Luan 2

I HC QUC GIA TP.
HCM
TRNG I HC BCH KHOA
--------------------
H MINH T
NGHIN CU QU TRNH KH NC DUNG DCH CN SINH HC

BNG CNG NGH THM THU-BC HI
Chuyn ngnh : Cng ngh ch bin thc phm v ung
M s
: 605402
LUN VN THC S
TP. H CH MINH, thng 06 nm2015
Cng trnh c hon thnh ti: Trng i Hc Bch Khoa HQG TP. HCM
Cn b hng dn khoa hc: TS. Nguyn Hu Hiu
Cn b chm nhn xt 1:
Cn b chm nhn xt 2:
Lun vn thc s c bo v ti Trng i Hc Bch Khoa, HQG TP. HCM

Ngy
thng
nm 2015
Thnh phn hi ng nh gi lun vn thc s gm:

1..
2..
3..
4..
5..
Xc nhn ca Ch tch Hi ng nh gi lun vn v Trng khoa qun l chuyn ngnh
sau khi lun vn c sa cha (nu c).
CH TCH HI NG
TRNG KHOA K THUT HA HC
I HC QUC GIA TP. HCM CNG HA X HI CH NGHA VIT NAM

TRNG I HC BCH KHOA
c Lp T Do Hnh Phc
NHIM V LUN VN THC S
H tn hc vin: H Minh t
Ngy, thng, nm sinh: 06/11/1988
Chuyn ngnh: Cng ngh Thc phm v ung
MSHV: 11110192
Ni sinh: Bn Tre
M s: 605452
I. TN TI:
Nghin cu qu trnh kh nc dung dch cn sinh hc bng cng ngh thm thu-bc hi
II. NHIM V V NI DUNG:
- Tng quan: quy trnh sn xut cn sinh hc, cc phng php kh nc dung dch cn
cao , cng ngh thm thu-bc hi, iu kin vn hnh h thng thm thu-bc hi n
hiu qu phn tch ca mng.
- Thc nghim: dng quy hoch thc nghim kho st nh hng ca cc iu kin
vn hnh h thng thm thu-bc hi nh: nhit , nng , lu lng dng nhp liu
v p sut dng thm thu n hiu qu kh nc dung dch cn cao (ln hn 80%
khi lng) bng mng thng mi poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) trn nn polyacrylonitrile
(PAN) (PVA/PAN). Ti u ha cc iu kin vn hnh t hiu qu lm vic ca
mng tt nht.
- Kt qu v bn lun
- Kt lun
- Ti liu tham kho
III. NGY GIAO NHIM V: 02/2015
IV. NGY HON THNH NHIM V: 06/2015
V. CN B HNG DN: TS. Nguyn Hu Hiu
Tp. HCM, ngy
CN B HNG DN
CH NHIM B
MN O TO
thng
nm 2015
TRNG KHOA K
THUT HA HC
LI CM N
u tin, ti xin gi li cm n chn thnh cm n chn thnh n thy TS. Nguyn
Hu Hiu tn tnh hng dn ti trong sut thi gian thc hin lun vn.
Ti xin trn trng cm n qu thy c thuc b mn Cng ngh thc phm, B mn
Cng ngh sinh hc, B mn my thit b, Khoa K thut ha hc trng i hc Bch
Khoa Tp. H Ch Minh, trang b cho ti kin thc v nhit tnh h tr ti trong thi
gian hc tp v thc hin lun vn.
Ti xin by t lng bit n n bn ng Th Minh Kiu, Nguyn Thanh Bnh,
Dng Thng h tr ti trong thi gian lm vic phng th nghim.
V cui cng, ti xin gi li cm n n cc thnh vin trong gia nh, to iu
kin v ng h cho ti trong sut thi gian hc tp v thc hin lun vn.
Hc vin thc hin
H Minh t
TM TT
Trong lun vn ny, qu trnh kh nc dung dch cn c nng t 80% n 96%
khi lng bng cng ngh thm thu-bc hi c nghin cu vi mng thng mi
poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) trn nn polyacrylonitrile (PAN) (PVA/PAN). Theo , lun
vn gm bn chng vi ni dung nh sau:
Chng I. Tng quan: Trnh by v cn sinh hc: cc tnh cht c trng v cc
phng php sn xut cn sinh hc, cc phng php kh nc dung dch cn. c bit
trong chng ny cn gii thiu v cng ngh phn ring bng mng: c th l cng ngh
thm thu-bc hi, cc u v nhc im, ng dng ca cng ngh thm thu-bc hi.
ng thi, cng nu ln tnh cp thit, mc tiu, ni dung v phng php nghin cu
ca ti.
Chng II. Thc nghim: trnh by cc ha cht, cch b tr quy hoch thc
nghim vi bn yu t lm vic: nhit , nng , lu lng dng nhp liu v p sut
dng thm thu. M t s h thng th nghim v quy trnh th nghim.
Chng III. Kt qu v bn lun: Trnh by cc kt qu, s nh hng ring r v
ng thi ca cc yu t vn hnh ln hiu qu lm vic ca mng PVA/PAN thng qua
gi tr thng lng v chn lc ca mng.
Chng IV. Kt lun: Trnh by cc kt qu chnh t c.
ii
ABSTRACT
In this thesis, the dehydration of 80-96 wt% ethanol solution by pervaporation
technology using a commercial poly (vinyl alcohol) (PVA) based on polyacrylonitrile
(PAN) (PVA/PAN) membrane was studied. According to this approach, the thesis
consists of four chapters with the following contents:
Chapter I. Overview: This chapter provides an overview of the properties and
production of bioethanol, dehydration processes for ethanol solution. Especially, the
membrane separation technology that includes pervaporation process is also presented.
The advantages and disadvantages, and applications of pervaporation are described.
Furthermore, the novelty, objectives, content, and methodology are also presented.
Chapter
II.
Experimental:
This
chapter
presents
chemicals,
facilities,
experimental design with four operating conditions: feed temperature, feed concentration,
feed flow rate, and permeate pressure. This chapter also describes the pervaporation
system, experimental procedures to investigate effect of operating conditions on the
pervaporation performance of PVA/PAN membrane in terms of permeate flux and
selectivity.
Chapter III. Results and discussion: This chapter shows the results of the effects
of individual and simultaneous operating conditions on the pervaporation performance of
PVA/PAN membrane via the permeate flux and selectivity. Additionally, the individual
and multiresponse optimization based on the desirability function for the pervaporation
process also are presented.
Chapter IV. Conclusions: This chapter summarizes the main achieved results of
this thesis.
iii
MC LC
LI CM N ..................................................................................................................... i
TM TT .......................................................................................................................... ii
ABSTRACT ...................................................................................................................... iii
MC LC ......................................................................................................................... iv
DANH MC HNH .......................................................................................................... vi
DANH MC BNG ....................................................................................................... viii
M U ............................................................................................................................ ix
CHNG I. TNG QUAN .............................................................................................. 1
1.1. Cn sinh hc ................................................................................................................. 1
1.1.1.Khi nim v tnh cht............................................................................................ 1
1.1.2.u im-khuyt im ca cn sinh hc ................................................................. 2
1.1.3.Tnh hnh s dng cn sinh hc trn th gii ......................................................... 3
1.1.4.Cng ngh sn xut cn sinh hc ........................................................................... 4
1.1.5.Cc phng php nng cao cn......................................................................... 9
1.2. Cng ngh thm thu-bc hi (Pervaporation) .......................................................... 16
1.2.1.Gii thiu .............................................................................................................. 16
1.2.2.u-nhc im ca cng ngh thm thu-bc hi .............................................. 23
1.2.3.Mng dng cho qu trnh thm thu-bc hi ....................................................... 24
1.2.4.ng dng kh nc ca qu trnh thm thu-bc hi ......................................... 29
1.3. Tnh cp thit v mc tiu .......................................................................................... 33
1.3.1 Tnh cp thit ........................................................................................................ 33
1.3.2.Mc tiu nghin cu ............................................................................................. 34
1.3.3.Ni dung nghin cu ............................................................................................ 34
1.3.4.Phng php nghin cu ...................................................................................... 35
CHNG 2. THC NGHIM ...................................................................................... 38
2.1. Ha cht, dng c v thit b ...................................................................................... 38
2.1.1.Ha cht ................................................................................................................ 38
iv
2.1.2.Dng c v thit b ............................................................................................... 38

2.1.3.H thng thm thu-bc hi ................................................................................. 38
2.2. Kho st nh hng ca iu kin vn hnh .............................................................. 42
CHNG 3. KT QU V BN LUN ..................................................................... 44
3.1. nh hng ca tng yu t ........................................................................................ 47
3.1.1.nh hng ca nhit ....................................................................................... 47
3.1.2.nh hng ca nng ....................................................................................... 48
3.1.3.nh hng ca lu lng..................................................................................... 48
3.1.4.nh hng ca p sut ......................................................................................... 48
3.2. nh hng ng thi ca cc yu t .......................................................................... 49
3.2.1.nh hng ca nhit v p sut ...................................................................... 49
3.2.2.nh hng ca nhit v nng .................................................................... 50
3.2.3.nh hng ca nng v p sut ...................................................................... 52
3.2.4.nh hng ca nhit v lu lng .................................................................. 54
3.2.5.nh hng ca p sut v lu lng ................................................................... 56
3.2.6.nh hng ca nng v lu lng .................................................................. 57
3.3. Ti u ha iu kin vn hnh ................................................................................... 59
3.3.1.Phng trnh hi quy ............................................................................................ 59
3.3.2. tng thch ca m hnh ................................................................................. 59
3.3.3.Ti u tng hm mc tiu .................................................................................... 60
3.3.4.Ti u ng thi hai hm mc tiu ...................................................................... 61
CHNG 4. KT LUN ............................................................................................... 63
TI LIU THAM KHO............................................................................................... 64
DANH MC HNH
Hnh 1.1: Cu trc phn t ca ethanol ............................................................................... 1
Hnh 1.2: Gin cn bng pha lng-hi ca ethanol-nc 1atm .................................. 2
Hnh 1.3: Qu trnh x l lignocellose ................................................................................ 6
Hnh 1.4: Quy trnh sn xut cn sinh hc t biomass ....................................................... 8
Hnh 1.5: Quy trnh chng ct hn hp ng ph ................................................................ 9
Hnh 1.6: Quy trnh chng ct chn khng ....................................................................... 10
Hnh 1.7: Cu to phn t zeolit ........................................................................................ 12
Hnh 1.8: a. T din SiO4 .................................................................................................. 13
Hnh 1.9: Quy trnh hp ph .............................................................................................. 14
Hnh 1.10: Quy trnh hp ph thay i p sut.................................................................. 14
Hnh 1.11: S nguyn l ca qu trnh thm thu-bc hi dng bm chn khng ...... 17
Hnh 1.12: S nguyn l ca qu trnh thm thu-bc hi dng dng kh qut .......... 17
Hnh 1.13: Lch s hnh thnh v pht trin ca qu trnh thm thu-bc hi [15] .......... 19
Hnh 1.14: S thm thu hi dng bm chn khng ................................................... 22
Hnh 1.15: Cc loi mun mng c bn: (a) dng tm phng, (b) dng xon c, (c) dng
ng, (d) dng si rng ........................................................................................................ 25
Hnh 1.16: So snh qu trnh kh nc h ethanol-nc bng phng php chng ct
(ng cong di) v thm thu-bc hi (ng cong trn) [39] .............................. 30
Hnh 1.17: Ni dung nghin cu ....................................................................................... 34
Hnh 2.1: S h thng thm thu-bc hi..................................................................... 38
Hnh 2.2: nh ca h thng thm thu-bc hi ................................................................ 40
Hnh 2.3: Quy trnh vn hnh h thng ............................................................................. 41
Hnh 3.2: Mc nh hng ring r v ng thi ca cc yu t ln thng lng dng
thm thu ........................................................................................................................... 46
Hnh 3.3: Mc nh hng ring r v ng thi ca cc yu t ln chn lc ca
mng ...................................................................................................................... 47
Hnh 3.4: B mt p ng (a) v ng ng mc (b) th hin nh hng ng thi ca
nhit v p sut ln thng lng lu lng 80 l/h v nng 88% ......................... 49
vi

nhit v p sut ln chn lc lu lng 80 l/h v nng 88% .......................... 50
nhit v nng ln thng lng lu lng 80 l/h v p sut 11 kPa ..................... 51
nhit v nng ln chn lc lu lng 80 l/h v p sut 11 kPa ...................... 52
nng , p sut ln thng lng nhit 40 C v lu lng 80 l/h ........................... 53
nng , p sut ln chn lc nhit 40 C v lu lng 80 l/h ............................ 54
nhit , lu lng ln thng lng p sut 11 kPa v nng , 88% .......................... 54
nhit , lu lng ln chn lc p sut 11 kPa v nng , 88% ........................... 55
Hnh 3.12: th b mt p ng (a) v ng ng mc (b) ng th hin nh hng
ng thi ca lu lng v p sut ln thng lng nhit 40C v p sut 88% ..... 56
ng thi ca lu lng v p sut ln chn lc nhit 40C v p sut 88% ...... 57
Hnh 3.14: : th b mt p ng (a) v ng ng mc (b) ng th hin nh hng
ng thi ca nng v lu lng ln thng lng nhit 40C v p sut 11 kPa 57
ng thi ca nng v lu lng ln chn lc nhit 40C v p sut 11 kPa . 58
Hnh 3.16: So snh gi tr thc nghim v m phng ca (a) thng lng v (b) chn
lc.. ............................................................................................................................ 60
Hnh 3.17: Ti u ha ng thi thng lng v chn lc .......................................... 61
vii
DANH MC BNG
Bng 1.1: im ng ph ca hn hp ethanol-nc ...................................................... 11
Bng 1.2: So snh chi ph vn hnh ca cc phng php kh nc dung dch cn (cc h
thng cn hnh vi 30 tn/ngy) ...................................................................................... 24
Bng 1.3: Vt liu ch to mng v ng dng mng trong cng ngh
thm thu-bc hi .............................................................................................................. 28
Bng 1.4: B tr th nghim ............................................................................................... 36
Bng 2.1: Ha cht th nghim .......................................................................................... 38
Bng 2.2: Thit b v thng s k thut ca h thng thm thu-bc hi ......................... 39
Bng 2.3: Gi tr cc bin c lp ..................................................................................... 42
Bng 2.4: Bng b tr th nghim ...................................................................................... 42
Bng 3.1: Kt qu th nghim ............................................................................................ 44
viii
M U
T hng ngn nm trc, con ngi bit lm ru dng nh mt loi thc ung.
Ngy nay, ngh lm ru-cn vn ang pht trin v chim t l kh ln trong nn kinh
t ca cc nc. Vi s pht trin ca khoa hc k thut, cc phng php nng cao
cn c pht minh, t vic s dng cn rng ri ph bin hn.
Ngoi ng dng nh mt loi ung, cn cn c ng dng lm nguyn liu trong
nhiu ngnh cng nghip: sn xut gim v axit axetic, lm dung mi hu c, dng trong
y t, dng trong ngnh thc phm, m phm nc hoa, v nhiu ng dng khc Khi
m gi c cht t v vn mi trng c quan tm nhiu nc trn th gii th cn
c quan tm vi vai tr l mt loi nhin liu xanh v sch. Tuy nhin c th s
dng nh mt cn tinh khit, vn quan trng l cn phi tht cao (khan nc).
Vi nhiu cng ngh tch chit nhm nng cao cn hin nay, cng ngh thm thubc hi c s dng cc nc M, Brazil v cc nc chu u t nhiu nm trc
nhng li hon ton mi m Vit Nam.
Kt hp iu kin sn c ca Vit Nam l mt nc vi nn nng nghip sn xut
lng thc ln trn th gii, c ngun nguyn liu di do cho ngnh cng nghip sn
xut cn th kh nng cng ngh thm thu-bc hi sn xut cn cao p ng cho
nhiu ngnh cng nghip c bit l trong lnh vc cng ngh dc phm, thc phm.
ix
CHNG I. TNG QUAN

1.1. Cn sinh hc
1.1.1. Khi nim v tnh cht
Cn sinh hc c thnh phn tng t nh cn thng thng, ch khc l cn sinh hc
c sn xut t ngun nguyn liu: cc loi ng n gin, tinh bt v c bit l cc
ngun sinh khi lignocelluloses (biomass) [1].
Cng thc ha hc ca cn l C2H6O hay C2H5OH c cng thc cu to l
CH3CH2OH th hin cacbon nhm metyl (CH3) lin kt vi carbon nhm metylen
(CH2), nhm ny lin kt ng thi vi oxy ca nhm hydroxyl (OH) [2].
Hnh 1.1: Cu trc phn t ca ethanol

Tnh cht:
Cn l mt cht lng, khng mu, trong sut, nh hn nc (cn tuyt i c khi
lng ring 0,7936 g/ml 15 oC), d bay hi (si nhit 78,39 oC), ha rn
-114.15 oC, tan trong nc v hn, tan trong ete v clorofom, ht m, d chy, khi chy
khng c khi v ngn la c mu xanh da tri [3].
1
0.9
0.8
y (% mol)
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
x (% mol)
Hnh 1.2: Gin cn bng pha lng-hi ca ethanol-nc 1atm [3]

Hn hp ng ph ca cn vi 95 % khi lng ethanol c nhit si 78,15 oC ti 1
atm nh Hnh 1.2.
1.1.2. u im-khuyt im ca cn sinh hc [1]
u im
Tc ng kinh t
Lm a dng ngun nhin liu.
Lm tng s lng cng vic nng thn.
Pht trin nng nghip.
C kh nng cnh tranh quc t.
Gim s ph thuc vo ngun nhin liu du m.
Tc ng mi trng
t gy nhim.
Gim lng CO2 thi ra.
Tng kh nng s dng t v nc.
An ninh v nng lng
C th sn xut trn quy m ln v khng cn kit.
L ngun nguyn liu c th ti s dng.
2
Khuyt im
Cn sinh hc ln men t biomass c hm lng cn thp v tp cht nhiu, tn chi ph
tinh sch cao. i vi cn sinh hc ln men t tinh bt c tinh sch v chi ph sn xut
cao hn.
ng dng cn trong thc phm
T rt lu, cn c bit n l mt loi thc ung. Khng nhng vy, cn cn
c s dng nh mt cht st khun. Hin nay, cn c s dng rng ri trong nhiu
ngnh cng nghip: ha cht, dc phm, m phm v thc phm. Trong ngnh cng
nghip thc phm, ngoi tc dng ty ra v sinh dng c, cn cng ng vai tr quan
trng trong lnh vc ch bin nc gii kht.
1.1.3. Tnh hnh s dng cn sinh hc trn th gii
Vi s pht trin ca cc ngnh cng nghip ha cht, cn c s dng nh mt
dung mi ph bin, hu dng v t c hi.
Trong nhng nm gn y, trc tnh trng bin i kh hu v nhu cu cp thit phi
tm ra nhng ngun nng lng thay th cho ngun nhin liu ha thch ang dn cn
kit, sn xut cn sinh hc khng nhng tr thnh mt hng nghin cu y thu ht m
cn ang pht trin thnh mt ngnh cng nghip nng lng y ha hn trn th gii.
S liu nm 2009 cho bit Brazil sn xut 12,5 t lt cn sn xut t ma mi nm lm
nhin liu. M cng sn xut 5 t lt cn t ng v c 111 trm bn xng sinh hc E85
(xng c 85% th tch l cn) [4]. Ring ti Vit Nam, nh my cn sinh hc u tin
c trin khai xy dng vo cui nm 2009, v xng pha cn c mt trn th trng.
Hin nay, khong 50 nc trn th gii c chng trnh nghin cu v s dng nhin
liu sinh hc. Theo d bo ca cc chuyn gia , n nm 2025, th gii s s dng 12%
nhin liu sinh hc trong ton b nhu cu nng lng; n nm 2020, EU s s dng 20%
nhin liu sinh hc. Nm 2070, ngun nng lng t cn s chim khong 60% tng nhu
cu nng lng th gii [5].
1.1.4. Cng ngh sn xut cn sinh hc

1.1.4.1. Tnh hnh sn xut cn sinh hc trong v ngoi nc [1]
Cn sinh hc c th c sn xut t nhiu ngun nguyn liu, ch yu c chia lm
3 nhm nguyn liu chnh: ngun nguyn liu c cha sucrose (nh ma, c ci ng,
tri cy,), nguyn liu c cha tinh bt (ng, sn, la m, go,) v nguyn liu
lignocelluloses (rm r, b ma, g,). Hin nay, nhiu ni trn th gii ang tp trung
nghin cu sn xut cn sinh hc t cc ngun ph phm nng nghip (thn ng, b ma,
rm r,).
Mt vn ln t ra cho vic sn xut cn sinh hc l ngun nguyn liu cho sn
xut, do ngun nguyn liu c th thay i theo ma v theo v tr a l. i vi vic sn
xut, s la chn ngun nguyn liu sn xut gm cc vn nh sau: thnh phn ha
hc ca ngun sinh khi, tp qun canh tc, cn bng nng lng, to ra hiu ng kh thi
nh knh, d lng thuc tr su, s a dng sinh hc, gi ca ngun nguyn liu, chi ph
vn chuyn v bo qun, ngun nc s dng.
Brazil, ma c s dng lm nguyn liu chnh sn xut cn sinh hc trong khi
M v chu u s dng ch yu l ngun nguyn liu tinh bt nh ng, la m. Ma l
ngun nguyn liu sn xut cn sinh hc t lu, sn lng cn sinh hc t ngun
nguyn liu ma ti Brazil khong 6650 l/ha. Hin nay, Brazil c khong 9 triu ha t
nng nghip trng ma, v sn lng cn sinh hc t ngun nguyn liu ny cao nht th
gii (khong 31% sn lng ton cu). C ci ng l ngun nguyn liu chnh ti
khong 25 quc gia EU, v nng sut sn xut cn sinh hc cao hn hn so vi sn xut
t ngun nguyn liu la m.
M l quc gia sn xut cn sinh hc ch yu t ng l ni c ngun liu di do.
Trong thi gian sp ti, mc d ng vn l ngun nguyn liu chnh nhng do s hn ch
ca nhiu quc gia nn vic sn xut cn sinh hc t ng c xu hng gim vo nm
2015.
Ti Vit Nam, mt cng trnh ang c nghin cu di s hp tc ca trng i
hc Bch Khoa Tp. H Ch Minh vi hai trng H Tokyo v H Toyohashi ca Nht
Bn thc hin chng trnh Biomass Tp. H Ch Minh. Chng trnh ny bo gm

ba ni dung: Xy dng c s d liu v sn xut v s dng Biomass, c s d liu ny
s phc v cho vic thit k mt m hnh mi: Biomass Town ti x Thi M, huyn
C Chi. Nghin cu cng ngh thy nhit x l ph liu rm r-tru phc v cho vic
ln men sn xut cn. V sau l nghin cu cng ngh x l kh H2S trong bio-gas.
1.1.4.2. Sinh khi lignocellulose [1]
Rm r l mt trong nhng ngun nguyn liu di do trn th gii vi sn lng
khong 731 triu tn/nm: phn b chu Phi (20,9 triu tn), chu (667,6 triu tn),
chu u (3,9 triu tn), chu M (37,2 triu tn). Vi khi lng ny, c th sn xut hn
205 t lt cn sinh hc mi nm.
Vit Nam l mt nc nng nghip vi sn lng go hng nm trn 35 triu tn, v
l nc xut khu go ng th hai th gii. ng bng sng Hng, khu vc Trung du v
ng bng sng Cu Long l ba khu vc sn xut la go chnh ca nc ta. T c th
thy sn lng rm r trn c nc l rt ln v tp trung theo khu vc. Mc d ngun
rm r ti Vit Nam l rt ln nhng vic s dng cng rt hn ch. Phn ln rm r
dng lm phn bn hu c (t ti ng), hoc lm thc n cho gia sc. S lng ph
ngun nguyn liu cng vi s nhim do s dng rm r khng ng cch ang tr
thnh mt mi quan tm hin nay. T nhu cu s dng rm r hin nay l khng ng k,
Vit Nam tr thnh nc c nhiu tim nng v cng ngh sn xut cn sinh hc t
ngun nguyn liu rm r.
Cu trc ha hc ca lignocellulose
Thnh phn c bn ca tt c cc loi sinh khi gm ba loi polyme: cellulose
(C6H10O5)x, hemicelluloses (C5H8O4)m v lignin [C9H10O3(OCH3)0,9-1,7]n trong cc b
phn thn, l, cnh v v cy. T l thnh phn khc nhau gia cc loi cy v s khc
bit r rt gia cc loi cy g cng v g mm.
Cellulose v hemicelluloses thng chim khong hai phn ba khi lng kh ca
thnh t bo, l polysaccharide c th b thy phn thnh ng v ln men thnh cn.
Hiu sut ca qu trnh v sn lng cn ph thuc vo lng ng sinh ra trong qu
5
trnh thy phn biomass, m t l cellulose v hemicelluloses nh hng n lng

ng sinh ra, trong khi lignin khng c s dng trong ln men cn.
Cellulose l thnh phn ch yu ca sinh khi thc vt (chim khong 30-60 % khi
lng kh), l polymer mch thng ca glucose. Trong qu trnh thy phn, cc
polysaccharide c ct thnh cc phn t ng n ch yu l glucose.
Hnh 1.3: Qu trnh x l lignocellose

Hemicellulose (chim khong 20-40% khi lng kh) l polymer mch ngn, phn
nhnh ca ng pentoses v ng hexoses. C th, hemicelluloses cha xylose v
arabinose (pentoses) v galactose, glucose, mannose (hexoses). S thy phn
hemicelluloses d dng hn so vi cellulose v cu trc phn nhnh v cu trc v nh
hnh ca n. Thnh phn chnh trong hemicelluloses l ng mannose (trong g mm)
v ng xylose (g cng) trong cc loi ph phm nng nghip.
Lignin (15-25 % khi lng kh ca sinh khi thc vt) l mt polymer cu to t cc

phenylpropanoid. Cc n phn phenylpropanoid l cu to c bn ca lignin c lin
kt rt phc tp. Thnh phn lignin trong cc loi thc vt khc nhau rt khc nhau: t l
t 20-40 % khi lng kh trong g cng ln g mm v t 10-40% trong cc loi thn
tho nh ma, ng, rm r. Lignin l thnh phn khng mong mun ca ngun nguyn
liu biomass trong qu trnh ln men v n lm c tr s tip xc ca ha cht v emzyme
vi lignocellulose.
1.1.4.3. Cng ngh ln men cn
Cn sinh hc hin nay ch yu c sn xut bng con ng ln men sinh hc cc
ngun hydratcacbon c trong t nhin nh: mt r ng, ng ma, ng, sn, rm r,
g mn,.
Cn sinh hc sn xut theo phng php truyn thng l ln men tinh bt t go,
sn, Tuy nhin, nhng nguyn liu ny cng l ngun thc phm c bn nn sn xut
cn t tinh bt mu thun vi vn m bo an ninh lng thc. Hin nay, c nhiu
chng trnh nghin cu nhm tm nhng nguyn liu khc thay th tinh bt ng cc
lm u vo cho qu trnh sn xut cn, c bit l nhng ph phm tn dng t sn xut
nng nghip [1].
c th thy phn v ln men nhng nguyn liu thc vt ngun gc biomass,
nguyn liu cn c tin x l ph v cu trc lignocelluloses gia cellulose v
lignin cng nhng nhiu thnh phn cn loi b khc. Rt nhiu phng php tin x l
c th nghim nh:
Nghin c hc, n hi,nhm tng din tch tip xc, tng kch thc l xp,
gim polymer ca cellulose v cellulose tinh th, thy phn hemicellulose, ct
mch lignin.
Dng dung mi, kim, axit, cht oxy ha, cht kh nhm loi b lignin, ct ngn
mch polimer v tinh th ca cellulose, tng xp ca biomass, lm mm
nguyn liu.
Dng cc loi nm (Pleurorus, Pycnoporus, Ischinoderma,) loi b lignin, ph

v cu trc cellulose v hemicellulose.
Kt hp n hi, nghin c hc vi dng kim hoc axit [1,6-9].
Biomass
Nghin nh
Tin x l
Thy phn
Ln men
Cn
Hnh 1.4: Quy trnh sn xut cn sinh hc t biomass [10]
Biomass sau tin x l tip tc c chuyn ha thnh cn bng phng php thy
phn v ln men ring bit (Separate hydrolysis and fermentation - SHF) hoc thy phn
v ln men ng thi (simultaneous saccharification and fermentation-SSF). Tuy nhin,
phng php SHF, thi gian ln men l lu, tn nhiu thit b. Nhng vi phng
php SSF, c hai qu trnh thy phn v ln men c tin hnh ng thi nn gim thiu
thit b, hiu sut cao. Mt khc, phng php SSF cng i hi thi gian ngn hn, gim
kh nng nhim tp cht vo nguyn liu v sn phm [1].
Sn phm cn sau khi ln men c nng rt thp (thng di 5%). Sau , sn
phm ln men s c tinh luyn loi tp cht v nng cao nng bng nhiu
phng php khc nhau [10,11].
Do , sn xut cn cao cn ph im ng ph ca hn hp bng cc cng

ngh nh:
Chng ct: chng ct hn hp ng ph vi cu t mi a vo nh benzen,
heptan, cyclohenxan; chng ct chn khng
Hp ph vi vt liu zeolite, hp ph vi p sut thay i (pressure swing
absorption PSA)
Phn ring bng mng: thm thu bc hi v thm thu hi.
1.1.5. Cc phng php nng cao cn
1.1.5.1. Chng ct [12]
a. Chng ct hn hp ng ph vi cu t mi (cu t th 3) thm vo hn hp ban u
Hnh 1.5: Quy trnh chng ct hn hp ng ph

y l phng php c dng ph bin trong cng nghip. Phng php ny thc
hin bng cch a thm mt cu t mi (entrainer) vo trong hn hp ban u lm thay
i bay hi tng i ca cc cu t trong hn hp ban u, to thnh hn hp ng
ph mi. Cu t mi gm ba cu t: cu t mi, cn, nc c nhit si thp hn hn
hp ng ph ban u. Nh vy c th tch nc ra khi cn. Cu t mi c thm vo
ph im ng ph thng chn l benzen, heptan, cyclohenxan.
9
Yu cu ca cu t thm vo:
C bay hi ln hn cc cu t trong hn hp.
To hn hp ng ph vi cu t cn tch (hoc to hn hp ng ph ba cu t)
nhit thp hn nhit ca hn hp ng ph ban u.
Khng ha tan cu t cn tch, d dng thu hi.
R tin, d kim.
u im: thay i im ng ph v nhit si ca hn hp nn c th thu c
cn cao m khng b gii hn bi im ng ph.
Nhc im:
Tiu hao nhiu nng lng phn tch, sau khi phn tch ring nc ra khi hn
hp cn phi thu hi cu t thm vo
Kh thu hi ton b cu t th ba thm
Chi ph vn hnh tng cao.
b. Chng ct chn khng
Chng ct thc hin p sut chn khng (p < 1 atm). p sut chn khng im
ng ph ca hn hp b ph v do c th tin hnh chng ct cn tinh kit. Phng
php ny thng c s dng trong phng th nghim.
Hnh 1.6: Quy trnh chng ct chn khng

10
p sut chn khng lc ht cc phn t yu i v s ln va chm gia chng gim,

lm khong cch chy t do ca cc phn t tng ln nhiu. Trn c s , nu lm
khong cch gia b mt bc hi v b mt ngng t nh hn khong cch di chuyn t
do ca cc phn t, th khi cc phn t d bay hi khi ri khi v mt bc hi s va p
vo v ngng t ti b mt ngng t. Trong thc t khong cch gia cc phn t duy tr
mc 30 200 mm.
Bng 1.1: im ng ph ca hn hp ethanol-nc [13]
p sut (atm)
Nhit si ( C)
0,09
27,97
Hm lng ethanol
trong hn hp ng
ph (% khi lng)
100,00
0,13
33,35
99,56
0,17
39,20
98,70
0,26
47,60
97,30
0,53
63,04
96,25
1,00
78,15
95,57
1,42
87,12
95,35
1,91
95,35
95,25
T s liu cho thy vi p sut 0,09 atm cho nng cn 100% v si ti 27,97 oC,
do a xung p sut cng thp cng to ra cn c nng cao.
u im:
Thu c cn c tinh khit cao
Khng cn tn thm dung mi khc.
Nhc im:
Kh to thit b ln lm vic p sut chn khng
Kh to p sut chn khng cho thit b c th tch ln.
11
1.1.5.2. Hp ph [14]
a. Hp ph vi vt liu zeolit (Hp ph ry phn t)
Zeolite l cc Aluminosilicat tinh th c cu trc khng gian 3 chiu vi h thng l
xp ng u v rt trt t. H thng mao qun (pore) ny c kch c phn t, cho php
chia (ry) cc phn t theo hnh dng v kch thc. V vy zeolite cn c gi l cht
ry phn t.
Hnh 1.7: Cu to phn t zeolit

Thnh phn ha hc ca zeolite c th biu din nh sau: Me2/nO[xAl2O3.ySiO2]zH2O
vi :
Me+: l cation b tr in tch khung
z: l s phn t nc kt tinh trong zeolite
n v cu trc c bn ca zeolite l cc t din TO4, vi T l Al hoc Si
12
Hnh 1.8: a. T din SiO4

Phn loi theo kch thc mao qun
b. T din [AlO4]
Zeolite c mao qun rng: Dmao qun > 8

Zeolite c mao qun trung bnh: Dmao qun = 5 - 8
Zeolite c mao qun nh: Dmao qun < 5
Qu trnh sn xut s dng zeolite c mao qun nh, c th l zeolite 3. c tnh k
thut ca zeolite 3:
L loi zeolite giu nhm, t l Si/Al thp
Cation b tr in tch K+: K12[(AlO2)12.(SiO2)12]
Kch thc mao qun: 3
Da vo kch thc mao qun ca zeolite 3 cht hp ph ny c th hp ph nhng
phn t c kch thc nh hn kch thc mao qun v hn ch hp ph nhng phn t
c kch thc ln hn.
Khi s dng zeolite 3 hp ph sn xut cn cao , bn cht l cht hp ph chn
lc nc trong hn hp nc v etanol.
Kch thc ng hc ca nc l 2,75 < 3 . Kch thc ng hc ca cn l
3,95 > 3 .
Cn c a qua thit b cha zeolite 3 pha lng hoc pha hi. Nc s b hp
ph gi li trong thit b, cn khng b hp ph s i ra khi thit b v thu c cn cao
. qu trnh lm vic lin tc thng thng c t nht hai thit b cha cht hp ph.
Khi thit b ny lm vic th thit b cn li tin hnh ti sinh zeolite v ngc li.
13
Hnh 1.9: Quy trnh hp ph

u im:
Nng cn thu c cao ( 99,5% khi lng) v n nh
Thi gian hot ng ca zeolote di
Loi b kh nng gy nhim mi trng
Nhc im:
Do tr lc ca thit b cha zeolite ln nn i hi bm c cng sut cao.
b. Hp ph vi p sut thay i (pressure swing absorption PSA)
Cng ngh ny da trn c tnh ca vt liu hp ph kh, hi p sut p 1 v gii hp
p sut p2 (p2 < p1). Vt liu hp ph thng l zeolite hoc cc chp hp ph sinh hc.
Hnh 1.10: Quy trnh hp ph thay i p sut
14
Tng t hp ph ry phn t nhng qu trnh hp ph thay i p sut s dng hai

p sut khc nhau nhm tng hiu qu hp ph. Cn cng nghip c a vo nh thp
A hp ph vi p sut p1, nc c gi li cn cn khng b hp ph s i qua thp,
thp B s lm vic p sut p2 (p2 < p1) gii hp, qu trnh hp ph v gii hp c
tin hnh lun phin gia hai thp.
u im:
Cn thu c c cht lng cao ( 99,5% khi lng) v n nh
Khng gy nhim mi trng
Nhc im:
u t cng ngh ban u ln
Tn nng lng ti sinh cht hp ph
1.1.5.3. Phn ring bng mng [15]
Phng php ng dng cng ngh mng da trn nguyn tc s dng mng a nc
kh nc dung dch cn. Mng dng phn tch cu t nc trong dung dch cn
ch cho nc v mt lng rt t cn khuch tn qua. Nh vy khi cho cn tip xc trn
b mt mng th ta c hai dng: dng cn tinh luyn trn mng v dng thm thu qua
mng c nng cn thp.
Cng ngh mng dng kh nc dung dch cn bao gm: qu trnh thm thu hi
v qu trnh thm thu-bc hi.
Thm thu-bc hi: l qu trnh kt hp gia hai qu trnh thm thu v qu trnh
bc hi.
Thm thu hi: l qu trnh thm thu ca dng hi qua mng vi nhp liu
trng thi hi v c nn p sut cao.
Da trn chn lc ca mng, la chn mng c kh nng hp ph nc nhiu hn
(mng i nc) qua tch nc ra khi hn hp cc cu t.
15
u im:
Cng ngh mng cho hiu qu phn tch rt cao
Cho sn phm c tinh khit cao
Nhc im:
Mng tch s dng l mng hu c c bn v nng sut thp
Mng tch s dng l mng v c c chi ph u t ban u ln v yu cu cng
ngh cao.
1.2. Cng ngh thm thu-bc hi (Pervaporation)
1.2.1. Gii thiu
Mt trong nhng qu trnh phn ring bng mng ang c ch nht hin nay l
cng ngh thm thu-bc hi. Trong qu trnh, c s chuyn pha cc cu t khi truyn
vn qua mng vi iu kin p sut chn khng (hoc p sut ring phn thp) di
mng. Tnh chn lc c tnh bng kh nng tch c chn lc cc cu t t mt hn hp
cht lng v c s khc nhau v khuch tn qua mng. iu ny cho php kh nng
phn tch cc dung dch da trn mi quan h vi vt cht to mng. Ngc li, vi s
phn tch bng cng ngh chng ct truyn thng da vo s bay hi khc nhau ca cc
cu t. Do , cc dung dch ng ph v hn hp cc cht c bay hi gn nhau vn c
th phn tch bng phng php thm thu-bc hi, vi iu kin cc hn hp c s
khc bit r rng v tnh cht xc nh kh nng truyn vn qua mng. Yu t chnh
quyt nh vic cn tr hoc truyn vn qua mng ph thuc vo kh nng phn cc ca
dung dch v kch thc phn t. Bi v dung dch cc cht hu c c s thay i v
thng s khi t l nc thay i nn y l mt trong nhng ng dng chnh ca thm
thu-bc hi, bn cnh ng dng tch cc cht hu c t mt dung dch.
16
Thm thu-bc hi l qu trnh kt hp ca hai qu trnh thm thu (permeation) v

bc hi (evaporation) qua b mt mng chn lc ca dng lng nhp liu. Dng lng
nhp liu p sut kh quyn tip xc vi b mt mng, cu t c i lc ln hn i vi
mng chn lc s hp ph ln mng tt hn, khuch tn vo trong mng, sau s c
gii hp qua mng pha hi trong iu kin p sut chn khng. p sut chn khng ln
dng thm thu qua mng c th c to ra bi bm chn khng hoc dng dng kh
qut. ng lc ca qu trnh l chnh lch p sut ring phn ca tng cu t gia hai
bn b mt mng, nh m dng nhp liu tng dn nng [15].
Hnh 1.11: S nguyn l ca qu trnh thm thu-bc hi dng bm chn khng
Hnh 1.12: S nguyn l ca qu trnh thm thu-bc hi dng dng kh qut
17
Hnh 1.12 trnh by s nguyn l ca qu trnh thm thu-bc hi dng dng kh

qut. Tng t vi h thng thm thu-bc hi dng bm chn khng, s chnh lch p
sut hi ring phn ca cc cu t hai pha ca mng trong h thng s dng kh qut
c to ra do s dng dng kh qut di mng vi vn tc ln.
Nhng ti liu v thm thu-bc hi c cng b t 1956, nhng bo co ny tp
trung v vic s dng cng ngh ny phn ring hn hp cn. Kober (1917) ln u
tin gii thiu v thm thu-bc hi nghin cu v kh nng thm c chn lc ca
nc trong dung dch ca albumin v toluene qua mng cellulose nitrate [15]. T y, tc
gi nh ngha n gin qu trnh thm thu-bc hi l qu trnh thm c chn lc ca
mt hoc nhiu cu t ca mt hn hp cht lng qua mt lp mng c hoc mng xp,
ng lc ca qu trnh l s chnh lch ca p sut hi ring phn, khi qua mng pha
hi v sau l tr v pha lng.
Trc Kober, Kahlenberg (1906) cng nghin cu v kh nng phn ring ca hn
hp gm mt hydrocarbon v cn qua mt mng cao su. Cho n nm 1935, thm thubc hi c quan tm v kh nng phn ring v c c dung dch protein v enzyme
bng mng cellophane. Tuy nhin, Binning v cng s ti Cng ty Du kh M (Amoco)
l nhm u tin thc hin mt lot nhng th nghim c h thng kho st tim
nng ca thm thu-bc hi. Trong khong 1958 n 1962, nhiu sng ch v ng dng
ca nhm c bit n, ch yu da trn nhng nghin cu v vic phn ring v
tch hn hp hydrocarbon thng qua mt mng polyethylene c. Nhng th nghim
c thc hin di iu kin nhit cao n 150C, t l thm qua mng cao
ng dng thc t. H chng minh c s khc bit v kh nng thm ca cc
hydrocarbon, cc ng phn mch thng thm thu qua mng nhanh hn cc ng phn
nhnh. Ngoi ra, h cng c nhng nghin cu v kh nng phn tch ca cc hn hp
khc nh: cn/benzene, cn/nc v pyridine/nc bng cng ngh thm thu-bc hi.
18
Hnh 1.13: Lch s hnh thnh v pht trin ca qu trnh thm thu-bc hi [15]
Nhng t ph ca thm thu-bc hi ln lt xut hin khi cc tim nng ca nhng
ng dng tr nn r rng hn. Do kh nng vn hnh n gin, kh nng hot ng
nhit cao v s gim thiu mt lng ln cc ha cht cn dng, thm thu-bc hi l
s thay th cho cc qu trnh tiu th nhiu nng lng nh chng ct, hoc c c.
Nhng kh khn truyn thng v t l thm thu chm trong s phn ring ca mng
c ci thin nh nhng pht trin ca mng khng i xng. iu ny thc y cc
nghin cu v thm thu-bc hi trong nhng nm 1970, dn n nhng t ph ng k
sau khong mt thp k nghin cu chuyn su. ng nhc n l s pht trin ca mng
phc hp poly(vinyl alcohol)/poly(acrylonitrile) (PVA/PAN) ca GFT (Gesellchaft fur
Trenntechnik GmBH, Sulzer Chamtech nm 1997) [16].
Nhng ng dng trong cng nghip qui m th nghim xut hin trong nhng
nm 1980. Cc m hnh th im u tin bt u hot ng t 1982 vi chc nng kh
nc dung dch cn, sn xut 1200 lt cn mi ngy vi tinh khit 99,2% khi lng.
Mt trong nhng thnh cng ca nh my ny, ngoi cc sn phm c tinh khit cao,
19
kh nng tiu th nng lng cng thp hn so vi qu trnh kh nc bng phng php
chng ct 3 cu t khi b sung benzene. Nhng nh my ny c nng sut ln hn, dao
ng t 2000 -15000 lt mi ngy ln lt xut hin nhng nm sau . Hn 50 nh my
c xy dng chu u v M bi GFT cho vic kh nc dung dch cn v nhng
hp cht hu c khc. Nhng nh my quy m ln u tin xut hin p ng nhu cu
kh nc dung dch cn ln n nng 99.8% khi lng vi nng sut 150,000 lt mi
ngy c xy dng u tin nm 1988 trong nhng nh my ng tinh luyn
Bathniville, Php [17,18].
Qu trnh kh nc thnh cng trong nhiu nh my dng quy m th im ln quy
m ln. Nm 2000, mng v c zeolit NaA ln u tin c s dng trong mt nh my
quy m c ln cho qu trnh kh nc ca cn 99,8% khi lng [19]. Qu trnh kh
nc tip tc c ng dng trong cc nh my PV vi cc phn ng cn bng v nc
thu c c xem nh l ph phm ca qu trnh. Nm 1994, mt nh my c xy
dng thc hin phn ng tch nc lin tc nhm thay i cn bng ca mt hn hp
cho nhng sn phm mong mun [20].
Song song vi ng dng kh nc, thm thu-bc hi k nc cng c pht trin
ch yu s dng mng poly(dimethynsilosane) (PDMS). Loi mng ny dng tch cc
cht hu c t dung dch vi nc, v d, s dng mng PDMS dng cun loi b
trichloroethylene t nc ngm trong mt nh my California, M nm 1993 [21].
Ngoi mng a nc v k nc cho ng dng kh nc v c c cc hp cht hu
c, mt loi mng th ba c pht trin c bit dng cho phn ng phn ring cht hu
c-cht hu c vi chng t kh nng a cht hu c hay chn lc cht hu c.
Nhng mc tiu ban u v ng dng trong cng nghip l tinh ch ethyl tert-butyl ether
(ETBE), l mt cht dng tng cng ch s octan trong nhin liu chu u, thay
th cc dn xut ch trc . Tnh kh thi ca PV tinh lc ETBE c chng minh
quy m th im ca Institut Franais du Ptrole, c kh nng thng mi ha mng u
cht hu c tinh lc mcn hoc cn t nhng hn hp cht hu c hon ton [22].
20
Cu trc kt hp l ng dng quan trng ca thm thu-bc hi hin nay (cng vi

qu trnh kh nc ca dung dch, thm thu-bc hi c th c xem l mt qu trnh
tiu chun vi nhng hiu qu c chng minh). Do c ch kh nc trong thm
thu-bc hi da theo mt c ch hon ton khc vi nhng phng php khc v d nh
chng ct, mt s kt hp ca 2 phng php thm thu-bc hi v chng ct mang li
hiu qu ng k, trong c hai qu trnh c dng tch nc mt phn ti khong
gi tr ph hp v cho kt qu tt nht. Mt thnh cng ngu nhin c pht hin ra l
s kt hp ca PV vi mt dy chuyn phn ng ha sinh , vi chuyn mn mc cao
hn so vi phn ng tch nc thng thng, iu ny l mt trong nhng lnh vc c s
tng trng ng k v c mong i [23] .
Thm thu-bc hi c s lin quan cht ch vi qu trnh thm thu hi, l qu trnh
phn ring m mt hn hp hi c phn tch bng mng c hoc mng xp bi s
khc bit p sut hi gia hai b mt ca mng. im khc bit duy nht ca thm thu
hi so vi thm thu-bc hi chnh l pha ca dng nhp liu (pha hi v pha lng),
c ch phn tch thm ch l ging nhau. iu ny c lin quan n mt giai on vng
mt c xc nh r trong qu trnh truyn vn qua mng, dn n dng nhp liu khng
ph hp (mc d ng lc vn c xc nh l do s khc bit p sut hi ring phn
hai b mt mng). Cc ng dng ca c hai qu trnh c son li nm 2002, gm
tng quan ca nhng ng dng c cng b, v nhng nh sn xut mng cho thm
thu-bc hi, thm thu hi, h thng phn ring. T , nhng ng dng mi c pht
trin c bit cho phn ring cht hu c-cht hu c, v phn ring trong h thng thm
thu-bc hi kt hp, v nhng ng dng tham kho vn gi n by gi. Tuy nhin,
nhng nghin cu cng cho thy tim nng ln hn ca cng ngh thm thu-bc hi
phn ring cht hu c-hu c trong cng nghip dc v ha du d gp nhiu kh
khn [22].
21
Xt v cu trc mng, thm thu-bc hi c lin quan cht ch vi thm thu hi, lc
nano vi cc loi mng c s dng tng t [24]. Cng ngh thm thu hi cng c
nguyn tc hot ng ging cng ngh thm thu- bc hi, s khc bit l dng nhp
liu thay v pha lng nh trong cng ngh thm thu-bc hi th trong cng ngh thm
thu hi dng nhp liu l pha hi (hnh 1.13). S khc bit ca 2 qu trnh thm thu
hi, lc nano vi thm thu-bc hi ch yu l ng lc qu trnh, thm thu hi v lc
nano i hi chnh lch v p sut, v khng c giai on chuyn tip. Cc loi mng
nhn trn c bn l ging nhau, nhng cu trc v hnh thi ca mng th khc nhau.
Cht to lin kt, l v d quan trng vi cc loi mng thm thu-bc hi. Vic s dng
cht to lin kt lm cho tnh thm thu gim i, v vy n nh tnh cn bng v thm
thu cho mng thm thu-bc hi l cn thit. Kt qu ny dn n mt lot nhng
nghin cu, bo co v nhng loi mng c bit, nng sut cao hn vi vi mng t vt
liu polymer v bn b hn vi vt liu ceramic [25].
Hnh 1.14: S thm thu hi dng bm chn khng

Hai thng s quan trng ca qu trnh thm thu-bc hi l thng lng thm thu
qua mng (J) v chn lc ().
22
Thng lng thm thu qua mng l khi lng dng thm thu qua mng trn mt
n v din tch trong mt n v thi gian.
J
1 m kg
,
m2h
A t
(1.1)
vi: A l din tch mng, m2; m l khi lng thm thu qua mng, kg; t l thi gian
chy th nghim, gi.
chn lc c trng cho kh nng phn tch ca mng l t s phn khi lng ca
nc v cn ca dng thm thu trn t s phn khi lng ca nc v cn ca dng
nhp liu:
yH 2O yEtOH
xH 2O xEtOH
(1.2)
vi: y l phn khi lng ca cu t qua mng trong dng thm thu (nc l cu t u
tin qua mng); x l phn khi lng ca cu t trong dng nhp liu.
1.2.2. u-nhc im ca cng ngh thm thu-bc hi
u im:
Loi b nc t cc dung dch ng ph, hu c, im si gn nhau m cc
phng php khc khng lm c
Chi ph nng lng cho cng ngh thm thu-bc hi tng i t so vi cc cng
ngh khc
D vn hnh, n gin
Chi ph u t h thng thp.
To ra sn phm c tinh khit cao.
Nhc im:
Ph thuc vo mng, chi ph mng t
Mng cn phi thng xuyn v sinh
T s liu Bng 1.2, nhn thy cng ngh phn ring bng mng tiu tn t nng lng
hn so vi cc phng php khc.
23
Bng 1.2: So snh chi ph vn hnh ca cc phng php kh nc dung dch cn (cc
h thng cn hnh vi 30 tn/ngy) [26]
Chi phi vn hnh,

USD$/tn
Thm
thu-bc
hi
Thm
thu hi
Chng ct hh
ng ph
Hp ph
(cyclohexane)
3,2
25 37,5
20
Nc gii nhit
3,75
2,5
Nng lng in
4,4
10
1,3
Chng ct cu t
1,2 2,4
48
4,75
36,3
12,6 16,6
15,75
31,95 45,65
36,3
Tn tht p sut hi
Thay mng hoc vt

liu hp ph
Tng chi ph
1.2.3. Mng dng cho qu trnh thm thu-bc hi

K thut ch to v phng php s dng mt lp m bn mng cho mng c
Mulder nghin cu (1996). Mng dng cho k thut thm thu bc hi thng l loi
mng polymer khng i xng c hoc mng vi xp, cho kt qu thng lng qua mng
cng vi chn lc cao. Nhng loi mng ny thng c cu trc khng i xng hoc
dng hn hp: mt lp mng mng vi xp trn b mt v lp m xp c lm t cng
loi hoc vt liu khc. Lp mng trn mt cho qu trnh phn ring hiu qu vi thng
lng cao trong khi lp mng m lm gia c bn c hc cho mng. Mun mng c
c th l dng tm phng, dng ng, si rng hoc cu trc t ong.
24
Hnh 1.15: Cc loi mun mng c bn: (a) dng tm phng, (b) dng xon c,
(c) dng ng, (d) dng si rng
Yu cu cn thit cho cc lp m l cn c cu trc m nhm gim thiu ti a s
cn tr qu trnh truyn vn hi qua mng trnh tnh trng ngng t hi trong mao mch.
Mt khc, nu cc vi l trong lp mng m qu ln, s kh ng dng mt lp mng
mng h tr ch kh nng chn lc. Thng cc lp mng h tr c s tng t vi
mng siu lc nano (v d nh lm bng cht liu polyacrylonitrile, polyetherimide,
polysulfone, polyethersulfone, hoc polyvinylidene fluoride, vi kch thc l t 20-50
nm), trng trn b mt mt lp si (kch thc l n v micromet). Lp trn cng, ph
trn b mt l lp mng mng vi kch thc l t 0,5 n 5 m. Lp ph trn c th
c tch ra bng nhiu cch, m mt phng php ph bin l s bay hi ca dung dch
polymer trong dung mi ph hp. Do vic la chn vt liu ph thuc cht ch vo
ng dng ca mng [26].
Mc ch phn tch ca mng s xc nh loi vt liu ph hp cho qu trnh phn
ring mong mun. Mng a nc c s dng i vi qu trnh kh nc, trong khi
mng k nc c dng cho cc qu trnh phn ring cht hu c t dung dch vi
nc. S la chn vt liu mng cng ph thuc rt nhiu vo k nc hay a nc
ca cc hp cht cn phn tch.
Mng polymer thng c s dng cho qu trnh kh nc cho dung dch cn l
mng poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA), polyimide, chitosan v sodium alginate. ti u ha
25
hiu sut ca mng v gim cng ca mng, mng t polymer c th c kt hp,

pha trn hoc b sung thm cc cht n v c (zeolit, oxide kim loi, silic). Kh nng
hot ng rng hn ca cc polymer c s dng vi cc vt liu a nc, s kt hp
gia polyurethane/polyvinyl alcohol, polysaccharide Koniac glucomannan, chitosan
phospho ha , v nhiu vt liu khc [16].
Vt liu thng c dng cho mng thm thu-bc hi vi mng k nc l
polidimethylsilosane (PDMS), c th c s dng ch to dng si rng, dng ng,
dng tm khng c lp m, hoc dng tm mng c lp m. Ch s chn lc ca
mng PDMS cho kh nc dung dch cn-nc trong khong t 4 n 12. Trong vic tm
kim lin tc nhng vt liu mi tt hn, poly-1-trimetylsilyl-1-propylene (PTMSP) c
chng minh l c kh nng chn lc tt hn di cng iu kin lm vic, vi gi tr t 9
n 26.
C PDSM v polyoctylmethylsilosane (POMS) c chng minh l c kt qu rt tt
cho vic thu hi cc hp cht hu c d bay hi (Volatile Organic Compounds VOC)
v loi b cc cht hu c khc trong dung dch [28]. Mt s cht c tnh n hi nh
ethylene-propylene-diene terpolymer (EPDM), nitrile butadiene rubber (NBR),
polyether-block-polyamide (PEBA), c bo co cho nhng kt qu y ha hn
[29]. T nhng nm 1990, cc nghin cu c thc hin nhm mc ch tm ra nhng
vt liu tt hn hoc c hiu qu v chi ph hn. Vo nm 1999, Dutta v Sikdar pht
hin kh nng phn ring t hiu qu cao trong vic tch trichloroethylene (TCE) v
1,1,1-trichloroethane (TCA) trong nc bng mt loi mng lm t stryrene-butadienestyrene (SBS). Mt u im vt tri ca SBS l c th ch to mng vi duy nht mt
vt liu, c th gim thi gian sn xut v gi thnh so vi mng PDMS. Mng vi cht
to lin kt v cao su t nhin b sung carbon en c th dng kh cc cht hu c
trong nc [30].
Mng polymer a cht hu c c th c ch to t nhng vt liu c kh nng hot
ng rng, ty theo mc ch phn ring. V d, loi mng c nghin cu dng
phn ring benzene v cyclohexane trong hn hp c polypropylene (PP), polyvinyldiene
fluoride (PVDF) v polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) [31]. Mng polyamide thm v
26
polybenzoxazole c dng phn tch hn hp toluene/n-heptane v benzene/nheptane, v c nhn thy c tnh chn lc vi cc hydrocarbon thm. Dng thm thu
c th thng qua cu trc ha hc ca cc diamine c s dng trong phng php ng
rn polymer to mng, iu ny lm thay i bn ln gi tr thm thu ca hp cht.
Nhng loi vt liu khc c nhn thy l thng kh khn cho vic phn ring, v d
nh divinyl benzene to lin kt hydro vi mng polybutadiene trn c s
polyurehaneurea cho vic phn ring o-xylene t p-xylene [32].
Mt cch tip cn mi cho vic tng hp mng a cht hu c l k thut phn t b
mt (MSE), c p dng bi mt nh sn xut mng c. Mc ch ca MSE l lp
vo cc l trn cu trc mng nh mt polymer chc nng, to thnh cu trc c vi kh
nng vn chuyn c chn lc.
Mng v c c kh nng chu c ha cht v nhit cao hn so vi mng
polymer. Vic kh nc bng mng hu c vi mng silica vi l [33], tiania v mng
zirconia.
Hn na, zeolit cng c nghin cu cho mc ch ny, bao gm mng
ZSM-5, A-, X-, Y- v T- zeolite. Mc d c s n nh vt tri so vi cc mng

polymer, nhng s n nh ca mng trong iu kin acid hoc base c gi tr t 3 n
11. Di iu kin acid mnh mng silica b ha tan, trong khi vi iu kin mi trng
bnh thng th lp mng m khng n nh. Tuy nhin, trong cc th nghim kh nc,
thng lng nc c xu hng gim theo thi gian v chn lc ca mng b mt i.
Ngc li, mng tiania, zirconia v mng methylated silica n nh hn, tnh n nh ca
mng zeolit cn ph thuc vo t l silica ln t l alumi c bn [34-35].
Vi vic kh cht hu c t dung dch vi nc trong phng th nghim, th mng v
c trn c s zeolit k nc c chn lc v thng lng cao hn so vi mng polymer
[35]. Silicalite-1 l zeolit c nghin cu nhiu nht cho ng dng ny vi mng trn c
s silica, chn lc cho h cn/nc di cng iu kin lm vic nh trn, c gi tr t
12 n 100. Silicate-1 (khng c nhm) kh n nh, trong khi zeolit loi A vi t l 1:1
silica v nhm rt nhy cm vi nh hng ca cht khong v acid hu c c pH cn
mc trung tnh [36].
27
Bng 1.3: Vt liu ch to mng v ng dng trong cng ngh thm thu-bc hi [38]
Loi
a nc
Pervaporation
Vt liu
mng
K nc
a cht hu c
Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA)
Polydimethylsilosane Polydimethylsilosane
Polyvinylalcohol
(PDMS)
(PDMS)
/polyacrylonitrile
Polyctysilosane
Polyether-block-
(PVA/PAN)
(POSM)
polymide (PEBA)
Cellulose acetate
Polyether-block-
Polypropylene (PP)
Polysulfone
polymide (PEBA)
Polyethylene (PE)
Carbonxylmethyl-
Ethylene-propylene
Polyvinyl alcohol
cellulose
diene terpolymer
(PVA)
Polyetherimide (PEI)
(EPDM)
Polyetherimide (PEI)
Chitosan
Poly-1trymetylsylyl-1propylene (PTMSP)
Polypropylene (PP)
Polybutadiene (PB)
Zeolit k nc
Ph v im ng ph ca Kh cht hu c t Phn ring (m) ethanol
ng dng
hn hp hai cu t
nc.
t (m)ethyl tert-butyl
Kh nc dung dch cn
Kh cn trong mt ether
s loi nc gii Phn ring h benzene
kht.
v cyclohexane.
Thu hi cc cht
thm
trong
cng
ngh thc phm.
28
Gi thnh cao cho vic ch to mng v c l hn ch mt s ng dng ca n.

Vi nhng l do ny, nhng quan tm tp trung vo vic sn xut mng PDMS kt hp
cc cht n zeolit. Ngoi tnh cht t nhin ca cc cht n, nhng thng s quan trng
khc ca mng th hin qua kh nng ti ca ht, kch thc ht, loi zeolit v iu kin
ch to mng. Tt c nhng iu kin ny s to nn cu trc mng vi hiu sut tt hn
( chn lc cho h cn/nc tng ln 60) so vi loi mng khng c kt hp PDMS
di cng iu kin lm vic, nhng gi tng khng ng k. Cu trc mng trn c s
kt hp vi PDMS vi mt s cht n khc nh silica cng c nghin cu, v s kt hp
cc ht silica vi kch thc nano ci thin c chn lc ca mng, bi v mng
polymer c lm bn hn vi lng polymer t hn. Tuy nhin, iu ny li lm nh
hng n thm thu ca mng gim i [37].
Cu trc mng a nc cng c a vo nghin cu, v d nh zeolit 4A v ZMS-5
c kt hp trong hp cht Matrimid 5218 polyamide, cu trc mng sodium
carboxymethyl cellulose/poly(vinyl alcohol) c kt hp vi zeolit 4A, v cc ng nano
carbon cng c nghin cu nh mt cht n trong cu trc ca mng PVA.
1.2.4. ng dng kh nc ca qu trnh thm thu-bc hi
Mt ng dng c in nht ca thm thu-bc hi l qu trnh phn ring nhm loi
b mt lng nc t dung dch cht hu c bng mng a nc. S thnh cng ca ng
dng ny lin quan n hai yu t:
Kh nng phn ring d dng: v kh nng truyn vn qua mng khc nhau lin
quan n kch thc phn t v phn cc, s phn tch nc ra khi nhng
cht hu c c li, c ch s phn ring cao c th c thc hin d dng.
Hiu qu kinh t: tri ngc vi nc thi, cc dung dch cht hu c c gi tr
cao hn, ph thuc vo tng loi hp cht c th. iu ny dn n nhng u t
vo cng ngh tinh lc cht hu c.
29
Hnh 1.16: So snh qu trnh kh nc h ethanol-nc bng phng php chng ct

(ng cong di) v thm thu-bc hi (ng cong trn) [39]
Kh nc dung dch cn c cho l ng dng quan trng nht trong ng dng kh
nc t dung dch ca cng ngh thm thu-bc hi. Ngoi ra, kh nc dung dch
isopropanol cng l mt trong nhng ng dng thng thy nht hin nay ca kh nc
dung dch bng mng a nc. Isopropanol tan trong nc to thnh dung dch c im
ng ph nng isopropanol nng 87,9% v do vic kh nc ca dung dch
isopropanol cng ang c quan tm so vi vic kh nc bng phng php chng ct
truyn thng. Shao v Huang (2007) th nghim vi vic kh nc ca dung dch
isopropanol vi 10% khi lng nc, vi phng php chng ct truyn thng, ch s
phn ring mi mm trong h ti a l 2 th vi phng php PV ch s phn ring c
th ln n 2000-10000 v hiu sut ca qu trnh chng ct lin quan n im ng ph
ca dung dch [40].
So snh qu trnh kh nc dung dch cn bng phng php chng ct v phng
php thm thu-bc hi c th hin trong Hnh 1.16.Theo hnh, qu trnh kh nc
30
dung dch cn bng phng php thm thu-bc hi vn xy ra v khng gp s cn tr

khi nng dung dch gn im ng ph nh phng php chng ct.
Cc ng dng kh nc thng s dng mng PVA tuy nhin cc cht kt hp trong
cu to mng cng l mt yu t cn xt. Burshke v cng s (1997) nghin cu nh
hng ca cc cht n nh axit citric, axit adipic, axit maleic, glutarandehyde v
glyoxal u thy cc cht ny u c nh hng ti c tnh thm ca mng. Mt cht
n tt, khng ch lm tng ch s tch m cn lm gim tnh thm qua mng. Vi mng
carboxymethylated PVA, h s tch l 362 v thng lng l 831g/m2.h (vi nng
dng nhp liu 85% 80C)]; hay vi mng sulfonated PVA, h s tch 3452 v thng
lng 35,1g/m2.h (nng 10% 40C) [41]. Mt hiu qu tng t khi s dng kt hp
cht n trong cu trc mng PVA, vi 2% khi lng nano carbon vi PVA, chn
lc ln n 1800 vi thng lng 80 g/m2.h (10% nc trong IPA, nhit 30C). Mt
kt qu ch s tch ng n tng vi gi tr 30000 khi kt hp PVA vi poly (vinyl
purrilidone) thm 4 % axit phosphomolybdic, c thng lng khim tn l 36 g/m2.h
(10% nc trong IPA, nhit 30 C). Tht ra th thng lng cao cng vi ch s tch
cao mi l kt qu mong mun, v d, bng cch kt hp PVA vi polyelectrolyte phc
tan c lm t poly(diallyldimethylamonium chloride) v sodium carboxymethyl
cellulose, ch s tch l 1000 vi gi tr thng lng l 1350 g/m2.h (10% nc trong
IPA, nhit 70 C) [42]. Tuy nhin, nhit s dng trong trng hp ny cao hn , do
tnh ci thin thc t c l thp hn kt qu trn. Gi tr thng lng cao hn khi PVA
kt hp vi chitosan, c th l chitosan 75% khi lng [43].
Nhng vt liu khc PVA cng c th dng ch to mng cho qu trnh kh nc
dung dch isopropanol, s la chn nhng polymer c gi tr ln v cu trc lai c th
ph hp yu cu. Mt ng c vin thng c nghin cu cho ng dng ny l chitosan
polymer [44]. Ch s tch ca chitosan thng thp hn mng PVA i chng, nhng c
thng lng lun cao hn. Lee v cng s (1998) a ra bo co ch s tch l 150 vi
thng lng 1800 g/m2.h, nhng khi kt hp chitosan vi gamma-(glycidyloxypropyl)
trimethoxysilane (5%) th ci thin c ch s tch ln gn 700 vi thng lng t
31
1730 g/m2.h [45]. Trong mt nghin cu khc, mng chitosan kt hp vi toluene-2,4diisocyanate, ch s tch t c gi tr 472 vi thng lng 390 g/m2.h (nhit 30C
vi 8,4% khi lng nc). Theo Devi v cng s (2005) th nng dng nhp liu c
nh hng n thng lng v ch s tch. Phn khi lng nc cao hn mang n gi
tri ch s tch thp ng k, gim mnh vi nng nc t 30% - 40% (gim t 190
xung 12) trong khi gi tr thng lng tng u. iu ny lm nh hng n s so snh
ca cc th nghim khc nhau cho mng chitosan i chng. Tuy nhin, theo nghin cu
so snh gia cc mng i chng th khong gi tr ca thng lng trong khong t 3
200 g/m2.h vi chn lc di 1000. Nhng vi th nghim ca Moon v cng s
(1999), mt loi mng chitosan kt hp vi NaAlg thu c kt qu vi gi tr
chn lc khong 2500 vi thng lng 554 g/m2.h. Tuy nhin, kt qu ny ch yu cho
thy nh hng ca nhng polymer khc so vi chitosan. Mt kt qu tng t cho mt
vi s kt hp khc v d nh mng chitosan/poly (tetrafluoroethylene) (PTFE) c thng
lng 1730 g/m2.h v chn lc 775 iu kin nhit 70 C vi dung dch
isopropanol 70%. Vi s kt hp ca cc ng nano titan, mt nghin cu ca Liu v cng
s (2011), cho kt qu c th tng hiu sut ca mng chitosan: mng chitosan vi 6%
poly(aspartic acid) iu chnh vi ng nano titan kt hp thu c kt qu thng lng v
chn lc ln lt l 6237 v 1498 g/m2.h ng vi iu kin nng IPA 90% v nhit
80C [46]. Nhiu kt qu tt hn cho vic kt hp ng nano trong mng chitosan c
th d dng tm thy, ng ch vi s kt hp ca mng chitosan vi 10% sodium
montmorillonite, cho kt qu thng lng thng lng 142 g/m2.h v chn lc 15000
30 C v 10 % khi lng nc [44].
Nhng bo co cho cc vt liu khc ch tp mng kh nc dung dch IPA, mng
sodium alginate (NaAlg) hiu chnh kh ni bt khi kt hp vi zeolit. Mng sodium
alginate v nhng ng dng trong cng ngh PV c bo co rng ri bi Bhat v
Aminabhavi (2007), nhm iu chnh cu trc ca mng thu c ch s tch mong
mun [47].
32
Mng polyimide l mt i din khc cho kh nc dung dch isopropanol. Zeolit 4A

v ZSM-5 kt hp vi mng polyimide (Matrimid 5218) cho kt qu h s tch 8991,
3904, 1276 tng ng vi kt hp zeolit 4A, ZSM-5 v mng Matrimid 5218 bnh
thng.
ng dng cho vic kh nc nhng dung dch khc ngoi tr isopropanol c
nghin cu bi Chapman v cng s (2008). Cc bi vit cp v cc loi mng
ceramic (mng v c, zeolit v mng lai ghp) v cc loai mng polymer; cc loi mng
ny c phn loi theo nhm vt liu mng ch khng theo ng dng, trong c
nhng bi vit v nhng loi vt liu tim nng cho vic ch to mng nhm kh nc
cn v isopropanol, nhng loi mng tim nng cho vic kh nc nhng cht hu c
khc nh acetic acid, tetrahydrofuran (THF) v aceton. Hu ht cc cht hu c khc
cng c kh nc tng t nh isopropanol (v cn), mc d h s tch khc bit ng
k [48].
1.3. Tnh cp thit, mc tiu, ni dung v phng php nghin cu
1.3.1. Tnh cp thit
Cn c bit n nh mt loi thc ung t rt lu. Khng nhng vy, cn cn
c s dng nh mt cht dit khun. Trong nhiu ngnh cng nghip hin nay, cn
c s dng rng ri t vic v sinh dng c thit b, trch ly cc hp cht, sn xut
dc phm, m phm v thc phm. Bn cnh , cn cng ng vai tr quan trng
trong ngnh cng nghip ch bin nc gii kht.
Ngy nay, khi nhiu nc trn th gii ang quan tm ti kh nng s dng ca cn
sinh hc th cc cng ngh tinh khit cn sinh hc cng c ch .
Cc phng php kh nc dung dch cn hin nay c nhiu nhc im nh: tn
nng lng, khng thn thin mi trng, sn phm cn nhin liu khng tinh khit. V
vy, cn nghin cu v a vo ng dng cc cng ngh mi thay th cng ngh truyn
thng. Theo , cng ngh thm thu-bc hi qua mng l cng ngh mi pht trin v
gii quyt c cc nhc im ca cc phng php truyn thng nh: chng ct hay
hp ph. Theo nghin cu, vi cng mt lng cn 99,5% c sn xut, chi ph nng
33
lng cho phng php thm thu-bc hi qua mng ch bng na gi so vi phng
php chng ct; bng 0,7 ln chi ph so vi phng php hp ph. Vi cc u im v
chi ph, nng lng v cht lng sn phm th cng ngh kh nc dung dch cn bng
phng php thm thu-bc hi c th ni l phng php ng u hin nay cn c
quan tm khai thc.
1.3.2. Mc tiu nghin cu
Nghin cu s nh hng ca cc thng s vn hnh h thng thm thu-bc hi nh:
nhit , nng , lu lng dng nhp liu v p sut dng thm thu n hiu qu lm
vic ca qu trnh (J v ).
a ra iu kin vn hnh ti u ca h thng kh nc dung dch cn sinh hc
bng mng thng mi PVA/PAN.
1.3.3. Ni dung nghin cu
Tm hiu v cn sinh hc v quy trnh cng ngh ca qu trnh thm thu-bc hi
kh nc dung dch cn sinh hc.
Kho st nh hng ca iu kin lm vic ln kh nng hiu qu hot ng ca h
thng: nhit , nng , lu lng dng nhp liu v p sut dng thm thu s dng
mng thng mi PVA/PAN.
NI
DUNG
NGHIN
CU
Kho st nh
hng ca
iu kin lm
vic ln hiu
qu hot
ng ca h
thng
Nhit
dng nhp liu
Nng dng
nhp liu
1.1.1.
Lu lng
dng nhp liu
Hm mc tiu
Thng lng
chn lc
p sut dng
thm thu
Hnh 1.17: Ni dung nghin cu
34
1.3.4. Phng php nghin cu

a. Quy hoch th nghim
Dng phng n quay bc hai Box-Hunter ti u nhm xc nh iu kin vn
hnh ti u ca h thng n thng lng dng thm thu v chn lc mng.
Th nghim c tin hnh vi quy hoch thc nghim cp hai vi phng n
quay bc hai ca Box-Hunter vi k = 4 yu t: nhit , nng , lu lng dng
nhp liu v p sut dng thm thu.
Phng trnh hi quy m t hm mc tiu ca phng php quy hoch thc nghim:
yi =
+
vi:
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
l h s ca phng trnh hi quy; l sai s
l cc bin c lp
+
(1.3)
35
Bng 1.4: B tr th nghim

Cc mc ca bin m ha
STT
Cc mc ca bin m ha
STT
x1
x2
x3
x4
x1
x2
x3
x4
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
10
26
11
27
12
28
13
29
14
30
15
31
16
36
b. Ti u ha
Ti u ha ng thi hai hm mc tiu (J v ) da theo phng php b mt p
ng (Response surface methodology RSM). Phng php ny c gii thiu bi
Harrington (1965) v c Derringer v Suich (1980) pht trin thm [49]. Phng php
ny chuyn i cc m hnh ton hc v phng trnh khng th nguyn di vi gi tr
giao ng t 0 (gi tr khng mong mun) n 1 (gi tr mong mun). Do c th kt
hp nhiu hm mc tiu vi nhau. Mt thit k RSM tiu chun vi tn gi thit k i
xng trc quay (Central Composite Design CCD) c s dng trong nghin cu ny.
S dng phn mm SAS JMP v10.0 ti u ha cc yu t nh hng n qu trnh
thm thu-bc hi.
di
vi:
yi yi min
yi max yi min
(1.4)
yi, yi-min, yi-max l gi tr bt k, cc tiu, cc i ca hm mc tiu

di l hm k vng
Khi phng trnh khng th nguyn di ca cc mc tiu c xc nh, chng c

kt hp vi nhau bng hm mong mun D [50]:
1/ m
m
D d i
i 1
(1.5)
Gi tr hm mong mun D t 0 n 1. iu kin ti u ca nhiu mc tiu t c

khi D t gi tr cc i trong on [0, 1].
37
CHNG 2. THC NGHIM

2.1. Ha cht, dng c v thit b
2.1.1. Ha cht
Bng 2.1: Ha cht th nghim
Ha cht
Cng thc
Nhn hiu
Thng s
Xut s
Cn tuyt i
C2H5OH
Chemsol
> 99,7 % v/v
Vit Nam
Mng lc
PVA/PAN
Sulzer
Chemtech
2.1.2. Dng c v thit b
Khc x k cm tay ATAGO PAL-34S: o nng dung dch cn (dung dch c
nng t 0-45% khi lng). Cn phn tch 4 s l ca tp on Ohaus - M, model
AR2140 (max = 210 gam, d = 0,0001 gam). Becher c th tch 40ml, 100ml; ng ong
th tch 1000ml, ng ht pipette nha.
2.1.3. H thng thm thu-bc hi
H thng thm thu-bc hi c thit k v lp t ti phng th nghim 212B2 c
thng s k thut c trnh by trong Bng 2.2 v c vn hnh theo s Hnh 2.3.
1. Nhit k
2. Bnh nhp liu
3. Van ly sn phm
4. Van ly mu
5. Bm nhp liu
6. Mun mng
7. Mng
8. B iu nhit
9. p k
10. Van x kh
11. Bng iu khin
Hnh 2.1: S h thng thm thu-bc hi
12. Bm chn khng
38
Bng 2.2: Thit b v thng s k thut ca h thng thm thu-bc hi

STT
TN THIT B
S
LNG
Bm nhp liu
Bm chn khng
M-un mng
Li mng
Bnh nhp liu
H thng van, thit

b ng ng
ng ng
B iu
khin
B iu nhit
M T
Bm mng Blue White
Lu lng ti a: Q = 120 L/h
Ct p Hb = 7 m
Cng sut N = 45W
Bm chn khng Robinnair 15601 ca M
c thng s k thut:
chn khng: 15 micron
in p: 220 240V
Tn s: 50 Hz
Vn tc ht: 142L/m
Cng sut ng c: 1/2 HP (368 W)
ng knh trong: 60 mm
Chiu cao: 100 mm
Th tch dung dch: 125 ml
ng knh: 60 mm
B dy: 5 mm
163 l x 3 mm b tr dng tam gic u
Chiu cao: 180 mm
ng knh trong: 100 mm
Ton b thit b ng ng do Hy-Lok (Hn
Quc) sn xut, vt liu: 316L
ng c ng knh 10mm theo chun
ASTM, vt liu: 316L
S dng h iu khin MCCB, contactor,
thit b ca hng Autonic (Hn Quc)
B iu nhit ca cng ty DAIHAN
LABTECH c thng s k thut:
Model: LCC R11
in p: 220V 50Hz
Cng sut: 1,2 kW/5,5A
39
Hnh 2.2: nh ca h thng thm thu-bc hi

Vn hnh h thng
u tin cn m b iu nhit ( t nhit cn thit nhm ngng t ton b dng
hi thm thu). Cn c bm vo bnh nhp liu. Sau , tin hnh ci t nhit , p
sut trn bng iu khin v iu chnh lu lng ca bm nhp liu cho mi th nghim.
Tip , bt: bm nhp liu, b phn gia nhit v bm chn khng. Sau khi cc thng s
t c gi tr ci t, tin hnh m van pha di mun mng v bt u tnh thi gian
chy th nghim. Khi kt thc 2 h th nghim, ng van di mun, tt: bm nhp
nhiu, thit b gia nhit v bm chn khng. Sau cng, ly cc ng cha sn phm thm
thu b iu nhit ra r ng, lm ngui, cn v o nng , b iu nhit vn c
duy tr tip tc cho th nghim tip theo.
40
Lp li trnh t th nghim, bt: bm nhp liu, thit b gia nhit v bm chn khng,
khi cc yu t t iu kin th nghim tin hnh m van di mun. Khi hon tt th
nghim, tt: bm nhp liu, thit b gia nhit, bm chn khng v b iu nhit, ly cc
ng cha sn phm thm thu b iu nhit ra r ng v o nng .
Bt h thng iu nhit
Nhp liu vo bnh nhp liu
Ci t nhit , p sut, lu lng
Bt bm nhp liu, bm chn

khng, b phn gia nhit
M van di mun mng, bt u

tnh thi gian chy th nghim
Kt thc th nghim
ng van di mun mng,
tt h thng
Tho v nh lng sn phm

qua mng
Hnh 2.3: Quy trnh vn hnh h thng
41
2.2. Kho st nh hng ca iu kin vn hnh

Th nghim c tin hnh theo b tr Bng 2.4.
Bng 2.3: Gi tr cc bin c lp
Bin c lp
M ha
Nhit dng nhp liu

Nng dng nhp liu
Lu lng dng nhp liu
p sut dng thm thu
Mc gi tr
n v
A
B
C
D
-1
35
84
60
6
-a
30
80
40
1
C
% kl
l/h
kPa
0
40
88
80
11
+1
45
92
100
16
+A
50
96
120
21
Bng 2.4: Bng b tr th nghim

STT
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
Gi tr ca cc yu t
A
B
C
D
40
88
80
21
35
84
60
16
30
88
80
11
45
92
100
6
40
88
80
11
40
88
80
11
45
84
60
6
40
88
80
11
45
92
100
16
40
88
80
11
40
88
120
11
40
88
80
11
40
88
80
11
40
88
40
11
50
88
80
11
35
84
100
16
STT
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
Gi tr ca cc yu t
A
B
C
D
45
92
60
6
35
92
60
6
40
96
80
11
35
84
100
6
40
88
80
1
45
92
60
16
35
92
100
16
45
84
100
6
40
80
80
11
45
84
100
16
45
84
60
16
35
84
60
6
35
92
100
6
35
92
60
16
40
88
80
11
42
Quy trnh th nghim

Bt h thng iu nhit, i n nhit ph hp tin hnh th nghim. ng vi
mi th nghim, cn c s dng vi cc nng t 80% n 96%. Cho cn vo bnh
nhp liu. Sau , tin hnh ci t nhit , p sut v iu chnh lu lng tng ng
vi tng th nghim. Cc gi tr nhit , nng , lu lng dng nhp liu v p sut
dng thm thu tng ng cho tng th nghim c trnh by trong bng 2.4. Bt bm
nhp liu, b phn gia nhit v bm chn khng. Khi cc thng s t gi tr n nh theo
gi tr ci t, m van di mun mng v bt u tnh thi gian.
Sau 2h, kt thc th nghim, ng van di mun mng, tt bm nhp liu, thit b
gia nhit v bm chn khng. Sau , tho cc ng cha sn phm trong b iu nhit ra,
lm ngui v r ng sn phm trong ng. Tin hnh cn khi lng v o nng sn
phm thu c tnh thng lng, J, v chn lc, . Sn phm thu c c nng
c th cao hn khong gi tr o c ca thit b o cn nn cn c pha long
trc khi o.
43
CHNG 3. KT QU V BN LUN
Bng 3.1 trnh by gi tr ca thng lng thm thu v chn lc ca mng tng
ng vi 31 th nghim c thit k bi phn mm SAS JMP v10.0 cho qu trnh kh
nc dung dch cn bng phng php thm thu-bc hi. Theo , gi tr ca J v dao
ng tng ng vi gi tr t 0,0198 ti 0,0915 kg/m2.h v t 0,9626 ti 5,4167.
Bng 3.1: Kt qu th nghim
STT
Dng
thc
Gi tr bin thc
A
Hm mc tiu
(T, C)
(C, % kl)
(Q, l/h)
(P, kPa)
J, kg/m2.h
000A
40
88
80
21
0,06033
2,6829
35
84
60
16
0,02196
2,0495
a000
30
88
80
11
0,0355
3,9611
+++
45
92
100
0,0533
2,3529
0000
40
88
80
11
0,0613
1,6995
0000
40
88
80
11
0,0609
2,9382
45
84
60
0,0737
1,5909
0000
40
88
80
11
0,0646
2,1378
++++
45
92
100
16
0,0533
2,1352
10
0000
40
88
80
11
0,0599
2,.0223
11
00A0
40
88
120
11
0,0557
2,8845
12
0000
40
88
80
11
0,0663
1,8102
13
0000
40
88
80
11
0,0525
2,3136
14
00a0
40
88
40
11
0,0470
2,5101
44
15
A000
50
88
80
11
0,0652
2,8830
16
++
35
84
100
16
0,0307
1,7494
17
++
45
92
60
0,0585
3,1322
18
35
92
60
0,0554
5,2569
19
0A00
40
96
80
40
0,0364
1,8976
20
35
84
100
35
0,0551
1,9561
21
000a
40
88
80
40
0,0879
2,8729
22
+++
45
92
60
45
0,0469
2,5729
23
+++
35
92
100
35
0,0206
2,9471
24
++
45
84
100
45
0,0741
2,2473
25
0a00
40
80
80
40
0,0523
1,2928
26
+++
45
84
100
45
0,0575
2,3601
27
++
45
84
60
45
0,0526
0,9626
28
35
84
60
35
0,0604
1,7090
29
++
35
92
100
35
0,0378
2,7709
30
++
35
92
60
35
0,0198
4,0384
31
0000
40
88
80
40
0,0462
2,2835
45
Hnh 3.1: nh hng ca cc yu t vn hnh ln thng lng v chn lc
Hnh 3.2: Mc nh hng ring r v ng thi cc yu t ln thng lng

dng thm thu
46
Hnh 3.3: Mc nh hng ring r v ng thi cc yu t ln chn lc ca mng

3.1. nh hng ca tng yu t
S nh hng ca tng thng s vn hnh: nhit , nng , lu lng dng nhp
liu v p sut dng thm thu ln thng lng thm thu v chn lc ca mng c
trnh by nh sau:
3.1.1. nh hng ca nhit
Hnh 3.1-3.3 cho thy nh hng r rt ca nhit dng nhp liu n thng lng
thm thu v chn lc ca mng, th hin qua gi tr mc ngha, P < 0,05. C th,
thng lng thm thu tng nhng chn lc ca mng li gim khi tng nhit dng
nhp liu. iu ny c gii thch l khi tng nhit th ng lc qu trnh tng hay p
sut ring phn ca cc cu t trong dng nhp liu tng dn n kh nng truyn khi
ca cc cu t qua mng tng. ng thi, nhit tng lm tng gin n cc mch
polymer lm cho cc cu t qua mng d hn, v vy lm gim chn lc ca mng
[51-54].
47
3.1.2. nh hng ca nng

Nng dng nhp liu cng c nh hng ng k ln thng lng thm thu v
chn lc ca mng, th hin qua gi tr P < 0,05 Hnh 3.2 v 3.3. iu ny l do tnh
ht nc mnh ca ethanol nn khi nng ethanol trong dng nhp liu cng tng, th
kh nng to lin kt vi hydro trong phn t nc cht ch hn. V vy, dn n s
truyn vn ca cc phn t nc qua mng b kh khn hn nn thng lng qua mng s
gim v tnh chn lc ca mng cao hn so vi nng dng nhp liu thp [51,53,54].
3.1.3. nh hng ca lu lng
Theo kt qu thu c, nh hng ca lu lng dng nhp liu ln thng lng
thm thu v chn lc ca mng l khng ng k, th hin qua gi tr P > 0,05 Hnh
3.2 v 3.3. iu ny l do dung dch cn tng i sch, khng b nhim tp cht nn
khng gy tt nghn mng. V vy, i vi qu trnh kh nc dung dch ethanol bng
cng ngh thm thu-bc hi th ch dng chy qua mng l nh hng khng ng
k n kh nng lm vic ca mng nh i vi cc qu trnh vi lc, siu lc, [51,52].
3.1.4. nh hng ca p sut
Hnh 3.1 th hin s nh hng mnh m ca p sut dng thm thu ln thng lng
vi gi tr P < 0,0001 Hnh 3.2, nhng hu nh khng nh hng n chn lc ca
mng vi gi tr P = 0,2314 Hnh 3.3. Theo , thng lng c xu hng gim khi p
sut dng thm thu tng (hay p sut chn khng gim). iu ny l do khi p sut dng
thm thu tng, ng lc ca qu trnh gim dn n s truyn khi ca cc cu t qua
mng gim dn n thng lng thm thu gim v chn lc ca mng tng [51,53].
Theo kt qu th hin s nh hng ring r ca cc yu t cho thy thng lng v
chn lc chu nh hng ng k bi nhit , nng dng nhp liu v p sut
dng thm thu. Kt qu ny cng ph hp vi nghin cu trc y [51-54].
48
3.2. nh hng ng thi ca cc yu t

V kho st nh hng ca 4 yu t nn c 6 trng hp nh hng ng thi ca
tng cp yu t ln thng lng thm thu v chn lc c trnh by nh sau:
3.2.1. nh hng ca nhit v p sut
T kt qu Hnh 3.2 cho thy s tng tc ca hai yu t nhit dng nhp liu v
p sut dng thm thu c nh hng ng k n thng lng, th hin qua gi tr
P = 0,0289 < 0,05.
Hnh 3.4 th hin gi tr thng lng thm thu t cc tiu nhit 30 C v p
sut 15 kPa. Gi tr thng lng tng dn khi p sut dng thm thu gim (hay p sut
chn khng tng) v nhit dng nhp liu tng. iu ny l do khi nhit dng nhp
liu tng v p sut dng thm thu gim lm cho ng lc qu trnh truyn vn qua
mng ca cc cu t tng dn n thng lng thm thu tng.
(a)
(b)

nhit v p sut ln thng lng lu lng 80 l/h v nng 88%
49
i vi chn lc, s tng tc ca nhit dng nhp liu v p sut dng thm
thu nh hng khng ng k, th hin qua gi tr P = 0,8197 > 0,05 Hnh 3.3.
(a)
(b)

nhit v p sut ln chn lc lu lng 80 l/h v nng 88%
Hnh 3.5 cho thy chn lc ca mng t khong gi tr nh nht khi nhit dng
nhp liu trong khong 40-45C v p sut dng thm thu l 10-15 kPa.
3.2.2. nh hng ca nhit v nng
Nng dng nhp liu l mt trong ba yu t c nh hng mnh nht n thng
lng thm thu. Tuy nhin, s tng tc ca nhit v nng nh hng khng ng
k n thng lng thm thu, th hin qua gi tr P = 0,6846 Hnh 3.2. S tng tc
ca nhit v nng dng nhp liu nh hng n thng lng thm thu c th
hin qua Hnh 3.6. Theo , thng lng thm thu t gi tr cc i khi nhit dng
nhp liu t 45 C v nng dng nhp liu 85%.
50
(a)
(b)

nhit v nng ln thng lng lu lng 80 l/h v p sut 11 kPa
Tng t vi bin i ca thng lng thm thu, s tng tc ca nhit v nng
dng nhp liu c nh hng r n chn lc ca mng, th hin qua gi tr
P = 0,0175 Hnh 3.3. S tng tc ny c th hin qua Hnh 3.7. chn lc ca
mng t gi tr cc i khi nhit nhp liu 30 C v nng dng nhp liu 90%.
Khi nhit thp v nng dng nhp liu tng, s truyn vn ca cc cu t qua mng
km dn n chn lc ca mng tng.
51
(a)
(b)

nhit v nng ln chn lc lu lng 80 l/h v p sut 11 kPa
3.2.3. nh hng ca nng v p sut
S tng tc ca nng dng nhp liu v p sut dng thm thu nh hng khng
ng k ln thng lng thng thu, th hin qua gi tr P = 0,2090 Hnh 3.2. S nh
hng ng thi ca nng v p sut ln thng lng c th hin Hnh 3.8.
Qua , cho thy thng lng thm thu c xu hng gim khi nng dng nhp liu
v p sut dng thm thu ng thi tng (hay p sut chn khng gim). iu ny l do
khi nng v p sut dng thm thu cng tng, kh nng thm thu qua mng ca cc
cu t km dn n thng lng qua mng gim. th b mt p ng th hin thng
lng thm thu t cc i nng dng nhp liu 85% p sut dng thm thu nh
hn hoc bng 5 kPa.
52
(a)
(b)

nng , p sut ln thng lng nhit 40 C v lu lng 80 l/h
S thay i ca chn lc c xu hng ngc li so vi thng lng nh th hin
Hnh 3.9. C th, chn lc ca mng t gi tr cc i nng dng nhp liu 95%
v p sut dng thm thu nh hn hoc bng 5 kPa. Khi nng dng nhp liu cao,
kh nng thm thu ca cc cu t qua mng km lm cho chn lc ca mng tng
nh gii thch trn.
53
(a)
(b)

nng , p sut ln chn lc nhit 40 C v lu lng 80 l/h
3.2.4. nh hng ca nhit v lu lng
(a)
(b)

nhit , lu lng ln thng lng p sut 11 kPa v nng 88%
54
Nh nhn xt phn nh hng ca tng yu t, lu lng dng nhp liu c nh

hng khng ng k n thng lng thm thu v chn lc ca mng. Tng t, s
tng tc ca nhit v lu lng dng nhp liu nh hng n thng lng, th hin
qua gi tr P = 0,4821 Hnh 3.2. Theo Hnh 3.10, thng lng t khong gi tr cc i
khi nhit dng nhp liu ln hn hoc bng 45 C v lu lng 90 l/h.
i vi chn lc ca mng, s tng tc ca nhit v lu lng dng nhp liu
li c nh hng r rng, th hin qua gi tr P = 0,0185 Hnh 3.3. Qua Hnh 3.11 cho
thy chn lc ca mng t khong gi tr cc tiu khi nhit dng nhp trong
khong 40-45 C v lu lng trong khong 60-100 l/h.
(a)
(b)

nhit , lu lng ln chn lc p sut 11 kPa v nng 88%
55
3.2.5. nh hng ca lu lng v p sut

Tng t trn, s tng tc ca lu lng dng nhp liu v p sut dng thm thu
nh hng ln thng lng v chn lc l khng ng k th hin qua gi tr mc
ngha tng ng vi thng lng v chn lc ln lt l 0,0985 v 0,2708 u ln hn
0,05 Hnh 3.2 v 3.3.
(a)
(b)

ng thi ca lu lng v p sut ln thng lng nhit 40C v p sut 88%
Theo hnh 3.12 cho thy thng lng thm thu t gi tr cc i khi p sut dng
thm thu di 5 kPa km theo lu lng dng nhp liu t gi tr di 100 l/h. Khi p
sut tng cao hn 5 kPa v lu lng dng nhp liu cao hn 100 l/h, thng lng thm
thu c xu hng gim xung.
Hnh 3.13 cho thy chn lc ca mng t l thun vi nng dng nhp liu v
t l nghch vi nhit dng nhp liu. chn lc ca mng t gi khong tr cc i
lu lng dng thm thu 40 l/h v p sut dng thm thu 5 kPa. Gi tr ny gim dn
khi lu lng dng nhp liu v p sut dng thm thu cng tng.
56
(a)
(b)

ng thi ca lu lng v p sut ln chn lc nhit 40C v p sut 88%
3.2.6. nh hng ca nng v lu lng
(a)
(b)
Hnh 3.14: : th b mt p ng (a) v ng ng mc (b) ng th hin nh hng

ng thi ca nng v lu lng ln thng lng nhit 40C v p sut 11 kPa
57
Tng t nh hng ca nhit v lu lng, s tng tc ca nng v lu

lng nh hng khng ng k n thng lng thm thu, nhng li c nh hng r
rt ln chn lc ca mng, th hin qua gi tr mc ngha i vi thng lng v
chn lc ln lt l 0,3892 > 0,05 v 0,001 < 0,05 Hnh 3.2 v 3.3.
Hnh 3.14 th hin thng lng thm thu t gi tr cc i nng 85% v lu
lng 80 l/h.
chn lc ca mng t cc tiu khi nng v lu lng dng nhp liu 80%
v 80 l/h v t cc i nng dng nhp liu 95%, lu lng 60 l/h Hnh 3.15.
(a)
(b)

ng thi ca nng v lu lng ln chn lc nhit 40C v p sut 11 kPa
Theo kt qu th hin nh hng ng thi ca tng cp yu t cho thy s tng tc
ca nhit nhit v nng dng nhp liu, nhit dng nhp liu v p sut dng
thm thu nh hng ng k n thng lng thm thu v chn lc ca mng.
58
3.3. Ti u ha iu kin vn hnh

3.3.1. Phng trnh hi quy
T kt qu kho st s nh hng ca cc yu t vn hnh ln hai hm mc tiu l
thng lng v chn lc, hai m hnh ton m t quan h ca hai hm mc tiu i
vi cc bin thu c nh sau:
Thng lng J, kg/m2h
J 0,0588 0,0095 A 0,0047 B 0,0092C 0,0007 D 0,0089 AB

0,0012 AC 0,0041AD 0,0015BC 0,0023BD 0,0378CD
(3.1)
0,0033 A2 0,0027 B 2 0,0030C 2 0,0048D 2

chn lc
a 1,9952 0,3029 A 0, 4917 B 0,0856C 0,1080 D 0, 2817 AB
0, 2786 AC 0,0246 AD 0, 4253BC 0,0905 BD 0,1212CD
0,3345 A 0,1222 B 0,1534C 0,1735 D
2
(3.2)
3.3.2. tng thch ca m hnh

Hnh 3.16 trnh by s so snh gia cc gi tr thc nghim v m phng t phng
trnh hi quy (3.1) v (3.2). Qua , cho thy mc tng thch ca m hnh v thc
nghim thng qua h s tng quan R2 ca J v ln lt l 0,90 v 0,87. Theo , mc
tng thch ca m hnh v thc nghim i vi chn lc l khng cao.
59
(a)
(b)
Hnh 3.16: So snh gi tr thc nghim v m phng ca (a) thng lng

v (b) chn lc
3.3.3. Ti u tng hm mc tiu
T m hnh ton hc suy ra gi tr cc i, cc tiu ca thng lng v chn lc:
Jmin = 0,01
Jmax = 0,09
min = 0,5
max = 5,5
Hm k vng di c xc nh theo hm mc tiu J v nh sau:

Thng lng dng thm thu J, kg/m2h
d1 0,6101 0,1186 A 0,0585B 0,0055C 0,1148 D 0,0089 AB

0,0155 AC 0,0518 AD 0,0191BC 0,0283BD 0,0378CD
(3.3)
0,0406 A2 0,0338B 2 0,0376C 2 0,0594 D 2

chn lc
d 2 0, 2990 0,0606 A 0,0983B 0,0171C 0,0216 D 0,0563 AB
0,0577 AC 0,0049 AD 0,0851BC 0,0181BD 0,0243CD
(3.4)
0,0669 A2 0,0244 B 2 0,0307C 2 0,0347 D 2
60
Ti u ha tng hm k vng
thu c kt qu nh sau:
i vi thng lng thm thu:

iu kin vn hnh: nhit dng nhp liu 44,46 C, nng dng nhp liu 85%,
lu lng dng nhp liu 80 l/h, p sut dng thm thu 6 kPa.
Gi tr thng lng ti u iu kin vn hnh trn l 7,589x102 kg/m2h.
i vi chn lc ca mng:
iu kin vn hnh: nhit dng nhp liu 35 C, nng dng nhp liu 92 %,
lu lng dng nhp liu 60 l/h, p sut dng thm thu 6 kPa.
Gi tr chn lc ti u iu kin vn hnh trn l 4,6953.
3.3.4. Ti u ng thi hai hm mc tiu
Hnh 3.17: Ti u ha ng thi thng lng v chn lc
61
Ti u ha ng thi hai hm k vng d1, d2, thng qua hm k vng kt hp, D, t

phng trnh (3.3) v (3.4) nh sau:
1/2
0,6101 0,1186 A 0,0585 B 0,0055C 0,1148 D 0,0089 AB
D
0,0155 AC 0,0518 AD 0,0191BC 0,0283BD 0,0378CD
0,0406 A2 0,0338B 2 0,0376C 2 0,0594 D 2
1/2
0, 2990 0,0606 A 0,0983B 0,0171C 0,0216 D 0,0563 AB
0,0577 AC 0,0049 AD 0,0851BC 0,0181BD 0,0243CD
0,0669 A2 0,0244 B 2 0,0307C 2 0,0347 D 2
(3.5)
Kt qu ti u ha phng trnh 3.5 cho Dmax = 0,716 ti 35 C, 92 %, 60 l/h , 6 kPa

ng vi thng lng 5,3454x10-2 kg/m2.h v chn lc 4,6953.
62
CHNG 4. KT LUN
Trong lun vn ny, qu trnh kh dung dch cn c nng 80-96 %kl bng cng
ngh thm thu-bc hi c nghin cu vi mng thng mi PVA/PAN.
Phng php quy hoch thc nghim quay bc hai Box-Hunter c s dng
kho st s nh hng ca iu kin vn hnh nh nhit , nng , lu lng dng
nhp liu v p sut dng thm thu n thng lng thm thu v chn lc ca mng.
Kt qu kho st nh hng ca tng yu t cho thy: nhit , nng dng nhp
liu v p sut dng thm thu c nh hng ng k i vi thng lng thm thu v
chn lc ca mng.
Kt qu kho st nh hng ng thi ca tng cp yu t cho thy: s tng tc ca
nhit vi nng dng nhp liu; nhit dng nhp liu vi p sut dng thm thu
l c nh hng ng k n thng lng thm thu v chn lc ca mng.
Ti u ha iu kin vn hnh cho tng hm mc tiu thu c kt qu:
- Thng lng thm thu t gi tr l 7,589x102 kg/m2h ng vi nhit dng nhp
liu 44,46 C, nng nhp liu 85 %, lu lng dng nhp liu 80 l/h v p sut dng
thm thu 6 kPa.
- chn lc c gi tr l 4,6953 ng vi nhit dng nhp liu 35 C, nng
nhp liu 92 %, lu lng dng nhp liu 60 l/h v p sut dng thm thu 6 kPa.
Ti u ha iu kin vn hnh cho ng thi hai hm mc tiu thu c kt qu:
nhit dng nhp liu 35 oC, nng nhp liu 92%, lu lng nhp liu 60 l/h v p
sut dng thm thu 6 kPa th mng lm vic vi thng lng thm thu 5,3454x10-2
kg/m2h v chn lc 4,6953.
63
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69

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I HC QUC GIA TP.

NGHIN CU QU TRNH KH NC DUNG DCH CN SINH HC

TP. H CH MINH, thng 06 nm2015

Lun vn thc s c bo v ti Trng i Hc Bch Khoa, HQG TP. HCM

Thnh phn hi ng nh gi lun vn thc s gm:

TRNG KHOA K THUT HA HC

I HC QUC GIA TP. HCM CNG HA X HI CH NGHA VIT NAM

2.1.2.Dng c v thit b ............................................................................................... 38

Hnh 3.5: B mt p ng (a) v ng ng mc (b) th hin nh hng ng thi ca

CHNG I. TNG QUAN

Hnh 1.1: Cu trc phn t ca ethanol

Hnh 1.2: Gin cn bng pha lng-hi ca ethanol-nc 1atm [3]

1.1.4. Cng ngh sn xut cn sinh hc

Bn thc hin chng trnh Biomass Tp. H Ch Minh. Chng trnh ny bo gm

trnh thy phn biomass, m t l cellulose v hemicelluloses nh hng n lng

Hnh 1.3: Qu trnh x l lignocellose

Lignin (15-25 % khi lng kh ca sinh khi thc vt) l mt polymer cu to t cc

Dng cc loi nm (Pleurorus, Pycnoporus, Ischinoderma,) loi b lignin, ph

Do , sn xut cn cao cn ph im ng ph ca hn hp bng cc cng

Hnh 1.5: Quy trnh chng ct hn hp ng ph

Hnh 1.6: Quy trnh chng ct chn khng

p sut chn khng lc ht cc phn t yu i v s ln va chm gia chng gim,

Hnh 1.7: Cu to phn t zeolit

Hnh 1.8: a. T din SiO4

Zeolite c mao qun rng: Dmao qun > 8

Hnh 1.9: Quy trnh hp ph

Hnh 1.10: Quy trnh hp ph thay i p sut

Tng t hp ph ry phn t nhng qu trnh hp ph thay i p sut s dng hai

Thm thu-bc hi l qu trnh kt hp ca hai qu trnh thm thu (permeation) v

Hnh 1.11: S nguyn l ca qu trnh thm thu-bc hi dng bm chn khng

Hnh 1.12: S nguyn l ca qu trnh thm thu-bc hi dng dng kh qut

Hnh 1.12 trnh by s nguyn l ca qu trnh thm thu-bc hi dng dng kh

Cu trc kt hp l ng dng quan trng ca thm thu-bc hi hin nay (cng vi

Hnh 1.14: S thm thu hi dng bm chn khng

Chi phi vn hnh,

Thay mng hoc vt

1.2.3. Mng dng cho qu trnh thm thu-bc hi

hiu sut ca mng v gim cng ca mng, mng t polymer c th c kt hp,

Hn na, zeolit cng c nghin cu cho mc ch ny, bao gm mng

ZSM-5, A-, X-, Y- v T- zeolite. Mc d c s n nh vt tri so vi cc mng

Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA)

Ph v im ng ph ca Kh cht hu c t Phn ring (m) ethanol

ngh thc phm.

Gi thnh cao cho vic ch to mng v c l hn ch mt s ng dng ca n.

Hnh 1.16: So snh qu trnh kh nc h ethanol-nc bng phng php chng ct

dung dch cn bng phng php thm thu-bc hi vn xy ra v khng gp s cn tr

Mng polyimide l mt i din khc cho kh nc dung dch isopropanol. Zeolit 4A

1.3.4. Phng php nghin cu

l h s ca phng trnh hi quy; l sai s

Bng 1.4: B tr th nghim

yi, yi-min, yi-max l gi tr bt k, cc tiu, cc i ca hm mc tiu

Khi phng trnh khng th nguyn di ca cc mc tiu c xc nh, chng c

Gi tr hm mong mun D t 0 n 1. iu kin ti u ca nhiu mc tiu t c

CHNG 2. THC NGHIM

> 99,7 % v/v

Hnh 2.1: S h thng thm thu-bc hi

12. Bm chn khng

Bng 2.2: Thit b v thng s k thut ca h thng thm thu-bc hi

Bnh nhp liu

H thng van, thit

Hnh 2.2: nh ca h thng thm thu-bc hi

Nhp liu vo bnh nhp liu

Ci t nhit , p sut, lu lng