Chng 2: Nit v Photpho

Ha hc 11

Chng 2: NIT VA PHOTPHO

I. KHI QUT V NHM NIT
- Nhm Nit (thuc nhm VA) Tn nguyn t K hiu S hiu Z Tn nguyn t Nit Nit N 7 K hiu Z 7 Photpho P 15 Cu hnh elp ngoi cng 2s22p3 Asen As 33 m in 3,04 Antimon Sb 51 Bitmut Bi 83

S oxi ha trong cc hp cht +5 (s oxi ha cao nht: N2O5) -3 (s oxi ha thp nht: NH3, AlN) +5 (s oxi ha cao nht: P2O5) -3 (s oxi ha thp nht: PH3, K3P)

Photpho 3 dng th hnh: - P trng - P en - P

15

3s23p3

2,19

- S bin i tnh cht ca cc nguyn t nhm Nit n cht N P As Sb Bi Khng kim loi Khng kim loi Na kim loi Na kim loi Kim loi Oxit / hidroxit Axit mnh Axit trung bnh Axit yu lng tnh Lng tnh Bazo yu Tnh oxi ha Gim dn bn s oxi ha -3 Tng dn

- Do c kh nng gim v tng s oxi ha trong cc phn ng ha hc nn nguyn t cc nguyn t nhm nito th hin tnh oxi ha v tnh kh.

Gv: on Th Thy Hnh

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Chng 2: Nit v Photpho

Ha hc 11

II. NIT
1) Cu to phn t N2: - Cng thc e : N N - Cng thc cu to : N N 2) Tnh cht ha hc: (N2 = 28) Tnh cht ha hc c trng l tnh oxi ha (nit l phi kim).Khi tc dng vi nguyn t c m in ln hn th nit th hin tnh kh. a. Tc dng phi kim : - Tc dng vi H2:
N2 + 3H2
t0 C
p

4C 5 0

c a o

, x

2NH3
t : F

- Tc dng vi O2:
N2 + O2
3 0 0C 0 0

2NO

NO l kh khng mu ,trong khng kh nhit thng phn ng vi O2 ca khng kh : 2NO + O2 2NO2 (mu nu) Ch : N2 cn cc oxit khc : N 2 O, N 2 O3 , N 2 O5 khng iu ch c trc tip t N2 tc dng vi O2 b. Tc dng vi kim loi : nhit thng ch tc dng vi Liti (Li), ni chung u xy ra nhit cao mui nitrua. 3Li + N2 Li3N 3) iu ch : Trong phng th nghim:
+1 +3 +5

- Chng phn on khng kh lng NH4NO2 tC N2 + 2H2O C th thay NH4NO2 bng dung dch ca NaNO2 & NH4Cl - NH4NO3 35 0 C N2 + O2 + 2H2O tC - (NH4)2Cr2O7 N2 + Cr2O3 + 4H2O - 4NH3 + 3O2 tC 2N2 + 6H2O - 2NH3 + 3CuO tC N2 + 3Cu + 3H2O - 3(NH4)2SO4 tC 4NH3 + N2 + 3SO2 + 6H2O - 2NO2 + 2C tC N2 + 2CO2
0 0

- NxOy + yCu

tC

yCuO +
tC
0

x N2 2

- NH4Cl + NaNO2 - CxHyOzNt + ( x +

N2 + NaCl + 2H2O

y z y t ) O2 xCO2 + H2 O + N2 4 2 2 2

Trong cng nghip :Chng ct phn on khng kh lng N2 bay ra trc.

Gv: on Th Thy Hnh

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Chng 2: Nit v Photpho

Ha hc 11
+1 +2 +4
+5

III. HP CHT CA NIT

A.Cc oxit ca Nit gm : N 2 O; N O; N O2 ;
1) N2O: (cht kh) :
: N N O

N 2 O5

Tnh cht ha hc N2O

50 0 C
0

iu ch NH4NO3 N2O + 2H2O 2NaNO3 + (NH4)2SO4 tC Na2SO4 + 2N2O + 4H2O 8Al + 30HNO3 long 8Al(NO3)3 +3N2O + 15H2O
2 0 00 C
0

N2 +
0

1 O2 2

3N2O + 2NH3

tC

4N2 + 3H2O

2) NO : (cht kh ) :

: N =O :
iu ch - Trong phng th nghim: 3Cu + 8HNO3 long 3Cu(NO3)2 + 2NO + 4H2O 3FeCl2 + KNO3 + 4HCl 3FeCl3 + KCl + NO + 2H2O - Trong cng nghip: 2NH3 +
5 O2 Pt ,850 2NO + 3H2O C 2
0

Tnh cht ha hc - NO l oxit khng to mui - NO va c tnh kh ,va c tnh oxi ha : 2NO + O2 2NO2 2NO + Cl2 2NOCl (Nitrozyl clorua) 10NO + 6KMnO4 + 9H2SO4 10HNO3+3K2SO4 + 6MnSO4 +4H2O 2NO + 2H2S 2S + N2 + 2H2O 2NO + SO2 SO3 + N2O

Khi c sm st tia la in : N2 + O2 > 2000 2NO - Q C

0

3) NO2 : (cht kh ):

O N = O
iu ch - Trong phng th nghim: Cu + 4HNO3 Cu(NO3)2 + 2NO2 +H2O - Trong cng nghip: C 4NH3 +5O2 Pt ,850 4NO + 6H2O 2NO + O2 2NO2
0

Tnh cht ha hc 2NO2 N2O4 (mu ) (khng mu ) - Tc dng vi hp cht (tnh anhidrit): 3NO2 + H2O 2HNO3 + NO 4NO2 + O2 + 2H2O 4HNO3 2NO2 +2NaOH NaNO3+NaNO2+ H2O 4NO2 + 2Ca(OH)2 Ca(NO3)2 +2H2O + Ca(NO2)2 - Tnh oxi ha v tnh kh: 2NO2 + 2C tC N2 + 2CO2 NO2 + SO2 SO3 + NO 2NO2 + O3 N2O5 + O2
0

4) N2O5 : (cht kh ):

Tnh cht ha hc N2O5 +H2O

2HNO3

Gv: on Th Thy Hnh

N-O-N
=

O O

iu ch 2HNO3 N2O5 + H2O

P2 O5 , H 2 O

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Chng 2: Nit v Photpho N2O5 + 2NaOH

Ha hc 11

2NaNO3 +H2O B. Amoniac : NH3

H: N: H

- Cng thc e :
H

H ..
N H

- CTCT : - Cu trc phn t NH3 hnh thp ,y l tam gic u . - iu kin thng l 1 cht kh khng mu ,mi khai ,d ha lng. - Tan nhiu trong nc ,to dung dch kim yu (qu tm ha xanh, phenolphthalein ha hng) Tnh cht ha hc 1) Phn ng vi H2O & dung dch axit NH3 + H2O NH4+ + OHNH3 + HNO3 NH4NO3 NH3 + HCl NH4Cl (phn ng nhn bit) - Phn ng iu ch NH4HCO3 NH3 + CO2 + H2O NH4HCO3 -Phn ng iu ch ur 2NH3 + CO2 H2N COONH4 H O H2N COONH4 (NH2)2CO 2) Tc dng vi dung dch mui kim loi : AlCl3 + 3NH3 + 3H2O Al(OH)3 + 3NH4Cl 3) Phn ng to phc 4NH3 + Cu(OH)2 [Cu(NH3)4](OH)2 2NH3 + AgCl [Ag(NH3)2]Cl 4) Phn ng vi cc cht oxi ha : t 2NH3 C N2 + 3H2 4NH3 + 3O2 tC 2N2 + 6H2O 4NH3 + 5O2 tC 4NO + 6H2O 2NH3 + 3CuO tC N2 + 3Cu + 3H2O 2NH3 + 3Cl2 N2 + 6HCl 5) Phn ng th : 2Al + 2NH3 tC 2AlN + 3H2
2
0
0

iu ch - Trong phng th nghim: 2NH4Cl + Ca(OH)2 2NH3 + CaCl2 + 2H2O Ca3N2 + 6H2O 3Ca(OH)2 + 2NH3 - Trong cng nghip: 400 C Fe N2 + 3H2 , 2NH3
0

NaNH2 + 1/2 H2 Na + NH3 t0C Na2NH + H2 Na3N + 3/2 H2

Gv: on Th Thy Hnh

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Chng 2: Nit v Photpho

Ha hc 11

C. Mui amoni : (NH4)nX

Tnh cht ha hc 1) C tnh cht chung ca 1 mui - Phn ng thy phn to mi trng axit NH4+ + H2O NH3 + H3O+ - Tc dng vi dung dch kim: NH4NO3 + NaOH NaNO3 + NH3 + H2O - Tc dng vi dung dch mui NH4Cl + AgNO3 NH4NO3 + AgCl - Tc dng vi dung dch axit (NH4)2CO3 + 2HCl 2NH4Cl + CO2 + H2O 2) Phn ng nhit phn - Mui ca axit khng c oxi NH4Cl tC NH3 + HCl - Mui ca axit c oxi 2NH4NO2 tC N2 + 4H2O
0
0

iu ch - iu ch : 2NH3 + H2SO4 (NH4)2SO4 NH3 + HNO3 NH4NO3 - ng dng : Ch yu lm phn m , thuc n , lm bt n ,lm sch b mt kim loi.: 3CuO + 2NH4Cl tC 3Cu + N2 + 2HCl + 3H2O
0

NH3 + NH4HCO3
0 (NH4)2CO3 t C

2NH3 + CO2 + H2O

N2O + 2H2O NH4NO3 t C N2 + 1/2 O2 + 2H2O
0

D. Mui Nitrat : M(NO3)n

Tnh cht ha hc 1) C tnh cht chung ca mui: phn li hon ton trong nc , c phn ng trao i vi mui khc , kim , axit. 2) Phn ng nhit phn mui nitrat khan:
K Ca Na
M(NO3)n 0 tC M(NO2)n + Mg Al Mn Zn Cr Fe Ni Sn Pb H Cu 2M(NO3)n tC M2On +2nNO2 +
0

ng dng - Phn ln mui nitrat lm phn bn : NH4NO3 (m 2 l ) (NH4)2SO4 (m 1 l) (NH2)2CO (ur) - Thuc n en l hn hp gm 75% KNO3 , 10%S , 15%C. 2KNO3 + 3C + S tC K2S + N2 + 3CO2 + Q
0

Hg Pt Au
M(NO3)n 0 tC M nNO2+ O2

n O2 2

n 2

O2 Ring 0 2Ba(NO3)2 tC 2BaO +4NO2 + O2

n 2

3) Phn ng oxi ha kh: Ion NO3- trong mi trng axit & bazo c tnh oxi ha nh axit HNO3 2KNO3 + 3Cu + 8H+ 3Cu2+ + 2NO + 2K+ + 4H2O NaNO3 + 4Zn + 7NaOH 4Na2ZnO2 +NH3 +2H2O 3NaNO3 + 8Al + 5NaOH + 2H2O 8NaAlO2 +3NH3 4)nh tnh ion NO3-: Mui nitrat + H2SO4 + vn Cu tC NO2 (mu nu) 2NO3- +H2SO4 2HNO3 + SO424HNO3 + Cu Cu(NO3)2 + 2NO2 + 2H2O
0

Gv: on Th Thy Hnh

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Chng 2: Nit v Photpho

Ha hc 11

E. Axit Nitric : HNO3

- CTCT :
H-O-N=O O

Tnh cht ha hc 1) Tnh axit - Th hin tnh axit mnh : HNO3 + H2O H3O+ + NO3- Tc dng vi bazo , oxit bazo , mui mui nitrat. 2) Km bn : HNO3 un nng , ra nng phn tch 1 phn 4HNO3 4NO2 + O2 + 2H2O (NO2 tan trong dung dch ) 3) Tnh oxi ha : - Tc dng vi kim loi (tr Au , Pt) Cu + 4HNO3 Cu(NO3)2 + 2NO2 + 2H2O 8Al + 30HNO3 8Al(NO3)3 + 3N2O + 15H2O
HNO3 KL hot ng ha hc mnh Long NH4NO3, N2, N2O, NO c NO2 KL km hot ng ha hc NO

iu ch Sn xut HNO3 c 3 phng php : - Phng php h quang:

N2 2
+
2 0

0 C0

NO 0

NO2

2 OH

HNO3

Lu : + HNO3 ,ngui khng phn ng vi Al ,Fe, Cr. + 1 th tch HNO3 + 3 th tch HCl gi l nc cng thy, ha tan Au ,Pt: Au + HNO3 + 3HCl AuCl3 + NO +2H2O - Tc dng vi phi kim : 6HNO3 + S tC H2SO4 + 6NO2 + 2H2O 5HNO3 long +3P +2H2O tC 3H3PO4 + 5NO 4HNO3 + C tC CO2 + 4NO2 + 2H2O 10HNO3 + 3I2 tC 6HIO3 + 10NO + 2H2O - Oxi ha cc hp cht c tnh kh: 12HNO3 + 3FeS Fe(NO3)3 + Fe2(SO4)3 + 9NO + 6H2O 2FeS2 + 30HNO3 Fe2(SO4)3 + H2SO4 + 30NO2 + 14H2O FeS2 + 18HNO3 Fe(NO3)3 + 2H2SO4 + 15NO2 + 7H2O 3FeSO4 + 4HNO3 long Fe(NO3)3 + Fe2(SO4)3 + NO + 2H2O 3FeSO4 + 10HNO3 long 3Fe(NO3)3 + NO + 3H2SO4 + 2H2O 3FeO + 10HNO3 long 3Fe(NO3)3 + NO +5H2O 3H2S + 2HNO3 long 3S + 2NO + 4H2O
0
0

Phng php ny rt tn km nn thc t ngi ta khng dng (phn ng trn xy ra khi c sm st) - Trong phng th nghim: H2SO4 + KNO3 tC KHSO4 + HNO3 - Trong cng nghip: Phng php oxi ha NH3 bng oxi khng kh ,c xc tc C , xt 4NH3 + 5O2 t 4NO + 6H2O Tip tc oxi ha NONO2 ri cho NO2 hp th nc HNO3: 2NO + O2 2NO2 3NO2+ H2O 2HNO3 + NO 4NO2 +2H2O + O2 4HNO3
0

Gv: on Th Thy Hnh

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Chng 2: Nit v Photpho

Ha hc 11

IV. PHOTPHO V HP CHT CA PHOTPHO

1) Photpho : P trng & P
- Pt : cht rn ging nh sp ,mm, d nng chy, rt c ,gy bng nng khi ri vo da. nhit thng ,trong khng kh b oxi ha chm v pht quang mu lc nht trong bng ti . - Photpho : bt mu ,khng c nh P trng ,khng pht quang nh P trng . Di tc dng ca nh sng P trng P .Ngc li khi un nng (khng c khng kh ) P hi , lm lnh c P trng to thnh. Tnh cht ha hc 1) Tc dng vi cc kim loi mnh 3Zn + 2P (t) t Zn3P2 (thuc chut ) (Mt trong nhng thuc thng dng tr chut nc ta l Zn3P2 , chnh cht ny khi gp nc gii phng kh PH3 lm cho chut cht ) 2) Tc dng vi cc phi kim 2P + 5/2 O2 P2O5 P(t) + 5/2 Cl2 PCl5 P(t) + 3/2 H2 PH3 (Photphin rt c) Lu : nhit 3500C PH3 d b phn hu , ngi ta iu ch PH3 theo cch sau 4P +3KOH+ 3H2O PH3 + 3KH2PO2 3) Tc dng vi hp cht c tnh oxi ha mnh : HNO3 , KClO3, K2Cr2O7. 3P + 5HNO3 +2H2O 3H3PO4+ 5NO P + 5HNO3 HPO3 + 5NO2 +2H2O 6P + 5KClO3 3P2O5 + 5KCl
0

iu ch Ca3(PO4)2 + 3SiO2 +5C 3CaSiO3 +5CO + 2P

2) iphotpho trioxit P2O3 : O = P O P = O Tnh cht ha hc P2O3 + O2 P2O5 iu ch 2Pt +

3 O2 P2O3 2

P2O3 + 3H2O 2H3PO3

OH O = P - OH H

3) Axit Photphor H3PO3

Tnh cht ha hc 4H3PO3 tC 3H3PO4 + PH3 H3PO3 + O2 H3PO4 Axit photphor l 1 axit trung bnh & l 1 cht kh mnh: H3PO3 + HgCl2 + H2O H3PO4 + Hg + 2HCl
0

iu ch PCl3 + 3H2O H3PO3 + 3HCl P2O3 + 3H2O 2H3PO3

Gv: on Th Thy Hnh

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Chng 2: Nit v Photpho

=

Ha hc 11
O
=

O=P-O-P=O

4) iphotpho pentaoxit P2O5 : Tnh cht ha hc

P2O5 H 2O HPO3 H 2O H3PO4 -

iu ch
O 2H H4P2O7

4P + 5O2 2P2O5 2PH3 + 4O2 P2O5 + 3H2O

- Khi tc dng vi HBr , HCl , PCl5 2P2O5 + 3HBr POBr3 + 3HPO3 2P2O5 + 3HCl POCl3 + 3HPO3 P2O5 + 3PCl5 5POCl3(Photphoryl clorua) - Khi tc dng vi kim ,ty theo t l mol gia P2O5 v dung dch NaOH cho 3 loi mui: P2O5 + H2O + 2NaOH 2NaH2PO4 P2O5 + 4NaOH 2Na2HPO4 + H2O P2O5 + 6NaOH 2Na3PO4 + 3H2O
H-O H-O-P=O H-O

5) Axit photphoric H3PO4 :

Tnh cht ha hc 1) Tnh oxi ha kh Trong P2O5 , H3PO4 photpho c s oxi ha +5 , khc vi nit, photpho c m in nh hn nn bn hn mc oxi ha +5 , do vy P2O5 & H3PO4 rt kh b kh, khng c tnh oxi ha nh HNO3. 2) Tc dng ca nhit Khi un nng n 200 2500C 2H3PO4 tC H4P2O7 (axit iphotphoric)+ H2O Tip tc un nng 400 5000C H4P2O7 tC 2HPO3 + H2O (axit metaphotphoric) Cc axit HPO3 , H4P2O7 kt hp vi H2O H3PO4 3) Tnh axit - H3PO4 l axit 3 nc , mnh trung bnh: H3PO4 H+ + H2PO4 H2PO4- H+ + HPO42 HPO42- H+ + PO43- C tnh cht chung ca axit : H3PO4 + NaOH NaH2PO4 + H2O H3PO4 + 2NaOH Na2HPO4 + 2H2O H3PO4 + 3NaOH Na3PO4 + 3H2O
0
0

iu ch - Trong phng th nghim: 3P+ 5HNO3 + 2H2O 3H3PO4 + 5NO - Trong cng nghip: H2SO4 + Ca3(PO4)2 qung 3CaSO4 + 2H3PO4 Phng php ny cht lng thp. iu ch H3PO4 tinh khit , m c : 4P + 5O2 2P2O5 P2O5 + H2O 2H3PO4

Gv: on Th Thy Hnh

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Chng 2: Nit v Photpho

H-O-P=O O
=

Ha hc 11

6) Axit meta photphoric HPO3 : Tnh cht ha hc HPO3 + H2O H3PO4 HPO3 + 3NaOH Na3PO4 + 2H2O 7) Mui photphat Tnh cht ha hc

iu ch
C H3PO4 300 HPO3 + H2O P2O5 + H2O 2HPO3 2HNO3 + P2O5 N2O5 + 2HPO3
0

iu ch H3PO4 + NaOH NaH2PO4 + H2O H3PO4 + 2NaOH Na2HPO4 + 2H2O H3PO4 + 3NaOH Na3PO4 + 3H2O

Axit photphoric cho 3 loi mui :1 mui trung ha & 2 mui axit 1) Thy phn trong nc : PO43- + H2O HPO42- + OHDung dch c mi trng kim , qu tm ha xanh. 2) Nhn bit PO43Thuc th l dung dch AgNO3 PO43- + 3Ag+ Ag3PO4

Lu :
- Khi

xc nh mui photphat to thnh sau phn ng :

n NaOH n H 3 PO 4

1. 2.

=3,2 to 2 mui : NaH2PO4 & Na2HPO4 < 2 2 mui : NaH2PO4 & Na2HPO4 <3 to 2 mui Na3PO4 & Na2HPO4 <1 to 2 mui Ba(H2PO4)2 & BaHPO4

1< 2<

n NaOH n H 3 PO 4 n NaOH n H 3 PO 4

3.

0,5 < 1<

n Ba ( OH ) 2 n H 3 PO 4

n Ba ( OH ) 2 n H 3 PO 4

< 1,5 to 2 mui Ba3(PO4)2 & BaHPO4

- Xc nh mui to thnh khi cho Fe d vo dung dch HNO3 long un nng v khuy u Fe + 4HNO3 Fe(NO3)3 + NO + 2H2O 2Fe(NO3)3 + Fe 3Fe(NO3)2 - Nu bi ton cho Cu vo dung dch HNO3 thu c kh NO .Sau khi phn ng kt thc cho thm H+ , nu Cu cn d th lc Cu tc dng vi H+ & ion NO3- ca Cu(NO3)2: 3Cu + 8H+ + 2NO3- 3Cu2+ + 2NO + 4H2O
Gv: on Th Thy Hnh Trang9

Chng 2: Nit v Photpho

Ha hc 11

Bng tnh tan ca mui photphat

PO43HPO42H2PO4Kim loi kim Tan Tan Tan Amoni Tan Tan Tan Cc loi kim loi khc Khng tan hoc t tan Tan

V. PHN BN HA HC
- Phn ln : + Cung cp photpho ha hp cho cy di dng ion PO43-. + Phn ln t nhin : dng trc tip t bt qung photphat (Ca3(PO4)2) lm phn bn . + Supephotphat (Supe ln): Supephotphat n : hn hp ca canxi ihidrophotphat v thch cao . Supephotphat kp : canxi ihidrophotphat (khng c thch cao ) + Amophot: NH3 + H3PO4 hn hp NH4H2PO4, (NH4)2HPO4 - Phn kali: KCl , K2CO3. Phn ln cn thit cho cy thi k sinh trng .

Ca3(PO4)2 + 2H2SO4 Ca(H2PO4)2 + 2CaSO4 Ca3(PO4)2 + 4H3PO4 3Ca(H2PO4)2

Cch xc nh tnh ion PO43- : 3Ag+ + PO43- Ag3PO4 (mu vng)

Gv: on Th Thy Hnh

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