teSpf ( 20 ) ajrmuf

&Spfav;vHk;aeŒtxdfrf;trSwf
oabmxm;xkwfjyefausnmcsuf
( tar&duefjynfaxmifpk/ e,la,mufjrdKΠ)
aeŒpGJ? ? 8-8-2008
tar&duefjynfaxmifpk e,la,mufjrdfKŒY/
usif;yjyKvkyfaom teSpf ( 20 ) ajrmuf&Spf
av;vHk;aeŒtxdrf;trSwf tcrf;tem;odkŒ /
&Spfav;vHk; 'Drdkua&pD awmfvSefa&;wGif yg0ifcJh
aom&Jabmfrsm;/ edkifiHwuma&muf
jrefrmhedkifiHa&;acgif;aqmifrsm;/
ajrmuftar&duwdkuf &Sd
'Drdkua&pD tiftm;pkrsm;eSifh edkifiHa&;ygwD
tzGJŒtpnf;toD;oD;rS udk,fpm;vS,frsm; tpHkt
nDpka0;wufa&muf cJh=uygonf?
TteSpf ( 20 ) ajrmuf&Spfav;vHk;aeŒtxdrf;trSwf
vlxktpnf;ta0;=uD;rSatmuf
az:jyyg edkifiHa&;qHk;jzwfcsufrsm;udk
wpfnDwpfnGwfwnf; qHk;jzwfcJh=uygonf?

1? ppftm%m&Sifpepftm;
&[ef;&Sifvljynfolvlxktm;vHk; yl;aygif;yg0ifaomvlxk
tHk=uGqefŒusifawmfvSefr_jzifhom
jzKwfcsedfkifrnf[k uGsekyfwdkŒ,Hk=unfonf?
2? jrefrmhordkif;wGifomru urBmordkif;wGifyg
atmufwef;tusqHk;/ t,kwfrmt
&ufpufqHk;/ bmomrJh omoemzsuf / rdpPm'dXd /
tm%m&l; ppftkyfpktm; jzKwfcs&eft
wGuf/ jynfolvlxkeSifh edkifiHa&;tiftm;pkwdkŒ.
enf;vrf;aygif;pHkjzifh usKd;yef;aqmif&Guf
 r_tm;vHk;udk w&m;r#wrSefuefonf[k ,lqon/f
tjynfht0axmufcHtm;ay;onf?
3? ppftm%m&Sifrsm;tm;
qefŒusifwdkufyGJ0ifaeaom jynfwGif;/ jynfy
'Drdkua&pD
tiftm;pkrsm;taejzifh vGwfvyfa&; wkdufyGJumvu
trsKd;om;acgif;aqmif=uD; Adkvf
csKyfatmifqef;wdkΠOD;aqmifcJhaom ( z q y v )
tzGJŒcsKyf=uD;uJhodkŒ pnf;vHk;nDnGwf
aom trsKd;om;nDnGwfa&; wyfaygif;pk=uD;
wpf&yf ay:aygufvm&ef / =udK;yrf;aqmif
&GufoGm;=u&ef qHk;jzwfonf?
4? jynfwGif;jynfy [efcsufnD edkifiHa&;
v_yf&Sm;r_ rsm;udk t&Sdeft[kefwdk;jrifhaqmif
&GufoGm;jyD;? edkifiHa&;acgif;aqmifrsm;/
vlrsKd;pkacgif;aqmifrsm;/
ausmif;om;acgif;aqmif
rsm;/ jynfolŒv$wfawmf udk,fpm;vS,frsm;/
vl&dkao &Sif&dkao yk*~Kdvfrsm;/ todynm&Sif
twwfynm&Sifrsm; yg0ifaom =um;umv
trsKd;om;nDnGwfa&; tpdk;&wpf&yfudk t
jrefqHk;zGJŒpnf;edkif&eftwGuf
=udK;yrf;aqmif&GufoGm;=u&ef qHk;jzwfonf?
5? ppftm%m&Sifpepf jzKwfcsa&;/ 'Drdkua&pD
&&Sda&;twGuf tar&duefjynfaxmif
pk/ Oa&myeSifh tm&S wdkŒrS
'Drdkua&pDwdkif;jynfrsm;.
usKd;yrf;aqmif&Gufr_rsm;udk tjynfh

t0 axmufcH=udKqdkonf/ aeŒpOf
vlom;&mZ0wfr_ΠusL;vGefaeaom jrefrmppftkyfpk
 tm; ukvor*~ tygt0if ekdifiHwumrdom;pk
todkif;t0dkif;rS oHcif;orefcif; ajzmif;
zsem;csaom usKd;yrf;r_rsm;tjyif/ 4if;wdkŒxuf
ydkrdkus,fjyefΠxda&mufaom ta&;,l
aqmif&Gufr_rsm;udk enf;vrf;&Sm=uH
usKd;yrf;aqmif&Guf oGm;=u&ef
wdkufwGef;edk;aqmf
onf?
6? tmpD,Htygt0if
a'owGif;edkifiHrsm;taejzifhvnf; ppftm%m&Sif
pepfvuf
atmufwGif aeŒpOfeSifhtr# ab;'kuQrsKd;pHk
awGŒ=uHK cHpm;ae&aom jrefrmjynfol jynf
om;rsm;tay: pmemaxmufxm;aomtm;jzifh /
vlrsKd;wHk; nif;pJowfjzwf r_rsm;eSifh
wdkif;jynftm; enf;vrf;aygif;pHkjzifh
zsufpD;aeaom jrefrmppftkyfpktm; edkifiHa&;/
pD;yGm;
a&;/ vlr_a&; ausmaxmufaemufcH
ay;aer_rsm;udk tjrefqHk; &yfpJv#uf/ ,ckxufydkrdk
xda&muf jyif;xefaom wm;jrpfydwfyif ta&;,l
aqmif&Guf r_rsm;udk jyKvkyfoGm;=u
&ef tav;teuf wdkufwGef;awmif;qdkonf?
7? 1990 ta&G;aumufyGJonfjynfolvlxk
wpf&yfvHk;. wpfcJeufqEN tppftrSef
jzpfaoma=umifh / 1990 ta&G;aumufyGJ &v'ftm;
jypfy,faom ( odkŒr[kwf ) ysuf
jy,fapaom vkyf&yfrSefor#udk qefŒusifonf?
w&m;rJhenf;vrf;aygif;pHkjzifh
t"rRtwnfjyKxm;aom ppf0g'zGJŒpnf;yHk Oya'eSifh
4if;zGJŒpnf;yHkt& jyKvkyfrnfh ( 1910 )
a&G;aumufyGJtm; vHk;0todtrSwfrjyKyJ/ qefŒ
 usifwdkufzsufoGm;&ef
wpfnDwpfnGwfwnf;qHk;jzwfonf?
8? rw&m;zrf;qD;jcif; cHxm;&aom jrefrmh
edkifiHa&; acgif;aqmif a':atmifqef;pk
=unf/ wdkif&if;om;acgif;aqmifrsm;/ 88
rsKd;qufausmif;om;acgif;aqmifrsm; / ekdifiHa&;
ygwDtzGJΠtpnf;toD;oD;rSacgif;aqmifrsm;/
ausmif;om;vli,frsm;tm;vHk;udk tjref
qHk;vGwfay;&ef tjyif;txefawmif;qdkonf?
etz ppftkyfpktaejzifh tcsdefraemif;ao;cif
=udKwifpnf;urf;rowfrSwfyJ t
rsKd;om;jynfvnf oifhjrwfa&; vkyfief;rsm;udk
tjrefqHk; aqmif&Guf&ef tav;teuf
awmif;qdkonf?tu,fIppftkyfpktaejzifh 4if;wdkŒ.
wdkifjynfysufpD;&mysufpD;a=umif;
vkyf&yfrsm;udk ZGwfwdk;jyKvkyfaeygu
jzpfay:vmaom aemufqufwGJqdk;usKd;&v'frsm;
tm;vHk;onf etzppftkyfpkYom
vHk;0wm0ef&Sdonf[k wpfnDwpfnGwfwnf;qHk;jzwf
owfrSwfonf?

teSpf ( 20 ) &Spfav;vHk;aeŒtxdrf;trSwf
vlxktpnf;ta0;jzpfajrmufa&;aumfrwD
tar&duefjynfaxmifpk e,l;a,mufjrdKŒ?