TNG CC MI TRNG

TRUNG TM QUAN TRC MI TRNG

-----o0o-------

PHNG PHP TNH TON CH S CHT

LNG NC (WQI)

H Ni, 2010

MC LC
MC LC................................ ................................ ................................ ................... 1
M U................................ ................................ ................................ ..................... 3
I. TNG QUAN V CH S CHT LNG NC (WQI)................................ .....4
1.1 Tng quan v ch s mi trng ................................ ................................ ........4
1.2 Tng quan v WQI ................................ ................................ ............................. 5
1.2.1 Gii thiu chung v WQI................................ ................................ .............. 5
1.2.2 Quy trnh xy dng WQI ................................ ................................ .............. 5
II. KINH NGHIM XY DNG WQI CA MT S QUC GIA TRN TH GII
................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ..10
2.1 M hnh WQI p dng ti bang Origon Hoa K................................ ............. 10
2.1.1. La chn cc thng s ................................ ................................ ............... 10
2.1.2. Phng php chuyn i bin s: ................................ .............................. 11
2.1.3. Trng s: ................................ ................................ ................................ ... 15
M hnh WQI hin ti ang p dng s dng phng php trng s cn bng .... 15
2.1.4. Tnh ton WQI cui cng t cc ch s ph ................................ ............... 15
2.2 M hnh WQI p dng bang Floria ................................ ................................ 16
2.2.1. La chn thng s ................................ ................................ ..................... 16
2.2.2. Tnh ton ch s ph ................................ ................................ .................. 17
2.2.3. Trng s: ................................ ................................ ................................ ... 19
2.2.4. Tnh ton ch s cui cng ................................ ................................ ......... 19
2.3 Cc m hnh WQI p d ng ti Canada ................................ .............................. 20
2.3.1. Phng php a ra b i trung tm St Laurent ................................ ............ 20
2.3.2. Phng php ca QUEBEC................................ ................................ ....... 20
2.3.3. Phng php British Columbia ................................ ................................ ..21
2.3.4. Phng php Manitoba ................................ ................................ .............. 21
2.3.5. Phng php Ontario ................................ ................................ ................. 21
2.3.6. Chi tit phng php tnh ton WQI p d ng ti Alberta (pht trin t WQI
CCME)................................ ................................ ................................ ............. 21
III. TNH HNH NGHIN C U V KT QU T C V XY DNG WQI
VIT NAM................................ ................................ ................................ ............ 23
3.1 M hnh WQI a ra bi TS Tn Tht Lng p dng cho sng ng Nai......... 24
3.1.1. La chn thng s: phng php Delphi ................................ ................... 24
3.1.2. Tnh ton ch s ph: phng php delphi v phng php ng cong t l
................................ ................................ ................................ ............................ 24
3.1.3. Trng s ................................ ................................ ................................ .... 24
3.1.4. Tnh ton ch s cui cng ................................ ................................ ......... 25
3.2 M hnh WQI a ra bi TS Phm Th Minh Hnh ................................ ......... 25
3.2.1. La chn thng s ................................ ................................ ..................... 26
1

3.2.2. Chuyn cc thng s v cng mt thang o ................................ ............... 27

3.2.3. Trng s ................................ ................................ ................................ .... 34
Khng s dng trng s ................................ ................................ ...................... 34
3.2.4. Tnh ch s cui cng ................................ ................................ ................ 35
3.3 M hnh WQI a ra bi y ban sng Mekong ................................ ................ 36
3.4 M hnh WQI a ra bi PGS.TS L Trnh ................................ ...................... 37
3.4.1 Phng php lp v tnh ton WQI ................................ ............................. 38
3.4.2 Phng php phn loi v phn vng cht lng nc da theo WQI ........ 40
IV. XUT M HNH WQI CHO M NG LI QUAN TRC NC QUC
GIA ................................ ................................ ................................ ........................... 40
4.1 La chn thng s................................ ..................Error! Bookmark not defined.
4.2 Tnh ton ch s ph (WQI ph) .........................Error! Bookmark not defined.
4.3 Trng s ................................ ............................. Error! Bookmark not defined.
4.4 Tnh ton ch s cui cng ................................ ..Error! Bookmark not defined.
V. NH GI CHT LNG NC LVS CU V NHU Y THNG QUA
WQI ................................ ................................ ................................ .......................... 40
5. 1 p dng WQI cho s liu quan trc cho h thng LVS Cu............................. 45
5.1.1 Tng quan v h thng LVS Cu................................ ................................ 45
5.1.2 p dng th nghim WQI nh gi cht lng nc LVS Cu.............. 47
5.1.3 Mt s kt qu tnh ton WQI khc i vi LVS Cu................................ 53
5.2 p dng th nghim WQI nh gi cht lng nc LVS Nhu y .......... 57
5.2.1 Mng li quan trc LVS Nhu y ................................ .......................... 57
5.2.2 Cht lng nc LVS Nhu y thng qua tng thng s ......................... 59
5.1.3 Mt s kt qu tnh ton WQI khc i vi LVS Nhu y ...................... 64
VI. KT LUN ................................ ................................ ................................ ......... 68
TI LIU THAM KHO ................................ ................................ ......................... 77

M U
Vit Nam c mng li sng ngi kh dy, tuy nhin qu trnh pht tri n kinh t
x hi nhanh dn n nhiu lu vc sng b nhim nng. Bo v mi trng cc
lu vc sng ang l yu cu bc thit v ang c quan tm . c ngun thng tin
phc v tt cng tc bo v mi trng cc lu vc sng, mng li quan trc nc
trn ton quc ang hnh thnh v ngy cng m rng.
S liu quan trc nc t cc chng trnh quan trc thng c s dng trong
cc bo co hin trng mi trng cc lu vc sng. Cc thng s trong mi trng
nc c phn tch nh gi v a ra cc nh n nh v hin trng v din bin ca
cht lng nc.
Ngoi cc phn tch nh gi cho t ng thng s, cc b ch th mi trng quc
gia cng c xy dng. B ch th mi trng nc mt lc a c quy nh chi
tit v ang c p dng cho cp a phng cng nh quc gia.
Ch s mi trng l cch s dng s liu tng hp hn so vi nh gi tng
thng s hay s dng cc ch th. Rt nhiu cc quc gia trn th gii trin khai p
dng cc m hnh ch s cht lng nc (WQI) vi nhiu mc ch khc nhau. T
nhiu gi tr ca cc thng s khc nhau, bng cc cnh tnh ton ph h p, ta thu c
mt ch s duy nht, gi tr ca ch s ny phn nh mt cch tng qut nht v cht
lng nc. Ch s cht lng nc (WQI) vi u im l n gin, d hiu, c tnh
khi qut cao c th c s dng cho mc ch nh gi din bin cht lng nc
theo khng gian v thi gian, l ngun thng tin ph hp cho cng ng, cho nhng
nh qun l khng phi chuyn gia v mi trng nc.
Ti liu ny s phn tch kinh nghim cc m hnh WQI c cc quc gia/a
phng/nh khoa hc xut trn th gii cng nh Vit Nam, trong nhiu m
hnh p dng vo thc t. T xut m hnh WQI ph hp cho mng li
quan trc mi trng quc gia. M hnh ny cng c th nghim i vi lu vc h
thng sng Cu v Nhu y.

Chng I. TNG QUAN V CH S CHT LNG NC (WQI)

1.1 Tng quan v ch s mi trng
M hnh thp d liu th hin mi quan h gia cc mc s dng d liu t
chi tit n tng hp.
-

D liu th: L cc thng tin v mi trng thu c m cha qua phn tch
nh gi.

D liu c x l: L cc thng tin, s liu c tng hp, phn tch,

nh gi t s liu th thu c t iu tra, kho st, quan trc.

Ch th mi trng: Ch th mi trng l thc o tng hp, c ng cc thng

tin mi trng nh gi tnh trng mi trng.

Ch s mi trng: l mt tp hp ca cc tham s hay ch th c tch hp

hay nhn vi trng s. Cc ch s mc tch hp cao hn, ngha l chng
c tnh ton t nhiu bin s hay d liu gii thch cho mt hin tng
no . Ch s mi trng truyn t cc thng ip n gin v r rng v mt
vn mi trng cho ngi ra quyt nh khng phi l chuyn gia v cho
cng chng.

Mc ch ca ch s mi trng:
- Phn nh hin trng v din bin ca cht lng mi trng, m bo tnh phng
nga ca cng tc bo v mi trng
- Cung cp thng tin cho nhng ngi nhng ngi qun l, cc nh hoch nh chnh
sch cn nhc v cc vn mi trng v pht trin kinh t x hi m bo pht
trin bn vng
- Thu gn kch thc, n gin ha thng tin d dng qun l, s dng v to ra
tnh hiu qu ca thng tin.
- Thng tin cho cng ng v cht lng mi trng, nng cao nhn thc bo v mi
trng cho cng ng.
4

1.2 Tng quan v WQI

1.2.1 Gii thiu chung v WQI
Ch s cht lng nc (Water Quality Index- WQI) l mt ch s t hp c
tnh ton t cc thng s cht lng nc xc nh thng qua mt cng thc ton hc.
WQI dng m t nh lng v cht lng nc v c biu din qua mt thang
im.
Vic s dng sinh vt trong nc lm ch th cho mc sch c t nm
1850 c coi l nghin cu u tin v WQI.
Ch s Horton (1965) l ch s WQI u tin c xy dng trn thang s.
Hin nay c rt nhiu quc gia/a phng xy dng v p dng ch s WQI.
Thng qua mt m hnh tnh ton, t cc thng s khc nhau ta thu c mt ch s
duy nht. Sau cht lng nc c th c so snh vi nhau thng qua ch s .
y l phng php n gi n so vi vic phn tch mt lot cc thng s
Cc ng dng ch yu ca WQI bao gm:
Phc v qu trnh ra quyt nh: WQI c th c s dng lm c s cho
vic ra cc quyt nh phn b ti chnh v xc nh cc vn u tin.
Phn vng cht lng nc
Thc thi tiu chun: WQI c th nh gi c mc p ng/khng
p ng ca cht lng nc i vi tiu chun hin hnh
Phn tch din bin cht lng nc theo khng gian v thi gian.
Cng b thng tin cho cng ng
Nghin cu khoa hc: cc nghin cu chuyn su v cht lng nc
thng khng s dng WQI, tuy nhin WQI c th s dng cho cc
nghin cu v m khc nh nh gi tc ng ca qu trnh th ha n
cht lng nc khu vc, nh gi hiu qu kim sot pht thi,
1.2.2 Quy trnh xy dng WQI
Hu ht cc m hnh ch s cht lng nc hin nay u c xy dng thng
qua quy trnh 4 bc nh sau:
Bc 1: La chn thng s
C rt nhiu thng s c th th hin cht lng nc, s la chn cc thng s
khc nhau tnh ton WQI ph thuc vo mc ch s dng ngun nc v mc tiu
5

ca WQI. Da vo mc ch s dng WQI c th c phn loi nh sau: Ch s cht

lng nc thng thng, ch s cht lng nc cho mc ch s dng c bit.
Vic la chn thng s c th dng phng php delphi ho c phn tch nhn t
quan trng. Cc thng s khng nn qu nhiu v nu cc thng s qu nhiu th s
thay i ca mt thng s s c tc ng rt nh n ch s WQI cui cng. Cc thng
s nn c la chn theo 5 ch th sau:
Hm lng Oxy: DO
Ph dng: N-NH4, N-NO3, Tng N, P-PO4, Tng P, BOD5, COD, TOC
Cc kha cnh sc khe: Tng Coliform, Fecal Coliform, D l ng thuc
bo v thc vt, cc kim loi nng
c tnh vt l: Nhit , pH, Mu sc
Cht rn l lng: c, TSS
Hnh di y ch ra s lng cc thng s c s dng trong cc m hnh
WQI khc nhau:

Hnh 1: S lng cc bin c s dng trong cc bo co WQI (Couillard

and Lefebvre (1985) and Wepener et al (2006))
(ngun: Development of Water Quality Indices for Surface Water Quality Evaluation
in Vietnam, Thesis for Ph.D.s Degree - Pham Thi Minh Hanh)

Tn sut s dng cc thng s c ch ra trong hnh di y:

Hnh 2: Tn sut s dng cc thng s trong cc m hnh WQI

(ngun: Development of Water Quality Indices for Surface Water Quality Evaluation
in Vietnam, Thesis for Ph.D.s Degree - Pham Thi Minh Hanh)
Bc 2: Chuyn i cc thng s v cng mt thang o (tnh ton ch s
ph)
Cc thng s thng c n v khc nhau v c cc khong gi tr khc nhau, v
vy tp hp c cc thng s vo ch s WQI ta phi chuyn cc thng s v cng
mt thang o. Bc ny s to ra mt ch s ph cho mi thng s. Ch s ph c th
c to ra bng t s gia gi tr thng s v gi tr trong quy chun. C nhiu thang
o c th s dng:
-100 to 100 (Stoner, 1978)
-50 to 100 (Bronet al, 1979)
0 to 1 (Swamee and Tyagi, 2000)
0 to 10 (Cooper et al, 1994)
0 to 14 (Prati et al, 1971)
7

 0 to 16 (Sargaonkar and Deshpande, 2003)

0 to 25 (Gray, 1996)
0 to 100 (Brown et al, 1973; Shyue et al, 1996; Liou et al, 2004; Sedeo Daz and Lpez-Lpez, 2007; Simes et al, 2008)
to 10 (Melloul and Collins, 1998)
10 to 100 (Dunnette, 1979)
C rt nhiu phng php chuyn i thng s nhng phng php ng cong
t l (rating curve) c s dng rng ri nht.
Bc 3 : Trng s
Trng s c a ra khi ta cho rng cc thng s c tm quan trng khc nhau
i vi cht lng nc. Trng s c th xc nh bng phng php delphi, phng
php nh gi tm quan trng da vo mc ch s dng, tm quan trng ca cc
thng s i vi i sng thy sinh, tnh ton trng s da trn cc tiu chun hin
hnh, da trn c im ca ngun thi vo lu vc, bng cc phng php thng
k
Mt s nghin cu cho rng trng s l khng cn thit. Mi lu vc khc nhau
c cc c im khc nhau v c cc trng s khc nhau, v vy WQI ca cc lu vc
khc nhau khng th so snh vi nhau.
Bc 4 : Tnh ton ch s WQI cui cng
Cc phng php thng c s dng tnh ton WQI cui cng t cc ch
s ph: trung bnh cng, trung bnh nhn hoc gi tr ln nht.
STT

Phng php

Trung bnh cng khng

Prati et al., 1971;

trng s

Sargaonkar and Deshpande,

2003; Frumin et al., 1997

Trung bnh cng c

Brown et al., 1970, Prati et

trng s

al., 1971

Trung bnh nhn khng

Bhargava, 1983

Cng thc

Nghin cu s dng

trng s

Trung bnh nhn c

Brown et al, 1972 Couillard

trng s

and Lefebvre, 1985

Tng khng trng s

dng Solway

Wepener et al., 2006

Tng c trng s dng

Tyson and House, 1989;

Solway

Gray, 1996; Bordalo, 2006

Trung
bnh
bnh
phng iu ha khng

Dojlido et al., 1994; Cude,

2001

trng s
8

Gi tr nh nht

I = Min(q 1,q2, ..qn)

Smith, 1990

Gi tr ln nht

I = Max(q 1,q2, ..qn)

Couillard
1985

and

Lefebvre,

(ngun: Development of Water Quality Indices for Surface Water Quality Evaluation
in Vietnam, Thesis for Ph.D.s Degree - Pham Thi Minh Hanh)
Mt s bt cp khi tnh ton ch s WQI cui cng :
Tnh che khut : Mt ch s ph th hin cht lng nc xu nhng c
th ch s cui cng li th hin cht lng tt
Tnh m h : iu ny xy ra khi cht lng nc chp nhn c nhng
ch s WQI li th hin ngc li
Tnh khng mm do : Khi mt thng s c th b xung vo vic nh gi
cht lng nc nhng li khng c tnh vo WQI do phng php
c c nh.
Swamee and Tyagi xut mt cng thc c th khc phc cc bt cp trn :
n

I 1 n qi1 / k
i 1

Trong :
I : Ch s cui cng
9

n : s lng thng s
qi: Ch s ph
k l hng s v c tnh nh sau: k 1 / log 2 n 1
Liou et al. (2004) cng xut dng mt cng thc kt hp c trung bnh cng
v trung bnh nhn.

3
1
2

I CtemC pH Ctox qi wi q j w j qk
j 1
i1
k 1

1/ 3

Trong :
Ctem. CpH, Ctox : Ch s ph tng ng ng vi nhit , pH v cc cht c
hi
qi : Ch s ph ca nhm cc thng s DO, BOD 5, N-NH3
qj : Ch s ph ywngs vi nhm thng s c, TSS
qk : Ch s ph ca nhm vi sinh vt bao gm Fecal coliform
Chng II. KINH NGHIM XY DNG WQI CA MT S QUC GIA TRN TH
GII
C rt nhiu quc gia a p dng WQI vo thc tin, cng nh c nhiu
cc nh khoa hc nghin cu v cc m hnh WQI.
Hoa K: WQI c xy dng cho mi bang, a s cc bang tip cn theo phng
php ca Qu V sinh Quc gia M (National Sanitation Foundation -NSF) sau y
gi tt l WQI-NSF
Canada: Phng php do C quan B o v mi trng Canada (The Canadian
Council of Ministers of the Environment- CCME, 2001) xy dng
Chu u: Cc quc gia chu u ch yu c xy dng pht trin t WQI
NSF (ca Hoa K), tuy nhin mi Quc gia a phng la chn cc thng s v
phng php tnh ch s ph ring
Cc quc gia Malaysia, n pht trin t WQI NSF, nhng mi quc gia c
th xy dng nhiu loi WQI cho tng mc ch s dng
2.1 M hnh WQI p dng ti bang Origon Hoa K
2.1.1. La chn cc thng s
10

WQI l mt con s i din cho cht lng nc tnh ton t 8 thng s: Nhit
, DO, BOD, pH, Tng N (ammonia+nitrate nitrogen), T ng P, Tng rn (Total
solids), fecal coliform. OWQI c a ra t nm 1970 v lin tc c ci tin.
Gii hn p dng: WQI l mt ch s tng hp c s dng nh gi cht
lng nc cho cc mc ch thng thng (cu c, bi). N th xc nh cht
lng nc cho cc mc ch c bit, WQI cng khng th c tnh c ht tt c
cc tc ng c hi n sc khe. OWQI c xy dng cho cc lu vc thuc bang
Oregon, vic p dng cho cc ni khc cn c cn nhc v iu chnh ph hp.
2.1.2. Phng php chuyn i bin s:
WQI u tin c xy dng khi National Sanitation Foundations Water Quality
Index c thnh lp. Cc ch s WQI ny (ch s WQI ban u v ch s WQI c
s dng hin ti) u s dng phng php tip cn Delphi.
Vic la chn bin s s dng phng php DELPHI v t p hp li bng phng
php chuyn gia. Chuyn i cc bin s bng cch logarit ha tnh cc ch s ph.
Trong qu trnh xy dng ch s WQI ban u, mt nhm cc chuyn gia c tp
hp v s dng phng php Delphi xc nh cc bin s v trng s ca mi bin.
Vic loi b cc t l bng phng php Redudancy and impai rment categories ca 6
thng s (DO, BOD, pH, tng rn, amoni+nitrat, fecak coliform). Cc thng s c
phn loi thnh cc nhm nhn t khc nhau: tiu th oxy, ph dng, thng s vt l,
cc cht ha tan v yu t nh hng n sc kh
S tiu th Oxy. Vi nhiu bin th s thay i nh trong mt bin khng th
phn nh r nt trong ch s WQI cui cng.
Ch s WQI ph c tnh ton t gi tr cc thng s thng qua mt ng phi
tuyn xy dng trc. WQI hin nay cng c b xung thm 2 thng s l tng P v
nhit da trn nhng nghin cu v iu kin ca cc lu vc tai Oregon. Mi mt
ch s ph c gi tr t 10 n 100.
Oxy ha tan (DO)
WQI ban u ch c tnh da trn bo ha vi cc iu kin nhit khc
nhau. DO l ch s quan trng cho C hi, tm.. Ch s ph DO c xy dng da
trn tc ng n cc loi thy sinh. Cch tnh ch s ph DO nh sau:
-

Nng DO bo ha (DO saturation hay DOs) 100% hoc Nng DOc

3.3 mg/l
SIDO = 10

3.3 mg/l < DOc 10.5 mg/l

SIDO=-80.29+31.88*DOc-1.401*DOc 2
11

10.5 mg/l < DOc

SIDO = 100

100% < DOs 275%

275% < Dos

SIDO=100*exp((DOs - 100)*1.179E-2)

SIDO = 100

Nhu cu Oxy sinh hc (BOD)

BOD th hin tng mc tiu th oxy do cc sinh vt thy sinh. Phng php tnh
ch s ph BOD nh sau:
BOD 8 mg/l: SIBOD = 100*exp(BOD*-0.1993)
8 mg/l < BOD SI BOD = 10

12

Amonia + nitrate nitrogen N

Qu trnh Nitrat ha di n ra trong mt s dng chy thuc bang Oregon v qu
trnh ny cng c th tiu th oxy. Ch s ph Nit c tnh da trn tng ca amoni
v nitrat, tuy nhin trong c s d liu vn cn lu ring amoni v nitrat c th
phn tch v mc ng gp ca amoni v nitrat i vi ch s ph Nit. Phng
php tnh ton ch s ph Nito nu phn di.
Ph dng
S gia tng nng cc hp cht nit v photpho d tiu trong nc to ra nhng
iu kin thun li cho to pht trin. Ph dng c th nh hng rt ln n cht
lng mi trng nc v i sng ca cc loi thy sinh.
Amonia + nitrate nitrogen N
Amonia v nitrat va c tc ng n nng oxy ha tan va c nh hng ch
yu n ph dng. Phng php tnh ch s ph Nit nh sau:
N 3 mg/l

SIN = 100*exp(N* -0.4605)

3 mg/l < N

SIN =10

13

Tng photphat P
SIP = 100 299.5*P 0.1384*P 2

P 0.25 mg/l
0.25 mg/l P

SIP = 10

Cc cht ha tan
a. pH
Cng thc tnh ch s ph pH nh sau:
-

pH < 4

SIpH = 10

4 pH < 7

SIpH = 2.628*exp(pH*0.52)

7 pH 8

SIpH = 100

8 <pH 11

SIpH =100*exp((pH-8)*-0.5188)

11 < pH

SIpH =10

b. Tng rn TS
Cng thc tnh ph thuc vo cc lu vc khc nhau
Nhn t vt l - Nhit T
14

T 11oC

SIT = 100

11oC 29 oC SIT = 76.54 + 4.172*T 0.1623.T 2 2.0557*10 -3*T3.

29 oC T

SIT = 10

Yu t nh hng n sc khe - Fecal Coliform FC

FC 50 #/100 ml

SLFC = 98

50 #/100ml < FC 1600 #/100ml SL FC = 98*exp((FC-50)* -9.9178E-4)

1600 #/100ml < FC

SLFC = 10

2.1.3. Trng s:
M hnh WQI hin ti ang p dng s dng phng php trng s cn bng
2.1.4. Tnh ton WQI cui cng t cc ch s ph
WQI ban u c tnh bng trung bnh s hc c trng s ca cc ch s ph
thnh phn:

15

WQI

SI W
i

i 1

Trong SIi l ch s ph i vi thng s i, Wi l trng s tng ng.

NSF AQI l trung bnh theo khng gian (geometic mean) c tr ng s ca cc
ch s ph thnh phn:

WQI i 1 SI iWi
n

WQI c s dng ti hin ti Oregon s dng hm bnh phng iu ha

khng trng s theo cng thc sau:

WQI

n
n

SI
i 1

2
i

Trong :
WQI: ch s cui cng
n l s lng cc ch s WQI thnh phn.
SLi: Ch s ph
Sau khi WQI cui cng c xc nh, cht lng nc c nh gia theo cc
thang nh sau:
10 59 rt xu
60 79 Xu
80 84 Trung bnh
85 89 Tt
90 100 Rt tt
2.2 M hnh WQI p dng bang Floria
2.2.1. La chn thng s
Cc nhm thng s tnh ton WQI
-

trong ca nc: c, tng rn l lng

16

Hm lng oxy: DO

Nh cu oxy (ph dng): COD, BOD, TOC

Cc cht dinh dng: Tng N, nitrat, Tng P

Vi khn: Tng Coliform v Fecal Coliform

2.2.2. Tnh ton ch s ph

Ch s ph c tnh ton t gi tr thng s bng phng php ng cong t l
(rating curve), ng cong ny c xy dng t cc tiu chun v nc mt v cc
nghim cu v nng cc cht nhim trong nc.
Thng s
WQI

Cht lng tt
n

10

Cht lng km

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

v
Ch th: Cht rn l lng
c

JTU

1.5

4.5

5.2

8.8

12.2

16.5

21

TSS

mg/l

5.5

6.5

9.5

12.5

18

26.5

7.3

6.7

6.3

5.8

5.3

4.8

3.1

Ch th: Hm lng oxy

DO

mg/l

Ch th: Nhu cu oxy

BOD

mg/l

0.8

1.1

1.3

1.5

1.9

2.3

5.1

COD

mg/l

16

24

32

38

46

58

72

102

146

TOC

mg/l

9.5

12

14

17.5

21

27.5

37

1.2

1.4

1.6

2.7

Ch th: Cht dinh dng

Tng N

mg/l

0.55 0.75 0.9

N-NO3

mg/l

0.01 0.03 0.05

0.07 0.1

0.14

0.2

0.32

0.64

Tng P

mg/l

0.02 0.03 0.05

0.07 0.09

0.16

0.24

0.46

0.89
17

Ch th: Vi sinh vt
Tng
Coliform

MPN/10 100
0ml

150

250

425

600

1100

1600

3700

7600

Fecal

MPN/10 10

30

35

55

75

135

190

470

960

Colifoem

0ml

Ghi ch: *: n v trong ti liu gc; *=MPN/100ml (ngi dch)

Cc ng cong t l c th hin c th trong cc hnh di y:

18

2.2.3. Trng s:
Khng s dng trng s
2.2.4. Tnh ton ch s cui cng
S dng cng thc trung bnh cng khng trng s:

1 n
I qi
n i1
Trong :
I : Ch s cui cng
19

n: s lng thng s
qi: ch s ph
Thang im WQI:
-

Tt: 0 44

Trung bnh: 45 59

Km: 60 99

2.3 Cc m hnh WQI p d ng ti Canada

B Mi trng Canada a ra mt m hnh WQI (WQI CCME), m hnh
c s dng nhiu bang ti Canada
2.3.1. Phng php a ra b i trung tm St Laurent
Trung tm St Laurent (CSL) l m t trung tm chu trch nhim bo co cht
lng nc ca sng St. Lawrence. Ch s WQI c CSL a ra nh sau:

WQI

AF
i

Trong Ai l gi tr trung bnh mc vt vt qu mc hng dn ca

cc bin. Khi gi tr ca thng s vt qu mc hng dn i vi thng s t l
gi tr thng s/mc hng dn c tnh ton. Ai l trung bnh c a cc gi tr .
Fi l tn s ca gi tr vt qu mc hng dn so vi tng s gi tr thu c
ca bin ( Fi = Faccced/Ftotal)
CSL tnh ton cc ch s cht lng nc khc nhau cho cc mc ch s dng
khc nhau nh: bo v cc loi thy sinh, dng lm nc sinh hot, mi trng nc
mn
2.3.2. Phng php ca QUEBEC
Phng php ny da trn cch tip cn ca New Zealand. WQI l gi tr nh
nht ca cc gi tr WQI ph. Mi ch s ph c tnh ton t mt thng s quan trc
mi trng nc.
WQI = min(Isub1, Isub2,,Isubn)
Phng php tnh ton cc ch s ph khc cc phng php p d ng ti
Canada l phng php ny s dng ng cong Delphi. ng cong Delphi xy
20

dng bng phng php chuyn gia v mc quan trng ca cc thng s trong mi
trng nc. H s dng mt ng phi tuyn (da trn kin tng hp cc chuyn
gia) xc nh mc WQI ph da trn gi tr cc thng s. Ch s Quebec l gi tr
xu nht ca cc gi tr WQI ph.
2.3.3. Phng php British Columbia
WQI = (F12+F22+F32)
F1 l phn trm cc mu vt qu mc hng dn
F2 l phn trm cc thng s c mt hoc nhiu hn 1 mu vt qu mc
hng dn
F3 l gi tr cao nht ca mu vt qu mc hng dn
Trong 3 thnh phn F1, F2, F3 th c 2 thnh ph n ging vi cc phng php
tnh WQI khc: F2 ging vi ch s ca bang Alberta, F3 tng t ch s ca trung tm
St Laurent, cn thnh phn F1 th khng ging bt k phng php no khc. Cc m c
WQI khc nhau ph hp vi cc mc ch s dng khc nhau.
2.3.4. Phng php Manitoba
Bang Manitoba s dng phng php p dng ti bang British Columbia m
c bt k thay i no, vi s liu trong 4 nm ti 8 vng khc nhau thuc Manitoba,
bang Manitoba kt lun phng php Bitish Columbia hon ton c th p dng
ph hp cho Manitoba.
2.3.5. Phng php Ontario
Bang Ontario s dng phng p dng ti British Columbia nhng s a i
gi tr F3 l gi tr trung bnh ch khng phi gi tr cao nht. H a ra nh gi v
mt s vn xy ra i vi phng php British Columbia khi m t s gi qu ln so
vi mc tiu cht lng.
Cc thng s mi trng s dng tnh ton WQI bao gm: Clorua, Fecal
Coliform, ng, st, ch, km, magan, natri, tng N, tng P, DO, sunfat, pH, tng rn.
2.3.6. Chi tit phng php tnh ton WQI p d ng ti Alberta (pht trin t WQI
CCME)
La chn thng s: Cc thng s dng tnh ton WQI l hu ht cc thng
s c trong chng trnh quan trc ti Alberta
Metals & Ions
21

Aluminum

Copper

Molybdenum

Vanadium

Arsenic

Iron

Nickel

Zinc

Beryllium

Lead

Selenium

Cyanide

Boron

Lithium

Silver

Fluoride

Cadmium

Manganese

Thallium

Cobalt

Mercury

Uranium
Pesticides

2,4-D

Picloram

Bromoxynil

Chlorpyrifos

MCPP

Dicamba

Cyanazine

Imazamethabenz

MCPA

Triallate

Malathion

Diuron

Diazinon

Atrazine

Methoxychlor

Dichlorprop

Lindane
Nutrients & Related Variables
Dissolved Oxygen

Total Phosphorus

Nitrite-Nitrogen (NO2-N)

pH

Total Nitrogen

Ammonia Nitrogen
Bacteria

Fecal Coliforms

Escherichia coli
Cc thng s s dng tnh ton ch s WQI

WQI c tnh ton thng qua cc b c nh sau:

Bc 1: Tnh ton gi tr phm vi - SCOBE F1
F1 l t s cc thng s khng p ng c so vi mc hng dn trong khong
thi gian tnh ch s.
F1 = (s thng s vt qu tiu chun/tng s thng s)*100
Bc 2: Tnh ton gi tr tn sut F2
F2 l phn trm s mu khng p ng c mc hng dn
F2 = (S mu khng p ng tiu chun/Tng s mu)*100
Bc 3: Tnh ton gi tr bin F3
Gi tr F3 c tnh ton qua 3 bc sau:
22

- Vi cc gi tr khng p ng c tiu chun (cao hn gii hn trn hoc

thp hn gii hn di), ta tnh gi tr sau:
excursio i = (gi tr thng s/mc hng dn) 1 khi gi tr thng s cao
hn gii hn trn ca mc hng dn
excusioi = (mc hng dn/gi tr thng s) 1 khi gi tr thng s thp
hn gii hn di ca mc hng dn.
- Tnh ton gi tr nse
k

excusio

nse

i 1

o Trong n l tng s mu
-

F3 c tnh ton bng phng php tim cn v c khong gi tr t 0 n 100

F3

nse
0.01nse 0.01

Bc 4: Tnh ton gi tr WQI

WQI 100

F12 F22 F32

1.372

Cc mc WQI
Rt tt: 95 - 100.
Tt: 80 - 94
Trung bnh: 65 - 79
Xu: 45 - 64
Rt Xu: 0 44
Chng III: TNH HNH NGHIN CU V KT QU T C V XY DNG
WQI VIT NAM
Ti Vit Nam WQI cha c trin khai chnh thc, mt s nghin cu in hnh
nh sau:
-

Nghin cu ca TS Tn Tht Lng, TS Phm Th Minh Hnh, cch tip cn

ci tin t WQI NSF.
23

Phng php WQI a ra b i y ban sng M Kng: tnh ton t ng hp

3.1 M hnh WQI a ra bi TS Tn Tht Lng p dng cho sng ng Nai

3.1.1. La chn thng s: phng php Delphi
Cc thng s c la chn tnh WQI cho sng ng Nai:
-

BOD, Tng N

DO

SS

pH

Coliform

3.1.2. Tnh ton ch s ph: phng php delphi v phng php ng cong t l
T im s trung bnh do cc chuyn gia cho ng vi tng khong nng
thc t, i vi mi thng s cht lng nc chng ti xy dng mt th v
hm s tng quan gia nng v ch s ph. Da vo phng php th vi s tr
gip ca phn mm x l bng tnh Excel, cc hm ch t lng nc c biu th
bng cc phng trnh sau:
-

Hm cht lng nc vi thng s BOD5 y = - 0,0006x2 - 0,1491x +

9,8255

Hm cht lng nc vi thng s DO y = 0,0047x2 + 1,20276x - 0,0058

Hm cht lng nc vi thng s SS y = 0,0003x2 - 0,1304x + 11,459

Hm cht lng nc vi thng s pH y = 0,0862x4

24,756x2 102,23x + 150,23

Hm cht lng nc vi thng s tng N: y = - 0,04x2 0,1752x + 9,0244

Hm cht lng nc vi thng s coliform y = 179.39x-0,4067

- 2,4623x3 +

3.1.3. Trng s
Thep phng php Delphi, cc m u phng vn c bin son v gi
n 40 chuyn gia cht lng nc cc trng i Hc, cc Vin Nghin Cu, cc
trung tm Mi trng ly kin. Cc mu phng vn c gi i hai t: t mt
l cc cu hi xc nh cc thng s cht lng nc quan trng, t hai l cc cu
hi xc nh trng s ca cc thng s cht lng nc xy dng ch s ph v
hm cht lng nc.
24

Kt qu c 6 thng s cht lng nc c la chn l nhng thng s cht

lng nc quan trng vi cc trng s c trnh by trong bng sau:
Thng s

Trng s tm thi

Trng s cui cng

BOD5

1.00

0.23

DO

0.76

0.18

SS

0.70

0.16

pH

0.66

0.15

Tng N

0.63

0.15

Tng coliform

0.56

0.13

3.1.4. Tnh ton ch s cui cng

Ch s WQI cui cng c tnh theo cng thc trung bnh cng c trng s:
n

I qi wi
i 1

Trong :
I: Ch s cui cn
qi: ch s ph cho cc thng s
wi Trng s
nh gi cht lng nc h thng sng ng Nai, da vo mt s kt qu
nghin cu ca nhiu tc gi v kinh nghim thc t xut phn loi ngun
nc mt theo ch s WQI nh sau:
Loi ngun
nc

K hiu mu

Ch s WQI

nh gi cht lng

Xanh dng

9<WQI10

Khng nhim

Lam

7<WQI9

nhim rt nh

Lc

5<WQI7

nhim nh

Vng

3<WQI5

nhim trung bnh

Da cam

1<WQI3

nhim nng

WQI1

nhim rt nng

3.2 M hnh WQI a ra bi TS Phm Th Minh Hnh

25

Ch s cht lng nc c chia lm 2 loi l: Ch s cht lng nc c bn

IB v ch s cht lng nc tng hp IO. Ch s cht lng nc c bn c tnh
cho 8 thng s chnh (COD, BOD5, DO, turbidity, SS, NH4+ - N, PO43--P and
T.coli). Ch s cht lng nc tng hp ngoi 8 thng s trn c tnh thm cc
thng s pH, nhit , cc kim loi nng v d lng thuc bo v thc vt trong
nc, ch s cht lng nc tng hp cung cp nhiu thng tin hn cho vic nh gi
cht lng nc.
Mi thng s s xc nh mt ch s cht lng nc ph, ch s WQI cui
cng c xc nh bng vic kt hp phng php trung bnh cng v trung bnh
nhn khng trng s.
3.2.1. La chn thng s
Cc tiu ch sau c s dng la chn thng s:
-

Cc thng s phi c mt vo 5 nhm sau: Hm l ng oxy, ph dng, yu

t sc khe, c tnh vt l v cht rn l lng

c th xy dng c ng cong t l (rating curve) th cc thng s

phi c tiu chun mi trng nc ca Vit Nam

Cc thng s phi c trong cc mng li quan trc mi trng nc.

Da trn vic phn tch tn sut xut hin trong cc chng trnh quan trc
v phn tch ngha gi tr ca cc thng s trong vic nh gi cht lng
nc.

Cc thng s c tn sut xut hin cao nht trong cc chng tr nh quan trc
bao gm: Nhit , pH, BOD5, COD, DO, T ng st, c, TSS, N-NH3, N-NO3,
EC, P-PO4, Tng coliform. C 8 kim lo i nng c trong cc chng tr nh quan trc:
Tng st, Pb, Cd, Hg, Zn, Cu, Ni v Cr, trong s t c tn sut quan trc cao nht.
Cc kim loi nng c tn sut quan trc khc bit gia cc vng, Min Bc ch c Fe,
Pb v Cd c quan trc; Fe, Pb v Hg c quan trc Min Trung v Fe, Pb, Zn,
Cu, Ni, Cr c quan trc Min Nam.
Theo s liu quan trc t nm 1998 n 2007 ti Vit Nam,tn sut xut hin
ca cc thng s l: 7,25% s mu c o pH; DO: 64.17%; SS: 50.25%; c:
73.84%; BOD5: 43.65%; COD: 45.54%; T ng coliform: 68.02%; N -NH4: 65.62%; PPO4: 36.27%; Fe: 46.52%. Thng s c c tun sut quan trc rt cao nhng trong
tiu chun nc mt ca Vit Nam khng c thng s ny, cc gii hn do Pesce v
Wunderlin (2000) a ra c s dng.
26

WQI c chia lm 2 loi, cc thng s cng c chia lm 2 loi:

-

Ch s cht lng nc c bn IB s dng cc thng s: COD, BOD5, DO,

c, TSS, N-NH4, P-PO4, Tng coliform

Ch s cht lng nc tng hp IO:8 thng s s dng cho IB, pH v cc

cht c hi (phenols, pesticides, cyanide kim lo i nngh: As, Cd, Cr, Pb,
Hg, Zn, Cu and Ni)

3.2.2. Chuyn cc thng s v cng mt thang o

S dng phng php ng cong t l (rating curve), cc tiu chun c s
dng xy dng ng cong t l l: QCVN 08:2008/BTNMT qu chu n quc gia v
nc mt v TCVN 5945: 2005 tiu chu n nc thi cng nghip. WQI c chia lm
5 mc nh sau:
-

Mc 1: Ngun nc c th s dng vi mc ch nc sinh hot

Mc 2: Ngun nc c th s dng lm ngun nc sinh hot nhng phi

c cc bin php x l thch hp v bo v i sng thy sinh

Mc 3: Ngun nc s dng cho mc ch ti tiu

Mc 4: S dng cho cc mc ch cn cht lng thp nh giao thng thy

Mc 5: Ngun nc b nhim nng, cn c k hoch x l trong tng lai

27

DO bo ha c th tnh thng qua cng thc(Elmore & Hayes, 1960)::

Cs 14.652 0.41022T 0.0079910T 2 0.00007777T 3

Cs: Nng oxy bo ha

T: Nhit (oC)
ng cong t l ca c c xy dng theo nghin cu ca Pesce and
Wunderlin (2000). Cc ng cong t l c trnh by di y:

28

29

30

31

32

33

3.2.3. Trng s
Khng s dng trng s
34

3.2.4. Tnh ch s cui cng

a.

WQI c bn

WQI c bn c tnh t 8 ch s ph cho cc thng s: (COD, BOD5, DO,

c, TSS, N-NH4+ , P- PO4 v Tng ciliform. Phng php phn tch PCA c p
dng cho 8 thng s trn.

th dng Scree i vi s liu quan trc ca 8 thng s s dng trong WQI c bn

T phn tch PCA, cc thng s c tng quan cao vi nhau c cho vo cc

nhm bao gm: nhm 1 (DO, BOD5. COD, N -NH4, P-PO4), nhm 2 ( c, TSS),
nhm 3 (Tng coliform). Cng thc tnh WQI cui cng l:
35

1 5
1
1 2

I B qi wi q j w j qk
2 j 1
5 i1
k 1

1/ 3

Trong :
qi : Ch s ph ca nhm cc thng s DO, BOD5, N-NH4, COD, P-PO4
qj : Ch s ph ywngs vi nhm thng s c, TSS
qk : Ch s ph ca nhm vi sinh vt bao gm Fecal coliform
b.

WQI tng hp

WQI tng hp c tnh ton t ch s ph ca:8 thng s s dng cho IB, pH v

cc cht c hi (phenols, pesticides, cyanide kim lo i nngh: As, Cd, Cr, Pb, Hg, Zn,
Cu v Ni). Cng thc nh sau :
1/ n

I O Ci
1

1 5
1
1 2

qi wi q j w j qk
2 j 1
5 i1
k 1

1/ 3

Trong :
IO : gi tr WQI tng hp
Ci: Ch s ph tng ng ca nhit , pH v cc cht c hi. Ch s ph
tng ng c thang o t 0.01 n 1 v ch c tnh n khi ch s ph ca ca cc
thng s nhit , pH, cc cht c hi nh hn IB. Ch s ph ca cc cht c hi
c tnh bng trung bnh cng cc ch s ph cc thng s c hi (phenols,
pesticides, cyanide kim loi nngh: As, Cd, Cr, Pb, Hg, Zn, Cu v Ni)
WQI c bn v WQI tng hp c s dng phn loi cht lng nc theo
cc mc nh sau:
Rt tt: 91 100
Tt: 76 90
Trung bnh: 51 75
Xu: 26 50
Km: 1 25
3.3 M hnh WQI a ra bi y ban sng Mekong

36

Cc thng s c s dng tnh ton WQI bao gm: DO, Amoni NH4+,
COD v Tng P.
WQI ca mi trm quan trc c tnh ton theo cng thc sau:
WQI

( p

p 2 ... p n )
M

.10

p: im s ca ca mi mu, (nu DO, NH4, COD v tng P p ng c mc

ng dn s c 2 im; nu ch c NH4 v tng P p ng c mc hng dn s
c 1 im, cc trng hp cn li s c 0 im.
n: s mu trong 1 nm
M: S im ti a c th t c ca cc mu trong 1 nm.
Mc hng dn c cho trong bng sau:
Thng s

n v

Mc hng dn

DO

mg/l

Amoni

mg/l

<5

COD

mg/l

<4

Tng P

mg/l

<0.08

Sau khi tnh ton WQI, mc nh hng n con ngi da vo im s

WQI c phn loi theo cc mc nh sau:
Phn loi

im s

A: khng c nh hng

9.5 - 10

B: nh hng nh

8.5 9.5

C: c nh hng

7 8.5

D: nh hng nghim trng

<7

3.4 M hnh WQI a ra bi PGS.TS L Trnh

ti Nghin cu phn vng cht lng nc theo cc ch s cht lng nc
(WQI) v nh gi kh nng s dng cc ngun nc sng, knh rch vng thnh
37

ph H Ch Minh do PGS.TS L trnh lm ch nhim l mt trong nhng cng trnh

nghin cu u tin Vit Nam v phn vng cht lng nc theo WQI.
3.4.1 Phng php lp v tnh ton WQI
C nhiu phng php xy dng cng thc v tnh ton WQI. Trong ti
nghin cu ny 4 m hnh WQI c nghin cu, tnh ton da theo 2 m hnh
WQI c bn ca Hoa K v n .
M hnh c bn ca Qu V sinh Quc gia Hoa K (NSF-WQI)
NSF-WQI c tnh theo mt trong 2 cng thc: cng thc dng tng (k kiu l
WA-WQI) v cng thc dng tch (k kiu l WM-WQI):
9

i 1

i 1

WA WQI wi qi v WM WQI qi

wi

Phn trng lng ng gp (wi) ca 9 thng s la chn nh sau:

DO = 0,17; F.coli = 0,15; pH = 0,12; BOD5 = 0,10; NO3: 0,1 0; PO4: 0,10; bin
thin nhit (T = lch nhit nc gia 2 im quan trc gn nhau) = 0,10;
c = 0,08; tng cht rn (TS) = 0,08.
Ch s ph qi c xc nh da vo cc th qi = f(xi)
Theo m hnh ny, gi tr WQI xc nh c nm trong khong 0 n 100: WQI
= 0 ng vi mc CLN xu nht, WQI = 100 ng vi mc CLN tt nht.
Da theo m hnh c bn NSF-WQI ti ci tin thnh 3 m hnh ph hp
vi c im CLN TP. H Ch Minh:
- M hnh NSF-WQI/HCM
- M hnh HCM-WQI
- M hnh HCM-WQI6TS
M hnh ca Bhargava (Bhargava-WQI)
Cng thc tnh
Theo m hnh Bhargava (1983), WQI cho m i mc ch s dng nc (chng
hn, cp nc sinh hot, nng nghip, cng nghip) c tnh ton theo cng thc
(3) v
WQI tng qut (hay WQI cho a m c ch s dng nc) c tnh theo cng
thc:
38

1/ n

n
WQI Fi
i 1

100

Trong Fi:
- Gi tr "hm nhy" ca thng s i, nhn gi tr trong khong 0,01 1
- Fi c xc nh t "hm nhy" i vi thng s i ;
- n: s thng s CLN la chn (n = 3 5, tu thuc vo mc ch s dng nc)
k

WQI

WQI

i 1

Trong , WQI i l WQI ca cc mc ch s dng nc khc nhau, k l s mc

ch s dng nc. C th a vo t s ca cng thc (4) cc h s th hin tm quan
trng khc nhau ca mi mc ch s dng nc.
Xc nh cc mc ch s dng nc sng knh rch TP. H Ch Minh
Cc mc ch s dng nc ca cc sng knh rch TP. H Ch Minh bao
gm:
Tip xc trc tip (tm, bi li)
Cp nc sinh hot (im thu nc th cho cc nh my n c
Nng nghip (hay nc thy li)
Cng nghip (nc cp cho cc ngnh cng nghi p ni chung: lm mt, v sinh
cng nghip
Thy sn (nui tm, c...).
Xc nh cc thng s CLN la chn cho cc mc ch s dng nc
Cc tiu ch xc nh cc thng s CLN la chn cho mi mc ch s dng
nc bao gm:
Thng s phi c tm quan trng ln,
Thng s c th xc nh nhanh v chnh xc,
S thng s cng t cng tt, nhng phi m t c im v CLN ca
sng, knh rch c kho st.
39

(T nhiu s liu ca cc chng trnh quan trc mi trng TP. H Ch Minh

v ca ti ny c th nhn nh rng nng cc kim loi c v cc ha cht bo
v thc vt nh hn nhiu so vi quy nh trong cc Tiu chun Vit Nam tng ng,
do vy trong tnh WQI ca ti ny cc thng s v cht nhim c c tnh cao
khng c la chn).
3.4.2 Phng php phn loi v phn vng cht lng nc da theo WQI
Theo m hnh ca NSF (Hoa K) v Bhargava (n ), CLN c phn thnh 5
loi (hay 5 mc). Trn c s phn loi CLN, tin hnh phn vng CLN cho cc sng
kho st, tc l chia mi sng thnh cc vng (cc o n). Mi vng (on) ca mt
sng c xem l cng mc CLN nu cng nm trong mt loi (khi nh gi qua
WQI).
Loi
I

Bhargava-WQI (a)
90 100

NSF-WQI (b)
91 100

II
III

65 89
35 64

71 90
51 70

IV
V

11 34
0 10

26 50
0 25

Gii thch
Rt tt
(khng nhim -
nhim rt nh)
Tt ( nhim nh)
Trung bnh ( nhim
trung bnh)
Xu ( nhim nng)
Rt xu ( nhim rt
nng)

Vic phn loi cht lng nc cc sng, knh rch TP. H Ch Minh theo cc
m hnh WQI ci tin do ti ny xut (HCM-WQI, NSF-WQI/HCM, WQI BHCM) cng da theo cc phn loi trn.

Chng IV. S TAY HNG DN TNH TON WQI DO TCMT BAN HNH

Phn I. QUY NH CHUNG

1. Phm vi iu chnh
Vn bn ny hng dn vic tnh ton ch s cht lng nc t s liu
quan trc mi trng nc mt lc a.
2. i tng p dng
Hng dn ny p dng i vi c quan qun l nh nc v mi trng,
cc t chc, c nhn c tham gia vo mng li quan trc mi trng v tham
gia vo vic cng b thng tin v cht lng mi trng cho cng ng.
40

3. Gii thch t ng
Trong s tay hng dn, cc t ng di y c hiu nh sau:
1. Ch s cht lng nc (vit tt l WQI) l mt ch s c tnh ton t
cc thng s quan trc cht lng nc, dng m t nh lng v cht lng
nc v kh nng s dng ca ngun nc ; c biu din qua mt thang
im.
2. WQI thng s (vit tt l WQISI) l ch s cht lng nc tnh ton cho
mi thng s.
4. Cc nguyn tc xy dng ch s WQI
Cc nguyn tc xy dng WQI bao gm:
- Bo m tnh ph hp;
- Bo m tnh chnh xc;
- Bo m tnh nht qun.
- Bo m tnh lin tc;
- Bo m tnh sn c;
- Bo m tnh c th so snh.
5. Mc ch ca vic s dng WQI
- nh gi nhanh cht lng nc mt lc a mt cch tng qut;
- C th c s dng nh mt ngun d liu xy dng bn phn
vng cht lng nc;
- Cung cp thng tin mi trng cho cng ng mt cch n gin, d
hiu, trc quan;
- Nng cao nhn thc v mi trng.
Phn II. TNH TON CH S CHT LNG NC
1. Cc yu cu i vi vic tnh ton WQI
- WQI c tnh ton ring cho s liu ca tng im quan trc;
- WQI thng s c tnh ton cho tng thng s quan trc. Mi thng s s
xc nh c mt gi tr WQI c th, t tnh ton WQI nh gi cht lng
nc ca im quan trc;
- Thang o gi tr WQI c chia thnh cc khong nht nh. Mi khong ng
vi 1 mc nh gi cht lng nc nht nh.
2. Quy trnh tnh ton v s dng WQI trong nh gi ch t lng mi
trng nc mt lc a

41

Quy trnh tnh ton v s dng WQI trong nh gi ch t lng mi trng nc

bao gm cc bc sau:
Bc 1: Thu thp, tp hp s liu quan trc t trm quan trc mi trng nc
mt lc a (s liu qua x l);
Bc 2: Tnh ton cc gi tr WQI thng s theo cng thc;
Bc 3: Tnh ton WQI;
Bc 4: So snh WQI vi bng cc mc nh gi cht lng nc.
3. Thu thp, tp hp s liu quan trc
S liu quan trc c thu thp phi m bo cc yu cu sau:
- S liu quan trc s dng tnh WQI l s liu ca quan trc nc mt lc
a theo t i vi quan trc nh k hoc gi tr trung bnh ca thng s trong mt
khong thi gian xc nh i vi quan trc lin tc;
- Cc thng s c s dng tnh WQI thng bao gm cc thng s: DO,
nhit , BOD5, COD, N-NH4, P-PO4 , TSS, c, Tng Coliform, pH;
- S liu quan trc c a vo tnh ton qua x l, m bo loi b cc
gi tr sai lch, t yu cu i vi quy trnh quy phm v m bo v kim sot cht
lng s liu.
4. Tnh ton WQI
a. Tnh ton WQI thng s
* WQI thng s (WQISI) c tnh ton cho cc thng s BOD5, COD, N-NH4,
P-PO4 , TSS, c, Tng Coliform theo cng thc nh sau:

WQISI

qi qi 1

BPi 1 C p qi 1
BPi 1 BPi

(cng thc 1)

Trong :
BPi: Nng gii hn di ca gi tr thng s quan trc c quy nh trong
bng 1 tng ng vi mc i
BPi+1: Nng gii hn trn ca gi tr thng s quan trc c quy nh trong
bng 1 tng ng vi mc i+1
qi: Gi tr WQI mc i cho trong bng tng ng vi gi tr BPi
qi+1: Gi tr WQI mc i+1 cho trong bng tng ng vi gi tr BPi+1
Cp: Gi tr ca thng s quan trc c a vo tnh ton.
Bng 1. Bng quy nh cc gi tr qi, BPi
Gi tr BPi quy nh i vi tng thng s
Coliform
TSS
(MPN/100ml
(mg/l)
)

qi

BOD5
(mg/l)

COD
(mg/l)

N-NH4
(mg/l)

P-PO4
(mg/l)

c
(NTU)

100

10

0.1

0.1

20

2500

75

15

0.2

0.2

20

30

5000
42

50

15

30

0.5

0.3

30

50

7500

25

25

50

0.5

70

100

10.000

50

80

100

>100

>10.000

Ghi ch: Trng hp gi tr Cp ca thng s trng vi gi tr BPi cho trong

bng, th xc nh c WQI ca thng s chnh bng gi tr qi tng ng.
* Tnh gi tr WQI i vi thng s DO (WQI DO): tnh ton thng qua gi tr
DO % bo ha.
Bc 1: Tnh ton gi tr DO % bo ha:
- Tnh gi tr DO bo ha:

DO baohoa 14 . 652 0 . 41022 T 0 . 0079910 T 2 0 . 000077774

T3

T: nhit mi trng nc ti thi im quan trc (n v: 0C).

- Tnh gi tr DO % bo ha:
DO%bo ha= DO ha tan / DObo ha*100
DOha tan: Gi tr DO quan trc c (n v: mg/l)
Bc 2: Tnh gi tr WQIDO:

WQISI

qi 1 qi
C p BPi qi
BPi 1 BPi

(cng thc 2)

Trong :
Cp: gi tr DO % bo ha
BPi, BPi+1, qi, qi+1 l cc gi tr tng ng vi mc i, i+1 trong Bng 2.
Bng 2. Bng quy nh cc gi tr BPi v qi i vi DO% bo ha
i
BPi
qi

1
20
1

2
20
25

3
50
50

4
75
75

5
88
100

6
112
100

7
125
75

8
150
50

9
200
25

10
200
1

Nu gi tr DO% bo ha 20 th WQI DO bng 1.

Nu 20< gi tr DO% bo ha< 88 th WQI DO c tnh theo cng thc 2 v s
dng Bng 2.
Nu 88 gi tr DO% bo ha 112 th WQI DO bng 100.
Nu 112< gi tr DO% bo ha< 200 th WQI DO c tnh theo cng thc 1 v s
dng Bng 2.
Nu gi tr DO% bo ha 200 th WQI DO bng 1.
* Tnh gi tr WQI i vi thng s pH

43

Bng 3. Bng quy nh cc gi tr BPi v qi i vi thng s pH

I

1
5.5
1

BPi
qi

2
5.5
50

3
6
100

4
8.5
100

5
9
50

6
9
1

Nu gi tr pH5.5 th WQI pH bng 1.

Nu 5,5< gi tr pH<6 th WQIpH c tnh theo cng thc 2 v s dng bng 3.
Nu 6 gi tr pH8,5 th WQI pH bng 100.
Nu 8.5< gi tr pH< 9 th WQIpH c tnh theo cng thc 1 v s dng bng 3.
Nu gi tr pH9 th WQI pH bng 1.
b. Tnh ton WQI
Sau khi tnh ton WQI i vi tng thng s nu trn, vic tnh ton WQI c
p dng theo cng thc sau:

WQI pH 1 5
1 2

WQI
WQI a WQI b WQI c

100 5 a 1
2 b 1

1/ 3

Trong :
WQIa: Gi tr WQI tnh ton i vi 05 thng s: DO, BOD 5, COD,
N-NH4, P-PO4
WQIb: Gi tr WQI tnh ton i vi 02 thng s: TSS, c
WQIc: Gi tr WQI tnh ton i vi thng s Tng Coliform
WQIpH: Gi tr WQI tnh ton i vi thng s pH.
Ghi ch: Gi tr WQI sau khi tnh ton s c lm trn thnh s nguyn.
5. So snh ch s cht lng nc c tnh ton vi bng nh gi
Sau khi tnh ton c WQI, s dng bng xc nh gi tr WQI tng ng vi
mc nh gi cht lng nc so snh, nh gi, c th nh sau:
Gi tr WQI
91 - 100
76 - 90
51 - 75

Mc nh gi cht lng nc
S dng tt cho mc ch cp nc sinh hot
S dng cho mc ch cp nc sinh hot
nhng cn cc bin php x l ph hp
S dng cho mc ch ti tiu v cc mc
ch tng ng khc

Mu
Xanh nc bin
Xanh l cy
Vng

26 - 50

S dng cho giao thng thy v cc mc ch

tng ng khc

Da cam

0 - 25

Nc nhim nng, cn cc bin php x l

trong tng lai

44

Phn III. P DNG CH S CHT LNG NC TRONG NH GI

CHT LNG NC V CNG B THNG TIN MI TR NG CHO
CNG NG
1. Cng b thng tin v cht lng nc mt lc a cho cng ng
Ch s cht lng nc sau khi c tnh ton c s dng nh gi cht
lng nc trong cc bo co v cht lng nc, bo co hin trng mi trng. Cc
ni dung thng tin ny cn c cng b, cng khai v ph bin rng ri cho cng
ng.
2. Yu cu i vi ni dung thng tin cng b v WQI
Yu cu i vi ni dung thng tin cng b v WQI bao gm:
- Tn im v khu vc quan trc, tn trm quan trc;
- Thi gian quan trc;
- Gi tr WQI v mc nh gi cht lng nc tng ng.
3. Hnh thc cng b
Thng tin v WQI c cng b cho cng ng thng qua cc phng ti n
thng tin i chng nh bo ch, truy n thanh, truyn hnh, bng thng tin in t,
trang thng tin in t

Chng V: NH GI CHT LNG NC LVS CU V NHU Y

THNG QUA WQI
5. 1 p dng WQI cho s liu quan trc cho h thng LVS Cu

5.1.1 Tng quan v h thng LVS Cu

Sng Cu l mt trong nhng sng chnh ca h thng sng Thi Bnh vi 47%
din tch ton lu vc. Sng Cu bt ngun t vng ni Tam Tao (nh cao 1326m)
chy qua huyn Ch n (Bc Kn) th x Bc Kn, Ch Mi, Thi Nguyn, Bc
Ninh, Bc Giang v im cui cng ca con sng ny l Ph li, Ch Linh, Hi Dng.
Tng chiu di ca sng Cu l 288km.
Thung lng pha thng lu v trung lu nm gia hai cnh cung sng Gm v
cnh cung Ngn Sn Yn Lc. Phn thng lu sng Cu chy theo hng Bc
Nam, cao trung bnh t ti 300-400m, lng sng hp v rt dc, nhiu thc ghnh
v c h s un khc ln (>2.0) rng trung bnh trong ma c n khong 50 n 60m,
80-100m trong ma l, dc khong >0.1%. Phn trung lu t Ch Mi, sng Cu
chy theo hng Ty Bc ng Nam trn mt on kh di sau tr li hng c
cho ti Thi Nguyn. on ny a hnh thp xung ng k, lng sng m rng,
dc cng gim ch cn khong 0.05%, un khc vn cao.
45

H lu sng Cu c tnh t Thc Hung n Ph Li, t y hng chy ch

o l Ty Bc ng Nam, a hnh c cao trung bnh 10 n 20m, lng sng rt
rng 70 n 150m v dc gim ng k 0.01%.
Lu vc sng Cu c dng di, tng din tch c xc nh l 6030km2, h s
tp trung nc t 2.1, a hnh ng bng chim phn ln din tch lu vc, cao
trung bnh ca lu vc v vy cng kh thp (190m). dc trung bnh ca lu vc
thuc loi trung bnh 16%.
Mt sng sui trong lu vc sng cu thuc loi cao: 0.95-1.2km/km2, tng
chiu di ph l c chiu di ln hn 10km l 1602km (68 sng trong c 13 sng
c chiu di ln hn 15km)
Chng trnh quan trc LVS Cu c thc hin t nm 2006 vi tn sut 3
t/nm. n nm 2008 tn sut quan trc c tng ln 6 t/nm. S im quan trc
l 34 im vi 20 thng s ha l c bn, cc kim loi nng, cc thng s sinh vt v
ha cht bo v thc vt.
Cc im quan trc quan trc thuc cc nhnh sng chnh ca lu vc gm:
-

Sng Cu (t Bc Kn n Ph Li, Hi Dng)

Sng Cng (t i T n Hip Ho, Bc Giang)

Sng Nghinh Tng (V Nhai n Ph Lng, Thi Nguyn)

Sng u (i T n Ph Lng, Thi Nguyn)

Sng C L (Vnh Yn, Vnh Phc n Phc Lc Phng, Bc Giang)

Sng Ng Huyn Kh (t ng Anh, H Ni n Bc Ninh)

46

5.1.2 p dng th nghim WQI nh gi cht lng nc LVS Cu

LVS Sng Cu c chia lm cc nhnh sng chnh nh sau: Sng C u, sng
Cng, sng Ng Huyn Kh v cc nhnh sng cn li. Cht lng nc c nh
gi theo WQI v QCVN 08:2008/BTNMT Quy chu n k thut quc gia v cht lng
nc mt.
a.

Sng Cu:

Cc thng s cht lng nc ti sng Cu p ng so vi mc B1 vi t l kh

cao. Cn nu so vi mc A1 th c nhiu thng s vt tiu chun n trn 60%.
Thng s Coliform c s bin ng mnh nht gia 2 nm 2008 v 2009, trong nm
2008 thng Coliform ch c 12,7% s mu vt qu mc B1, tuy nhin trong nm
2009 c n 59,8% s mu cao hn mc B1.

47

Hnh: t l cc thng s so vi QCVN 08:2008/BTNMT ti sng Cu

Kt qu tnh ton WQI ti sng Cu
Nm 2008, a s cc gi tr WQI nm trong khong 51 75 v 76 - 90 (cht
lng nc s dng cho ti tiu v cp nc sinh hot), tuy nhim nm 2009 nhiu
gi tr nm trong khong 0 25 (cht lng nc b nhim).

Hnh: t l gi gi tr WQI thuc cc mc phn loi cht lng nc

Nhn xt:
Vic nh gi cht lng nc thng qua WQI n gin hn so vi vic nh gi
cng lc nhiu thng s. V d nh nm 2008 ti sng Cu c nhiu thng s nh
BOD, COD p ng c mc A1 vi t l rt cao, tuy nhin thng s N-NH4+ li p
ng c mc A1 vi t l rt thp, trong khi vi kt qu tnh ton WQI ta c th
thy ngay t l s mu quan trc t cht lng nc c th s dng tt cho mc ch
48

cp nc sinh hot (gi tr WQI nm trong khong 91 100) l 11,8%. Tng t trong
nm 2008, cc thng s c gi tr nm trong khong t mc A2 n B1 vi t l rt
khc nhau, sau khi tnh ton WQI ta c th t l s mu quan trc c cht lng nc
s dng c cho mc ch ti tiu (nm trong khong t 51 75) l 39,2%.
b.

Sng Cng

T l cc thng s quan trc t c mc B1 ca sng Cng cng kh cao. S

thay i ca cc thng s gia 2 nm kh c bit, a s cc thng s c t l p ng
so vi Quy chun nm 2009 cao hn nm 2008, tuy nhin thng s Coliform li c
chiu hng ngc li, t l p ng quy chun ca thng s Coliform ngay c i vi
mc B2 cng rt thp.

Hnh: t l cc thng s so vi QCVN 08:2008/BTNMT t i sng Cng

Kt qu tnh ton WQI
nm 2008 v 2009 cht lng khng c s bin ng mnh, a s cc gi tr
WQI nm trong khong 51 75 v 76 90.

49

Hnh: t l gi gi tr WQI thuc cc mc phn loi cht lng nc

Nhn xt
Tng t i vi sng Cu, nh gi cht lng sng Cng thng qua WQI
n gin hn rt nhiu so vi nh gi tng thng s. V d nm 2009, t l so vi cc
m trong Quy chun cc thng s rt khc nhau, rt kh nh gi cht lng nc
thuc mc no, s dng ph hp vi mc ch g. Kt qu tnh ton WQI c th nhn
thy d dng c 69% s mu quan trc t cht lng nc vi WQI thuc khong 76
90, c 31% s mu quan trc c WQI thuc khong 51 75.
c.

Sng Ng Huyn Kh

So vi cng Cu v sng Cng th sng Ng Huyn Kh c t l cc thng s

vt cc mc trong Quy chun cao hn, tc c mc nhim ln hn. C nhiu
thng s vt mc B1 n trn 30% s mu quan trc. Thng s Coliform c t l vt
cc mc trong nht quy chun cao nht, v t l vt chun tng kh cao vo nm 2009
so vi nm 2008.

50

Hnh: t l cc thng s vi QCVN 08:2008/BTNMT ti sng Ng Huyn Kh

Kt qu tnh ton WQI
Nm 2008 gi tr WQI nm trong khong t 0 25; 26 50; 51 75 vi t l
kh bng nhau, nm 2009 nm trong khong 0 25.

Hnh: t l gi gi tr WQI thuc cc mc phn loi cht lng nc

Nhn xt
Tng nh vic nh gi cht lng cc sng trn, vic nh gi cht lng
nc sng Ng Huyn Kh thng qua gi tr WQI r rng v n gin hn so vi vic
nh gi tng thng s. V d trong nm 2009 c mt s thng s p ng c cc
mc B2 hay B1 kh cao, tuy nhin m t s thng s khc (N-NH4+ v Tng Coliform)
li khng p ng c mc B2 vi t l cao, kt qu tnh ton WQI cho thy c n
91,7% s mu quan trc ang b nhim, khng th s dng cho mc ch no.
51

d.

Cc nhnh sng khc

Cc nhnh sng khc ca LVS Cu c cc thng s p ng kh tt vi mc B1,

a s cc thng s c t l vt mc B1 di 20%. Cc thng s khng s bin ng
ln gia nm 2008 v 2009 tr thng s Coliform.

Hnh: t cc thng s so vi QCVN 08:2008/BTNMT ti sng khc

Kt qu tnh ton WQI
Gi tr WQI nm 2009 thp hn nhiu so vi nm 2008, c s khc bit kh ln
gia cc v tr quan trc.

Hnh: t l gi gi tr WQI thuc cc mc phn loi cht lng nc

Nhn xt
Tng t nh phn nhn xt trn nh gi cht lng nc thng qua WQI
n gin hn so vi vic nh gi cng lc nhiu thng s. a s cc thng s c t l
52

p ng c cc mc trong Quy chun nm 2009 khng thp hn nhiu so vi nm

2008, tuy nhin kt qu tnh ton WQI nm 2009 l i thp hn rt nhiu so vi nm
2008, iu ny l do thng s Coliform nm 2009 khng p ng vi mc B2 vi t l
rt cao.

5.1.3 Mt s kt qu tnh ton WQI khc i vi LVS Cu

nh gi din bin cht lng nc theo nm
Cht lng nc ca LVS Cu c s bin ng rt mnh gia cc nhnh sng v
gia 2 nm 2008 v 2009. Ch t lng nc nm 2009 thp hn nm 2008 ti a s cc
im quan trc trn cc nhnh sng.

53

Biu : Gi tr WQI trung bnh cc im quan trc thuc LVS Cu

th dng hp th hin kh r phn b gi tr WQI gia cc sng thuc LVS
Cu v gia 2 nm 2008 v 2009. Ch t lng nc nm 2009 thp hn nm 2008 ti
sng Cu, sng Ng Huyn Kh v cc nhnh sng khc.
54

Hnh : th dng hp gi tr WQI ca LVS Cu,

gi tr hai u mt l bch phn 95 v 5, hai u ca hp l bch phn 25 v 75, du
* l gi tr trung bnh WQI ca cc im quan trc trong cng mt nm.
Phn tch ng gp ca cc nhm thng s vo ch s WQI cui cng
Gi tr WQI ph ca cc nhm thng s cng cao th ch s WQI cui cng cng
cao, tuy nhin WQI cui cng cn ph thuc vo tng quan gia cc gi tr WQI
ph. Nu mt trong s cc nhm WQI ph c gi tr rt thp th WQI cui cng cng
thp cho d gi tr ca nhm WQI ph khc cao. Qua biu x.x ta nhn thy nhng
im quan trc c gi tr WQI cao nht th c 3 nhm ch s ph u cao v kh ng
u nhau.

55

 th: ng gp ca cc nhm thng s vo ch s WQI cui cng

(s liu c sp xp theo th t tng dn ca WQI, cc nhm ch s ph l trung
bnh ca WQI ph trong nm 2008 - 2009).
56

5.2 p dng th nghim WQI nh gi cht lng nc LVS Nhu y

5.2.1 Mng li quan trc LVS Nhu y

Lu vc sng Nhu - y nm trong phm vi to 200 - 21020' v Bc v
1050 - 106030' kinh ng. Cc a phn hnh chnh ca cc tnh nm trong lu vc
quan trc bao gm: Tnh Ho Bnh (huyn: Lng Sn, Kim Bi, L c Thu v Yn
Thu), H Ni (huyn T Lim, huyn Thanh Tr, cc qun ni thnh, thnh ph H
ng v cc huyn: an Phng, Hoi c, Thng Tn, Ph Xuyn, Thanh Oai, ng
Ho, Chng M v M c), Tnh H Nam (thnh ph Ph L v cc huyn Duy
Tin, L Nhn, Kim Bng, Bnh Lc v Thanh Lim), Tnh Ninh Bnh (thnh ph
Ninh Bnh, th x Tam ip v cc huyn: Gia Vin, Nho Quan, Hoa L, Yn Khn h,
Yn M v Kim Sn) v T nh Nam nh (thnh ph Nam nh v cc huyn: Nam
Trc, V Bn, Xun Trng, Trc Ninh, Ngha Hng, Yn, Giao Thy v Hi Hu).
Cc im quan trc i din cho cht lng nc ca khu vc nghin cu. Cc im
quan trc ny c t ch yu trn cc sng, h chnh trong lu vc sng Nhu sng y. Quan trc mi trng nc c thc hin trn cc sng chnh v cc
nhnh sng ln ca lu vc sng Nhu v sng y, bao gm:
-

Sng Nhu c chiu di 72 km (t Cng Lin Mc n cng Lng C).

Sng y t Vn Cc n Ca y di tng cng 245 km.

Cc sng trong ni thnh H Ni: sng T Lch c chiu di khong 14,6 km;
sng L di khong 5,6 km; sng St di kho ng 5,9 km v sng Kim Ngu di
khong 11,8 km.

Sng Thanh H c chiu di 40 km (t ni vi Kim Bi n c Kh)

Sng Tch c chiu di 110 km (bt ngun t ni Tn Vin vo sng y ti

Ba Th).

Sng Hong Long c chiu di dng chnh l 125 km.

Sng Chu Giang cn c gi l sng Ph L c chiu di 27 km.

Sng o Nam nh c chiu di khong 34 km (bt ngun t sng Hng pha

Nam cu Tn , qua TP. Nam nh gp sng y Hong Nam, huyn
Ngha Hng).

Sng Ninh C c chiu di khong 52 km, ni vi sng y qua knh Qu n

Liu.

57

Ngoi ra cn c cc sng n i ng nm trong khu vc nghin cu nh: sng Vn,

sng St, sng Vc, sng Cn...

Chng trnh tng th quan trc LVS Nhu y c ph duyt vo nm

2006. Bt u t nm 2006 chng trnh quan trc LVS Nhu y c tin hnh.
* Nm 2006:
-

Thnh phn mi trng quan trc: Nc mt, trm tch v thy sinh

S t quan trc trong nm 2006: 3 ln vo thng 8, 10, 12

Thng s quan trc: 23 thng s.

im quan trc: 30 im
* Nm 2007:

Thnh phn mi trng quan trc: Nc mt, trm tch v thy sinh

S t quan trc trong nm 2007: 4 ln vo thng 7, 8, 10, 11

Thng s quan trc: 24 thng s.

im quan trc: 30 im
* Nm 2008:

Thnh phn mi trng quan trc: Nc mt, trm tch v thy sinh

S t quan trc trong nm 2008: 6 ln vo thng 2, 4, 6,8 ,10, 11

58

im quan trc: ti 40 im

Thng s quan trc: 28 thng s.

* Nm 2009:

Thnh phn mi trng quan trc: Nc mt, trm tch v thy sinh

S t quan trc trong nm 2009: 6 ln vo thng 3, 5, 7, 9 ,10, 11

im quan trc: ti 40 im

Thng s quan trc: 28 thng s.

T nm 2008 s t quan trc tng i dy l 6 t/nm, v vy ch c s liu

quan trc LVS Nhu y nm 2008 v 2009 c s dng cho tnh ton th nghim.

5.2.2 Cht lng nc LVS Nhu y thng qua tng thng s

a.

Sng Nhu

Sng Nhu chy qua khu vc c mt dn s cao, v vy n chu tc ng rt

mnh m do cc hot ng ca con ngi. Sng Nhu tip nhn lng nc thi sinh
hot, cng nghip rt ln t H Ni, H Nam, dn n cht lng nc sng rt km
tr mt on ngn pha u ngun.
Kh nhiu thng s ch p ng mc B2 vi t l thp hn 60%. Cc thng s NNH4+, tng P v Coliform c t l vt so vi cc mc trong QCVN 08:2008 cao
nht.

Hnh: t l vt so vi QCVN 08:2008/BTNMT c a cc thng s ti sng Nhu

59

Kt qu tnh ton WQI

Trong c 2 nm 2008 v 2009 gi tr WQI trung bnh thp hn 75 ti a s cc
imn quan trc. Nm 2009 gi tr WQI nm trong khong 0 25, tc cht lng nc
b nhim nm 2008 c nhiu im quan trc c gi tr WQI thp hn 25, ng vi
cht lng nc rt nhim.

Hnh: t l gi gi tr WQI thuc cc mc phn loi cht lng nc

Nhn xt
Cht lng nc nh gi theo WQI nm 2009 th p hn nm 2008 trn sng
Nhu, kt qu ny ph hp vi nh gi theo tng thng s (nm 2009 c 3 thng s
khng p ng c vi mc B2 vi t l rt cao).
b.

Sng y

Sng y cng tip nhn ngun nc thi rt ln t cc tnh H Ni, H Nam,

Ninh Bnh, Nam nh, tuy nhin lu lng nc sng y ln hn sng Nhu nn
mc nhim ti sng y thp hn sng Nhu. Ch c mt s thng s vt mc
B2 vi t l thp hn 20%. Hai thng s c mc nhim ln nht l N-NH4+ v
Coliform

60

Hnh: t l vt so vi QCVN 08:2008/BTNMT c a cc thng s ti sng y

Kt qu tnh ton WQI
Nm 2008, nhiu cc im quan trc c gi tr WQI nm trong khong 51 - 75,
tuy nhin nm 2009 gi tr WQI li nm trong khong 0 25

Hnh: t l gi gi tr WQI thuc cc mc phn loi cht lng nc

Nhn xt
Theo nh kt qu tnh ton WQI nm 2008 ch t lng nc c th s dng cho
mc ch cp nc sinh hot (mc 76 90) t n 36%, tuy nhin nm 2009 t l ny
gim xung di 5%. Nguyn nhn ca iu ny l do thng s N-NH4+ v Tng
Coliform khng p ng vi t l B2 kh cao.
c.

Cc sng ni thnh H Ni
61

Cc sng ni thnh H Ni bao gm sng L, sng St v sng T Lch, cc

sng ny nhn trc tip nc thi sinh hot ca H Ni. Cht lng nc cc sng ny
rt nhim, rt nhiu thng s vt mc B2 n trn 80%.

Hnh: t l vt so vi QCVN 08:2008 ca cc thng s ti cc sng trong H Ni

Kt qu tnh ton WQI
Gi tr WQI ti a s cc im qan trc thp hn 25, tc cht lng nc ang b
nhim nng.

Hnh: t l gi gi tr WQI thuc cc mc phn loi cht lng nc

Nhn xt
62

Kt qu tnh ton WQI cho thy cht lng cc sng ni thnh H Ni ang b
nhim, vic nh gi tng thng s cng cho thy t l vt qu mc B2 rt cao i
vi nhiu thng s. Nnm 2008 mt s mu quan trc c gi tr WQI nm trong
khong 51 76 (cht lng nc c th s dng cho ti tiu) ng vi mt s t
quan trc trong thi gian H Ni c lng ma ln.
d.

Cc nhnh sng khc

Cht lng nc cc nhnh sng khc thu c LVS Nhu y p ng kh tt vi

mc B2, t l cc mu vt mc B2 thng thp hn 20%. Cc thng s N-NH4+ v
Coliform c mc nhim cao nht.

Hnh: t l vt so vi QCVN 08:2008 ca cc thng s ti cc sng khc

Kt qu tnh ton WQI
Gi tr WQI tromh nm 2008 n m trong khong 51- 75, trong nm 2009 nm
trong khong 0 25.

63

Hnh: t l gi gi tr WQI thuc cc mc phn loi cht lng nc

Nhn xt
Cht lng nc cc sng khc theo nh k t qu tnh ton WQI phn ha trong
nhiu mc khc nhau. Nm 2009 t l cc mu quan trc c cht lng nc nm trong
khong 0 25 (nc b nhim) kh cao, kt qu nh gi cht lng nc thng qua
tng thng s cng ch ra trong nm 2009, thng s Tng Coliform cng khng p
ng c mc B2 vi t l cao.

5.1.3 Mt s kt qu tnh ton WQI khc i vi LVS Nhu y

nh gi din bin cht lng nc theo nm.
Ti tt c cc im quan trc trn LVS Nhu y ch s WQI trung bnh nm
2009 thp hn nm 2008.

64

Biu : Gi tr WQI trung bnh cc im quan trc thuc LVS Nhu y

65

 th dng hp th hin rt r s phn b cc gi tr WQI v bin thin gi tr

WQI gia cc nm cng nh gia cc nhnh sng. Cht lng nc ti tt c cc
nhnh sng nm 2009 th p hn nm 2008. Cc gi tr WQI cng c s bin thin kh
ln trong cng mt nhnh sng trong cng mt nm.

Hnh : th dng hp gi tr WQI ca LVS Cu,

gi tr hai u mt l bch phn 95 v 5, hai u ca hp l bch phn 25 v 75, du
* l gi tr trung bnh WQI ca cc im quan trc trong cng mt nm.
ng gp ca cc thng s vo ch s WQI cui cng:
Gi tr WQI ph ca cc nhm thng s cng cao th ch s WQI cui cng cng
cao, tuy nhin WQI cui cng cn ph thuc vo tng quan gia cc gi tr WQI
ph. Nu mt trong s cc nhm WQI ph c gi tr rt thp th WQI cui cng cng
thp cho d gi tr ca nhm WQI ph khc cao. Qua biu x.x ta nhn thy nhng
im quan trc c gi tr WQI cao nht th c 3 nhm ch s ph u cao v kh ng
u nhau.

66

 th: ng gp ca cc nhm thng s vo ch s WQI cui cng

(s liu c sp xp theo th t tng dn ca WQI, cc nhm ch s ph l trung
bnh ca WQI ph trong nm 2008 - 2009).
67

VI. KT LUN
Phng php tnh ton WQI c xut da trn nhng phng php lun
v WQI p dng ph bin nht hin nay, v vy y l phng php c c s khoa hc
vng chc.
Kt qu tnh ton th nghim cho thy phng php WQI xut ph hp
trong vic nh gi hin trng v din bin cht lng nc.
xut p dng rng ri trong vic nh gi cht lng nc, phn vng cht
lng nc.

68

BI TP
Vi ngun s liu sau:
-

S liu ca 3 t quan trc ca mt s im quan trc nc mt lc a

Loi s liu: s liu quan trc nh k

Yu cu:
-

Tnh WQI ca tng im quan trc trong tng t

V biu so snh WQI gia cc im quan trc trong cng 1 t

V bin so snh WQI gia cc t quan trc

S liu quan trc cho trong cc bng di y

1. Bi tp 1
Chng trnh quan trc LVS Cu nm 2009.
t 1 nm 2009
TT

im QT

DO

tC

COD

BOD5

TSS

N-Nh4

Coliform

mg/l

mg/l

mg/l

mg/l

mg/l

MPN/100ml

pH

PPO4

NTU

mg/l

Cu Ph

7.3

25.4

11

20

0.27

2600

8.0

81

0.02

Thc Ging

7.4

24.6

12

0.09

3100

7.8

0.02

Cu mi

7.3

26.5

10

22

0.10

2900

8.1

19

0.02

Vn Lang

7.2

23.1

18

0.09

2700

8.1

15

0.02

Ho Bnh

24.9

10

30

0.13

6800

7.9

21

0.05

Sn cm

7.1

25.6

45

0.18

7200

8.0

11

0.04

Hong Vn Th

6.9

26.3

11

48

0.32

3000

6.7

91

0.02

t 2 nm 2009
TT

im QT

DO

to C

COD

BOD5

TSS

N-Nh4

Coliform

mg/l

mg/l

mg/l

mg/l

mg/l

MPN/100l

pH

P-PO4

NTU

mg/l

Cu Ph

7.4

29.6

0.11

24000

7.8

72

0.03

Thc Ging

7.3

28.4

0.08

14000

7.5

20

0.02

Cu mi

6.7

27.9

16

0.04

27500

7.9

60

0.02

Vn Lang

6.8

28.1

35

0.09

15000

7.9

30

0.06

Ho Bnh

6.4

27.3

22

0.39

27000

7.2

35

0.03

Sn cm

6.5

29.5

32

0.07

56000

7.6

30

0.02

69

Hong Vn Th

5.9

27.6

27

0.09

17500

7.1

101

0.03

t 3 nm 2009
TT

im QT

DO

to C

COD

BOD5

TSS

N-Nh4

Coliform

mg/l

mg/l

mg/l

mg/l

mg/l

MPN/100l

pH

P-PO4

NTU

mg/l

Cu Ph

7.5

31.2

0.62

15500

7.4

75

0.04

Thc Ging

7.5

31.2

0.11

9500

7.0

55

0.05

Cu mi

6.9

29.5

11

11

0.43

6000

7.8

88

0.02

Vn Lang

30.4

10

16

0.53

7000

7.9

46

0.02

Ho Bnh

6.8

32.0

42

0.18

16000

7.2

77

0.05

Sn cm

6.8

31.4

59

0.21

5500

7.6

87

0.03

Hong Vn Th

29.2

26

0.49

29500

7.3

173

0.04

pH

2. Bi tp 2
Chng trnh quan trc LVS Nhu y nm 2009.
t 1 nm 2009
TT

im QT

DO

to C

BOD5

COD

N-NH4

P-PO4

TSS

Coliform

mg/l

mg/l

mg/l

mg/l

mg/l

mg/l

MPN/100ml

NTU

Cng Lin Mc

8.37

21.2

0.24

0.03

25.5

10800

23.6

7.9

Phc La

4.66

22.1

10

55

11.07

1.19

51.0

7700

56.0

7.3

Cu T

1.91

22.6

43

10.67

1.17

49.0

14900

57.2

7.5

1.88

23.1

46

9.19

0.95

57.0

9300

69.0

7.4

Cu Chic

1.12

20.5

29

9.00

2.71

134.0

12600

115.0

7.4

ng Quan

5.92

22.6

32

8.00

0.65

63.0

9600

40.5

6.3

Cng Thn

6.90

21.4

27

5.42

0.59

44.0

6200

65.4

7.8

Cng Nht Tu

6.50

23.1

30

4.66

0.24

58.0

7100

68.7

7.3

Kiu

5.57

20.4

20

6.73

0.13

48.0

6400

45.5

7.5

Cu Hng Ph

6.33

19.6

26

2.51

0.06

32.0

7600

36.6

7.5

pH

10

t 2 nm 2009
TT

im QT

DO

toC

BOD5

COD

N-NH4

P-PO4

TSS

Coliform

mg/l

oC

mg/l

mg/l

mg/l

mg/l

mg/l

MPN/100ml

NTU

70

Cng Lin Mc

7.50

24.3

11

0.49

0.03

65.0

27000

120.0

7.7

Phc La

8.30

24.6

13

4.07

0.63

111.0

140000

110.0

7.3

Cu T

2.40

25.6

12

3.29

0.63

122.0

57500

225.0

7.1

2.20

24.1

17

3.54

0.61

182.0

91000

230.0

7.2

Cu Chic

4.10

25.7

16

3.57

0.59

144.0

117500

180.0

7.2

ng Quan

2.60

24.8

18

11.81

1.38

59.0

64500

78.0

7.3

Cng Thn

5.60

25.6

16

3.95

0.40

68.0

4500

58.0

7.5

Cng Nht Tu

4.20

24.5

17

4.20

0.47

34.5

25500

28.0

7.3

Kiu

7.80

26.3

15

3.45

0.30

58.0

19000

77.0

6.6

Cu Hng Ph

4.40

24.1

12

0.88

0.08

33.0

18500

36.0

7.4

10

t 3 nm 2009
TT

im QT

DO

toC

BOD5

COD

N-NH4

P-PO4

TSS

Coliform

mg/l

oC

mg/l

mg/l

mg/l

mg/l

mg/l

MPN/100ml

NTU

pH

Cng Lin Mc

7.00

28.6

0.60

0.12

119.0

22500

470.0

7.6

Phc La

3.50

26.4

13

25

3.14

0.56

30.0

22000

150.0

7.6

Cu T

3.60

27.6

16

3.34

0.46

244.0

83500

420.0

7.9

2.70

28.4

19

3.45

0.54

398.0

20000

500.0

7.9

Cu Chic

3.10

29.6

20

5.93

0.68

10.0

41000

150.0

7.7

ng Quan

3.60

27.6

18

25

5.28

0.87

30.0

8500

72.0

7.5

Cng Thn

3.60

26.5

23

4.49

0.53

45.0

29000

77.0

7.6

Cng Nht Tu

5.50

27.4

21

2.79

0.29

19.0

24500

67.0

7.5

Kiu

4.60

26.9

10

22

2.04

0.22

30.0

14000

67.0

7.2

Cu Hng Ph

4.60

27.8

22

2.74

0.22

22.0

191000

13.0

7.7

10

3. Bi tp 3
Chng trnh quan trc LVS ng Nai Si Gn nm 2009.
t 1 nm 2009
STT

V tr ly mu

H Du Ting 1

pH

6.78

to C

TSS

BOD5

COD

DO

NNH4

P-PO4

Coliform

NTU

mg/l

mg/l

mg/l

mg/l

mg/l

mg/l

MPN/100ml

30.8

9.9

8.5

3.8

8.8

5.70

0.122

0.053

210

71

Chn p Du
Ting

6.99

30.8

12.0

16.5

1.7

5.6

3.68

0.608

0.207

90

Cu Bn Sc

6.61

31.1

53.0

31.3

5.3

14.0

3.22

0.168

0.126

40

Sng Th Tnh

7.16

30.2

164.0

99.0

13.0

32.8

2.39

2.428

0.641

230

Ca sng Th Tnh

5.91

30.3

44.0

55.0

13.6

34.4

2.02

0.314

0.138

210

Bn Than

6.24

29.9

43.0

53.5

5.6

11.6

2.94

0.230

0.162

230

Cu Ph Long

6.50

30.0

12.9

17.0

8.9

28.0

3.04

0.246

0.166

440

t 2 nm 2009
STT

V tr ly mu

pH

to C

TSS

BOD5

COD

DO

N-NH4

PPO4

Coliform

NTU

mg/l

mg/l

mg/l

mg/l

mg/l

mg/l

MPN/100ml

H Du Ting 1

8.64

30.8

1.0

5.0

2.3

4.8

6.7

0.249

0.035

30

Chn p Du
Ting

7.02

29.5

3.0

6.0

2.9

5.7

5.9

0.269

0.049

11000

Cu Bn Sc

6.83

29.8

33.0

23.5

6.5

17.1

4.1

0.232

0.184

1500

Sng Th Tnh

6.31

29.0

140.0

87.0

12.9

36.2

2.7

1.251

0.620

2900

Ca sng Th
Tnh

6.31

29.0

36.0

24.0

9.3

20.9

3.6

0.236

0.103

24000

Bn Than

6.32

29.3

39.0

27.5

7.1

17.1

3.9

0.259

0.576

530

Cu Ph Long

6.35

29.7

33.0

18.5

9.2

21.9

3.6

0.461

0.164

21000

t 3 nm 2009
STT

V tr ly mu

pH

to C

TSS

BOD5

COD

DO

N-NH4

PPO4

Coliform

NTU

mg/l

mg/l

mg/l

mg/l

mg/l

mg/l

MPN/100ml

H Du Ting 1

6.90

27.8

7.0

4.5

1.2

3.1

6.62

0.222

0.003

530

Chn p Du
Ting

6.41

29.5

28.0

19.0

1.3

5.0

5.61

0.777

0.060

930

Cu Bn Sc

6.12

29.0

98.0

64.5

6.7

19.2

4.23

0.259

0.161

2300

Sng Th Tnh

6.27

29.6

121.0

72.5

4.8

13.4

5.24

0.648

0.347

530

Ca sng Th
Tnh

5.98

29.3

119.0

71.0

9.8

22.3

3.59

0.401

0.216

15000

Bn Than

6.43

29.1

135.0

74.0

11.7

25.9

2.67

0.666

0.249

2400

Cu Ph Long

6.34

28.4

64.0

22.0

10.5

21.1

1.93

0.035

0.197

440

72

P N
1. Bi tp 1
Kt qu tnh ton WQI t 1

Kt qu tnh ton WQI t 2

Kt qu tnh ton WQI t 3

73

 th WQI t 1

th WQI trong 3 t

2. Bi tp 2
Kt qu tnh ton WQI t 1

Kt qu tnh ton WQI t 2

74

 Kt qu tnh ton WQI t 3

th WQI t 1

th WQI trong 3 t

3. Bi tp 3
75

 Kt qu tnh ton WQI t 1

Kt qu tnh ton WQI t 2

Kt qu tnh ton WQI t 3

th WQI t 1
76

 th WQI trong 3 t

TI LIU THAM KHO

77

1. The Mekong river card on water quality, Volume 2: December 2009 An

assessment of potential Human Impacts to Mekong river water quality
2. Development of Water Quality Indices for Surface Water Quality Evaluation in
Vietnam, Thesis for Ph.D.s Degree Pham Thi Minh Hanh
3. Canadian Water Quality Guideline for the Protection of Aquatic Life - Water
Quality Index Technical Subcommittee - The Canadian Council of Ministers of the
Environment
4. Oregon Water Quality Index: a Tool for Evaluting Water Quality Manegment
Effectiveness Journal of the American water resources association
5. Assessing the water quality index of water treament pla n and bore well, in Delhi,
India, M.K Chaturvedi, J.K Bassin
6. Turtle Lake Water Quality Index, Turtle Lake Watershed Inc, June 13, 2005
7. Integrated Water Quality Assessment for Florida: 305 (b) methodlogy, 2006 305(b)
Report and 303(d) List Update
8. San Francisco Bay Water Quality Index - INDICATOR ANALYSIS AND
EVALUATION
9. Water Quality Index as Applied to Fall Creek - Marion County Health Department,
Department of Water Quality and Hazardous Materials Management Department.
10. Nghin cu ch s cht lng nc nh gi v qun l cht lng nc h
thng sng ng Nai - TS. Tn Tht Lng, Trng Cao ng Ti nguyn v Mi
trng TP. H Ch Minh
11. Nghin cu phn vng cht lng nc theo cc ch s cht lng nc (WQI) v
nh gi kh nng p dng cc ngun nc sng, knh rch vng thnh ph H Ch
Minh L Trnh, Nguyn Th Lc
12. Phn vng cht lng nc cc sng h khu vc thnh ph H Ni v thnh ph
H Ch Minh theo cc m hnh ch s cht lng nc - L Trnh, Dng Thi Bnh,
Nguyn Tn Lc, L Quc Hng.
13. Bi ging Ch s cht lng mi trng Khoa Mi trng, i hc Lt

78