm (IV+V)
)

+HNO 3 (+H 2O 2))

Ly tm

N c ly tm + Na 2 CO 3 ti thong c + NH 4 OH c
(+ H 2 O 2 )
Ly tm
Ta HSbO 3 (hoc Sb 2 O 5 .H 2 O)
Ho tan bng HCl c Xc nh Sb:
- Phn ng thu phn
- Thuc th Caile - Viel
(Sb 3 + , 5 + c th xp nhm IV do to ta hydroxyd/acid, khng to phc amoniacat/ hoc xp ring)
Nhm IV: (ta hydroxyd)
Fe(OH) 2 , Fe(OH) 3 , Bi(OH) 3 , MnO 2 , Mg(OH) 2
(Phn tch theo s 3)
Nhm V: (nc ly tm cha amoniacat) Cu(NH 3 ) 4 2 + , Hg(NH 3 ) 4 2 + (Ni(NH 3 ) 4 2 + , Co(NH 3 ) 4 2 + , Cd(NH 3 ) 4 2 + )
(Phn tch theo s 4)

118

Bi 7

NH TNH ANION NHM I: OI", Br", ", SON",

S2O3MC TIU
1. Xc nh c tng anion nhm I da vo cc phn ng c trng ca chng.
2. Gii thch cc hin tng xy ra v vit cc phng trnh phn ng trong qu trnh tin hnh thc
nghim.

1. DNG C - HA CHT - THUC TH

2. THC HNH
2.1. Ly 2 mL dung dch phn tch lm nc soda (bng cch cho thm 2 mL Na2CO3 bo ha + 2-3 git
NaOH c). Nu c ta th ly tm, b ta (nu khng c ta th ngay t u khng cn lm n c soda).
Thm vo nc ly tm (nc soda) HNO3 2N v AgNO3 0,1N n kt ta hon ton anion nhm I.
2-

Nu thy kt ta t mu nu chuyn thnh mu en l c S2O3

2trong dung dch phn tch ban u
Ly tm, ly kt ta v chia lm 2 phn: phn nh ta v phn ln ta

Dng c
- n cn
- a thy tinh
- Kp g
- ng nghim ly tm
- ng nghim cc loi
- My ly tm

Ha cht, thuc th
- Dung dch phn tch
cha cc anion: Cl-, Br-, I-, SCN-, S2O3- HNO3 2 N - FeCl3 10%
- H2SO4 2 N - NaNO2 0,1 N
- NaOH c - Zn ht
- Na2CO3 bo ha - H tinh bt
- AgNO3 0,1N - Nc Javel
- (NH4)2CO3 bo ha - Cloroform
119

2.2. Phn nh ta: Ha tan ta bng H2SO4 2N (lc k, nu vn cn ta th b i) thm vo dung dch
tng git FeCl3 10%, nu thu c dung dch c mu mu ([Fe(SCN)6]23), chng t dung dch c cha ion SCN-.
2.3. Phn ln ta: Thm khong 1 mL (NH4)2CO3 bo ho, lc k, un nh, ly tm, tch ring phn kt ta
T1 (AgBr, AgI, AgSCN) v nc ly
tm L1 (Cl-).
2.3.1. Nc ly tm L1: Acid ha tr li bng vi git HNO3 2N, nu thy xut hin kt ta trng AgCl,
chng t dung dch c ion Cl-.
2.3.2. Ha tan kt ta T1 bng hn hp H2SO4 2N + Zn ht gii phng Br-, I-, SCN- khi ta AgBr, AgI,
AgSCN. Ly tm, ly nc ly tm. Chia nc ly tm thnh 3 phn tm ln lt anion:
* Tm I-: Nc ly tm tc dng vi NaNO2 0,1M + 2git h tinh bt, lc u. Nu dung dch thu c c
mu xanh tm, chng t c anion I-.
Hoc tm I- bng cch cho nc ly tm tc dng vi nc Javel va (khng qu nhiu) + cloroform.
Lc k. Nu lp cloroform pha di c mu tm, chng t c ion I -.
* Tm Br-: Nc ly tm cho tc dng vi nc Javel d + cloroform. Lc k. Nu lp cloroform c mu
vng rm, chng t c ion Br-.
* Tm SCN-: Nc ly tm cho tc dng vi FeCl3 10%, nu dung dch thu c c mu mu hay hng,
chng t c ion SCN-.
120

S 6.

S thc hnh phn tch cc anion nhm I:

Cl , Br , I , SCN , S 2 O 3
2

Dung dch phn tch anion nhm I + Na 2 CO 3 (lm nc soda)

r
Nc ly tm (nc soda): Cha anion nhm I + Cation kim loi kim v NH 4 + + HNO 3 2N + AgNO 3
Ta: carbonat cc cation khng phi kim loi kim (b i hoc tm cc cation)
Ta: Anion nhm I (nu ta t nu en l c S2O32-, v Ag 2 S 2 O 3 Ag 2 S) Chia 2 phn
Phn ln ta: + (NH 4 ) 2 CO 3 bo ho. un nh, ly tm, tch ring phn ta v nc ly tm
Phn nh ta: (th thm d): +H 2 SO 4 2N + FeCL 3 10% phc [Fe(SCN) 6 ] 3 mu mu hay hng c
SCNTa T 1 : AgBr, AgI, AgSCN + H 2 SO 4 2N + Zn ht. Lc u, vi pht, ly tm, ly nc ly tm thu c
chia lm 3 phn:
N c ly tm L 1 : Cl

( dng [Ag(NH 3 ) 2 ]Cl) + HNO 3 2N ta tr li AgCl c ClPhn 1:

N c ly tm +NaNO 2 0,1M H tinh bt mu xanh tm -c IHoc: Nc ly tm + cloroform + nc
Javel.
Lc k, c mu
xanh tm lp cloroform
(pha di)
c IPhn 2: N c ly tm + cloroform + nc Javel (ly d). Lc k, lp cloroform (pha di) c mu vng
rm c BrPhn 3:
N c ly tm + FeCl 3 10% phc [Fe(SCN) 6

] mu mu c SCN121

Bi 8

NH TNH ANION NHM l: 0O3

2, 0H30OO", PO43-, AsO33-, AsO43-, SO32-, SO42-, (S2O32-)

MC TIU

1. Xc nh c tng anion nhm II da vo cc phn ng c trng ca chng.

2. Gii thch cc hin tng xy ra v vit cc phng trnh phn ng trong qu trnh thc hin cc bc
phn tch.
1. DNG C - HA CHT - THUC TH
Dng c
- n cn
- a thy tinh
- Kp g
- ng nghim cc loi
- ng nghim ly tm
- My ly tm
Hoa cht, thuc th
- Dung dch phn tch cha cc anion: CO32, CH3CoO-, PO43-, AsO33-, AsO43-, SO32-, SO42-, (S2O3 )
HCl 2N, 1N, 0,1N H2SO4 c H2SO4 2N
CH3COOH 2N NaOH c
FeCl3 10% BaCl2 0,5M Sr(NO3)2 bo ho Na2CO3 bo ho
Hn hp Mg (MgCl2 + NH4Cl + NH4OH)
Dung dch I2 5%, 10% Dung dch KMnO4 1%, 5% TT Amoni molypdat Na2S 1M Ru amylic Formalin
5%
2. THC HNH
2.1. Xc nh CO32- v PO43" ngay t dung dch phn tch:
2.1.1. Ly 1mL dung dch phn tch, thm vo vi git HCl 2N. Nu thy kh si bt bay ln (kh ny
lm c nc vi trong, khng lm mt mu dung dch KMnO4+ H2SO4 ), chng t trong dung dch c
cha anion CO32-.
122
2-

2.1.2. un nh dung dch CO2 bay ht. Cho thm vi git HNO3 c v thuc th amoni molypdat,
ngm ng nghim trong nc , nu thy xut hin kt ta mu vng cu (NH4)3[PMo12O40], chng t
trong dung dch c
ion PO4 .
2.2. Tm CH3COO- ngay t dung dch phn tch
Thm vo dung dch phn tch vi git H2SO4 2N, sau cho tc dng vi dung dch FeCl3 10%. Nu
dung dch thu c c mu v sau khi un nng thy kt ta mu nu (Fe(OH)2(CH3COO)) tch ra,
chng t trong dung dch c anion CH3COO-.
Hoc cho vo dung dch phn tch vi git ru amylic hoc ethylic, xc tc bng acid H 2SO4 c.
un nng nh hn hp, nu c mi thm du chui ca ester c to thnh, chng t trong dung dch c
anion
CH3COO-.
2.3. Tm AsO33-, AsO43-, SO32-, SO42-, (S2O32-)2.3.1. Ly 2-3 mL dung dch phn tch lm nc soda (cch
lm nh bi 7, pha trc). Nu c ta th ly tm, b ta. Ly nc ly tm (nc soda).
(Nu lm nc soda m khng c ta xut hin-chng t khng c cation gy ri, th s dng ngay dung
dch gc phn tch m khng cn lm nc soda na).
Nc ly tm (nc soda) hoc dung dch gc khng cn lm nc soda, iu chnh v pH kim nh hoc
trung tnh bng CH3COOH 2N. Chia dung dch phn tch thnh 2 phn: phn 1 v phn 2.
2.3.2. Phn 1: tm AsO33, AsO4Ly phn 1 + Hn hp Mg n ht kt ta. Ly tm.
Nc ly tm L1: thm tng git I2 5%, nu mt mu vng nu ca I2, chng t c AsO3 Ta T1: thm
HCl 2N n va tan ht, thm tng git Na 2S 1M, nu xut hin ta mu vng ca As2S5 l c AsO42.3.3.
Phn 2: tm SO333-

332-

, SO42-, (S2O32-)
Thm vo phn 2 tng git Sr(NO3)2 bo ha dn ht kt ta. Ly tm.
Nc ly tm L2: un nng v thm tng git Ba(NO3)2 bo ha n ht kt ta. Ly tm. Ly kt ta
(BaS2O3, nu c) thm KMnO4 1% v H2SO4 10%. Nu KMnO4 mt mu v c Lu hunh kt ta l c
S2O3Ta T2: Thm khong 0,5-1mL HCl 2N, lc nh.
123

 Tm SO322
":
+ Hoc bng cch thm 1-2 git phenolphtalein, trung ha vi NaOH 0,1M n xut hin mu , li
thm HCl 0,1N n va mt mu . Thm vo tng git formalin 5%, mu xut hin tr li l c
SO3+ Hoc bng cch un nng v dn hi sc vo dung dch KMnO 4 0,5% v H2sO4 2N. Nu KMnO
mt mu (do SO2), chng 't c SO3 Tm SO4222

:
Nu sau khi thm HCl 2N vo ta T2 m vn cn ta khng tan, chng t c SO42- ( dng SrSO4). C th
tch ring ta SrSO4 ri thm vo HCl 1N v tng git BaCl2 0,5M. Nu phn trn ca dung dch xut
hin ta c m (ca BaSO4), cng chng t chc chn c SO4124

S 7.

S thc hnh phn tch cc anion nhm II:

2-

CO 3
2
, CH 3 OO , PO 4 3 , AsO 3 3 , AsO 4 3 - , SO 3 2 , SO 4 2 , (S 2 O 3 2 )Dung dch phn tch: Anion nhm II
Tm CO 3 2
: Dung dch phn tch: + HCl 2N CO 2 (lm c nc vi trong) c CO 3 Tm PO4 2
3
: Dung dch va tm CO 3 2 + HNO 3
c + TT amoni molypdat ( lnh trong nc ) ta vng c PO 4

Phn 1 (nc soda): + Hn hp Mg

MgNH 4 ASO 4
N c ly tm L 1 : AsO 3 3
3
+ Dung dch I 2 5% mt mu nu vng c

trng v MgNH PO trng

4

vng c AsO

AsO 3 Ta T 1 : + HCl 2N va tan ht + Na 2 S

As 2 S 5
T a T 2 : Mui Sr 3
2
+ ca SO 3 2 , SO 4 2 , AsO 3 2 , PO 4 3 , CO 3 2 +HCl 2N
Tm SO 3 2 :
- Trung ha bng NaOH 0,1M v HCl 0,1N n

m t mu phelnolphthalein + Formalin 5% -mu

0,5% +H 2 SO 4 2N
2
2

mt mu KMnO

(do SO 2

t)

c SO - Hoc un nng, dn hi sc vo KMnO

3

c SO 3 Tm SO 4 2

- vn c SrSO 4
L 2 : AsO 4 2

c SO 4 - Hoc ly ta + HCl 1N + BaCl 2 0,5M c bi BaSO 4

c SO 4 Nc ly tm

, S 2 O 3 2 . un nng + Ba(NO 3 ) 2 bo ho. Ly tm. Ly ta BaS 2 O 3 + KMnO 4 1% + H 2 SO 4 10%

t) v c S

KMnO 4 (do SO 2

c S 2 O 3 125

mt mu

Bi 9

PHN TCH HN Hp CATION V ANION TRONG

DUNG DCH
MC TIU
1. a ra c cc nhn xt v tin hnh c mt s cch th s b ph hp i vi dung dch cn
phn tch d on cation v anion c th c mt.
2. Thc hin c cc bc phn tch h thng tm ng cation v anion c trong dung dch.
1. DNG C - HOA CHT - THUC TH
C y cc b dng c, ha cht v thuc th ca 8 bi lm pha tr c
2. THC HNH
Khi nhn c dung dch hn hp cation v anion cn nh tnh, phi thc hin ln lt cc bc phn
tch nh sau:
1. Dng gic quan nhn xt mu sc, mi. a ra d on ban u v cc ion c mt.
2. Thc hin cc php th s b v
pH ca dung dch
Mu ngn la
T , d on tip cc ion c th c mt.
3. Th mt s phn ng, c bit l phn ng ca cc thuc th nhm i vi cation v anion
Theo , tip tc d on cc ion c th c trong dung dch phn tch.
4. Tin hnh phn tch h thng hoc na h thng theo cc s thc hnh phn tch cation (s 1, 2 ,
3, v 4) v s phn tch anion (s 6 v 7).
5. Sau khi c kt lun v cc cation v anion va tm c t phn tch h thng, cn i chiu kt lun
y vi cc kt qu th s b ban u xem c g mu thun. Nu cn nghi ng th phi tin hnh phn tch
li.
126

PHN III

L THUYT PHN TCH NH LNG

127

128

Bi 1

I CNG V HA PHN TCH NH LNG

MC TIU
1. Trnh by c v tr, i tng ca mn hc.
2. Nu c cc phng php phn tch nh lng, nguyn tc chung ca cc phng php ha hc
dng trong phn tch nh lng.
3. Trnh by c cc loi sai s trong phn tch nh lng v cch khc phc. Bit cch ghi d liu
thc nghim theo qui tc v ch s c ngha.
1. I TNG CA PHN TCH NH LNG
Phn tch nh lng l mt mt ca cng tc phn tch c nhim v xc nh hm lng (khi lng,
thnh phn %, s moi...) ca mt nguyn t, ion, nhm nguyn t, mt cht (nguyn cht hay hn hp)
th rn hay ha tan trong cc dung dch c trong mu th cn phn tch.
Phn tch nh lng c ng dng v c v tr quan trng trong nhiu ngnh khoa hc: ha hc, sinh
hc, a cht, nng nghip, thc phm... v c bit trong ngnh D c.
Trong chng trnh o to ca ngnh Dc, phn tch nh lng va l mn hc c s va l mn hc
nghip v. Hc tt phn tch nh lng gip cho vic hc v sau ny ra lm tt cc lnh vc: kim
nghim thuc v m phm, kim nghim thc phm, xc nh cc hot cht trong cc nguyn liu, d c
liu, cc dng bo ch, ha dc, phn tch nc, xc nh cht c, lm cc xt nghim sinh ho, h tr
c lc cho vic nghin cu, tng hp v sn xut thuc...
2. PHN LOI CC PHNG PHP PHN TCH NH LNG
Da vo bn cht cc phng php s dng trong phn tch nh lng c th chia thnh hai nhm
phng php.
2.1. Cc phng php ha hc
Da trn mi lin quan gia tnh cht ha hc v thnh phn ha hc ca cht cn phn tch. Cc ph ng
php ny chia thnh hai nhm:
129

2.1.1. Phng php phn tch khi lng

Da vo vic xc nh khi lng cht cn xc nh c tch ra khi cc cht khc c trong mu
phn tch di dng tinh khit.
2.1.2. Phng php phn tch th tch
- Phng php chun : Da vo vic xc nh th tch mt dung dch thuc th c nng bit gi
l dung dch chun cho tc dng vi cht cn xc nh theo phn ng ha hc thch hp. Tuy theo
phn ng ha hc s dng c tn gi cc phng php phn tch tng ng; cc phng php thng
dng l: Phng php nh lng acid-base; phng php nh lng oxy ha - kh; phng php to
ta; phng php to phc; phng php to cp ion.
- Phng php th tch kh: Da vo vic o th tch ca cht kh c sinh ra t cht th (nh CO2 gii
phng t mui carbonat) hoc do s gim th tch ca hn hp kh do mt phn b hp th (nh CO2
b hp th vo dung dch KOH).
2.2. Cc phng php vt l v ha l
y l cc phng php phn tch da vo mi quan h gia thnh phn ha hc v cc tnh cht vt l
hoc c tnh ha l ca cc cht. Cc phng php vt l v ha l thng chia lm ba nhm ln:
2.2.1. Cc phng php phn chia (phng php tch) Phng php chit, phng php sc k...
2.2.2. Cc phng php phn tch quang hc
Phng php o khc x, phng php o nng sut quay cc, phng php o quang ph hp th,
phng php o quang ph pht x...
2.2.3. Cc phng php phn tch in ha Phng php o th, phng php cc ph....
Nhn chung cc phng php vt l v ha l c nhy v chnh xc cao, thi gian phn tch nhanh,
nhiu khi c th xc nh trc tip cht cn phn tch c trong mu phn tch m khng phi chit tch
trc. Tuy nhin i hi phi c thit b, my mc t tin.
Trong phm vi chng trnh, hc phn phn tch nh lng ch yu gii thiu cc phng php: Phn
tch khi lng, phng php phn tch th tch vi ni dung ch yu l phng php chun : acidbase, oxy ha - kh, to ta, to phc.
130

3. NGUYN TC CHUNG CA CC PHNG PHP HA HC DNG TRONG NH LNG

L da trn c s cc phn ng ha hc, cc nh lut ha hc v cc hin t ng xy ra trong qu trnh
phn ng (nh s to kt ta, to mu, i mu... ) xc nh hm lng ca cht cn xc nh trong
mu th.
xc nh cht X, ta cho cht X phn ng vi thuc th R theo ph ng trnh tng qut:
X + R + ... = P + Q + ....
Tuy theo k thut thc hin ta c th xc nh X thng qua sn phm P (hay Q) ca phn ng hoc thuc
th R.
- Nu phn ng to ra kt ta: Ta c th tch ring kt ta v em cn, t khi lng sn phm kt ta
tnh c hm lng cht X.
Th d:
xc nh hm lng FeCl3 ta cho phn ng vi NaOH d:
FeCl3 + 3 NaOH = Fe(OH)3 + 3 NaCl Sau em lc ly kt ta Fe(OH)3, ra sch, em nung kh:
2 Fe(OH)3 Fe2O3 + 3 H2O T khi lng Fe2O3 tnh ra c hm lng FeCl3 c trong mu phn tch.
- Nu phn ng to ra cht kh: Ta c th xc nh th tch ca kh di mt p sut nht nh (hoc dng
mt cht hp th kh), t lng kh ta c th tnh c hm lng cht X.
Th d:
xc nh CaCO3, ta cho tc dng vi HCl:
CaCO3 + 2 HCl = CaCl2 + CO2T + H2O Cho kh CO2 hp th vo dung dch Ba(OH)2 ta xc nh c
lng CO2:
CO2 + Ba(OH)2 = BaCO3 + H2O T ta s tnh c hm lng CaCO3 trong mu th.
- Da vo lng thuc th R tiu th trong phn ng, tnh c hm lng cht X c trong mu phn
tch. K thut ny c ng dng kh nhiu v c gi l cc phng php phn tch th tch.
131

4. SAI s TRONG PHN TCH NH LNG HA HC

4.1. Mt s khi nim
- Khi phn tch, ngi ta thng thc hin ton b qui trnh phn tch (hoc xc nh mt i l ng no
) mt s ln trn mu th v thu c cc kt qu tng ng xx, x2,...xn
_x +x + +x
Gi tr trung bnh x = -2
2
-l ng tin cy hn c v c ly
n
lm kt qu ca php phn tch.
Gi tr trung bnh x thng khc vi gi tr thc ca i lng cn xc nh, s sai khc chnh l sai
s ca php phn tch (hoc php xc nh).
- Kt qu ca php phn tch c nh gi tnh ng ( ng: accuracy) v tnh chnh xc
(precision).
Tnh ng phn nh s ph hp gia kt qu thc nghim thu c (x) vi gi tr thc () ca i lng
cn xc nh.
Tnh chnh xc ( lp li) phn nh s ph hp gia cc kt qu thu c (xx, x2,...xn) trong cc th
nghim lp li trong cng iu kin thc nghim qui nh ca php phn tch (cc php phn tch song
song).
- C th biu th sai s di dng sai s tuyt i v sai s tng i.
+ Sai s tuyt i s = x - (gi tr dng l sai s tha, gi tr m l sai s thiu).

z^-

+ Sai s tng i
.100 (%)
x
4.2. Cc loi sai s'
4.2.1. Sai s th
Thng l nhng sai ln, hu ht do s cu th, s nhm ln hoc s c gian ln, s trc trc bt ng
(do hng thit b, mt in, mt nc..)... Sai s th c th ch lm hng mt d liu nhng cng c khi
lm sai c mt tp hp d liu. Trong phn tch cn phi trnh v loi b sai ny bng cch thn trng,
tng s th nghim, x l thng k loi b cc d liu ngoi lai...
4.2.2. Sai s h thng
- L sai s do nhng ngun gc m trn nguyn tc c th xc nh c, n lm cho cc kt qu phn
tch c xu hng nht nh: cao,
132

thp hoc bin i theo qui lut no . Th d: khi cn Na2CO3 trong mt chn cn khng y np th kt
qu cn s tng dn theo thi gian v Na2CO3 l cht ht m mnh, sai s ny tng theo thi gian cn v
b mt mt tip xc ca ha cht vi kh quyn.
- Sai s h thng lm gim tnh ng ca kt qu phn tch. Nguyn nhn dn n sai s h thng c th
l:
- Do s dng dng c, thit b c sai s, ha cht v thuc th c ln tp cht l... (th d dng cn khng
ng, cc dng c o th tch khng chnh xc...). C th khc phc sai s ny bng cch hiu chnh li,
thay ha cht thuc th t tiu chun...
- Sai s do c nhn ngi lm: C th do ch quan ngi phn tch gy ra v thiu kinh nghim, lm vic
thiu suy ngh, khng cn thn dn n cc thao tc khng chun (c th khc phc bng cch lm vic
cn thn, nghim tc, rn luyn k nng, chu kh hc tp...); c th do tm l tc l khuynh h ng ca
ngi phn tch khi lp li th nghim mun chn gi tr ph hp vi gi tr o trc, hoc gn vi gi
tr ca ngi khc.
- Sai s do phng php: Nguyn nhn ny kh pht hin v l nguyn nhn quan trng dn n sai s h
thng. Sai s phng php c lin quan vi tnh cht ha hc hoc ha l ca h o. Th d: phn ng
phn tch xy ra khng hon ton hoc c phn ng ph xy ra lm sai lch tnh hp thc ca phn ng
chnh... Sai s phng php c lin quan vi thao tc ca ngi lm. Trong nhiu trng hp nu thao
tc tt c th lm gim sai s phng php v ngc li. (Th d trong phn tch khi lng, nu ra kt
ta vi th tch nc ra thch hp s lm gim s mt ta do tan).
4.2.3. Sai s ngu nhin
- L nhng sai s lm cho d liu phn tch dao ng ngu nhin quanh gi tr trung bnh. Ngun gc ca
n l do cc bin i nh khng kim sot c (khng pht hin v khng o c), nhng nhng bin
i nh ny c th kt hp vi nhau theo nhiu cch to ra sai s ln thy c, lm nh hng n
lp li ca kt qu o v lm gim chnh xc ca php phn tch.
- Sai s ngu nhin lun lun xut hin d php phn tch c thc hin ht sc cn thn v iu kin
thc nghim c gi c nh nghim ngt. C th lm gim sai s ngu nhin bng cch tin hnh phn
tch cn thn, tng s th nghim v x l cc s liu bng ph ng php thng k (theo cc lut thng k
ca cc bin thin ngu nhin).
133

4.3. Cch ghi d liu thc nghim theo qui tc v ch s c ngha

Mt d liu thc nghim phn tch thu c t o trc tip hoc tnh ton gin tip t kt qu cc php
o phi c ghi theo nguyn tc ch mt ch s cui cng l cn nghi ng, cc ch s cn li l chc
ng.
Th d:
- Cn 0,5g trn cn k thut phi ghi l 0,50g (v cn k thut cho php sai 0,01g). Nu cn trn cn
phn tch phi ghi l 0,5000g (v cn phn tch cho php sai 0,0002g).
- Ly 10mL dung dch bng pipet chnh xc phi ghi l 10,00mL (v sai cho php 0,02mL).
Theo cch ghi trn: Tr cc ch s 0 u tin, cc ch s cn li c gi l ch s c ngha. Th d:
- 0,0531g c 3 ch s c ngha,
- 1,0023g c 5 ch s c ngha,
- 0,1500g c 4 ch s c ngha.
Cch lm trn s:
- Nu ch s cui cng l 1-4: b i
- Nu ch s cui cng l 6-9: b i v thm 1 vo ch s ng tr c.
- Nu ch s 5: lm trn thnh s chn gn n nht. Th d: 60,55 60,6;
60,45 60,4

BI TP (BI 1)
1.1. Hy trnh by v tr v i tng ca phn tch nh lng.
1.2. Nu cc phng php ha hc dng trong phn tch nh lng.
1.3. Trnh by nguyn tc chung ca cc phng php ha hc dng trong phn tch nh lng.
1.4. Gii thch s khc nhau gia:
- Tnh ng v tnh chnh xc.
- Sai s tuyt i v sai s tng i.
- Sai s h thng v sai s ngu nhin.
1.5. Hy nu mt s bin php khc phc cc sai s thng gp trong phn tch.
1.6. Cch ghi d liu thc nghim theo qui tc ch s c ngha.
134

Bi 2

PHNG PHP PHN TCH KHI LNG

MC TIU
1. Trnh by c ni dung v phn loi ca phng php phn tch khi lng.
2. M t cc giai on chnh ca phn tch khi lng.
3. Tnh c kt qa nh lng bng phng php khi lng.
1. NI DUNG V PHN LOI
Phng php phn tch khi lng (cn gi l phng php cn) l phng php da trn c s xc nh
khi lng ca cht cn phn tch c tch ra khi cc cht khc (c cng trong mu th) d i dng
tinh khit.
Qu trnh tch c th c thc hin theo nhiu cch khc nhau. Vic phn loi ph ng php ch yu
da vo cc phng php tch, c th chia thnh hai phng php chnh.
1.1. Phng php kt ta
Cho thuc th kt ta vo dung dch cha cht cn xc nh to kt ta thch hp. Lc tch ly ta ra
khi dung dch, ra, sy hoc nung n khi lng khng i. T khi lng ta thu c tnh ra hm
lng cht cn xc nh c trong mu th.
Dng kt ta hnh thnh sau phn ng kt ta gi l dng ta. Dng kt ta cui cng em cn l dng
cn. Dng ta v dng cn c th ging nhau nhng cng c th khc nhau.
Th d:
- nh lng Na2SO4: cho phn ng kt ta vi BaCl2 BaCl2 + Na2SO4 = BaSO4 + 2 NaCl
(dng ta)

Tch lc ly kt ta, ra, sy, nung kh c dng cn vn l BaSO4.

135

- nh lng FeCl3: cho phn ng vi NaOH d

3 NaOH + FeCl3 = Fe(OH)3 + 3 NaCl
Tch lc ly kt ta, ra, sy, nung kh c dng cn l Fe2O3 (khc vi dng ta).
2Fe(OH)3 -Fe2O3

+ 3 H2O (Dng ta) (Dng cn)

1.2. Phng php bay hi

Trong trng hp ny, mt hay nhiu hp phn ca mu c lm cho bay hi hay c th chuyn thnh
mt cht bay hi.
1.2.1. Phng php bay hi trc tip
- Cho cht bay hi thu c hp th vo mt mi trng thch hp, ri t phn tng khi lng tnh ra
kt qu.
Th d:
xc nh hm lng CO2 trong mui carbonat, ta cho mui phn ng vi acid gii phng CO 2.
Kh CO2 bay ra c dn qua mt bnh ng Ca(OH)2 c khi lng bit trc:
CO2 + Ca(OH)2 = CaCO3 + H2O
Sau khi CO2 b hp th, cn li bnh, xc nh c hm lng CO2.
- Cht cn xc nh c cn sau khi lm bay hi mu:
Th d:
Xc nh cn kh ca mu nc c thc hin bng cch cho bc hi mt th tch nc xc nh trong
cc bit khi lng. Cn cn li trong cc c sy kh. T khi lng tng ln ca cc ta tnh c
lng cn kh ca mu nc th.
1.2.2. Phng php bay hi gin tip
y, ta xc nh lng cht trc khi bay hi v lng cn cn li sau khi bay hi suy ra khi lng
cht bay hi.
Th d xc nh hm m (hm lng nc) ca mu thuc, Dc in Vit Nam cng nh mt s nc
dng phng php bay hi theo cch ny v gi l "gim khi lng do sy kh".
- Vi thuc kh b nhit phn huy: thng sy 100-105OC.
- Vi thuc d b nhit phn huy: lm kh nhit thng trong bnh ht m c P2O5 hay H2SO4 c,
hoc t sy p sut gim nhit thp.
136

2. NHNG NG TC c BN CA PHNG PHP PHN TCH KHI LNG

2.1. Ha tan
Nu mu phn tch dng dung dch khng cn giai on ny. Mu phn tch rn cn phi tm cch
chuyn n vo dung dch ri dng thuc th thch hp thc hin phn ng kt ta.
Qu trnh ha tan ph thuc vo nhiu iu kin: dung mi, nhit , pH, bn cht ca cht phn tch...
Do vy c cht d ha tan trong nc, nhng cng c cht ch tan trong dung dch acid, dung dch kim,
hoc tan khi to thnh phc cht, nhiu cht kh tan hn phi cn n nhng cht c tnh oxy ho kh
thch hp hay chuyn chng thnh mt dng d ha tan hn. Trong khi ha tan khng c cho thm vo
nhng cht lm nh hng ti phn ng kt ta sau ny.
2.2. Kt ta
2.2.1. Chon thuc th thch hp kt ta
Thuc th kt ta cn p ng cc yu cu sau:
- Thuc th phi kt ta hon ton cht cn xc nh, d lc, d ra (ta cng l tinh th ln cng tt),
chuyn sang dng cn d dng v hon ton.
- Thuc th phi c tnh chn lc cao (ch phn ng vi cht xc nh, khng hoc t phn ng vi cc
cht ph khc).
- Thuc th phi d loi b khi lc, ra.
2.2.2. Chon iu kin kt ta
- Vi ta tinh th: Cn duy tr iu kin lm chm qu trnh to mm v tng cng qu trnh ln ln
ca mm. Cho nn thng kt ta trong iu kin:
+ Dung dch long, nng.
+ Cho thuc th chm, khuy u.
+ Lm mui ta: ta tip xc lu vi dung dch th cc ta b s tan ra, cc ta ln s to ln.
- Vi ta v nh hnh: Cn to ra qu trnh ng t cc ht keo v ngn cn qu trnh cng kt (l hin
tng ion ny c th cng ta vi ion khc m trong iu kin ring r n khng kt ta c) do hp
ph, hp lu, ta theo. Do vy, khi tin hnh kt ta thng phi:
137

+ C mt ca cht in ly mnh trong dung dch + un nng dung dch v khuy mnh.
+ Kt ta t dung dch c ta s t xp v lng nhanh hn, nh ng s hp ph cht bn cng nhiu hn.
khc phc, trc khi lc cho thm nc nng vo v khuy mnh gii hp ph cc cht bn.
+ Lc ngay, khng lm mui trnh hp ph.
2.3. Lc ta
C th lc kt ta qua giy lc hay phu lc xp.
2.3.1. Giy loa
Thng dng l giy lc khng tro, ngha l sau khi nung, khi lng tro cn li khng ng k, cn
phn tch khng pht hin c (< 0,0005g hay 0,5mg). nh du mn ca giy lc bng mu in trn
hp ng hoc mu bng giy hay theo k hiu ty nh sn xut, v d:
- Giy bng xanh: Rt mn, chy chm, dng lc ta tinh th nh.
- Giy bng trng, bng vng: mn va phi, tc chy trung bnh.
- Giy bng : L to, chy nhanh, dng lc ta v nh hnh.
Cn lu khi nung kt ta, giy lc chy thnh than, than to thnh c th kh mt s cht.
2.3.2. Phu xp
c nh s 1, 2, 3... s cng tng, phu cng mn. Khi dng l u bo qun lp xp (trnh co st lm
hng lp xp).
2.4. Ra ta
2.4.1. Chon dch ra cho thch hp
Dch ra phi lm gim tan ca ta, chng hin tng pepti ha, d loi b khi sy hoc khi nung.
Dch ra c th l chnh bn thn thuc th, l dung dch long ca mt cht in ly, l dung dch acid
hoc base v cng c th ch l nc ct.
2.4.2. Cch ra
Vi cng mt th tch dch ra ti a cho php, ra nhiu ln tt hn l ra t ln. Ng i ta chng
minh c cng thc:
V A =A
n

An =Ao l V+Vo
138

Trong :
Ao: Lng cht bn ban u
An Lng cht bn cn li sau n ln ra
V: Th tch dch ra dng cho mi ln
Vo: Th tch dch ra cn dnh li sau mi ln (Vo cng nh th An cng b, do khi ra phi cho dch
ra chy kit mi chng sch)
n: S ln ra
2.5. Sy v nung
y l qu trnh chuyn dng ta thnh dng cn. Dng cn phi tinh khit, bn vng v c thnh phn
xc nh khi tip xc vi khng kh, do vy cn phi sy hoc nung loi ht n c gy m ra khi kt
ta.
Giy lc v ta ra sch phi chy tht ht nc ri mi cn thn ly ra khi phu, gp li v t
vo trong chn nung nung n khi lng khng i. Nu chn c np phi y h mt cht kh c
li thot. Mi u cn nhit thp sy cho kh (khng c ta v nc bn lung tung ra
thnh chn). Khi ta kh, khng cn git nc no bm thnh chn th tng nhit giy lc
chy thnh than (khng giy lc chy bng thnh ngn la). Sau , tng nhit n nhit thch
hp trong thi gian t 15-30 pht (hoc hn na nu c yu cu c th). Sy hoc nung n khi l ng
khng i l c (ngha l gi tr hai ln cn k tip nhau sai khc < 0,0005g).
2.6. Cn
Trc khi cn, cn a vt cn vo bnh ht m khong 20 pht a v nhit phng. y l giai
on cui cng nhng rt quan trng xc nh khi lng ca kt ta ( dng cn), khi cn cn ht sc
thn trng v tun th ng hng dn s dng.
3. CCH TNH KT QU TRONG PHN TCH KHI LNG 3.1. Trong phng php kt ta
3.1.1. Tha s chuyn F
L t s gia khi lng mol ca cht cn xc nh (nhn vi h s tng ng) v khi lng mol ca
dng cn. V ngha n cho bit c 1g dng cn c F gam cht xc nh.
- Th d 1: nh lng Na2SO4 cho phn ng kt ta vi BaCl2, dng cn l BaSO4
139

Na2S04 + BaCl2 = BaS04 +2NaCl

M

Na2S04 MBaS04

1.MN MN
F Na2S04 Na2S04
S0

S0

BaS04 BaS04

Th d 2: nh lng Fe trong dung dch Fe3+ bng cch cho kt ta vi NaOH, dng cn l FeBB2O3.
Fe3+ + 3NaOH = Fe(OH)3 +3Na+
2 Fe(OH )3 f > Fe2 O3 + 3H 2O
Theo phng trnh phn ng c:
2.MF
F
Fe
M
Fe203

Nu mt cht c nhiu dng cn, dng cn no c F cng nh, cng tt v khi gim ti mc thp nht
nh hng ca cc sai sthc nghim n kt qa cui.
Th d: Khi nh lng crom di dng cn l Cr2O3 th khi mt 1mg
kt ta s tng ng mt 2 Cr X1 =104 = 0 7 mg Cr; nhng nu dng cn l
x

Cr203
152 '
Cr , 52

a chi tng ng mt
B

Cr => dng cn BaCrO4 tt hn.

BaCrO4 th khi mt 1mg kt ta chi tng ng mt Cr x 1 = 52 = 0 2 mg
BaCr04

253,3 '

3.1.2. p dng tnh kt qu

- Gi s cn a gam mu cht cn xc nh A, khi lng dng cn thu c l P gam.
Khi lng cht A nguyn cht c trong mu l: m = P.F (g). Do , hm lng % (kl/ kl) ca A trong
mu th l:
%A i i) = .100 a
Gi s ly VmL mu cht cn xc nh A, khi lng dng cn thu c l P gam. Khi , hm lng %
(kl/ kl) ca A trong mu th l:
(k /k

%A(kL/kT) = ^ .100
Cc nng khc c tnh hoc suy lun tng t.
140

3.2. Trong phng php bay hi

Vic tnh n gin hn.
Th d: Khi xc nh hm m:
% m = a b X100 a
Trong : a: khi lng mu trc khi sy b: khi lng mu sau khi sy kh
4. CN PHN TCH
Trong phn tch khi lng, cn phn tch c dng cn mu th, b v b c cha ta. Trong thc t
c cc loi cn phn tch sau:
4.1. Cn c hc (Mechanical balance)
Hot ng ca cn da trn nguyn tc n by. Cn c hc c hai loi:
- Cn c hc hai quang: C hai cnh tay n bng nhau. Qu cn ngoi cn, khi cn mi t qu cn
ln a cn. Khi cn v tr cn bng khi l ng qu cn t vo a cn chnh l khi lng ca vt cn
cn.
- Cn c hc mt quang: Cn c qu cn c t trc tip ln cnh tay n trong cn v c thng
bng vi i trng. Khi t vt cn cn ln a cn, cn bng vi i trng b ph v, phi nhc qu cn ra
khi cnh tay n lp li cn bng. Khi lng ca cc qu cn ly ra chnh l khi lng ca vt cn
t trn a cn. Cn c hc mt quang c gn thm b khuch i quang hc nn th ng c gi l cn
in.
4.2. Cn in t (Electronic balance)
Hot ng ca cn da trn lc in t gi cn v tr cn bng ban u. Dng in cn duy tr lc
ny t l vi khi lng ca vt cn khi cn. Qu trnh hot ng ca cn nh sau:
- Khi khng c vt cn trn a cn, lc in t ca h thng gi cn v tr cn bng: im 0 ban u.
- Khi t vt cn ln a cn, im 0 ban u b dch chuyn v gi tn hiu ti dng in kim tra to
ra dng in hiu chnh (dng in hiu chnh ny chy trong cun dy gn vo a ca a cn, to ra
mt t trng. T trng ca cun dy chu tng tc ca mt nam chm vnh cu t di a cn) cn
thit thit lp li h thng v v tr ban u t l vi khi lng ca vt cn t trn a cn.
141

Cc yu t nh hng n cn in t: cc bc x in t ti ni t cn, t tnh ca vt cn, bi bn

khe gia cun dy v nam chm, ... Do , khi s dng cn in t phi quan tm ti cc thng s ca
mi trng xung quanh nh nhit , p sut kh quyn, m, lung kh, ... v cc yu t khc nh s
thay i in th ca ngun in, in trng, t
trng, tnh in v bn cht ca mu o
^ . ^ 7 ^ 1

, '

-___.-*

Hnh 2.1.

Cn phn tch in t

v t tnh v kh nng nhim t. r

4.3. Tiu chun c bn ca cn phn tch
- ng: L mc st gn ca cc gi tr c c vi gi tr thc ca qu cn chun.
- tin: Cn cho s o nh nhau khi t vt cn bt c v tr no trn a cn.
- nhy t yu cu khi cn.
- Tnh tuyn tnh: L s lch dng hay m ca gi tr c c vi gi tr thc t trn cn.
nh k mi nm hai ln kim tra cc tiu ch trn m bo kt qu kim nghim.
5. MT VI TH D P DNG NH LNG BANG PHNG PHP
KHI LNG
5.1. nh lng Clorid
Phng trnh phn ng:
Cho tha dung dch AgNO3 vo dung dch Cl- cn xc nh s c phn ng:
AgNO3 + Cl- = AgCl + NO3Lc ly kt ta AgCl, ra ta, sy n khi lng khng i, cn trn cn phn tch. T khi lng ta
thu c tnh ra hm lng clorid trong mu.
Ta AgCl khng bn, ra nh sng b phn hu thnh Ag (lc u ta ho tm sau en dn) v vy khng
nn ta lu nh sng khuych tn hoc tip xc trc tip vi nh sng, tt nht nn bc cc ng ta
bng t giy en. 130 oC ta AgCl b phn hu v mt clor, do khi sy khng nhit cao vt
qu 130 oC.
142

K thut tin hnh:

Dng pipet ly mt th tch chnh xc dung dch mu sao cho lng Cl- khong 0,15g cho vo cc 250
mL, thm nc ct n khong 70 mL, thm tip 15 mL HNO3 2N. t cc vo ni un cch thy. Dng
a thy tinh va khuy mnh, va cho t t khong 50 mL AgNO3 0,1N (tha khong 10% so vi lng
Cl-). un cch thy tip 1gi. Sau yn ch ti t 3-5 gi. Ly ra th xem ta hon ton ch a
bng cch thm 1mL AgNO3 0,1N vo dung dch trong trn ta, nu khng c ta thm l ta hon
ton (nu cha ta hon ton phi lm ng tc kt ta thm).
Ly 1 phu lc xp s 3 hay s 4 ra bng dung dch HNO3 long, nng (2-3ml HNO3 2N), sau ra li
bng nc nng v em sy 130 oC n khi lng khng i.
Lp phu lc xp vo bnh ht chn khng v lc ta. u tin rt phn n c trong theo a thy tinh
vo phu, ra ta vi ln bng dung dch HNO3 long, nng, sau chuyn ht ta vo phu, ra tip ta
bng HNO3 long, nng cui cng bng nc ct.
em sy ta cng phu xp 120 oC trong 2 gi, ngui trong bnh ht m, ri em cn trn cn phn
tch. Sy, lp li n khi c khi lng khng i. Lp cng thc v tnh kt qu.
5.2. nh lng Na2SO4
Khi thm dung dch BaCl2 d vo dung dch mu th, s c kt ta BaSO4:
Na2SO4 + BaCl2 = BaSO4 + 2NaCl
Lc ly kt ta BaSO4, ra, sy v nung ta n khi lng khng i. T khi lng dng cn BaSO4
thu c tnh ra hm lng Na2SO4 trong mu th.
V BaSO4 c tan mt t trong dung dch acid c, cho nn chi kt ta mi trng acid nh, khng nung
ta nhit > 800 oC v 1400 oC ta BaSO4 b phn hy theo phng trnh:
_

1400oC _

BaS04--> Ba0 + S03

K thut tin hnh:
Ly chnh xc mt lng mu th sao cho lng sulfat khong 0,15 -0,20g cho vo cc 250 mL, thm
nc cho thnh khong 80 mL, thm 0,5 mL HCl c. t ln bp (c lt li aming). un si. Va
khuy va cho t t dung dch BaCl2 0,5N n khi d khong 10% so vi lng sulfat em nh lng.
un si thm vi pht. lng, kim tra xem ta hon ton
143

cha. un cch thu 1 gi (thinh thong khuy u). lng. Gn n c trong trn ta qua mt phu
lc c giy lc khng tro (giy bng xanh). Ra gn ta vi ln bng n c ct, sau chuyn hon ton
ta sang phu. Ra tip 2 ln trn phu bng dung dch NH 4NO31%.
giy lc c ta chy ht nc, em c phu v giy sy 100 oC n khi giy cn hi m (khong 15
- 20 pht). Nhc giy lc c ta ra khi phu, gp li theo hnh chp v t vo chn nung nung n
khi lng khng i. t chn nghing bp in v t cho giy lc chy thnh than (khng cho chy
thnh ngn la). em chn nung c ta nung 600 700 oC trong khong 30 pht. Ly chn nung ra
ngui trong bnh ht m, sau cn trn cn phn tch. Nung lp li cho n khi khi l ng khng i.
Lp cng thc v tnh kt qu.

BI TP (BI 2)
2.1. Hy nu ni dung v phn loi ca phng php phn tch khi lng.
2.2. Th no l dng ta ? Dng cn ? Th d.
2.3. Trnh by cc ng tc c bn trong phn tch khi lng.
2.4. Th no l tha s chuyn F. Cch tnh kt qu trong phng php kt ta.
2.5. Ti sao khi kt ta phi un nng dung dch ? Cho tha thuc th ? Khuy u ?
2.6. Anh (ch) hy phn tch chi ra u nhc im ca phng php phn tch khi lng.
2.7. Mt cht cn xc nh theo phng php khi lng c th c nhiu dng cn khc nhau, nn chn
dng no. V sao?
2.8. Ha tan 1,1245 g mu c cha st, sau em kt ta hon ton bng dung dch NaOH d . Lc,ra
kt ta sau em sy kh ri nung nhit 800 oC n khi lng khng i, thu c 0,3412 gam.
Hy gii thch (vit phng trnh phn ng) v tnh %Fe c trong mu em phn tch.
2.9. Ha tan 1,053 g mu phn tch chi gm CaCl2 v Ca(NO3)2, sau cho kt ta hon ton bng acid
oxalic d. Lc, ra kt ta sau sy ri nung kh thu c 0,3872 g CaO. Hy gii thch (vit phng
trnh phn ng) v tnh % mi cht trong hn hp trn.
144

Bi 3

PHNG PHP NH LNG TH TCH

MC TIU
1. Trnh by c ni dung ca phng php phn tch th tch. Nu c cch xc nh im tng
ng.
2. K tn c bn loi phng php chun chnh v ba k thut chun .
3. Trnh by c qui tc chung v cch tnh kt qu nh lng theo nng ng lng.
4. Trnh by c cch s dng v cch hiu chnh dung tch cc dng c o th tch .
1. NI DUNG CA PHNG PHP PHN TCH TH TCH
Phng php phn tch th tch l phng php xc nh hm lng cc cht da vo th tch dung
dch thuc th bit nng chnh xc (trong phn tch gi l dung dch chun) thm t buret vo dung
dch cht cn xc nh ( trong bnh nn) cho n khi chng phn ng va vi nhau theo phn ng
ho hc:
R+X=P+Q
T th tch thuc th R c nng bit v lng mu (c cha cht X), xc nh c hm lng ca
cht X.
S thm t t thuc th R ( trn buret) vo cht X ( d i bnh nn) gi l s chun (trong thc t
cng c khi dung dch cn nh lng X c rt vo buret, dung dch R di bnh nn).
Thi im lng thuc th R cho vo phn ng va ht vi ton b cht xc nh X gi l im
tng ng. xc nh im tng ng trong chun th tch ngi ta s dng mt trong cc
cht tham gia phn ng hoc thm vo cht ph c th gy ra cc hin t ng quan st c (v d s i
mu, s xut hin kt ta...) xy ra ln cn im t ng ng gi l cht ch th.
R
X

145

 Trong thc t, chng ta thng dng chun khi cht ch th thay i tn hiu (i mu, gy ta,... ) v
c gi l im kt thc chun (hay im dng chun - im cui). im kt thc th ng khng
trng vi im tng ng v gy ra sai s chun . Sai s chun thng do hai yu t: do s dng
cht ch th khng thch hp (sai s ch th) v do k thut chun (s dng pipet, buret khng tt,...). V
vy khi chun phi lu gim sai s ti mc thp nht.
2. YU CU I VI MT PHN NG DNG TRONG PHN TCH
TH TCH
Cc phn ng chun dng trong phn tch th tch phi tho mn cc yu cu sau:
- Phn ng phi xy ra hon ton (thng thng cht cn xc nh cn li c nng < 10-6 M) theo ng
h s hp thc ca phng trnh phn ng.
- Phn ng phi c tnh chn lc cao: ch xy ra gia thuc th v cht cn xc nh, khng c phn ng
ph.
- Phn ng xy ra phi nhanh, nu chm vic xc nh im t ng ng s km chnh xc.
- Phi chn c cht ch th xc nh c chnh xc im tng ng.
3. PHN LOI CC PHNG PHP TH TCH
Thng thng da trn c s phn ng chun phn loi cc phng php phn tch th tch. Trong
phm vi chng trnh ny chng ti trnh by bn phng php sau:
3.1. Phng php acid-base (phng php trung ha)
Phn ng nh lng l phn ng trao i proton hay phn ng acid base. Th d: nh l ng dung dch
CH3COOH bng dung dch NaOH
CH3COOH + NaOH = CH3COONa + H2O
3.2. Phng php oxy ho kh
Phn ng nh lng l phn ng trao i in t gia mt cht oxy ho v mt cht kh.
Th d: nh lng FeSO4 bng KMnO4:
10FeSO4 + 2KMnO4 + 8H2SO4 = 5Fe2(SO4)3+ 2MnSO4 + K2SO4 + 8H2O
(kh) (oxh)
146

3.3. Phng php kt ta

Da vo phn ng to thnh cht kt ta (cht t tan) gia thuc th v cht cn xc nh.
Th d: nh lng dung dch NaCl bng dung dch AgNO3
NaCl + AgNO3 = AgCl + NaNO3
3.4. Phng php to phc
Da vo phn ng to thnh phc cht gia thuc th v cht cn xc nh. Th d: nh l ng dung dch
Mg2+ bng complexon (HY3-) Mg2+ + HY3- MgY2- + H+
4. CC K THUT CHUN
, *? 9

4.1. nh lng trc tip (chun thng)

l trng hp cho thuc th v cht cn nh lng phn ng trc tip vi nhau va .
Th d: nh lng mt dung dch NaCl ngi ta nh dung dch chun AgNO3 vo dung dch NaCl
n khi cht ch th chuyn mu.
4.2. nh lng ngc (chun tha tr)
Th du: nh lng clorid, trc ht ta cho AgNO3 d ta hon
ton AgCl
AgNO3 d + NaCl AgCl + NaNO3 Sau chun AgNO3 cn tha bng KSCN
AgNO3 cn li + KSCN AgSCN + KNO3 Bit c lng AgNO3 tha, tnh c lng AgNO3
tc dng vi
NaCl tc l bit c lng NaCl.
4.3. nh lng th (chun th)
Th du: nh lng K2Cr2O7 bng cch cho K2Cr2O7 tc dng vi KI d trong mi trng acid gii
phng 1 lng tng ng iod.
K2Cr2O7 + 6KI + 7H2SO4 = 3I2 + Cr2(SO4)3 + 4K2SO4 + 7H2O
nh lng I2 gii phng bng Na2S2O3
I2 + 2Na2S2O3 = 2NaI + Na2S4O6
Trong th d ny, vic nh lng K2Cr2O7 c thay th bng nh lng iod.
147

5. CCH s DNG MT s DNG C DNG TRONG PHNG PHP

TH TCH
Trong nhng phng php phn tch th tch, ngoi nhng dng c thy tinh thng thng nh ng
ong, pipet chia nhiu vch c s dng khi cn ly mt th tch dung dch khng cn chnh xc, ta cn
dng mt s dng c thy tinh chnh xc nh buret, pipet, bnh nh mc. trnh sai s, ta cn bit cc
quy tc s dng loi dng c ny.
5.1. S dng buret
Buret l nhng ng thy tinh chia (chia vch) dng o l ng chnh xc dung dch cho chy t
ng ra. Buret chia vch ti 1/ 10 hay 1/ 20mL, c loi chia ti 1/50 hay 1/100mL, th ng dng trong
vi phn tch v bn phn tch (hnh 4.1)
Trc khi dng cn phi kim tra tnh trng ca buret:
Kho buret cn kn v trn. Nu kho h hay rt th phi bi mt lp mng vaselin ln kho (trnh bi vo
l kho).
Buret cn phi kh v sch. Trc khi dng cn ra sch buret, ch ra sao cho trn thnh buret khng
cn vt m. Trong khi ra khng bt ming buret bng ngn tay v khi buret s li b m lm bn.
Buret sch th khi y cht lng chy qua ng t t khng dnh li mt git no trn thnh ng.
Nu buret cn t m cn nh lng ngay, ngi ta trng buret hai ln bng 1 lt dung dch nh lng.
Dung dch ny qua phu t trn ming buret, sau nhc phu ra trnh dung dch cn st phu
chy xung lm sai kt qu nh lng. Phi ui ht bt kh phn di buret gn kho. Mun vy m
kho v cho cht lng chy mnh qua buret. Nu bt vn cn I -Th 4 1 B t th nhng u nh ca
buret vo dung dch, m
kho ri ht ngc dung dch ln.
- Bt u nh lng, ta dung dch ln qu vch s 0 ca buret: tay tri m kho cho dung dch chy t
t ti khi phn di (nu dung dch khng mu), phn trn (nu dung dch sm mu) ca mt khum tip
xc vi vch s 0. Khi c phi mt cng chiu cao vi mt khum v buret tht thng trnh sai
s. Khi chun xong cng c theo cch ni trn (hnh 4.2).
148

Mun nhn mt khum r hn th sau buret mt ming ba trng na di bi en, di en cch di

mt khum khong 1 mm, do phn chiu mt khum s ho en (hnh 4.3). C th dn ln thnh pha sau
buret mt di nh di c mu trn nn trng sa. Ta s thy mt khum phn chia di t li thnh mt
im nhn v ta s c t im (hnh 4.4).
- Dung dch chy t buret khng c qu nhanh, v khi chy nhanh dung dch khng chy xung ht, s
dnh thnh ng v kt qu s khng chnh xc.
- Mi ln nh lng nht thit phi mc ngang ca dung dch trong buret bt u t s 0, tc l lun
lun ch dng mt phn ca buret. Khi , cc sai s do chia vch trn buret s b nhau tt nht.
- Mun kt qu c chnh xc, th tch dung dch dng nh lng khng vt qu dung tch ca
buret v cng khng qu nh.
- Bo qun: Khi thi khng nh lng na cn cho chy ht dung dch, ra sch buret, y u buret
bng mt nn giy. cho kho khi b rt, nhc hn kho ra khi , lau sch vaselin ri t kha vo
nhng c lt mt ming giy lc.
5.2. S dng pipet
Ty theo cch chia vch ta phn bit pipet c 1 vch, c 2 vch v nhng pipet chia thnh nhiu vch 1/
10; 1/ 20...(hnh 4.5). Loi 1 vch, 2 vch l loi chnh xc.
Hnh 4.2.
Hnh 4.3.
Hnh 4.4.

149

c th tch trn buret

Dng ba trng en c th tch trn buret
Buret c di mu

Trc tin phi ra pipet loi ht cc cht bn, m... trng 2 ln bng dung dch nh l ng, sau
cm phn trn ca pipet bng ngn tay ci v ngn tay gia, cm su u d i ca pipet vo trong dung
dch ( nng qu dung dch c th xc ln ming) ht t t cho n khi mt khum ca dung dch dng
ln trn vch gn 2 cm , bt nhanh ming trn ca pipet bng ngn tay tr kh v h m mt t dung
dch chy xung rt chm cho n khi phn di ca mt khum n ngang vch (vch th 1 nu l pipet
c 2 vch).
a ngay pipet vo trong bnh nn chun b trc, ta u pipet vo thnh bnh, cm thng ng pipet
ri cho cht lng chy ra t t cho n vch th 2 i vi loi pipet 2 vch hay n ht i vi loi
pipet 1 vch; nhc pipet ra, khng c thi git cui cng cn ng li u pipet v nh th s mc sai
s tha. trnh lm hng thuc th khng nn nhng thng pipet vo chai m rt thuc th ra cc c
m ri mi ht bng pipet.
Tuyt i khng dng pipet ht nhng dung dch acid c, kim c, cht c, cht bay hi, trong
trng hp ny phi dng buret ly mt th tch chnh xc hoc dng qu bp cao su ni vi pipet
ht dung dch ln.
5.3. S dng bnh nh mc
Bnh nh mc dng pha ch cc dung dch. l nhng bnh cu c di v hp, c vch ngn c
nhiu loi dung tch khc nhau: 2000; 1000; 500; 250; 200; 100; 50; 25 v 20 mL (hnh 4.6). C loi c 9
c 2 vch c th pha long nhanh chng mt th tch nht nh trong cng tc hng ngy: v d 50 v
55 mL; 100 v 110 mL. Bnh nh mc phi c ra sch bng nc ct trc khi dng, khng c
ra v trng bng dung dch nh lng hay thuc th nh trong trng hp buret v pipet.
Khi gp mt cht d tan, ta cho cht ny vo bnh qua mt ci phu, thm mt t n c vo (khng qu
na bnh) v lc cn thn. Khi ho tan ht, ta cho n c ti di vch ngn mt t, ri dng pipet thm
nc t t cho n khi y mt khum chm ti vch ngn th thi. Nu l cht kh tan th phi ha tan
trc mt cc c m ri mi rt sang bnh nh mc (nh trng sch cc v c sang bnh). Cn ch
nhng im sau y:
Hnh 4.5.

150

Pipet

- Khng rt thng dung dch nng, lnh vo bnh nh mc, i vi nhng cht khi pha ta nhit (nh
H2SO4) hay thu nhit phi pha trc mt cc c m v i cho nhit bng nhit trong phng th
nghim ri hy rt vo bnh nh mc.
- Khi pha ch xong phi rt dung dch vo chai l m khng dng bnh nh mc ng dung dch th,
nht l dung dch kim.

6. HIU CHNH DUNG TCH CC DNG C CHNH XC

6.1. Nguyn tc
Dng c ong o thng c sn xut vi dung tch nht nh nhit nht nh, nhng do k thut
sn xut, do thi tit nn khng trnh khi c sai st. V vy cn kim tra dung tch nhng dng c
trc khi tin hnh nh lng.
Mun kim tra ta cn mt dung tch nht nh nc ct ghi trn bnh ng, thm vo mt s hiu
chnh tnh sn nhit tng ng, ta c dung tch thc ca dng c. S hiu chnh tnh sn
da vo mt lot hiu chnh sau y:
a/ c th suy ra th tch ca nc theo khi lng nc, nc phi nhit c khi lng ring ln
nht (3,98 oC). Nhng ngi ta cn nc nhit bt k. Do cn tnh s hiu chnh (biu th bng
A) v s thay i khi lng ring theo nhit .
b/ Th tch ca nc cn ln hn th tch ca cc qu cn nhiu. Theo nguyn l Acsimet cc qu cn
mt trng lng t hn nc. Do phi tnh s hiu chnh B v s cn trong khng kh.
c/ Ngi ta cn xt n gin n ca thy tinh, cc dng c thy tinh u khc ngn nhit 20 oC,
nu di 20 oC th th tch nh hn, trn 20 oC th th tch ln hn, bi vy cn phi da vo s hiu
chnh C v thay i dung tch ca bnh theo nhit .
Tt c nhng s hiu chnh ny u c tnh trc (bng 4.1).
6.2. Hiu chnh dung tch bnh nh mc
Th d: Mun hiu chnh dung tch ca bnh nh mc 250 mL, ta ra v lm kh bnh, t ln a cn.
Khi lng ca bnh (m1 gam).

Hnh 4.6. Bnh nh mc ONG O TH TCH

151

 nc y bnh n vch, sau dng khn lau kh bn ngoi v dng giy lc xoay quanh thnh
trong c bnh pha trn vch cho kh, t ln a cn xc nh khi l ng ca bnh y nc (m2 gam).
Do khi lng nc bng: m2 - m1 (g)
Gi s: m2 - m1 (g) = 249,55 g
Ly nhit nc khi y bnh l 24 oC. Tra bng ta thy s 996,39. S ch trng lng ca nc
trong bnh thy tinh cn trong khng kh 24 oC m dung tch ca n 20 oC ng bng 1 lt.
i vi th tch 250 mL, c trng lng tng ng:
996,39 : 4 = 249,10 g.
Thc t khi lng tm thy 249,55 g ln hn tr s trn 0,45 g. Nh vy th tch ca bnh ni trn ln
hn 250 mL l 0,45 mL tc l bng
250,45 mL.
Bng 4.1.

Mt s hiu chnh dng c o th tch theo nhit

Hiu chnh v s thay Hiu chnh v

Nhit i khi lng ring s cn
0
C
ca nc theo nhit trong khng

kh

Hiu chnh v s
Tng s
thay i dung
1000 cc s hiu
tch ca bnh
(A+B+C)
chnh
theo nhit

A+B+C

15

0,87

1,07

0,13

2,07

997,93

16

1,03

1,07

0,10

2,20

997,80

17

1,20

1,07

0,08

2,35

997,65

18

1,38

1,06

0,05

2,49

997,51

19

1,57

1,06

0,03

2,66

997,34

20

1,77

1,05

0,00

2,82

997,18

21

1,98

1,05

- 0,03

3,00

997,00

22

2,20

1,05

- 0,05

3,20

996,80

23

2,43

1,04

- 0,08

3,39

996,61

24

2,67

1,04

- 0,10

3,61

996,39

25

2,92

1,03

- 0,13

3,82

996,18

26

3,18

1,03

- 0,15

4,06

995,94

27

3,43

1,03

- 0,18

4,30

995,70

28

3,73

1,02

- 0,20

4,55

995,45

29

4,02

1,02

- 0,23

4,81

995,19

30

4,32

1,01

- 0,25

5,08

994,92

152

6.3. Hiu chnh d u n g tch ca pipet

o nhit ca nc ct, ly y pipet ti vch ngn, sau li b nc ra chn cn trc. y
np chn cn li ri em cn trn cn phn tch. Lm li th nghim t nht hai ln v ly tr s trung bnh.
Th d: Khi lng 25 mL nc ht bng pipet l 24,97 g nhit 17 oC. Do dung tch thc ca
pipet 20 oC bng tr s ny cng thm 1/40 con s hiu chnh 17 oC ghi trn bng, tc l:
Vn = 24,97 + 235 = 25,03 mL n 40
Ln hn dung tch quy nh l:
25,03 - 25 = + 0,03 mL
Ta cng c th tnh sai s ca dung tch pipet nh i vi bnh nh mc v cng a n kt qu + 0,03
mL nh trn.
6.4. Hiu chnh dung tch ca buret
Ta rt t buret nh hiu chnh xung cc chn cn ( cn b trc) nhng th tch nc cha trong
khong t 0 - 5 mL, 0 - 10 mL cho n 0- 50 mL, mi ln nh vy ta li em cn chnh xc.
Tng t nh cch hiu chnh dung tch ca pipet, ta da vo cc kt qu khi l ng nc thu c v
nhit , tm c cc dung tch ca n v lp thnh mt bng hiu chnh (Bng 4.2), bng ny dng i
chiu khi s dng hiu chnh buret .
Bng 4.2.

Bng hiu chnh mt buret 21C

Khi lng nc (g)
Hiu chnh theo bng

Th tch (V
Cn ln Cn ln Cn ln 3
mL )
1
2
0- 5,00

4,96

4,96

4,96

0- 10,00

9,93

9,93

9,93

+ 300 = 0,02 200

300

Th tch
thc

Sai s
(mL)

4,98

- 0,02

9,96

- 0,04

15,02

+ 0,02

_ +_ = 0,03 100

0- 15,00

14,97

14,97

14,97

0- 20,00

20,00

20,00

20,00

+ 300 = 0,06 50

20,06

+ 0,06

0-25,00

21,98

21,97

24,075

+ 300 = 0,075
40

25,05

+ 0,05

Th tch
thc

Sai s
(mL)

30,04

+ 0,04

35,03

+ 0,03

40,02

+ 0,02

3,00.15 n n A F + '
1000

= 0,045

153
Khi lng nc (g)
Th tch (V
Cn ln Cn ln Cn ln 3 Hiu chnh theo bng
mL )
1
2
0- 30,00

29,95

29,95

29,95

+ 3,0030 = 0,09
1000

0- 35,00

34,92

34,93

34,925

+ 3,0035 = 0,105
1000

0- 40,00

39,90

39,90

39,90

+ 300 = 0,12 25

0- 45,00

11,84

11,85

44,845

+ 3,0045 = 0,135

44,98

- 0,02

49,97

- 0,03

1000
0- 50,00

49,82

49,82

49,82

+ 3,00 = 0,15 20

Th d: Trong mt nh lng dng ht 35 mL. Th tch thc s l:

35 + 0,03 = 35,03 mL

7. CCH TNH KT QU TRONG PHNG PHP TH TCH

7.1. Quy tc chung
Trong phng php th tch, ta kt thc chun ti ln cn im t ng ng, s ng lng
(hay s mili ng lng) thuc th bng s ng lng (hay s mili ng lng) cht cn xc nh.
7.2. Tnh kt qu theo nng ng lng thuc th
C 2 trng hp thng gp:
a. Ly VB mL dung dch cht B c nng NB em chun ti im kt thc ht VA mL dung dch cht
A c nng NA, ta c:
VANA = VBNB
Trong , cht B l cht cn nh lng v cht A l dung dch chun. T cng thc trn, ta tnh c
nng ng lng cht cn xc nh
NB = ^
VB
T ta tnh c P g/L =NBEB (EB = ng lng gam cht B)
P g/L=NAVAEB
VB 154
B

c%

Ta cng c th tnh cc nng CM ,

(ki/ tt) bng cc lin h bit.
b. Cn a gm cht A ha tan thnh dung dch ri chun ht VB mL dung dch cht B c nng NB, ta
c:
1000 = NBVB Trong : EA = ng lng gam cht A
y, cht A l cht gc tinh khit v cht B l dung dch cn nh lng. T ta rt ra:
XT _ a.1000
B

EA.VB
Cng t , ta tnh c cc nng CM, P g/L, c % (kl/tt)
Trong trng hp ta cn m gam mt mu th cn xc nh hp cht tinh khit v nh lng ht VA mL
dung dch chun c nng NA, ta tnh hm lng hp cht tinh khit B theo c% (kl/ kl):
NAVAEB 100
C% (kl/kl) =
1000 m
Trong : EB = ng lng gam cht tinh khit B
Nhng cch tnh trn y p dng khi chun trc tip hay chun th, cn khi chun ngc ta
tnh nh sau:
Gi s ly VB mL cht cn nh lng B thm VA mL dung dch chun A c nng NA, (dung dch
chun A cho tha), chun cht A cn li ht Vc mL dung dch chun c c nng Nc. Nh vy, cht A
phn ng vi hai cht B v c s mili ng lng cht A phi bng tng s mili ng lng hai cht B
v c:
NAVA = NBVB + NcVc Hay NBVB = NAVA -NcVc
N A V A - NCVC
NB =
' A * A ^_C_C VB
Khi tnh c% (kl/ kl), cng l lun tng t, ta c c% (kl/ kl) =
(NAVA -NCVC)EB 100
1000 m
7.3. Tnh kt qu theo chun ca thuc th
Ta bit, chun T ca mt dung dch biu th lng cht tnh
155

bng s gm cha trong mL dung dch; c hai trng hp:

Nu c m gm mu th, cn xc nh hp cht tinh khit v nh lng ht VA mL thuc th c chun
TA, lng cht A tham gia phn ng l TAVA. Ta tnh c hm lng hp cht tinh khit B theo C% (kl/
kl):
C % (kl/ kl) = B A A 100
A Trong : - EA = ng lng gam cht chun A
- EB = ng lng gam cht tinh khit B
Nu ly VB mL mt dung dch v nh lng ht VA mL thuc th c chun TA; kt qu c tnh ra P
g/ L theo cng thc:
EBTAVA 1000
P g/ l =
EA VB
7.4. Mt s th d
7.4.1. Th du 1: xc nh nng dung dch NaOH ngi ta ha tan l,2600g H2C2O4.2H2O vo
nc v thm nc cho 500,0 mL dung dch. Chun 25,00 mL dung dch acid oxalic trn ht 12,58
mL NaOH. Tnh nng N ca dung dch NaOH.
Phng trnh phn ng chun :
H2C2O4 + 2 NaOH = Na2C2O4 + 2 H2O
M
E

H2C2O4.2H2O = = Nox =

1,2600

63,03

.1000 = 0,0400N

ox

63,03 X 500

25,00 X 0,0400 r X T NNaOH =

12:58-= 0,0795N

7.4.2. Th du 2: Thm 25,00 mL dd AgNO3 0,1248N vo 20,00 mL dung dch NaCl. Chun AgNO3
d ht 11,54 mL dung dch KCNS 0,0875N. Tnh nng Pg/L ca dung dch NaCl.
Phng trnh phn ng chun :
AgNO3 + NaCl = AgCl + NaNO3
AgNO3 + KCNS = AgCNS + KNO3
156

p dng:
VA N
V

Ag + .N Ag + =

- .N C - +

^S - .N
V N Do nng NNaCl = Ag
V

CNS - CNS

'

NaCl

25 X 0,1248 -11,54 X 0,0875

0,1055N
20
Nng : Pg/l = N.E = 0,1055 X 58,5 = 6,1717 (g/l)
7.4.3. Th du 3: Ha tan 0,2940g K2Cr2O7 trong nc v pha long thnh 200,0 mL. Ly 25,00 mL
dung dch trn, acid ha bng dung dch H2SO4 2N, thm KI d, chun I2 gii phng ra ht 10,68 mL
Na2S2O3. Tnh nng N ca dung dch Na2S2O3.
Phn ng chun :
K2Cr2O7 + 6 KI + 7 H2SO4 = 3 I2 + Cr2(SO4)3 + 4 K2SO4 + 7 H2O 2Na2S2O3 + I2 = Na2S4O6 + 2 NaI
M

EK2Cr2O7

X 25 = 0,0367g

f=

Trong 25,00 mL dung dch em nh lng c 0 2940

K2Cr2O7

49,03
200
2 2
m X1000
7
N

Na2S2O3 = E V
K2Cr2O^ V N a 2S 2O 3

IL

0,0367 X 1000
49,03 X 10,68
0,0700N

BI TP (BI 3)
3.1. Trnh by ni dung ca phng php phn tch th tch. Cch xc nh im tng ng.
3.2. Hy nu yu cu i vi mt phn ng dng trong phn tch th tch.
3.3. Trnh by cc k thut chun trong phng php phn tch th tch.
3.4. Cng dng v cch s dng: buret, pipet, bnh nh mc.
3.5. Trnh by cch hiu chnh dung tch: bnh nh mc, buret, pipet.
157

3.6. Nguyn tc chung v cch tnh kt qu theo nng ng lng ca thuc th.
3.7. Trnh by cch tnh kt qu theo chun ca th tch.
3.8. Cn chnh xc 18,8392g Na2B4O7.10H2O (M = 190,71) ho tan thnh 1 lt dung dch. Sau dng
dung dch ny nh lng dung dch HCl thy: 24,90 ml dung dch Natri borat tng ng 25,20 mL
HCl. Hy tnh h s hiu chnh K ca dung dch Natri borat v nng ng lng ca dung dch HCl.
3.9. Chun 25,00 mL dung dch FeSO4 trong mi trng acid ht
18,75 mL KMnO4 0,0606N. Tnh nng g/L ca dung dch FeSO4 trn.
3.10. Ha tan 2,495g K2Cr2O7 tinh khit thnh 1 lt dung dch. Ly 50,00 mL dung dch ny em chun
(bng cch thm KI d trong mi trng acid) ht 21,18 mL Na2S2O3. Gii thch v vit cc phng
trnh phn ng. Tnh N ca Na2S2O3.
3.11. Ly 20,00 mL dung dch NaCl cn nh lng, thm vo 25,00 ml dung dch AgNO3 0,0503 N.
Lc, ra kt ta, em nh lng ton b nc lc v nc ra ht 12,08 mL dung dch KCNS 0,0214 N
vi ch th Fe3+. Gii thch v vit cc phng trnh phn ng. Tnh % kl/tt ca dung dch NaCl em nh
lng.
3.12. Ha tan 2,650g Na2CO3 gc cho 500,0 mL dung dch. Ly 20,00 mL dung dch Na2CO3 va pha
em chun bng dung dch HCl ht 25,50 mL (vi ch th da cam methyl). Tnh nng N ca dung
dch HCl trn.
158

Bi 4

PHA CO DUNG DCH CHUN

MC TIU
1. Trnh by c nh ngha dung dch chun, ng dng v yu cu khi pha ch.
2. Nu v vn dng c ba cch pha dung dch chun.
3. Bit s dng h s hiu chnh K v phng php iu chnh nng khi pha ch dung dch chun .
1. KHI NIM V DUNG DCH CHUN
Dung dch chun l nhng dung dch bit nng chnh xc, th ng dng xc nh nng cc
dung dch khc.
Trong phn tch nh lng, nng dung dch chun hay c biu th di dng nng ng
lng (N) hoc nng mol/L (M).
Khi pha dung dch chun, cn lu tnh cht ha hc ca cht cn pha, la chn iu kin (dung
mi, nhit ,..) thch hp. Th d khi pha KMnO4 hay Na2S2O3 cn dng nc mi un si ngui
trnh s phn hy.
Nng dung dch chun khi pha khng c php chnh lch vt qu 10% so vi yu cu (thng
thng ch chnh lch 3%) v sai s pha khng c vt qu 0,2%.
Nhng dung dch chun khi lu c th b thay i nng , do phi nh k xc nh li.
2. CC CCH PHA DUNG DCH CHUN
Thng c ba cch pha cc dung dch chun. 2.1. Pha ch t cht chun gc
Tiu chun ti thiu ca mt cht chun gc:
159

Mt cht c dng lm cht gc trong phng php chun cn p ng c ba yu cu sau:

Tinh khit (tp cht < 0,1%).
C thnh phn ha hc ng ng cng thc.
Bn vng (t hoc khng b phn hy) khi cha pha cng nh khi pha thnh dung dch.
Khi c ha cht gc ch vic tnh ton lng cht cn pha v cn trn cn phn tch (c chnh xc
0,0002g) ri em ha tan trong dung mi (thng l nc) va th tch theo yu cu (dng bnh nh
mc). Sau khi pha xong c dung dch c nng chnh xc.
Dung dch chun pha t cht gc, cn c gi l dung dch gc.
Khi lng cn v th tch thc khc vi lng cn v th tch tnh theo l thuyt th s dng h s hiu
chnh K.
a th .V lt N
K
= th__ lt = _ th a lt .V th

lt

Th d: Pha 100,0 mL dung dch H2C2O4 0,100N t cht gc H2C2O4.2H2O nh sau:

M
Tnh ton: EH C O 2H O = = 63,03
"H C O .2H O 2
a
T cng thc N = X1000 => lng cn acid oxalic cn l E.V
N.E.V 0,1X 63,03X100 n r M _
a H C O 2H O =-=---= 0,6303g
H2C2 4.2H2
1000 1000
Pha dung dch: Cn chnh xc trn cn phn tch 0,6303g H 2C2O4.2H2O sau em ho tan trong nc
cho 100,0 mL (dng
bnh nh mc). Ta c dung dch H2C2O4 0,1000N.
Ch : Nu lng cn khc 0,6303, gi s l 0,6408 g khi tnh h s
hiu chnh K = 0,6404 = 1,016 -dung dch pha c c nng chnh xc
0,6303
l 0,1000 X K = 0,1016
Nu th tch pha thc khc 100,0 mL, gi s l 99,5 mL lc phi tnh h s hiu chnh K thm c yu
t th tch
K = mth Vlt = 0,6404 100 =
K = X =-X-= 1,021 dung dch pha c c nng
mlt Vth 0,6303 99,5
chnh xc l 0,1000 X K = 0,1021N.
160
2

Vic p dng h s hiu chnh K gip: Tnh nhanh nng dung dch gc Nth = Nlt.K
S dng ch dn trong dc in: Thng trong dc in sau mi php nh lng ch r 1 mL dung
dch chun A 0,1N tng ng vi b (g)
cht cn xc nh B. Thc cht l b =- X EB . Do vy nu php nh
1000 lng ht VA( mL) ta tnh ngay s gam cht B c trong mu l VA.b (g) (nu cht A c nng khc
0,1N, khi s gam cht B c trong mu s l VA.b.K gam)
2.2. Pha ch t cht khng phi l cht gc (Pha gin tip)
Ta cng tnh ton nh pha t cht gc, nhng khi cn, pha khng cn dng cn phn tch v bnh nh
mc (ch cn dng cn k thut vi sai s 0,01g v bnh c th tch gn ng). Dung dch sau khi pha
c nng gn ng so vi yu cu, ta phi xc nh li nng dung dch ny bng mt dung dch
chun khc bit nng . T bit c nng chnh xc ca dung dch pha.
Th d:
Pha 1 lt dung dch NaOH 0,1N
NaOH l mt ha cht khng tha mn cht gc v d ht m, d b carbonat haz... do phi pha gin
tip.
Tnh ton: ENaOH = M = 40
T cng thc N = X 1000 => pha 100 mL dung dch NaOH 0,1N, E.V
lng cn NaOH cn l:
N.E.V 0,1X 40 X1000
a = -= 4 (g)
1000 1000
- Cch pha: Cn trn cn k thut 4,00g NaOH, cho vo cc v thm t nc ct lc ra nhanh ( loi
cacbonat bn ngoi), sau ho tan trong nc v thm khong 1lt, ta c dung dch NaOH c
nng gn ng 0,1N. Xc nh li nng dung dch NaOH va pha bng mt dung dch H2C2O4
bit nng . T xc nh c nng chnh xc ca dung dch NaOH.
NB
V
~_ ox ox
NaOH

NaOH

Trong :
- Vox: Th tch dung dch acid oxalic dng (ly bng pipet chnh xc)
161

- Nox: nng dung dch acid oxalic bit.

- VNaOH: Th tch dung dch NaOH dng (c trn buret)
Dung dch chun NaOH pha c c K = = Nlt 0,1
Yu cu K = 1,000 (10%), tt nht K = 1,000 (3%)
2.3. Pha t ng chun (thc cht ging pha t cht gc)
Hin nay, to thun li cho ngi s dng, ngi ta tnh ton, cn sn mt lng ho cht gc cho
vo bao gi thch hp (gi l ng chun) v c ch dn pha cho mt th tch xc nh no . Th
d nhn ng chun pha HCl 0,1N ca Vin kim nghim - B y t.
VIN KIM NGHIM - B y T
Ong chun Acid hydrocloric HCl 0,1N Pha va 1000 mL S SX: Hn dng:
Khi pha dng dng c c ng, ha tan ht lng ha cht trong nc (hoc dung mi thch hp) cho
th tch theo ch dn (dng bnh nh mc) ta s c dung dch chun c nng nh ghi trn nhn.
2.4. Cch iu chnh nng dung dch
Trong thc t, khi pha dung dch chun hay khi nh k kim tra xc nh li, nu thy nng dung dch
c qu so vi l thuyt (K > 1,000 + (10%) th phi iu chnh bng cch pha long vi n c, ngc li
nu dung dch long qu (K < 1,000 (10%) th phi iu chnh bng cch thm ho cht cn pha. Cch
tnh lng nc cn pha long, lng ha cht cn thm nh sau:
Th tch nc cn thm tnh theo cng thc:
VH2 = (K -1,000) NaOH
.V

Trong :
: Th tch nc cn thm (mL)
V
K: H s hiu chnh ca dung dch cn iu chnh Vc: Th tch dung dch c cn iu chnh
162

Th d: C 600 mL HC1 0,1N vi K = 1,105. Tnh th tch nc cn thm vo l:

V = (1,105 - 1,000) X 600 = 63 ( mL) Lng hoa cht cn thm tnh theo cng thc:
m=
(1,000 - K).a V
.Vc

1000 Trong :
- m: s gm hoa cht cn thm vo
- K: h s hiu chnh ca dung dch cn iu chnh
- a: s gm ha cht c trong 1 lt dung dch theo l thuyt (a = N.E)
- Vc: th tch dung dch c cn iu chnh
Th d: C 800 mL dung dch NaCl 0,1N vi K = 0,978 th lng NaCl cn thm vo l: a = N.E =
0,1.58,5 = 5,85
m = (1,000 - 0,978) X 5,85 800 = 0 1 0 0 3 => m = -^-X 800 = 0,1003g
1000
Ch : Sau khi iu chnh nh trn, phi tin hnh chun li xc nh chnh xc h s hiu chnh K
ca dung dch thu c.

3. PHA MT s DNG DCH CHUN

3.1. Pha dung dch chun HCl 0,1N t HCl c
Acid clohydric c c khi lng ring d = 1,18; nng 38 % thng khng t tiu chun cht gc. Do
, phi p dng cch pha gin tip: pha gn ng, sau xc nh li nng bng mt dung dch chun
khc c tnh base bit nng .
pha gn ng, cn tnh th tch HCl c cn ly pha trong mt th tch no .
Th d: pha 1lt dung dch HCl 0,1N ta tnh nh sau:
Bit EHCI = MHCI = 36,5
N.E.V 0,1 X 36,5 X1000 Lng HCl cn:
a = = --im-= 3,65 pL
HCl
1000 1000
Th tch HCl c tng ng:
VHCl =.100 = 3,65 X100 = 8 mL
HCld

d.C 1,18 X 38
163

Ly 8 mL HC1 c (phi dng qu bp cao su, khng c ht) pha long vi nc cho khong 1 lt,
c dung dch c nng xp x 0,1N. Xc nh li nng dung dch HC1 pha c bng dung dch
Na2CO3 bit nng da trn phn ng:
Na2CO3 + HC1 = NaHCO3 + NaCl
NaHCO3 + HC1 = CO2 + H2O + NaCl
T xc nh c nng chnh xc ca dung dch HCl
VN
Na C(V Na C3 HCl VHCI Trong :
N
- VN CO : Th tch dung dch Na2CO3 dng (ly bng pipet chnh xc)
- N N CO : Nng dung dch Na2CO3 bit
- VHCl : Th tch HCl dng (c trn buret)
3.2. Pha dung dch chun KMnO4 0,1N
KMnO4 khng tho mn tiu chun cht gc v thng khng t tinh khit do c ln MnO 2. Do vy
thng pha xp x, sau n nh vi ngy, ri xc nh li nng ca n bng dung dch H 2C2O4
bit nng theo phn ng:
2 KMnO4 + 5 H2C2O4 + 8 H2SO4 = 2 MnSO4 + 10 CO2+ K2SO4 + 8 H2O
M
T EKMnO 31,61 => tnh ton tng t nh cc v d trn.
Gi s pha llt dung dch KMnO4 0,1N cn 3,161g KMnO4.
Cch pha: Cn trn cn k thut 3,20g KMnO4 cho vo cc 250 mL, v KMnO4 c mu tm, thng ln
MnO2 do ta thm nc v un nng nh, khuy k, gn (hoc lc) vo bnh m bo KMnO 4 tan
ht hon ton, thm nc cho khong 1lt, c dung dch c nng gn ng 0,1N. n nh 5-7
ngy, sau em xc nh li nng bng dung dch H2C2O4 bit nng . T tnh chnh xc nng
dung dch KMnO4.
V .N
N_

1N

ox

KMnO4

ox

KMnO4

Trong :
- Vox: th tch dung dch acid oxalic (ly bng pipet chnh xc)
- Nox: nng acid oxalic
- VKMnO : th tch dung dch KMnO4 dng (c trn buret)
164

3.3. Pha dung dch chun I2 0,1N t I2 tinh khit thng hoa
I2 thng mi thng ln clor, brom v nc, v vy cn phi tinh ch, loi b cc tp cht bng cch
nh sau: Nghin nh I2 vi KI v vi sng (theo t l 10 g I2 thng mi + 1 g KI + 2 g vi sng), sau
cho vo cc, y cc bng mt bnh cu ng nc lnh, un nng nh y cc, I2 thng hoa s bm vo
mt ngoi ca y bnh cu y cc. Gt ly cc tinh th I2 ny v em lm kh trong bnh ht m c cha
CaCl2. I2 thu c gi l I2 tinh khit thng hoa, tha mn tiu chun cht gc.
Bit E j = M = 126,7
2
Tnh ton tng t nh cc v d trn, gi s pha 100 mL dung dch I2 0,1N ta cn 1,267g I2. V I2 kh
tan trong nc, do vy khi pha lu phi cho d KI ( to phc tan I2 + I" w I3") v lc u cho rt t
nc, sau khi I2 tan ht mi thm nc cho theo yu cu.
Cch pha: Cho vo mt chn cn 3,5g KI v 5 mL nc, cn trn cn phn tch c a1 gam. Cn trn
cn k thut khong 1,2 " 1,3g I2 tinh khit thng hoa vo chn cn trn v em cn li trn cn phn tch
c a2 gam (khi lng thc ca I2 s l: ath = (a1 " a2) gam. Lc hn hp cho tan, chuyn dn hon ton
sang bnh nh mc 100 mL v thm nc cho
a th a th
n vch. Tnh h s hiu chnh K = ^- = . Dung dch I2 pha c c
alt 1,267
nng thc l 0,1.K (N).
3.4. Pha dung dch complexon III 0,1M t complexon II tinh khit
Complexon II (EDTA) l acid etylen diamin tetraacetic vit gn l H 4Y (c M = 292,1). V H4Y kh tan
trong nc nn mun pha c phi thm NaOH thnh complexon III (Na2H2Y) d tan.
H4Y + 2 NaOH = Na2H2Y + 2 H2O
Complexon II tinh khit tho mn tiu chun l cht gc, do pha trc tip. Bit E H = M = 292,1.
Gi s cn pha 1lt dung dch complexon III 0,1M, tnh tng t cc v d trn ta thy cn s gam H4Y l:
CM.M.V 0,1x 292,1 X1000 a = --=---= 29,21g , theo phn ng tnh lng
1000 1000
NaOH cn 8g.
Cch pha: Cn trn cn phn tch 29,2100g H4Y cho vo cc 250 mL, thm 8g NaOH, thm mt t nc,
un nh cho tan ht, ngui, sau chuyn ht vo bnh nh mc 1 lt, thm nc cho n vch, lc
k. c
165
*

'

'

dung dch complexon III 0,1M. Nu lng cn thc khc 29,21 th tnh h s hiu chnh K.
3.5. Pha dung dch chun Na2S2O3 0,1N t Na2S2O3.5H2O
Dung dch Na2S2O3.5H2O dng trong phn ng chun :
2 Na2S2O3 + I2 = Na2S4O6 + 2 NaI do E . H o = M = 248,19
V Na2S2O3.5H2O d mt nc kt tinh, nn khng tho mn yu cu cht gc, do vy phi pha theo cch
gin tip. Xc nh li nng dung dch Na2S2O3 bng cht gc K2Cr2O7 da trn c s ca phng
php thay th:
K2Cr2O7 + 6 KI + 14 HCl = 3 I2 + 2 CrCl3 + 8 KCl + 7 H2O
(Chnh xc) (D)
I2 gii phng ra nh lng vi Na2S2O3 theo phn ng chun trn.
Dung dch Na2S2O3 theo thi gian dn b thay i nng do nh hng ca CO2, ca O2 trong mi
trng theo phn ng:
Na2S2O3 + CO2 + H2O = NaHCO3 + NaHSO3 + S
2 Na2S2O3 + O2 = 2 Na2SO4 + 2S
V vy phi pha trong nc mi un si ngui v thm mt t Na2CO3 bo qun. nh k sau 2-3
thng kim tra li nng .
Tnh ton nh cc th d trn, gi s pha 1lt dung dch Na 2S2O3 nng 0,1N cn:
N.E.V 0 / 1 0 0 a = = 24,82g
1000
Cch pha: Cn trn cn k thut 24,82g Na2S2O3.5H2O ho tan vo nc mi un si ngui, thm mt
t Na2CO3, thm nc cho khong 1lt trn u. vi ngy n nh, sau xc nh li nng .
Cch xc nh: cho dung dch Na2S2O3 ln buret.
Cn chnh xc trn cn phn tch khong 0,1g K2Cr2O7 tinh khit (cht gc) cho vo bnh nn, thm
khong 25 mL nc ct, 1g KI, 4 mL HCl m c ri em nh lng bng dung dch Na2S2O3 trn.
Nng chnh xc dung dch Na2S2O3 c tnh theo cng thc:
Na2S23 5

Na2S2O3 = E V
K2Cr2O^ VNa2S2O3

J=/

Trong :
- a: L s gam K2Cr2O7 cn trn cn phn tch
166

M
EK2C2O7 = Y = 49,03g

V
Na2S2O3

: L th tch dung dch Na2S2O3 dng (c trn buret)

BI TP
(BI 4)
4.1. Th no l dung dch chun, ng dng. Cc yu cu khi pha dung dch chun.
4.2. Trnh by cc cch pha dung dch chun.
4.3. Th no l h s hiu chnh. ngha.
4.4. Trnh by cch iu chnh nng dung dch khi dung dch pha qu c hoc qu long.
4.5. Trnh by cch pha dung dch chun sau: H2C2O4 0,1N; dung dch NaOH 0,1N; dung dch HCl 0,1N;
dung dch raMnO4 0,1N; dung dch I2 0,1N; dung dch complexon III 0,1M.
4.6. Tnh s gam acid oxalic gc cn pha 5 lt dung dch c nng 0,1N
4.7. Tnh s mL dung dch acid hydrocloric m c 37,23% (d = 1,19) pha 500,0 mL dung dch acid
10%.
4.8. Tnh s mL dung dch amoniac c 27,33% (d = 0,90) cn pha 2 lt dung dch amoniac 2N.
4.9. Tnh s g Na2CO3 gc pha 500 mL dung dch Na2CO3 0,1N.
4.10. Tnh s g Na2B4O7.10H2O gc pha 250 mL dung dch Na2B4O7 0,1N.
4.11. Trnh by cch pha v tnh lng cht gc complexon II pha 250 mL dung dch complexon III
0,1N.
4.12. pha 250,0 mL dung dch acid oxalic 0,1N ngi ta cn chnh xc 1,728 g H2C2O4.2H2O ha tan
vo nc cho 250,0 mL. Tnh h s hiu chnh K ca dung dch.
167

Bi 5

NH LNG BNG PHNG PHP ACID - BASE

MC TIU
1. Trnh by c khi nim v acid, base, cp acid base lin hp, cht lng tnh, a acid, a base theo
Bronsted v tnh c pH ca cc dung dch ny trong trng hp ring l.
2. Trnh by c nguyn tc chung ca phng php nh lng acid-base.
3. Chn c cht ch th, tnh c kt qu ca su trng hp nh lng thng gp trong chun
acid-base.
1. MT s KHI NIM c BN
1.1. nh ngha acid, base theo Bronsted
C nhiu quan nim v acid, base nhng y chng ta dng theo quan im ca Bronsted:
Acid l nhng cht c kh nng cho prroton.
Base l nhng cht c kh nng nhn proton.
Cp acid-base lin hp: mt acid sau khi cho mt proton th tr thnh mt base gi l base lin hp vi
acid . Ta gi acid v base ny l mt cp acid-base lin hp (vit l cp acid/base). Mt cp acid-base
lin hp c th c biu din bng h thc sau:
Acid (A) ^=S: Base (B) + H+
V d: Cp HF/F-:
Cp CH3COOH/CH3COO-Cp NH4+/ NH3
Cp H2S/ HS HF ^
CH3COOH
NH4+
H2S
F+ H+ ^ CH3COO- + H+ ^ NH3 + H+
^ HS - + H+
Cp HS-/ SHS168

Nh vy acid, base c th l nhng phn t trung ha in (CHgCOOH, 'HF...), ion (NH4+, HS-

...). Cht tong tnh l cht va c c kh nng cho v va c kh nng nhn proton (HS -...).
Acid a ha tr (a acid) l nhng cht c kh nng cho nhiu proton (v d H 2S).
Base a ha tr (a base) l nhng cht c kh nng nhn nhiu proton (v d c/, S 2-).
1.2. Nc v pH
Xem mc 2.2., Bi 1, Phn 1. L thuyt phn tch nh tnh.
1.3. Cng ca acid v base
- Dung dch trong nc ca acid A c:
A + H2O B + H3O+

]JB

Hng s K^3^ - Ki = K[H,a

[AJ[H2O]
' 1 2 J [A ]
c gi l hng s acid ca acid A, n biu th cho cng ca acid A v K A cng ln, acid phn ly
cng nhiu, acid cng mnh.
Dung dch trong nc ca base B ta c:
B + H2O A + OHHng s K
[A OH

]
HO]
[Bi
K.[H2O!
OH - i
B]

c gi l hng s
base ca base B, n biu th cho cng ca base B v KB cng ln, base phn ly cng nhiu, base
cng mnh.
- Nu A v B l cp acid-base lin hp th ta c:
KA.KB = [H3O+][OH] = Kn =10-14.
Do , nu KA ln th KB b. V vy trong mt cp acid-base lin hp nu dng acid l mnh th dng base
s yu v ngc li.
- thun tin cho vic tnh ton, ngi ta thng dng cch biu th: PKA = -lgKA ', PKB = -lgKB. Khi
: PKA+ PKB = 14.
1.4. a acid, a base
a acid l nhng acid c th cho nhiu proton. Trong nc, phn t ca cc a acid phn ly ln lt theo
nhiu nc v trong mi nc cho mt proton, ng vi mt cp acid-base lin hp.
B

169

V d: H3PO4 l mt a acid.
H3PO4 + H2O
H2PO4- + H2O HPO42- + H2O Tng cng: H3PO4 + 3H2O
H2PO4-+ H3O+ c KA1 (ng vi cp H3PO4/ H2PO4-)
HPO42-+ H3O+ c KA2 (ng vi cp H2PO4-/ HPO42-)
PO43- + H3O+ c KA3 (ng cp HPO42-/ PO43-)
PO4 + 3H3O+ vi KA = KA1 . KA2 . KA3
Tng t nh vy, a base l nhng base c th nhn nhiu proton. Th d: CO32- l mt a base.
CO32- + H3O+ HCO3- + H2O
HCO3-+ H3O+ H2CO3 + H2O
1.5. Cng thc tnh [H+] v pH ca mt s dung dch
Thit lp phng trnh y tnh chnh xc nng H3O+ (hay H+) v pH trong cc dung dch s c
nghin cu cc chng trnh nng cao, y chng ta ch a ra cch tnh gn ng p dng cho
nhng trng hp dung dch c nng khng qu nh, vi sai s thc t a phn chp nhn c.
1.5.1. Dung ch acid manh n chc HA nng ban u C A
Acid mnh phn ly hon ton:
HA + H2O -- H3O+ + A- (thng vit HA -- H+ + A-) Do [H3O+] = [H+] = CA
pH = -lgCA
1.5.2. Dung ch base manh n chc MOH c nng C B
Base mnh phn ly hon ton:
2H2O
H3O+ + OHDo : V vy:
MOH + H3O+ M+ + 2H2O MOH M+ + OH3-

[OH-]=

CB[H ']=#T

pH = 14 + lgCB
170

1.5.3. Dung ch n acid yu HA c nng C A Acid yu HA phn ly khng hon ton

HA + H2O 5=5 A" + H3O+ (vit gn HA =5=5 H+ + A )
T K A = 3Q + li A 1 , coi HA t phn ly nn [HA] CA
[HA]
Do c [H3O+] = VKA .CA v pH = IpKA - lg c
1.5.4. Dung ch n base yu B c nng C B Base yu B phn ly khng hon ton B + H2O =5=^
A + OHT K B =
[AI OH -|
H

BI
coi gn ng [B] CB
Do [OH-] =VKB:CB" , [H3O+] =
Ka K
- v pH = 7 + 1 p K A + - l g C
1.5.5. Dung ch cp aci base lin hp HAIA'
Gi s acid HA c nng CA, base A" lin hp c nng CB C cn bng: HA + H2O =5=5= A +
H3O+
T KB = [ A -te +1
[H3O + 1 = KA.^ v pH = PKA + lg^
pH dung dch ny thay i khng ng k khi thm vo mt t acid mnh hoc base mnh v nu tng
nng H+, th A" s kt hp vi H+ to thnh HA; ngc li nu gim nng H+, th HA s phn ly
thm sinh thm H+. Kt qu l sau khi cn bng thit lp th nng ca H+ trong dung dch s thay
i khng ng k. Trong ha hc gi nhng dung dch ny l dung dch m, c tc dng gi n nh pH
ca dung dch.
1.5.6. Dung ch cc cht lng tnh
y l nhng cht va c kh nng cho v va c kh nng nhn proton, v d nh NaHS, NaHCO3...
trong dung dch phn ly thnh cc ion HS", HCO3 ... tng ng vi cc cp acid-base lin hp H2S/HS",
HS7S2" v H2CO3/HCO3", HCO3-/CO32-...
C th chng minh c cng thc gn ng: [H +1 = ^KAJ .KA (trong K A v K A l hai gi tr KA lin
quan n cn bng cho v nhn proton
ca anion mui acid) v pH = 1 p K A + 1 p K A
22
171

1.5.7. Dung ch a aci hoc a base

- Dung dch a acid c nng CA: i vi nhiu acid thng nc 1 mnh hn cc nc sau nhiu. Do
c th tnh gn ng coi nh n acid (tnh theo nc 1 mnh nht) c nng CA.
- Dung dch a base c nng CB: S phn ly ca cc a base xy ra ngc vi s phn ly ca cc a
acid.
Th d: a base Na2CO3: Na2CO3 -- 2Na+ + CO32-. a base CO32- tham gia cn bng:
CO32- + H3O+ ^ HCO3- + H2O tng ng KA2 ca H2CO3
HCO3- + H3O+ ^= H2CO3 + H2O tng ng KA1 ca H2CO3
Do vy, mt cch gn ng ta ch tnh nh n base (theo base 1 mnh nht) c nng CB. Trong th d
trn tnh theo KA2 ca H2CO3.
2. NH LNG BANG PHNG PHP ACID-BASE
(Chun acid-base)
2.1. Nguyn tc
- Phng php chun acid-base l phng php nh lng da trn nhng phn ng trao i (cho
nhn) proton gia acid v base (phn ng trung ha):
Acid (1) + Base (2) = Base (1) + Acid (2)
Cc phn ng dng trong phng php ny phi tha mn cc yu cu ca phn ng dng trong phn tch
th tch.
- Trong qu trnh chun , pH ca dung dch lun bin i mt cch t t nh ng gn n im tng
ng (thng khi nh lng thiu hoc tha 1% hay 0,1%) c s bin i t ngt ca pH (gi l
bc nhy pH ca qu trnh nh lng) v ta thu c mt dung dch c pH nht nh vng acid,
trung tnh hay kim. pH im tng ng s nm trong bc nhy pH ny .
- Thng khi t n im tng ng khng c nhng bin i c th nhn bit c cho nn ngi
ta phi cho thm vo dung dch nh lng nhng cht gi l cht ch th acid-base c mu sc thay i
ln cn im tng ng (nm trong bc nhy pH ca qu trnh nh lng) nhn ra im tng
ng v ta kt thc qu trnh chun .
172

2.2. Cht ch th trong phng php acid-base

2.2.1. Khi nim
Cht ch th trong phng php acid-base l nhng cht c mu sc thay i theo s bin i pH ca
dung dch, n c gi l cht ch th acid - base hay cht ch th pH. N th ng l nhng cht hu c c
tnh acid yu hoc base yu , trong dng dng acid v dng base lin hp c mu khc nhau ph thuc
vo cu trc phn t ca chng. Bi vy, cc cht ny trong dung dch, khi c s bin i pH, lm cu
trc phn t bin i, dn n mu thay i.
Gi dng acid ca cht ch th l Hlnd, dng base lin hp vi n l Ind -, trong dung dch c cn bng sau:
Hlnd + H2O
Ind- + H3O+ (5.1) vi
hay:
HInd
Ind- + H+
K

HInd =

[H30 + [lnd - [HInd

Khi pH thay i th cn bng (5.1) s chuyn dch v pha phi hoc tri, cht ch th s tn ti ch yu
di mt trong hai dng lin hp nn dung dch s c mu ca dng acid (HInd) hay ca dng base (Ind -).
Th d: s i mu ca 2 cht ch th sau y:
Da cam methyl (Heliantin):
(CH3)2N:
N-NH-SO3Na +H2O
NN
-SO3Na +H3O

(Dng acid: mu ) Phenolphthalein (Dng base: mu vng)

Oe
COO+ HO
COO"
+ H3O
(Dng acid: khng mu) (Dng base: mu hng)
2.2.2. KhongpH chuyn mu ca cht ch th aci - base:
Mi cht ch th acid base thng c mt khong pH i mu, ta c th tnh c khong pH . T
cn bng (5.1) ta c: Hng s cn bng ca
HInd l:
+

173

_[H30 +j[lnd- j _ [H +1_ K Hnd

"Hlnd

[Hm
~*[H30 + j _

Hnd ^

hay:
pH _ pKHInd - lg^ (5.2)
[Ind
Biu thc cho thy t s [[HIndj quyt nh mu sc ca ch th (v hai
[ind -1
dng Hlnd v Ind" c mu sc khc nhau) v n ph thuc vo pH ca dung dch.
Thc t thy rng vi a s cc cht ch th, bng mt th ng ngi ta ch c th phn bit c s i
mu khi nng ca dng ny chnh lch vi nng dng kia khong 10 ln th ta ch thy c mu
ca dng c nng ln:
HIn<d _ : cht ch th c mu dng Ind-. Ind- j l
[HIndj _ l: cht ch th c mu dng Hlnd. lInd-] ' Thay cc t l ny vo (5.2) ta c:
pH
= HInd hay pKHInd -1 < pH < pKHInd + 1 chnh l khong pH ca dung dch m ta c th thy c
mu ca cht ch th thay i t mu ca dng ny sang mu ca dng kia v c gi l khong pH
chuyn mu ca cht ch th acid-base. Ng i ta cn dng khi nim ch s pT ca cht ch th acid -base
ch pH ti cht ch th i mu r nht v ta kt thc chun . Ta th ng thy gi tr pT trng vi
gi tr pKHInd ca cht ch th.
Tuy nhin, do mt ta c th nhy vi mu ny m khng nhy vi mu kia, nn ta c th nhn bit s i
mu ca cht ch th trong khong pH hp hn tc l khi t s nng ca cc dng mu nh hn 10 ln
v khi gi tr pKHInd cng khng nm chnh gia khong pH i mu.
2.2.3. Yu cu chung i vi cht ch thi acid-base
Tan c trong nc hoc trong cn,
Bn vng trong iu kin thng thng (khng b oxy, kh carbonic, nhit , ... ca mi trng lm nh
hng).
nng nh (101
-5
10-4 M) mu phi xut hin kh r, Mu phi chuyn nhanh, r trong mt khong pH kh hp,
174
pK

- Khong pH chuyn mu ca cht ch th phi gn hoc cha gi tr pH im t ng ng ca phn

ng chun , t nht n phi nm trong bc nhy pH ca php chun .
Bng 5.1 trnh by khong pH i mu ca mt s cht ch th acid-base hay gp.
Bng 5.1.

Mt s ch th acid-base v khong pH chuyn mu ca n

Mu

Ch th

c tnh
Nng (%)
Dung mi cht ch Dng
'
th
Acid

Vng alizarin

0,1

N c

Acid

Thymolphthalein

0,1

Cn 90%

Phenolphthalein

0,1 v 1

Phenolphthalein

Dng base

Khong pH
chuyn mu

Vng

Tm

10,1- 12,0

Acid

Khng

Xanh

9,3 - 10,5

Cn 90%

Acid

Khng

Hng

8,0 - 10,0

0,05

Cn 20%

Acid

Khng

Hng

7,4 - 9,0

trung tnh

0,1

Cn 60%

Base

Vng Gch

6,8 - 8,0

phenol

0,1

Cn 20%

Acid

Vng

6,4 - 8,0

Xanh bromothymol

0,05

Cn 20%

Acid

Vng

Xanh

6,0 - 7,6

Qu

1,0

N c

Acid

Xanh

5,0 - 8,0

methyl

0,1 v 0,2

Cn 60%

Base

Vng

4,2 - 6,2

Lc bromocrezol

0,02

Cn 20%

Acid

Vng

Xanh

4,0 - 5,4

Da cam methyl

0,1

N c

Base

Hng

Vng

3,1 - 4,4

Xanh bromophenol

0,1

N c

Acid

Vng

Nu

3,0 - 4,6

Tropeolin 00

0,1 v 0,01

N c

Base

Vng

1,4 - 3,2

Ghi ch:
Trong nhiu trng hp ngi ta dng hn hp cc cht ch th quan st s i mu ca cht ch th r
hn. C th cng thm vo vi cht ch th mt cht mu khc khng nhy vi s thay i pH nh ng cht
ny hp vi mu ca cht ch th thnh mt mu d nhn. Cng c th kt hp hai cht ch th c pK HInd
gn nhau thnh mt mu d nhn v chng i mu khong pH trung gian ca hai ch th .
Ch th vn nng l hn hp gm nhiu ch th m mu sc ca n thay i theo cc gi tr pH khc nhau.
C nhiu cng thc pha ch th vn nng, di y l mt v d:
Phenolphthalein
1 phn
methyl

2 phn

Vng methyl

3 phn

Xanh bromothymol

4 phn

Xanh thymol

5 phn

175

Hn hp ny cho mu pH =2, da cam pH = 4, vng pH = 6, lc pH = 8, xanh lam pH = 10.

Ngi ta thng dng giy tm cht ch th vn nng. Khi th ta ch cn nh 1 git dung dch cn th ln
giy v i chiu mu trn giy vi thang mu mu ( ghi ch pH) bit c pH ca dung dch. Bng
5.2 trnh by mt s ch th hn hp.
Bng 5.2.

Mt s ch th hn hp
Mu
Tr s pT Mi trng
acid

Mi trng
kim

4,1

Tm

Lc

methyl 0,1% trong cn v Xanh methyl 0,1% trong

5,4
cn

tm

Lc

trung tnh 0,1% trong cn v Xanh methyl 0,1%

trong cn

7,0

Tm xanh

Lc

Naphthobenzein 0,1% trong cn v Phenolphthalein

0,1% trong cn

8,9

Hng nht

Tm

Xanh thymol 1% trong cn 50% v Phenolphthalein

0,1% trong cn 50%

9,0

Vng

Tm

Ch th hn hp 2 thnh phn (T l 1 : 1)

Da cam methyl 0,1% trong n c v Indigocacmin

0,25% trong n c

2.3. Mt s trng hp nh lng acid-base

2.3.1. Chun mt acid manh bng mt base manh Th d: nh lng HCl 0,1N bng NaOH
0,1 N.
- Trc khi nh lng: Dung dch ( bnh nn) l dung dch acid mnh, nn c:
pH = -lgCHCl = -lg10-1 = 1.
- Khi nh lng (trc tng ng): cho NaOH t buret xung, c phn ng nh lng:
NaOH + HCl = NaCl + H2O
Trong bnh phn ng c mt NaCl, H2O v HCl cn cha nh lng. pH ca dung dch ch yu do phn
cn li ca HCl cha c nh lng.
Gi s thi im nh lng c 99,9% th HCl cn 0,1% -
[H + ]_ Ai-X 10-1 _ 10-4 -> pH = 4. L J 100
- Ti im tng ng: Dung dch c mt NaCl, H2O l cc cht trung tnh do pH = 7.
176

- Sau im tng ng: Nu cho tip NaOH, dung dch tn ti NaCl, H2O, NaOH d. pH ca dung dch
tnh theo nng base mnh NaOH d.
Gi s d 0,1% th [OH-] = CNaOH = (0,1.10-1)/ 100 =10-4 - do :
pH = 14 + lgCNaOH d = 10.
- Trong chun ny, lc u pH bin i rt chm (t cha nh lng n khi nh lng c 99,9%
pH ch thay i t 1- 4). Nhng ln cn im tng ng pH bin i t ngt (khi nh lng tip
t 99,9% n 100,1% pH thay i 6 n v t 4 - 10) v c gi l
bc nhy pH ca php chun .
- Chn ch th: Vi sai s < 0,1% ta thy trng hp nh lng trn c th dng mt trong 3 ch th
sau:
+ Phenolphthalein: Mu chuyn t khng mu sang hng nht + methyl: Mu chuyn t sang vng
r
+ Da cam methyl: Mu chuyn t hng sang vng r nhn ra im t ng ng v kt thc chun
.
2.3.2. Chun mt base manh bng mt acid manh
Qu trnh din ra s ngc li vi trng hp chun acid mnh v base mnh.
Bc nhy pH ca php chun s t 10 4. Do vy vi sai s < 0,1% nu dng ch th:
- phenolphthalein: mu chuyn t hng sang khng mu,
- methyl: mu chuyn t vng sang chm ,
- da cam methyl: mu chuyn t vng sang chm hng, nhn ra im t ng ng v kt thc chun
.
2.3.3. Chun n acid yu bng base manh
Th d: nh lng CH3COOH 0,1N (c KA = 1,75. 10-5) bng NaOH 0,1N. Phng trnh ca phn ng
chun :
CH3COOH + NaOH = CH3COONa + H2O
- Ti im tng ng: Dung dch c CH3COO-, H2O. Tnh pH l ca base yu CH3COO- vi nng
bng nng CH3COOH ban u:
d

pH_ 7+2pK + 2lgC _8,87

Nh vy pH tng ng nm trong vng base.
177

(Bng tnh ton vi sai s 0,1%, bc nhy pH ca php nh lng t 7,73 - 10, so vi trng hp
nh lng acid mnh bng base mnh ta thy b ngn hn v ch yu nm trong vng base).
Do vy trong trng hp ny, ch c th dng ch th phenolphtalein mu s chuyn t khng mu sang
hng nhn ra im tng ng v kt thc chun .
2.3.4. Chun n base yu bng acid manh
Th d: nh lng NH3 0,1N (c KA =5,5.10-10) bng HCl 0,1N.
Phng trnh phn ng chun :
HCl + NH3 = NH4 + + Cl- Ti im tng ng: Dung dch c acid yu NH4+
, Cl-, H2O. Tnh pH l ca dung dch acid yu NH4+ vi nng bng nng NH3 ban u
pH _ ^pKA -^lgCA _ 5,1
Nh vy, pH tng ng nm trong vng acid.
(Bng tnh ton vi sai s 0,1%, bc nhy pH ca php nh lng t 6,25 4, so vi trng hp
nh lng base mnh bng acid mnh, ta thy bc nhy ngn hn v ch yu nm trong vng acid.
Do vy trong trng hp nh lng ny ta dng ch th l methyl mu s chuyn t vng sang
nhn ra im tng ng v kt thc s chun .
(Cng c th dng ch th da cam methyl nhng cn lu mu chuyn t vng sang chm phi dng
ngay chun ).
Ghi ch: Trong thc t phn tch ngi ta khng p dng nh lng:
- Cc acid qu yu bng base mnh.
- Cc base qu yu bng acid mnh.
- Cc acid yu bng base yu hoc ngc li.
S d khng p dng v trong cc trng hp ny ti ln cn im tng ng pH bin i qu t (coi
nh khng c bc nhy) nn khng chn c ch th xc nh chnh xc im tng ng. Nu
thc hin s mc sai s rt ln. Khi , mun nh lng phi tm cch khc hoc chuyn sang nh
lng trong mi trng khan (dung mi khng phi l H2O).
2.3.5. Chun cc a acid bng base manh
Cc a acid phn ly tng nc, do nu hng s phn ly ca cc nc cch xa nhau ( > 10 4 ln) th c th
chun ring tng nc, nu khng
178

phi nh lng ton b. Nu nc phn ly no qu nh th khng nh lng c.

Th d 1: nh lng H2C2O4 0,1N (c KA1 = 5,36.102 v KA2 = 5,42.105) bng NaOH 0,1N:
nh lng ton b theo phn ng:
H2C2O4 + 2 NaOH Na2C2O4 + 2H2O
Ti tng ng, tnh pH ca dung dch a base C2O42-. Ta c
pH _ 7 + 2 p K A 2 + lgCB _ 8,4 (nm vng base) do dng ch th l
phenolphtalein mu chuyn t khng mu sang hng.
Th d 2: nh lng H3PO4 0,1N (c KA1 = 7,6. 10-3 , KA2 = 6,2. 10-6, KA3 = 4,4. 10-12 ) bng NaOH 0,1N
C th nh lng ring c nc 1 v nc 2. Nc 3 qu yu khng nh lng c.
Phn ng chun acid 1:
H3PO4 + NaOH NaH2PO4 + H2O
C pHT1 (l dung dch NaH2PO4): pHT1 = pKA + pKA _ 4,6 nm
vng acid cho nn c th dng ch th da cam methyl hoc methyl. Phn ng chun acid 2:
NaH2PO4 + NaOH ^=S: Na2HPO4 + H2O
C pHT2 (l dung dch Na2HPO4): pHT2 = ^ p K A + ^ p K A _ 9,6 nm
2
2
2 vng base cho nn c th dng ch th phenolphthalein.
2.3.6. Chun cc a base bng acid manh
Qu trnh chun cc a base ngc li vi qu trnh chun cc a acid.
Th d: Chun Na2CO3 0,1N bng HCl 0,1N.
Trong nc: Na2CO3 = 2Na+ + CO33
2v th CO32- l mt a base tng ng vi a acid H2CO3 (c KA1 = 3.10-7 v KA2 = 6.10-11).
C th nh lng ring tng base vi sai s 1%.
Phn ng chun base 1 :
Na2CO3 + HCl = NaHCO3 + NaCl
179

C pHT1 (ca NaHCO3) l: pHT1 = pKA1 + pKA2 _ 8,4 nm vng

base do c th dng ch th l phenolphtalein mu chuyn t hng sang hng nht ( trnh sai s
nhn mu nn dng mt bnh mu c cha NaHCO3 v ch th phenolphtalein so snh, nu khng dng
bnh mu
c th sai 10%).
Phn ng chun base 2:
NaHCO3 + HCl = H2CO3 + NaCl
C pHT2 (ca H2CO3) l: pHT2 = pKA1 - -2 lg C A _ 3,8 nm vng acid
do chn ch th l da cam methyl mu chuyn t vng sang hng .
ng nhin th tch HCl 0,1N tiu th nc 1 bng lng HCl 0,1N dng nc 2.
2.4. Mt s ng dng nh lng bng phng php acid-base
2.4.1. Pha ch cc dung dch chun
Nhng dung dch chun thng dng trong phng php acid-base:
- Dung dch HCl v H2SO4 nh lng cc base.
- Dung dch NaOH v KOH nh lng cc acid.
Ta khng th pha nhng dung dch ny bng cch cn chnh xc v chng khng c tinh khit hoc
thnh phn khng tht n nh.
Th d: H2SO4 c rt d ht nc, NaOH d ht nc v thng cha Na2CO3 do hp th CO2 ca kh
tri. Do phi xc nh nng ng lng ca chng bng nhng dung dch gc c pha t cc
cht gc. Nhng cht gc c u im l kh bn ngoi khng kh v trong dung dch, sau khi tinh ch
n t yu cu v tinh khit v c thnh phn ng cng thc ha hc. Cc cht gc th ng dng l:
- HCl ng ph, acid oxalic xc nh nng ng lng dung dch kim.
- Natri borat, natri carbonat xc nh nng ng lng dung dch acid.
a. Pha dung dch Na2CO3 gc
- iu ch natri carbonat khan tinh khit
Natri carbonat thng c ln Cl-, SO42-, NaHCO3,... cho nn mun iu ch natri carbonat tinh khit
ngi ta thng lm nh sau:
+ Nu c Na2CO3 khan tinh khit phn tch th ta em nung t 30 pht n 1 gi 270oC- 300oC. Sau
ngui trong bnh ht m.
180

+ Trng hp Na2C03 khng tinh khit: ly khong 30- 35 g NaHCOg hoa tan trong 300- 350 mL nc,
lc. C nc lc ti khi xut hin tinh th. e ngui, lc ly tinh th va ra vai ln bng n c ct ngui,
sy kh ta c NaHC03 tinh khit. Ly 10 g NaHC03 nay cho vo chn s hay chn bch kim em nung
cch ct gi nhit 270 300 oC trong 1 gi, ta c phn ng.
2 NaHC03 Na2C03 + C02 + H20
Sau ngui trong bnh ht m (ch khng nhit > 300oC v Na2C03 s b phn hy: Na2C03 +
H20 2 Na0H + C02).
- Na2C03 khan c dng lm gc, trc khi s dng cn sy 180- 200 oC trong 2 gi ui ht nc v
Na2C03 d ht m trong khng kh to
thanh Na2C03. 10H20.
MNa
T ENa2c03 = = 52,997
CO

Ta c th tnh ton pha c dung dch gc c nng theo yu cu.

Th d: Pha 1 lt dung dch Na2C03 0,1N ta cn 5,2997 gam Na2C03 gc pha trong nc cho 1 lt.
b. Pha dung dch natri borat
- Tinh ch natri borat:
Ly 23 gam natri borat ha tan trong 50 mL nc nng 60 oC ( nhit cao hn s to thnh tinh th c
Na2B407. 5 H20). Lc dung dch cn nng. Nc lc ngui v khuy lin tc s c Na 2B407. 10H20 lng
xung. Lc, p tinh th gia hai t giy lc, sau kh trong khng kh. Bo qun trong l thy tinh
c nt nhm.
- T Na2B407.10H20 dng lm cht gc.
M
E = _^Na2BiOii0HiO = 19071
Na B O .10H O 2 Ta tnh lng cn cn thit pha cc dung dch gc c nng theo yu cu.
Th d: pha 1 lt dung dch natri borat 0,1N ta cn 19,071 gam Na2B407. 10H20 ri ho tan (lc k)
trong nc cho 1 lt.
Lu : V natri borat t tan trong nc nn khi pha phi lc k v nhng dung dch chun khng nn c
nng cao hn 0,25N.
181
E

2.4.2. Mt s ng dung inh lng trong thc t

a. nh lng dung dch NH4OH (hay NHg)
- NH4OH (hay NH3) l mt base yu nn dng mt acid mnh nh HCl nh lng.
Phng trnh phn ng:
NH4OH + HCl = NH4Cl + H2O
(NH3 + HCl = NH4Cl)
Ch th mu l methyl chuyn mu t vng sang . Cng c th dng ch th hn hp Tashiri ( hn
hp ca methyl v xanh methylen) mu s chuyn t lc (vng + xanh) sang mu tm ( + xanh).
- K thut tin hnh:
+ Buret: Dung dch HCl
+ Bnh nn: 10,00 mL dung dch NH4OH + 3 git methyl + lgit xanh methylen.
+ Nh HCl xung cho ti khi ch th chuyn t mu lc sang mu tm. Ghi th tch HCl dng.
- Tnh kt qu:
Gi s tnh nng g/L ca dung dch NH3 theo cng thc:
V
P
P

g/l ~

= * HCL_ HCl E

190,71

V
V NH3 NH3

Bit E N H 3 = M N H 3 = 17,03
b. Xc nh nng dung dch HCl
C th xc nh da vo dung dch Na2CO3 bit nng theo phng trnh phn ng:
Na2CO3 + HCl = NaHCO3 + NaCl (1) NaHCO3 + HCl = H2O + CO2 + NaCl (2)
Nu dng ch th phenolphtalein th mi nh lng c 1/2 lng Na2CO3. Nu dng ch th da cam
methyl th nh lng c ton b Na2CO3 .
Ghi ch: C th xc nh nng dung dch HCl da vo dung dch natri borat theo phng trnh phn
ng:
Na2B4O7 + 2 HCl + 5 H2O = 4 H3BO3 + 2 NaCl
Ch th mu l da cam methyl hay methyl.
182

c. nh lng hn hp (NaOH + Na2CO3)

Dung dch NaOH thng b carbonat ha do CO2 ca kh tri, cho nn thng phi gii quyt trng hp
nh lng dung dch NaOH c ln
nh lng, ta dng mt dung dch acid mnh nh HCl bit nng , phn ng nh lng nh
sau:
Khi dng ch th phenolphtalein th lc chuyn mu tng ng ton b NaOH (phn ng 1) v 1/2
Na2CO3 (phn ng 2) c nh lng. Sau thm ch th da cam methyl vo v tip tc nh l ng
n chuyn mu th s nh lng ht 1/ 2 Na2CO3 cn li (phn ng 3).
- K thut tin hnh:
+ Buret: Dung dch HCl bit nng .
+ Dung dch mu: Ly mt bnh nn cho vo 0,15-0,20 g NaCl v 0,20 g NaHCO 3 tinh khit, thm
khong 25 mL nc ct, 2 git phenolphthalein (bnh 1).
+ Dung dch th: V mL dung dch hn hp NaOH v Na2CO3 cn nh lng, 2 git phenolphthalein
(bnh 2).
+ Nh dung dch HCl bit nng vo bnh 2 cha dung dch cn nh l ng cho ti khi xut hin
mu hng ging nh bnh dung dch mu (bnh 1) ghi V1 mL HCl dng (ch thm nc vo bnh 1
c th tch dung dch tng ng bnh 2). Thm 2 git dung dch da cam methyl vo bnh 2 v tip
tc nh lng n khi mu chuyn t vng sang cam. Ghi V2mL HCl dng (gm c lng V1 mL
trong .)
- Tnh kt qu:
+ Th tch HCl phn ng vi 1/2 Na2CO3 l V2 - V1
+ Th tch HCl phn ng ton b Na2CO3 l 2(V2 - V1)
+ Th tch HCl phn ng vi NaOH l V2- 2(V2 - V1) = 2V1-V2
Do , gi s tnh % (KL/TT) cc cht s l:
Na2CO3.
NaOH + HCl = NaCl + H2O Na2CO3 + HCl = NaHCO3 + NaCl NaHCO3 + HCl = CO2 + H2O + NaCl
(1) (2) (3)
%NaOH =
(2Vi - V2).NHC.E
NaOH

.100
(E
M = 40)
1000.V
NaOH

183

2(V2
.100 (ENa9Co, = M = 53)
3
2 3
1000.V
2
d. nh lng acid octophosphoric (H3PO4)
Nh nu phn 2.3.5 ta thy rng H3PO4 c th nh lng nh mt mono acid vi ch th chuyn
mu pH 4,6 v nh mt di acid vi ch th chuyn mu pH 9,6; cn acid 3 yu qu khng nh lng
c.
Khi nh lng nh mt mono acid th E = M. Khi nh lng nh mt diacid th E =M/ 2.
Trong thc t hay dng ch th l lc bromocresol v phenolphthalein. Khi y im t ng ng 1 mu
s chuyn t mu vng sang mu lc sng. im tng ng 2 mu s chuyn t lc sng sang xanh
ri sang tm (khng chuyn sang mu tm sm). d nhn xt s chuyn mu, c th ly 2 dung dch
m pH 4,6 v pH 9,6 so snh.
K thut tin hnh:
+
Buret: Dung dch NaOH bit nng .
+ Bnh nn: VmL H3PO4 cn nh lng, 1 git ch th lc bromocresol, 1git ch th
phenolphthalein.
Nh NaOH xung cho n khi mu chuyn t vng lc lc sng. Ghi V1 mL NaOH dng. Tip tc nh
NaOH xung cho n khi mu chuyn t lc sng xanh tm. Ghi V2 mL NaOH dng (thng V2
2V1).
+
=

Vl)- NH^- ENa2C O3

Na CO

BI TP (BI 5)
5.1. nh ngha acid, base, cp acid-base lin hp, cht l ng tnh, a acid, a base theo Bronsted.
5.2. Cng thc tnh [H+] v pH ca cc dung dch:
- n acid mnh v acid yu
- n base mnh v base yu
- Cht lng tnh
- Cp acid-base lin hp
5.3. Trnh by nguyn tc ca phng php nh lng acid-base.
184

5.4. Th no l cht ch th acid-base. Cho bit khong pH chuyn mu ca 3 ch th thng dng:

phenolphthalein, methyl, da cam methyl.
5.5. Hy chn ch th cho cc trng hp nh lng sau:
- nh lng acid mnh bng base mnh
- nh lng base mnh bng acid mnh
- nh lng acid yu bng base mnh
- nh lng base yu bng acid mnh
- nh lng Na2CO3 bng HCl
5.6. Ha tan 0,1265 g H2C2O4.2H2O tinh khit v em nh lng ton b ht 25,18 mL NaOH vi ch th
phenolphthalein. Tnh nng N ca dung dch NaOH.
5.7. Tnh pH ca dung dch CH3COOH 0,1N (cho KA = 1,75.10-5)
5.8. Tnh pH ca dung dch CH3COONa 0,1N.
5.9. nh lng 25,00 mL dung dch H2SO4 ht 21,72 mL NaOH 0,1012 N. Tnh nng g/L ca dung
dch H2SO4 trn.
5.10. Chun 25,00 mL dung dch H3PO4 vi ch th da cam methyl ht 13,64 mL NaOH 0,01 N. Tnh
nng mol/L ca dung dch
H3PO4 trn.
5.11. Chun 25,00 mL hn hp (NaOH + Na2CO3) bng dung dch HCl 0,1 N ht 7,50 mL khi dng
phenolphthalein lm ch th v ht 12,50 mL khi dng da cam methyl lm ch th. Tnh nng mol/l ca
tng cht trong hn hp trn.
5.12. Ly 20,00 mL dung dch amoniac em nh lng bng dung dch HCl ht 25,20 mL. Tnh nng
Pg/L ca dung dch amoniac trn. Bit rng khi nh lng 10,00 mL dung dch Na2CO3 0,1 N vi ch th
da cam methyl ht 12,50 mL HCl trn.
5.13. Bit rng 10,00 mL dung dch CH3COOH em nh lng bng dung dch NaOH ht 12,60 mL vi
ch th phenolphthalein. Mt khc nh lng 10,00 mL acid oxalic 0,1 N vi ch th phenolphthalein
thy ht 11,50 mL dung dch NaOH trn. Tnh nng g/L ca dung dch CH3COOH.
185

Bi 6

NH LNG BNG PHNG PHP KT TA -NH

LNG BNG PHNG PHP TO PHC
MC TiU
1. Trnh by c khi nim v tch s tan, tan v ng dng trong phn tch.
2. M t c k thut nh lng bng bc trong phng php Mohr, Fonha, Faian. Tnh c kt qu
ca php chun .
3. Trnh by c nh ngha phc cht, hng s bn vng ca phc v ngha.
4. Hiu v chn c cht ch th nh lng bng phng php to phc vi complexon. Tnh c
kt qu nh lng.
1. CHUN KT TA 1.1. Mt s khi nim c bn
1.1.1. Tch s tan (T):
- Xt h gm ta AmBn tan trong nc n bo ha, c cc cn bng sau: Ha tan:
AmB ^ vi
K^AmBn]
m
T l
T "
Phn ly:
AmBn =5=^ mA + nB vi K2= L r J - \
[AmB "
Tng: AmBn =s== mA + nB vi K = K!-K2=[A]m.[B]n = T l mt hng s mt nhit nht nh v
c gi l tch s tan.
- Bit tch s tan, ta c th bit c trng thi cn bng ca mt h mt iu kin no da trn c
s sau:
+ Khi [A]m.[B]n = T ta ni h t trng thi cn bng gia kt ta v ha tan.
+ Khi [A]m.[B]n > T h cha cn bng (s c kt ta hoc kt ta thm gi l dung dch qu bo ha.
186
A

+ Khi [A]m.[B]n < T h cha cn bng (s khng c kt ta hoc nu c kt ta sn th kt ta s tip

tc tan ra), gi l dung dch cha bo ha.
Nh vy khi bit tch s tan c th suy ra iu kin ha tan kt ta hoc lm ta hon ton ( kt ta
hon ton thng cho d thuc th).
1.1.2. tan (S)
- tan ca mt cht l nng ca cht trong dung dch bo ho.
- Nh vy tan v tch s tan l nhng i lng c trng cho dung dch bo ho, cho nn chng c
mi quan h tng h nhau, c th tnh c tan t tch s tan v ngc li.
- tan ca cc cht trong dung dch nc nguyn cht:
Gi tan ca ta A^Bn trong nc nguyn cht l S (mol/l). Theo phng trnh phn ly:
AmBn ==s= mA + nB
Ta c: [A] = mS, [B] = nS. Khi :
- T cng thc tnh tan S, ta thy nu cc kt ta c cng dng phn ly, ta no c tch s tan ln s c
tan ln v ngc li. ng thi, nu trong dung dch c mt nhiu cht cng c kh nng to ra cc
dng kt ta khc nhau vi cht cn phn tch th dng ta no c tch s tan nh hn s d kt ta hn.
1.1.3. ng dung trong phn tch
Da trn c s tch s tan hoc tan ta c th suy ra iu kin c th kt ta hay ha tan ta. T
c th p dng trong phn tch :
- Kt ta hon ton mt cht t dung dch ta cn phi to cc iu kin cng lm gim tan ca ta
cng tt: thng dng d thuc th (tr vi ta lng tnh s lm tan ta xt ring), la chn pH thch
hp, trnh cc cht l...
- Mun ha tan hon ton mt ta kh tan trong nc, ta phi tm mi cch lm tng tan ca n:
Thng c th tng nhit , thm cht in ly, dng acid, dng base, dng cht to phc, dng cht oxy
ha thch hp hoc chuyn ta kh ha tan thnh ta d ha tan.
TA B =[A]m.[B]n = (mS)m.(nS)n = mm.nn.Sm+Do vy: S
187

- ng dng cc phn ng kt ta nh lng cc cht. 1.2. Ph ng php chun kt ta

1.2.1. Nguyn tc chung
L phng php nh lng da trn cc phn ng to thnh cc cht kt ta (cht t tan).
Yu cu ca phn ng mun dng nh lng phi:
- C kh nng kt ta hon ton cht cn xc nh (ta c tch s tan cng nh cng tt).
- Phn ng phi xy ra nhanh
- C tnh chn lc cao (ch cho kt ta vi cht cn xc nh, khng kt ta vi cc cht l khc).
- Chn c ch th xc nh im tng ng.
Nhiu phn ng to cht kt ta rt nhiu, song ch c rt t phn ng c ng dng trong php chun
bi v:
- Nhiu phn ng kt ta xy ra rt chm, khng thch hp cho php phn tch, nht l vi cc dung dch
long.
- Cc kt ta khng c thnh phn xc nh do hin tng hp ph, cng kt.
- Khng chn c ch th thch hp.
V vy trong thc t, nh lng bng phng php kt ta c s dng nhiu nht l phng php bc,
trong s dng Agn
+
(dung dch AgNO3) xc nh cc halogenid v CNS" (hoc ngc li) da trn phn
ng:
Ag+ + X- = AgX Trong X- l halogenid hoc CNS-.
Ngoi phng php nh lng bng Ag, cn c phng php nh lng bng thu ngn (I).
1.2.2. Cc phng php (k thut) inh lng bng bc
c gi tn tuy theo cch chn cht ch th nhn ra im t ng ng. Thng c 3 phng php:
a. Phng php Mohr
L phng php nh lng trc tip Cl- bng Ag+ vi ch th l kali cromat cho ta nu Ag 2CrO4 ln
cn im tng ng.
188

Phn ng chun :
Ag+ + Cl- =5=^ AgCl trng vi TAgCl = 10-10 Nhn ra im tng ng:
2 Ag+ + CrO42- =^ Ag2CrO4nu vi TAG

CRO

= 2.10-12 iu kin p dng:

Nng ch th K2CrO4 cn 2.10-4 2M. Tt nht nn dng vi nng 10-2 M 10-3 M khi
trnh c mu vng m ca K2CrO4 lm kh khn cho vic nhn ra Ag2CrO4.

pH mi trng tt nht 7 - 10,5 v nu acid qu s khng c Ag2CrO4 ((do 2CrO42- + 2H+ Cr2O72- + H2O
chuyn dch v pha Cr2O72).
Nu kim qu s c ta ca Ag+ vi OHAg+ + OHAgOH
2 AgOH =5=^ Ag2O + H2O
b. Phng php Fonha (Volhard)
L phng php chun Ag+ bng SCN- vi ch th l Fe3+ cho s to phc Fe(CNS)2+ mu ln
cn im tng ng.
Phn ng chun :
Ag+ + CNS- AgCNS trng vi TAgCNS = 10Nhn ra tng ng:
Fe-12
3
+ + CNS- FeCNS2+ vi p = 10iu kin p dng:
Nng ch th thng dng sao cho [Fe2
3
+] 10-2M
Mi trng nn dng mi trng acid mnh (thng dng HNO3) trnh Fe(OH)3, Ag2O v lm
gim hin tng hp ph.
ng dng:
nh lng trc tip Ag+ vi CNSnh lng gin tip (theo phng php tha tr) Cl, Br-, I- bng cch cho d chnh xc Ag+ phn ng vi X- (Cl-, Br-, I-) cn xc nh
Ag+ + X- =5=^ AgX
(d chnh xc)
Sau nh lng Ag+ bng CNS- bit nng theo k thut trc tip nu trn.
189

Ch :
- Khi nh lng Cl- c hin tng mu chuyn khng r rng, mu khng bn, khi mu bn vng th qu
im tng ng nhiu gy sai s ln. L do v TAgCl = 10-10 > TAgCNS = 10-12 ngha l AgCNS bn
vng hn nn c phn ng:
AgCl + CNS- =s=s= AgCNS + Clxy ra do lm chuyn dch cn bng phn ly ca phc v pha phi:
FeCNS2
+
Fe3+ + CNSlm mt mu .
khc phc sai s ny ta phi loi b kt ta AgCl, ri sau mi nh l ng Ag+
d phn nc lc. Hoc cho thm vo h mt dung mi hu c khng trn ln vi nc (nh benzen,
ether, cloroorm,...) lm vn kt ta AgCl trn b mt phn cch gia 2 lp n c - dung mi hu c v
do ngn khng cho kt ta AgCl tc dng vi CNS-.
- Khi nh lng I- khng c cho ch th Fe3+ vo dung dch nh lng trc khi cho Ag+ d (
trnh phn ng Fe3+ + I- -> Fe2+ + I2 xy ra).
c. Phng php Faian (Fajans):
L phng php dng ch th hp ph.
Da trn c s mt s kt ta c kh nng hp th trn b mt ta mt s cht hu c, lm cho cht hu
c thay i cu to v c s i mu r rt (thng c mu thm hn).
Th d: Dng eozin l mt acid hu c (HE - H+ + E-) lm cht ch th khi nh lng I- bng Ag+.
c tnh ca eozin l khi E- trong dung dch c mu hng, nhng khi b hp th c mu tm.
Phn ng chun :
Ag+ + I- = AgI
Nhn ra im tng ng khi trn b mt ta xut hin mu tm.
S d nh vy v trc im tng ng, dung dch d I- do AgI hp ph I- (khng hp th E- nn
vn c mu hng). Sau tng ng d Ag+ th AgI hp ph Ag+ (l ion + nn c kh nng hp th
thm E- lm cho b mt ta c mu tm)
iu kin dng:
- C gng gi ta trng thi keo (cho nn c trng hp cho thm cht bo v keo nh tinh bt,
dextrin...)
190

- Chn cht lm ch th phi khng b hp ph qu sm.

- Phi chn pH thch hp v ch th thng l acid hoc base hu c.
1.2.3. Phng php inh lng bng thy ngn (I)
a. Phng php nh lng mt s cht da vo dung dch chun ca mui Hg22+ (thng dng
Hg2(NO3)2)
Khi cho dung dch Hg22+ tc dng vi Cl-, Br-, I-... s to thnh nhng ta t tan Hg2Cl2, Hg2Br2, Hg2I2...
tng t nh kt ta AgX:
Hg2 + + 2 Cl- ^ Hg2CU
So vi phng php nh lng bng bc, phng php nh lng bng thu ngn (I) c mt s u
im sau:
- Khng cn phi dng n nhng ha cht c bc l mt kim loi qu t hn so vi thu ngn.
- Mui thy ngn (I) t tan hn so vi mui bc tng ng do khi nh lng Cl- bng Hg22+ ta c
bc nhy ca ng biu din nh lng di hn.
- C th nh lng trc tip bng thu ngn (I) mi trng acid, trong khi nh lng bng bc phi
mi trng trung tnh.
Tuy vy, phng php nh lng bng thu ngn (I) c nhc im l mui thu ngn c. Do khi
lm vic phi ht sc thn trng.
b. Ch th dng trong phng php nh lng bng Hg22+
- St sulfocyanid Fe(CNS)3:
Trong qu trnh nh lng, khi n im tng ng dung dch s mt mu do Hg22+ d s phn ng:
3Hg22+ + 2Fe(CNS)3 = 3Hg2(CNS)2 + Fe3+
- Diphenylcacbazon:
Nhn ra im tng ng do to vi Hg22+ ta c mu xanh.
1.2.4. Mt s ng dung thc t
a. Cc dung dch chun
Cc dung dch chun hay dng l NaCl 0,05 N, AgNO3 0,05 N v KCNS 0,05 N. Nhng dung dch ny
c tnh ton pha t NaCl, AgNO3, KCNS. C 3 cht ny c th c tinh ch t tiu chun cht
gc nh sau (ENaCl = M = 58,5; EAgNO3 = M* = 169,87; EKCNS = M = 97,18):
- Tinh chNaCl: Pha dung dch NaCl bo ha khong (36g/100 mL). Lc, ly nc lc, sau thm HCl
c vo kt ta ht NaCl. Lc
191
2

ly NaCl. em ra bng nc ct, sau sy kh 270 oC, tn thnh bt v nung tip 500 - 600 oC
trong l nung n khi lng khng i, thu c NaCl tinh khit.
- Tinh chAgNO3: Ha tan AgNO3 trong nc (t l 100g AgNO3 cho 45 mL nc). Lc qua phu lc
thu tinh (khng dng giy lc). Ly tinh th AgNO3 sy kh 100 oC, sau sy thm 220 - 250 oC
khong 15 pht (khng c sy qu 250 oC trnh AgNO3 b phn hu mt phn thnh AgNO2).
AgNO3 thu c khng ht m, nhng phi trong l mu, trnh nh sng.
- Tinh chKCNS: Ha tan KCNS trong nc (t l 68,5 g/100 mL nc). Thc hin kt tinh li 2 ln, lm
kh trong bnh ht m nhit thng, sau sy 100-150 oC. Cui cng sy thm 190 - 200 oC
trong 2 pht. Khi KSCN thu c s tinh khit v kh, bo qun cn trnh nh sng v cc khi acid
(KCNS coi nh khng ht m trong kh quyn c m di 45%).
b. nh lng NaCl theo phng php Mohr
Phn ng chun :
NaCl+ AgNO3 = AgCUtrng + NaNO3
Ch th l K2CrO4: 2 Ag+ + CrO42- = Ag2CrO4nu
K thut tin hnh:
- Buret: Dung dch Ag+ bit nng
- Bnh nn: V mL NaCl cn nh lng
50 mL n c ct
1 mL ch th K2CrO45%
Chun n khi xut hin kt ta mu nu . Ghi th tch dung dch AgNO3 dng. Tnh kt qu.
Ghi ch:
- V mi trng phi trung tnh nn nu dung dch acid phi trung ha bng NaHCO3 hay CaCO3 (un
ui CO2, ngui).
- Khi pha AgNO3 khng c cho thm HNO3
- Nu dung dch kim phi trung ha bng HNO3.
c. nh lng KCNS bng AgNO3
Phn ng chun :
AgNO3 + KSCN = AgSCN trng + KNO3
192

Ch th l Fe3+ :
Fe3+ + SCN- = Fe(SCN)2+ mu
K thut tin hnh:
- Buret: Dung dch KCNS cn nh lng
- Bnh nn: V mL AgNO3 bit nng
2 mL HNO3 c
2 mL phn st amoni 10%
- Chun ti khi xut hin mu . Ghi th tch KCNS dng. Tnh
kt qu.
d. nh lng NaCl bng AgNO3 theo phng php Fonha
Dng AgNO3 tha chnh xc bit nng kt ta ht NaCl, sau nh l ng AgNO3 tha bng
dung dch KCNS bit nng vi ch th l Fe3+. Cc phn ng xy ra:
AgNO3 + NaCl = AgCU trng + NaNO3
(d chnh xc)
AgNO3d + KCNS = AgCNSUrng + KNO3 Nhn ra tng ng khi c mu :
Fe3+ + CNS- = FeCNS2+ K thut tin hnh:
- Trong bnh nh mc 100,0 ml: 10,00 mL dung dch NaCl cn nh
lng + 20,00 mL AgNO3 0,05N + 1 mL HNO3 c
Thm nc ct cho n vch, lc u. lng, lc qua 2 ln giy lc, n c lc phi trong. Sau :
- Buret: Dung dch KCNS 0,05N
- Bnh nn:
50,00 mL nc lc trn
5 mL HNO3 c
5 mL ch th phn st amoni 10%
- Chun cho ti khi xut hin mu hng. Ghi th tch KCNS 0,05N
dng. Tnh kt qu theo phng php tha tr. Ghi ch:
Phng php ny ch chnh xc khi nng ca KCNS, AgNO3, NaCl xp x bng nhau. V th phi nh
lng s b dung dch NaCl nh sau:
193

- Buret: Dung dch KCNS

- Bnh nn: 1 mL NaCl + 2 mL AgNO3 + 5 git HNO3 c + 5 git ch th
phn st amoni 10%.
Nu va nh KCNS xung m c mu ngay th chng t thiu AgNO3, ta phi pha long NaCl cho c
nng thch hp. Nu cho xung khong 1 mL KCNS c mu l c.
e. nh lng KI bng AgNO3 theo phng php Faian
Phn ng chun :
AgNO3 + KI = AgI+ KNO3
Ch th l natri eozinat: nhn ra im tng ng khi trn b mt ta xut hin mu hng tm.
K thut tin hnh:
- Buret: Dung dch AgNO3 bit nng
- Bnh nn: V mL KI cn nh lng
1 mL ch th eozinat 0,5% 1 mL acid acetic c
- Chun ti khi ta mu hng tm. Ghi th tch dung dch AgNO3
dng. Tnh kt qu. Cho EKI = M = 166.
2. CHUN TO PHC
2.1. Mt s khi nim c bn
Trong phn Phn tch nh tnh gii thiu v phc cht, phn ny ch nhc li mt s khi nim dng
trong nh lng.
2.1.1. inh ngha
Cu to ca phc: gm mt nguyn t trung tm (cn gi l nguyn t to phc) th ng l cc kim loi
v phi t to thnh cu ni phc v c vit trong du [ ], cc ion tri du vi cu ni phc gi l cu
ngoi phc vit ngoi du [ ].
Th d: [Ag(NH3)2]Cl
[Ag(NH3)2]+ l cu ni phc; Cl- l cu ngoi phc.
Nu phi t l nhng phn t hu c lin kt vi nguyn t trung tm va bng lin kt cng ha tr v
va bng lin kt phi tr (nh mt s nguyn t O, N, S. cn c nhng cp in t t do cha lin kt b
ra dng chung) th gi l hp cht ni phc.
194

Th d: Complexonat magnesi HOOC-CH2

CH2COOH
2

X
OOC-CH 2
\
y
CH-COO
Mg2.1.2. Phn bit phc cht vi mui thng, mui kp, ion phc tp
Mui thng, mui kp khi ha tan trong nc phn ly hon ton thnh cc ion (hoc phn t) n gin.
Th d: NH4Fe(SO4)2 .12H2O NH4+ + Fe3+ + 2SO42" + 12H2O
Phc cht khi ha tan vo nc ch c cu ni v cu ngoi phn ly hon ton, cu ni phc phn ly
khng hon ton (t phn ly).
Th d: K4Fe(CN)6] 4K+ + [Fe(CN)6]4Fe(CN)64Fe2+ + 6 CN
2.1.3. bn ca phc v ngha
bn ca phc cht c nh gi qua hng s bn (hng s to phc) hoc hng s khng bn ca
phn ng to cu ni phc.
Th d: Vi phc K3[Fe(CN)6] 3K+ + [Fe(CN)6]3-Fe(CN)63- Fe3+ + 6 CN
[Fe(CN) 6 ]
Ta c: Hng s to phc: K,
Hng s khng bn:
3

[Fe3 +]][CN I[Fe6

[CN 1;

3 +
Kb

Nh vy: Kb.KKb = 1
Do vi phc cht nu hng s bn (hng s to phc) Kb cng ln th phc cng bn (t phn ly) cng
nh v ngc li.
Phc cht cng phn ly theo tng nc, ng vi mi nc l c cc hng s t ng ng ring. Th d vi
HgCl2 c:
HgCl2
HgCl+
HgCl+ + cr
Hg2+ + Clvi K
vi K
Kbl

Kb2

[HgCl +[C1 ] [HgC2 ]

hi +JC
195

, 1

[HgCl + ]

Tng HgCl2 ^ Hg2+ + 2Cl- vi Kkb = KKb1.KKb2

- ngha ca hng s bn Kb (hoc hng s khng bn Kkb):
+ Da vo Kb v cc yu t khc, c th tnh ton c t l hoc nng cc cu t trong dung dch,
bit c chiu hng ca phn ng.
+ Xt c s cnh tranh to phc: Nu trong dung dch c mt hai hoc nhiu cht c kh nng to
thnh cc phc cht khc nhau th s c s cnh tranh to phc v phc no bn vng hn (K b ln) s
chim u th.
2.2. nh l ng bng ph ng php to phc
(Chun phc cht)
2.2.1. Nguyn tc chung
- Phng php nh lng to phc l phng php nh lng da trn cc phn ng to phc.
- Phn ng to phc mun dng nh lng c phi xy ra nhanh, hon ton, hp thc, chn lc
cao, nhy v chn c cht ch th nhn ra im tng ng.
Trong nhiu phn ng to phc, ch mt s t phn ng p ng c cc yu cu trn. V vy, thi gian
u phng php ny t c ng dng rng ri. Trong s rt nhiu thuc th v c, trong phn tch th
tch thng dng hai phng php chun to phc sau:
- Phng php bc: Da trn phn ng to phc gia Ag+ v CN"
Ag+ + 2CN- ==* Ag(CN)2- Phng php thy ngn (II): Da trn phn ng to phc gia Hg 2
+ vi cc ion Cl-, Br- , I , SCN-.
Th d:
Hg2+ + 2 Cl- HgCl2+
Hg2+ + 4I- Hgl4Nhng t nhng nm 40 ca th k 20 tr li y, sau khi nh ha hc G.Schwarzenbach
pht hin ra cc cht gi l complexon c kh nng to phc bn vng vi nhiu ion kim loi th ph ng
php ny c pht trin nhanh v rng vi mt tn gi ring l phng php chun bng
complexon.
196
-

2.2.2. Chun tao phc bng thuc th v c

a. Phng php bc
Trong phng php ny ngi ta chun dung dch cyanid (CN
) bng dung dch chun bc nitrat da trn c s phn ng to phc:
Ag+ + 2CN- =s=^ Ag(CN)2- vi (Kb =1021)
Lu : E + = M +, E AT = 2M T
2-

Ag+ Ag+ ' CN CN

Chn ch th: C th dng mt trong hai phng php sau:

- Phng php Liebig (dng ch th l chnh thuc th): Nhn ra im tng ng khi c d mt git
dung dch AgNO3 s cho kt ta Ag[Ag(CN2)] xut hin.
Ag+ + Ag(CN)2 ^ Ag[Ag(CN2)] vi T = 4.10Lu : Khi chun n gn im tng ng nn nh
lng rt t t v nu lm nhanh c th lm cho ta xut hin sm gy sai s do tc ha tan ca ta
ny rt chm.
- Phng php Deniges: Thm vo dung dch nh lng amoniac v KI lm ch th, khi n im
tng ng khng c ta Ag[Ag(CN)2], m c ta AgI mu vng xut hin.
Ag+ + I-12
=5=* AgI vng vi TAgI = 10b. Phng php thy ngn (II)
Mt s mui ha tan ca Hg(II) (nh CN-16
, SCN-, Cl-...) l nhng phc cht, do c th dng Hg2+ nh lng cc anion ny, theo phng
trnh tng qut:
Hg2+ + 2X- ^ HgX2 Dung dch chun thng dng l Hg(NO3)2, Hg(ClO4)2, HgSO4. Th d 1: C th nh
lng Cl- bng Hg2+ theo phn ng:
Hg2+ + 2Cl- HgCl2 Nhn ra im tng ng bng mt trong hai ch th sau:
- Vi ch th l natri nitroprusiat: cho ta trng vi Hg 2+
- Vi ch th l diphenylcarbazon: cho kt ta mu xanh vi HgCh : Nu hm l ng Cl2+
nh, phi thm vo dung dch nh lng mt t cn gim phn ly ca HgCl2.
Th d 2: C th nh lng nhng mui Hg2+ bng dung dch chun KSCN vi ch th l Fe3+.
197
-

CNS- + Hg2+ Hg(CNS)2-Nhn ra im tng ng khi d CNS- s c mu xut hin.

CNS- + Fe3+ 5=* FeCNS2+ u im ca phng php nh lng bng Hg2+: C th nh lng thng
trong mi trng acid.
Nhiu ion gy tr ngi cho phng php nh lng bng bc theo phng php kt ta (phng php
Mohr v Fonha) khng c nh hng g khi nh lng bng Hg2+.
Hp cht thu ngn r hn hp cht bc tng ng.
Tuy nhin phi lun nh rng mui thu ngn rt c, do khi nh lng phi ht sc cn thn.
2.2.3. Chun bng complexon
Phng php nh lng bng complexon l phng php chun da trn phn ng to hp cht ni
phc ca nhiu ion kim loi vi mt s thuc th hu c gi chung l complexon.
a. S lc v cc complexon
Cc complexon l cc acid amin polycarboxylic v cc dn cht ca chng c Schwarzenbach nghin
cu k (1940-1945).
Complexon I (chelaton I, Trilon A) l acid nitril triacetic (NTA):
/

CH2COOH

NH"CH2COOH Vit tt l H3Y

CH2COOH

Complexon II (chelaton II, trilon B) l acid ethylen diamin tetra acetic (EDTA):
CH2v CH2COOH
N-CH2-CH2Vit tt l H4Y HOOCCH2 ^C^COOH

HOOC

Complexon III (chelaton, trilon B) l mui dinatri ca EDTA

2
CH2COOH
NCH2CH2 Vit tt l Na2H2Y NaOOCCH/ ^C^COOH
HOOC

CH

198

b. S to phc ca EDTA vi cc ion kim loi EDTA l mt acid a chc (4 nc):

H4Y =5=^ H3Y- + H+ =^ H2Y2-+ H+ HY3- + H+ HY3- =5=^ Y4- + H+
H3Y-H2Yvi KA1 = 10vi KA2 = 10vi KA3 = 10vi KA4 = 10EDTA t tan trong nc, v vy thng dng
di dng mui Na2H2Y. Trong phn tch, EDTA v Na2H2Y ngoi s khc nhau v tan v khi lng
mol, cn li cc tnh cht ha hc nht l tnh to phc khng c s phn bit no c, cho nn th ng vn
quen gi chung l EDTA.
EDTA c kh nng to phc vi hu ht cc ion kim loi (tr cc kim loi kim) v ty theo pH ca dung
dch c th biu din bng cc phng trnh khc nhau (do EDTA tn ti trong dung dch di dng H4Y,
H3Y2
-2,0
-2,67
-6,16
-10,26

, H2Y2-, HY3-, Y4- ph thuc vo pH). Nhng d phng trnh phn ng khc nhau xong c im chung
l t l v mol gia EDTA v ion kim loi lun l 1:1 v gii phng ra ton b H+ c trong thnh phn
tn ti ca EDTA.
Th d phn ng tng qut ca ion kim loi Mn+ vi EDTA nh sau:
Mn+ + H2Y2-Mn+ + HY3-C th: Ca2+ + HYZn32
+ + HYAl33+
+ H2YMY2(n-4)
+ 2H+ MY(n-4) + H+ CaY2- + HZnY+
2+ H+
AlY- + 2H pH 4-6 pH 7-10
pH 9 pH 9 pH 5
Do , ta c: EEDTA = MEDTA
-

F =
M

Ni chung phn ng to phc cng thun li trong mi trng cng kim, nhng cng c khi phi duy tr
mi trng acid (nh Fe+
3
+, Bi3+...) trnh hin tng thy phn, cc ion tr ngi. Tuy theo bn ca phc m mi ion kim
loi to phc vi EDTA mt vng pH ti u.
Mt khc, ngn s kt ta hydroxyd kim loi ta phi iu chnh pH hoc thm cc cht to phc ph,
trong s c mt ca dung dch m...
c. Cht ch th dng trong chun complexon (cc ch th kim loi)
xc nh im tng ng trong phng php chun complexon ngi ta dng mt s loi cht
ch th khc nhau, trong ph bin hn c l cht ch th kim loi. l nhng cht hu c (c tnh acid
199

hoc base yu), c kh nng to vi ion kim loi phc c mu v trong nhng iu kin xc nh, mu
ca phc khc vi mu ca ch th khi cha to phc.
Cc cht ch th thng dng:
en eriocrom T: C20H13O7N3S.
HO3 S
OH
OH
N=NI
NO2

L mt acid ba nc; nc 1 kh mnh (nhm SO3H), nc 2 v 3 c hng s phn ly tng ng l pK2 = 6,3
v pK3= 11,5. pH 7-10 ch th c mu xanh, phc cht vi Mg2+ , Zn2+, Pb2+... c mu .
Murexid: C8H8O6N6.H2O (amoni purpurat)
HO

I1
NC
C
C
H O
N
O H
C N
C C=O
C N

\J

n
O H
NH4
Thng k hiu l H4Ind . S phn ly nh sau:
H4Ind- H+ + H3
Ind2- 2H+ + H2Ind( tm) (Tm) (Xanh)
pH = 11 murexid c mu tm (H3Ind32), to phc vi Ca2+ cho phc mu (CaH2Ind-).
C murexid v en eriocrom T u km bn trong dung dch nn thng khng pha sn m dng dng
rn (trn ln vi NaCl).
Ngoi ra cn nhiu cht ch th khc nh : acid salicylic, tm pyrocatechin, da cam xylenol , calmagite...
200

d. Cc k thut chun bng EDTA Chun cc cation kim loi

9

- Phng php nh lng thng.

Th d: Chun Mg2+ bng EDTA vi ch th en eriocrom T pH 10. Lc u trong dung dch c mu
vang do phn ng ca Mg2+ vi ch th:
Mg2+ + HInd2- ==^ Mglnd- + H+
( vang)

Khi nh EDTA xung, Mg2+ t do s phn ng trc:

Mg2+ + HY3- =5=^ MgY2- + H+
Lc y mu ca dung dch vn khng b bin i. Gn im tng ng, ta c s cnh tranh to phc:
HY3- + Mglnd- =5=^ MgY2- + HInd( vang) (Xanh)
Kt thc chun khi mu chuyn t vang sang xanh hon ton.
Ghi ch: Nu tin hnh ngc li, Mg22
+ trn buret, bnh nn l EDTA v ch th, khi s kt thc nh l ng thi im mu chuyn t
xanh sang chm vang. Thc t c rt nhiu ion kim loi c th nh l ng thng bng EDTA.
- Phng php th.
Th d: nh lng Ca2+, ta thm MgY2- vo dung dch, v phc Ca2+ vi EDTA bn vng hn ca
Mg2+, cho nn s c cnh tranh to phc:
Ca2+ + MgY2CaY2- + Mg2+
nh lng Mg2+ b y ra bng EDTA theo phng php trc tip trn. T tnh ra lng Ca2+.
- Phng php tha tr
Ngi ta nh lng bng cch cho EDTA d chnh xc vo dung dch cha ion cn xc nh, khi c
phn ng:
Mn+ + HY3- =5=^ MY(n-4) + H+
Sau khi phn ng xong, nh lng EDTA d bng dung dch Mg2+ hay Zn2+ bit nng . T tnh
ra lng Mn+.
Phng php ny c li trong cc trng hp:
- Khng chn c ch th kim loi thch hp cho ion cn xc nh. Chng hn khng th chun trc
tip Co2+, Al3+ bng EDTA vi ch
201

th en eriocrom T c v ch th ny to vi Co2+, Al3+ cc phc rt bn khng b EDTA ph v.

- lon cn xc nh nm trong ta (BaSO4, PbSO4...) lm cho phn ng vi EDTA xy ra chm.
Chun cc anion:
Phi chun gin tip, bng cch kt ta anion vi thuc th cha cation thch hp. nh l ng
SO42-, ta kt ta bng ion BaBa2+
2
+ + SO42- =5=^ BaSO4
Sau hoc nh lng cation cn li trong nc lc, nc ra hoc lc ra ta ri ha tan ta trong
EDTA d:
HY3- + BaSO4 =5=^ BaY2- + H+ + SO4nh lng EDTA d bng Mg22
+ hay Zn2+.
Chun cc cht hu c
Ging nh nh lng cc anion, thng dng phng php gin tip: Cho cht hu c tc dng vi ion
kim loi to thnh ta ri nh lng cation cn li trong nc lc, nc ra. C th ha tan ta trong
EDTA d, nh lng EDTA d cn li trong nc lc, nc ra. V d nh lng theophylin, kt ta
n vi Cu2+, ha tan ta, xc nh lng ng c trong ta v suy ra hm lng theophylin. nh lng
Aminopyrin, nicotinamid ta em kt ta chng vi HgCl2, xc nh Hg2+ cn d trong nc lc suy ra
lng aminopyrin, nicotinamid.
2.2.4. Mt s ng dung inh lng trong tha t
a. nh lng bng cc thuc th v c
nh lng KCN bng AgNO3 Da trn phn ng to phc:
AgNO3 + 2KCN = K[Ag(CN)2] + KNO3 Nhn ra im tng ng theo hai phng php:
- Phng php Liebig: Mt git AgNO3 tha s cho kt ta trng
Ag+ + Ag(CN)2 Ag[Ag(CN)2] trng.
- Phng php Deniges: Thc hin nh lng trong mi trng NH4OH vi KI lm ch th. Nhn ra
im tng ng khi c kt ta Agl mu vng.
Lu : Tnh kt qu EKCN = 2MKCN
202
-

 Pha v xc nh nng dung dch Hg(NO3)2 0,1N

Thy ngn (II) nitrat d ht m, do khng t tiu chun cht gc.
Tnh ton pha nng xp x 0,1N. Lu EH ( ) = . pha 1 lt
dung dch 0,1N, ta cn khong 17g Hg(NO3)2. 0,5H2O, thm 20 mL HNO3 6 N, thm nc cho 1 lt
(nh khuy k).
Xc nh li nng Hg(NO3)2 bng dung dch NaCl 0,1N da trn phn ng:
Hg2+ + 2Cl- =5=^ HgCl2
Dng ch th l natri nitroprusiat, khi tha 1 git Hg2+ s c kt ta xut hin:
Hg2+ + [Fe(CN)5NO]2- = Hg[Fe(CN)5NO] b. nh lng bng complexon
Pha dung dch complexon III chun
- Nu c complexon III tinh khit: Ch cn cn chnh xc mt l ng complexon em pha trong nc
thnh dung dch vi th tch xc nh. V d pha 1 lt dung dch complexon III 0,1M, cn chnh xc
37,22 gam complexon III ha tan trong nc cho 1 lt. Nu complexon III
c b ht m th em sy kh 150 oC trc khi cn pha.
- Nu khng c complexon III tinh khit th ta ch pha c dung dch c nng xp x. Sau xc
nh li nng (xem phn di).
Xc nh nng dung dch complexon III
- Pha dung dch MgCl2 0,1M: Cn 4,032 gam MgO ha tan trong mt t nc HCl c, thm nc lc
u cho 1 lt nc.
- Pha dung dch ZnSO4 0,1M: Cn 6,538 gam Zn kim loi tinh khit, ha tan trong mt t H 2SO4 tinh
khit, ri thm nc cho 1 lit.
K thut tin hnh:
Buret: Complexon III
Bnh nn: V mL Mg2+ c nng bit 5 mL dung dch m amoniac 0,1g ch th en ericrom T (
trn vi NaCl) 20 mL nc ct
Nh complexon xung cho n khi mu chuyn t sang xanh hon ton. Ghi th tch complexon
dng. Tnh kt qu.
203
NO

Ghi ch: Ch th en eriocrom T c dng di dng rn bao gm: 1 phn ch th + 200 phn NaCl tinh
khit em trn nghin nh cho u.
Cch pha dung dch m amoniac nh sau: 54 g NH4Cl tinh khit +
350 mL NH4OH c + nc cho 1 lt.
nh lng Ca2+
- Bng complexon III trong mi trng kim vi ch th murexid:
Murexid trong mi trng kim c mu tm (H2Ind3-), kt hp vi Ca2+ to thnh phc c mu
(CaHInd-). Khi thm complexon vo, gn im tng ng c phn ng cnh tranh to phc:
HY3- + CaHInd- = CaY2- + H2Ind() (Tm)
K thut tin hnh:
Buret: Dung dch complexon bit nng Bnh nn: V mL Ca32
+ cn nh lng
1 mL KOH 2N
0,2g ch th Murexit ( trn vi NaCl)
Chun ti khi mu chuyn t sang tm hon ton. Ghi th tch complexon dng. Tnh kt qu.
Xc nh cng ca nc
cng ton phn ca nc l tng mui calci v magnesi tan trong nc. C th xc nh cng ton
phn bng complexon III vi ch th l en eriocromT.
Ly mu nc cn nh lng, cho thm ch th en eriocrom T vo, ch th s to phc mu vang vi
mt phn Mg2+ trong mu. Khi nh EDTA vo, EDTA s phn ng vi Ca2+ t do, sau vi Mg2+ t do
(v phc CaY2- bn hn phc MgY2-), n ln cn im tng ng EDTA s ph phc ca ch th vi
Mg2+, gii phng ra ch th t do c mu xanh.
K thut tin hnh:
Buret: Complexon bit nng
Bnh nn: V mL nc cn xc nh
2 mL dung dch m amoniac
0,1 g ch th en eriocrom T ( trn NaCl)
Chun n khi mu chuyn xanh hon ton. Ghi th tch complexon dng. Tnh kt qu.
204

- Ghi ch: cng ton phn thng c tnh nh sau:

+ cng c: ng vi 1 gam CaO trong 100 lit nc (nc 4 o: rt mm; nc 4 - 8o: mm; nc 8 16o: nc va; nc 16 - 24 o: nc cng).
+ cng Php: ng vi 1 gam CaCO3 trong 100 lt.
nh lng Fe3+
Trong mi trng acid (pH 2- 3) EDTA tc dng vi Fe3+ to thnh mt phc cht mu vng nht FeY-.
Nu dng ch th l acid salicylic hay acid sulfosalicylic pH n tc dng vi Fe 3+ to thnh phc c
mu hng. Ti im tng ng mu hng bin mt v dung dch c mu vng nht.
K thut tin hnh:
Buret: Complexon bit nng
Bnh nn: V mL Fe3+ cn nh lng
5 mL dung dch m acetat (pH 2-3)
3 git ch th
Vi tinh th natri persulfat
Chun ti khi chuyn mu t hng sang vng nht. Ghi th tch dung dch complexon dng. Tnh
kt qu.
nh lng Ba2+ (theo phng php chun ngc)
Cho Ba2+ cn nh lng, tc dng vi mt lng d chnh xc EDTA.
nh lng EDTA d bng dung dch Mg2+.
K thut tin hnh:
Buret: dung dch Mg2+ bit nng
Bnh nn: 10,00 mL dung dch Ba2+ cn nh lng + chnh xc 20,00 mL complexon bit nng ,
lc u. Thm 5 mL dung dch m amoniac, 0,1 g ch th en eriocrom T ( trn vi NaCl).
Chun ti khi mu chuyn t xanh sang chm hng. Ghi th tch Mg2+ dng. Tnh kt qu.
nh lng SO42- (phng php gin tip) Cho BaCl2 d kt ta hon ton SO42-:
Ba2+ + SO42- = BaSO4
nh lng Ba2+ cn li bng complexon III. quan st d dng s chuyn mu ca ch th, thm vo
dung dch mt lng Mg2+ nht nh v qu trnh nh lng tin hnh hon ton tng t nh nh
lng cng ton phn ca nc.
205

K thut tin hnh:

Buret: Complexon bit nng
Bnh nn: V mL dung dch SO42- cn nh lng, thm 1 mL HCl 2N, thm 20,00 mL dung dch BaCl2
bit nng (d chnh xc), un si 5 pht. ngui, lc ta qua giy lc bng xanh, ra ta nhiu ln
(cho ht Ba2+). Tp trung nc lc, nc ra vo bnh nn khc, thm 5,00 mL dung dch Mg2+ c nng
bit, 5 mL dung dch m amoniac, 0,1 g ch th en eriocrom T ( trn NaCl).
Chun n khi mu chuyn t sang xanh hon ton. Ghi th tch complexon dng. Tnh kt qu.
BI TP (BI 6)
6.1. Th no l tch s tan. ngha ca n.
6.2. Th no l tan. Y ngha.
6.3. Trnh by nguyn tc chung ca phng php kt ta.
6.4. Nguyn tc, iu kin, cch tin hnh ca phng php nh lng bng bc:
- Theo phng php Mohr
- Theo phng php Fonha
- Theo phng php Faian.
6.5. Hy so snh tan trong nc ca ta AgCl (c TAgCl = 10-10) vi ta Ag2CrO4 (c TAg cro = 2.10-12).
6.6. Dung dch HCl c pH = 4. Nu thm 1 mL dung dch AgNO3 10-1M vo 1 lt dung dch HCl trn c
hi c ta AgCl xut hin khng? Cho TAgCl = 10-10.'
6.7. Ly 20,00 mL dung dch KI em nh lng ht 18,75 mL dung dch AgNO3 theo phng php
Faian. Mt khc khi nh lng 10,00 niL dung dch NaCl 0,05 N ht 9,75 mL AgNO3 trn theo phng
php Mohr. Tnh nng g/L ca dung dch KI em nh lng.
6.8. Ha tan 0,1535 g hn hp gm (KCl + KBr) vo nc v em nh lng ton b ht 15,12 mL
dung dch AgNO3 0,1002 N vi ch th K2CrO4. Gii thch cch nh lng v tnh % tng cht trong hn
hp.
206
2

6.9. Ly 25,00 mL HCl cn nh lng cho phn ng vi 50,00 mL AgNO3 0,02018 N. Lc, ra kt ta.
nh lng ton b nc lc v nc ra ht 15,17 mL KCNS 0,05012 N vi ch th Fe3+. Gii thch
cch nh lng, tnh pH ca dung dch HCl em nh lng.
6.10. nh ngha phc cht, cch gi tn phc cht.
6.11. Phn bit phc cht vi mui thng, mui kp, ion phc tp.
6.12. Hng s bn ca phc v ngha.
6.13. Nguyn tc chung ca chun to phc.
6.14. Th no l ch th mu kim loi? iu kin p dng trong chun bng complexon.
6.15. Hy nu cc k thut chun bng complexon.
6.16. Trnh by cch xc nh cng ca nc bng phng php complexon.
6.17. Chun 50,00 mL dung dch Na2H2Y (c mt ca dung dch m amoniac) vi ch th en
eriocrom T ht 32,05 mL dung dch Mg2+ 0,045 M. Vit phng trnh phn ng nh lng v tnh nng
M ca dung dch complexon III trn.
6.18. Chun 100,0 mL nc (c mt h m amoniac) vi ch th en eriocrom T ht 8,50 mL
complexon III 0,01 M. Hy gii thch cch nh lng v tnh cng theo c ca nc em nh
lng.
6.19. Ly 10,00 mL dung dch Ba2+ cn nh lng, thm 20,00 mL dung dch complexon III 0,1 M,
nh lng complexon d ht 7,50 mL dung dch MgCl2 0,1 M. Tnh nng N ca dung dch Ba2+.
6.20. Ly 10,00 mL dung dch SO42- cn nh lng, lm kt ta bng 20,00 mL dung dch BaCl2 0,1 N.
un si, lc v ra kt ta. Tp trung nc lc v nc ra, thm 5,00 mL dung dch MgCl2 0,12 M v
em nh lng bng complexon 0,103 M ht 14,50 mL. Tnh nng g/L ca dung dch SO42- em nh
lng.
207

Bi 7

NH LNG BNG PHNG PHP oxy HA

KH
Mc TIU
1. Trnh by c khi nim v cht oxy ho, cht kh, cp oxy ha kh lin hp, phn ng oxy ha kh
v cch cn bng.
2. Trnh by c nguyn tc, iu kin ng dng, tnh c kt qu ca cc phng php nh lng
bng permanganat, iod, bromat v nitrit.

1. MT s KHI NIM c BN
1.1. nh ngha
- Cht oxy ha l cht c kh nng nhn electron (in t).
- Cht kh l cht c kh nng cho in t.
- Cp oxy ha kh lin hp: mt cht oxy ha sau khi nhn in t tr thnh cht kh v gi l cht
kh lin hp vi n. T hp ca hai dng oxy ha v kh lin hp to thnh cp oxy ha kh lin hp
(oxh/kh) v c biu din qua cn bng sau:
Ox h + ne =5=!= kh
- Phn ng oxy ha kh l phn ng trao i in t gia cc cht oxy ha v cht kh: cht kh nh ng
in t v b oxy ha thnh dng oxy ha lin hp, cht oxy ha thu in t v b kh thnh dng kh lin
hp.
a oxh + b kh2 = c kh + d oxh2
1.2. C ng ca cht oxy ha v cht kh
- Mt cht cng d nhn in t th c tnh oxy ha cng mnh, mt cht cng d nh ng in t th tnh
kh cng cao. Trong mt cp oxy ha kh lin hp, nu dng oxy ha cng mnh th dng kh lin hp
ca n c tnh kh cng nh v ngc li.
- c trng cho cng ca mt cp oxy ha kh lin hp ngi ta dng i lng gi l th oxy
ha kh (hoc th oxy ho) c xc nh bng phng trnh Nec (Nernst). i vi h n gin:
208

oxh + ne =; - kh

Eoxh/kh = E -^Iln M Exh/kh " E

nF ln [oxh]

Trong : E: l th oxy ha kh ca cp oxh/kh (von) R: l hng s kh (8,314J.mol 1.K1) T: nhit

tuyt i F: l in tch Faraday (96 500C) Eo: l th oxy ha kh tiu chun ca cp
25oC chuyn sang dng logarit thp phn c:
0,059
0 E =
lg -ikl n [oxh ]
E

i vi h tng qut: a oxh + bB +...+ ne + c kh + de +... C E = E 0 - ^-lg [[kh

* Ch : i vi cc cp, trong c dng l cht kt ta (t tan), cht kh (khi gi p sut khng i)

hoc H2O v nng coi nh khng i do khng vit vo phng trnh Nec.
Th d:
- Vi cp MnO4-/MnO2:
MnO4- + 4H+ + 3e MnO2 + 2H2O
Th E n O - = E0 -0059 lg, 1
Vi cp O 2 / :
/2 O O2 + 4H+ + 4e ==S: 2H2O Th E O , = E2 0
- ^.lgr^- = Eu - 0,059.lg
= E0 - M59.^ 1 - = E0 - 0,059.lg r^
O
1.3. Cn bng ph ng trnh phn ng oxy ha kh
C nhiu cch cn bng phn ng oxy ha kh, trong ti liu ny chng ti trnh by cch cn bng sau:
Trc ht, cn bng c phng trnh phn ng oxy ha kh cn phi bit c cc cht tham gia
phn ng v sn phm ca phn ng da trn c s xt chiu h ng ca phn ng.
209

Chiu hng ca phn ng c xc nh nh sau: Trong cc iu kin nh nhau nu cp oxy ha kh

no c in th ln s oxy ha c cp oxy ha kh kia ngha l phn ng xy ra gia cht oxy ha ca
cp c in th ln vi cht kh ca cp c in th nh. (Thng th ng c th
da vo th oxy ha kh tiu chun Eo d on chiu phn ng).
- Cc bc cn bng phng trnh: 4 bc:
+ Bc 1: Vit cc cht tham gia phn ng v cc cht to thnh vi dng thc ca n vo 2 v ca
phng trnh.
Th d: Phn ng gia K2Cr2O7 v FeSO4 thc cht l phn ng gia ion Cr2O72- (vai tr oxy ha) vi ion
Fe2+ (cht kh) to ra Cr3+ (dng kh lin hp ca Cr2O72-) v Fe3+ (dng oxy ha lin hp ca Fe2+).
Ta vit: Cr2O72+ Fe2+ -- Cr3+ + Fe3+
+ Bc 2: Cn bng hon chnh cho tng cp oxy ha kh ngha l cn bng v trao i in t, cn bng
v in tch (tng in tch dng bng tng in tch m), cn bng v s nguyn t.
Vi cp Fe3+/Fe2+ c: Fe2+ - e Fe3+
Vi cp Cr2O72-/2Cr3+ c: Cr2O72- + 6 e + 14 H+ === 2 Cr3+ + 7 H2O
Cn lu s in t trao i l ng vi c ion phc tp. Khi cn bng cc in tch d ng thiu c th
ly H+, cc in tch m thiu c th ly OH- v H2O c thm tuy v n lun c sn trong dung dch.
Bc 3: Vit phng trnh ion bng cch tm bi s chung nh nht ri nhn h s thch hp vi tng v
ca cc cp, sau cng vi nhau:
+
6X
Fe2+ - e = Fe3+
1X
Cr2O72- + 6 e + 14 H+ = 2 Cr3+ + 7 H2O
6 Fe2+ + Cr2O72- + 14 H+ = 6 Fe3+ + 2 Cr3+ + 7 H2O
+ Bc 4: Vit phng trnh phn t bng cch thm cc ion tham gia phn ng cn thiu vo 2 v ca
phng trnh:
6FeSO4 + K2Cr2O7 + 7H2SO4=3Fe2(SO4)3 + Cr2(SO4)3 + K2SO4 + 7H2O
2. NH LNG BANG PHNG PHP oxy HA KH
(Chun oxy ha kh)
2.1. Nguyn tc
- Phng php nh lng oxy ha kh l phng php phn tch nh lng da trn phn ng chun
l phn ng trao i electron gia dung dch chun cha cht oxy ha (hoc kh) vi dung dch cn
phn tch cha cht kh (hoc cht oxy ha).
210

- Nu dng dung dch chun l cht oxy ha ta c th nh l ng cc cht kh nh Na2S2O3, Fe2+, I-...
Nu dng dung dch chun l cht kh c th nh lng cc cht oxy ha nh I2, KMnO4, KBrO3... C
nhng cht khng c tnh oxy ha hoc kh nhng c kh nng phn ng hon ton vi cht oxy ha hay
cht kh (thng thnh cht kt ta hoc phc cht) cng c th nh l ng bng phng php oxy ha
theo cch gin tip.
- Yu cu ti thiu cho mt phn ng dng trong chun oxy ha kh phi l:
+ Phn ng phi nhy v xy ra theo chiu cn thit + Phn ng phi xy ra hon ton v c tnh chn
lc cao + Phn ng phi xy ra nhanh + Tm c cch nhn ra im tng ng
- Thng cc phn ng oxy ha kh l mt qu trnh phc tp, xy ra qua nhiu giai on trung gian, nn
tc phn ng nhiu khi khng p ng c yu cu nh lng, khi lm tng tc phn ng
c th thc hin mt s bin php.
+ Tng nhit v a s phn ng khi tng nhit , tc phn ng tng theo.
+ Tng nng cng lm tng tc phn ng, c th tng nng bng k thut chun ng c (tha
tr).
+ Dng cht xc tc lm tng tc cc phn ng qua cc giai on trung gian.
2.2. Cht ch th trong ph ng php nh l ng oxy ha kh
C ch chuyn mu ca cc ch th c chia lm 4 loi, trong 2 loi chnh hay s dng l:
hoi cht ch th l chnh thuc th
Th d: Khi nh lng Fe2+ bng MnO4- theo phn ng:
5Fe2+ + MnO4- + 8H+ = 5Fe3+ + Mn2+ + 4H2O
Nu MnO4- trn buret, lc u cho MnO4- vo dung dch nh lng ta thy mu MnO4- b mt do
tham gia phn ng nh lng. Nhng khi qu tng ng, ch cn d mt lng rt nh KMnO4 ta
thy c mu hng ca MnO4-. Nh vy MnO4- va l dung dch chun (thuc th) va ng vai tr cht
ch th.
Thc t ch th loi ny nhiu v cho kt qu kh tt.
211

 Cht ch th to vi cht oxy ha hoc kh trong phn ng chun mt mu c trng.

Th d trong phng php iot dng ch th h tinh bt: khi d I2 s to vi h tinh bt mt mu xanh
tham.
2.3. Phn loi cc ph ng php oxy ha kh
Trong phng php chun acid-base, thng ta c th thay acid (hay base) mnh ny nh lng
mt base (hay acid) khc. Nhng trong chun oxy ha kh, v in th oxy ha kh ca cc cp rt
khc nhau, mi cp khi phn ng li i hi cc iu kin nht nh. Do vy, khng th thay th tuy tin
cht oxy ha (hoc cht kh) ny bng mt cht oxy ha (hoc kh) khc t ng ng v mt in th
oxy ha kh. Mun thay th phi xem xt tnh ton ti tt c cc yu t, nu thy p ng iu kin
ca phn ng mi c php thc hin.
Vic phn loi cc phng php chun oxy ha kh thng da trn cc cht oxy ha dng trong
phn ng chun v gi tn theo cc cht oxy ha . Thng dng c cc ph ng php sau: Phng
php permanganat, phng php iod, phng php bromat, phng php brom, phng php o ng,
phng php dicromat, phng php nitrit.
2.3.1. Phng php nh lng bng permanganat
L phng php nh lng da vo kh nng oxy ha ca permanganat c trong mi tr ng acid,
trung tnh, kim.
Trong mi trng acid mnh, MnO4- b kh n Mn2+:
MnO4- + 5e + 8H+ = Mn2+ + 4 H2O
(Mu hng) (Khng mu)

Th oxy ha kh tiu chun E0 = 1,51V - Trong mi trng trung tnh, kim, MnO4- b kh n MnO2
MnO4 + 3e + 2H2O = MnO2 + 4OH(Mu hng) (Nu) Th oxy ha kh tiu chun E0
= 0,59 V
Th oxy ha kh ca cp MnO4-/ Mn2+(trong mi trng acid) ln hn th oxy ha kh ca cp MnO4-/
MnO2(trong mi trng trung tnh, kim) rt nhiu. Mt khc, sn phm oxy ha trong mi tr ng acid l
Mn2+ khng mu, trong mi trng trung tnh, kim l kt ta MnO2 c mu nu. V vy vic xc nh
im tng ng trong mi trng acid d hn nhiu. Do trong thc t hay nh lng cc cht kh
bng dung dch KMnO4 trong mi trng acid, vi ch th l chnh dung dch chun KMnO4: khi cn
MnO4-dung dch c mu hng, khi ht MnO4- dung dch khng mu.
212
-

2.3.2. Phng php nh lng bng iod

a. c im chung ca phng php:
C s ca phng php nh lng bng iod l da trn qu trnh oxy ha kh ca cp I 2/ 2I-:
Th oxy ha kh tiu chun E0 = 0,54 V ( vo khong gia ca bng th oxy ha kh tiu chun)
- Nhng cht c Eo < 0,54 V c kh nng b oxy ha bi I2 t do.
- Nhng cht oxy ha c Eo > 0,54 V c kh nng b kh bi iod.
Do vy, c th nh lng bng phng php iod xc nh cc cht kh, cht oxy ha v c acid.
Xc nh cht kh:
C th xc nh trc tip cc cht kh bng cch cho tc dng vi I 2. Nhn ra im tng ng da trn
s i mu ca dung dch: khi khng c I2 dung dch khng mu, khi c I2 dung dch c mu vng nht.
(Thng dng ch th l h tinh bt: khi c iod d s to vi h tinh bt mt cht c mu xanh lam).
Xc nh cht oxy ha:
Thng dng phng php th: Cho tha KI vo cht oxy ha cn nh lng mi trng acid th
phn ng s gii phng mt lng tng ng I2. Lng I2 ny c nh lng bng dung dch
Na2S2O3 bit nng , t tnh c cht oxy ha cn xc nh.
Xc nh cc acid:
Khi y da trn phn ng:
IO3- + 5I- + 6H+ = 3 I2 + 3H2O
Phn ng tiu th H+ v gii phng mt lng tng ng I2. nh lng I2 ny bng dung dch
Na2S2O3 bit nng cng c th suy ra lng acid tng ng.
b. iu kin tin hnh nh lng bng iod:
- Phng php iod thng c tin hnh iu kin thng, nhit thp, v khi nhit tng, I2 c
th b thng hoa v nhy ca ch th h tinh bt gim.
- Khi nh lng trc tip vi I2 khng nn thc hin trong mi trng kim mnh v cc mui carbonat
kim loi kim, bi v c phn ng sau xy ra:
213

I2 + 2OH- = IO- + I- + H2O

V vy thng ch nh lng trong mi trng trung tnh hoc kim yu bng cch cho thm vo dung
dch cn nh lng mt t NaHCO3 (khng nn cho NH4OH v c th to thnh I3N l cht d gy n).
- Khi chun I2 bng Na2S2O3, cn phi cho h tinh bt vo lc gn kt thc nh lng (tc l khi
cn t iod trong dung dch, dung dch c mu vng nht). Nu lm ngc li, tinh bt s hp ph mt
phn I2 v nh I2 rt chm. Mt khc, tinh bt cn c th kh c mt vi cht oxy ha mnh. Do
nh lng s c sai s ln.
- Khi nh lng cc cht oxy ha bng phng php iod, cn phi cho tha KI phn ng gia KI v
cht oxy ha xy ra hon ton v khi I2 gii phng s d dng ha tan vo dung dch nc do phn ng
to phc km bn I3-:
+ I =
2
3- Hn hp nh lng cn hn ch nh sng chiu vo v nh sng lm tng vn tc ca phn ng
oxy ha I
thnh I2 bi oxy khng kh:
4I- + O2 + 4H+ = 2 I2 + 2H2O
2.3.3. Phng php nh lng bng bromat
Da trn kh nng oxy ha ca BrO3- trong mi trng acid:
BrO3 + 6H+ + 6e = Br- + 3 H2O
Th oxy ha kh tiu chun Eo = 1,45 V
Phng php ny thng c p dng nh lng cc cht kh nh As3+, Sb3+, hydrazin trong mi
trng acid.
im tng ng c xc nh da vo phn ng sau: BrO3- d s phn ng vi Br- c trong dung
dch gii phng ra Br2 t do c mu vng nht:
BrO3 + 5Br- + 6H+ = 3Br2 + 3H2O
Cng c th dng ch th mu loi hp cht azo nh methyl hoc da cam methyl cho vo bnh nh
lng, n im tng ng Br2 s oxy ha ch th lm cho ch th b phn huy chuyn t mu sang
vng (s chuyn mu ny l khng thun nghch v ch th b phn huy do khi nh l ng cn phi cn
thn khng nh qu tha BrO3-). Cng c th dng ch th l nhng acid indigo sunfonic.
2.3.4. Phng php nh lng bng brom
Da trn kh nng oxy ha ca Br2:
214
I

Br2 + 2 e 2 BrVi th oxy ha kh tiu chun Eo

= 1,70 V
thu c dung dch Br2 c nng xc nh, ta cho mt lng d KBr phn ng vi mt lng xc
nh KBrO3 chun trong mi trng acid theo phng trnh phn ng:
BrO3- + 5Br- + 6H+ = 3Br2 + 3H2O
Sau cho Br2 (d chnh xc) phn ng vi cht cn nh lng. Lng Br2 d c xc nh bng
phng php iod (thm KI v nh lng I2 gii phng ra bng Na2S2O3).
Phng php brom thng dng nh lng cc hp cht hu c v cc cht hu c khi tc dng vi
nhiu cht oxy ha khc thng km theo cc phn ng ph phc tp khng dng nh lng c.
Nhng khi phn ng vi Br2 li rt ph hp theo ng phng trnh phn ng, do c th dng nh
lng tt. Trong ngnh Dc, phng php brom c dng nh lng cc phenol, cresol,
benzonaphtol, resorcin, anilin, acid salicylic, cc sulfamid, acid aminobenzoic...
2.3.5. Phng php nitrit
Trong mi trng acid, nitrit phn ng vi cc ch phm ca nhm amin thm (sulfamid, novocain... )
to thnh hp cht diazoni:
R-NH2 + HONO + HCl -* [ R -N= N ] + 2H 2O
nhn ra im tng ng ca phn ng ny, c th dng ch th theo hai cch:
- Ch th ngoi: Khi tha nitrit, nitrit s lm xanh giy tm h tinh bt c iodid, do nitrit oxy ha iodid,
gii phng I2 theo phng trnh:
2NO2- + 2I- +4H+ = 2NO + I2 + 2H2O
- Ch th ni: Cho thm mt cht ch th v d nh tropeolin OO vo bnh nh lng, khi tha nitrit, nitrit
s phn ng vi ch th to thnh dn cht nitroso c mu vng nht.
Phng php nh lng nitrit thng tin hnh iu kin nhit thp (khong 10 oC) do hay
ngm bnh nh lng trong nc .
2.4. Mt s ng dng nh l ng
Phng php chun oxy ha kh l mt trong nhng phng php c ng dng kh nhiu trong
thc t. Mt s cht oxy ha, kh hay dng pha ch dung dch chun c nu trong hai bng 6.1 v
6.2.
215

Bng 6.1. Mt s cht oxy ha th ng dng

Cht oxy ha

Eo (V)

Cht gc

KMnO 4

1,51

Na 2 C 2 O 4 , As 2 O 3 , H 2 C 2 O 4 .2H 2 O

KBrO 3

1,44

KBrO 3

1,44

Na 2 C 2 O 4 , As 2 O 3 , H 2 C 2 O 4 .2H 2 O

K 2 Cr 2 O 7

1,33

K 2 Cr 2 O 7

KIO 3

1,24

KIO 3

I2

0,54

As 2 O 3

NaNO 2

0,99

Acid sulfanilic

Ce+

Bng 6.2. Mt s cht kh th ng dng

Cht kh

Th oxy ha kh tiu chun Eo (V)

Cht gc

Mui Mohr

0,77

K 2 Cr 2 O 7

As 2 O 3

0,57

As 2 O 3

Na 2 S 2 O 3

0,09

KIO 3 , I 2 , K 2 Cr 2 O 7

Titan (III)

0,10

K 2 Cr 2 O 7

Di y trnh by mt s ng dng c th:

2.4.1. nh lng FeSO 4 hay mui Mohr (NH 4 ) 2 Fe(SO 4 ) 2 .6H 2 O Da trn phn ng chun
bng dung dch KMnO4:
KMnO4 + 10FeSO4 + 8H2SO4 = 5Fe2(SO4)3 + 2MnSO4 + K2SO4 + 8H2O
E eSO4.7H2O = M = 278,01 (NH ) Fe(SO ) .6H O = M = K thut tin hnh:
- Buret: KMnO4
- Bnh nn: V mL dung dch Fe392,14
2+
em nh lng
50 mL n c ct 5 mL H2SO4 50%
- Chun ti khi dung dch c mu hng nht. Ghi th tch KMnO4 dng. T tnh ra kt qu.
2.4.2. nh lng H 2 O 2
- H2O2 va c tnh oxy ha va c tnh kh:
216
F

4 2

4 2

+ L cht oxy ha: O22- + 4H+ + 2e = 2H2O + L cht kh:

O22- - 2e = O2
M
E H O = - = 17,005
2 2 2
i vi H2O2 ngoi cc loi nng vn c biu th thng thng, ngi ta cn dng khi nim nng
theo th tch oxy, c tnh bng "s lt oxy do 1 lt dung dch H2O2 t phn hy ra". Cch tnh nh
sau :
T phng trnh phn hy:
H2O2 -> H2O +1/2O2
Ta thy 1 mol H2O2 phn huy cho ta 1/2 mol O2 do 1 khi lng mol ng lng H2O2 phn huy s
cho 1/4 mol oxy hay ng vi 22,4/4= 5,6 lt oxy => nng theo th tch oxy = N H X 5,6 lt oxy
- Khi H2O2 nh lng bng KMnO4 l da trn tnh kh ca n theo phn ng:
2MnO4 + 5H2O2 + 6H+ = 2Mn2+ + 5O2 + 8H2O
Cch nh lng ging nh nh lng Fe2+.
- Khi H2O2 nh lng bng phng php iod l da trn tnh oxy ha ca n theo cc phn ng nh
lng sau:
H2O2 + 2KI + H2SO4 = 2H2O + I2 + K2SO4
I2 gii phng ra:
I2 + 2 Na2S2O3 = Na2S4O6 + 2 NaI
K thut tin hnh:
- Buret: Dung dch Na2S2O3 bit nng
- Bnh nn: V mL H2O2
5 mL H2SO4 50%
1 g KI
3 git amoni molypdat 30% ( kch thch phn ng)
Nh Na2S2O3 n khi c mu vng nht, thm h tinh bt, nh lng tip n mt mu xanh thm. Ghi
th tch Na2S2O3 dng. Tnh kt qu theo yu cu.
2.4.3. nh lng As 2 O 3
- C th nh lng As2O3 bng dung dch chun I2 theo phng trnh phn ng:
217
H

As203 + 2I2 + 2H20 = As205 +4 HI

Phn ng chun c tin hnh trong mi trng c pH = 8 (bng cch cho thm NaHC03 vo dung
dch nh lng).
M
EAS203 = = 49,46
234
- C th nh lng dung dch ny bng phng php bromat da trn phn ng oxy ha ca Br03" vi
As203 trong mi trng acid:
2KBr03 + 3As203 = 2KBr + 3As205
Nhn ra im tng ng bng ch th methyl: Khi tha 1 git KBr03 mu s chuyn t sang vng
(do ch th b Br2 phn huy).
As 0

2.4.4. nh lng dung c h glucose ng trng 5%

Glucose c nh lng bng phng php iod theo phng php chun ngc (tha tr): Cho mt
lng I2 d chnh xc vo dung dch glucose trong mi trng kim (dng Na0H) oxy ha glucose c
nhm chc CH0 thnh acid gluconic theo phn ng sau:
I2 + 2Na0H = Nai + NaI0 + H20 (1)
CH20H(CH0H)4-CH0 + I0- = CH20H(CH0H)4C00H + I" (2)
Sau khi hon thnh phn ng (2), ta acid ha mi trng bng H2S04 cn bng (1) chuyn dch v pha
tri, nh lng I2 d bng dung dch Na2S203 bit nng . T tnh ra kt qu, v d tnh % glucose
nh sau:
Vi .NT - V N
% C6H12O6 =-.E C H O
6 12 6
V C H O C 10
6

12

C H

6 12O6

Trong : EC H 0 = M = 90,08
6 12 6 2
f l h s pha long dung dch glucose trc khi nh lng.
2.4.5. Pha dung c h chun KBrO 3
KBr03 d iu ch thnh cht tinh khit (tho mn tiu chun cht gc) bng cch kt tinh li trong n c
ri sy kh 150 180 oC. Do t KBr03 tinh khit ta c th tnh ton pha dung dch c nng
theo yu cu.
M
C H

Lu : KBrO = r 27 6
Khi khng c KBr03 tinh khit, c th pha gn ng sau xc nh li nng bng cht gc khc (th
d As203).
218
E

2.4.6. inh lng sulfathiazol

Sulfathiazol (hay 2-[p. aminophenylsulfamido]- thiazol) c cng thc: C 9H9O2S2N3 = 255,33
NI.

y l mt sulfamid thng dng, c th nh lng bng dung dch NaNO2 trong mi trng acid nhit
10 83
o
C vi ch th ni tropeolin 00. Phng trnh phn ng chun :
+
NaNO 2 HONO
H+ + R-NH 2 + HONO --R N=N + 2H20
vi
ENaNO2 = M = 69
Esulfathiazol = M = 255,33
Trong dung dch chun NaNO2 thng pha gn ng (do NaNO2 khng t tiu chun cht gc) sau
xc nh li nng bng cht gc l acid Sulfanilic (E =M = 173,2).
BI TP (BI 7)
7.1. Th no l cht oxy ha ? Cht kh ? Cp oxy ha kh lin hp? Phn ng oxy ha kh.
7.2. Hy nu cc bc c bn cn bng phng trnh ca phn ng oxy ha kh.
7.3. Nu nguyn tc chung ca phng php chun oxy ha kh.
7.4. Hy cho bit 4 loi ch th dng trong phng php oxy ha kh.
7.5. Trnh by nguyn tc, iu kin ng dng ca cc phng php nh lng sau:
- Phng php permanganat
- Phng php iod
- Phng php bromat
- Phng php nitrit
219
,

7.6. Thit lp cng thc nng theo th tch oxy ca dung dch H2O2 khi nh lng theo phng php
permanganat.
7.7. Chun 10,00 mL dung dch H2C2O4 0,05M trong mi trng acid ht 9,75 mL KMnO4. Hy vit
phng trnh phn ng chun v tnh nng N ca dung dch KMnO4.
7.8. Chun 10,00 mL dung dch H2O2 ht 12,50 mL dung dch KMnO4 0,1 N. Tnh nng theo th
tch oxy ca dung dch H2O2 trn.
7.9. Kt ta hon ton Pb2+ trong mt mu phn tch di dng ta PbCrO4. Sau ha tan kt ta trong
acid H2SO4 d, thm KI d, sau em chun ht 23,50 mL dung dch Na2S2O3 0,1025 M. Hy vit
phng trnh, gii thch cch nh lng v tnh s g ch c trong mu.
7.10. Ly 10,00 mL dung dch As2O3 em nh lng ht 9,85 mL dung dch I2 0,1 N. Hy vit phng
trnh phn ng nh lng v tnh nng g/L ca dung dch As2O3 trn.
7.11. Ly 10,00 mL dung dch mui Mohr em nh lng trong mi trng acid ht 12,25 mL dung
dch KMnO4. Bit rng khi nh lng 10,00 mL acid oxalic 0,1 N ht 11,25 inL dung dch KMnO4 trn.
Vit phng trnh phn ng nh lng v tnh nng g/L ca dung dch mui Mohr trn.
220

PHN IV

THC HNH PHN TCH NH LNG

221

222

Bi 1

CN PHN TCH
MC TIU
1. Trnh by c mc chnh xc ca cn k thut, cn phn tch
2. S dng c cn k thut, cn phn tch.
1. CN
1.1. Khi nim
Cn l mt trong nhng thao tc c bn, quan trng trong phn tch nh l ng, nu cn khng ng s
dn n s sai lch rt ln ca kt qu phn tch. Trong phng th nghim phn tch, th ng dng cn k
thut v cn phn tch.
Cn k thut c chnh xc ph bin l 0,01 g, thng c dng xc nh khi lng ca cht
khi khng cn tht chnh xc hoc c khi lng tng i ln.
Cn phn tch c chnh xc ph bin l 0,0001 g, c dng xc nh khi lng ca mu th
hoc cht cn xc nh c chnh xc cao hay khi l ng nh.
Trong thc t thng c hai loi cn:
- Cn c hc hot ng da trn nguyn tc n by.
- Cn in t hot ng da trn lc in t gi cn v tr cn bng.
1.2. Mt s nguyn tc khi cn
- La chn cn v phng php cn thch hp ty theo yu cu ca php phn tch.
- Phi kim tra trng thi ca cn trc khi cn, dng vi mm lau sch bi a cn. Nu pht hin sai
lch, khng t sa cha, phi bo co cn b hng dn.
- Vi cn phn tch, khng c cn vt qu nng (thng khng qu 200 g) v nh vy s lm hng cn.
223

Khng t trc tip vt cn ln a cn, phi lt giy cn, ng trong chn cn,... Khng cn vt qu nng
hoc qu lnh trn cn phn tch (phi vo bnh ht m trong khong 20 pht), vi cn phn tch ch
c m hai ca bn cnh, khng c m ca gia trnh nhit, hi nc, kh ca ngi th ra.
Tuyt i khng ng chm vo cn khi cn ang chy. Vi cn c hc ch t vo hoc ly qu cn hay
vt cn ra khi hm cn. Khng c dng tay bc qu cn hoc ha cht m phi dng kp, tha,...
Cc cht ht nc, cht lng, c bit l cc cht c hi thot ra lm hng cn, bt buc phi ng trong
chn cn c np.
- Khi cn, ng tc phi nh nhng, gi sch s trong v ngoi cn. 2. THC HNH s DNG CN

PHN TCH
Kim tra, chun b cn: Hp qu cn, ct sch, giy cn, chn cn, ha cht cn cn.
2.1. S dng cn c hc theo ph ng php cn n
- t giy cn ln hai a cn phn tch, iu chnh v v tr cn bng.
- t vo a cn bn tri mt hoc mt s qu cn c khi l ng bng m gam ha cht cn cn (gi s
0,8652 g).
- Thm t t ha cht cn cn vo a cn bn phi n khi cn thng bng. Khi l ng ha cht cn
c l m = 0,8652 g.
Hnh 1.1. Cch cn trn cn c hc theo ph ng php cn n

Ghi ch: C th thc hin theo k thut ngc li, nh sau: cho ha cht vo mt bn a cn, thm qu
cn vo a cn cn li n khi cn thng bng.
2.2. S dng cn c hc theo ph ng php cn kp Borda
- t giy cn ln hai a cn phn tch, iu chnh v v tr cn bng.
- t vo a cn bn phi mt hoc mt s qu cn c khi l ng bng m g lng ha cht cn cn (gi
s 0,8652 g).
0
Qua cn
Ha cht
(mg)

224

Cho ct t t vo a cn bn tri cho ti khi cn thng bng.

Ly cc qu cn ra khi a cn bn phi, sau cho ha cht cn cn ln a cn bn phi cho ti khi
thng bng. Ta c khi lng ha cht cn c l m = 0,8652 g.
2.3. S dng cn c hc theo ph ng php cn kp Lomonoxp
- Cn trc vt hay ha cht cn cn trn cn k thut bit khi l ng tng i (gi s l a gam).
- t giy cn ln hai a cn phn tch, iu chnh v v tr cn bng.
- t ln a cn bn phi mt s qu cn c tng khi l ng l P gam (vi iu kin P gam > a gam
xc nh cn k thut).
- Cho ct t t vo a cn bn tri cho ti khi cn thng bng.
- Cho vt hoc cht cn cn ( cn th trn cn k thut) vo a cn bn phi. Rt bt mt s qu cn ra
cho ti khi cn thng bng (gi s rt ra rm gam). Ta c khi lng ca vt hoc ha cht cn cn l m
= (P in,) gam.
Hnh 1.3. Cch cn trn cn c hc theo ph ng php cn kp Momonoxp

2.4. S dng cn in t
Tun th theo hng dn s dng cn ti phng th nghim.
0
0
Hnh 1.2. Cch cn trn cn c hc theo ph ng php cn kp Borda

u
D
225

BI TP (BI 1)
1.1. Nu c tnh c bn ca cn k thut v cn phn tch.
1.2. Nu mt s nguyn tc khi cn.
1.3. Cch s dng cn c hc theo phng php cn n.
1.4. Cch s dng cn c hc theo phng php cn kp Borda.
1.5. Cch s dng cn c hc theo phng php cn kp Lomonoxop.
1.6. Cch s dng cn in t hin c ca phng thc hnh.
226

Bi 2

XO NH M CA NATRI OLORID V NH L NG
NATRI SULFAT
MC TIU
1. Trnh by c ni dung ca phng php phn tch khi lng.
2. Lm c cc ng tc: Kt ta, lc ta, ra ta, sy, nung v cn ng yu cu k thut.
3. Thit lp c cng thc v tnh c kt qu m ca natri clorid (%) v hm lng % sulfat trong
mu phn tch.
1. DNG c - HA CHT
- Cn phn tch
- Chn cn c np mi
- Bnh ht m c silicagel kh
- T sy
- Tha xc ha cht
- Chn nung
- L nung v kp l nung
- n cn hoc bp in
- Ni cch thy
- Cc c m, pipet
- Phu lc
- a thy tinh
- Mu th natri clorid.
- Dung dch HCl c
- Dung dch BaCl2 0,5 N
227

- Dung dch NH4NO3 1%

- Dung dch bi tp Na2SO4 2%
2. XC NH M CA NATRI CLORID
2.1. Nguyn tc
y l phng php bay hi gin tip. Trong Dc in gi l "Gim khi lng do sy kh". Trong ,
ta xc nh khi lng natri clorid trc khi sy v khi lng natri clorid sau khi sy suy ra khi
lng nc bay hi khi sy. T tnh c m (phn trm nc) trong mu natri clorid em xc
nh.
2.2. Cc b c tin hnh
- Bt t sy, nhit 100 105 oC. i ti khi nhit trong t sy t nhit t.
- X l b:
+ Ra sch chn cn.
+ t chn cn sch vo t sy, (ch : m np v np bn cnh chn cn).
+ Sy nhit 100 105 oC trong 30 pht.
+ Ly chn cn v np ra, cho ngay vo bnh ht m v ti khi chn cn ngui ti nhit phng
(khong 20 pht).
+ Cn xc nh khi lng chn cn v np trn cn phn tch. Thu c khi lng m1.
+ Lp li vic sy chn cn v np ging nh trn, kt qu thu c l m2.
+ Xc nh chnh lch khi lng ca hai gi tr m1 v m2 (m1 - m2): Nu gi tr chnh lch khng qu
0,0005 g th qu trnh x l b hon thnh. Cn nu gi tr chnh lch v t qu 0,0005 g th li tip tc
qu trnh sy chn cn v np ging nh trn cho ti khi khi lng chnh lch gia hai ln lin tip
khng qu 0,0005 g.
+ Gi tr khi lng ca chn cn v np c ly vo ln cn cui cng, c gi tr m.
- Cn trn cn phn tch chnh xc khong 1,00 gam natri clorid ( c M gam) vo chn cn c x
l trn.
- t chn cn c cha natri clorid vo t sy, m np v np bn cnh chn cn. Sy nhit 100
105 oC trong 120 pht.
228

- y np vo chn cn v cho ngay vo bnh ht m.

- khong 20 pht.
- Cn chn cn cha natri clorid y np trn cn phn tch. Lp li thao tc sy n khi l ng khng
i. c gi tr P gam.

2.3. Tnh kt qu
Lng natri clorid trc khi sy: M gam
Lng nc c trong mu b mt i: M - (P m) gam
Lng nc c trong mu b mt i tnh theo phn trm l:
o/oH2O = M - (P - m) X100 2 M

3. NH LNG NATRI SULFAT BANG PHNG PHP KHI LNG

3.1. Nguyn tc
Khi cho dung dch BaCl2 d vo dung dch sulfat cn nh lng s c ta BaSO4 theo phn ng :
Na2SO4 + BaCl2 = BaSO4 + 2 NaCl
Lc ly kt ta, ra ta, sy v nung ta n khi lng khng i (cn trn cn phn tch), t khi lng
ta thu c tnh ra hm lng sulfat c trong mu.

3.2. Cch tin hnh

- Ly chnh xc 10,00 mL dung dch bi tp Na2SO4 (V mL) cho vo cc c m dung tch 250 mL, thm
khong 100 mL nc ct v 0,5 mL
HCl c.
- t cc c m ng dung dch trn ln n cn hay bp in (c lt l i amian). un si.
- Khi dung dch si, va khuy va cho t t khong 10 mL dung dch
BaCl2 0,5 N.
- un hn hp si thm vi pht.
- lng.
- Kim tra xem ta hon ton cha bng cch r vi git dung dch BaCl2 0,5 N vo lp nc trong ca
hn hp dung dch trn. Nu vn thy xut hin ta trng phn tip gip gia hai dung dch th cho thm
dung dch BaCl2 0,5 N n khi ta hon ton. Nu khng thy xut hin ta trng tc l kt ta hon
ton sulfat.
229

- un cch thy khong 1 gi (thnh thong khuy u).

- lng.
- X l b:
+ Ra sch chn nung.
+ t chn nung sch vo t sy, sy nhit 100 105 oC ti kh (khong 10 pht).
+ Dng kp l nung t chn nung kh vo l nung, nung nhit
600 700 oC trong 25- 30 pht.
+ Dng kp l nung ly chn nung ra ngui trong bnh ht m ti nhit phng (khong 20 pht).
+ Cn xc nh khi lng chn nung trn cn phn tch. Thu c khi lng chn nung.
+ Lp li thao tc nung n khi khi lng khng i.
+ Gi tr khi lng ca chn nung c ly vo ln cn cui cng, c gi tr m.
Ghi ch: Thc hin vic x l b song song vi vic kt ta sulfat.
- Gp 1 t giy lc khng tro (bng xanh) lm bn phn v t ln phu lc.
- Gn nc trong trn ta qua phu lc c giy lc chun b trn.
- Ra ta 3 - 4 ln, mi ln 15 mL nc ct v gn nc ra qua phu trn.
- Chuyn hon ton ta sang phu.
- Ra tip ta trn phu bng dung dch NH4NO3 1% hai ln, mi ln 10 mL.
- giy lc c ta chy ht nc, em c phu v giy lc c ta sy 100 oC n khi giy cn hi m
(khong 15 - 20 pht ).
- Nhc giy lc c ta ra khi phu, gp li theo hnh chp v t vo chn nung nung n khi lng
khng i va lm giai on trn.
- t chn nghing trn bp in v t cho giy lc chy thnh than (nhng khng cho chy thnh ngn
la).
- em nung chn nung c giy lc cha ta khong 700 oC ti khi giy lc c tro ha hon ton (ta
trong chn khng cn mu en) trong khong 25- 30 pht.
- Dng kp l nung ly chn nung c ta ra ngui trong bnh ht m (khong 20 pht).
- Sau , em cn xc nh khi lng trn cn phn tch.
230

- Lp li thao tc nung n khi khi lng khng i th c. Ghi khi lng chn nung c ta : M
gam.

3.3. Tnh kt qu
- Khi lng ta BaSO4 thu c : (M m) gam
- Tha s chuyn F l :
F = Na SO = 142
Measo 233,3
Nng Na2SO4 trong mu th tnh theo phn trm (kl/tt) l:
/Na 2SO (kl/tt) = (M - m) X F X100
BI TP (BI 2)
2.1. Nu nguyn tc xc nh m ca natri clorid.
2.2. Nu cc bc chnh khi tin hnh xc nh m ca natri clorid.
2.3. Thit lp cng thc tnh % nc (hm m) ca natri clorid.
2.4. Nu nguyn tc nh lng Na2SO4 theo phng php khi lng.
2.5. Nu cc bc chnh khi tin hnh nh lng Na2SO4.
2.6. Thit lp cng thc tnh hm lng % (kl/ tt) ca Na2SO4.
2.7. Hy gii thch khi nim "Nung hoc sy n khi lng khng i".
231
M

Bi 3

THC HNH s DNG CO DNG c PHN TCH

NH LNG - NH LNG AClD ACETIC
MC TIU
1. Trnh by c chnh xc ca ba loi dng c chnh xc hay dng: Buret, pipet, bnh nh mc.
2. Nhn bit v thao tc s dng ng cc dng c ong o th tch.
3. Chun v tnh c nng dung dch acid acetic.

1. DNG c - HA CHT
- Cn phn tch
- Buret
- Pipet chnh xc dung tch 10 ml
- Bnh nh mc dung tch 100 ml
- Bnh nn
- Cc c m
- Phu thy tinh
- Dung dch chun natri hydroxyd 0,1 N
- Dung dch bi tp acid acetic nng xp x 0,1 N
- Dung dch ch th phenolphthalein.
2. CC DNG C ONG O TH TCH 2.1. Cc dng c o th tch chnh xc
2.2.1. Buret (hnh 3.1)
L dng c dng o th tch chnh xc khc nhau ca cht lng. N th ng l nhng ng thy tinh
hnh tr ( di c kho iu chnh cho
232

dung dch chy ra) chia chnh xc ti 1/10, 1/20, 1/50, 1/100 mL tuy theo yu cu s dng.
Sai s tuyt i ca cc buret thng l (0,01 - 0,05) mL.
Kho buret phi kn v trn, nu h v xt phi bi mt lp mng vaselin (trnh bi vo l kho).
Khi dng, buret phi sch v kh, nu buret cn t mun dng ngay, phi trng buret hai ln bng mt t
dung dch cn o.
Cc c (dung tch) buret hay s dng: buret 50 mL; 25 mL; 10 mL; 5
- Trc khi dng, kim tra kha buret v x l (nu cn).
- Dng phu hoc rt thng dung dch chun ln trn buret. M kha buret dung dch chy mnh
sao cho phn di kha y dung dch, nu cn bt kh th nhng ngp u di ca buret vo dung dch
v ht ngc ln. Cho dung dch ln qu vch s 0.
- iu chnh kha buret cho dung dch chy ra t t n ng vch s 0 v bt u chun .
- Mt tay iu chnh kha buret (dng 3 ngn tay ci, tr, gia iu chnh kha buret, cn 2 ngn kia gp
li), tay kia lc bnh nn cha dung dch cn chun .
2.1.2. Pipet chnh xc (hnh 3.2)
L dng c dng ly mt th tch chnh xc ca dung dch cn ly.
Hnh 3.1. Buret
Hnh 3.2. Pipet
Hnh 3.3. Bnh nh mc

mL; 2 mL; ...

Cch s dng:
233

C nhiu loi pipet chnh xc:

- Loi l ng thy tinh c bu (c 1 vch hoc 2 vch)
- Loi l ng thy tinh thng u v chia chnh xc nhiu vch ti 1/10, 1/20, 1/50, 1/100 mL... tuy
theo yu cu s dng.
Sai s tuyt i ca cc pipet thng l (0,01 - 0,05) mL.
Trc khi dng, pipet phi sch v kh, nu cn t mun dng ngay, phi trng pipet 2 ln bng mt t
dung dch cn ly.
Cc c (dung tch) pipet hay s dng: 100 mL; 50 mL; 25 mL; 20mL; 10 mL; 5 mL; 4 mL; 3 mL; 2 mL;
1 mL.
Cch s dng: Khi cn ly dung dch no bng pipet, c th dng qu bp hoc ht bng mm.
ngp u pipiet trong dung dch cn ly, ht dung dch ln t t, qu vch trn (i vi pipet c bu) hoc
qu dung tch cn ly (i vi pipet chia vch). Sau , dng ngn tay tr kh bt kn u pha trn ca
pipet, hi nghing ngn tay tr to mt khe h nh dung dch c th chy c v iu chnh cho dung
dch chy ra n ng vch. Ly th tch dung dch cn ly t pipet trn vo dng c ng (bnh nn, cc,
...), cng dng ngn tr iu chnh dung dch chy ra t t. Nu s dng pipet c bu, mt vch th
khng c thi git cui cng cn ng u pipet.
2.1.3. Bnh inh mc (hnh 3.3)
L dng c dng pha ch cc dung dch vi mt th tch chnh xc no .
l nhng bnh cu y bng, c di hp, c vch ngn vi cc th tch chnh xc.
Sai s tuyt i ca cc bnh ny t t (0,01 - 1) mL tuy theo cc loi khc nhau.
Bnh nh mc phi c ra sch trc khi dng bng nc ct, khng c ra trng bng dung dch
nh trng hp ca pipet v buret.
Cc c (dung tch) bnh nh mc hay s dng: 5mL; 10mL; 20mL; 25mL; 50mL; 100rnL; 200mL;
500mL; 1 lt; 2 lt.
Cch s dng:
Khi dng pha dung dch t ha cht rn: chuyn ha cht vo bnh qua mt phu, sau dng n c
ct trng sch phu. B phu ra. Thm nc vo bnh nh mc n khong na bnh. Lc mnh n khi
ha cht tan ht. Thm nc va ti vch. Lc u.
Khi dng pha long dung dch: chuyn dung dch vo bnh. Thm nc vo bnh nh mc n khong
2/ 3 bnh. Lc k. Thm nc va ti vch. Lc u.
234

Ch :
- Khng c rt thng dung dch nng hoc lnh vo bnh nh mc.
- Khng dng bnh nh mc ng lu cc dung dch th (nht l i vi dung dch kim).
2.2. Cc dng c o th tch khng chnh xc
Ngoi cc dng c o th tch chnh xc trnh by trn, cn c cc dng c ong o th tch khng
chnh xc nh: cc c m, bnh nn, ng ong, pipet khng chnh xc, ... Cc dng c ny dng ng
hoc ly cc th tch dung dch khng cn chnh xc cao.
Nhng dng c ny cn phi c ra sch trc khi s dng. Ty mc ch s dng m cc dng c
ny c th ch ra bng nc ct, kh hoc trng ra bng cc dung dch s c ng ngay trc khi
dng.
Khi chun , cm bnh nn bng 3 ngn tay (ngn ci, ngn tr v ngn gia).
2.3. Thc hnh nhn bit, thao tc ring v vi n c ct
- Quan st nhn bit cc loi dng c: buret, pipet cc loi, bnh nh mc, bnh nn, cc c m, ng
ong...
- Ra buret, kim tra bi trn kha buret. Ly cc dung dch vo buret (dng n c ct), iu chnh
dung dch n vch 0, cho dung dch chy xung tng dng, tng git, na git. Ch khng c cho
dung dch chy ht xung qu phn khng chia vch.
- Tp s dng pipet (dng nc ct).
- Tp cm v lc bnh nn (dng nc ct).
- Tp ng tc chun : phi hp lc bnh nn v cho dung dch t buret xung. Yu cu, lc bnh nn
xoay trn, nghing 10 - 15o, khng c ting ku rc rch; iu chnh buret sao cho ly c tng dng,
tng git, na git dung dch vo bnh nn ang lc di.
3. NH LNG DUNG DCH ACID ACETIC 3.1. Nguyn tc
Php chun ny l nh lng mt acid yu bng mt kim mnh, dng ch th l phenolphthalein, kt
thc nh lng khi ch th chuyn t khng mu sang mu hng.
Phng trnh phn ng nh lng:
CH3COOH + NaOH = CH3COONa + H2O
235

3.2. Tin hnh

Dng phu rt dung dch (t cc c m) khong 10 - 15 mL dung dch NaOH 0,1N ln trn buret trng
buret (lm 2 ln). Cho y dung dch NaOH 0,1N ln trn buret v iu chnh kha buret c dung dch
n vch 0.
Dng pipet chnh xc (c bu) dung tch 10 mL ly 10,00 mL dung dch CH 3COOH cn nh lng cho
vo bnh nn sch. Thm vo 1 - 2 git dung dch ch th phenolphthalein.
B tr th nghim c trnh by hnh 3.4.
Error!
-Dung dch NaOH 0,1N
10,00 mL dung dch CH3COOH 1 - 2 git dung dch phenolphthalein
Hnh 3.4. B tr th nghim chun dung dch CH 3 COOH bng dung dch NaOH 0,1N

Tin hnh chun : Mt tay iu chnh kha buret cho dung dch NaOH 0,1N t buret xung bnh nn
(lc u nhanh, gn im tng ng cho t t tng git, na git), tay kia lc bnh nn cha dung dch
CH3COOH. Chun ti khi dung dch bnh nn chuyn sang mu hng th dng li, ghi th tch dung
dch NaOH 0,1N dng.
3.3. Tnh kt qu
Nng ng lng (NA) ca dung dch CH3COOH c tnh theo cng thc sau:
NA =
Trong :
VB l th tch dung dch NaOH 0,1N, tnh bng mL dng chun
NB l nng ng lng ca dung dch NaOH (NB = 0,1)
VA l th tch dung dch CH3COOH, tnh bng mL cn xc nh nng
(VA = 10,00 mL
236

BI TP (BI 3)
3.1. Trnh by c im, ng dng ca ba dng c ong o th tch chnh xc (buret, pipet, bnh nh
mc).
3.2. Trong ba dng c: buret, pipet chnh xc, bnh nh mc, loi dng c no c hoc khng c
trng bng dung dch cn ly hoc cn pha.
3.3. S dng thnh tho dng c ong o th tch, dng nc ct.
3.4. Trnh by nguyn tc nh lng dung dch CH3COOH bng dung
dch NaOH.
3.5. Trnh by cch tin hnh nh lng dung dch CH3COOH 0,1N bng dung dch NaOH 0,1N. Thit
lp cng thc tnh nng
ng lng (N) ca dung dch CH3COOH.
3.6. Chn cch tr li ng A/ B/ C/ D
Khi chun dung dch CH3COOH bng dung dch NaOH vi ch th phenolphthalein, mu ca dung
dch chuyn t mu:
A. Hng sang khng mu B. Khng mu sang mu hng
C. Hng sang tm D. Khng chuyn mu
3.7. Tnh nng ng lng ca dung dch CH3COOH, bit khi nh lng 10,00 mL dung dch
CH3COOH ht 10,55 mL dung dch NaOH 0,1012 N.
237

Bi 4

PHA V XO NH NNG DUNG DCH ACID

HDROCHLOR I C 0,1N
MC tlU
1. Trnh by c nguyn tc v phn ng nh lng acid hydrochloric
2. Tnh c thtch dung dch acid hydrochloric c pha v pha c 100 mL dung dch acid
hydrochloric 0,1N.
3. Xc nh c nng dung dch acid hydrochloric 0, IN.

1. DNG c - HA CHT
- Cn phn tch
- Buret
- Pipet chnh xc dung tch 10 mL
- Bnh nn dung tch 100 mL
- Cc c m
- Phu thy tinh
- a thy tinh
- Cc chn dung tch 100 mL
- n cn hoc bp in
- Cht gc natri carbonat
- Dung dch acid hydrochloric c
- Dung dch ch th da cam methyl.
2. PHA DUNG DCH ACID HYDRCHLORIC 0,1N
- Acid hydrochloric (HCl) c khi lng phn t M = 36,46.
238

- Acid hydrochloric c l cht lng trong, khng mu, bc khi, c t trng 20 oC khong 1,18, nng
HCl t 35 n 38% (kl/ kl) ng vi nng ng lng khong 10 12 N.
- Acid hydrochloric c d bay hi, thng khng t tiu chun cht gc, bi vy khi pha dung dch HCl
0,1 N t dung dch HCl c ta ch c th pha gn ng. Nng dung dch HCl 0,1 N sau khi pha c
xc nh bng mt dung dch chun khc c tnh base bit nng .
- V dung dch HCl c l cht lng, bc khi nn ta tnh th tnh dung dch cn ly thay cho khi l ng.
Gi s, pha 100 mL dung dch HCl c nng xp x 0,1N ta tnh nh sau:
- Bit ng lng gam E ca HCl bng khi lng phn t ca n v bng 36,46.
- S gam HCl nguyn cht c trong 100 mL dung dch HCl 0,1N l:
= N X E X V = 0,1 X 36,46 x100 = 0 ( )
m =- =-r-= 0,3646 (g)
1000 1000
- Do , th tch dung dch HCl c cn ly l:
VHCld =-m-X100 = 0,3646 X100 * 0,81 (ml) HCldc d X C 1,18 X 38 ' v '
Tin hnh pha dung dch HCl 0,1N:
- Cho vo cc chn khong 30 - 50 mL nc ct.
- Dng pipet chia vch cho khong 0,8 mL dung dch HCl c (dng qu bp hoc dung dch t mao
dn, tuyt i khng c ht) vo cc chn trn. Thao tc ny c thc hin trong t ht.
- Dng a thy tinh khuy u.
- Thm nc ct va 100 mL. Khuy u.
3. NGUYN TC NH LNG ACID HYDROCHLORIC
Acid hydrochloric l mt acid mnh, c th dng cht gc l natri carbonat xc nh nng ca n.
im tng ng c xc nh da vo s chuyn mu ca dung dch c cho thm ch th mu thch
hp do c s thay i t ngt pH ca dung dch.
Phng trnh phn ng nh lng:
Na2CO3 + HCl = NaHCO3 + NaCl (1)
NaHCO3 + HCl = H2O + CO t + NaCl (2)
239

Phn ng 1, pH im tng ng l 8,4 nm vng base do c th dng ch th l phenolphthalein

mu chuyn t hng sang hng nht ( trnh sai s nhn mu nn dng mt bnh mu c cha
NaHCO3 0,1N v ch th phenolphthalein so snh, nu khng dng bnh mu c th sai 10%).
Phn ng 2, pH im tng ng l 3,8 nm vng acid do chn ch th l da cam methyl mu
chuyn t vng sang hng .
Nu dng ch th phenolphthalein th mi chun ht 1/2 lng Na2CO3 cn nu dng ch th da cam
methyl s chun c ton b
lng Na2CO3.
4. NH LNG DUNG DCH ACID HYDROCHLORIC 0,1N
Dng cht gc l Na2CO3 nh lng dung dch HCl nng xp x
0,1N.
4.1. Pha dung dch gc natri carbonat 0,1N
- Na2CO3 khan c dng lm gc, trc khi s dng cn sy 180- 200 oC trong 2 gi ui ht nc
v Na2CO3 d ht m trong khng kh
to thnh Na2CO3. 10H2O.
- ng lng gam E ca Na2CO3 bng 1/ 2 khi lng phn t ca n v bng 52,997.
- Lng Na2CO3 cn thit pha 100 mL dung dch Na2CO3 c nng chnh xc 0,1N l:
m = N E V = -l 52-997 100 = 0,52997 (g) 1000 1000
Tin hnh pha 100 mL dung dch Na2CO3 0,1N nh sau:
- Cn chnh xc khong 0,53 g cht chun gc Na 2CO3 trn cn phn tch cho vo bnh nh mc dung
tch 100 mL qua phu.
- Trng phu nhiu ln bng nc ct (khong 50 mL). B phu ra.
- Lc nh ha tan hon ton Na2CO3.
- Thm nc va n vch. Lc u. Tnh nng thc (Nth) ca dung dch Na2CO3 pha c:
X

Nth = ^ X 0,1
Trong :
- mTH l khi lng, tnh bng g, ca Na2CO3 cn c
240

- mLT l khi lng, tnh bng g, ca Na2C03 va pha c 100,0 mL dung dch Na2C03 nng
chnh xc 0,1N (mLT = 0,52997 g).
4.2. Tin hnh nh l ng
Dng pipet chnh xc (c bu) dung tch 10 mL ly 10,00 mL dung dch Na2C03 cho vo bnh nn sch.
Thm vo 2 git dung dch ch th da cam methyl.
Dng phu rt dung dch (t cc c m) khong 10 - 15 mL dung dch HCl 0,1N ln trn buret trng
buret (lm 2 ln). Cho y dung dch HCl 0,1N ln trn buret v iu chnh kha buret c dung dch
n vch 0.
B tr th nghim c trnh by hnh 4.1.
Error!
l-Dung dch HCl 0,1N
10,00 mL dung dch Na 2 CO 3 2 git dung dch da cam methyl
Hnh 4.1. B tr th nghim chun dung dch HCl 0,1N

Tin hnh chun : Mt tay iu chnh kha buret cho dung dch HCl 0,1N t buret xung bnh nn (lc
u nhanh, gn im tng ng cho t t tng git, na git), tay kia lc bnh nn cha dung dch
Na2C03. Chun ti khi dung dch bnh nn chuyn sang mu hng da cam. Ghi th tch dung dch
HCl 0,1N dng.
4.3. Tnh kt qu
Nng ng lng (NA) ca dung dch HCl c tnh theo cng thc sau:
NA =
VA
Trong :
- VB l th tch dung dch Na2C03 0,1N, tnh bng mL, dng (VB =10,00 mL)
- NB l nng ng lng ca dung dch Na2C03, (NB = NTh)
- VA l th tch dung dch HCl, tnh bng mL, dng chun .
241

BI TP (BI 4)
4.1. Tnh lng dung dch HCl c cn pha v pha ng k thut 100ml dung dch HCl 0,1N.
4.2. Pha 100,0 mL dung dch gc Na2C03 0,1N. Tnh nng dung dch Na2C03 pha c.
4.3. Trnh by nguyn tc nh lng dung dch HCl 0,1N bng dung dch Na2C03 0,1N.
4.4. Trnh by cch tin hnh nh lng dung dch HCl 0,1N bng dung dch Na2C03 0,1N. Thit lp
cng thc tnh nng ng lng (N) ca dung dch HCl.
4.5. Chn cch tr li ng A/ B/ C/ D
Khi chun Na2C03 bng dung dch HCl vi ch th da cam methyl, mu ca dung dch chuyn t mu:
4.6. Tnh nng ng lng ca dung dch HCl, bit khi nh lng 10,00 mL Na2C03 0,1017 N vi
ch th da cam methyl ht 11,30 mL dung dch HCl.
A. Vng sang cam C. cam sang vng
B. cam sang khng mu D. Khng chuyn mu
242

Bi 5

PHA V XO NH NNG DUNG DCH NA

HyDrOXyD 0,1N
Mc TIU
1. Trnh by c nguyn tc v phn ng nh lng natri hydroxyd.
2. Tnh c khi lng natri hydroxyd pha v pha c 100 mL dung dch natri hydroxyd 0,1 N.
3. Xc nh c nng dung dch natri hydroxyd 0,1 N.

1. DNG c - HA CHT
- Cn phn tch
- Cn k thut
- Buret
- Pipet chnh xc dung tch 10 mL
- Bnh nn dung tch 100 mL
- Cc c m
- Phu thy tinh
- a thy tinh
- Cc chn dung tch 100 mL
- Cht gc acid oxalic ngm 2 phn t nc (C2H204.2H20)
- Natri hydroxyd
- Dung dch ch th phenolphthalein.
2. PHA DUNG DCH NATRI HYDRXYD 0,1N
- Natri hydroxyd (Na0H) c khi lng phn t M = 40.
- Natri hydroxyd thng dng cc hay thi hnh tr mu trng, d ht m.
243

- Natri hydroxyd d ht nc v b carbonat ha do kh C02 ca khng kh v th n khng tha mn yu

cu i vi mt cht gc. Ta ch c th pha dung dch Na0H nng xp x 0,1N t Na0H. Nng dung
dch Na0H 0,1N sau khi pha c xc nh bng mt dung dch chun khc c tnh acid bit nng .
- Lng Na0H cn thit pha 100 mL dung dch Na0H c nng xp x 0,1N c tnh nh sau:
- Bit ng lng gam E ca Na0H bng khi lng phn t ca n v bng 40.
r i * - . . * T A T T - *
^
NXEXV 0,1 X40X100 n i n
- S gam Na0H cn cn l: m =- =--= 0,40 (g)
1000 1000
- Trc khi pha dung dch Na0H ta thng loi phn b carbonat ha ( lp ngoi) ca Na0H bng cch
ra nhanh Na0H vi mt t nc ct, phn carbonat bn ngoi s tan ra v b i, phn Na0H cn li coi
nh loi ht Na2C03. Trong thc t, lng cn Na0H thng c tnh thm khong 10 - 20%.
Tin hnh pha dung dch NaOH 0,1N:
- Cho vo cc chn khong 30 - 50 mL nc ct.
- Cn vo cc c m kh khong 0,45 - 0,50 g Na0H trn cn k thut. Thm khong 5 mL n c ct, lc
nh trong 5 - 10 giy v gn b ngay phn nc.
- Thm khong 30 mL nc v ha tan Na0H. Chuyn ton b dung dch ny sang cc chn. Trng cc
c m 3 - 4 ln, mi ln khong 10 -15 mL nc. Tp trung nc trng vo cc chn.
- Thm nc ct va 100 mL. Khuy u.
3. NGUYN TC NH LNG NATRI HYDROXYD
Natri hydroxyd l mt base mnh, c th dng cht gc l acid oxalic xc nh nng ca n. im
tng ng c xc nh da vo s chuyn mu ca dung dch c cho thm ch th mu thch hp do
c s thay i t ngt pH ca dung dch.
Phng trnh phn ng nh lng:
H2C204 + 2 Na0H
=5=^ Na2C204 + 2H20
Ti tng ng, pH ca dung dch l 8,4 nm vng base do c th dng ch th l phenolphthalein
mu chuyn t khng mu sang hng nht.
244

4. NH LNG DUNG DCH NATRI HYDROXYD 0,1N

4.1. Pha dung dch gc acid oxalic 0,1N
- Acid oxalic ngm 2 phn t nc (C2H2O4.2H2O) tinh khit l mt cht tha mn yu cu ca mt cht
gc.
- ng lng gm E ca C2H2O4.2H2O bng 1/ 2 khi lng phn t ca n v bng 63,03.
- Lng C2H2O4.2H2O cn thit pha 100 mL dung dch C2H2O4 c
* * *
w
'
n ^ T, , _
N X E X V 0,1 X 63,03 x100 nng chnh xc 0,1N l: m ==-r-= 0,6303 (g)
1000 1000
Tin hnh pha 100 mL dung dch C2H2O4 0,1 N nh sau:
- Cn chnh xc khong 0,63 g cht chun gc C2H2O4.2H2O trn cn phn tch cho vo bnh nh mc
dung tch 100 mL qua phu.
- Trng phu nhiu ln bng nc ct (khong 50 ml). B phu ra.
- Lc nh ha tan hon ton C2H2O4.
- Thm nc va n vch. Lc u.
Tnh nng thc (Nth) ca dung dch C2H2O4 pha c:
Nth = ^ X 0,1

LT

Trong :
- mTH l khi lng, tnh bng g, ca C2H2O4.2H2O cn c
- mLT l khi lng, tnh bng g, ca C2H2O4.2H2O va pha c 100,0 mL dung dch C2H2O4 nng
chnh xc 0,1N (mLT = 0,6303 g).
4.2. Tin hnh nh l ng
- Dng phu rt dung dch (t cc c m) khong 10 - 15 mL dung dch NaOH 0,1N ln trn buret
trng buret (lm 2 ln). Cho y dung dch NaOH 0,1N ln trn buret v iu chnh kha buret c dung
dch n vch 0.
- Dng pipet chnh xc (c bu) dung tch 10 mL ly 10,00 mL dung dch C2H2O4 cho vo bnh nn sch.
Thm vo 2 git dung dch ch th phenolphtalein.
B tr th nghim c trnh by hnh 5.1.
- Tin hnh chun : Mt tay iu chnh kha buret cho dung dch NaOH 0,1N t buret xung bnh nn
(lc u nhanh, gn im tng
245

ng cho t t tng git, na git), tay kia lc bnh nn cha dung dch H 2C2O4. Chun ti khi dung
dch bnh nn chuyn t khng mu sang mu hng.
Ghi th tch dung dch NaOH 0,1N dng.
Hj- Dung dch NaOH 0,1N
10,00 mL dung dch H 2 C 2 O 4
2 git dung dch p henolphthalein
Hnh 5.1. B tr th nghim chun dung dch NaOH 0,1N

4.3. Tnh kt qu
Nng ng lng (NB) ca dung dch NaOH c tnh theo cng thc sau:
NB =
VA * N A
Trong :
- VB l th tch dung dch NaOH, tnh bng mL, dng chun
- NA l nng ng lng ca dung dch H2C2O4, (NA = NTh)
- VA l th tch dung dch H2C2O4, tnh bng ml, (VA = 10,00 mL)
BI TP (BI 5)
5.1. Tnh lng dung dch NaOH cn pha v pha ng k thut 100mL dung dch NaOH 0,1 N.
5.2. Pha 100,0 mL dung dch gc H2C2O4 0,1 N t H2C2O4. H2O. Tnh nng dung dch H2C2O4 0,1 N
pha c.
5.3. Trnh by nguyn tc nh lng dung dch NaOH 0,1 N bng dung dch gc H2C2O4 0,1 N.
246

5.4. Trnh by cch tin hnh nh lng dung dch NaOH 0,1 N bng dung dch H2C2O4 0,1 N. Thit lp
cng thc tnh nng ng lng (N) ca dung dch NaOH.
5.5. Chn cch tr li ng A/ B/ C/ D
Khi chun H2C2O4 bng dung dch NaOH vi ch th phenolphthalein, mu ca dung dch chuyn t
mu:
5.6. Tnh nng ng lng ca dung dch NaOH, bit khi nh lng 10,00 mL H2C2O4 0,1044 N
vi ch th phenolphthalein ht 10,25 mL dung dch NaOH.
A. Hng sang khng mu C. Khng mu sang vng
B. Khng chuyn mu D. Khng mu sang hng
247

Bi 6

NH LNG NATRI HYDROCARBONAT

MC TIU
1. Pha v xc nh c nng dung dch acid hydrochloric 1 N.
2. nh lng v tnh c hm lng phn trm (kl/kl) ca natri hydrocarbonat carbonat.

1. DNG c - HA CHT
- Cn phn tch
- Buret
- Pipet chnh xc dung tch 10 mL
- Bnh nn dung tch 100 mL
- Cc c m
- Chn cn
- Phu thy tinh
- a thy tinh
- Dung dch acid hydrochloric c
- Cht gc Na2CO3
- Dung dch ch th da cam methyl
2. PHA V XC NH NONG DUNG DCH ACID HYDRCHLORIC 1 N
2.1. Pha dung dch acid hydrochloric 1 N
Tin hnh pha dung dch HCl 1N nh sau:
- Cho vo cc chn khong 30 - 50 mL nc ct.
- Dng pipet chia vch ly khong 8 mL dung dch HCl c (dng qu bp hoc dung dch t mao dn,
tuyt i khng c ht) v cho vo cc chn trn. Thao tc ny c thc hin trong t ht.
- Dng a thy tinh khuy u.
248

- Thm nc ct va 100 ml. Khuy u.

2.2. Xc nh nng dung dch acid hydrochloric 1 N
- Cn (trn cn phn tch) chnh xc khong 0,50g cht gc Na 2CO3 cho vo bnh nn sch. Ha tan trong
khong 50 mL nc. Thm vo 2 git dung dch ch th da cam methyl.
- Dng phu rt dung dch (t cc c m) khong 10 - 15 mL dung dch HCl 1 N ln trn buret trng
buret (lm 2 ln). Cho y dung dch HCl 1 N ln trn buret v iu chnh kha buret c dung dch n
vch 0.
Tin hnh chun : Mt tay iu chnh kha buret cho dung dch HCl 1N t buret xung bnh nn (lc
u nhanh, gn im tng ng cho t t tng git, na git), tay kia lc bnh nn cha dung dch
Na2CO3. Chun ti khi dung dch bnh nn chuyn sang mu hng da cam. un si 2 pht, ngui
ri chun tip n mu hng da cam. Ghi th tch dung dch HCl 1 N dng.
2.3. Tnh kt qu
H s hiu chnh (K) ca dung dch HCl 1N c tnh theo cng thc sau:
E
- V l th tch dung dch HCl, tnh bng ml, dng chun
K = aX1000 Trong :
- a l khi lng, tnh bng g, ca Na2CO3
- E l ng lng gam ca Na2CO3 (E = 52,997)
3. NH LNG NATRI HYDROCARBONAT
3.1. Tin hnh nh lng
- Cn chnh xc khong 1,50 g natri hydrocarbonat trn cn phn tch cho vo bnh nn. Thm khong 50
mL nc ct va mi un si ngui. Lc ha tan hon ton natri hydrocarbonat . Thm 2 git dung
dch ch th da cam methyl.
- B tr th nghim c trnh by hnh 6.1.
Tin hnh chun : Mt tay iu chnh kha buret cho dung dch HCl 1N t buret xung bnh nn (lc
u nhanh, gn im tng ng cho t t tng git, na git), tay kia lc bnh nn cha dung dch
natri hydrocarbonat. Chun ti khi dung dch bnh nn chuyn sang mu hng da cam. Ghi th tch
dung dch HCl 1N dng.
249
X

Dung dch HCl IN

Natri hydrocarbonat 1,50 g 50 mL nc ct
2 git dung dch da cam methyl
Hnh 6.1. B tr th nghim chun natri hydrocarbonat

3.2. Tnh kt qu
Hm lng phn trm (kl/ kl) ca natri hydrocarbonat c tnh theo
V X K X 0,084 X100
cng thc sau:
C%
m
Trong :
- V l th tch dung dch HCl 1 N, tnh bng mL, dng chun
- K l h s hiu chnh ca dung dch HCl 1 N
- m l khi lng, tnh bng g, ca natri hydrocarbonat cn nh l ng
BI TP (BI 6)
6.1. Pha ng k thut 100 mL dung dch gc HCl 1N t dung dch HCl c.
6.2. Trnh by cch tin hnh nh lng natri hydrocarbonat bng
dung dch HCl 1N.
6.3. Thit lp cng thc tnh hm lng phn trm (kl/kl) ca natri hydrocarbonat.
6.4. Tnh h s hiu chnh K ca dung dch HCl 1N, bit chun
0,5012 g cht gc Na2CO3 ht 9,60 mL dung dch HCl 1N pha.
6.5. Tnh hm lng % (kl/ kl) ca natri hydrocarbonat, bit khi nh lng 1,4975 g natri hydrocarbonat
vi ch th da cam methyl ht
17,60 mL dung dch HCl 1N c h s hiu chnh K = 1,0012.
250

Bi 7

NH LNG NATRI CLORID BANG PHNG

PHP MOHR
MC TIU
1. Pha c dung dch gc bc nitrat 0,1 N.
2. Trnh by c nguyn tc v phn ng nh lng natri clorid theo phng php Mohr.
3. Chun v tnh c hm lng phn trm (ki/ ki) ca natri clorid .

1. DNG c - HA CHT
- Cn phn tch
- Buret
- Pipet chnh xc dung tch 10 mL
- Bnh nh mc dung tch 100 mL
- Bnh nn dung tch 100 mL
- Cc c m
- Phu thy tinh
- a thy tinh
- Cht gc bc nitrat
- Natri clorid cn nh lng
- Dung dch ch th kali cromat 5%.
2. PHA DUNG DCH BC NITRAT 0,1 N
- Bc nitrat (AgNO3) c trng lng phn t M = 169,9.
- Bc nitrat dng bt kt tinh hoc tinh th khng mu, d tan trong n c. Bc nitrat tinh khit tha mn
yu cu ca mt cht gc.
251

ng lng gm E ca AgN03 bng khi lng phn t ca n v bng 169,9.

Lng AgN03 cn thit pha 100 mL dung dch AgN03 c nng chnh xc 0,1N l:
N X E X V 0,1 X 169,9 X 100 , ___, x
m = = ---= 1,6990 (g)
1000 1000
Tin hnh pha 100 mL dung dch AgNO3 0,1N nh sau:
Cn chnh xc khong 1,70 g cht chun gc AgN03 trn cn phn tch cho vo bnh nh mc dung tch
100 mL qua phu.
Trng phu nhiu ln bng nc ct (khong 50 mL). B phu ra.
Lc nh ha tan hon ton AgN03.
Thm nc va n vch. Lc u.
Tnh h s hiu chnh (K) ca dung dch AgNO3 pha c:
v
m

LT

Trong :
- mTH l khi lng, tnh bng g, ca AgN03 cn c
- mLT l khi lng, tnh bng g, ca AgN03 va pha c 100,0 mL dung dch AgN03 nng
chnh xc 0,1N (mLT = 1,699 g).
3. NGUYN TC NH LNG NATRI CLRID BANG PHNG PHP MHR
L phng php nh lng trc tip Cl bng Ag+ vi ch th l kali cromat (K 2Cr04). Mt git Ag+ d s
kt hp vi ch th cho ta nu Ag2Cr04 ln cn im tng ng.
Phn ng chun :
AgN03 + NaCl ==!i AgCl + NaN03
trng

Nhn ra im tng ng:

AgN03 + K2Cr04 ==i Ag2Cr04 + 2KN03
nu

4. NH LNG DUNG DCH NATRI CLORID BANG PHNG PHP MOHR

4.1. Tin hnh nh lng
Lm phn ng:
252

Dng phu rt dung dch (t cc c m) khong 10 - 15 mL dung dch AgN0 3 0,1N ln trn buret trng
buret (lm 2 ln). Cho y dung dch AgN03 0,1N ln trn buret v iu chnh kha buret c dung dch
n vch 0.
Cn chnh xc khong 0,10 g NaCl trn cn phn tch cho vo bnh nn. Thm khong 50 mL n c ct.
Lc ha tan hon ton NaCl. Thm 5 git dung dch ch th kali cromat 5%.
B tr th nghim c trnh by hnh 7.1.
Error!

K-Dung dch AgNO3 0,1N

Natri clorid 0,10 g
5 git dung dch kali cromat 5%
Hnh 7.1. B tr th nghim chun NaCl bng phng php Mohr

Tin hnh chun : Mt tay iu chnh kha buret cho dung dch AgN03 0,1N t buret xung bnh nn
(lc u nhanh, gn im tng ng cho t t tng git, na git), tay kia lc bnh nn cha dung dch
NaCl. Chun ti khi dung dch bnh nn xut hin kt ta mu nu . Ghi th tch dung dch AgN0 3
0,1N dng.
4.2. Tnh kt qu
Hm lng phn trm (kl/ kl) ca NaCl c tnh theo cng thc sau:
C%
V X K X 0,005844 X100
m
Trong :
- V l th tch dung dch AgN03 0,1N , tnh bng mL, dng chun
- K l h s hiu chnh ca dung dch AgN03 0,1N
- m l khi lng, tnh bng g, ca NaCl cn nh lng
253

BI TP (BI 7)
7.1. Pha ng k thut 100ml dung dch gc AgN03 0,1N.
7.2. Trnh by nguyn tc nh lng natri clorid theo phng php Mohr.
7.3. Trnh by cch tin hnh nh lng natri clorid theo phng php Mohr.
7.4. Thit lp cng thc tnh hm lng phn trm (kl/kl) ca natri clorid.
7.5. Tnh h s hiu chnh K ca dung dch AgN03 0,1N, bit khi pha 100,00 mL dung dch AgN03 th
dung 1,6851 g AgN03.
7.6. Tnh hm lng % (kl/ kl) ca NaCl, bit khi nh lng 0,1056 g NaCl theo phng php Mohr ht
17,20 mL dung dch AgN03 0,1N c h s hiu chnh K = 1,0320.
254

Bi 8

NH LNG NATRI CLORID BNG PHNG

PHP FONHARD
MC TIU
1. Trnh by c nguyn tc v phn ng nh lng natri clorid theo phng php Fonhard.
2. nh lng c dung dch natri clorid 0,9% theo phng php Fonhard v tnh c hm lng
phn trm (kl/ tt) ca dung dch natri clorid .

1. DNG c - HA CHT
- Buret
- Pipet chnh xc dung tch 10 mL, 25 mL, 50 mL
- Bnh nn dung tch 100 mL
- Bnh nh mc dung tch 100 mL
- Cc c m
- Ong ong dung tch 10 mL
- Phu thy tinh
- Dung dch bc nitrat 0,0500 N
- Dung dch kali sulfocyanid 0,05N (hoc Dung dch amoni sulfocyanid
0,05 N)
- Dung dch natri clorid 0,9% cn nh lng
- Dung dch ch th phn st amoni 10%.
2. NGUYN TC NH LNG NATRI CLRID BANG PHNG PHP FNHARD
- Dng AgN03 tha chnh xc bit nng kt ta ht NaCl, sau nh l ng AgN03 tha bng
dung dch KCNS bit nng vi ch th l Fe3+. Cc phn ng xy ra:
255

AgNOg + NaCl AgCl + NaNOg

(D chnh xc) (Chnh xc) Trng
AgNO3 + KCNS
==!i AgCNS

+ KNO3

(D ) Trng

Nhn ra im tng ng khi c mu :

Fe3+ + CNS~ ^== S : FeCNS2+

Ch :
Mi trng nn dng mi trng acid mnh (thng dng HNO3) trnh Fe(OH)3, Ag2O v lm gim
hin tng hp ph.
Khi nh lng Clorid bng phng php Mohr c hin tng mu chuyn khng r rng dt khot,
khng bn, khi mu bn vng th qu im tng ng nhiu gy sai s ln. khc phc sai s ny ta
phi loi b kt ta AgCl, ri sau mi nh lng Ag+ d phn nc lc.
3. NH LNG DNG DCH NATRI CLRID BANG PHNG PHP FNHARD
3.1. Xc nh nng dung dch kali sulfocyanid
Dng phu rt dung dch (t cc c m) khong 10 - 15 mL dung dch KCNS 0,05N ln trn buret
trng buret (lm 2 ln). Cho y dung dch KCNS 0,05N ln trn buret v iu chnh kha buret c
dung dch n vch 0.
Dng pipet chnh xc ly 10,00 mL dung dch AgNO3 0,05N cho vo bnh nn sch. Thm vo 2 mL
dung dch HNO3 c v 2 mL dung dch phn st amoni 10%
Chun ti khi dung dch bnh nn xut hin mu . Ghi th tch dung dch KSCN 0,05N dng.
Nng ng lng (NB) ca dung dch KSCN c tnh theo cng thc sau:
N = A A
Trong :
- VB l th tch dung dch KSCN, tnh bng mL, dng
- NA l nng ng lng ca dung dch AgNO3, (NA = 0,0500 N)
- VA l th tch dung dch AgNO3 , tnh bng ml, (VA = 10,00 mL)
256
V

X N

Dng pipet chnh xc ly 25,00 mL dung dch natri clorid 0,9% cn nh lng cho vo bnh nh mc
100 mL. Thm nc va n vch. Lc u.
Ly chnh xc 10,00 mL dung dch va pha long cho vo bnh nh mc
100 mL, thm 25,00 mL AgNO3 0,05 N (bng pipet chnh xc) v 1 mL
dung dch HNO3 c. Lc u. Thm nc ct n vch, lc u. lng, lc qua 2 ln giy lc, n c
lc phi trong. B 10 mL dch lc u.
Ly chnh xc 50,00 mL dch lc (bng pipet chnh xc) thm 5ml dung dch HNO 3 c v 5 mL ch th
phn st amoni 10%.
Cho y dung dch KCNS 0,05 N ln trn buret v iu chnh kha buret c dung dch n vch 0.
B tr th nghim c trnh by hnh 8.1.
Tin hnh chun : Mt tay iu chnh kha buret cho dung dch KCNS 0,05N t buret xung bnh nn
(lc u nhanh, gn im tng ng cho t t tng git, na git), tay kia lc bnh nn. Chun ti
khi dung dch bnh nn xut hin mu hng. Ghi th tch KCNS 0,05N dng.
Ghi ch: Nng ca KCNS, AgNO3, NaCl xp x bng nhau.
3.3. Tnh kt qu
Hm lng phn trm (kl/tt) ca NaCl trong dung dch cn nh lng c tnh theo cng thc sau:
Error!

Dung dch KCNS 0,05N

Dch lc 50,00 m L
Dung dch HNO3 c 5mL
Dung dch phn st amoni 10% 5 mL
Hnh 8.1. B tr th nghim chun NaCl bng phng php Fonhard

C%
Kg+ V
X N

Ag+ -

X V

1000 V
Cl257

SCN- X NSCN-)

58,44

Trong :
- V + l th tch dung dch AgNO3 0,05N, tnh bng mL, dng (vA + = 25,00mL)
- N + l nng ng lng dung dch AgNO3 0,05N, (N + = 0,0500)
- V - l th tch dung dch KSCN, tnh bng mL, dng chun
- N - l nng ng lng dung dch KSCN, xc nh mc 3.1.
- V - l th tch dung dch NaCl, tnh bng mL, ly nh lng (VC,- = 10,00mL)
8.1. Tnh nng dung dch NH4SCN, bit khi nh lng 10,00 mL dung dch AgNO3 0,0513 N vi ch
th phn st amoni th ht 10,30 mL dung dch NH4SCN.
8.2. Trnh by nguyn tc nh lng natri clorid theo phng php Fonhard.
8.3. Trnh by cch tin hnh nh lng natri clorid theo phng php Fonhard. Thit lp cng thc tnh
hm lng phn trm (kl/kl) ca natri clorid.
8.4. Chn cch tr li ng A/ B/ C/ D
Khi chun Ag+ d bng dung dch NH4SCN vi ch th phn st amoni, mu ca dung dch chuyn t
mu:
8.5. Hy cho bit c th thay ch th phn st amoni bng dung dch mui st II trong php nh l ng
natri clorid theo phng php Fonhard c khng? Ti sao?
8.6. Tnh hm lng % (kl/kl) ca NaCl, bit khi nh lng 10,00 mL dung dch NaCl theo phng
php Fonhard (theo mc 3.2 trn) ht 8,25 mL dung dch NH4SCN. Trong , nng dung dch
NH4SCN l 0,0485N v AgNO3 l 0,0502 N.
g

f l h s pha long ca dung dch NaCl 0,9% f

BI TP (BI 8)
A. Hng sang khng mu C. Khng mu sang hng
B. Khng mu sang vng D. Khng chuyn mu
258

Bi 9

PHA V XO NH NNG DUNG DCH KALI

PRMANGAN A T 0,1N
MC TIU
1. Trnh by c nguyn tc v phn ng nh lng kali permanganat.
2. Tnh c khi lng kali permanganat pha v pha c 100 mL dung dch kali permanganat 0,1N.
3. Xc nh c nng dung dch kali permanganat 0,1N.

1. dng c - ha cht
- Cn

k thut

- Buret
- Pipet

chnh xc dung tch 10 mL

nn dung tch 100 mL
- Cc c m
- Phu thy tinh
- a thy tinh
- Cc chn dung tch 100 mL
- Ong ong dung tch 10 mL
- n cn
- Dung dch gc acid oxalic 0,1000 N
- Dung dch acid sulfuric 50%
2. PHA dnG ch KALI PERMANGANAt 0,1 N
- Kali permanganat (KMnO4) c khi lng phn t M = 158,05.
259
- Bnh

Kali permanganat dng tinh th hnh lng tr hoc bt mu tm sm hoc gn nh en, c nh kim,
khng mi. Tan trong nc lnh, d tan trong nc si.
Kali permanganat khng tha mn tiu chun cht gc v KMnO 4 l cht oxy ha mnh, d b kh to
thnh MnO2. Ta ch c th pha dung dch KMnO4 nng xp x 0,1N t KMnO4. Nng dung dch
KMnO4 0,1N sau khi pha, c xc nh bng mt dung dch chun khc c tnh kh bit nng .
Lng KMnO4 cn thit pha 100 mL dung dch KMnO4 c nng xp x 0,1N c tnh nh sau:
+ Bit ng lng gam E ca KMnO4 bng 1/5 khi lng phn t ca n v bng 31,61.
NXEXV 0,1 X31,61 X100 , .
lv
+ S gam KMnO4 cn cn l: m =-^- = ^-!^-= 0,3161 (g)

100
-

1000 1000
Tin hnh pha dung dch KMnO4 0,1N:
Cn vo cc c m kh khong 0,32 g KMnO4 trn cn k thut. Thm khong 20 mL nc ct vo cc
KMnO4.
Va un nng va khuy trong khong 5 pht. ngui. Gn phn dung dch pha trn vo cc chn.
Lp li ng tc ha tan nh trn 2 3 ln na. Tp trung dch trong vo cc chn.
Thm nc ct vo cc chn va 100 mL. Khuy u.
3. nGUYn tc nh LnG BnG PERMAnGAnAt
L phng php nh lng da vo kh nng oxy ha ca permanganat.
Permanganat th hin kh nng oxy ha c trong mi trng acid, trung tnh v kim, nhng mnh nht
l trong mi trng acid. Mt khc, sn phm oxy ha trong mi trng acid l Mn2+ khng mu, trong
mi trng trung tnh, kim l ta MnO2 c mu nu. V vy, ngi ta thng xc nh nng KMnO4
trong mi trng acid.
Phng trnh phn ng nh lng permanganat bng cht kh l acid oxalic trong mi trng acid
mnh nh sau:
2KMnO4 + 5H2C2O4 + 3 H2SO4 = 2 MnSO4 + 10CO t + K2SO4 + 8 H2O
260
2

Phn ng trao i in t:
52
C2O42- - 2e = 2CO2
MnO4- + 5e + 8H+ = Mn2+

+ 4 H 2O

(Mu hng) (Khng mu)

Trong thc t, ngi ta hay nh lng cc cht kh bng dung dch KMnO4 trong mi trng acid, vi
ch th l chnh dung dch chun KMnO4, khi d MnO4- dung dch c mu hng.
4. NH LNG DNG DCH KALI PERMANGANAT 0,1N 4.1. Tin hnh nh lng
Dng phu rt dung dch (t cc c m) khong 10 - 15 mL dung dch KMnO 4 0,1N ln trn buret
trng (lm 2 ln). Cho y dung dch KMnO4 0,1N ln trn buret v iu chnh kha buret c dung
dch n vch 0.
Dng pipet chnh xc ly 10,00 mL dung dch C2H2O4 cho vo bnh nn sch. Thm vo 5 mL dung
dch H2SO4 50% v 50 mL nc ct.
un nng dung dch trong bnh nn n khong 70 80 oC trn bp n cn.
Nhc bnh nn ra khi bp n cn v tin hnh chun ngay (Nh tng git KMnO 4 xung) cho ti khi
c mu hng nht. Ghi th tch KMnO4 dng.
B tr th nghim c trnh by hnh 9.1.
Dung dch KMnO4 0,1N
Dung dch H2C2O4 10,00 mL Dung dch H2SO4 50% 5 mL Nc ct 50 mL
Hnh 9.1. B tr th nghim chun dung dch KMnO4 0,1N

Ghi ch: un nng ti khi dung dch si ln tn. Chun khi dung dch nng nhm tng tc phn
ng (Mn2+ l cht xc tc cho phn ng, do lc u khi chun phn ng xy ra chm, sau khi c
Mn2+ to thnh, tc phn ng tng ln lm KMnO4 mt mu nhanh hn lc ban u).
261

4.2. Tnh kt qu
Nng ng lng (NB) ca dung dch KMnO4 c tnh theo cng thc sau:
N =V A
V
Trong :
- VB l th tch dung dch KMnO4, tnh bng mL, dng
- NA l nng ng lng ca dung dch H2C2O4, (NA = 0,1000 N)
- VA l th tch dung dch H2C2O4, tnh bng ml, (VA = 10,00 mL)
BI TP (BI 9)
9.1. Pha ng k thut 100mL dung dch KMnO4 0,1N.
9.2. Trnh by nguyn tc nh lng dung dch KMnO4 0,1N bng cht gc H2C2O4.
9.3. Trnh by cch tin hnh nh lng dung dch KMnO4 0,1N bng dung dch gc H2C2O4 0,1N.
9.3. Thit lp cng thc tnh nng ng lng (N) ca dung dch
KMnO4 pha.
9.4. Hy cho bit ch th ca phng php o kali permanganat. Cch pht hin im tng ng.
9.5. Tnh nng ng lng ca dung dch KMnO4, bit khi nh lng 10,00mL dung dch H2C2O4
0,0986 N ht KMnO4 ht 9,70 mL.
262
X N

Bi 10

NH LNG DUNG DCH Nc oxy GI 3%

MC TIU
1. Trnh by c nguyn tc v phn ng nh lng dung dch nc oxy gi.
2. nh lng c dung dch nc oxy gi v tnh c hm lng phn trm (klltt) ca dung dch
nwc oxy gi .

1. D N G c - HA C H T
- Cn

k thut

- Buret
- Pipet

chnh xc dung tch 10 mL

nn dung tch 100 mL
- Cc c m
- Phu thy tinh
- a thy tinh
- Ong ong dung tch 25 mL
- Dung dch kali permanganat 0,1 N
- Dung dch natri thiosulfat 0,1000 N
- Dung dch acid sulfuric 10%
- Dung dch kali iodid 10%
- Dung dch ch th h tinh bt
2. XC NH NNG CA DNG DCH KALI PERMANGANAT 0,1 N
bi 9 trnh by cch xc nh nng ca dung dch KMnO4 dng cht kh l acid oxalic. Ngoi ra,
cn c th xc nh nng ca KMnO4 bng phng php o iod. Cho chnh xc mt lng KMnO4
phn ng vi mt lng d KI trong mi trng acid (H2SO4) s to thnh mt lng tng ng iod:
263
- Bnh

2KMnO4 + 10KI + 8H2SO4 = 2 MnSO4 + 5I2 + 6K2SO4 + 8 H2O Sau nh lng iod gii phng ra bng
dung dch Na2S2O3: 2 Na2S2O3 + I2 = 2 Nai + Na2S4O6 Qu trnh chun c tin hnh c th nh sau:
- Dng phu rt dung dch (t cc c m) khong 10 - 15 mL dung dch Na 2S2O3 0,1N ln trn buret
trng buret (lm 2 ln). Cho y dung dch Na2S2O3 0,1N ln trn buret v iu chnh kha buret c
dung dch n vch 0.
- Dng pipet chnh xc ly 10,00 mL dung dch KMnO4 cho vo bnh nn sch. Thm vo 10 mL dung
dch KI 10% v 10 mL dung dch H2SO4 long. Dung dch s c mu nu .
- Tin hnh chun : Mt tay iu chnh kha buret cho dung dch Na 2S2O3 0,1N t buret xung bnh
nn, tay kia lc bnh nn. Chun ti khi dung dch bnh nn chuyn sang mu vng. Thm vo bnh
nn 5 git ch th h tinh bt v nh dung dch Na2S2O3 0,1N t buret xung ti khi dung dch chuyn
sang khng mu. Ghi th tch dung dch Na2S2O3 0,1N dng (VA).
- Song song tin hnh mt mu trng: Tin hnh nh trn nhng thay 10,00 mL dung dch KMnO4 trong
bnh nn bng 10,00 mL nc ct. Th tch dung dch Na2S2O3 0,1N dng (V0).
Tnh h s hiu chnh (K) ca dung dch KMnO4 0,1N theo cng thc sau:
K = (V A - Vo ) X N A VB X 0,1
Trong :
- VB l th tch dung dch KMnO4, tnh bng ml, dng (VB = 10,00 mL)
- NA l nng ng lng ca dung dch Na2S2O3, (NA = 0,1000 N)
- VA l th tch dung dch Na2S2O3, tnh bng mL, dng chun dung dch KMnO4
- V0 l th tch dung dch Na2S2O3, tnh bng mL, dng chun mu trng.
3. NGUYN TC NH LNG NC oxy GI
nh lng nc oxy gi bng permanganat l da vo phn ng oxy ho kh gia permanganat v n c
oxy gi, trong permanganat ng vai tr cht oxy ha, cn nc oxy gi ng vai tr l cht kh.
264

Phng trnh phn ng nh lng:

2KMn04 + 5H2O2 + 3H2SO4 = 2MnSO4 + 5O2 + K2SO4 + 8H2O Phn ng trao i in t:
52
O22- - 2e MnO4" + 5e + 8H+
(Mu hng)
O

Mn2+ + 4 H2O
(Khng mu)

4. NH LNG DNG DCH Nc oxy GI 3%

4.1. Tin hnh nh lng
Dng phu rt dung dch (t cc c m) khong 10 - 15 mL dung dch KMnO 4 0,1N ln trn buret
trng buret (lm 2 ln). Cho y dung dch KMnO4 0,1N ln trn buret v iu chnh kha buret c
dung dch n vch 0.
Dng ng ong ly 20 mL nc ct cho vo bnh nn sch.
Dng pipet chnh xc (c bu) ly 1,00 mL dung dch H2O2 cho vo bnh nn trn. Thm vo 20 mL
dung dch H2SO4 10% (ly bng ng ong).
B tr th nghim c trnh by hnh 10.1.
Dung dch KMnO4 0,1N
Nc ct 20 mL
Dung dch H2O2 1,00 mL
Dung dch H

2S0

Hnh 10.1.

10% 20 mL

B tr th nghim chun dung dch nc oxy gi 3%

Tin hnh chun : Mt tay iu chnh kha buret cho dung dch KMnO4 0,1N t buret xung bnh nn,
tay kia lc bnh nn. Chun ti khi dung dch bnh nn chuyn sang mu hng nht. Ghi th tch
dung dch KMnO4 0,1N dng.
265

4.2. Tnh kt qu
Hm lng phn trm (kl/ tt) ca dung dch H2O2 c tnh theo cng thc sau:
= Ve X K X 0,00170! X 100
V
Trong :
- VC l th tch dung dch KMnO4, tnh bng mL, dng chun
- K l h s hiu chnh ca dung dch KMnO4 ( xc nh mc 2)
- V l th tch dung dch H2O2, tnh bng mL, (V = 1,00 mL)
BI TP (BI 10)
10.1. Trnh by nguyn tc nh lng dung dch nc oxy gi bng dung dch KMnO4 .
10.2. Trnh by cch tin hnh nh lng dung dch nc oxy gi 3% bng dung dch KMnO4 0,1N.
Thit lp cng thc tnh hm lng
phn trm (kl/tt) ca dung dch H2O2.
10.3. M t s chuyn mu ca dung dch trong nh lng (bnh nn) trong qu trnh chun dung
dch KMnO4 bng phng php o iod mc 2.
10.4. Tnh h s hiu chnh K ca dung dch KMnO4 0,1N. Bit khi nh lng 10,00 mL dung dch
KMnO4 theo ch dn mc 2 th ht 9,75 nL dung dch Na2S2O3 0,1018 N v th tch Na2S2O3
0,1018 N dng cho mu trng l 0,05 mL.
10.5. Trnh by cch tnh nng dung dch H2O2 theo th tch oxy.
10.6. Tnh hm lng % (kl/tt) ca dung dch H2O2, bit khi nh lng 1,00 mL H2O2 th ht 18,00 mL
dung dch KMnO4 0,1N c
h s hiu chnh K = 0,9872.
266

Bi 11

PHA V XO NH NNG DUNG DCH NATRI

T H IQSULFAT 0,1N
MC TIU
1. Trnh by c nguyn tc v phn ng nh lng natri thiosulfat.
2. Tnh c khi lng natri thiosulfat pha dung dch natri thiosulfat 0,1 N v pha c 100 mL dung
dch natri thiosulfat 0,1 N.
3. Xc nh c nng dung dch natri thiosulfat 0,1 N.

1. DNG C - HA CHT
- Cn

phn tch
k thut
- Buret
- Pipet chnh xc dung tch 10 mL
- Bnh nn dung tch 100 mL
- Cc c m
- Phu thy tinh
- a thy tinh
- Cc chn dung tch 100 mL
- Ong ong dung tch 10 mL
- Cht gc kali dicromat (K2Cr2O7)
- Dung dch acid hydrochloric c 50 %
- Natri thiosulfat (Na2S2O3)
- Natri carbonat (Na2CO3)
267
- Cn

2. PHA DNG DCH NATRI THIOSLFAT 0,1N

Natri thiosulfat (Na2S2O3) thng dng ngm nc (Na2S2O3.5H2O)
c khi lng phn t M = 248,2.
Natri thiosulfat dng tinh th khng mu, d tan trong nc.
Natri thiosulfat khng tha mn tiu chun cht gc v Na 2S2O3.5H2O d mt nc kt tinh nn thnh
phn khng ng ng vi cng thc. Ta ch c th pha dung dch Na2S2O3 nng xp x 0,1N t
Na2S2O3. 5H2O. Nng dung dch Na2S2O3 0,1N sau khi pha, c xc nh bng mt dung dch chun
khc bit nng .
Lng Na2S2O3. 5H2O cn thit pha 100 mL dung dch KMnO4 c nng xp x 0,1N c tnh nh
sau:
+ Bit ng lng gam E ca Na2S2O3. 5H2O bng khi lng phn t ca n v bng 248,2.
+ S gam Na2S2O3. 5H2O cn cn l:
N X E X V 0,1 X 248,2 X100 n ACtn , . m = = --= 2,482 (g)
1000 1000
Tin hnh pha dung dch Na2S2O3 0,1N:
un si khong 120 mL nc ct v ngui. Nc ct ny dng pha dung dch Na2S2O3
Cn khong 2,50 g Na2S2O3. 5H2O trn cn k thut v chuyn vo cc chn.
Thm vo cc chn 0,01 g Na2CO3 v khong 50 mL nc ct va un si ngui trn.
Dng a thy tinh khuy cho cc tinh th tan ht. Thm nc ct vo cc chn va 100 mL. Khuy
u.
3. NGUYN TC NH LNG THIOSLFAT
L phng php nh lng da vo phn ng oxy ho kh gia Na2S2O3 v iod, trong Na2S2O3 ng
vai tr cht kh, cn iod ng vai tr l cht oxy ha. Iod c th c to thnh t phn ng gia mt
cht oxy ha v iodid.
Phng trnh phn ng nh lng:
2Na2S2O3 + I2 = Na2S4O6 + 2NaI
Phn ng trao i in t:
2
S2O3 - 2e = S4O6I2 + 2e = 2I268

Iod c to thnh t phn ng gia kali iodid v kali dicromat trong mi trng acid. Phn ng din ra
nh sau:
K2Cr2O7 + 6KI+ 14HCl = 3I2 + 2CrCl3+ 8KCl + 7H2O 4. NH LNG DNG DCH NATRI
THIOSLFAT 0,1 N
4.1. Tin hnh nh lng
Dng phu rt dung dch (t cc c m) khong 10 - 15 mL dung dch Na2S2O3 0,1 N ln trn buret
trng buret (lm 2 ln). Cho y dung dch Na2S2O3 0,1 N ln trn buret v iu chnh kha buret c
dung dch n vch 0.
Cn chnh xc khong 0,10 g K2Cr2O7 (dng cn phn tch) cho vo bnh nn nt mi. Thm vo 50
mL nc ct. Lc n tan hon ton. Thm vo 10 mL dung dch KI 20%, 5 mL dung dch HCl c.
y nt v yn ch ti trong 10 pht. Thm vo bnh nn 100 mL nc ct.
B tr th nghim c trnh by hnh 11.1.
Error!
HDung dch Na2S2O3 0,1 N
K2Cr2O7 0,10 g ha tan trong 50 mL nc ct + 10 mL dung dch KI 20% + 5 mL dung dch HCl c.
Hnh 11.1. B tr th nghim chun dung dch Na2S2O3 0,1N

Tin hnh chun : Mt tay iu chnh kha buret cho dung dch Na2S2O3 t buret xung bnh nn, tay
kia lc bnh nn. Chun ti khi dung dch bnh nn chuyn t mu nu sang mu vng. Thm 5
git dung dch ch th h tinh bt vo bnh nn v tip tc nh dung dch Na 2S2O3 t buret xung ti khi
dung dch chuyn t mu xanh lam thnh mu xanh lc. Ghi th tch dung dch Na 2S2O3 dng.
4.2. Tnh kt qu
Nng ng lng (NB) ca dung dch Na2S2O3 c tnh theo cng
aX1000
thc sau:
N
E XV
269

Trong :
- V l th tch dung dch Na2S2O3, tnh bng mL, dng chun
- a l khi lng, tnh bng g, ca K2Cr2O7
- E l ng lng gam ca K2Cr2O7 (E = 49,03)
BI TP (BI 11)
11.1. Pha ng k thut 100 mL dung dch Na2S2O3 0,1N.
11.2. Hy cho bit iu kin ca phng php o iod.
11.3. Trnh by nguyn tc xc nh nng dung dch Na2S2O3 bng cht gc K2Cr2O7.
11.4. Trnh by cch tin hnh nh lng dung dch Na2S2O3 0,1N bng cht gc K2Cr2O7. Thit lp cng
thc tnh nng ng lng (N) ca dung dch Na2S2O3 0,1N pha.
11.5. M t s chuyn mu ca dung dch trong nh lng (bnh nn) trong qu trnh chun xc nh
nng dung dch Na2S2O3 mc 4.1.
11.6. Tnh nng ng lng ca dung dch Na2S2O3, bit khi nh lng 0,1085 g K2Cr2O7 ht 21,05
mL dung dch Na2S2O3.
270

Bi 12

NH L NG DUNG DCH GLUCOSE 5%

MC TIU
1. Trnh by c nguyn tc v phn ng nh lng dung dch glucose.
2. Tnh c khi lng iod pha dung dch iod 0,1 N v pha c 100 mL dung dch iod 0,1 N.
3. nh lng c dung dch glucose v tnh c hm lng phn trm ( k l / t t ) ca dung dch glucose
.
1. DNG C - HA CHT
- Cn phn tch
- Cn k thut
- Buret
- Pipet chnh xc dung tch 10 mL
- Bnh nn nt mi dung tch 100 mL
- Cc c m
- Phu thy tinh
- a thy tinh
- O ng ong dung tch 10 mL
- Cht gc iod (I2)
- Kali iodid (KI)
- Dung dch natri hydroxyd 2 N
- Dung dch acid sulfuric 4 N
- Dung dch natri thiosulfat 0,1000 N
2. PHA DNG DCH IOD 0,1N
- Iod (I2) thng hoa tinh khit tha mn yu cu ca mt cht gc.
271

- ng lng gam E ca I2 bng 1/2 khi lng phn t ca n v bng

126,7.
- Lng I2 cn thit pha 100 mL dung dch I2 c nng chnh xc
0,1N l:
N X E X V 0,1 X126,7 X100 m =-1_ = ^11-= 1,267 (g)
1000 1000
Tin hnh pha 100 mL dung dch I2 0,1N nh sau:
- Cn khong 3,50 g KI vo chn cn c np mi. Thm vo 5 mL nc. Khuy cho tan. y np. Cn
chn cn trn cn phn tch c khi lng a1 g.
- Cn khong 1,27 g cht chun gc I2 vo mt knh ng h hoc cc c m.
- Chuyn I2 vo chn cn trn v y np li. Sau , cn chn cn trn cn phn tch c khi lng a2
g.
- Khi lng I2 l: a2 - a1
- Dng a thy tinh khuy k ha tan, chuyn dn hon ton dung dch ny sang bnh nh mc dung
tch 100 mL qua phu.
- Trng chn cn v phu nhiu ln bng nc ct (khong 50 ml). B phu ra.
- Thm nc va n vch. Lc u.
Tnh nng thc (Nth) ca dung dch I2 pha c:
_2-

th=X 0,1

LT

Trong :
- mTH l khi lng, tnh bng g, ca I2 cn c (mTH = a2 - a1)
- mLT l khi lng, tnh bng g, ca I2 va pha c 100,0 mL dung dch I2 nng chnh xc
0,1N (mLT = 1,267 g).
3. NGUYN TC NH LNG GLCOSE
Glucose c nh lng bng phng php iod theo phng php chun ngc (tha tr): Cho mt
lng I2 d chnh xc vo dung dch glucose trong mi trng kim oxy ho glucose c nhm chc
CHO thnh acid gluconic theo phn ng sau:
I2 + 2NaOH = NaI + NaIO + H2O (1)
CH2OH(CHOH)4CHO + NaIO = CH2OH(CHOH)4COOH + NaI (2)
272

Sau khi hon thnh phn ng (2), acid ha mi trng bng H2SO4 cn bng (1) chuyn dch v pha
tri, nh lng I2 d bng dung dch Na2S2O3 bit nng theo phng trnh phn ng sau:
2Na2S2O3 + I2 = Na2S4O6 + 2NaI 4. NH LNG DNG DCH GLUCSE 5%
4.1. Tin hnh nh lng
Ly chnh xc 10,00 mL dung dch glucose cn nh lng cho vo bnh nh mc 100 mL. Thm nc
n vch. Lc u.
Dng pipet chnh xc ly 10,00 mL dung dch glucose pha long cho vo bnh nn nt mi. Thm vo
chnh xc 10,00 mL dung dch I2. Thm t t 4 mL dung dch NaOH 2N. y np. Lc u. vo
ch ti 10 pht. Sau , thm 5 mL dung dch H2SO4 4 N.
Dng phu rt dung dch (t cc c m) khong 10 - 15 mL dung dch Na2S2O3 0,1 N ln trn buret
trng buret (lm 2 ln). Cho y dung dch Na2S2O3 0,1 N ln trn buret v iu chnh kha buret c
dung dch n vch 0.
B tr th nghim c trnh by hnh 12.1.
-Dung dch Na2S2O3 0,1 N
Dung dch glucose 10,00 mL Dung dch I2 10,00 mL Dung dch NaOH 2N 4 mL Dung dch H2SO4 4N 5 mL
Hnh 12.1. B tr th nghim chun dung dch glucose

Tin hnh chun : Mt tay iu chnh kha buret cho dung dch Na2S2O3 t buret xung bnh nn, tay
kia lc bnh nn. Chun ti khi dung dch bnh nn chuyn t mu nu sang mu vng. Thm 5
git dung dch ch th h tinh bt vo bnh nn v tip tc nh dung dch Na 2S2O3 t buret xung ti khi
dung dch chuyn t mu xanh lam sang khng mu. Ghi th tch dung dch Na 2S2O3 dng.
273

4.2. Tnh kt qu
Hm lng phn trm (kl/tt) ca glucose trong dung dch cn nh lng c tnh theo cng thc sau:
C% _(VA XN A - VB XNB)xExlQQ xf 1QQQ X V
Trong :
- VA l th tch dung dch I2 0,1 N, tnh bng mL, dng (VA = 10,00mL)
- NA l nng ng lng dung dch I2, (NA = Nth) mc 2.
- VB l th tch dung dch Na2S2O3 0,1 N, tnh bng mL, dng chun
- NB l nng ng lng dung dch Na2S2O3 , (NB = 0,1000)
- E l ng lng gam ca glucose (E = 90,08)
- V l th tch dung dch glucose ly nh lng (V = 10,00 mL)
f l h s pha long ca dung dch glucose 5% f _ 1QQ

1Q
BI TP (BI 12)
12.1. Pha ng k thut 100ml dung dch gc I2 0,1N.
12.2. Trnh by nguyn tc nh lng dung dch glucose bng phng php o iod.
12.3. Trnh by cch tin hnh nh lng dung dch glucose 5% bng phng php o iod.
12.4. Thit lp cng thc tnh hm lng phn trm (kl/tt) ca glucose.
12.5. M t s chuyn mu ca dung dch trong nh lng (bnh nn) trong qu trnh chun xc nh
hm lng dung dch glucose mc 4.1.
12.6. Tnh nng ng lng ca dung dch I2, bit dng 1,2635 g Iod pha thnh va 100,0
mL dung dch.
274

Bi 13

PHA V XO NH NNG DUNG DCH EDTA

0,05M
*

MC TIU
1. Trnh by c nguyn tc v phn ng nh lng EDTA.
2. Tnh c khi lng km pha dung dch km sulfat 0,05 M v pha c 100 mL dung dch km
sulfat 0,05 M .
3. Xc nh c nng dung dch EDTA 0,05 M .
1. DNG C - HA CHT
- Cn phn tch
- Buret
- Pipet chnh xc dung tch 10 mL
- Bnh nn dung tch 100 mL
- Cc c m
- Phu thy tinh
- a thy tinh
- Cc chn
- Ong ong dung tch 10 mL
- Cht gc km (Zn)
- Dung dch acid sufuric 10%
- Dung dch m amoniac
- Hn hp ch th en eriocrom T
2. PHA DUNG DCH CMPLEXON III 0,05M
- Complexon III (trilon B) l dinatri dihydro ethylen diamin tetraacetat. Complexon III th ng dng
ngm nc v c cng thc ha hc l C10H14N2O8Na2.2H2O vit tt l EDTA. Complexon III c khi
lng phn t l 372,2.
275

Complexon III dng tinh th khng mu, d tan trong nc.

Complexon III khng tha mn tiu chun cht gc v C10H14N2O8Na2.2H2O d mt nc kt tinh nn
thnh phn khng ng ng vi cng thc. Ta ch c th pha dung dch EDTA nng xp x 0,05M t
C10H14N2O8Na2.2H2O. Nng dUng dch EDTA sau khi pha, c xc nh bng mt dung dch chun
khc bit nng .
Lng C10H14N2O8Na2.2H2O cn thit pha 100 mL dung dch EDTA c nng xp x 0,05M c
tnh nh sau:
S gam C10H14N2O8Na2.2H2O cn cn l:
= C M X M X V = 0,05 X 372,2 x100 = m = -=--= 1,861 (g)
1000 1000
Tin hnh pha dung dch EDTA 0,05M:
Cn khong 1,86 g C10H14N2O8Na2.2H2O trn cn k thut v chuyn vo cc chn.
Thm vo cc chn khong 50 mL nc ct v dng a thy tinh khuy cho cc tinh th tan ht.
Thm nc ct vo cc chn va 100 mL. Khuy u.
3. NGUYN TC NH LNG CMPLEXON
Da vo phn ng to phc gia EDTA v kim loi trong mi trng m pH 9. Lc u dung dch c
mu vang do phn ng ca Mg2+ vi ch th (Hind2- ):
Zn2+ + Hind2- ZnInd- + H+
( vang )

Khi nh EDTA (HY3- ) xung, Mg2+ t do s phn ng trc:

Zn2+ + HY3- 55=^ ZnY2- + H+
Lc y mu ca dung dch vn khng b bin i. Gn im tng ng, ta c s cnh tranh to phc:
HY3- + ZnInd- ZnY2- + Hind( vang ) (Xanh)
Kt thc chun khi mu chuyn t tm sang xanh ti hon ton (mu ca ch th dng t do).
276

4. NH LNG DUNG DCH EDTA 0,05 M

4.1. Pha dung dch gc km sulfat 0,05 M
- Km ht (Zn) tinh khit tha mn yu cu ca mt cht gc.
- Khi lng phn t lng ca Zn bng 65,37.
- Lng Zn cn thit pha 100 mL dung dch ZnSO4 c nng chnh
CM XMX V 0,05 X65,37 X100 n " xc 0,05M l: m = 2M
-= _?--= 0,32685 (g)
1000 1000
Tin hnh pha 100 mL dung dch ZnSO4 0,05 M nh sau:
- Cn chnh xc khong 0,32 g Zn vo cc c m.
- Thm vo Zn trong cc khong 5 mL dung dch H2SO4 10%. Lc cho tan hon ton. Thm vo
khong 20 mL nc ct.
- Chuyn dung dch cc c m sang bnh nh mc dung tch 100 mL qua phu.
- Trng cc v phu nhiu ln bng nc ct (khong 50 mL). B phu ra.
- Thm nc va n vch. Lc u.
Tnh nng thc (CMth) ca dung dch ZnSO4 pha c:
mTH
C
M,th = X Trong :
- mTH l khi lng, tnh bng g, ca Zn cn c
- mLT l khi lng, tnh bng g, ca Zn va pha c 100,0 mL dung dch ZnSO4 nng chnh
xc 0,05M (mLT = 0,32685 g).
4.2. Tin hnh nh lng
- Ly chnh xc 10,00 mL dung dch ZnSO4 pha cho vo bnh nn sch. Thm vo 5 mL dung dch
m amoniac, khong 0,1 g hn hp ch th en eriocrom T v 30 mL nc ct. Lc cho tan ht ch th.
- Dng phu rt dung dch (t cc c m) khong 10 - 15 mL dung dch EDTA ln trn buret trng
buret (lm 2 ln). Cho y dung dch EDTA ln trn buret v iu chnh kha buret c dung dch n
vch 0.
B tr th nghim c trnh by hnh 13.1.
277
, ^

iv_

Error!

H-

Dung dch EDTA 0,05M

10,00 mL dung dch ZnSO4 ,
Dung dch m amoniac 5 mL ,
Hn hp ch th en eriocrom T 0,1g Nc ct 30 mL
Hnh 13.1. B tr th nghim chun dung dch EDTA 0,05 M

Tin hnh chun : Mt tay iu chnh kha buret cho dung dch EDTA t buret xung bnh nn, tay kia
lc bnh nn. Chun ti khi dung dch bnh nn chuyn t mu vang sang mu xanh t i hon
ton (khng cn nh tm). Ghi th tch dung dch EDTA dng.
4.3. Tnh kt qu
Nng moi/ L (CMA) ca dung dch EDTA c tnh theo cng thc sau:
0,05
C

M,A
M,B x VB

Trong : ' VA
VB l th tch dung dch gc ZnSO4, tnh bng mL, (VB = 10,00 mL) CM B l nng moi/ L ca dung
dch ZnSO4, (CM B = CM th) VA l th tch dung dch EDTA, tnh bng mL, dng chun .
BI TP (BI 13)
13.1. Pha ng k thut 100 mL dung dch EDTA 0,05M v 100,0 mL dung dch gc ZnSO4 0,05M.
13.2. Trnh by nguyn tc nh lng bng phng php complexon.
13.3. Trnh by cch tin hnh nh lng dung dch EDTA 0,05 M dng dung dch gc ZnSO4 0,05 M.
13.4. Thit lp cng thc tnh nng mol/L (CMA) ca dung dch EDTA.
13.5. M t s chuyn mu ca dung dch trong nh lng (bnh nn) trong qu trnh chun xc nh
nng dung dch EDTA mc 4.2.
13.6. Tnh nng CM ca dung dch EDTA, bit khi chun 10,00 mL dung dch ZnSO4 0,0525 M
trong mi trng m amoniac ht 10,55 mL dung dch EDTA.
278

PHN PH Lc
DNG c THNG THNG BANG s, THY TINH V MT s MY
THNG DNG DNG TRONG HOA PHN TCH
Ph lc 1.

Hnh 1. Pipt in t Hnh 2. Pipt nh mc Hnh 3

Hnh 5. Qu bp cao su Hnh 6. Cc loi ng trong nh mc
dng ni pipt

279

280

Hnh 11. Gi ng nghim

Hnh 12. Cc loi cc c m

Hnh 13. Knh cn mng cn

Hnh 14. Cc loi bnh cu y trn

281

Hnh 15. Bnh cu y bng Hnh 16. Cc loi bnh nn

Hnh 17. Cc loi phu lc
Hnh 18. Cch gp giy lc nhiu np Hnh 19. Cch gp giy lc phng ly
ly dch lc cht kt ta
Hnh 20. Phu thy tinh t th lc

282

283

284

Hnh 30. Cc loi t ht

285

Hnh 31. Cc loi my iu nhit

Hnh 32. My ly tm
Hnh 33. Cc loi my o pH

286

Ph lc 2.

DANH PHP CHT v c THEO Dc IN VIT NAM

2.1. Cc n cht
2.1.1. Nguyn t
- c tn quc t rt gn. V d:
Ar Argon
Cd
Cadmi

Iod

Ni

Nickel

As Arsen

Ca

Calci

Li

Lithi

Nitrogen

Be Beryli

Cl

Clor

Mg

Magnesi

Oxygen

Bi

Bismuth

Co

Cobalt

Mo

Molybden

Phosphor

Bor

Fluor

Na

Natri

Sulfur (lu hunh)

(Bng y xem Dc in Vit Nam). Hoc c tn hon ton Vit hoa. V d:

Ag
Bc (Argentum)
S
Lu hunh (Sulfur)
Pt
Bch kim (Platinum)
Al
Nhm (Aluminium)
Pb

Ch (Plumbum)

Fe

St (Ferrum)

Cu

ng (Cuprum)

Sn

Thic (Stanium)

Zn

Km (Zincum)

Hg

Thy ngn (Hydragyrum, Mercurium)

Ni

Kn (Nickel)

Au

Vng (Aurum)

2.1.2. Dang th hnh

c theo tn ring. V d:
Ozn (O3)
Phosphor , phosphor trng. Than ch, kim cng
2.2. Cc hp cht
Lun c phn mang in tch dng trc, phn mang in tch m sau.
287

2.2.1. Oxyd
- Theo quy nh: Tn nguyn t (s oxy ha) oxyd
V d:
FeO
st(II) oxyd
Fe2O3
st(III) oxyd SO2 lu hunh(IV) oxyd Nguyn t ch c mt trng thai oxy ha th khng cn
ghi s oxy ha.
V d:
Al2O3 Nhm oxyd
CaO Calci oxyd
Na2O Natri oxyd
- Tn ring:
CO2 (kh) Carbonic, Anhydrid carbonic
CaO Vi sng
502 (kh) Sulfur
503 Anhydrid sulfuric
- Dng tin t: Mono (1), di (2), tri (3), tetra (4), penta (5)... ch s nguyn t ca mi nguyn t.
V d:
CO2 Carbon dioxyd
P2O5 Diphosphor pentaoxyd
Ch : F2O khng phi l oxyd thng thng, vit ng l OF2 v c l oxygen fluorid, mui oxygen ca
acid HF.
2.2.2. Hydroxyd = H2O + Oxyd
a. Hydroxyd acid: E(OH)n l cc acid cha oxy, gi chung l oxoacid, E l nguyn t mc oxy ha
dng cao to tnh acid.
- c theo hydroxyd: Tn nguyn t (s oxy ha) hydroxyd
V d:
C(OH)4 H2O H2CO3
Carbon(IV) hydroxyd
S(OH)6
P(OH)5

H2O H2SO4
H2O

H PO

3 4

Lu hunh(VI) hydroxyd
Phosphor(V) hydroxyd

(cch gi ny t c s dng)
288

c theo quy nh chung:

+ Nguyn t ch c mt mc oxy ha (hay mt ha tr) to acid: Acid Tn nguyn t + ic
V d:
H3BO3 acid boric H2CO3 acid carbonic + Nguyn t c hai mc oxy ha (hay hai ha tr) to acid: Mc
oxy ha thp: Acid Tn nguyn t + Mc oxy ha cao: Acid Tn nguyn t + ic
V d:
H3PO3 acid phosphor H3PO4 acid phosphoric
H3AsO3 acid arsen H3AsO4 acid arsenic H2SnO2 acid stan H2SnO3 acid stanic
+ Nguyn t c ba mc oxy ha (hay ba ha tr) to acid:
Mc oxy ha thp nht: Acid Hypo + Tn nguyn t +
Mc oxy ha cao hn: Acid Tn nguyn t +
Mc oxy ha cao nht: Acid Tn nguyn t + ic
V d:
H2SO2 acid hyposulfur (tn ring: acid sulfoxylic) H 2SO3 acid sulfur H2SO4 acid sulfuric + Nguyn t
c bn mc oxy ha (hay bn ha tr) to acid:
Mc oxy ha thp nht: Acid Hypo + Tn nguyn t +
Mc oxy ha cao hn: Acid Tn nguyn t +
Mc oxy ha cao hn na:
Acid Tn nguyn t + ic Mc oxy ha cao nht: Acid Per + Tn nguyn t
+ ic
V d:
HClO acid hypoclor HClO2 acid clor HClO3 acid cloric HClO4 acid percloric
289

Ch :
1. Tn nguyn t to acid phi c theo gc tn quc t.
2. Tip u per cn ch cc cht c lin kt O-O, nhiu oxy hn bnh thng. V d:
BaO Bari oxyd BaO2 Bari peroxyd
H2SO4 acid sulfuric H2SO5 acid persulfuric
H2O Hydro oxyd
H2O2 Hydro peroxyd

<I. X i.
o

. O
^O-O-H . Ni
3. cng mt ha tr to acid, nu: t nc hn: thm tip u meta Nhiu nc hn: thm tip u ortho
V d:
HPO3 acid metaphosphoric;
H3PO4 acid orthophosphoric
HAlO2 acid metaaluminic; H3AlO3 acid orthoaluminic
(Theo thi quen, t s dng tip u ng ortho nu acid va nc dng bn, chang hn, H3PO4 ch c
l acid phosphoric).
4. ng a acid l nhng acid m mi O2- c thay th bi gc acid (c in tch tng ng) ca
chnh acid .
c tn ng a acid: dng cc tin t di, tri, tetra, penta... ch s gc acid c trong phn t acid.
V d:
H2SO4 (acid sulfuric) H2SO3O2- H2SO3.SO4 H2S2O7 (acid disulfuric). Nu thay 2O2- bng hai gc
SO42-, to H2S3O10 (acid trisulfuric)____thay tip cc O2- c H2SnO3n+1 (acid polysulfuric).
Tng t, H2CrO4 (acid cromic) H2CrO3O2- H2CrO3CrO4 H2Cr2O7 (acid dicromic)
Hoc H3PO4 (acid phosphoric) H3PO3.O2- H3PO3.HPO42- H4P2O7 (acid diphosphoric) . .
Hn+2PnO3n+1 (acid polyphosphoric).
5. D a acid l nhng acid m mi O2- c thay th bi gc acid (c in tch tng ng) ca mt
acid khc.
290

c tn d a acid: Dng cc tin t di, tri, tetra, penta... ch s nguyn t ca nguyn t (mang ui
O) mi thay vo trong gc, tn ca acid ban u c gi nguyn.
V d:
H2CrO4 (acid cromic) H2CrO3.O2- H2CrO3.S2- H2SCrO3 (acid sulfocromic)
H2SO4 (acid sulfuric) H2SO3.O2- H2SO3.S2- H2S2O3 (acid thiosulfuric). Lu hunh (S) cn c l
thio khi thay th O trong cc hp cht khc.
H2CO3 (acid carbonic) H2CS3 (acid trithiocarbonic). b. Hydroxyd base: R(OH)n
R l nguyn t hay mt gc c mc oxy ha dng thp to tnh base. Theo quy nh: Tn nguyn t
(soxy ha) hydroxyd
V d:
Fe(OH)2
Cr(OH)3
NaOH
Ca(OH)2
NH4OH
st(II) hydroxyd Crom(III) hydroxyd Natri hydroxyd Calci hydroxyd Amoni hydroxyd
Tn ring: NaOH xt; KOH potat; NH4OH dung dch amoniac. 2.2.3. Mui ca oxoacid
Quy nh: Tn cation(soxy ha) tn gc acid Acid c ui gc acid c ui it Acid c ui ic gc
acid c ui at v gi nguyn cc tip u ca acid (nu c) gc acid.
V d:
NaClO
Ca(ClO2)2
KClO3 NH4IO3
Natri hypoclorit Calci clorit Kali clorat Amoni iodat
Mg(ClO4)2 Magnesi perclorat
Co2(SO4)3
Na2S2O3
KNO2
NaNO3
K2CrO4
Cobalt(III) sulfat
Natri thiosulfat Kali nitrit Natri nitrat Kali cromat
291

Fe(BrO4)3 St(III) perbromat K2Cr2O7 Kali dicromat

KMnO4
Kali permanganat K3AsO3 Kali arsenit
Na3AsO4
Natri arsenat
- Nu acid to nhiu mui, c th c theo cc cch truyn thng.
V d:
NaHCO3 Natri hydrocarbonat hoc Natri bicarbonat KH2PO4 Kali dihydrophosphat hoc Monokali
phosphat K2HPO4 Kali monohydrophosphat hoc Dikali phosphat K3PO4 Kali phosphat hoc Trikali
phosphat
- Mui base: nhm OH- c l hydroxy
V d:
Bi(OH)2NO3 Bismuth dihydroxy nitrat
Nu cc nhm OH mt nc, cation to thnh mang ui yl.
V d:
- H2O

Bi(OH)2NO3 BiONO3 Bismuthyl nitrat

-H2O

Sb(OH)2Cl SbOCl Stibyl clorid (Antimonyl clorid)

-2H2O

V(OH)4NO3 VO2NO3 Vanadyl nitrat

(VO2)2SO4 Vanadyl sulfat
C(OH)2Cl2 COCl2 Carbonyl clorid (Phosgen) N(OH)2Cl NOCl Nitrosyl clorid
-2H2O

U(OH)4(CH3COO)2 UO2(CH3COO)2 Uranyl acetat NaZn(UO2)3(CH3COO)9 Km natri uranyl acetat

2.2.4. Acid khng c oxy v mui ca chng
Theo quy nh: Acid hydro + tn nguyn t hoc tn nhm gc + ic
292

V d: HF
acid hydrofluoric H2S
acid hydrosulfuric
(dng ngn: acid hydrosulfic)
acid hydrocyanic
acid hydrosulfocyanic
acid hydronitrogenic
(dng ngn: acid hydronitric)
Mui: Tn cation (s oxy ha) tn nguyn t hoc tn nhm gc + id
(Ch : B tip u hydro, ch gi tn nguyn t hoc tn nhm gc to acid v thm ui id).
HCl HBr HI
acid hydrocloric HCN acid hydrobromic HSCN acid hydroiodic H 3N
V d:
FeCl3
Na2S KSCN
AlN
St(III) clorid Natri sulfid Kali sulfocyanid Nhm nitrid
Ca(CN)2
(NH4)2S
OF2
Calci cyanid Amoni sulfid Oxygen fluorid
Nu cc acid dng kh, c tn nh mt mui ca cation H +.
V d:
HCl Hydro clorid
H2S Hydro sulfid
HCN Hydro cyanid
Ch : ng nhm natri clorid (NaCl) vi natri clorit (NaClO2). hoc Natri sulfid (Na2S) vi Natri sulfit
(Na2SO3)...
2.2.5. Phc cht v c
Vn theo nguyn tc ion dng c trc, ion m c sau. a) Phc cation (cu ni l ion dng): Trnh
t c: [cu ni] cu ngoi
[cu ni]: tn ion trung tm (soxy ha) + s phi t + tn phi t + o cu ngoi: Tn anion
Ch gii:
Cc thnh phn trong cu ni c vit lin nhau. Ch c mt ch trng duy nht gia cation (cu ni) v
anion (cu ngoi).
293

S phi t c ch ra nh cc tin t: mono (1), t dng/ di (2)/tri (3)/tetra (4)/penta (5)/hexa (6)/...
Cc phi t trong cu ni sp xp theo vn alphabet, phi t trung ho vit trc phi t anion.
Tn cc phi t: nu l anion ui id th b ui id thay bng o; cc anion khc thm o.
V d:
CN3SO4
NO2CO NO
Cyano
Carbonato
Sulfato
Nitrito
F
Fluoro
Cl- Cloro
Br- Bromo I- Iodo
Mt s ngoi l hoc c tn ring:
NH3 Amino CO Carbonyl
OH- Hydroxo NO Nitrosyl
H2O Aquo (hay aqua)
Tn ion trung tm c trc phi t v km theo s La M ch s oxy ha (trong du ngoc n).
V d:
[Cu(H2O)4]SO4 ng(II)tetraaquo sulfat
[Co(NH3)2Cl2]Cl Cobalt(III)diaminodicloro clorid
[Ag(NH3)2]Br Bcdiamino bromid
[Cr(H2O)6](NO3)3 Crom(III)hexaaquo nitrat
b. Phc anion (cu ni l ion m)
Trnh t c: Cu ngoi [cu ni] Cu ngoi: Tn ion dng
[Cu ni]: S phi t + tn phi t + tn ion trung tm + at (soxy ha)
Cch c v vit thnh phn ca cu ni ging nh phc cation pha trn. ring ion trung tm c sau
cng c thm ui at v s oxy ha (trong du ngoc n).
V d:
K4[Fe(CN)6] Kali hexacyanoferat(II) (tn ring: kali ferocyanid) K 3[Fe(CN)6] Kali hexacyanoferat(III)
(tn ring: kali fericyanid) K2[HgI4] Kali tetraiodomercurat(II)
294
CO

2-

2-

(NH4)2[Co(NH3)2Cl4] Amoni diaminotetraclorocobaltat(II) c. Phc hn hp:

c theo cc quy nh chung nu trn.
V d:
[Co(NH3)6][FeCl4]3 Cobalt(III)hexaamino tetracloroferat(III)
d. Phc khng mang in tch:
c nh phc anion nhng ion trung tm khng thm ui at v s oxy ha. Cc thnh phn ca phc
c vit lin nhau thnh mt t khng c ch trng.
V d:
[Pt(NH3)2Cl2] Diaminodicloroplatin [Co(NH3)3Cl3] Triaminotriclorocobalt
295

Ph lc 3. BNG NGUYN T LNG CC NGUYN T

Theo ti liu ca Lin on quc t v ha hc thun tu v ng dng xut bn nm l989 (Pure

App.Chem.1991,63,978.)
Tn nguyn t

K hiu

Nguyn t s

Nguyn t lng

Argon

Ar

18

39,948

Arsen

As

33

74,9216

Bc (Argentum)

Ag

47

107,8682

Bari

Ba

56

137,327

Beryli

Be

9,0122

Bismuth

Bi

83

208,9804

Bor

10,811

Brom

Br

35

79,904

Cadmi

Cd

48

112,411

Cesi

Cs

55

132,9054

Calci

Ca

20

40,078

Carbon

12,011

Ceri

Ce

58

140,115

Ch (Plumbum)

Pb

82

207,2

Clor

Cl

17

35,4527

Crom

Cr

24

51,9961

Cobalt

Co

27

58,9332

ng (Cuprum)

Cu

29

63,546

Dysprosi

Dy

66

162,50

Erbi

Er

68

167,26

Europi

Eu

63

151,965

Flour

18,9984

Gadolini

Gd

64

157,25

Gali

Ga

31

69,723

Germani

Ge

32

72,61

Hafni

Hf

72

178,49

Heli

He

4,0026

Holmi

Ho

67

163,9303

Hydrogen

1,0079

Tn nguyn t

K hiu

Nguyn t s

Nguyn t lng

Indi

In

49

114,82

lod

53

126,9045

296

Iridi

Ir

77

192,22

Kali

19

39,0983

Km (Zincum)

Zn

30

65,39

Krypton

Kr

36

83,80

Lanthan

La

57

138,9055

Lithi

Li

6,941

Luteti

Lu

71

174,967

Lu hunh (Sulfur)

16

32,066

Magnesi

Mg

12

24,3050

Mangan

Mn

25

54,9381

Molybden

Mo

42

95,94

Natri

Na

11

22,9898

Neodymi

Nd

60

144,24

Neo

Ne

10

20,1797

Nhm (Aluminium)

AI

13

26,9815

Nickel (Niccolum)

Ni

28

58,6934

Niobi

Nb

41

92,9064

Nitrogen

14,0067

Osmi

Os

76

190,2

Oxygen

15,9994

Paladi

Pd

46

106,42

Phosphor

15

30,9738

Platin

Pt

78

195,08

Prasodymi

Pr

59

140,9077

Rheni

Re

75

186,207

Rhodi

Rh

45

102,9055

Rubidi

Rb

37

85,4678

Rutheni

Ru

44

101,07

Samari

Sm

62

150,36

St (Iron)

Fe

26

55,847

Scandi

Sc

21

44,9559

Selen

Se

34

78,96

Tn nguyn t

K hiu

Nguyn t s

Nguyn t lng

Silic (Silicium)

Si

14

28,0855

Stibi (Stibium)

Sb

51

121,757

Stronti

Sr

38

87,62

297

Tantal

Ta

73

180,9479

Techneti

Tc

43

(97)

Telur

Te

52

127,60

Terbi

Tb

65

158,9253

Thali

TI

81

204,3833

Thic (Stanium)

Sn

50

118,70

Thori

Th

90

232,0381

Thuli

Tm

69

168,9342

Thy ngn (Hydragyrum)

Hg

80

200,59

Titan

Ti

22

47,88

uran

92

238,0289

Vanadi

23

50,9415

Vng (Aurum)

Au

79

196,9665

Wolfram

74

183,85

Xenon

Xe

54

131,29

Yterbi

Yb

70

173,04

Ytri

39

88,9059

Zirconi

Zn

40

91,224

298

Ph lc 4.
* ACID

HNG s IN LY CA CC ACID V BASE

Ki

Acetic

1,75. 10

Arsenic

6,0. 10-3

K2

K3

1,05. 10-7

3,0. 10-12

-5

-5

Benzoic

6,14. 10

Boric

5,83. 10-10

Carbonic

4,45. 10-7

4,7. 10-11

-3

Cloracetic

1,36. 10

Citric

7,45. 10-4

Formic

1,77. 10-4

Fumaric

9,6. 10-4

lodic

1,7. 10-1

Lactic

1,37. 10-4

Malic

4,0. 10-4

8,9. 10-6

Maleic

1,2. 10-2

5,96. 10-7

Malonic

1,40. 10-3

2,01. 10-6

-2

5,42. 10-5

1,73. 10-5
4,1. 10-5

Oxalic

5,36. 10

Phenic

1,00. 10-10

Phosphoric

7,11. 10-3

6,34. 10-8

-3

-6

O-Phthalic

1,12. 10

3,91. 10

-1

Picric

5,1. 10

Pyruvic

3,24. 10-3

Salicylic

1,05. 10-3

Succinic

6,21. 10-5

2,32. 10-6

Tartric

9,2. 10-4

4,31. 10-5

Tricloracetic

1,29. 10

-1

BASE

Hng s phn ly

Amoniac

1,76. 10-5

Anilin

3,94. 1010

1- Butylamin

4,0. 1(T4

Dimethylamin

5,9. 1(T4

Ethanolamin

3,18. 1(T5

Ethylamin

4,28. 10-4

Ethylendiamin

K1 = 8,5. 10-5
K2 = 7,1. 10-8

Hydrazin

1,3. 10-6

Hydroxylamin

1,07. 1(r8

Methylamin

4,8. 10-4

Piperidin

1,3. 1(T3

Pyridin

1,7. 10-9

Trimethylamin

6,25. 10-5

299

4,02. 1(T7

4,2. 10-13

Ph lc 5. TH OXY HA KH CHUN (Eo) ( 25oC) (k = kh, l = lng, r = rn)

Nguyn t
Ag
As
Bi
Br
Ce
Cl
Cr
Cu
Fe
As(r) + 3H+ AsO43- + 2H+
BiNaBi03 + 4H3+
BiO+ + 2HBr, ( ) BrO3+
+ 6H+
CeC (k)__
2HCIO + 2H4+
+
ClO3- +6H+ ClO4- + 8H+
Cr
CrO2 + 2H2O
CrCr
Cr2O73+
2+ 14H+ CrO42- + 2H2O
Cu 2+ Cu2+ 2 Cu(OH)2 Cu + r
FeFe2+
:>
Fe (OH)3 (r) FeO42- + 4H2O
Cp oxy ha kh
+e
+ 3e
+ 2e
+ 3e
+ 2e + 3e
+ 2e
+ 6e
+e
+ 2e
+ 2e
+ 5e
+ 8e
+ 2e
+ 3e
+ 3e
+ 3e
+ 6e
+ 3e
+ 2e
+e
+ 2e
+e
+ 2e
+e
+e
+ 3e
Ag (r)
AsH3
AsO3 + H2O
Bi (r)_
BiO++ Na+ + 2H20 Bi (r) + H20
2Br
Br + 3H2O
Ce2Cl
Cl2 + 2H2O
0,5 CI2 + 3H20
Cl + 4H2O
Cr (r)
Cr (r) + 4OH
Cr
Cr (r)
+
-

2 Cr3+
3+
+7H20
CrO2 + 4OH
Cu (r)_
CuCu2O + 2OH + H2O
Cui (r)
Fe (r)_
FeFe(OH)2 (r) + OH Fe(OH)3 + 5OH
E+
2+
o

(V)
+ 0,80
0,54 + 0,559
+ 0,39
+ 1,8 + 0,320
+ 1,07
+ 1,44
+ 1,71
+ 1,36
+ 1,63 + 1,47 + 1,35
0,56
- 1,2
0,41
- 0,744
+ 1,36
- 0,12
+ 0,337
+ 0,153
- 0,09
+ 0,86
- 0,440 + 0,771
- 0,65
+ 0,60

301
Nguyn t

FeO42- + 8H+

+ 3e -w

Fe3+ + 4H2O

+ 1,9

Fe(CN)6

+e-

Fe(CN)64-

+ 0,36

2H+

+ 2e --

H2

+ 0,00

H2O2 + 2H+

+ 2e =5=^

2H2O

+ 1,80

2H+ +02

+ 2e

H202

+ 0,68

Hg2 +

+ 2e =5=^

2 Hg (l)

+ 0,788

Hg2+

+ 2e ^=^=

Hg (I)

+ 0,854

2Hg2+

+ 2e ^-

Hg22+

+ 0,920

I2

+ 2e =5=S:

+ 0,536

2HIO +2H+

+ 2 & -

l2 +2H20

+ 1,45

HIO + H+

+ 2e =^=^

I- +H2O

+ 1,00

IO3- + 6H+

+ 5e -

0,5I2 + 3H2O

+ 1,178

IO3- + 2Cl- + 6H+

+ 4e

ICl2- + 3H2O

+ 1,24

Mn2+

+ 2e =5=^

Mn (r)

- 1,180

Mn3+

+ e -*-

Mn2+

- 1,51

3-

Hg

E o (V)

Cp oxy ha kh

> -

I-

Mn

Pb

Mn4+

+ 2e =^=^

Mn2+

+ 1,57

Mn02 (r)+4H+

+ 2e ^=S:

Mn2+ + 2H20

+ 1,23

MnO4- + 8H+

+ 5e

Mn2+ + 4H20

+ 1,51

MnO4- + 4H+

+ 3e ->

MnO2 + 2H2O

+ 1,695

MnO4-

+e

^-w

MnO42-

+ 0,564

HNO2 + H+

+e

NO (k) + H2O

+ 0,99

2HN02 + 6H+

+ 6e

N2 (k) + 4H20

+ 1,45

NO3- + 3H+

+ 2e --

HN02 + H20

+ 0,93

NO3- + 2H+

+e

N02 + H20

+ 0,81

NO3- + 4H+

+ 3e =5=S:

NO(k) + 2H20

+ 0,85

2NO3- + 12H+

+ 10e -5-

N2 + 6H20

+ 1,24

NO3- + 7H+

+ 8e ^w

NH4OH+ 2OH-

+ 0,12

Pb2+

+ 2e =5=S:

Pb (r)

- 0,126

Pb02 (r) + 4H+

+ 2e ==^

Pb2+ + 2H20

+ 1,455

PbSO4 (r)

+ 2e -w

Pb (r) + SO42-

- 0,350

302
Nguyn t

S (r)

+ 2e -

+ 2e

(r) + H20

- 0,55

HS- + OH-

- 0,51

H2S

+ 0,17

S2

+ 2e -

2S 2-

- 0,51

S4O6

+ 2e -

2S2032-

+ 0,08

SO42- + 4H+

+ 2e --

H2S03 +H20

+ 0,60

S2O8

+ 2e --

2S042-

+ 1,1

S2O8

+ 2e -

2SO42- c mt Ag+

+ 1,98

Sn2+

+ 2e "-

Sn (r)

- 0,136

Sn4+

+ 2 e "-

Sn2+

+ 0,154

Zn2+

+ 2e -

Zn (r)

- 0,763

ZnO22- + 2H2O

+ 2e ==S:

Zn (r) + 3H20

- 1,22

2-

2-

302

2-

+ 2e -

2-

Zn

=5 =i:

S + 2H+

2-

Sn

E o (V)

Cp oxy ha kh

Ph lc 6.

TCH s TAN CA MT s CHT T TAN ( 25oC)

Nguyn t

Tn cht

Tch s tan

Ag

Bc arsenat

1. 10-22

Bc bromid

5,2. 1(T13

Bc carbonat

8,1. 1(T12

Bc chlorid

1,82. 1(T10

Bc cromat

1,1. 1(T12

Bc cyanid

7,2. 1(T11

Bc iodat

3,0. 1(r8

Bc iodid

8,3. 1(T17

Bc oxalat

3,5. 1(T11

Bc sulfid

6. 1(r50

AI

Nhm hydroxyd

2. 10-32

Ba

Bari carbonat

5,1. 10-9

Bari cromat

1,2. 1(r10

Bari iodat

1,57. 1(T9

Bari manganat

2,5. 10_1

Bari oxalat

2,3. 1(r8

Bari sulfat

1,3. 10_1

Bismutyl clorid

7. 10-9

Bismutyl hydroxyd

4. 10-10

Calci carbonat

4,8. 10-9

Calci fluorid

4,9. 10"11

Calci oxalat

2,3. 1(r9

Calci sulfat

2,6.

St (II) sulfid

6.10-8

St (II) hydroxyd

8. 10"16

St (III) hydroxyd

4. 10"38

Thy ngn (I) bromid

5,8. 10-23

Thy ngn (I) clorid

1,3. 10"18

Thy ngn (I) iodid

4,5. 1 0 2 9

Nguyn t

Tn cht

Tch s tan

Mg

Magnesi amon phosphat

3. 10-13

Magnesi carbonat

1. 1(T5

Bi

Ca

Fe

Hg

303

Mn

Pb

Sr

Zn

304

Magnesi hydroxyd

1,8. 1(T11

Magnesi oxalat

8,6. 1(T5

Mangan (II) hydroxyd

1,9. 10-13

Mangan (II) sulfid

3. 1(T13

Ch carbonat

3,3. 10-14

Ch clorid

1,6. 1(T5

Ch cromat

1,8. 1(T14

Ch hydroxyd

2,5. 1(T16

Ch iodid

7,1. 1(T9

Ch oxalat

4,8. 10"1

Ch sulfat

1,6. 1(T8

Ch sulfid

7. 1(T28

Stronti oxalat

5,6. 10-8

Stronti sulfat

3,2.

Km hydroxyd

1,2. 10-17

Km oxalat

7,5. 1(T9

Km sulfid

4,5. 10-24

Ph lc 7.

HNG s TO PHC

7.1. Phi t v c
Phi t

Cation

logK 1

NH3

Ag+

3,3 3,8

2,6

Co2+

2,1

1,6

Cu +

4,3

3,7

Ni2+

2,8

2,2

1,7

Zn +

2,4

2,4

2,5 2,1

Ag+

AgBr(r) + Br AgBr2AgBr32lgK3 = 0,7

Hg2+

9,0

Pb +

1,2

Ag+

AgCl(r) + ClAgCl2AgCl32log K3 = 0,0

Bi3+

2,4

2,0

Cd2+

1,5

0,4 0,4

Cu+

Cu+ + 2Cl-

Fe2+

0,4 0,0

Cl-

CN

1,0

0,8

0,2 -0,6

6,5

Pb +

1,6

Sn2+

1,1

Ag+

Ag+ + 2CN-

Cd2+

5,5

5,1

Hg +

18,0

16,7

Ni

Ni2+ + 4CN-

AI

logK1K2 = 4,9

0,9 1,0

Pb + + 3Cl-

PbCl3- log K1K2K3 = 1,7

0,6 0,0

6,1

5,0

5,3

4,0 2,8

Cd2+

2,3

Cu2+

6,5

Fe

3,9

log Ks2 = - 4,7 AgCl2- + Cl-

0,4 0,5

Ag(CN)2-

logK1K2 = 21,1

4,6 3,6
3,8 3,0
Ni(CN)43,8

8,9 Al(OH)3(r) + OH-

0,8 0,0

lgK2 = - 4,7 AgBr2- + Br-

CuCl2-

6,7

AI

1,2

1,4

Hg2+

2,3 -0,5

1,4 1,3

0,6 -1,0

Fe
OH-

-0,3 -1,7

1,5

logK 5 logK 6

0,9

3,0

8,3

logK 4

1,4

Fe +

F-

2,1

logK 3

Cd +

Br

logK 2

logK1K2K3K4 = 22
2,7

1,6 0,5

Al(OH)4- log Kr4 = 1,0

305
Phi t
OH-

Cation

logK

logK 2

Fe3+
Hg2+

11,1 10,7
10,3

logK 3

logK 4

logK 5 logK 6

Ni 2+

4,6

I-

SCN-

Pb +

6,2 Pb(OH)2(r)+ OH-

Pb(OH)3- logKr3 = -1,3

Zn2+

4,4 Zn(OH)2 (r)+ 2OH-

Zn(OH)24 log Kr4 = -0,9

Cd2+

2,4

Cu+

CuI (r)+ I-

Hg2+

12,9

Pb2+

1,3
PbI2 (r) + IPbI3PbI42log K4 = - 3,8

Ag+

AgSCN(r) + SCN-

Ag(SCN)2-

Cd2+

1,0

0,6 1,0

Co2+

2,3

Cu2+

CuSCN(r)+ SCN-

Fe3+

2,1 1,3

Hg2+

log K1K2 = 17,3

Ni +

1,2

1,6

1,0 1,1
CuI2-

log Kr2 = -3,1

11,0

3,8 2,3

0,7
0,7

log Kr

= - 4,7 PbI3- + I-

logKr2 = -7,2

-0,7 0,0
Cu(SCN)2-

log Kr2 = -3,4

2,7 1,8

0,5 0,2

7.2. Phi t hu c
Cc TOinp^xmiat (lg KMY

=M^^

ion

lgK MY

ion

lgK MY

ion

lgK MY

Fe3+

25,1

Zn2+

16,30

Ca2+

10,7

Th4+

23,2

Cd2+

16,4

Mg2+

8,7

Hg +

21,8

Al +

16,1

Ba +

7,8

Pb2+

18,0

Fe2+

14,3

Ag+

7,3

306

GII P BI TP
PHN 1. L THUYT PHN TCH NH TNH Bi 1
1.1. CO; 43 kg C/100 kg CO; 43 g C/100 g CO; 43 v-12C/100 v-12C)
1.2. a)
1.3. 27,7% Mg; 23,6% P; 48,7% O
1.4. a) % H = 7,74%; %C = 92,26% C
b) % H = 7,74%; %C = 92,26% C
c) % H v %C trong 2 cht l nh nhau, v chng c cng cng thc thc nghim CH.
d) Khi lng phn t (78 v 26 v-12C))
1.5. 5,42.101.6. a) FeS; b) FeS2; c) Fe2S3
1.8. a) 13,7 L; b) 28,0L
1.9. a) 0,1251 E/L = 0,1251N; b) 0,500N
1.10. a) 2E; b) 0,5E;
c) 0,1E
1.11. 0,600N
1.12. 375 mL
1.13. 20 mL
1.14. 1,59 N
1.15. 0,584M
1.16. a) 4; b) 3
1.17. a) 3,95 g KMnO4; b) 1,59g KI
1.18. a) +5; b) +4/3;
c) +7; d) +6; e) +5;
) +6; g) +5; h) +2; i) C: +4;
s: -2;
j) +2,5;
k) Cl: -1 ; S: +1) 1-20. a) Ln lt cc trng t tri sang phi, t trn xung di:
2.1024
-11
; 3,3 ; 10,7
307

1.21. 1.22.
1.23. 1.24.
1.25. 1.26. 1.27. 1.28. 1.29.
1.30.
1.31. 1.32. 1.33.
1.34. 1.35.
1.36.
Bi 2
2-1. 2-2.
3,3.10-10 ;
9,48 ;
10-6 ; 10-8 ;
10-2 ; 10-12 ;
b) Ch dung dch 2)
a) 3
a) pH = 2,46 b) pH = 3,11 c) pH = 2,05 pH = 13,00 a) [H3OI = 10-4 ; c) [H3OI = 3,2.10-3; T gd = 1,0.10-1
1,4.10-4 M pH = 10,45
5.10b) 11
pOH = 11,5 pOH = 10,8 pOH = 11,95
4,52
8
2
c) 11,3
d) 7
b) [H3OI = 10-10
-7
d) [H3O+] = 5,5.10PbSO,
T
= 1,6.10-9
-8
= 9,3.10Ag CrO4
1,0.10-12
-18
M 5.10-10M
3.10
Fe(OH) =
b) 3,2.10
-4
g (0,32mg) b) [Pt4+(NH3)5Cl]3+Cl3 d) K3[Fe3+(CN)6]a) 0,35g
a) Ca[ZnF4]
2b) Na4[Fe2+(CN)6] a) Calci tetrafluorozincat b) Platin(IV)pentaaminomonocloro clorid c) Natri
hexacyanoferat(II) d) Kali hexacyanoferat(III)
a) C b) A c) B d) B
a) S b) c) d) S e) f) g)
c) 0,15g
308
A

14

3-

4-

Bi 3
3.2. 3)
3.3. Ring tan ca PbCl2 tng nhiu theo nhit
3.4. PbCl2, v theo 3-3.
3.5. gim s ha tan ta clorid, c bit l ta PbCl 2
Bi 5
5.3. 3)
Bi 7
7.2. V sn phm ca phn ng u l cht khng tan (S), bay hi (NO) hoc khng in ly (HgCl 2, H2O)
nn cn bng chuyn mnh sang phi.
Dung dch cng thy to ra clor nguyn t oxy ha d dng S 2- trong HgS:
3HCl + HNO3 3Cl + NO + 2H2O
v 2Cl + HgS S + HgCl2
Bi 9
9.2. 9.3. 9.4. 9.5. 9.6. 9.7.
Bi 10
10.2.
1)
Khng c, v khng c trng ring
1) 1) 1)
V d Cl2 th I2 HIO3 khng mu; cn Br- b oxy ha tip to thm nhiu Br2 c mu trong nc hoc
trong cloroform
1) V gii phng kh CO2 lm c nc vi trong, li khng phn ng vi dung dch KMnO4 + H2SO4
(nh kh SO2)
10.3. 3)
10.4. 1)
309

PHN 3. L THUYT PHN TCH NH LNG

Bi 2
2.8: 2.9:
Bi 3
3.6:
3.7:
3.8:
3.9:
3.10:
3.11:
3.12:
Bi 4
4.8:
4.9:
4.10:
4.11:
4.12:
Bi 5
5.6:
5.7:
5.8:
5.9:
5.10:
5.11:
5.12:
5.13:
Bi 6
6.7: 6.8: 21,22%
15,88% CaCl2 v 84,12% Ca(NO3)2)
31,52 g
118,2 mL 27,7 mL
2,6500 g
4,768 g
7,302 g H4Y v 2 g NaOH K = 1,083
K = 0,9879 v NHCl = 0,0977 6,908 g/L
0,1201N 0,29 % 0,0784 N
0,07969 N
2,78
8,87
4,312 g/L
0,00546 M
NaOH 0,010 M v Na2CO3 0,02 M 1,836 g NH3
6,576 g/L
0,1025 N 0,698 L
310

6.9: 0,1664 g
6.10: 4,8718 g/L
6.11: 42,35 g/L
Bi 7
7.7: 8,30 g/L
7.8: 70,68% KBr v 29,32% KCl
7.9:
pH 2:
7.17: 0,0288 M
7.18: 4,76 c
7.19: 0,125 N
7.20: 8,8186 g SO42-/L
PHN 4. THC HNH PHN TCH NH LNG Bi 3 Bi 8
3.6: B 8. 1: 0,0498 N
3.7: 0,1068 N 8. 4: C
8. 6: 0,2658 %
Bi 4 Bi 9
9. 6: 0,1016 N
4. 5: 4. 6:
Bi 5
5. 5: 5. 6:
Bi 6
6. 4: 6. 5:
Bi 7
7. 5: 7. 6:
A
0,0900 N D
0,1018 N
0,9859 98,84 %
0,9918 98,23 %
Bi 10
Bi 11
10. 4: 0,9875 10.6: 3,02 %
L
11. 6: 0,1051 N
Bi 12
12.6: 0,0997 N
Bi 13
13. 6: 0,0997 N
311

TI LIU THAM KHO

1. B Y t (2002). Dc in Vit Nam III. NXB Y hc. H Ni.
2. B mn Ha i cng - V c (2004 - 2006), L thuyt Ha i cng - V c, quyn I, II, III.
Trng i hc Dc H Ni.
3. B mn Ha phn tch - Trng i hc Dc H Ni (2005), Ha phn tch 1. Ti liu lu hnh ni
b - Trung tm thng tin th vin
i hc Dc H Ni.
4. B mn Ha phn tch - Trng i hc Dc H Ni (1998). Thc tp Hoa phn tch. Ti liu lu
hnh ni b - Trung tm thng tin th vin i hc Dc H Ni.
5. B mn Ha phn tch (2005). Ha phn tch 1 - i hc Dc H Ni.
6. B mn Ha phn tch - i hc Dc H Ni (1998), Ha phn tch 1. Ti liu lu hnh ni b Trung tm thng tin th vin i hc Dc H Ni.
7. Hong Minh Chu, T Vn Mc, T Vng Nghi (2002). C s l thuyt ca Ha phn tch. NXB Khoa
hc k thut. H Ni.
8. L Thnh Phc (ch bin, 2006), L thuyt Hoa i cng - V c, Trng i hc Dc H Ni.
9. Nguyn Duy i, Nguyn Tnh Dung, Trn Thanh Hu, Trn Quc Sn, Nguyn Vn Tng (2002). Mt
s vn chn lc ca Ha hc. NXB Gio dc. H Ni.
10. Trn T Hiu, Lm Ngc Th (1990), Phn tch nh tnh, Nh xut bn i hc v Gio dc chuyn
nghip.
11. Trng Trung hc k thut Dc Trung ng (1995). Ha hc Phn
tch. NXB Y hc. H Ni
12. L.Kolditz (1985), Anorganikum, Deutscher Verlag der Wissenschaften, Berlin.
312