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Sheet
Sheet
Sheet
10
9
2
V D
F = 3 DV +
16
}{D}{V}
{F} ={3 }{
ML
T2
or:
= {1}
M
{L}
LT
pB
(9.81)(2.0) =p B
RT
Accurate answer.
Approximate answer.
Fig. P1.22
2R 2
x3
V3 =
This acceleration is negative, as expected, and reaches a minimum near point B, which is
found by differentiating the accel
eration with respect tox:
x
|max decel. 1.291 Ans. (b)
R
2
du
|min = 0.372 U
dt
R
A plot of the flow decelerationalong line AB is shown as follows.
Ans. ( a)
With the oil weight known, we can now apply hydrostatics from point A to point C:
pC = pA + gh= (15)(144) + (0.0767)(2.0) +(55.2)(2.0) +(62.4)(2.0)
Ans. ( a)
Solution:
Solution:
1
4 12
Ans.
hW sin
A
Ans. (a)
y CP,g =
Solution: The absolute maximum length L occurs when the pump inlet pressure is
slightly greater than 20 kPa. The pump increases this by 1.3 MPa and friction drops the
pressure over a distance L until it again reaches20 kPa. In other words, quite simply,
1.3 MPa =1,300,000 Pa =(150 Pa/m)L, or L
max
8660 m Ans.
It makes more sense to havethe pump inlet at 1 atm, not 20 kPa, dropping L to about 8 km.
Ans. ( b)
dx
|gradient= 2Cx , i ntegrate
dz
B
dx
2C dz
=
, x = const e2Cz/B
x
B
Ans.
2.8 A diamond mine is 2 miles below sea level. (a) Estimate the air pressure at this
depth. (b) If a barometer, accurate to 1 mm of mercury, is carried into this mine, how
accurately can it estimate the depth of the mine?
Solution:
(1/12)(1.2)(1) 3sin 60
0.0722
=
hC G (1.2)
hC G
Ans . (a)
Alternately, the troposphere formula, Eq. (2.27), predicts a slightly higher pressure:
p pa (1 Bz/To) 5.26 =(101.3 kPa)[1 (0.0065 K/m)( 3219
m)/288.16 K]
= 147 kPa Ans. (a)
5.26
2
2
2
2
p1 V 1 p2 V 2
117 V 1 2116 V 3
+
+
, or:
+
+ ,
2
2
1.93 2
1.93
2
Ans.
U
y
1 + b dy 2 UbH,
2
L
U
y
U
y
1+
1 + b dy 2H U 2b = Fdrag
2
L
2
L
3L
3
7
1
Use H = , then Fdrag = U 2Lb U 2Lb U 2Lb
4
2
6
3
Ans.
D
1/12
ft
to obtain D4 = 3.07E 4, D 0.132 ft
s
Ans.
Ans.
12.8 m/s
Ans
.
Thus F = A jV
2
j
= 1.94
slug 2
ft
ft 3 4 12
tank
50
ft
s
106 lbf
Ans
.
3.74 Water at 20C flows down a vertical 6-cm -diameter tube at 300 gal/min, as in the
figure. The flow then turns horizontally and exits through a 90 radial duct segment 1 cm
thick, as shown. If the radial outflow is uniform and steady, estimate the forces (F
x , F y , F z)
required to support this system ag
ainst fluid momentum changes.
Ans .
Ans. (a)
Ans. (b)
h
(8h csc 60 )
2
U (3 m/ s)(0.011 m)
m
=
= 0.0055
s
6x
6(1 m)
V ),1
Fig. P2.62
d y2
y3
d
C
v = 2U
, wher e
=
=
dx 2 2 3 3
dx 2 x 2 x
vmax = v|y= =
This estimate is within 4% of the exactvmax computed from boundary layer theory.
Fig. P3.54
Solution:
or :
u v w
f
df
+
+
= (4 xy2 ) +
+ ( zy2) =4 y2 + y2 =0
dy
x y z x
y z
df
= 3 y2. Integrate: f ( y) = ( 3 y2 ) dy = y 3 +constant Ans.
dy
Solution: Let the CV cut through the bolts and through section 2. For the given
manometer reading, we may compute the upstream pressure:
Solution: Simply substitute the given velocity components into the incompressible
continuity equation:
2 y d 2 y2 d
d
y y2
v
u
=
= U
+
, or: v =2U
dy | x =const
dx 0 2 3
y
x
2 dx 3 dx
M A = 0 = (23242)(0.5461) +(1766)(0.5cos60 )
1/2
=(V /102)
o
1/2
= 0.31 if V o 10
= m/s
= 0.54 if V o =30 m/s
Ans
. (a)
Ans. (b)
ax = u
u
a2
2a2
a2 a4
= U 1 2 U 3 =2U 2 3 5
x
x
x
x x
da
This has a maximum deceleration at x = 0, or at x = (5/3) a= 1.29a
dx
Ans . (a)
Fig. P2.66
F = h CG A =(9790)(40)(100 30)
= 1.175E9 N
Solution: First convert 300 gal/min = 0.01893 m3/s, hence the mass flow isQ = 18.9 kg/s.
The vertical-tube velocity (down) is V tube = 0.01893/[( /4)(0.06) 2] = 6.69 k m/s. The
exit tube area is (/2)R h = ( /2)(0.15)(0.01) = 0.002356 m2, hence V exit = Q/A exit =
0.01893/0.002356= 8.03 m/s. Now estimate the force components:
+45
V exitsin hR d ? 0
F x = F x = u out dmout =
but also V1 = V 3
or :
The weight of the gate, W = 180(9.81) = 1766 N, acts at the centroid, as shown above.
Since the force at B equals zero, we may sum moments counterclockwise about A to find
the water depth:
S ol ve f or AA 683 lbf/ft 2
Fo
2 o ( /4)D 2o
o=
Ft,AA = 0 = AA L (3000 cos30 500 sin 30)L sin 30 (500 cos30 2000 sin 30)L cos 30
L
2
The weight of the gate is (7.85)(62.4 lbf/ft3)(15 ft)(1/12 ft)(8 ft) = 4898 lbf. This weight
acts downward at the CG of thefull gate as shown (not the CG of the submerged
portion). Thus, W is 7.5 ft above point B and has moment arm (7.5 cos 60 ft) about B.
We are now in a position to findh by summing moments about the hinge line B:
Ans. ( a)
u dA u dA =2
Fx = 0 = u u dA u u dA =2
Fn,AA = 0 = AA L
(3000 sin 30 + 500 cos30)L sin 30
(2000 cos30 + 500 sin 30)L cos30
S ol ve f or AA 2683 lbf/ft 2
Fig. P2.61
y CP =
Fig. P2.1
Fig. P3.41
= 288.2h2 (lbf)
Fig. P3.172
F = h CG A =(62.4)
Ans
. (b)
Find the appropriate form of the functionf(y) which satisfies the continuity relation.
cm
s
Fig. P3.44
0=
(1/12)(1.2)(1) 3sin 60
= 0. 0461 m
(1.567)(1.2)
y CP =
Ans. (b)
=1.24
Ans
. (c)
Fg = hA =(12360)(1.567)(1.2) =23242 N
1.75 Oil, with a vapor pressure of 20 kPa, is delivered through a pipeline by equallyspaced pumps, each of which increases the oil pressure by 1.3 MPa. Friction losses in the
pipe are 150 Pa per meter ofpipe. What is the maximum possible pump spacing to avoid
cavitation of the oil?
Ans. (a)
2
Ans .
To avoid cavitation, we would keep D < 0.132 ft , which will keep p1 > pvapor.
Fw = (9790)h CG (1.2)
4Y cos
4(0.47 N/m)cos 130
=
= 0. 0091 m,
D
(132200 N/m3 )(0.001 m)
250/3600 N/s
m
mL
=7.8 10 6
=7.8
s
s
8909 N/m3
Solution: The proper CV is the entrance (1) and exit (2) plus streamlines above
and below which hit the top and bottom of
the wake, as shown. Then steady-flow
continuity yields,
2
pa
p V2
+0 +z 1 a +
+z 2
2g
3.44 Consider uniform flow past a cylinder with a V-shaped wake, as shown. Pressures
at (1) and (2) are equal. Let b be the width into the paper.Find a formula for the force F
on the cylinder due to the flow. Also computeC D = F/( U 2Lb).
2.61 Gate AB in Fig. P2.61 is a homogeneous mass of 180 kg, 1.2 m wide into
the paper, resting on smooth bottom B. All
fluids are at 20C. For what water depth h
will the force at point B be zero?
h=
2
2
(b) The net force on the cylindrical sidewall CC is zero due to symmetry. Ans. (b)
(c) The force on annular region CC is, like part (a), the pressure at CC times the area of CC:
Fig. P3.169
Fig. P3.20
=0,
Solution:
Ans.
Ans.
V 12
V
Fx = W sin A =W sin A =
ma
h
or:
Ans.
Fig. P1.45
3 y y3
b dy U ob dy
2 2 3
0
Fig. P2.45
h=
Q2 = Q1 =
+ (9790)(0.45 m) = p A ,
p
6724 lbf/ft2
=
= 0.00732 slug/ft3
RT (1717 ft lbf/slug
?
?R)(535 R)
or: V terminal =
p1
p
V
+
+ z1 = 2 +
+z 2 +hf +hturb , or: 0 +0 +50 =0 +0 +10 +hf +hturb
2g
2g
Q
2
where hf = 3.5Vpipe
/(2g) and hp = Pp /( Q) and Vpipe =
( /4)D 2pipe
(133100)(0.15 m) (12)(0.30 m)
air =
Ans.
2
2
5
3
= Q + U ob U ob , solve for Q = U ob
8
8
= 222 lbf
V 12
patm + (0.85)(9790)(0.4 m)
p = (32 lbf/in2 )(144 in 2 /ft2 ) + 2116 lbf/ft2 = 4608 + 2116 6724 lbf/ft2
Ans. ( c)
Fig. P3.145
The flow rate is the unknown, with the turbine power known:
The negative Q is nonsense. The large Q (=137.9) gives large friction loss, hf 21.5 m.
The smaller Q ( = 76.5) gives hf 6.6 m, about right. Select Qriver 76.5 m 3/s. Ans.
1.26 A tire has a volume of 3.0 ft and a gage pressure of 32 psi at 75F. If the
ambient pressure is sea-level standard, what is the weight of air in the tire?
V 4 =5.24 m/s
W
2000 lbf
=
= 40744 psf ,
A 3-in ( /4)(3/12 ft) 2
Ans(a)
.
3 3
y
u Uo
where =
Fig. P3.16
2
Compute the volume flowQ across the top surface of the control volume.
poil =
V 1 =5.45 m/s
V1
(0.04 2 ) +(5)
(0.05 2) +(5.89)
(0.06 )2 =0.0333
4
4
4
Meanwhile figure the pressure in the oil from the weight on the large piston:
Ans.
Fig. P3.141
( 1)
Q4 (0.0333 m 3 /s)
=
=5.89 m/s Ans. (b)
2 A3
(0.06 2 )
2
p1 p2 V12 V 22
160000
+
+(z 1 z 2) =
+0 7.66 8.7 m
2g
998(9.81)
g
Fig. P3.8
Fig. P2.20
Solution:
p1
p
pp
75000
+ z1 = 2 +z 2, or: z 2 z1 = 1 2 =
7. 66 m
998( 9. 81)
g
g
g
Ans. (b)
With flow: h f =
U2 2
2
x
=
, =
R 3 5
R
Ans.
Fig. P2.15
u = U (1 R 2/x 2); v =w =0
Solution:
When the valve is open, the velocity is the same at (1) and (2), thus d is not needed:
V1A1 +V 2A 2 +V 3A 3 =V 4A 4
Solution: First evaluate air = (pA /RT)g = [15 144/(1717 528)](32.2) 0.0767 lbf/ft3.
Take water = 62.4 lbf/ft3. Then apply the hydrostatic formula from point B to point C:
Using the concepts from Ex. 1.5, find (a) the maximum flow deceleration along AB; and
(b) its location.
d du
5
= 0 i f 2 = , or
dx dt
3
Fig. P2.14
If we neglect the air effects, we get a much simpler relation with comparable accuracy:
The area element for this axisymmetric flow is dA= 2 r dr. From Eq. (3.7),
Q = u dA = C( R 2 r 2)2 r dr = CR
2
0
S ol ve f or pB 75450 Pa
where, hoping for homogeneity, we haveassumed that all constants (3,,9,16) are pure,
i.e., {unity}. Well, yes indeed, all terms have dimensions {ML/T 2}! Therefore the StokesOseen formula (derived in fact from a theory) isdimensionally homogeneous.
du u u
R2
=
+u
= 0 +U 1 2
x
dt t
x
Solution:
M L 2
{L } ?
L3 T 2
L
+
{1}
T
3.3 For steady laminar flow through a long tube (see Prob. 1.12), the axial velocity
distribution is given by u = C(R 2 r 2), where R is the tube outer radius and C is a
constant. Integrateu(r) to find the total volume flowQ through the tube.
The Stokes-Oseen formula [10] for dragon a sphere at low velocity V is:
+45
or :
I xx sin
(1/12)(30)(100) sin(53.13 )
=
= 16. 67 m
hCG A
(40)(30 100)
to be added to the 50-m distance from A to the centroid, or 50+ 16.67 = 66.67 m. As
shown in the figure, the line of action of F is2.67 m to the left of a line up from C normal
to AB. The moment of F about C is thus
M C = FL =(1.175E9)(66.67
64.0) 3.13E9 N ?m
Ans
.
F y = (8.03)(998)(0.01)(0.15) 2 17 N
An.s (b)
2a2 U
4 U
u
= 2
wi th a max i mum max =
at x = a
a
x
x3
Ans
. (c)
Ans. ( b)
Thus maximum stress does not occur at the same position as maximum deceleration. For
SAE 30 oil at 20C, we obtain the numerical result
S A E 30 oi l , = 917
Ans. (a)
45
xx = 2
kg
kg
4(0.29)(2.0)
, = 0. 29
, max =
39 Pa
m?s
(0.06 m)
m3
Ans. ( b)
Fig. P4.50