PHNG PHP GIA CNG

SIU M:
(Ultralsonic Machining USM)
Mc tiu : Sau khi hc nghin cu xong chng ny, ngi
nghin cu c kh nng sau
- Hiu khi nim gia cng bng siu m.
- Hiu, bit nguyn l gia cng bng siu m.
- Tng minh v c s l thuyt gia cng bng siu m.
- Bit tng tn cc thng s cng ngh.
- Tng minh mt s cng ngh gia cng bng siu m.
I. Khi nim :
- Gia cng bng siu m l truyn dao ng vo vng ct
di tn s siu m. Dao ng ny va p vo ht mi, ht
mi va p vo vng ct to nn b mt cn gia cng.
- Siu m l sng n hi c tn s t 20 kHz 1 GHz,
nhng dng gia cng ch vi tn s t 1530 kHz. My siu
m dng gia cng cc chi tit ch to t vt liu cng v
dn nh thy tinh, gm s, , germani, hp kim cng, kim
cng .v.v.
II. Nguyn l gia cng :
- Gia cng bng siu m cc vt th rn ch yu l ng
dng tn sc ca siu m.
- Gia cng bng siu m cc vt th rn thc cht l ng
dng s c st c hc ca mi trng hai pha to nn tc
dng gia cng.
- Gi thit trong mt mi trng cht lng tn ti cht rn
c si xp. Di tc dng ca sng siu m c tn s trung
bnh, cc phn t ca cht lng chuyn ng theo ng chuyn
ng ca m trng, cn phn t cht si th ng yn. Sau
do tc dng c st ca cht lng, c nhng phn t nh ri
rng t cc si vt th rn. Ngi ta c th tng cng tc

dng bng cch rc thm vo bt thch anh mn nh l mt

pha th ba. Cc bt thch anh cng, sc cnh, l lng s
chuyn ng theo m trng, v cht lng vi mc chuyn
ng nhiu hay t tng ng vi kch thc ca chng. Trong
qu trnh chuyn ng, chng gt gia vt th rn.

Hnh 2.1 :
Nguyn l gia cng

- Nguyn l gia cng mt cch tng qut :

. Dao ng c tn s t 18-30 kHz c my pht siu m
(6) truyn n b bin t (5). Ti y dao ng bin thnh dao
ng c hc, c cng tn s, cn bin dao ng trong
khong 510 m, c th nhn c bin dao ng cn
thit cho vic gia cng 3080 m cn phi c thanh truyn (4)
t sau b bin t (5).
. Dng c (3) c hnh dng theo yu cu gia cng uc
lp vo u ca thanh truyn (4). Dung dch ht mi (7) c

a vo vng gia cng pha u dng c. Tng hp chuyn

ng (2) c g t trn bn my (1) bn my c th chuyn
ng theo hai phng thng ng do u my thc hin.
. Khi chi tit gia cng c nh th c th gia cng c l
thng hoc l khng thng, l nh hnh hoc cong, ct rnh,
ct t . . . nu cung cp cho phi hoc dung dch thm mt
chuyn ng ph th c th thc hin c cc nguyn cng
phay, mi, tin, ct t, ct ring.
- gia cng bng siu m, cn phi c my pht siu m.
Siu m c dn vo u bin t to nn cc dao ng c
hc c bin cn thit. Thit b ny lm vic trn c s s
thay i chiu di ca mt s kim loi (hin tng co ngn
nhim t) nh st, nikel, cobal v cc hp kim ca chng,
di tc ng ca in trng hoc t trng. Hin tng ny
c gi l t gio v u bin t l thnh phn chnh yu
trong my gia cng bng siu m.
- Nguyn l lm vic ca u bin t c trnh by nh
hnh 2.2.
Dng in c tn s cao ca my pht siu m c a
vo cun dy kch thch 2 to nn t trng thay i c cng
tn s tc ng vo li 1 ca b rung ng. Li 1 c ch to
t cc tm kim loi c tnh t gio. s dng c tnh t
gio tt hn, ta to thm mt t trng khng i bng hai
cun dy t ha 4 lp trn li t 3. Dao ng dc xut hin do
t gio trong b rung ng c bin t 510 m c truyn
qua thanh truyn 6. Thanh ny c lp gia hai vng kp 5,
lm nhim v khuch i bin dao ng ln gi tr cn
thit l 3080 m v truyn n dng c ct 7 lp cui thanh
truyn.
Dung dch ht mi c a vo gia mt dng c ct 7
v chi tit gia cng 8. N chuyn ng vi tn s cao, to nn
va p ly i lng kim loi trn b mt chi tit. Ht mi
thng dng l carbid bo, carbid silic, Corun, kim cng c c
loi t 280400. Cht lng mang ht mi c dng huyn ph

c th l nc, du la, du cng nghip. Dung dch mi c

a vo vng gia cng di dng ti. Trong trng hp gia
cng l su hn 5mm, phi dng dung dch c p sut a qua
l c hnh thnh bn trong dng c hoc chi tit gia cng.
Vt liu dng c thng dng l thp 45, 40Cr, Y8A, Y10A
.v.v. Khi gia cng hp kim cng, nng sut c th t 200
mm3lf; nhm 0,16<Ra<0,32 :m, chnh xc gia cng
0,020,04 mm.

Hnh 2.2 :
S u bin t
III. C s l thuyt ca gia cng bng siu m :
1) Mt s khi nim c bn :
- Ngun m l mt vt n hi, ni chnh xc hn l mt
mi trng n hi c th to ra v truyn dao ng vo mi
trng tip xc vi n.

- m lng l cng sut m tnh trn n v din tch b

mt (erg/s.cm2 = 10-7 W/cm2).
- Ap sut m l p sut m sinh ra trong mi trng do s
dao ng m (dyn/cm2 = bar).
- Cng m l mt thng s vt l do m lng v p
sut xc nh (phn).
- m nghe c c tn s t 20 Hz n 15 kHz. m c
tn s di 20 Hz gi l m hng ngoi. m c tn s trn 16
kHz gi l siu m. m c cng trn 130 phn gi l siu
cao m.

Hnh 2.3 :
Cc vng m thanh
- Ngun pht dao ng vng siu m c kho st vi
tnh cch l ngun m. C ch kch thch dao ng khng nh
hng n xc sut xut hin ca dao ng, xc sut ny ch
ph thuc vo nng lng ngun m v tnh n hi ca mi
trng dao ng. V mi ngun m u c th dng kch
thch ra siu m, nu m lng ca n gim n mc thch

hp. Ngy nay i vi ngun pht m c hc, thay v phi to

tn s cao, ngi ta i hi n phi cho m lng ln, bi v
trong vng siu cao m vic gia cng vt liu tin hnh trong
nhng iu kin thun li.
- Cc yu cu i vi ngun m :
+ C kh nng ha m.
+ m lng c th bin i.
+ n nh.
+ Kh nng pht sng tt.
+ C tn s thch hp.
+ Cng sut ln.
- Trong k thut siu m, thng thng tc dng vt l
ca dng in c dng kch thch dao ng. Qui trnh
thun l bin dao ng in thnh dao ng c, cn qui trnh
nghch th bin dao ng c thnh dao ng in. Nh vy
thit b chuyn i khng nhng c s dng nh ngun m,
m cn c s dng nh mt b thu m.
- Cng vic quan trng nht l phi la chn chnh xc
nhng nguyn l v phng tin c th lm ra b pht m
c hiu sut cao, cng sut ln, c dy tn s pht m rng.
Ch c mt t b chuyn i dao ng c th tha mn cc yu
cu trn.
- Cc thit b gia cng s dng trong cng ngh ch to
my ch yu hot ng vi my pht dng t gio lm ngun
pht dao ng, thnh thong dng in gio. Do vy di y
ch cp n loi t gio.
2) Hin tng t gio :

Hnh 2.4 :
S nguyn l ca hin tng t gio.
- l hin tng m mt thanh hoc mt ng bng vt
liu t t trong t trng song song vi trc dc ca n, th
chiu di ca n b bin i. C th xc nh c s bin i
kch thc ca vt st t do tc dung ca t gio bng cc biu
thc quan h vi tnh cht c hc v t tnh.
- Xut pht t 2 biu thc v vt liu t di y :
= ( , ) ; = ( , )
Trong :
( : ng sut n hi do t trng gy ra.
( : Bin i hnh dng do t trng gy ra.
H : Cng t trng.
o hm ton phn r v H c :

K hiu :

H s hiu ng t gio thun v nghch c quan h vi

nhau nh sau :

(4B sinh ra t h s thm)

- Vy trng thi ca vt liu t vi s bin i hnh dng
trong t trng c th din t bng phng trnh :
(1)d r = dB + Ed r
(thun)
1
(2)dH = dB + 4 yd r
(nghch)

Phng trnh (1) cho ta quan h bin i t t nng

sang c nng :

 r = Bnu dr = 0 (b nn)
B
r = = B nu d r = 0 (t do)
E

Phng trnh (2) cho ta quan h bin i quan h t

c nng sang t nng :

B = 4 r
nu dH = 0

Trong :
l : bin i kch thc
l0 : Chiu di ca thanh vt liu st t
Phng trnh bin dng n hi c th c vit nh
sau :

l = l 0 B
E
- bin i kch thc c lp vi hng ca t trng
ch ph thuc vo cng ca t trng, nhit trng thi
t ho trc v cht lng ca vt liu.
- bin i kch thc tng i r c ln 10-5-10-6
ch c th ghi bng phng php quang hc (hnh 2.4).
- Hnh 2.5 cho thy bin i kch thc dc tng i
ph thuc nh th no vo cng t trng.
- Trn hnh v tr s dng ch s gin di, tr s m ch
s co rt.
- Hiu ng t gio khng nhng gy nn bin i kch

thc chiu di, m cn gy nn bin i th tch vi cng

t trng nh, ch c bin i kch thc chiu di, thng
thng chng ta li dng hin tng ny to ra siu m.
- Nu t mt thanh st t vo trong rut mt cun dy c
t trng xoay chiu th chiu di ca thanh st s bin di vi
hai ln tn s. C th thy iu , qua hin tng bin i
kch thc c lp vi hng ca t trng. Hin tng s
khc i nu ngoi t trng xoay chiu cn c t trng c t
trng mt chiu mnh - gi l t ho ng thi (va c t ho
t trng xoay chiu va c t ho vi t trng mt chiu).
Trong trng hp ny dng in khng i chiu m ch c
bin i bin . S bin i kch thc dao ng bng vi tn
s ca dng in.
Hnh 2.5 :
Bin i chiu di tng i v cng t trng
vi nhng vt liu c t tnh khc nhau.

- Mt li khc ca t ho ng thi l c th iu chnh

ngun pht m sao cho t trng to nn s bin i kch
thc ln nht. Cng t trng tng ng vi on c
dc ln trn cc ng cong.
- Bin i chiu di ca thanh st t s l ln nht khi tn
s dao ng do s bin i ca cng t trng gy ra bng
vi tn s dao ng ring ca thanh st t (cng hng).
- Phn pht ca thit b siu m t gio thng l b dao
ng bng n in t. Trong thc t tn s ca loi n ny
t khi t trn 100 kHz, ngha l b dao ng in t lm vic
trong phm vi sng di. Trong gii sng ny lm thit b c
cng sut c kw khng kh khn my. Dng in t ho mt
chiu c th l dng anod, hoc ly t mt ngun in ring.
3) S n mn xm thc :
- Nu siu m c phng qua cht lng, th trong s
pht sinh p lc cc b. Vi m lng thch hp th c th to
nn s bin i p lc lm sinh ni ng sut ln n mc lm
mt i s lin kt gia cc phn t ca cht lng v lm cho
cht lng b ph hy. Hin tng ny c th bit c khi thy
nhng bt kh, c gi l bt kh xm thc. Nhng bt kh ch
tn ti trong thi gian ngn. Khi chng b tan th c p lc cc
b rt ln, gn 1000 atm..
- Ngi ta ng dng hin tng ny lm sch cc chi
tit, nh sch r, xc tin nhanh cc qu trnh ha hc.
Hin tng ny d cha phi l vai tr bao trm, nhng cng
c vai tr trong vic gia cng ct gt bng siu m.
4) Tc dng c hc :
- Khi phn tch tc dng ca siu m i vi mi trng
mang siu m, ngi ta lin tng n qu trnh c xt c hc
no . m trng c th kch thch dao ng ca nhng phn
t nh, rn trong mi trng, c trng lng ring khc nhau
v khc vi mi trng. Nhng phn t nh ny trong khi
chuyn ng, vi khi lng qun tnh ring s c xt vi
nhng phn t ln hn ang ng yn v s c xt ny lm

ny sinh ra tc dng c xt c trng bng siu m (hnh 2.6).

- Trn hnh 2.6 (a) c th thy trng thi ca nhng phn
t rn nh l lng trong m trng siu m. Tt c cc phn t
nh ny chuyn ng ng nh m lng quy nh. V vy
trn hnh chp t vi ta thy nhng vch. Trn hnh 2.6 (b) c
th thy ln ln nhng phn t nh ln nhng phn t ln.
Nhng phn t nh chuyn ng ging nh trng hp trc,
nhng phn t ln hn th khng theo ng hon ton s
chuyn ng ca trng. C duy nht mt phn t c khi
lng ln khng chuyn ng, iu th hin trn hnh chp
t vi mt chm trn hon ton.

Hnh 2.6 :
m trng v s chuyn ng ca nhng phn t nh l
lng trong m trng.
(a) Nhng phn t nh chuyn ng theo m trng.
(b) Nhng phn t ln hn chuyn ng chm hn.
- Hin tng ny lun lun c trong nhng h thng hai
pha. S chuyn ng tng i gia cc phn t cng xy ra
c khi nhng phn t l lng do qun tnh ln khng hon ton
theo kp s chuyn ng ca mi trng. Trong trng hp
ny cc phn t cng chuyn ng i li do qun tnh ca
chng v trong qu trnh chng gy nn c xt.

- Ty theo tnh cht, ma st trong hai mi trng, kch c

ca cc phn t nh, s ng nht v kch thc ca cc phn
t nh, .v.v., m s c mt nhm cc hin tng khc nhau,
h qu ca chng l to ra s ha ng, s chuyn th v s
phn tn do tc dng ca siu m (cn gi l s tn sc).
IV. Thit b v dng c :
- Mt my siu m c nhng b phn chnh sau :
. u t gio
. C cu mang dng c ct
. C cu cp ht mi
. B to sng
- Hnh bn di m t mt thit b trong gia cng siu m.

Hnh 2.7 :
S cu to thit b
gia cng bng siu
m.
1) Dng c
2) u ni
3) Thanh truyn sng
4) u t gio
5) V my

- Bn di dng c cn c bn my, mt y ca bn cha

dung dch ht mi v mt s ph kin khc.
- Dng c : Thng dng c c nhiu hnh dng v kch
thc khc nhau ty theo yu cu. S dng nhiu nht vn l
dng c c bin dng ging nh bin dng ca chi tit gia
cng. Vt liu lm dng c l thp 45, thp dng c Y8A,
Y10A, . . .
- u ni : Giao tip gia thanh truyn sng v dng c c
mt b phn gi l u ni. u ni c ch to c bit sao
cho c th lp c cc dng c vo thanh truyn sng.
- Thanh truyn sng : l b phn truyn dao ng t u t
gio cho dng c.
- Mt cng vic m ngi ta cng ht sc quan tm l
gii quyt nhit lng sinh ra trong qu trnh lm vic u t
gio bng cch thi gi hoc lu chuyn dng cht lng.
t m lng ln trong u t gio th phi ch n lm mt
v nhit lng sinh ra rt ln. C th tng m lng bng cch
iu chnh bin v tn s. Vic nng cao tn s s b gii
hn, khng phi lc no cng hp l bi v :
. Tc dng siu m tt nht vo khong 20 kHz.
. Trng hp sinh ra cng hng trong khi gia tng tn s
s lm gim cng sut.
. Ch yu gia tng m lng bng bin .
- Dao ng c th gy nn ng sut c hc ln trong vt
liu lm u t gio. V vy u t gio phi c sc bn c
hc ln, ng thi phi c tn hao t v c nh. Nu la chn
vt liu thch hp, cng ngh gia cng, lp rp tt, lm mt
thit b tt, th hiu sut ca thit b c th t 70%. Hiu sut
cao ch c th t c nhng thit b c thit k v ch
to sau khi c xem xt cn nhc mi mt.
- u chu bt dng c khng n thun ch c ren vn
vo, m cn nh bng v bi trn mt lp m mng khp cc
b mt tip xc c th truyn ht dao ng. Trong mng
m s sinh ra ng sut ko v cn gy ra hin tng xm thc,

bn cnh , phi p cht b phn ni di (thanh truyn sng)

v chu bt dng c c ren ni vo thanh truyn sng, c
ng sinh dng hnh nn m chp ca n pha u lp dng
c. Cng vic nh vy c ngha lm cho m lng tng v
pha u dng c v ta c th khuch i dao ng ca t gio
ln n 100 ln. im c bit y l bin dao ng
hai u thit b rt chnh lch v l nguyn nhn sinh ra
ng sut c hc ln.
- Mt thit b hon chnh l sau khi th vi nhng dng c
khc nhau, s c dao ng c hc ng vi tn s cng hng.
* My siu m vn nng 4770 :
- My siu m 4770 dng gia cng cc dng l trn,
nh hnh, cc hc, khc, ct t . . . nhng vt liu cng v
dn. Khi gia cng, dng c dao ng vi tn s siu m theo
hng tin giao. Cng lc bm ly tm a dung dch mi vo
mt u dng c.
- c tnh k thut ca my :
+ ng knh l gia cng : 0,510 mm
+ Chiu su l gia cng : (25)d
+ Lng di ng dc ca bn my : 80 mm
+ Lng di ng ca u bin t : 110 mm
+ nhy ca c cu chy giao : (686980)10 -3 N
+ Tn s lm vic : (1819) kHz
+ Cng sut my pht : N = 0,25 kW
- S ng c th hin hnh 2.8.
- B phn c bn ca my l u bin t 3 c lp trn
bn trt 5 pha trc. Bn my 2 di ng dc v ngang trn
sng trt ui n vi tay quay c cung chia 0,02 mm. Di
ng bn trt 5 mang u bin t (3) c thc hin t ng
c in 8, qua cp bnh rng Z3 / Z4 n bnh rng-thanh rng.
ng c ng lm vic theo ch hm, mmen xon c
to ra tu thuc vo lc chy dao ca dng c. Di ng ca
bn trt cng c thc hin bng tay qua bnh rng-thanh
rng Z1 - Z2. chuyn ng m v chnh xc, bn trt 5 di

ng trn sng ln ca thn my 1 v dng i trng 11 treo

trn dy 10 qun qua ng 9 lp trn trc quay bng tay.
Chuyn ng ca bn trt c m nh b gim chn bng
du p gm c xylanh 4 lp trn thn bn trt 7, cn pittng 6
c nh vo bn trt. iu chnh vn tc bn trt v li
nhanh dng cc van tit lu v van ngc du p.

Hnh 2.8 :
S ng my siu m vn nng 4770
- nng cao nng sut, my siu m thng kt hp vi
phng php gia cng in ho. Nh th, ngoi chc nng gia
cng bng siu m, my cn c mch in n mn in ho
bng cch ni thanh truyn mang dng c ct vo cc m, chi

tit vo cc dng ca ngun in mt chiu. Trong trng

hp ny, dng cht in phn l dung dch 15% nitrat natri
hoc dung dch 2040% nc mui. Khi gia cng hp kim
cng vi lng chy dao 0,20,5 mm/pht; nng sut ca my
gia cng tng hp ny c th t 500600 mm 3/pht.
V. Cc thng s cng ngh :
Cc thng s cng ngh ch yu ca gia cng bng phng
php siu m l: nng sut, cht lng b mt, chnh xc
gia cng, mn ca dng c. Trong cc thng s nu trn c
mt s thng s c lin quan vi nhau v nh hng ln nhau.
1) Tc ct :
- Tc ct trong gia cng siu m c xc nh bi
cng thc sau :
v = 5,9 f (s/H)R.0,5.y.0,5
Trong :
f : Tn s dao dao ng (Hz)
H : cng b mt (HBN)
s : ng sut dng c (kg/mm2)
R : Bn knh ht (mm)
y : Bin rung ng (mm)
2) Bc tin gia cng :
- Qu trnh gia cng bng siu m l tch tng ht vt
liu ra khi chi tit gia cng. thc hin c qu trnh ,
dng c gia cng cn phi c mt bc tin hnh l S no .
i lung S li ph thuc vo nhiu yu t nh cng siu
m, tn s v bin dao ng m, vt liu c kch thc D h
tch tr nng lng lin kt elk .
- Thi gian gia cng lp vt liu S l :

Vy bc tin gia cng c thc hin vi mt vn tc nht

nh:

ng vi mi vt liu khc nhau, ta c elk khc nhau;

gi tr ca elk v Dh l c nh cho tng loi vt liu, nn c
th tng tc gia cng v bng cch gim thi gian t lk.
- Do phi hiu chnh tn s f, bin dao ng A,
cng siu m I, cng nh mi trng v ht mi . . . sao
cho t c nng lng thch hp.
3) Dung dch v ht mi :
- Cng l mt vn quan trng v n tc nhn trc tip
gia cng vt liu. Ht mi thng dng cacbit bo th nng sut
t cao nht. Ngoi ra cht lng dng huyn ph cng rt quan
trng; c th dng cht lng l nc, du ma dut, du ho,
cn, du my, du gai . . . trong nc t t nng sut cao
nht. Dung dch ht mi c nh hng rt ln n chnh xc
v nhm b mt.
- Bng di y cho thy c iu :
Bng 2.1:
nh hng ca dung dch ht mi n chnh xc v
nhm b mt:

4) Nng sut :
- Nng sut gia cng siu m c th c xc nh bi
thng s sau :

. e : Tc tin dng c (mm/pht)

. Vd : Khi lng vt liu ly i trong 1 n v thi gian.
. v: L mt thng s c xc nh trn c s th tch
phi trung bnh.
- Nng sut gia cng cn ph thuc vo su gia cng
v mt ct ngang ca dng c. V vy ngoi thng s Vd v e
nh gi chnh xc nng sut cn phi nu r nng sut
t c vi su gia cng bao nhiu v dng c c pr-phin
mt ct g.
- Trng hp gia cng l c y khng su, tc tin
dao trung bnh (khng k n vic nng dng c ln) l :
l1
e1 =
t1
Trong :
l1 : Chiu su ca l c y (mm).
t1 : Thi gian gia cng (pht).
- Trng hp gia cng l su c y, tc tin dao trung
bnh (c k n vic nng dng c ln) l :
n + l1
e2 =
t t + nt 2
Trong :
n : S ln nng dng c.
t2 : Thi gian 1 ln nng dng c (pht)
- Th tch vt liu c ly i trong n v thi gian
trng hp dng dng c c bit l :
Vd = e . Asz
Vi : Asz - Din tch lm vic ca dng c (mm2).
- Trng hp gia cng l thng, vi dng c hnh xuyn,
thng s nng sut c trng l tc tin dao e.
- Nng sut trung bnh l th tch vt liu c ly i
trong n v thi gian c tnh trn din tch lm vic ca

dng c :

- Nh vy tc tin dao cng bng vi nng sut trung

bnh.
- So snh phoi vi mn dng c :

Vi : Vsz - mn ca dng c (mm3/ph).

- T l mn dng c c th c phn tch thnh t l mn
theo chiu dc v t l mn theo chiu ngang tc cn b
mt b mn i do tc dng ca bt mi.
- Nng sut gia cng cn b nh hng bi cc yu t sau:
+ Bin v tn s dao ng.
+ Tnh cht c l ca vt liu cn gia cng.
+ Ph ti tnh gia dng c v vt liu cn gia cng.
+ Loi bt mi v nng nh tng ca bt mi.
+ Cch cho nh tng vo bt mi.
+ Tit din dng c.
+ Vt liu lm dng c v mn ca n.
+ su ca l.
5) Cht lng b mt gia cng :
- Thc t cho n nay, trn b mt c gia cng bng
siu m khng th hin s bin i cu trc v cng t vi
ca lp vt liu trn b mt hoc mt ng sut d no, do
nhit khng ln vng gia cng, khng gy ra sai s do
bin dng nhit. Trong trng hp gia cng bng siu m, tri
vi trng hp mi v ct bng tia la in, khng thy c du
vt rn nt hay vt chy trn b mt gia cng. Chnh v vy
m cht lng b mt gia cng ch lin quan n nhm b
mt.

- nhm b mt ph thuc vo :
+ Kch thc ht mi.
+ Tnh cht c l ca vt liu gia cng.
+ Bin dao ng ca dng c.
+ nhm dng c.
+ Cht lng cha bt mi.
- Ph ti tnh gia dng c v vt liu gia cng thng
thng bin i trong gii hn rng khng c nh hng g
n nhm b mt. Trong trng hp ph ti tnh bin thin
t p = 0,4 kg/ mm2 n p = 2,5 kg/ mm2, Rmax bin thin trong
phm vi 3,64,3 m. Vi vt liu gia cng bng thy tinh c
ht 100, bin dao ng 30 m. Bin dao ng tng th
kh nng su thm nhp ca ht tng. V d vt liu gia
cng l thy tinh, nu bin bin thin t 388 m th R max =
3220 m.
- Nu thay nc bng du my th Rmax s gim, nhng
cn lu rng trong trng hp gia cng cn t nhm cao
th khng nn thay nc bng du v nh th th nng sut s
gim xung gp bi ln, iu kin b sung v lun chuyn ca
vt liu nh bng cng xu i, ch khi no dng bin php
khc vn khng t c nhm nh mong mun th lc
mi thay nc bng du.
- S khc bit cng r rt hn khi dng bt mi c c ht
ln (c ht 280, 320, 360, 400 . . .) th khng c s khc bit
i vi gia cng l. Thc nghim cho thy rng, nhm
thnh l cng tng mt t. Bng cch hn ch tc dng bo
mi ph (b sung ht mi qua tr rng ca dng c . . .) ta
khng th lm gim bt s khc bit gia thnh v y l.
- D dng thy rng, xc sut c khuyt tt cng gim i
nhiu, nn gim nhm mt bn ca dng c v ch to
dng c bng vt liu chng mn.
6) chnh xc gia cng :
i vi cc vt liu rn v gin, gia cng bng siu m
ph thuc vo nhiu yu t, cc yu t ny c th chia lm hai

nhm nh sau :
- Nhng yu t ph thuc vo thit b v chnh xc
iu chnh my :
+ chnh xc ca thit b ph thuc ch yu vo sai
s trong chuyn ng theo hng tin ca dng c v s iu
chnh u dao ng so vi bn my.
+ S n khp v ng trc ca cc b phn ca u
t gio to dao ng, b phn ni, dng c.
+ chnh xc ca cc c cu dng iu chnh chi
tit.
+ chnh xc v tr tng i gia dng c v chi tit
gia cng. Trc khi gia cng, phi kim tra chnh xc ca
my v tt c dng c ph tr nu trn nhm gim n mc
ti thiu cc sai s.
- Cc yu t ph thuc vo c tnh cng ngh :
+ Kch c ht mi.
+ S n nh ca khe h gia dng c v vt gia cng.
+ mn ca dng c.
+ Hnh dng hnh hc ca dng c.
+ su gia cng.
i vi gia cng l, do c im khc nhau m ngi ta
phn bit gia cng l thng v l khng thng. chnh xc
ca phng php t cp 2-3, cn bng b mt t cp 8-9
- chnh xc gia cng l thng :
chnh xc ca l thng c tit din khng i do 3
yu t quyt nh
+ chnh xc ch to dng c.
+ chnh xc chp hnh ca dng c.
+ Dao ng c hi thng gc vi trc dc ca dng c.
i vi l cn hoc l c bc th ngoi 3 yu t trn,
mn ca dng c c tc ng rt ln n chnh xc. Tu
theo chnh xc ca l m chn cp chnh xc ch to ca
dng c nht thit phi ch rng l s c kch thc ln hn
dng c. V d vi ht c 120 th kch thc ln hn vi

0,40,5 mm; C ht 320 th 0,030,04 mm, so vi kch thc

ca dng c.
- chnh xc ca l khng thng :
+ Ngoi cc yu t ni trn chnh xc gia cng l
c y cn ph thuc vo mn ca dng c.
+ cn cng nh sai lch hnh dng ca dng c u
sao chp sang b mt gia cng. Do dng c phi lm bng
vt liu chu mn.
+ Gia cng chnh xc l c y ch thc hin c bng
mt loi phng php gn ng, nhiu ln thay dng c vi
dng c lm bng vt liu chu mn.
+ Nu phi gia cng l c y trn vt liu kh gia
cng (hp kim cng, thp ti) th y l s li. li tng vi
su gia cng. L do l gia nng ca bt mi long
hn xung quanh. chnh xc ca l (c bit y l)
khng t c 0,05 mm.
VI. Mt s cng ngh gia cng bng siu m :
Gia cng bng siu m c s dng nng cao hiu qu
ca cc phng php gia cng khc bng cch a giao ng
ca siu m tc dng vo dng c ct. Ngi ta tm c
nhiu bin php hp l nng cao nng sut ct v tui th
ca dao trong gia cng tin, khoan, khot, doa, mi, ct ren
.v.v. vi vic dng siu m.
1) Khoan - khot - doa bng siu m :
- Khoan siu m da trn c s li dng tc ng c xt
v gt da ca sng siu m, thit b khoan lm vic vi tn
s 2030 kHz, gm c u t gio dao ng vi tng s trn,
v b cu ni c ni vi u giao ng, cu ni c truyn
giao ng, v qua dng c dao ng c truyn sang vt cn
khoan.
- Khc vi mi khoan quay thng thng, y dng c
khoan dao ng dc thng gc vi mt ca vt gia cng. Do
tc dng dao ng , nhng ht mi nh trn ln l lng
trong cht lng rch vt gia cng, m ra theo l privet ca

dng c. T c ch khoan nh vy c th suy ra rng khng

nn khoan l thng xuyn bng mi khoan c, m bng mi
khoan ng (xem hnh 2.9), nu kch thc v hnh dng l cho
php to hnh mi khoan nh vy. Bng mi khoan ny, nhng
phn vt liu c ly i c ch dn li.

Hnh 2.9 :
Nguyn l khoan bng
siu m
a) u t gio dao ng
b) Cu ni
c) Dng c
d) B lm mt
e) Cht lng lm mt
f) Vt gia cng
g) Nh tng c ht mi
nh bng.

- Trn hnh 2.10 v 2.11 c th thy nguyn l khoan siu

m trong mt s trng hp c th.

Hnh 2 .10 :
Khoan siu m vi cc dng c khc nhau.
a) Phoi khng b ht i.
b) Phoi b ht i.

Hnh 2.11 :
S nguyn l khoan siu m trong mt s trng hp
c th
a) Khoan l hnh tr c y
b) Khoan xuyn l tr bng dng c c dng vnh
khn.
c) Khoan l y khng phi hnh tr.
d) Khoan l xuyn khng phi hnh tr.
- Hnh 2.12 l u siu m ca my khoan dng to
dao ng dc khi khoan, khot l. N c b bin t 1 t bn
trong thn 2 v nhn ngun dao ng t my pht siu m t

lin vi my khoan. B bin t bin dao ng in c tn s

siu m thnh dao ng dc c hc. Chi tit dng phu 3 lp
pha di thn 2 c chiu cao ph thuc vo tn s dao ng.
Thanh truyn 4 c hn vo b bin t nhm khuch i vn
tc v bin dao ng. L cn pha di dng lp mi
khoan, mi khot. u siu m cng c lm ngui bng
nc.

Hnh 2.12 :
u siu m ca my
khoan.

- khoan, khot, doa, ct ren ngi ta cng s

dng mt cu trc mi l u siu m dao ng xon (Hnh
2.13). Loi ny cng c b bin t 1 c dng vng, bn trong
n t tip tuyn cc b bin i sng 2. Phn trn ca li
cng hng 3 c ui cn lp vo trc chnh ca my; phn
di c l cn lp dng c ct 4. Khi cho dng in c tn

s cao qua cun dy b bin t vo cc b bin i sng 2,

cc dao ng dc xut hin s to nn tc dng xon tng
i vi trc u siu m.

Hnh 2.13 :
u siu m dao ng xon

- Ht nh bng thng l ht cacbid borlum l lng trong

nc. Chng ta c th gia tng cng sut ca my khoan siu
m. Nu chng ta ht i phoi vn tn ng trong mi khoan
ng (hnh 2.10b). Bng cch ny c th khoan l su t 4 mm
n 30 mm, tc khoan tng ln 5 ln.
- Bng 2.2 so snh cng sut khoan trong trng hp
khng ht phoi vn v trong trng hp c ht.
- Bt mi s dng l ht cacbit borium c ht 220; trng
hp khoan kim cng, th dng bt kim cng. S liu trn ng
vi thit b khoan c tng s22 kHz, cng sut 30W, in tch

cng tc l 27 mm2.
Bng 2.2 :
Cng sut khoan trong cc trng hp

- (*) Gi thit c mi khoan c cng bng nhau, v vt

gia cng bng thy tinh, hao mn ca mi khoan l 1, th
s liu trong bng l hao mn ca mi khoan trong trng
hp khoan cc vt liu khc th so snh vi trng hp khoan
thy tinh.
- Khoan siu m khng ch c u im l c th khoan
bt k vt c cng no v l khoan c bt c profin no m

cn li hn khi khoan vt c kh nng dn in, d cho i

vi vt liu ny c th dng phng php khc. V d gia cng
bng tia la in, t c bng tt th hoc phi khoan
chm, m c khi ngay c khi vy cng khng t c cht
lng b mt tt hn, hoc nu khoan nhanh th b mt li rt
th.
- Nu la chn loi bt mi c mn thch hp v khng
c tp cht, th nhm ti a (Rmax) ca b mt gia cng siu
m khng qu 1 m. ng knh l ln hn ng knh mi
khoan khong 60100 m ty thuc vo mn ca ht mi.
ng knh ca l khoan khng th nh hn 100 m. chnh
xc ti a c th t c l 10 m vi my tt nht. Cc my
thng dng hin nay c th c cng sut 35 kW. Nng sut
ly phoi l 15002000 mm3/ph khi gia cng thy tinh; l 4050
mm3/ph i vi hp kim cng.
2) Mi - ct - x rnh . . . bng siu m :
- Nh ni khoan bng siu m l cng ngh quan trng
nht v ph bin nht. cc loi gia cng khc v nguyn l
tng t nh gia cng l. Trong nhng phn di y, ch bn
nhiu v mi, cn cc loi gia cng khc th ni t. S d bn
v gia cng mi nhiu hn v n c mt s tnh cht khc so
vi gia cng khoan. Cc nc tin tin (Lin X, M) ngi ta
ang ch n mt iu l lm sao c th ng dng nhng
c im ca phng php gia cng thng dng nh (khoan,
mi phng mi trn, ct ren . . .) vo phng php gia cng
bng siu m.
- Khc vi khoan l, khi mi mt phng th vt gia cng
c th chuyn ng di dng c.
- Trong trng hp mi nhng ch cht, kh mi trn
nhng vt liu gia cng bng vt liu rn dn (nh s) hoc
hp kim cng, th mi trn mt phng bng siu m c tm
quan trng ln, v khng c phng php no khc gia cng c
nng sut chp nhn c. Nhng c tnh cng ngh khoan
cng c gi tr trong gia cng mi mt phng, nhng cn b

sung thm bng tc chuyn ng ca vt gia cng nh

hng ln n nng sut, cht lng b mt v chnh xc.
Khi gia dng c v vt gia cng c chuyn ng tng i,
th iu kin tip xc gia dng c v vt gia cng s khc.
Lc tc dng vo mt s ht mi s thay i, v iu kin lm
vic s bin i trn din tch ca b mt lm vic ca dng
c mi ln u tip xc vi vt gia cng. Tt nhin l vi c
ch ng hc nh vy iu kin mi gt ca b mt lm vic
ca dng c s khc nhau trong tng giai on.

Hnh 2.14 :
Nguyn l mi phng bng siu m
- c th chn tc mt cch ti u trn vt gia cng
(e) th nn phn tch mi quan h VD = F(e) trn hnh 2.15
- T hnh 2.15 ta c th rt ra mt s kt lun sau :
+ Trn giai on 1 ca cc ng cong nng sut ln,
nhng dng c mau hng v coi nh gia cng xong. Tng e
th nng sut gim n ti thiu.
+ u giai on 2 nng sut rt nh sau tin ln
vi e v t tr s nng sut khi e = 0, l nng sut khoan
bng siu m. S d nng sut gim ti thiu v vi tr s gii
hn e no hoc gn vi tr s trong khong thi gian
nht nh, dng c dch chuyn do tc ng cng hng theo

hng ngc vi hng chuyn ng ca vt gia cng. S

chuyn ng ngc ny thc t nht qun vi s gim b mt
lm vic ca dng c.
+ Giai on 3 tc tip tc tng th khng cn lm
tng nng sut na.
Hnh 2.15 :
Bin i ca phoi ly i vi vn tc tin ca vt gia cng.

- Cn thit phi lu rng, khi ni nhng iu kin trn

chng ta so snh cc thng s nng sut trung bnh, chng
ta khng ch n cc iu kin mi gt khc nhau nhng
giai on khc nhau ca dng c.
- Tc tin phi sao cho trong khi dng c tip xc vi
vt gia cng mt thi im th n dao (f) khng vt qu
gii hn (bk) m kch thc ht mi quyt nh, iu biu
th bng biu thc sau y :

Hnh 2.16 :
T l su v kch thc ht mi
1. Dng c
2. Ht mi
3. Vt gia cng
- Ph ti tnh cng l mt thnh phn trong xung lc trc
tip to ra s phn tn vt liu. Ph ti tnh ti u ch yu do
b rng ca b mt lm vic ca dng c quyt nh. Trong
trng hp chung quanh h ny theo hm m e. Vi ht mi
quan h ny l : Popt = 2am0,45
- C th thay th bng hm parabol, am l b rng
ca b mt lm vic ca dng c.
- Khi mi bng siu m cht lng b mt khng nhng
ph thuc vo cc tnh cht ging nh khoan m cn ph thuc
nhiu vo tc dao ng v tin ca dng c.
- C th mi bng siu m mt phng nm, m c mt
phng ng v mt phng hnh hc no :

Hnh 2.17 :
S nguyn l gia cng bng siu m cc mt phng hnh
hc c dng cho (a-b) v mt phng bn (c)
VII. c im v phm vi ng dng :
1) c im :
* u im :
- Cho php gia cng c nhng vt liu v cng cng,
rn, gin.
- Cho php gia cng c nhng vt liu phi kim loi.
- Khng gy ra hin tng nt t vi b mt.
- Khng gy ra tai nn lao ng.
* Nhc im :
- ln ca b mt gia cng : Khi b mt gia cng
nh, thao tc thc hin kh phc tp, kh khn. Cc my
khoan siu m c th thc hin trn b mt ti a 750-1000
mm2, vi mt nng sut c th chp nhn c. C th tng
tit din gia cng bng cch tng nng sut ra v tit din b
mt pht sng ca u t gio. Cng vic ny i hi phi gii
quyt nhng vn v m hc rt phc tp.
- su c th gia cng c : Ch c th gia cng l
v rnh khng su lm. Tng su th gim nng sut, do
lm tng qu trnh mi ph, v gy kh khn cho vic a bt
mi vo vng lm vic cng nh ly i vt liu b mi mn

ca dng c. L su ch c th khoan theo kiu bc thang, khi

nng sut s b gim.
- Nhu cu nng lng : Nhu cu nng lng biu hin
bng t s gia cng sut u vo hoc cng sut pht ra ca
my pht siu m v lng phoi trung bnh trong mt gi.
Qki = Nki / VD (kWh/cm2)
- Nng sut : Nng sut thp khi gia cng vt liu t
hp kim cng v thp ti, bng 1/20-1/50 nng sut khi gia
cng thy tinh, thch anh, .v.v. Bn cnh dng c mn
nhiu hn.
Khi s dng siu m b sung cho cc cng ngh
truyn thng gia cng vt liu cng v kh gia cng, th
cn phi ch n nhng nhc im ca cng ngh gia cng
siu m nu trn. Ngoi ra lm vic vi nhng thit b
gia cng bng siu m tn s tng i thp (<16 kHz). Ngi
cng nhn chng mt mi.
2) Phm vi ng dng :
Chng ta c th chia thnh cc ng dng nh sau :
- Gia cng ch bng phng php siu m : khoan, mi gia
cng ren, lm sch bavia, gia cng rnh.
- Gia cng bng siu m phi hp phng php gia cng
khc : khoan , phay, xoi l, mi, mi tinh, mi bng a, mi
bng bng ma st.

- Gia cng khng ct gt : Hn, lm sch kim loi, lp

ghp bng p, phn tch vt liu c phn t ln, lm pht sinh
v xc tin nhanh cc qu trnh gia cng ho v in ho.
- ng dng trong vic lp ghp chi tit :

Hnh 2.18 : Lp ghp bng siu m

1. Dao ng dc
2. Dao ng hng knh
3. Cht
4. Ct lp cht
5-6. Dng c
7. My pht siu m (1)
8. My pht siu m (2)
9-10. ng c siu m (u dao ng).
3) Xu hng pht trin :
- Nhu cu pht trin cng nghip ngy cng i hi gia
cng cc vt liu bn dn, gm hp kim cng v nhiu vt

liu siu cng rn, dn khc. Do vy i hi phi pht trin

loi thit b gia cng bng siu m. S pht trin cn thit
khng nhng ch i vi nhm gia cng th nht, m c i
vi nhng nhm gia cng phi hp, mc du hin nay nhm
ny cha c tm quan trng nhiu.
- Ni dung pht trin gm c cc vn : ng hc, u
t gio, cc gii php ni mi phc tp. Hin nay, ngi ta
ang nghin cu pht trin cc mch in a mch, cc u t
gio v b ni c th gia cng trn b mt ln, t tn tht.
- Bng cc phi hp gia cng siu m, gia cng n mn
in v gia cng in ho vi nhau, gia cng cc vt liu
c kh nng dn in, ngi ta c th tng nng sut v gim
hao mn dng c. Trong lnh vc phi hp gia cng nn gia
cng siu m b sung cho gia cng truyn thng, cn nghin
cu pht trin nhng loi thit b mi.