1.

Mng li sn xut ton cu (GPNs)

Khi nim v GPNs c Dieter Ernst a ra trong bn nghin cu ring bit
ca mnh. GPNs c xem l mt s pht trin vt bc v qun l sn xut
gn lin vi ton cu ha v s pht trin cng ngh. D.Ernst nhn nhn GPNs
nh l s kt hp hai qu trnh: ti cu trc phn b v mt a l ra bn
ngoi bin gii quc gia v ti t chc cc hot ng sn xut ra bn ngoi bin
gii cng ty. GPNs bao gm c hai kha cnh: s tng tc bn trong ni b
doanh nghip v cc hng bn ngoi doanh nghip thc hin cc hot ng trong
mt VCs c th. Cc lin kt trong ni b doanh nghip (vi vai tr l cng ty
u tu) bao gm cc chi nhnh, cng ty con, cc cng ty lin doanh. Ngoi ra,
GPNs cn kt ni cc nh cung cp, cc nh thu ph, cc knh phn phi v c
nhng trung tm nghin cu pht trin, v c nhng lin minh chin lc xung
quanh cng ty u tu vi nhau.
GPNs l m hnh t hp cc t chc sn xut phn tn theo a l vi mc ch
chnh l tng trng da vo cc trung tm sn xut c chuyn mn ha, gip
cho cc hng nhanh chng tip cn c cc ngun ti nguyn, nhn cng, cng
ngh vi chi ph thp. Ni cch khc, mc ch ca GPNs l tit kim chi ph.
Tuy nhin li ch thc s li c c t qu trnh ph bin, trao i v tip
thu tri thc v cng ngh. Cc c ch ny s c trnh by phn sau ca
kha lun.
C nhiu khi nim khc nhau nh trnh by trn cng th hin bi cnh
hin ti ca kinh t ton cu ha, tuy nhin mi mt khi nim li c nhng cch
tip cn khc nhau. Nhn t gc bin gii quc gia hay lc a PNs c th bao
gm cc loi hnh nh mng li sn xut ton cu (GPNs), mng li sn xut
khu vc (RPNs) v mng li sn xut quc t (IPNs). Trc tin chng ta cn
phn bit gia chui v mng. Chui nhn mnh vo trt t theo chiu
dc ca cc hot ng dn n phn phi, tiu dng, duy tr hng ha v dich
v. Trong khi , mng nhn mnh n bn cht v quy m mi quan h lin
cng ty kt ni cc cng ty n l v nhm kinh t vi nhau. V th c th
thy GVCs, GCCs nhn nhn bi cnh kinh t ton cu trn gc sn xut cho
php phn bit v nhn r nhng hot ng to ra gi tr gia tng cao. Trong khi
GPNs ng trn phng din qun l, tp trung vo phn tch s lin kt gia
cc thnh vin trong mng li, s chi phi hot ng ton mng li ca cc

cng ty u tu. V th trong GPNs vai tr ca cc th ch chnh tr v kinh t

c bit l cc t chc chnh ph l v cng quan trng v n nh hng n
chin lc ca cc cng ty ti tng khu vc a l c th. Th hai l cch tip
cn theo GCCs v GPNs, khi dng thut ng hng ha ch ni n cc hng
ha hu hnh, cha bao hm c ht cc hot ng sn xut hin nay. Chnh v
th mng li sn xut c s dng bao qut ton b hot ng sn xut hng
ha, dch v, ti sn xut tri thc, vn v lao ng. Th ba, khi nim GPNs
c s dng nhiu hn so vi cc khi nim khc nh IPNs hay mng li sn
xut xuyn quc gia, a quc gia. IPNs xut pht t cc quan im ca mt chnh
ph nht nh v th IPNs khng th hin c ton b qu trnh thm nhp
vo mt khu vc nht
nh, hay di chuyn t khu vc ny sang khu vc khc. Khi nim IPNs cha
din t cc mi quan h ton cu hay khu vc ang ni ln trong bi cnh
kinh t ton cu hin nay.
Nh vy GPNs l mt cu trc sn xut v cng phc tp, tri rng trn nhiu
khu vc a l, nhiu quc gia. C th ni RPNs l c s ban u cho s pht
trin ca GPNs, v th, mt quc gia mun tham gia su hn vo GPNs th bc
u phi tham gia vo RPNs.
2.Mng li sn xut ton cu ca Dell
2.1. Cc nh cung ng ca Dell phn theo cc nhm linh kin:
+H iu hnh: khu vc Chu u v chu (Phillips, Nokia, Samsung, Sony,
Acer)
+PBCs(c th l phn mm qun l, t cha r ngha lm ): chu , Scotland v
ng u (SCI, Celestica)
+ cng: chu , ch yu l Singapore(Seagate, Maxtor, Western Digital)
+Linh kin my in: chu u (Barcelona)
+Box builds: chu v ng u (Hon Hai, Foxteq)
+ my: chu v Ireland ( Hon Hai, Foxteq)
2.2. M hnh Direct Sales and Build-to-order (BOT)

Nm 2001, Dell Computer tr thnh hang sn xut my tnh c nhn ln nht th

gii. dell bn 90% lng my ca mnh trc tip ti tay khch hang m khng qua
trung gian phn phi, tr thnh hang c doanh s bn l ln nht th gii. iu ny
chnh l cha kha cho m hnh kinh doanh hin i ca Dell, ng thi cng mang
li mt li th ln. M hnh bn hang trc tip v BTO t ti nhng thnh
cng ln trong ngnh cng nghip my tnh trong vic gim lng hang tn kho,
tng doanh thu tin mt
M hnh ca Dell v c bn l hot ng n gin nhng khi hot ng li ht sc
phc tp. Sn xut theo n t hang ng ngha vi vic Dell phi c cc sn cc
linh kin v b phn sn sang phn ng vi cc n t hang bt c lc no.
lm c vic , Dell phi c cc nh cung cp logistics v lp rp ca mnh.
sn xut ra sn phm, Dell thit lp mt mng li sn xut ton cu t ti
chu M, chu u, chu , cho php kt ni cc nh my lp rp cui cng vi
cc nh cung ng a phng v cc nh sn xut hp ng. VVic sn xut cc
linh kin my in, cc bn linh kin hay thm ch c nhng sn phm hon chnh
u c thc hin bi cc nh sn xut hp ng hoc cc hang thit k nh SCI,
Solectron, Celestica, Hon Hai, Quanta v Arima. L mt hang sn xut my tnh,
nhng Dell li ph thuc vo cc nh cung ng bn ngoi trong vic cung cp cc
linh kin nh a drive, CD-ROM, bn dn, h iu hnh, bn phm, chut, loa,
phn mm ca Microsoft Officer.
Dell cn thu ngoi cho cc dch v khc nh h thng tch hp, ci t, sa cha
cng nh t vn t cc hang nh Wang, Unisys, IBM v BancTec.
2.3. Nh cung ng a phng
Trong khi khng t mnh sn xut c cc linh kin v b phn, Dell vn c th
lp rp sn phm hon chnh nh my tnh v cung cp cc dch v y .
Notebook PC c th c lp rp i Loan bi nh my l Quanta v
Compal.
Dell t cc nh my ca mnh theo th trng m mnh phc v, theo mt khu
vc th trng ch cht c th c ti 2, 3 hoc nhiu nh my hn. Nh my
Austin, Texas and Nashville, Tennessee phc v th trng Bc M, Eldorado do
Sul, Brazil phc v th trng Brazil v Nam M, Penang, Malaysia phc v khu

vc chu -Thi Bnh Dng, Xiamen, China phc v th trng TQ, NB, v nh
my Lierick, Ireland phc v khu vc chu u, Trung ng v Chu Phi.

Dell bt u xy dng cc nh my chi nhnh t Round Rock, Texas vo nm

1985, sau m rng cc nh my ca mnh trn ton th gii:
-

1990, xy dng nh my Ireland

1996, Malaysia
1998, Trung Quc
1999, Tennessee v Brazil

Thm vo , sau khi xy dng v m rng nh my Austine, Round Rock trong

nhiu nm, hin nay Dell pht trin c 4 nh my y. Nhng nh my ny
c th sn xut ton b phn cng my tnh. Khi chi nhnh Tennessee i vo hot
ng th ni y c th cung cp cho ton b th trng Bc M. cng ging nh
Round Rock, sau khi xy dng c s ti Limerick, Ireland, hin nay Dell c 2
nh my t y.
Quyt nh t nh my ti a phng ca Dell

Quyt nh chn ni no t nh my ca Dell c a ra da vo yu cu ti

thiu ha chi ph ki thc hin m rng m hnh BOT v bn hng trc tip trn
ton cu. p ng nhu cu sn xut cng nh cung ng trn cc th trng ch
cht, Dell la chn cc a im t nh my sao cho tit kim chi ph lao ng,
vn chuyn v c s h tng, chi ph xm nhp th trng, c tnh d xm nhp th
trng v thun li t pha chnh ph.
- chu M
+Texas
Tr s chnh ca Dell c t ti Austin, Texas, ni Michael Dell thnh lp ra
cng ty vo nm 1984. Sau vo nm 1994, Dell chuyn tr s chnh ca
mnh ti Round Rock, xy dng chi nhnh khc ti y v c ti 12000 cng nhn
lm vic. Dell vn duy tr hot ng ca chi nhnh Austin, mi nm lp rp c
khong 4 triu my.
+Tennessee
Dell m chi nhnh u tin Bc M ti ngoi Tennessee vo nm 1999, t
ti Nashville, Tennessee. Nashville c la chn bi y l bang mu m, vi
chnh sch thu u i, iu kin c s giao thng tt, ngun cung lao ng di
do v l trung tm th trng vng b Ty. Hin nay Dell c 2 nh my t ti
Tennessee: mt Lebanon phc v ngi tiu dng Desktop PC v mt
Nashville phc v khch hng s dng Notebook PC. Ngoi ra Dell cn c mt
trung tm dch v v bn l Nashville.
- Brazil
Nm 1999, Dell cho xy dng nh my ti Eldorado do Sul, Brazil. Quyt nh ny
c a ra bi nhu cu cung cp hng cho khu vc th trng Nam M. t nahf
my ti Brazil gip cho Dell c th trnh c mt khon thu gp i bnh thng
nu nhp khu lng my tr gi 1000USD vo th trng ny. Cng ty cho bit
rng thu nhp khu my tnh c th ln n 30%, bao gm c chi ph vn chuyn
v cc chi ph h tr khc. Trong khi , Brazil nm kh xa so vi th trng Bc
M. v iu ny s gy bt li cho doanh nghip. ngoi ra, khi xut khu t Brazil
sang cc nc ln cn nh Argentina, Uruguay v Paraguay th Dell s min thu
xut khu vo cc nc ny.

- Chu u, Trung ng, Chu Phi (EMEA)

Tr s chnh cho khu vc EMEA ca Dell nm ti Bracknell, UK. Khu vc ny
cng c mt trung tm h tr dch v v bn hng phc v cc khch hng c nhn
v doanh nghip nh chu u.
Dell m mt chi nhnh lp rp ti Limerick, Ireland nm 1990 phc v th
trng chu u, v sau cng thit lp mt chi nhnh th 2 v trung tm iu
hnh y. Ngoi ra Dell cng mt trung tm h tr dch v v bn hng na
Bray, Ireland cung cp cho nhng cng ty v khch hng ln.
Vic la chn t c s ti Limerick bi chi ph thp cng nh ngun lao ng c
cht lng cao. Dell tuyn dng nhng lao ng t cc trng i hc v trng k
thut ti a phng. Hin nay c ti 50% lao ng lm vic cho Dell ti Limerick
c o to mt cch chuyn nghip.
Mt li th na khi t nh my ti Ireland l t l thu thp. Do Ireland l mt
thnh vin ca EU, do sn phm sn xut ti Ireland c th chuyn ti bt c
u trong khu vc ny m khng phi chu thm mt khon ph no. y l mt
yu t chnh Dell t nh my ti Limerick.
Cui cng, Ireland l ni rt ng thu ht v c s c mt ca cc nh cung cp cho
Dell nh Intel, Microsoft, cc nh sn xut hp ng nh SCI, cng nh c s giao
thng thun tin.
Hn na Ireland v UK, Dell cng iu hnh cc chi nhnh 16 quc gia khc
quanh khu vc EMEA, hu ht l bn hng v h tr k thut.
- Chu - Thi Bnh Dng
Chi nhnh u tin Dell thnh lp ti khu vc ny t ti Penang, Malaysia nm
1996. Malaysia l trung tm ca khu vc Chu - Thi Bnh Dng, thun li vi
cc nh cung ng, mc lng kh quan. Khi xy dng nahf my Penang, hng
nhn c mt khon min thu trong 5 nm. Cc cng ty cng ngh cao khi u
t vo Malaysia u dc min thu 30% trong vng 5 nm. Nh my ti y sn
xut Notebook PC cho khu vc Chu - Thi Bnh Dng v M.
1998, hng tip tc m thm nh my ti Xiamen, China. Thanhf lp chi nhnh
Trung Quc i lc l mt hnh ng khn ngoan. Vi chi ph thu cao, vic nhp

khu vo i lc l mt chin lc sai lm. ng thi t y s cung cp sn phm

Desktop Pc cho th trng Nht Bn.
2.4. Cc nhn t chung ca cc khu vc th trng
+Thm nhp th trng: Texas l trung tm ca M, Tennessee l trung tm b
ng M. malaysia l trung tm ca khu vc rng ln Chu -Thi Bnh Dng.
Ireland gn cc th trng ln nh UK, c, Php. Ngoi ra, Ireland cn cho
php thm nhp d dng vo th trng chu u.
+Cht lng v chi ph nhn cng: Texas v Tennessee chi ph nhn cng r hn
thung lng Silycon. Malaysia r hn Singapore. Ireland vn r hn hu ht cc
nc chu u. Cht lng lao ng ti cc khu vc ny cng tng i tt.
+Vn chuyn v h tng truyn thng: hot ng hu cn s tn chi ph hn so vi
hot ng lp rp, v vn chuyn l mt yu t rt quan trng. Tennessee, c th
d dng di chuyn trn cc con ng cao tc ti cc trung tm phn phi. Mnagj
li truyn thng rng ri, chi ph r v cht lng cng l nhng im sng, c
bit cho hot ng chm sc khch hng v trung tm d liu.
3. c im MLSXTC ca Dell:
- Kt hp gia tp trung ha sn xut v phn on sn xut:
+ Phi tp trung ha sn xut:
Nh chng ta bit, Dell khng t mnh sn xut ra tt c cc linh kin my tnh
m phn ln cc thit b ny c cung ng bi h thng cc nh cung cp cho
Dell nh Intel, AMD cho vi x l Seagate, Maxtor, Quantum .. cho cng
Samsung, Toshiba, Micron cc chip RAM Sony, Phillips, Nokia, Samsung, Acer
cho mn hnh SCI, Solectron cho cc linh kin my in Hon Hai cho cc thng
my tnh v u ni Microsoft cho cc phn mm v h iu hnh V nhiu cc
nh sn xut thit b gc (OEM) i Loan cho cc linh kin khc.
Dell cng m cc nh my lp rp ca mnh cc quc gia nh: n , Trung
Quc, Malaysia, Ba Lan, Ailen,.
Vic phi tp trung ha sn xut ny gip cho Dell vn c c nhng thit b
cn thit vi mc gi r hn v cht lng vn c th m bo. bn cnh , t
nh my nhng quc gia khc nhau thay v ch t tng hnh dinh l M, Dell

s tit kim c nhiu hn chi ph ngun nhn lc, gn gi vi th trng nc s

ti v thun tin trong vic vn chuyn v loi b c mt s hng ro thu quan.
+Tp trung ha sn xut:
Bn cnh vic phn on sn xut, chia nh cc hot ng ca mnh, Dell cng m
mt s trung tm cng ngh ln, mang tnh u tu trong mng li tp trung
vo vic lp rp sn phm v nghin cu sn phm mi.
in hnh l vic m mt lot cc nh my n hay vic bt tay vi Intel v
Revolution analytics m ra trung tm Big data, nhng trung tm ny khng ch n
gin l lp rp linh kin, m cn nghin cu tng, vn hnh th sn phm mi
v nng cp sn phm c
- M hnh n nhn bay:
c c v th nh hin nay trong ngnh cng ngh, Dell to ra mt mng
li sn xut ton cu khng ch cht lng m cn nhanh nhay v sng to khng
ngng c th n u nhiu xu hng cng ngh mi, tr thnh mt trong
nhng con nhn u n trong n nhn cng ngh.
Khi m th trng ngy mt tr nn kh tnh, ngi tiu dng khng ch mun
c mt thit b tt, tch hp nhiu ch nng m cn yu cu kht khe v thit k
sn phm. thc c iu y, Dell l cng ty dn u xu hng mng - nh
khi thit k cc ng bo trn bn gc, trng lng t m vn y nhng chc
nng nh nhng sn phm khc.
Bn cnh , Dell tr thnh nh sn xut my tnh xch tay u tin hng
n mc tiu cung cp kh nng sc khng dy cho sn phm ca mnh, Mt im
ng quan tm l cng ngh sc khng dy m Dell hng n l khng cn n
dock h tr, iu ny s gip ngi dng phi phin h hn trong qu trnh s
dng.
- Lan ta tr thc trong mng li sn xut ton cu:
Dell rt thnh cng trong vic a cc tr s, nh my ca mnh n nhiu
quc gia khc nhau v u t nc ngoi phi tp trung ha sn xut, vic ny
dn ti vic Dell c th chuyn giao cng ngh ca mnh ti cc nc tip nhn
u t.

Bn cnh , Dell cng di chuyn ngun nhn lc ca mnh n cc cng ty

con, cc nh cung cp, ng thi c th lan ta k nng qun l ca mnh.
4. Mt s nhn t nh hng n s trng thnh v pht trin ca MLSXTC
ca Dell
- Ton cu ha v t do ha thng mi: nn kinh t th gii ang ngy mt c
m rng v t do ha, iu ny nh hng rt nhiu n mt cng ty a quc gia
nh Dell. N gip cho Dell gim c rt nhiu ro cn thng mi, tip cn c
vi nhiu nh cung cp mi, m rng s la chon ca mnh i vi ngun hng,
a im sn xut hay ngun lao ng.
- Ti c cu, thay i t chc trong doanh nghip: vic dell chuyn thnh cng ty
t nhn c coi l mt cuc i ci t trong ni b cng ty, vi mc ch d dng
hn trong tip cn ngun vn vay, m rng quy m sn xut, khng ch tp trung
trong khu lp rp m ch trng hn n pht trin, nghin cu v sng to sn
phm