Magnetic Circuits and Transformers

Discussion D10.1 Chapter 6

Hans Christian Oersted (1777 1851)

1822 In 1820 he showed that a current produces a magnetic field. Ref: http://chem.ch.huji.ac.il/~eugeniik/history/oersted.htm
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Andr-Marie Ampre (1775 1836)

French mathematics professor who only a week after learning of Oersteds discoveries in Sept. 1820 demonstrated that parallel wires carrying currents attract and repel each other. attract

A moving charge of 1 coulomb per second is a current of 1 ampere (amp).

repel
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Michael Faraday (1791 1867)

Self-taught English chemist and physicist discovered electromagnetic induction in 1831 by which a changing magnetic field induces an electric field.

A capacitance of 1 coulomb per volt is called a farad (F)

Faradays electromagnetic induction ring 4

Joseph Henry (1797 1878)

American scientist, Princeton University professor, and first Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution.

Discovered selfinduction

Built the largest electromagnets of his day

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Unit of inductance, L, is the Henry

Magnetic Fields and Circuits

A current i through a coil produces a magnetic flux, J, in webers, Wb.
J ! BgdA
A

J ! BA

B = magnetic flux density in Wb/m2.

B ! QH

H = magnetic field intensity in A/m. Q = magnetic permeability Ampere's Law:

Hl ! Ni
reluctance

gdl ! i H
F !RJ

Magnetomotive force F ! Ni

Magnetic Flux
Magnetic flux, J, in webers, Wb.
i1
i2

Current entering "dots" produce luxes that add.

v2

J1 ! flux in coil 1produced by current in coil 1 1

J12 ! lux in coil 1 produced by current in coil 2 J21 ! lux in coil 2 produced by current in coil 1 J22 ! lux in coil 2 produced by current in coil 2 J1 ! total lux in coil 1 ! J11  J12 J2 ! total lux in coil 2 ! J21  J22
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Faraday's Law
i
i2

N2

v2

Total flux linking coil 1: P ! N J

d P1 dJ1 ! N1 Faraday's Law: induced voltage in coil 1 is v1 (t ) ! dt dt

Sign of induced voltage v1 is such that the current i through an external resistor would be opposite to the current i1 that produces the flux J1. Example of Lenz's law
8 Symbol L of inductance from Lenz

Mutual Inductance
i1
i2

N1

N2

v2

Faraday's Law

dJ1 dJ11 dJ12 ! N1  N1 v1(t ) ! N 1 dt dt dt di1 di2 v1 (t ) ! L11  L12 dt dt

In linear range, flux is proportional to current

self-inductance

mutual inductance

Mutual Inductance
i
i2

v1

N2

v2

di di2 v (t ) ! L L2 dt dt di1 di2 v2 (t ) ! L21  L22 dt dt

di1 di2 v1 (t ) ! L1 M dt dt di1 di2 v2 (t ) ! M  L2 dt dt

Linear media L12 ! L21 ! M Let

L2 ! L22 L1 ! L11

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Ideal Transformer - Voltage

i1
i2

dJ v1 (t ) ! N1 dt

v1

N1

N2

v2

The input AC voltage, v1, produces a flux

1 J! v1 (t )dt N1

This changing flux through coil 2 induces a voltage, v2 across coil 2

dJ v1 N1 dt N1 ! ! v2 N 2 dJ N 2 dt

dJ v2 (t ) ! N 2 dt

N2 v2 ! v1 N1
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Ideal Transformer - Current

i1
i2

Magnetomotive force, mmf

v1

N1

N2

v2

F ! Ni

J The total mmf applied to core is

F ! N1i1  N 2i2 ! R J

For ideal transformer, the reluctance R is zero.

N1i1 ! N 2i2

N1 i2 ! i1 N2
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Ideal Transformer - Impedance

i
i2

Load impedance

v1

N2

v2

V2 ZL ! I2
N1 V1 ! V2 N2

Input impedance

V Zi ! I

N1 Zi ! ZL N2
ZL Zi ! 2 n

N2 I1 ! I2 N1
N2 n! N1
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Turns ratio

Ideal Transformer - Power

i
i2

v1

N2

v2

P ! vi

Power delivered to primary

Power delivered to load

P ! v1i1 1
N2 v2 ! v1 N1 N1 i2 ! i1 N2

P2 ! v2i2 P2 ! v2i2 ! v1i1 ! P 1

Power delivered to an ideal transformer by the source is transferred to the load.

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L.V.D.T. Linear Variable Differential Transformer

Position transducer

http://www.rdpelectronics.com/displacement/lvdt/lvdt-principles.htm http://www.efunda.com/DesignStandards/sensors/lvdt/lvdt_theory.cfm 15

LVDT's are often used on clutch actuation and for monitoring brake disc wear

LVDT's are also used for sensors in an automotive active suspension system

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