Bi 9

DN IN CA DUNG DCH CHT IN LY

I. MC CH
Xc nh dn in ring, t xc nh dn in ng lng gii hn ca
cht in ly mnh, in ly v hng s in ly ca cht in ly yu.
II. L THUYT
1. dn in ring v dn in ng lng.
Kh nng dn in ca mi vt dn c c trng bi dn in L l i lng
nghch o ca in tr R. Vi mt vt dn c tit din khng i:
R=

l
S

(1)

Trong l in tr sut; l v S l di v tit din ngang ca vt dn, nn:

L=

S
S

.l
l

(2)

i lng = 1/ c gi l dn in ring, c th nguyn 1.cm1. Khi l =

1cm, S = 1cm2 th L = , nh vy:
dn in ring ca dung dch cht in ly l dn in ca mt th tch 1cm 3
dung dch c tit din ngang 1cm2 nm gia hai in cc song song cch nhau 1cm.
V kh nng dn in ca dung dch in ly ph thuc vo bn cht cc ion v s ion
c mt trong mt n v th tch dung dch nn dn in ring phi ph thuc vo nng
cht in ly c trong dung dch (hnh 34).
i vi cht in ly mnh, dn in ring cng ln nu nng ca cc ion v
tc tuyt i ca chng cng ln. Nhng khi tng nng ca cc ion th lc ht gia
chng tng ln, nh hng tr nn mnh hn s tng nng ca cht in ly v
dn in ring ca dung dch s gim.
i vi cht in ly yu, dn in ring tng khng ln khi tng nng . Khi
nng tng ln th dn in ring gim do s gim in ly ca dung dch v
cc i ca dn in ring ng vi gi tr cc i ca tch s in ly v nng ca
dung dch.

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Hnh 34: S ph thuc ca dn in ring ca mt s dung dch

cht in ly vo nng dung dch.
V s ph thuc gia dn in ring v nng rt phc tp cho nn c trng
cho kh nng dn in ca dung dch cc cht in ly ngi ta thng s dng i lng
dn in ng lng .
dn in ng lng l dn in ca mt th tch dung dch cha ng mt
ng lng gam cht in ly nm gia hai in cc song song cch nhau 1cm. Da vo
s (hnh 35) ta d thy quan h gia dn in ring v dn in ng lng:
= . V.1000

1000
C

(cm2.-1.lg-1)

(3)

y V l th tch ca dung dch tnh bng lt cha ng mt ng

lng gam cht in ly, c gi l pha long.
C l nng ca dung dch (lg/l).
Cng thc (3) cho thy ph thuc nng dung dch. Khi pha long dung dch
s tng; Khi pha long tng n mt gi tr gii hn no th dn in ng
lng t n gi tr ti hn (hnh 36).
Theo nh lut Kohlrausch v s chuyn ng c lp ca cc ion trong dung dch
long:

91

 = + +

(4)

y + v l dn in (hay linh ) ca cation v anion.

Hnh 35: M hnh m t s

lin h gia dn in ring
v dn in ng lng.

Hnh 36: S ph thuc ca

dn in ng lng
vo pha long.

i vi dung dch cht in ly yu, in ly v dn in ng lng lin h

vi nhau bng phng trnh:
=

(5)

Theo (5) c th xc nh c hng s in ly K ca mt cht in ly yu da vo

dn in. V d, trong trng hp n gin nht, vi cht in ly AB phn ly theo s
:

AB

A B
=

A+ + B

(6)

AB

V [AB] = C(1 - ); [A+] = [B] = C. nn:

K =C.2/(1-)

92

(7)

Thay theo phng trnh (5) vo (7) rt ra:

2 C
K =

(8)

Phng trnh (8) c th vit di dng:

2 C
1
2
Kd

(9)

Sau khi chia tt c cho , ta c:

1/ =

1
1
+
C
2

Kd

(10)

1
1
v
l nhng hng s.
2
Kd

Nu xy dng th s ph thuc ca 1/ vo C th s thu c mt ng thng

v da vo th xc nh c 1/ v 1/2K ngha l xc nh c dn in
ng lng gii hn v hng s in ly K ca cht in ly yu. i vi dung dch
long ca cht in ly mnh (C < 10-2 lg/l) dn in ng lng ph thuc vo nng
theo phng trnh:
= - A. C

(11)

Trong A l hng s ph thuc vo bn cht ca dung mi, nhit v ho tr ca

cht in ly.
Nu xc nh dn in ca dung dch cc nng khc nhau, sau xy dng
th s ph thuc ca v

C s thu c mt ng thng v da vo th s xc

nh c dn in ng lng gii hn ca cht in ly mnh.

2. Phng php o dn in.
Vic o dn in ca dung dch in ly thc t quy v vic o in tr ca chng
bng dng in mt chiu hay xoay chiu.
Khi dng dng mt chiu, trn b mt in cc tip xc vi dung dch xy ra phn
ng in ho to nn mt in tr gi l in tr phn cc lm thay i in tr ca dung
dch cn xc nh. gim in tr phn cc ngi ta dng cc in cc khng phn cc
nh calomen, clorua bc... Nhng theo Kohlrausch tt hn ht l dng dng xoay
chiu c tn s cao (khong 600 1000 Hz). Khi s phn cc sau mi ln i chiu
dng in hon ton b ln i chiu tip sau trung ho.
o in tr ngi ta dng cu o Wheatstone, s ca n ch ra trn hnh 37,
trong R1, R2, R3 l in tr bit, Rx l in tr cn xc nh. Theo nh lut Kirchhoff

93

v mch r khi kim in k (2) ch s 0 ngha l khi khng c dng in i qua mch CD
ta c :
Rx = R3 .

R1
R2

(12)

Hnh 37: S cu o in tr Wheatstone.

1. Ngun in; 2. in k.
Trn thc t ngi ta lp in tr R1 = R2 cn R3 l hp in tr chun. Bng cch
iu chnh R3 kim in k (2) ch 0, khi ta c cn bng cu o v xc nh c
in tr ca dung dch: Rx = R3.
Cu trc bnh dung dch cn o dn in c mt ngha quan trng. in tr ca
dung dch khng nhng ph thuc vo nng cht in ly, din tch ca in cc v
khong cch gia chng m cn ph thuc vo cch xp t cc in cc v th tch ca
dung dch v khng phi ch c phn th tch ca dung dch nm gia hai in cc l tham
gia vo vic dn in (hnh 38). V vy hnh dng v cch xp t in cc trong mi
php o phi c gi nguyn. Th tch ca dung dch o cng phi c nh.
Php o dn in thng thc hin trong cc bnh o c cc in cc l nhng l
platin en c gn c nh bng nhng thanh thu tinh vo np bnh o (hnh 39).

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Hnh 38: Phn b ng sc

trong in trng gia hai

in cc song song.

Hnh 39: in cc platin

xc nh hng s bnh.

Nu khong cch gia hai in cc l l, din tch b mt in cc l S v f l yu t

ph thuc vo c trng hnh hc ca bnh o th in tr ca dung dch c tnh theo
cng thc:
R=

Suy ra:

1 l
.f
S

1 l
.f .
R S

(13)

(14)

V cc i lng f, l, S l c nh, c trng cho mi bnh o, nn phng trnh (14)

c th vit:
= K/R

(15)

y K l hng s bnh, c th nguyn cm1. o dn in cn phi xc nh

hng s bnh K. Ngi ta xc nh K bng cch o in tr ca mt dung dch chun
bit dn in ring, v d dung dch KCl 0,02N c = 0,0027651cm1
25oC. o RKCl s xc nh c K theo phng trnh:
K = 0,002765.RKCl

(16)

Bit K da vo phng trnh (15) c th xc nh dn in ca dung dch bt k

khi o c in tr ca chng.

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III. TIN HNH TH NGHIM

1. Xc nh hng s bnh K.
Hng s bnh K xc nh da vo vic o in tr ca dung dch chun KCl cc
nng khc nhau (0,1; 0,02 v 0,01N).
u tin ra bnh o v in cc bng nc ct 2 3 ln sau trng 1 2 ln
bng mt t dung dch KCl 0,1N. Dng pi pt ly mt lng nht nh dung dch KCl
0,1N vo bnh o sao cho dung dch ngp ht cc in cc (n vch ngn trn thnh
bnh). o in tr ca dung dch bng cu o (hnh 37).
Sau ly 20ml dung dch KCl 0,1N pha long thnh 100ml bng nc ct ta c
dung dch KCl 0,02N.
dung dch nghin cu ra khi bnh, ra bnh o v in cc nh trn. Ly mt
th tch dung dch KCl 0,02N nh th tch dung dch o ln trc vo bnh v o in tr
ca dung dch.
Li pha long gp i dung dch KCl 0,02N thu c dung dch KCl 0,01N v
lp li qu trnh nh trn. Tnh hng s K theo cng thc (16) i vi tng dung dch ri
ly kt qu trung bnh. Cho bit 25oC, vi dung dch KCl 0,1N gi tr ln lt bng
0,01228 v 0,001413 1cm1.
Trong trng hp o dn in ca dung dch in ly rt long cn tnh n dn
in ca nc. Vi nc ct ngoi khng kh do c s ho tan ca CO2 v s kim ho
ca thu tinh nn dn in ca n vo khong 10-6-1cm-1. dn in thc t ca
dung dch s l:
= o c nc
2. Xc nh dn in ng lng gii hn ca dung dch HCl.
Pha dung dch HCl 0,1N trong bnh nh mc 50ml. Tin hnh o in tr ca dung
dch ny. o 3 ln ly kt qu trung bnh. Sau pha long dung dch bng nc ct
thu c 100ml cc dung dch HCl 0,02; 0,01; 0,005; 0,001N. o in tr ca cc
dung dch ny. Mi th nghim o 3 ln v sau mi th nghim phi ra bnh o bng
nc ct v trng bng dung dch ta mun o tip.
Tnh dn in ring v dn in ng lng ca cc dung dch. Xy dng
th C ri ngoi suy ng biu din C 0 tm gi tr .
Ghi cc kt qu o c v tnh ton theo bng sau:
S
TT

96

Nng
dd HCl
C(lg/l)

Hng s
bnh K

in tr
o c
R

dn
in
ring

dn
in
lng

3. Xc nh hng s phn ly ca axit CH3COOH.

Pha 100 ml dung dch CH3COOH c cc nng 0,1; 0,05; 0,01; 0,005N (pha t dung
dch ban u CH3COOH 0,1N bng nc ct). o in tr ca cc dung dch trn, mi
dung dch o 3 ln ly kt qu trung bnh.
Tnh dn in ring v dn in ng lng ca cc dung dch. Tnh in
ly theo cng thc (5). Cho bit dn in ng lng gii hn ca CH3COOH:
,CH3COOH = , H+ + , CH3COO = 349,8 + 40,9 = 390,7.
Da vo cng thc (8) xc nh hng s phn ly ca CH3COOH. Ghi cc kt qu o
c v tnh ton theo bng mu sau:
S
TT

Nng dd
CH3COOH
C(lg/l)

Hng s in tr dn
bnh K o c in ring
Rx

dn
in .
lng

in Hng s
phn ly K
ly

1
2
3
4

Cu hi chun b:
Cu hi s1: nh ngha dn in v dn in ng lng, th
nguyn ca chng? Cc yu t nh hng?
ngha dn in ng lng gii hn.
Cu hi s 2: Gii thch v thit lp cng thc: =

1000
C

Cu hi s 3: Trnh by phng php xc nh dn in ring, xc

nh dn in ng lng, dn in ng lng gii hn ca dung
dch cht in ly mnh.
Cu hi s 4: Cn ch iu g khi xc nh dn in ca dung
dch in ly mnh nng long?
Cu hi s 5: Cch xc nh in ly v hng s phn ly K ca
dung dch cht in ly yu?
97