(Hoak10) Thuc Hanh Hoa Hoc

1
Bi 1
NI QUY PHNG TH NGHIM& S CU TRONG PHNG TH NGHIM
A. NI QUY PHNG TH NGHIM
1. Sinh vin c nhim v lm y cc bi th nghim theo chng trnh ca b mn.
Trc khi vo th nghim phi chun b y bi th nghim theo yu cu ca gio
vin.
2. Phi n phng th nghim ng gi quy nh. Trong gi lm vic, sinh vin mun
ra ngoi phng th nghim phi xin php gio vin.
3. Khi lm vic phi gi yn lng, trt t.
4. Phi gi sch s trong phng th nghim. Bn lm vic, dng c, ho cht dng cho
th nghim phi sch s v sp xp mt cch hp l cho cng vic.
5. Khi s dng nhng dng c d v, ho cht d chy, d n phi tun theo s hng
dn ca gio vin.
6. Cn tit kim ha cht th nghim, lu trnh gy v dng c, ha cht. Khi
v dng c, phi bo ngay cho gio vin hng dn v bi hon y .
7. Khng c di chuyn ho cht dng chung t ch ny sang ch khc. Khng c
mang ho cht, dng c ra khi phng th nghim. Khng c lm cc th nghim
ngoi bi th nghim.
8. Phi cn thn khi lm th nghim. Trung thc v khch quan khi theo di kt qu v
khi lm bo co th nghim.
9. Khng c n ung v ht thuc trong phng th nghim.
10. Sau mi bui th nghim phi ra sch dng c, lau bn, dn dp ngn np ch lm
vic v bn giao y li cho nhn vin ph trch phng th nghim. Mi ca th
nghim cn b tr trc nht ph trch, n c gi v sinh v trt t trong phng
th nghim.
11. Phi thc hin ng quy nh v phng chy cha chy. Khi xy ra chy, phi dng
cc phng tin cu ho dp tt.
12. Trc khi ra v phi kim tra tt c cc vi kh, vi nc kha cha, cc dng
c in tt in cha, cc dng c in tt in cha. Ngt cu dao in ni t
dy dn n dng c, tt n, tt qut.
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B. S CU TRONG PHNG TH NGHIM
1. Khi axit m c (axit sunfuric, axit nitric ) ri ln da phi ra ngay ch b
bng bng tia nc mnh trong vng 3 n 5 pht, sau dng bng tm dung
dch tanin trong ru hoc dung dch kali permanganat 3% bi nh ln vt
bng. Nu b bng bi kim c th tin hnh cu cha bc u nh trn nhng
ra bng dung dch axt axetic 2%.
2. Khi b axit hoc kim bn vo mt, phi ra mt bng nhiu nc, sau phi
n ngay bnh vin.
3. Khi b bng bi cc vt nng ( thy tinh, kim loi ) th u tin phi bi dung
dch tanin trong ru hoc dung dch kali permanganat ri bi m chng
bng.
4. Khi b bng bng phospho cn bi ch b bng bng dung dch ng sunfat 2%.
5. Khi b ng c Clo, Brom, Hidro sunfua, cacbon oxit cn a ngay ngi b
nn ra ch khng kh trong lnh.
6. Nu b ng c bi cc cht Asen, thy ngn cng nh cc mui xianua cn
phi nhanh chng a ngi b nn n bc s.
7. Khi b t tay do dao hay mnh thu tinh cn lau sch mu, bi thuc st trng
(cn hay dung dch KMnO
4
long), sau cm mu bng dung dch FeCl
3
ri
bng li.
8. Khi qun o ang mc trn ngi b chy mt din tch ln th tuyt i khng
c chy ra ch gi, phi nm xung t m ln, trng hp chy trn din
tch b th dng d lau, dng nc hoc bt k mt phng tin no thch hp
dp tt ch chy, tuyt i khng dng bnh cha chy ( thng l cha CO
2
)
phun vo ngi ang b chy qun o, m phi dng nc di hay trm
kn bng chn.
3
MT S DNG C V MY C BN TRONG PHNG TH NGHIM
K thut phng th nghim (PTN) ni chung s c ln lt gii thiu trong qu
trnh thc tp lu di sut cc nm hc. Trong bi m u ny ch gii thiu nhng g c
bn nht m sinh vin cn nm trc khi lm bi th nghim u tin ti phng TN.
Cc loi dng c thng dng nht trong phng th nghim ho hc:
1. Dng c thy tinh khng chia : gm ng nghim, phu, cc, bnh cu, bnh kt
tinh, bnh nn, bnh c cong)
ng nghim: ng nghim thng c s dng lm nhng th nghim vi lng
nh ha cht. Khi lm th nghim lng ha cht ch ly dung tch ca ng nghim.
Mun cho ha cht rn vo ng nghim th gp i mt bng giy c chiu rng b
hn ng knh ca ng nghim mt cht thnh ci mng, cho ha cht vo mt u
mng, tay tri cm ng nghim nm ngang, tay phi t mng ng ha cht vo ng
nghim n y. Sau t ng nghim thng ng v g nh vo ng nghim cho ha
cht vo ht ng nghim v rt mng giy ra.
Mun trn nhng ha cht lng trong ng nghim th cm u trn ca ng nghim
bng ngn tay tr v ngn ci ca bn tay tri, dng ngn tr ca bn tay phi g nghing
nh vo pha di ng nghim. Nu cht lng ng qu na ng nghim th phi trn
bng a thy tinh. Khng c bt ng nghim bng ngn tay ri lc, v nh vy c th
lm bn cht lng ng trong ng nghim v c th lm ngn tay b bng
Khi un phi dng kp gi ng nghim v ht sc cn thn cht lng khng pht
ra ngoi. Lc bt bt u xut hin th a ng nghim sang bn gn hay bn trn
ngn la ri tip tc un bng khng kh nng. Phi lun nh l hng ming ng
nghim v pha khng c ngi.
Trong phng th nghim thng dng gi bng g t cc ng nghim.
Cc: Cc thng lm bng thy tinh chu nhit v thng c hai dng l cc c m
(Becher) v khng c m. Khi un nng phi un cc thy tinh qua li aming hoc
trn bp cch thy.
Bnh tam gic (Erlen): Bnh hnh nn c s dng rng ri trong cc th nghim
phn tch chun , ngi ta un bnh nn trn bp cch thy.
Phu lc: Phu dng lc v rt cht lng. Khi lm vic cn t phu trn chic
vng cp vo gi . Ch khng thn phu dnh st vo c bnh v s kh rt do p
sut trong bnh tng ln. Do cn to ra mt khe h gia phu v c bnh. C th dng
mt khung tam gic lm bng dy thp hay chic vng lm bng cao su hoc cht do t
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ln c bnh ri phu vo. Khi rt cht lng khng c y ti ming phu, v nh
th nu phu hi nghing cht lng s tro ra ngoi.
Bnh cu: C hai loi bnh cu: y bng v y trn, c bnh c th ngn hoc di,
rng hoc hp. Cc bnh y bng c dng pha dung dch, un nng cc cht lng
hoc cn dng lm bnh ra. Khi un nng phi t bnh cu trn li st. Nhng bnh
cu y trn c dng chng ct, un si hoc thc hin nhng phn ng cn
un nng.
ng nh git: Dng cho nhng th nghim cn thm vo hn hp phn ng tng
lng nh hoc tng git cht lng. C nhiu loi bnh nh git nh bnh nh git c
rnh thy tinh, bnh nh git c nt gn vi mt pipet v bp cao su.
ng nghim Cc c m (Becher) Bnh tam gic (Erlen)
Phu Bnh cu Bnh cu y bng
2. Dng c thy tinh c chia
ng ong: ng ong l dng c thy tinh c thnh dy v c nhng vch chia
thnh ngoi ch th tch. Chng c dung tch rt khc nhau t 5 n 1lml v ln hn.
Mun o th tch cn thit ca cht lng, ngi ta rt n vo ng ong cho n khi y
mt khum ngang mc vch chia cn thit.
Pipet: Pipet dng ly mt th tch cht lng nht nh. C loi pipet khc vch
ngn v loi chia . Loi pipet th nht c dng mt ng thy tinh on gia phnh ra v
u di vut nhn, on bn trn cch ch phnh ra mt cht c mt vch ngn. Th
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tch cht lng ly ti ngn tng ng vi th tch ghi trn pipet. Pipet c chia l
mt ng u di vut nhn cn u trn c ni vi ng nh hn. Trn phn ng rng
c nhng ngn chia nh trn cc buret. Thng hay dng pipet c dung tch 2, 5, 10,
20, 25, 50ml v nhng micropipet dung tch 1ml.
Mun ht y pipet ngi ta nhng u di ca n vo cht lng ln bng ming
hoc bng bp cao su, cht lng ht ln cao hn ngn chia mt cht, sau dng ngn
tay tr bt nhanh u trn ca pipet cho cht (ngn tay nn hi t). Khi m pipet, nc
s xung thp nhng khng c ti ngn chia ca pipet.
Nhc pipet ln trn mc nc trong bnh cho ngn chia ca pipet ngang vi tm
mt. Nhc nh ngn tay tr cho cht lng chy xung tng git mt cho ti khi y
khum khp vi ngn chia th bt cht pipet. Chuyn pipet vo bn trong bnh ng
cht lng s ly, cho u pipet chm vo thnh trong ca bnh, nhc ngn tay tr ln
v cho cht lng chy t do. Sau khi cht lng thi khng chy na i 2-3 giy ri mi
nhc pipet ra. u pipet bao gi cng cn li mt cht cht lng, khi chia pipet,
ngi ta khng k n th tch cht lng ny, do khng c thi ly cht lng .
Khi ht cht lng vo nhng pipet chia , cng lm nh trn vi pipet c ngn,
nhng khi cho cht lng chy xung th khng nhc hn ngn tay ra m ch nhc nh ln
mt cht thi. Khi cht lng trong pipet ti ngn cn thit th bt cht u pipet li lm
cho dung dch thi khng chy na.
Buret: Buret c dng chun , o nhng th tch chnh xcBuret l mt
ng thy tinh u di nh hn v c kha. thnh ngoi dc theo ton b chiu di ca
buret ngi ta khc nhng vch chia n 0,1 ml. Buret thng c kho mi nhm. C th
rt mi cht lng vo buret tr dung dch kim v dung dch kim s n mn kha mi.
Khi lm vic vi dung dch kim ngi ta s dng buret khng c kha m c ng ni
cao su c kp bng chic kp Mohr.
Khi np cht lng vo buret phi dng phu cung ngn, cung phu khng c
chm vch s khng ca buret, v cht lng phi nm trn vch s khng ca buret. Sau
m kho dung dch chy xung chim y b phn buret nm di kho n tn
u cng ca mao qun. Ch ng bt khng kh phn chy ra ca buret. Ch c
a buret v im khng khi no ng mao qun khng cn cha bt kh.
Khi lm vic xong phi ra sch buret bng nc v kp n vo gi, quay u h
xung. Kho ngoi ca buret phi c ly ra, bc kho bng mt lp giy lc ri t
kha vo buret.
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Bnh nh mc: Bnh nh mc pha nhng dung dch c nng xc nh hoc
ong mt th tch cht lng tht chnh xc.
Thng dng bnh nh mc c th tch 50, 100, 250, 500, 1000ml. Bnh nh mc l
bnh cu c y bng c c di, trn c c khc mt vng trn. Nu ta cht lng vo
trong bnh n khi di y vng khum b mt cht lng ln ngang bng vi ngn vng
trn th th tch ca cht lng tng ng vi th tch ghi trn bnh cu. Trn bnh no
cng c ghi th tch ca bnh nhit 20
0
C, nhit khc th tch nc ti
ngn chia s ln hn hoc nh hn th tch ghi trn bnh. Nhit 20
0
C c ly lm
nhit chun trong tt c cc php o v th tch.
np cht lng vo bnh nh mc ta t phu vo c bnh ri rt cht lng cho ti
khi mc cht lng cn thp hn ngn chia 1-2ml sau ly phu ra ri dng pipet nh
tng git cht lng cho n khi y khum ca mt cht lng va ng ti ngn chia .
Nu mun pha mt dung dch vi mt cht rn trong bnh nh mc th em cn trn
knh ng h mt khi lng cht tan tht chnh xc cn phi dng. Sau lng cht
tan qua mt phu vo trong bnh cu, dung mi cho ti na bnh ri lc (khng
c dc ln ngc). Sau khi cht rn tan hon ton, thm nt dung mi cho th tch
ri y bnh bng nt thy tinh v dc ngc bnh nhiu ln trn k.
ng nghim c np ng ong Pipet Buret Bnh nh mc
3. Cc dng c thy tinh c cng dng c bit
Bnh cu tia: Bnh ny dng ra kt ta, lm cho kt ta tch ri khng bm
vo thnh bnh v ly kt ta trn giy lc.
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Bnh cu tia l bnh cu y phng dung tch t 0,5 1ml, nt y bnh c hai ng
thy tinh xuyn qua, nt y phi tht kn ming bnh. C th lp thm vo u ng ngn
mt qu bng bng cao su bm khng kh vo trong bnh, lm tng p sut trong bnh,
p sut s y nc ra ngoi. Phi m nt khi un nng nc trong bnh ra.
Bnh Kipp: Bnh Kipp l dng c thy tinh dng iu ch cc kh nh CO
2
, H
2
,
H
2
S
ng sinh hn: l loi dng c dng ngng t cc cht lng d bay hi trong cc
qu trnh phn ng (loi sinh hn t hi lu), chng ct (ly cht lng d bay hi hn).
Cu to gm phn ng (kiu ng thng hay ng xon), cht d bay hi i qua. Phn
ngoi ng dng cha tc nhn lm lnh (nc lnh, khng kh). Thng thng tc
nhn lm lnh cho i ngc chiu cht d bay hi. Khi lp ng sinh hn cn bo m
nguyn tc l nc i vo t u thp pha di v i ra t u cao pha trn. Nc
trong bao ca ng sinh hn phi lun lun y.
Phu chit (bnh Brom): l loi dng c nh hnh v vi cng nng dng tch ri
cc cht khng tan vo nhau dng lng hoc ly cht lng khi cht rn c kch thc
ln. Cch s dng nh sau: sau khi cho hn hp vo phiu chit, lc u, yn. Khi h
n nh, m kha phu chit ly cht lng c t trng ln (h lng - lng) hay cht
lng (h lng - rn)
Phu lc buchner (phu lc chn khng): l loi dng c dng lc nhanh cc h
lng - rn. Thng b phu lc buchner i km vi mt h thng bm chn khng.
Khi s dng, ly mt t giy lc thch hp vi h s lc (lc huyn ph, lc keo )
t ln trn y phu c c l (kch thc ti giy phi va vi phu), dng cht lng
thm t t giy. M my bm chn khng. T t rt hn hp cn lc vo phu. Qu
trnh lc ngng khi khng cn cht lng i ra phn di phu. Tt my bm, m h
thng thng kh quyn cn bng p sut.
Phu lc thng: c tc dng tch ri h rn - lng, khi s dng phi i km vi vt
lu lc nh giy lc, mng xp thy tinh
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Phu chit (bnh Brom)Phu lc Buncher Bnh Kipp Bnh tam gic c nhnh
(lc chn khng)
ng sinh hn S chng ct cht lng n gin
4. Mt s loi my thng dng:
tin hnh o c s liu thu c trong qu trnh th nghim, trong phng TN
thng s dng mt s loi my o n gin sau :
pH k: l my o c s dng xc nh ch s Hydro (pH) ca cc dung dch.
Ty thuc vo ni dung mn hc, sinh vin s c hng dn c th s dng cc loi
my o pH thch hp.
My o dn in: l loi my dng xc nh hm lng cc mui ha tan trong
dung dch thng qua vic xc nh dn in ca chng.
L nung: s dng khi tin hnh th nghim vi cht rn nhit cao.
T sy: c s dng lm kh cc vt liu, sn phm cc dng c v ha cht
bng nhit.
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Cn:
Cc loi cn: Tu thuc vo yu cu i hi v chnh xc ca php cn, ta c th
dng cc loi cn sau:
- Cn k thut ( chnh xc t 1 -10 mg)
- Cn phn tch ( chnh xc t 0,1-0,2mg)
- Cn bn vi lng ( chnh xc t 0,01-0,02mg)
- Cn vi lng ( chnh xc 0,001mg)
- Cn siu vi lng ( chnh xc 10
-6
- 10
-9
mg)
Hin nay ngoi loi cn thng thng phng th nghim cn dng ph bin cn in
t ng.
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Bi 2
MT S THAO TC TH NGHIM C BN
S DNG PHP CN. TNH SAI S
A. MT S THAO TC TH NGHIM C BN
ra cc dng c thy tinh, thng thng ngi ta dng chi lng vi nc x
phng hay nc my. Cc dng c thy tinh thng d v, nn cn lu khi ra dng c
thy tinh. Cc thao tc ny s c hng dn c th trong tng trng hp.
Phng php c hc: Nu cht bn khng phi l nha, cht bo, cht khng tan
trong nc th c th ra dng c bng nc hay x bng.
Dng chi phi ch khng u chi p vo my hay thnh dng c v c th
lm v dng c. C th bc u chi bng mt on ng cao su c kch thc thch hp.
ra ng th nghim c th lm nh sau: Mt tay cm ng nghim, mt tay cm
chi. Cho nc vo ng nghim v xoay chi lng chi c vo thnh v y ng
nghim, ng thi ko chi ln xung ra ton b ng nghim. Khng thc mnh chi
vo y ng nghim v nh vy d lm thng ng nghim, ngha l khng to qu hay nh
qu. Ra xong bng nc my cn trng li bng nc ct v p ng nghim vo gi.
Phng php ha hc: i vi cht bn khng tan trong nc phi ra bng cc ha
cht nh :ete, axeton, etxng, du thng, cacbon tetraclorua, ru, hn hp sunfo cromic
( to t axit sunfuric v mui cromat) hay cc axit, kim nh axit clohydric, xt
Cc dng c sau khi ra, cn c trng bng nc ct hay em sy kh trc khi s
dng.
Mt s thao tc s dng dng c s c hng dn c th theo bi th nghim.
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B. S DNG PHP CN TNH SAI S
Mc ch
Cung cp cho sinh vin kin thc v mt s loi cn thng c s dng trong
phng th nghim v nm vng cc thao tc cn thit khi s dng cn.
Yu cu
Nm vng v phn loi cc loi cn, tun th cc thao tc c hng dn khi s
dng cn.
I. L thuyt
1. Mt vi s lc v cn
Cn l mt dng c o lng xc nh khi lng ca vt. Cn c s dng mt
cch thng xuyn trong phng th nghim. Kt qu th nghim hay nghin cu c chnh
xc hay khng, phn ln ph thuc vo cn.
Ty theo chnh xc ca cn, ngi ta chia cn thnh cc loi:
- Cn k thut ( chnh xc 10 20 mg)
- Cn phn tch gm:
+ Cn phn tch thng ( chnh xc 0,1 0,2 mg)
+ Cn bn vi lng ( chnh xc 0,01 0,02 mg)
+ Cn vi lng ( chnh xc 0,001 mg)
+ Cn siu vi lng ( chnh xc 10
-6
10
-9
mg)
Hin nay cc phng th nghim c nhiu loi cn phn tch in v in t c
chnh xc cao, cn li nhanh.
2. Cc loi cn
Cn k thut: Trong cn, cc li dao hnh lng tr tam gic l quan trng nht. Cn
phn tch v cn k thut u c ba li dao, li dao gia ta ln u tr cn, hai li
dao kia treo qua quang cn. Nu cn dao ng nhiu, li dao mn dn lm cho cn tr
nn km nhy.
Cn phn tch: C nhiu loi cn phn tch: cn phn tch thng, cn phn tch in,
cn phn tch in t.
Tt c cc b phn ca cn phn tch thng tng t nh cn k thut nhng hai
pha trn n cn c thc chia vch mi bn thnh 10 khong bng nhau, mi khong
ng vi 1 mg. Trong mi khong li chia thnh 5 10 khong nh hn. Do , cn phn
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tch c chnh xc 0,1 0,2 mg. C mt qu cn 1 mg v mt cn di chuyn qu cn
chy trn thc chia vch.
Ton b cn c t trong t knh. Ca t pha trn c th ko ln ko xung. Hai
cnh t hai bn c th m ra, ng vo. Thng xuyn phi ng kn ca trnh cho
cn khng b nh hng ca gi, khng kh m v hi ha cht, hi th ca ngi lm
vic Ch khi no cn mi m, ng cc cnh ca ca hai bn a vo, ly ra vt cn v
qu cn. gi cho cn lun c kh thng c ti ng cht ht m nh silicagel.
Cc hp kh bn quang cn c tc dng lm gim dao ng khi cn. Nhng qu cn
phn tch cha trong hp c np, c ring cho mi qu cn theo th t t ln n nh.
Nhng qu cn t 1 gam tr ln thng m chng g. Nhng qu cn t 500 mg tr
xung y bng tm knh.
Tt c hp cn lun gi sch, m bm khi lng chnh xc.
Khi cn, dng cp bng sng, xng hay nha ly qu cn, khng cm qu cn bng
tay. Mi hp c cc loi qu cn: 0, 50 g, 20 g, 10 g, 5 g, 2 g, 500 mg, 200 mg, 100 mg,
50 mg, 20 mg, 0 mg.
Cn phn tch in t: Trong cn phn tch in t, li dao, cc qu cn c thay bng
cc nam chm, l xo v mch in t, c b nh t iu chnh. cn c cc phm
bm v mn hnh. Cn phn tch in t cn ti a 100 g, chnh xc 0,1 mg. u im
ca cn phn tch l nhanh chng, chnh xc.
3. Phng php cn
Cn phn tch thng
Ngi ngay ngn trn gh trc cn sao cho vic s dng cn c thun tin v c
kt qu cho chnh xc.
Kim tra s thng bng ca cn: Trc khi cn, phi kim tra cn thng bng cha
bng cch quan st qu di, nu thy qu di cha khp vi u mi nhn di hoc
bng nc cha nm chnh gia tm vng trn cn th iu chnh c thng bng cn.
Sau khi cn thng bng, m kho cn bng cch xoay nh v pha phi cho cn dao ng,
quan st n cn thng bng cha, nu cha th kho cn bng cch xoay nh kho
cn v pha tri, iu chnh c thng bng a cn. Sau li m kho cn theo di cho
n khi no ch s 0 hay dao ng sang mi bn c cng bin . Cn chnh xong.
M cnh ca hai bn, t vt cn ln a tri, dng cp gp qu cn ln a phi xp
theo th t ln nh. Lc u t cc qu cn gn vi khi lng ca vt (c th cn cn
k thut trc). M kha cn, quan st dao ng ca kim trn thc chia , nu cha
13
thng bng, kho cn li, thm bt nhng qu cn thch hp ri li m kho cn theo di.
i vi cn phn tch, khi dng n qu cn b nht 10 mg, nu cn cha thng bng,
dng cn di chuyn qu cn 1 mg v pha phi hay tri ca n cn, s tm c v tr
thng bng. Mi ln thay i qu cn phi kho cn.
Khi cn xong, kho cn, c cc trng trn hp qu cn tnh tng s khi lng qu
cn dng, sau dng cp gp cc qu cn trong a v ch c, ng thi tnh tng s
khi lng mt ln na.
Cn phn tch in t
Quan st bng nc kim tra xem cn thng bng cha, nu cha, sinh vin
khng c t iu chnh m bo cho gio vin hng dn.
Cm in, sy cn trong khong 30 pht, ng thi quan st trn mn hnh, con chy 0
gc trn bn phi (ngha l cn cha lm vic).
n phm UO th trn mn hnh xut hin mt dy s 8, sau vi giy hin s 0,0000 g. Con
chy 0 gc di bn tri (cn sn sng lm vic). Nu khng phi s 0,0000 g m l
s khc, v d 0,0001 g th n phm jare hai bn, iu chnh v s 0,0000 g.
Nh nhng t vt ln a cn, ng ca cn, ghi khi lng ca vt cn xut hin
trn mn hnh.
Mun cn mt lng ho cht m khng mun tr b, cn b trc khi cho ho cht,
sau n phm jare, cn s tr v v tr sn sng lm vic, mn hnh hin ln s 0,0000 g.
Cho ho cht vo b. Trn mn hnh hin ln khi lng ca ho cht. Sau khi ghi khi
lng ca ho cht, n phm UO, b vt cn ra. Nu khng cn na, lau sch a cn v
xung quanh, ng ca cn, ngt in.
Ch : SV khng c s dng cc phm CAL, CF, F, G; l cc phm dng cho my
vi tnh, in kt qu v chnh cn. Nu c s c g trn cn phi bo cho gio vin hng
dn.
4. Nhng quy nh khi s dng cn
1. Trc khi cn hay sau mt lot php cn lin tc cn kim tra li trng thi ca
cn, lau bi trn a cn, kim tra s thng bng ca cn ri mi cn tip.
2. Khng c t vt cn trc tip ln a cn m phi t vt cn trn giy sch,
mt knh ng h, chn s, thuyn thu tinh, l cn
3. Cn cht lng phi y kn, cn cht c phi trong t ht.
4. m bo s chnh xc, khi cn, vt cn phi c cng nhit vi cn. Thng
ngi ta vt cn trong bnh ht m t bn cnh cn trong 20 pht.
14
5. Khng c cn vt cn nng hn so vi khi lng quy nh. Trong nhiu trng
hp, cn kim tra khi lng vt cn trn cn k thut ri mi cn trn cn phn
tch.
6. Phi ng ca ca t cn ri mi m kho cn, khng c ng vo cn khi
cn ang chuyn ng. Ch ly ra hay t vo a vt cn cng nh cc qu cn
sau khi hm cn. M kho cn cng nh ng kho cn phi vn t t v thn
trng.
7. Khng t tay ln bn cn. Khng t di chuyn cn t ch ny sang ch khc.
8. Tuyt i khng dng tay cm qu cn v con nga m phi dng cp. Cc qu
cn phi theo ng th t v tr trong hp.
9. i vi vt cn phi cn nhiu ln, ch nn thc hin trn mt cn vi mt hp qu
cn. Sau mt thi gian s dng nh k phi kim tra li cc khi lng qu cn.
5. Sai s php cn
Sai s tuyt i ca php cn: Nu mt vt cn 3 ln, khi lng vt cn mi ln l
m
1
, m
2
, m
3
th khi lng trung bnh ca vt cn l:
3
3 2 1
m m m
m
tb
+ +
=
Sai s tuyt i ca mi ln cn:
Am
1
= ,m
1
- m
tb
,
Am
2
= ,m
2
- m
tb
,
Am
3
= ,m
3
- m
tb
,
Sai s tuyt i trung bnh ca vt cn:
3
3 2 1
m m m
m
tb
A + A + A
= A
Khi lng ca vt cn s ghi l:
m
tb
Am
tb
S ln cn cng nhiu th gi tr cn cng gn vi gi tr thc ca vt cn.
Sai s tng i: Sai s tng i s c tnh bng t s gia sai s tuyt i trung
bnh vi khi lng trung bnh ca vt cn.
tb
tb
m
m A
15
II. Thc hnh
TN 1. Ly mt mt knh ng h hoc giy bng (chuyn dng cn), cn mt lng
mui n (khong 5g) trn cn k thut, sau trn cn phn tch. Cn ch thc hin
ng cc ng tc v cc quy nh khi s dng cn.
Tnh sai s ca php cn trn cn phn tch.
TN 2. Lm sch mui n bng phng php kt tinh li
Mui n sn xut t nc bin thng c ln nhiu hp cht; thnh phn thng
thng ca mui n bao gm:
NaCl 89 90%
MgSO
4
1,35 1,4%
CaSO
4
1,2%
MgCl
2
, KCl v cc tp cht khc
Ho tan khong 5 g mui n trong cc bng nc ct nhit 80
o
C thu c
dung dch bo ho. Lc sch dung dch. em c nc lc trong khong 10 pht.
ngui dung dch cho mui kt tinh li. Khi mui kt tinh xong th lc di p sut thp.
Sy kh nhit 80
o
C trong t sy. ngui t t bng cch mui trong bnh ht
m, cn li lng mui tinh ch.
Tnh t l % khi lng mui tinh thu c so vi mui th.
III. Cu hi
1. Ti sao phi ng ca cn khi cn v ngui cc vt nung nng trc khi cn?
2. Mt sinh vin ghi kt qu cn nh sau:
Vt A c m = 15,5 g (dng cn k thut c chnh xc 10 mg)
Vt B c m = 32,6571 g (dng cn phn tch c chnh xc l 0,2 mg). Cc kt
qu ng hay sai? Ti sao?
3. chnh xc ca cn ph thuc vo nhng yu t no? Hiu th no khi ni
chnh xc ca cn phn tch l 0,0002g?
16
Bi 3
CHT CH TH. NG DNG O pH DUNG DCH.
I. L thuyt
xc nh pH ca dung dch c th s dng nhiu phng php khc nhau. V d: dng
cng thc xc nh pH thng qua vic xc nh nng , dng my o pH, dng cht ch
th mu, trong cht ch th mu thng l cc acid hu c. vic s dng cht ch th
mu xc nh pH dung dch da trn nguyn tc: trong dung dch cc cht ch th mu
in ly theo phng trnh tng:
HInd H
+
+ Ind
-
dng acid dng baz
Trong : HInd l cht ch th ban u
K
I
l hng s in ly ca cht ch th

HInd
Ind H
K
I
+
=

+
=
Ind
HInd
K H
I
hay [H
+
] = K
I
.
pH = pK
I
+ lg
Nh vy, khi cho cht ch th thch hp, da vo vic i mu ca chng, ta c th tnh
c pH ca dung dch.
Bng mt ta ch nhn bit c mu sc ca dng ny khi nng ca n ln hn dng
kia 10 ln hay:
pK
I
1 s pH s pK
I
+ 1
Vy, khong i mu ca ch th tng ng vi pH trn v mi cht ch th s c khong
i mu tng ng. ngoi khong i mu, khi thay i nng dung dch, mu sc
ca cht ch th m hoc nht hn. da vo thang mu chun ca cht ch th cc nng
xc nh, ta c th xc nh c pH dung dch bng cch so mu ca dung dch cn
o pH vi cht ch th tng ng vi thang mu chun bit nng .
Trong cc dung dch acid yu, baz yu lun tn ti cn bng in ly. V d:
CH
3
COOH CH
3
COO
-
+ H
+
; K
a
NH
4
OH NH
4
+
+ OH
-
; K
b
Mu dng acid
Mu dng baz
Mu dng acid
Mu dng baz
17
Da vo pH dung dch acid yu, baz yu bit nng u, ta c th tnh gn ng
gi tr K
a
, K
b
ca acid, baz tng ng theo cng thc:

COOH CH
COO CH H
K
a
3
3
+
= v

OH NH
NH OH
K
b
4
4
+
=
II Mc ch
S dng thang mu chun ca mt s cht ch th mu xc nh pH ca cc dung dch
acid v baz, t xc nh nng v cc hng s in ly ca chng.
III. Ho cht, dng c
1. Ho cht
- HCl 0.1N - Giy pH
- NaOH 0.1N - alizarin yellow
- CH
3
COOH 0.1N - metyl orange
- NH
4
OH 0.1N
- Nc ct
2. Dng c:
- ng nghim
- Bnh nh mc 100ml
- Pipet 10ml, 5ml
- Becher 100ml
IV Cch tin hnh
1. Th nghim 1: pha thang mu chun acid
Chun b 8 ng nghim, nh s theo cp t 1 4 v t 1 4.
Dng pipet 5ml ht 5ml dung dch HCl 0.1 N cho vo ng nghim 1 v 5ml vo ng 1.
Dng pipet 10ml ht 10ml HCl 0.1 N cho vo bnh nh mc 100ml. thm nc ct n
vch, lc u s thu c dung dch HCl 0.01N. Dng dung dch va pha trng becher
100 ml (dung dch trng b), rt ton b dung dch HCl 0.01N va pha cho vo
becher.
tip tc dng pipet 5ml ht vo cc ng nghim 2 v 2 mi ng 5ml dung dch HCl
0.01N va pha.
Dng pipet 10ml ht 10ml dung dch 0.01N cho vo bnh nh mc 100ml, thm nc ti
vch, lc u s thu c dung dch 0.001N.
lp li nh trn ln lt pha cc dung dch theo bng sau v cho vo mi ng nghim 2
git thuc th, ghi nhn mu.
18
ng 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4
V
HCl
(ml) 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5
C
HCl
(N) 0.1 0.01 0.001 0.0001 0.1 0.01 0.001 0.0001
cht ch th Giy o pH Metyl orange
Mu
pH
2. Th nghim 2
Dng pipet 5ml ly 5ml dung dch CH
3
COOH 0.1N vo ng nghim ri nh vo 2
git metyl orange.
em ng nghim ny so vi thang mu chun trn (vi cht ch th tng ng). Xc
nh pH ca dung dch CH
3
COOH 0.1N.
19
3. Th nghim 3: pha thang mu chun baz
Chun b 8 ng nghim nh s th t theo tng cp t 5 8 v t 5 8.
Tin hnh tng t th nghim 1 nhng thay acid HCl 0.1N bng dung dch NaOH
0.1N.
Ln lt pha ch theo bng sau:
ng 5 6 7 8 5 6 7 8
V
NaOH
(ml) 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5
C
NaOH
(N) 0.1 0.01 0.001 0.0001 0.1 0.01 0.001 0.0001
cht ch th alizarin yellow Giy o pH
Mu
pH
4. Th nghim 4
Dng pipet 5ml ly 5ml dung dch NH
4
OH 0.1N cho vo ng nghim ri nh vo 2
git alizarin yellow.
em ng nghim ny so vi thang mu chun trn (vi cht ch th tng ng). Xc
nh pH ca dung dch NH
4
OH 0.1N.
20
Bi 4
DUNG DCH M
Mc ch
Cung cp cho sinh vin kin thc v kh nng xc nh cc loi dung dch m v
cch tnh pH ca cc loi dung dch m.
Yu cu
Sinh vin cn nm vng kin thc v cc h m axit, h m baz, c s l thuyt v
cch tnh pH ca cc loi h m .
I. L THUYT
1. nh ngha
Dung dch m l dung dch c gi tr pH xc nh v hu nh khng thay i khi pha
long hoc thm vo mt lng nh axit hay baz.
C hai loi dung dch m: h m axit v h m baz.
+ Dung dch m axit c to thnh bng cch trn mt axit yu vi mui ca n
+ Dung dch m baz c to thnh bng cch trn mt baz yu vi mui ca n
2. Nguyn tc
a. H m axit
Xt h m axetat c to thnh t CH
3
COOH v CH
3
COO
-
. Trong dung dch
axit axetic c cc phng trnh in li:
CH
3
COOH CH
3
COO
-
+ H
+
(1)
Khi cho thm CH
3
COONa vo dung dch trn, mui tan nm di dng ion Na
+
v
CH
3
COO
-
:
CH
3
COOH CH
3
COO
-
+ Na
+
(2)
Trong dung dch m CH
3
COOH/CH
3
COONa c cc cn bng in li nh sau:
CH
3
COOH CH
3
COO
-
+ H
+
(1)
CH
3
COONa CH
3
COO
-
+ Na
+
(2)
Do nng ion CH
3
COO
-
trong dung dch tng lm cho phn ng (1) chuyn dch
theo chiu nghch dn ti nng ion H
+
trong dung dch gim i (pH tng).
Khi thm vo dung dch mt t axit mnh th lng ion H
+
tng, khi cc ion H
+
ny s kt hp vi cc ion CH
3
COO
-
trong dung dch to thnh CH
3
COOH km in
21
li. Nh vy lng ln ion H
+
b gim xung v lm cho pH dung dch khng thay i
ng k.
Khi thm vo dung dch mt t baz th ion H
+
c trong dung dch s kt hp vi
ion OH
-
to thnh H
2
O lm gim ion H
+
. S gim ion H
+
lm cho phn ng (1) chuyn
dch theo chiu thun sinh ra mt lng H
+
mi b lng phn ng vi OH
-
v nh
vy pH ca dung dch s thay i rt t.
Khi pha long dung dch pH khng thay i ng k v s gim nng ion H
+
do
in li ca axit tng khi pha long.
b. H m baz:
Xt h m baz amoni c to thnh t NH
4
OHv NH
4
.
Trong dung dch amoniac c cn bng :
NH
4
OH NH
4
+
+ OH
-
(3)
Khi cho thm NH
4
Cl vo, phn mui amoni clorua tan nm di dng cc ion
NH
4
+
v Cl
-
:
NH
4
Cl NH
4
+
+ Cl
-
(4)
Do nng ion NH
4
+
trong dung dch tng lm phn ng (3) chuyn dch theo
chiu nghch dn ti nng ion OH
-
trong dung dch gim i (pH gim).
Trong dung dch m NH
4
OH/NH
4
Cl c cc cn bng in li nh sau:
NH
4
OH NH
4
+
+ OH
-
(3)
NH
4
Cl NH
4
+
+ Cl
-
(4)
Gii thch tng t nh i vi h m axit ta thy khi thm vo dung dch m baz
cc dung dch axit (hoc baz) mnh vi mt lng xc nh ta cng thy pH ca dung
dch m hu nh t thay i.
3. Cch tnh pH ca dung dch m:
3.1. H m axit
pH = pK
a
+ lg
a
m
C
C
pK
a
= -lgK
a
Vi K
a
, C
a
l hng s in li v nng ca axit yu
C
m
l nng mui ca axit
3.2. H m baz
pOH = pK
b
+ lg
b
m
C
C
v pK
b
= -lgK
b
22
pH = 14- pOH = 14 (pK
b
+ lg
b
m
C
C
)
Vi K
b,
C
b
l hng s in li v nng ca baz yu.
C
m
l nng mui ca baz.
Nhn xt :
V pK
a
, pK
b
l hng s nn pH ca cc dung dch m ch ph thuc vo t s C
m
/C
a
hay
C
m
/C
b
. T s ny khng thay i khi pha long nn pH ca dung dch m cng khng
thay i khi pha long.
II. THC HNH
1. DNG C V HA CHT:
1.1. Dng c :
- ng nghim - Pipet 2 ml
- ng nh git
1.2. Ha cht :
- HCl 0,1 M - NH
4
Cl 0,1 M
- NH
4
OH 0,1 M - CH
3
COOH 0,1 M
- CH
3
COONa 0,1 M - NaOH 0,1 M
- Metyl da cam - Alizarin yellow
- Phenolphtalein
2. TIN HNH
Th nghim 1:
Tin hnh ly cc dung dch nh sau v ghi nhn li mu sc:
ng Thnh phn dung dch Mu sc
1 2 ml HCl 0,1 M + 1 git metyl da cam
2 2 ml NaOH 0,1 M + 1git metyl da cam
3 2 ml NaOH 0,1 M + 1 git phenolphtalein
4 2ml HCl 0,1M + 1 git alizarin yellow
5 2 ml NaOH 0,1 M + 1 git alizarin yellow
Th nghim 2: iu ch dung dch m:
Ly vo cc ng nghim theo ng th t cc dung dch sau, lc u, ghi nhn
mu sc M
1
ca mi ng nghim:
ng 1: Ly 4 ml nc ct v 1 git metyl da cam
23
ng 2: Ly 2 ml dung dch CH
3
COOH0,1 M v 1 git metyl da cam
3
COOH 0,1 M v 1 git metyl da cam
3
COOH0,1 M v 1 git metyl da cam
ng 5: Ly 4 ml nc ct v 1 git phenolphtalein
3
COOH0,1 M v 1 git phenolphtalein
Thm vo cc ng nghim trn cc dung dch sau, lc u, ghi li mu M
2
:
ng 1: Gi nguyn
ng 2: Thm 2 ml nc
ng 3: Thm 2 ml dung dch CH
3
COONa 0,1 M (cho tng git)
3
COONa 0,1 M v 2 ml nc (cho tng git)
ng 5: Gi nguyn
3
COONa 0,1 M (cho tng git)
Th nghim 3: Th tnh m
Thm t t tng git dung dch HCl 0,1 M vo cc ng nghim 1, 2, 3, 4. Lc u
cho cc ng nghim trn chuyn sang mu , ghi nhn lng HCl 0,1 M dng.
Thm t t tng git dung dch NaOH 0,1 M vo cc ng nghim 5 v 6. Lc u
cho ti khi cc dung dch trong ng nghim 5 v 6 i sang mu hng, ghi nhn lng
NaOH 0,1 M dng.
Th nghim 4 : iu ch dung dch m
Ly vo cc ng nghim cha cc dung dch sau, lc u, ghi nhn mu sc M
3
ca mi ng nghim:
ng 1: Ly 4ml nc ct v 1 git Alizarin yellow
ng 2: Ly 2ml dung dch NH
4
OH 0,1M v 1 git Alizarin yellow
4
4
ng 5: Ly 4ml nc ct v 1 git metyl da cam
4
OH 0,1M v 1 git metyl da cam
Thm vo cc ng nghim cc dung dch sau, lc u, ghi nhn mu M
4
:
ng 1: Gi nguyn
ng 2: Thm 2ml nc
ng 3: Thm 2ml dung dch NH
4
Cl 0,1M (cho tng git)
4
Cl 0,1M v 2 ml nc (cho tng git)
ng 5: Gi nguyn
24
4
Cl 0,1M (cho tng git)
Th nghim 5: Th tnh m
Thm t t tng git dung dch NaOH 0,1 M vo cc ng nghim 7, 8, 9, 10. Lc
u cho ti khi cc dung dch trong ng nghim trn i mu, ghi nhn lng NaOH 0,1
M dng
Thm t t tng git dung dch HCl 0,1 M vo cc ng nghim 11, 12. Lc u
cho ti khi cc dung dch trong ng nghim 11 v 12 i mu, ghi nhn lng HCl 0,1 M
dng.
Ch : Tit kim ha cht, cc cht ch th mu nn cho mt lng nh c th d dng
quan st s thay i mu sc.
III. CU HI
Vai tr ca dung dch m? C my loi dung dch m?
25
Bi 5
O pH CA DUNG DCH
I. L thuyt
o pH ca mt vi dung dch bng my o pH.
Lm quen php chun o vi in cc ch th. Chun o dung dch NaOH bng dung
dch HCl 0,1N; sau dng dung dch NaOH ny chun o tip dung dch
CH
3
COOH.
pH l i lng c trng cho mi trng ca mt dung dch, n c xc nh bng
cng thc:
pH = -lg(aH
+
) vi dung dch long pH = -lg[H
+
]
pH = 7: mi trng trung tnh;
pH > 7: mi trng baz;
pH < 7: mi trng axit.
C th xc nh pH ca mt dung dch bng nhiu loi my o; trong bi th nghim
ny ta dng my o pH VWRbrand Benchtop kiu 8015 v my o pH denver.
in cc nhng vo dung dch cn xc nh pH thng thng l mt in cc kp
thy tinh. Mi in cc kp thy tinh thng gm 3 b phn:
a/ in cc o l mt dy platin ph Ag AgCl nhng trong dung dch HCl, mng
thy tinh cho php ion H
+
qua li:
Pt/Ag(r), AgCl(r)/H
+
, Cl dd(a0)/H
+
thy tinh/H
+
ddX (aH
+
)
in cc ny l anot:
Ag(r) + Cl(a0) + H(a0) e = AgCl(r) + H(aH
+
)
b/ in cc so snh l cc calomen: kim loi thy ngn Hg trn vi calomen Hg
2
Cl
2
trong dung dch KCl, n l catot:
1/2Hg
2
Cl
2
(r) + e = Hg(l) + Cl(dd)
c/ B cm ng nhit, nh b phn ny m ta bit nhit dung dch cn o:
Sc in ng ca mch c xc nh qua biu thc:
E = E ln(aH
+
) = (E + 2,303RT)/F
Thc t my o pH c th cho trc tip gi tr pH (th hin trn thang pH) cng nh
in th tnh bng n v milivolt (tr hin trn thang in k).
II. Thc hnh
26
1. Dng c:
- My o pH - Pipet
- Buret - Cc c m
2. Ha cht:
- Dung dch HCl 0,1N - Dung dch CH
3
COOH
- Dung dch NaOH - Cc dung dch cn o pH A, B v C.
3. Tin hnh
a/ o pH ca 3 dung dch A, B, C do phng th nghim cung cp.
b/ Ly cc c m dung tch 100ml, cho vo cc 20ml dung dch NaOH cn xc nh
nng . Cm in cc. Bt my khuy. T buret, thm dn dung dch HCl 0,1N. Lc
u mi ln c th thm 2ml, ghi gi tr pH c c. Khi gn ti im tng ng,
gim bt th tch dung dch axit 0,5ml; 0,2ml; 0,1ml. Sau im tng ng tng dn
t 0,2ml n 2ml
Nn chun th mt ln, sau ln th 2 chun chnh xc.
c/ Chun dung dch CH
3
COOH bng dung dch NaOH va xc nh c nng
theo cch tng t nh th nghim trn.
4. Tnh ton
Ghi li cc gi tr pH o c ca cc dung dch A, B v C.
Trn giy v k thut, v cc ng cong chun ; xc nh tng ng ca
tng trng hp. T nh nng dung dch xut v dung dch axit axetic.
PH LC
I. Hng dn s dng my o pH, o in th Denver.
1. Tng qut.
2. Rp v bo qun in cc:
a/ Tho bao bo v in cc. Trong ln u tin dng in cc, cn ngm qua m
in cc trong dung dch KCl.
b/ Vm mt u in cc bng nc ct hoc bng mt mu dung dch cn o.
c/ Sc, trng in cc bng nc ct hoc bng mt mu dung dch cn o.
d/ t in cc vo dung dch KCl.
3. Chun ha in cc trong vic o pH:
My cho php t ng nh c vi 3 hn hp m. My cng t ng b chnh nhit
.
a/ Nhng in cc vo dung dch m s 1. Khuy dung dch.
27
b/ Nhn ri nh nt pH/mV cho ti khi mn hnh xut hin mt o pH.
c/ Nhn nt Setup, mn hnh xut hin Clear buffers (nhp nhy). Nhn nt Enter
xa ton b cc m c v chn m mi.
d/ Nhn nt Standardize. My nhn ra m v lm cho biu tng m nhp nhy.
Khi tn hiu n nh hoc khi nhn nt Enter l m c np.
e/ Mn hnh hin th % dc ca in cc.
f/ np m th hai, t in cc vo dung dch m s 2 vo nhn nt Standardize
ln na. My nhn ra m v hin th hai biu tng m 1 v m 2.
g/ My thc hin kim tra in cc. Mn hnh hin th Good Electrode ( dc t
90 n 100%) hay Electrode Error ( dc ngoi khong trn). Electrode Error cho
bit in cc khng lm vic chnh xc, cc php o vi in cc ny khng th chp
nhn.
h/ t in cc vo m s 3 v nhn Standardize. Mn hnh hin th 3 biu tng
m.
i/ Sau khi np tng m, biu tng Standardize bin mt v xut hin biu tng
Measuring.
4. o pH
a/ Sc, trng in cc. Nhng in cc vo dung dch mu. Khuy u.
b/ Nhn nm pH/mV cho ti khi mn hnh xut hin mt o pH.
c/ Khi tn hiu n nh, biu tng S xut hin. Ghi kt qu.
d/ Nu in cc khng nhng trong dung dch, biu tng Electrode Error xut hin.
sa sai xt, nhng in cc vo dung dch.
II. Hng dn s dng my o pH, o in th VWRbrand.
My o VWRbrand Benchtop 8015 l mt thit b gip ta o chnh xc pH dung dch.
My c b phn t ng nh c, t ng b chnh nhit . My c th kt hp vi
my vi tnh v my in.
Mn hnh:
Kt qu ca php o c hin th phn gia mn hnh. Mt o hin hnh c ch
r dc phn phi mn hnh. Cc dung dch m s dng trong ln nh c cui
cng xut hin dc phn tri mn hnh.
Tn hiu ATC ch r my ang hot ng theo ch b chnh nhit t ng.
Tn hiu READY xut hin khi tn hiu in cc n nh.
Bn phm:
28
C 8 nt kim sot cc chc nng:
Nm Chc nng
Mode Nhn chn mt o
Yes Nhn chp nhn cc thit nh hoc cc im nh c
c dng thay i tham s thit nh. Nhn b tham s c trc khi

nhp tham s mi.
Print Nhn in d liu c o.
Cal Nhn bt u mt nh c.
Setup Nhn nhp mode SETUP nhm thay i tham s v nhn nhp cc gi
tr m trong php nh c bng tay.
Res Nhn thay i phn gii hin th.
T ng nh c vi 3 hn hp m v o pH mu.
a/ Ni in cc vo my o pH.
b/ Nhn nt cal bt u vic nh c. Tn hiu CAL xut hin sau 2 giy. Chn
ty chn nh c 3PT, 3P7 nh nm hay . Nhn nt yes chp nhn.
c/ Tn hiu m pH4 xut hin. Pha di cn xut hin gi tr mV.
t in cc vo hn hp m pH4.01. s c s xut hin v cp nht. Khi tn hiu
READY xut hin, nhn phm yes chp nhn.
d/ Tn hiu m pH7 xut hin. Ly in cc khi hn hp m pH4.01. ra in cc
bng nc loi ht ion. t in cc vo hn hp m pH7.00.
S c s xut hin v cp nht. Khi tn hiu READY xut hin, nhn phm yes
chp nhn.
e/ Tn hiu m pH10 xut hin. Ly in cc khi hn hp m pH7.00. Ra in
cc bng nc loi ht ion. t in cc vo hn hp m pH10.01. S c s
xut hin v cp nht. Khi tn hiu READY xut hin, nhn phm yes chp nhn.
f/ dc s hin th trong 2 giy. Tn hiu dy nh c 4, 7 v 10 c gi cho
ti khi php nh c mi tin hnh.
g/ Ly in cc khi m 10.01, sc trng in cc bng nc ct. Nhng in cc
vo mu cn o pH. Tn hiu READY xut hin cho bit in cc n nh. Ghi li gi
tr pH o c cng nh nhit ca dung dch.
29
III. Hng dn s dng my o dn cm tay WTW LF330 v in cc
TetraCon 325.
1. Mt o x dn in
Sal mui
2. Gi tr o c
dn in, mui, TDS
3. Th nguyn
mS/cm, mS/cm cho dn in mg/l cho t\TDS
4. D liu nh c
nh gi kt qu thm d
5. Trng thi
TP o nhit
1/cm Hng s trung bnh
C Nhit
%K H s nhit
6. Cc gi tr o c v cc tham s:
Nhit , hng s bnh, thi gian, thi hn, t s, s nhn
dng gi tr o, tc truyn, h s nhit .
7. Trng thi
RCL Hm qu kh nng b nh hot ng
8. Trng thi
AR Kim sot sai lch khi nh c
AR tnh Gi tr o n nh xut hin
AR nhp nhy Gi tr o n nh ang c xc nh
9. Trng thi
Arng La t ng dy o hot ng
10. Trng thi
Store Hm tch tr bng tay hot ng
Auto store Hm tch tr bng t ng hot ng
11. Tin trnh nh c
Cal Cho php o dn in
12. Trng thi
loBat Pin ht in
30
Tref 20 Nhit chun 20 C.
Tref 25 Nhit chun 25 C.
nLF Hm nhit phi tuyn tnh ON/OFF
Lin Hm nhit tuyn tnh ON/OFF
13. Trng thi
Time Thi gian
Day, month Ngy v thng
Year Nm
Baud Tc truyn
No. S a ch tch tr
Ident S nhn din gi tr o
Bn phm my o WTW LF330
1 Mt o: dn in, mui
2 Thit nh hay xc nh hng s bnh
3 Nt ON/OFF
4 Thit nh h s nhit
5 Khng nh nhp xut ca cc gi tr o
6 Thit nh gi tr s, cun ln xung, la cc thit b nh
7 Hin th hay truyn cc gi tr o c tch tr
8 Tch tr gi tr o
in cc o dn in TetraCon 325
1 cm 8 kim IP67
2 in cc o in th
3 in cc o dng in (vng)
4 B d nhit
Trc khi tin hnh php o cn bo m cc xc lp chnh xc v hng s bnh, b
chnh nhit , nhit tiu chun vi php o dn in ta c th hon chuyn
gia cch chn khong o t ng v cch chn khong o bng tay.
a/ Gn chn in cc TetraCon 325 vo my o dn in.
b/ Sc, trng u in cc bng nc loi ht ion, trng ln cui bng dung dch mu
th. Rp in cc vo gi nha.
c/ Rot dung dch mu th cn o dn in vo cc nha.
31
d/ Cm in cc vo dung dch mu th, lng dung dch cn ngp khoang rng in
cc.
e/ Nhn nt ON/OFF, say mt giy trn mn hnh xut hin gi tr dn in ring X
ca dung dch (mS/cm). Ch cho gi tr o n nh (khng i sau khong 10 giy). Ghi
kt qu.
f/ Nhn nt ON/OFF tt my. Ra in cc bng nc lc.
5
32
Bi 6
PHA DUNG DCH. CHUN AXIT - BAZ
Mc ch
Cung cp cho sinh vin kin thc v k nng pha cc dung dch c nng khc
nhau, chun xc nh nng chnh xc ca dung dch.
Yu cu
Sinh vin cn nm vng kin thc v nng dung dch, cc phng php chun
axit baz.
I. Tm tt l thuyt
1.1. Nng dung dch
biu din thnh phn dung dch, ngi ta dng khi nim nng . Trong ho hc
thng s dng cc loi nng sau:
1.1.1. Nng phn trm (%)
Nng phn trm c tnh bng s phn khi lng cht tan trong 100 phn khi
lng dung dch.
1.1.2. Nng mol/l (M)
Nng mol/l c tnh bng s mol cht tan c trong mt lt dung dch.
1.1.3. Nng ng lng (N)
ng lng ca mt nguyn t l s phn khi lng ca nguyn t c th tc
dng hoc thay th va vi 1 phn khi lng hydro hoc 8 phn khi lng oxy.
ng lng ca mt hp cht l s phn khi lng ca cht tc dng va vi
mt ng lng ca mt nguyn t hay hp cht khc.
ng lng gam ca mt cht l lng cht tnh ra gam, c s ch gam bng ch
s ng lng ca cht .
Nng ng lng ca dung dch c tnh bng s ng lng gam cht tan c
trong 1 lt dung dch.
1.2. nh lut ng lng
Ni dung nh lut ng lng:
Cc cht phn ng vi nhau theo nhng khi lng t l vi ng lng ca
chng hay Cc cht phn ng vi nhau theo nhng s ng lng nh nhau.
33
Ta c:
B
A
B
A
D
D
m
m
=
Trong : m
A
, m
B
l khi lng hai cht A v B tham gia kt hp vi nhau
A
,
B
l ng lng ca hai cht A v B.
p dng nh lut ng lng cho phn ng xy ra trong dung dch: gi s c hai
cht A v B phn ng vi nhau: A + B C
Gi N
A
, N
B
ln lt l nng dung dch A v B.
V
A
, V
B
l th tch dung dch A v B phn ng va vi nhau.
Theo nh lut ng lng, cc cht A v B phn ng va vi nhau theo s
ng lng nh nhau. Do : V
A
.N
A
= V
B
.N
B
1.3. Phng php chun
Chun l qu trnh xc nh nng cht A bng cch thm dn dn dung dch
cht B phn ng vi n bit chnh xc nng . im m 2 cht A v B phn ng va
vi nhau (gi l im tng ng) c xc nh nh cht ch th.
T nng ng lng ca dung dch B (N
B
), th tch dung dich B (V
B
) v th tch
dung dch A (V
A
) phn ng va vi nhau, ta tnh c nng ng lng cht A
(N
A
) da vo nh lut ng lng.
C nhiu phng php chun : chun axit - baz, chun oxi ho - kh, chun
kt ta, chun to phc
1.3.1. Chun axit - baz
Nguyn tc ca phng php l da vo phn ng trung ho:
H
+
+ OH
-
H
2
O
Phng php ny c s dng xc nh nng ca cc dung dch axit (HCl,
H
2
SO
4
, HNO
3
, CH
3
COOH) bng dung dch kim (NaOH, KOH) bit chnh xc
nng hoc ngc li. xc nh im tng ng, cn phi dng cht ch th mu
axit - baz (phenolphtalein, qu tm, metyl da cam).
1.3.2. Chun oxi ho - kh
Nguyn tc ca phng php l da vo phn ng oxi ho - kh:
Kh 1 + Ox 2 Kh 2 + Ox 1
Phng php ny c s dng xc nh nng cc cht oxi ho hoc kh.
xc nh nng ca cc cht oxi ho (MnO
4
-
, CrO
4
-
, ClO
3
-
, ) ngi ta dng cc cht
kh (Fe(II), C
2
O
4
2-
, H
2
O
2
, I
-
, SO
3
2-
, ) bit nng chnh xc.
34
II. Thc hnh
1. Dng c v ho cht
1.1. Dng c
- Cn phn tch ( chnh xc 0,0001 g) - Phu thu tinh
- ng ong 250 ml - Pipet 5 ml, 10 ml
- Bnh nh mc 250 ml - Buret 25 ml
1.2. Ho cht
- Dung dch HCl c (37,2%, d = 1,19)
- Dung dch NaOH 0,5N
- Ch th phenolphtalein
2. Tin hnh
2.1. Pha dung dch HCl 1 N t dung dch HCl c
Hy tnh xem cn dng bao nhiu ml dung dch HCl c pha 250 ml dung dch HCl
1N.
Dng pipet c bp cao su ly lng HCl c cn thit vo bnh nh mc c dung tch
250 ml v thm nc ct cho ti vch mc v lc u.
2.2. Chun
xc nh nng chnh xc ca dung dch HCl 1N va pha, chng ta s dng
phng php chun axit - baz:
Dng pipet ly chnh xc 5 ml dung dch HCl va pha cho vo bnh tam gic, thm tip
vi git phenolphtalein. Dng bnh tia ra nhng git dung dch HCl bm trn thnh bnh
tam gic.
Dng bnh tia ra buret bng nc ct, ly mt t dung dch NaOH 0,5 N vo trng
buret, sau dung dch NaOH 0,5 N vo buret cho ti vch 0.
Cm bnh tam gic tay phi, tay tri m kho buret cho tng git dung dch NaOH
vo, ng thi lc trn bnh tam gic trn u dung dch v quan st mu ca dung
dch. Khi ti gn im tng ng (mu hng chm mt dn) th phi nh tht t t
dung dch NaOH. Ti lc dung dch trung ha (gi l im tng ng) th mt git
dung dch NaOH d s lm cho dung dch c mi trng kim v phenolphtalein chuyn
thnh mu hng bn trong 30 giy. Ghi th tch dung dch NaOH tiu tn.
Lp li qu trnh chun 3 ln, ly gi tr trung bnh v tnh nng chnh xc ca
dung dch HCl theo cng thc:
35
HCl
NaOH NaOH
HCl
V
N V
N
.
=
36
Bi 7
CHUN OXY HA KH
Mc ch
Cung cp cho sinh vin kin thc v k nng pha cc dung dch c nng khc
nhau, chun xc nh nng chnh xc ca dung dch.
Yu cu
Sinh vin cn nm vng kin thc v nng dung dch, cc phng php chun
oxy ho - kh.
I. L thuyt : Xem bi 6
II. Thc hnh
1. Dng c v ho cht
1.1. Dng c
- Cn phn tch ( chnh xc 0,0001 g) - Phu thu tinh
- ng ong 250 ml - Pipet 5 ml, 10 ml
- Bnh nh mc 250 ml - Buret 25 ml
1.2. Ho cht
- Dung dch H
2
SO
4
2N
- Dung dch KMnO
4
0,1N
- Dung dch H
2
C
2
O
4
.2H
2
O 0,1N
2. Tin hnh
2.1. Pha long dung dch v chun oxi ho - kh
2.2. Pha long dung dch
Pha 100 ml dung dch KMnO
4
0,01N t dung dch KMnO
4
0,1N (c sn PTN).
Tnh th tch dung dch KMnO
4
0,1N cn dng pha trong bnh nh mc 100 ml.
2.3. Chun
xc nh chnh xc nng ca dung dch KMnO
4
va pha, chng ta s dng
phng php chun oxi ho - kh vi cht kh H
2
C
2
O
4
trong mi trng axit:
Dng bnh tia ra sch buret bng nc ct, trng buret bng dung dch KMnO
4
cn
xc nh nng ; sau cho dung dch KMnO
4
vo buret n vch 0. Dng pipet ly
chnh xc 5 ml dung dch H
2
C
2
O
4
0,1 N vo bnh tam gic, thm vi git dung dch
H
2
SO
4
2 N lm mi trng, un nng bnh n khong 70 80
0
C (ch khng c un
37
si). Sau em chun bng dung dch KMnO
4
. T buret nh t t dung dch KMnO
4
vo bnh tam gic, lc trn trn u dung dch. Quan st s mt mu ca tng dung
dch KMnO
4
. Ti im tng ng, 1 git dung dch KMnO
4
d s to nn mu hng
nht khng mt ngay trong thi gian 1 2 pht. Ghi th tch dung dch KMnO
4
tiu tn,
lp li qu trnh chun 3 ln, ly gi tr trung bnh.
Theo nh lut ng lng, nng chnh xc ca dung dch KMnO
4
c tnh theo
cng thc:
4
4 2 2 4 2 2
4
.
KMnO
O C H O C H
KMnO
V
V N
N =
III. Cu hi
1. Phi dng bao nhiu gam tinh th hexahidrat ca canxi clorua iu ch 200 ml dung
dch canxi clorua 30% (d = 1,282). Nng mol dung dch canxi clorua, Ca
2+
, Cl
-
bng
bao nhiu?
Trong phng th nghim c sn nc ct, cc dung dch canxi clorua 20% (d = 1,177)
v dung dch 40% (d = 1,396). Tm cch pha dung dch ni trn bng hai phng php
n gin, khc nhau.
2. ng lng ca mt cht l g? Cch tm ng lng ca mt hp cht trong phn
ng trung ho, phn ng oxi ho - kh.
3. Php chun l g? Phn bit dung dch chun v dung dch cn chun . Th no l
im tng ng?
38
Bi 8
DUNG DCH IN LY
Mc ch
Cung cp cho sinh vin kin thc v k nng kho st s thu phn ca mui, cn
bng axit baz, cht ch th mu axit baz, iu kin ho tan v to thnh cht kt
ta
Yu cu
Sinh vin cn nm vng kin thc v phn ng axit baz, phn ng trao i trong
dung dch, s thu phn ca mui, cht in ly t tan.
I. L thuyt
gii thch kh nng dn in ca dung dch, Arrhenius gi nh cht in ly l cht
phn ly thnh cc ion b solvat ho di tc dng ca cc phn t dung mi.
Tu theo mc dn in ca dung dch m phn bit:
+ Cht in ly mnh l cht ion ho hon ton trong nc.
+ Cht in ly yu l cht ch ion ho mt phn trong nc
* in ly
i lng c trng cho mc in ly ca cht in ly trong dung dch nng
xc nh, ngi ta dng in ly o:
in ly ph thuc vo bn cht ca cht in ly, bn cht ca dung mi, nhit ,
nng ca dung dch. Khi tng nng dung dch cht in ly th o gim v ngc li.
V d, i vi dung dch HCl:
Nng (M) 0,1 0,05 0,01 0,005
o%
92,0 94,4 97,2 98,1
* Hng s in ly
i vi cht in ly yu, s in ly l khng hon ton v c c trng bng
mt i lng l hng s in ly.
V d, cht in ly yu AB: AB A
+
+ B
-
Hng s in ly:
S phn t in ly
Tng s phn t ho tan
o =
39

AB
B A
K
+
=
.
i vi axit yu l hng s in ly axit, k hiu K
a
i vi baz yu l hng s in ly baz, k hiu K
b
Gia hng s in ly K v in ly o c mi lin h :
C
K
=
vi C l nng cht in ly.
Cng thc ny ch ng vi khi o << 1.T h thc ny cho thy, khi nng C gim,
in ly tng. Ni cch khc, khi pha long dung dch, s in ly ca cht in ly tng
(nh lut pha long Ostwald).
Nc l cht in ly yu, s t ion ho ca H
2
O c biu din: 2H
2
O H
3
O
+
+ OH
-
V hng s in ly:
O H
OH O H
K
2
3
.

+
=
V mc ion ho ca nc rt nh ( 298
o
K, o
nc
= 1,81.10
-9
) nn c th xem
hot ca H
2
O bng n v, hot ca cc ion bng nng ca chng. Vy:
[H
3
O
+
].[OH
-
] = K. Hng s ny gi l tch s ion ca nc. H thc khng ch ng cho
nc tinh khit m cho tt c cc dung dch long ca cc cht trong nc. Trong nc
tinh khit 298
o
K th:
[H
3
O
+
] = [OH
-
] = 1,00.10
-7
mol.l
-1
: mi trng trung tnh
[H
3
O
+
] < 1,00.10
-7
mol.l
-1
: mi trng axit
[H
3
O
+
] > 1,00.10
-7
mol.l
-1
: mi trng baz
biu th tnh cht mi trng, trong ha hc dng i lng pH, vi pH = - lg[H
+
].
Tng t, c th nh ngha pOH v pK nh sau: pOH = - lg[OH
-
] v pK = - lgK.
Nh vy c th suy ra:
pH + pOH = pK
pH = pOH = 7: mi trng trung tnh
pH < 7, pOH > 7: mi trng axit
pH > 7, pOH < 7: mi trng baz
do : pH + pOH = 14
* S thu phn ca mui
40
S thu phn ca mui l phn ng trao i gia cc ion ca mui vi nc to
thnh cht in ly yu ng thi lm thay i pH ca mi trng. Theo Bronsted, thc
cht phn ng thu phn l phn ng trao i proton gia axit baz.
Xt 4 trng hp sau:
1. Mui to bi axit mnh v baz mnh
V d, khi ho tan NaCl vo nc: NaCl
(r)
Na
+
(aq)
+ Cl
-
(aq)
Ion Na
+
l axit lin hp ca baz mnh NaOH, khng cho v khng nhn H
+
;
Ion Cl
-
l baz lin hp ca axit mnh HCl nn tnh baz rt yu.
Dung dch cha 2 loi ion hon ton trung tnh nn pH ca dung dch = 7.
Dung dch mui to bi axit mnh v baz mnh l dung dch trung tnh.
2. Mui to bi axit mnh v baz yu
V d: Ho tan NH
4
Cl vo nc:
NH
4
Cl
(r)
NH
4
+
(aq)
+ Cl
-
(aq)
Ion Cl
-
l baz lin hp ca axit mnh HCl nn tnh baz rt yu;
Ion NH
4
+
l axit lin hp ca baz NH
3
yu nn c th nhng proton cho H
2
O:
NH
4
+
(aq)
+ H
2
O
(l)
NH
4
OH + H
+
Dung dch c tnh axit (pH < 7).
Hng s thu phn:

b
O H
tf
K
K
OH NH
OH H OH NH
NH
H OH NH
K
2
4
4
4
4
= = =
+
+
+
+
3. Mui to bi axit yu v baz mnh
V d: Ho tan CH
3
COONa vo nc:
CH
3
COONa Na
+
+ CH
3
COO
-
CH
3
COO
-
l baz ca axit yu CH
3
COOH nn nhn proton H
+
ca H
2
O
CH
3
COO
-
+ H
2
O CH
3
COOH + OH
-
Dung dch c tnh baz (pH > 7).
Hng s thu phn:

a
O H
tf
K
K
H COO CH
H OH COOH CH
COO CH
OH COOH CH
K
2
3
3
3
3
= = =
+
+
4. Mui to bi axit yu v baz yu

V d: Ho tan mui CH
3
COONH
4
vo nc:
CH
3
COONH
4
NH
4
+
+ CH
3
COO
-
41
NH
4
+
+ CH
3
COO
-
+ H
2
O NH
4
OH + CH
3
COOH
Trng hp ny c NH
4
+
v CH
3
COO
-
u l cc axit v baz yu. Tnh cht ca mi
trng tu thuc vo mnh tng i ca chng. Khi chng yu nh nhau th mi trng
l trung tnh.
Hng s thu phn:

b a
O H
tf
K K
K
OH NH H COO CH
H OH OH NH COOH CH
NH COO CH
OH NH COOH CH
K
2
4 3
4 3
4 3
4 3
= = =
+ +
+
+
T trn c th rt ra nhn xt:
+ Mui cng b thu phn mnh khi axit hay baz cng yu.
+ Mui b thu phn mnh khi nng cng nh.
Khi ho tan mt mui t tan A
m
B
n
vo nc, nhanh chng c dung dch bo ho.
Nu mui phn li thnh cc ion A
n+
v B
n+
th gia pha rn v pha dung dch c cn bng:
AmBn
(r)
mA
n+
+ nB
m-
Hng s cn bng ca cn bng d th ny gi l tch s tan. K hiu l T
AmBn
:
T
AmBn
= [A
n+
].[B
m-
]
n
Tch s tan c trng cho mi cht t tan v ch ph thuc vo nhit v bn cht
ca cht tan. Tch s tan o mc ho tan ca cht. Bit tch s tan, c th tnh c
tan (S) v ngc li.
Dung dch bo ho khi tch s ion = tch s tan: ,
AmBn
n
B A
T C C
M N
=
+
.
Dung dch cha bo ho khi tch s ion < tch s tan: ,
AmBn
n
B A
T C C
M N
<
+
.
Dung dch cha bo ho khi tch s ion > tch s tan: ,
AmBn
n
B A
T C C
M N
>
+
.
Nh vy, iu kin ho tan kt ta l tch s ion < tch s tan v iu kin kt ta l
tch s ion > tch s tan.
II. Thc hnh
1. Dng c v ho cht
1.1. Dng c
- ng nghim - Bnh tia
- n cn - Kp ng nghim
1.2. Ho cht
- Dung dch HCl 0,1 M - Dung dch NaOH 0,1 M
- Dung dch Na
2
SO
4
0,1 M - Dung dch CH
3
COOH 0,1 M v m c
- Dung dch NH
4
OH 0,1 M v m c - Dung dch SbCl
3
0,5 M
42
- Dung dch bo ho SrCl
2
, CaCl
2
, K
2
SO
4
- Tinh th CH
3
COONa, NH
4
Cl, NaCl, Na
2
CO
3
, FeCl
3
, CH
3
COONH
4
, ZnS, CuS.
- Phenolphtalein, qu tm
2. Cch tin hnh
2.1. Cn bng trong cc dung dch
Th nghim 1: Cho vo ng nghim, mi ng 4 5 ml nc ct, sau thm vo mi
ng mt git dung dch NH
4
OH m c v 2 git phenolphtalein. Mt ng gi nguyn
so snh, ng th hai thm vo tinh th NH
4
Cl. Lc u, so snh mu trong hai ng
nghim. Gii thch.
Th nghim 2: Cho vo 2 ng nghim, mi ng 4 5 ml nc ct, sau thm vo mi
ng mt git dung dch CH
3
COOH m c v 2 git metyl da cam. Mt ng gi nguyn
so snh, ng th hai thm vo tinh th CH
3
COONa. Lc u, so snh mu trong hai
ng nghim. Gii thch.
2.2. Cht in ly t tan
Th nghim 3: Cho vo 2 ng nghim:
- ng 1: 2 ml dung dch bo ho SrCl
2
+ 2 ml dung dch bo ho Na
2
SO
4
.
- ng 2: 2 ml dung dch bo ho CaCl
2
+ 2 ml dung dch bo ho Na
2
SO
4
.
Nhn xt, vit phng trnh phn ng. Da vo bng tan ca SrCl
2
, CaCl
2
, Na
2
SO
4
nhit nghin cu v tch s tan ca SrSO
4
v CaSO
4
gii thch kt qu hai trng
hp trn. T rt ra iu kin to thnh kt ta.
Th nghim 4: Cho vo 2 ng nghim:
- ng 1: mt t tinh th ZnS + 2 ml nc ct
- ng 2: mt t tinh th CuS + 2 ml nc ct
Lc u 2 ng nghim. Quan st v cho nhn xt.
Thm vo mi ng 3 ml dung dch HCl 2 M. Quan st hin tng xy ra, cho nhn
xt, gii thch v vit phng trnh phn ng di dng ion.
2.3. S thu phn ca mui
Th nghim 5: Ly vo 5 ng nghim:
- ng 1: mt t tinh th NaCl + 2 ml nc ct
- ng 2: mt t tinh th Na
2
CO
3
+ 2 ml nc ct
- ng 3: mt t tinh th NH
4
Cl + 2 ml nc ct
- ng 4: mt t tinh th FeCl
3
+ 2 ml nc ct
- ng 5: mt t tinh th NH
4
CH
3
COO + 2 ml nc ct
43
Lc u 5 ng nghim cho tan ht. th mi trng trong dung dch bng giy pH.
Lp li th nghim trn nhng th mi trng dung dch bng cch thm vo mi
ng 1-2 git phenolphtalein. Ghi kt qu vo bng nh sau:
ng Mui Mu phenolphtalein Mu giy pH Mi trng
1
2
3
4
5
Th nghim 6: Cho vo ng nghim 4 ml dung dch NaCH
3
COO v 2 git
phenolphtalein. Lc u, cho nhn xt. Chia dung dch thnh 2 phn: mt phn gi
nguyn so snh; un nng phn 2 v quan st s bin i mu. Sau ng 2 v
nhit phng v quan st s bin i mu tr li ca dung dch trong ng nghim. Gii
thch v rt ra kt lun v nh hng ca nhit n s thu phn.
Th nghim 7: Cho vo ng nghim 2, 3 git SbCl
3
0,5 M. Lm long dung dch bng
cch thm 5 ml nc ct. Quan st hin tng xy ra, gii thch v vit phng trnh phn
ng thu phn. Sau thm vi git HCl 1 M, lc u, quan st hin tng xy ra, gii
thch, vit phng trnh phn ng.
T rt ra nhn xt g v nh hng ca s pha long n s thu phn? Mun ngn
nga s thu phn ca mui phi lm nh th no?
Lu : Khi un dung dch bng ng nghim, phi hng ming ng nghim v pha
khng c ngi. Cm nhn thng vo ming ng nghim. Khi un, cm ci mt vo pha
ho cht.
III. Cu hi
1. Cht in ly mnh khc vi cht in ly yu im no? Khi nim tch s tan? iu
kin ho tan v kt ta ca cht in ly t tan l g?
2. Tnh nng H
+
, pH ca dung dch CH
3
COOH 0,1 M, tnh in ly ca axit iu
kin cho.
44
Bi 9
PHN NG OXI HO KH
Mc ch
Cung cp cho sinh vin kin thc v k nng thc hin mt s phn ng oxi ho -
kh, phn bit cc loi phn ng oxi ho - kh, nm c chiu xy ra ca phn ng oxi
ho - kh.
Yu cu
Sinh vin cn nm vng kin thc v th oxi ho - kh, chiu ca phn ng oxi ho -
kh, phng php cn bng phn ng oxi ho - kh.
I. Tm tt l thuyt
1.1. Phn ng oxi ho - kh
Phn ng oxi ho - kh l phn ng c s thay i mc oxi ho ca cc nguyn t
trc v sau phn ng. Nguyn nhn dn n s thay i mc oxi ho ca cc nguyn t
l do s chuyn di in t t nguyn t ny sang nguyn t khc.
Cht oxi ho l cht nhn in t. Mt s cht oxi ho in hnh: Cc n cht ca
nguyn t c m in ln ( F
2
, Cl
2
, O
2
,), cc cation kim loi c mc oxi ho cao
(Sn
4+
, Fe
3+
, Ce
4+
, ), cc anion phc tp trong nguyn t trung tm c mc oxi ho
cao (CrO
4
2-
, Cr
2
O
7
2-
, ClO
-
, MnO
4
-
, )
Cht kh l cht nhng in t. Mt s cht kh in hnh: Cc n cht ca nguyn
t c m in b ( kim loi kim, kim th, cc kim loi khc,), cc cation kim loi
c mc oxi ho thp, km bn (Fe
2+
, Ge
2+
,Cr
3+
), cc anion phc tp trong nguyn
t trung tm c mc oxi ho cao (SO
3
2-
, NO
2
-
,)
Qu trnh nhn electron ca cht oxi ho gi l qu trnh kh. Qu trnh nhng
electron ca cht kh gi l qu trnh oxi ho.
1.2. Cp oxi ho - kh lin hp
Mt cht (nguyn t, phn t, ion,) dng oxi ho sau khi nhn electron s chuyn
thnh dng kh tng ng.
V d: Cu
2+
+ 2e = Cu
Cl
2
+ 2e = 2Cl
-
Chng to thnh cp oxi ho - kh lin hp, c k hiu l Cu
2+
/Cu, Cl
2
/2Cl
-
.
1.3. Chiu ca phn ng oxi ho - kh
45
Mt cch tng qut, chiu ca phn ng oxi ho - kh c xc nh nh sau:
Ox1 + Kh2 Kh1 + Ox2
vi th oxi ho - kh ca cp oxi ho - kh Ox1/Kh1 ln hn cp Ox2/Kh2. Ngha l:
dng oxi ho ca cp oxi ho - kh c th oxi ho - kh b hn.
II. Thc hnh
1. Dng c v ho cht
1.1. Dng c
- Kp ng nghim - Bnh tia
- ng nghim - n cn
- Gi ng ng nghim
1.2. Ho cht
- Dung dch H
2
SO
4
1M v c - Dung dch HNO
3
c
- Dung dch Na
2
SO
3
bo ho - Benzen
- Dung dch KBr 2M - Nc clo, nc brom
- Dung dch KI 2M - Dung dch KMnO
4
0,5N
- Dung dch AgNO
3
1M - Dung dch Zn(NO
3
)
2
1M
- Dung dch Fe(NO
3
)
2
1M - Dung dch CuSO
4
1M
- Dung dch FeSO
4
0,1 M - Dung dch NaOH 2M
- Km ht, st, ng, bc - KMnO
4
tinh th
- Ch th phenoltalein
2. Tin hnh
Th nghim 1: Chun b 3 ng nghim:
- ng 1: cho vo mt ht km + 1 ml dung dch H
2
SO
4
1 M
- ng 2: cho vo mt inh st sch + 1 ml dung dch H
2
SO
4
1 M
- ng 3: cho vo mt mu ng + 1 ml dung dch H
2
SO
4
1 M
Nu cn c th un nh ng nghim bng n cn. Quan st hin tng xy ra,
gii thch v vit cc phng trnh phn ng thu gn.
- ng 1: 1 ml dung dch H
2
SO
4
c + 1 mu ng
- ng 2: 1 ml dung dch HNO
3
c + 1 mu ng
46
Quan st hin tng xy ra. un nng cn thn ng nghim th nht n si. Quan st
hin tng xy ra, lu mi kh thot ra v s thay i mu ca dung dch. Vit cc
phng trnh phn ng dng ion thu gn gii thch.
- ng 1: Ly vo ng nghim 1ml kalibromua KBr 2M, thm vo 1 ml benzen. Lc v
quan st ng nghim. Sau cho t t vi git nc clo vo, ri lc ng nghim. Quan
st hin tng xy ra. Vit phng trnh phn ng dng ion thu gn gii thch.
- ng 2: Chun b ng nghim v lp li th nghim nh trn nhng thay dung dch KBr
2M bng dung dch kali iodua KI 2M.
- ng 3: Chun b ng nghim v tin hnh th nghim nh trn, nhng ln ny thc hin
vi dung dch KI v nc brom. Ch khng cho d nc brom, v nu d, brom s tan
vo dung mi hu c (benzen) cng vi iot.
Da vo kt qu thu c, so snh tnh oxi ho - kh ca cc halogen.
- ng 1: cho vo 1 ml dung dch thuc tm KMnO
4
0,5 M + vi git dung dch H
2
SO
4
c
4
0,5 M + vi git nc
4
0,5 M + vi git dung dch NaOH 2
M
Thm t t vo 3 ng nghim vi git dung dch natri sunfit Na
2
SO
3
bo ho.
Quan st hin tng xy ra trong mi ng nghim. Vit cc phng trnh phn ng dng
ion thu gn gii thch. Nu nhn xt.
Th nghim 5:
un nng cn thn mt t tinh th thuc tm KM
n
O
4
(bng mt ng) trong ng
nghim kh n khi thuc tm b phn hy. Quan st hin tng xy ra. ngui, sau
ha tan sn phm thu c vo nc. Theo di s i mu ca dung dch. Vit phng
trnh phn ng gii thch.
Th nghim 6:
Cho mt t tinh th it (hoc mt git brom) vo ng nghim ng 1ml dung dch
NaOH 2M ri un nh. Theo di s i mu ca dung dch. Dng dung dch bc nitrat
AgNO
3
pht hin s to thnh ca ion iodua (hoc bromua)trong phn ng trn. Vit
phng trnh phn ng gii thch.
- ng 1: cha 2 ml dung dch Zn(NO
3
)
2
1 M
47
- ng 2: cha 2 ml dung dch Fe(NO
3
)
2
1 M
- ng 3: cha 2 ml dung dch CuSO
4
1 M
- ng 4: cha 2 ml dung dch AgNO
3
1 M
Thm vo mi ng nghim mt mnh km nh. Quan st hin tng xy ra trong tng
ng nghim. Vit phng trnh phn ng ion gii thch.
Lp li th nghim nh trn nhng ln lt thay mnh km bng st, ng, bc.
T kt qu trn hy sp xp bn kim loi theo km, st, ng, bc th t tnh kh tng
dn.
Th nghim 8: Xc nh chiu ca phn ng sau:
MnO
4
-
+ Fe
2+
+ H
+
Mn
2+
+ Fe
3+
+ H
2
O
Cho bit: MnO
4
-
+ 8H
+
+ 5e = Mn
2+
+ 4H
2
O E
0
= 1,51 (V)
Fe
3+
+ e = Fe
2+
E
0
= 0,77 (V)
Thc hin th nghim sau y chng minh:
Ly vo ng nghim 5 git dung dch KMnO
4
0,1 M, vi git dung dch H
2
SO
4
1 M
lm mi trng. Thm tip vi git dung dch FeSO
4
0,1 M. Quan st hin tng xy ra,
gii thch v vit phng trnh phn ng.
III. Cu hi
1. Th no l mt cp oxi ho - kh lin hp?
2. Xc nh chiu ca phn ng gia 2 cp oxi ho - kh lin hp.
48
Bi 10
IN HA HC
Mc ch
Cung cp cho sinh vin kin thc v k nng xc nh sc in ng ca nguyn t
Galvani (pin) v kho st qu trnh in phn mt s dung dch cht in ly.
Yu cu
Sinh vin cn nm vng kin thc v th in cc, hot ng ca nguyn t
Galvani, qu trnh in phn.
I. TM TT L THUYT
1.1. Th in cc
in cc l mt h nhiu pha dn in tip xc vi nhau v trn xy ra phn
ng oxi ho kh. Mi in cc c mt th xc nh, c gi l th in cc. V d
in cc Zn/Zn
2+
; in cc Ag, AgCl/Cl
; in cc Pt, H
2
/H
+
; in cc Pt/Fe
2+
,Fe
3+
.
Nu nng dung dch cht in ly ca in cc bng n v (1M), nhit
25
0
C th th in cc c gi l th in cc tiu chun, k hiu
0
. V d th in cc
tiu chun ca in cc km:
0
Zn
2+
/Zn = -0,76 V;
0
Cu
2+
/Cu = 0,31 V.
Trng hp cht in ly c nng bt k v nhit 25
0
C, th th in cc
c tnh theo phng trnh Nernst:
0
0, 059 [Ox]
lg
[Kh] n
= +
1.2. Nguyn t Galvani
Nu thc hin phn ng oxi ho kh m qu trnh kh mt ni v qu trnh oxi ho
mt ni khc, ri cho electron chuyn qua dy dn mch ngoi th khi s sinh ra
dng in. Ngha l chng ta chuyn ho nng thnh in nng. l nguyn tc hot
ng ca nguyn t Galvani.
Nhng mun cho electron chuyn ng t ni ny sang ni khc th gia chng phi
c s chnh lch in th. Ngha l phi c 2 v tr c in th khc nhau. Do c
c mt thit b chuyn ho nng thnh in nng (nguyn t Galvani, pin, mch in
ho) cn phi ghp ni 2 in cc c th khc nhau bng dy dn mch ngoi.
V d: Pin Daniel Jacobi
49
Pin Daniel Jacobi c ghp ni t hai in cc: Cu/Cu
2+
v Zn/Zn
2+
c cu to nh
sau:
Hnh: S cu to pin Daniel - Jacobi
+ Hot ng ca pin:
- mch ngoi dng in chy t cc Cu sang cc Zn.
- Trong qu trnh hot ng th cc km b mn dn, cn cc ng dy thm.
- in cc Cu c th dng hn gi l cc dng (+).
- in cc Zn c th m hn gi l cc m (-).
- Phn ng xy ra 2 in cc:
cc dng (+): Cu
2+
+ 2e Cu
cc m (-): Zn - 2e Zn
2+
Cu
2+
+ Zn Cu + Zn
2+
Nh vy: cc dng xy ra qu trnh kh, cht oxi ho nhn in t. cc m
xy ra qu trnh oxi ho, cht kh nhng in t.
+ K hiu pin: Theo quy c, k hiu mt pin, ngi ta vit cc m pha bn
tri v cc dng pha bn phi.
i vi pin Daniel Jacobi c k hiu nh sau:
(-) Zn/ZnSO
4
//CuSO
4
/Cu (+)
Sc in ng (E) ca nguyn t Galvani chnh bng hiu gia th in cc dng v
in cc m:
( ) ( )
E
+
=
1.3. Chiu ca phn ng oxi ho - kh
Xc nh chiu ca phn ng oxi ho - kh nh sau:
Ox1 + Kh2 = Ox2 + Kh1 (1) 25
0
C
Thit lp pin gm hai in cc Pt/Ox1, Kh1 v Pt/Ox2, Kh2.
50
Gia bin thin th ng nhit - ng p (G) ca phn ng oxi ho - kh xy ra khi
pin hot ng v sc in ng ca pin c mi quan h: G = - nFE
phn ng xy ra, theo nhit ng hc th bin thin th ng nhit - ng p G <
0, do sc in ng ca pin E > 0.
Gi s:
ox1/kh1 1 ox2/kh2 2
( ) ( ) >
Sc in ng ca pin c ghp ni t 2 in cc trn l
1 2
E = . in cc
Pt/Ox1, Kh1 l cc dng, cn in cc Pt/Ox2, Kh2 ng vai tr l cc m.
Khi pin hot ng, 2 in cc xy ra cc phn ng sau:
cc dng (+): Ox1 + ne Kh1
cc m (-): Kh2 - ne Ox2
Ox1 + Kh2 Ox2 + Kh1
Nh vy, nu
ox1/kh1 1 ox2/kh2 2
( ) ( ) > th phn ng (1) xy ra theo chiu t tri sang
phi.
Tng qut: Mt phn ng oxi ho kh s xy ra theo chiu: Dng oxi ho ca cp oxi
ho - kh c th in cc dng hn s ng vai tr l cht nhn in t.
1.4. S in phn
in phn l qu trnh oxi ho - kh xy ra trn b mt in cc khi cho dng in
mt chiu i qua cht in ly trng thi nng chy hay dung dch.
Qu trnh in phn c thc hin trong bnh in phn gm hai in cc nhng vo
dung dch cht in ly (hay cht in ly nng chy) v c ni vi ngun in mt
chiu bn ngoi. Cc m ca ngun in c gi l catt v cc dng gi l ant.
1.4.1. in phn dung dch cht in ly nng chy
Qu trnh in phn cht in ly nng chy xy ra rt n gin, bi v 2 in cc ch
c ion ca cht in ly v chng s tham gia phng in.
V d, s in phn NaCl nng chy nhit 850
0
C.
catt (-): Na
+
+ e= Na
ant (+): Cl
- e = 1/2Cl
2
Phn ng tng qut:
dpnc
2
1/ 2 NaCl Na Cl +
1.4.2. in phn dung dch cht in ly
Trong trng hp ny, ngoi s c mt ca cc ion ca cht in ly cn c cc ion H
+
v OH
do nc in ly nn qu trnh phc tp hn.

51
Qu trnh xy ra catt: catt s c cc ion kim loi v ion H
+
. Cc phn ng c
th xy ra l:
M
n+
+ ne = M
2H
+
+ 2e = H
2
(nu mi trng axit)
2H
2
O + 2e = H
2
+2OH
(nu mi trng baz)

Kh nng tham gia phn ng (phng in) ca cc ion catt nh th no? Trong
dung dch nc, cc ion kim loi kim, kim th v ion nhm khng b kh, khi ion
H
+
s b kh. Nu c mt cc cation kim loi k t Zn tr i trong dy in ho th chng
s b kh v theo th t: cation kim loi no c th in cc cng ln th cng d b kh.
V d trong dung dch c cc cation: Zn
2+
, Cu
2+
, Al
3+
, Ca
2+
, H
+
vi nng nh nhau th
cc ion b kh theo th t l Cu
2+
, H
+
, Zn
2+
. Hai cation Al
3+
v Ca
2+
khng b kh.
- Qu trnh xy ra ant: ant c th xy ra s phng in ca cc anion gc axit
ca cht in ly, ion OH
, ngoi ra tu vt liu lm in cc ant m n cng c th b

oxi ho trong qu trnh in phn. V vy chng ta phn bit hai trng hp:
a/ Ant tr: Trong trng hp dng C (grafit) hay Pt (platin) th th t phng in
ca cc anion nh sau:
2A
-
- 2e = A
2
2OH
- 2e = 1/2O
2
+ H
2
O (nu mi trng baz)
H
2
O - 2e = 1/2O
2
+ 2H
+
(nu mi trng trung tnh hoc axit)
D b oxi ho nht l cc anion gc axit khng cha oxi nh I
, Br
, Cl
,... sau n
ion OH
, cc anion gc axit cha oxi nh NO

3
, SO
4
2
, PO
4
3
... khng b oxi ho.
b/ Ant tan: Nu dng cc kim loi nh Zn, Ni, Cu... lm ant th cc kim loi ny d
b oxi ho hn v c th in cc nh hn cc cp oxi ho - kh ca cc anion ant, kt
qu l chng b tan ra trong qu trnh in phn v v vy c gi l ant tan (dng cc
tan).
II. THC HNH
1. DNG C - HO CHT
1.1. Dng c
- Cc 100 ml - ng nghim
- in cc Zn - Pipt 5 ml
- in cc Cu - Volt k
- in cc than ch - ng ong 100 ml
52
- Cu mui aga hnh ch U - Giy nhm mn
1.2. Ho cht
- Dung dch ZnSO
4
1 M - Dung dch NaCl 0,1 M
- Dung dch CuSO
4
1 M - Benzen
- Dung dch KI 0,1 M - H tinh bt
- Dung dch KBr 0,1 M - Phenolphtalein
- Dung dch FeCl
3
0,1 M
2. TIN HNH
2.1. Lp v o sc in ng ca pin Daniel Jacobi
Lp pin Daniel Jacobi theo s nh hnh 4, bao gm cc bc:
- Ly 50 ml dung dch ZnSO
4
1 m cho vo cc 100 ml v in cc Zn
- Ly 50 ml dung dch CuSO
4
1 m cho vo cc 100 ml v in cc Cu
- Cc 1 v 2 c ni vi nhau bng cu dn in KCl bo ho trong aga-aga
- Dng Volt k o sc in ng ca pin.
2.2. Xc nh chiu ca phn ng oxi ho - kh
ng nghim 1: Ly 2 ml dung dch KBr 0,1 M, thm tip 1 ml dung dch FeCl
3
0,1 M
v cui cng l 1 ml benzen.
ng nghim 2: Ly 2 ml dung dch KI 0,1 M, thm tip 1 ml dung dch FeCl
3
0,1 M
v vi git h tinh bt.
Ch sc mu ca lp benzen ng nghim 1. Dng nt cao su y 2 ng nghim v
lc k, yn v quan st hin tng xy ra trong 2 ng. Vit phng trnh phn ng.
Gii thch.
Bit:
3 2
2 2
/ / 2 / 2
0, 77 ; 0, 54 ; 1, 07 ;
o o o
Fe Fe I I Br Br
V V V
+ +
= = =
2.3. in phn dung dch KI
Ly 60 ml dung dch KI 0,1 M vo cc c dung tch 100 ml. Thm vi git
phenolphtalein (PP) v vi git h tinh bt. Gn vo cc 2 in cc bng than ch v ni
vi ngun in mt chiu c in th trong khong 6 12 V.
Quan st v gii thch cc hin tng xy ra trong bnh in phn. Vit cc
phng trnh phn ng xy ra 2 in cc.
2.4. in phn dung dch NaCl
53
Ly 60 ml dung dch NaCl 0,1 M v cc c dung tch 100 ml, thm vi git PP.
Gn vo cc 2 in cc bng than ch v ni vi ngun in mt chiu c in th trong
khong 6 12 V.
Quan st v gii thch cc hin tng xy ra trong bnh in phn. Vit cc
phng trnh phn ng xy ra 2 in cc.
2.5. in phn dung dch CuSO
4
vi ant Cu
Nhng vo cc c dung tch 100 ml c cha sn 60 ml dung dch CuSO
4
1 M mt tm
Cu l cc dng v mt thanh than ch lm cc m. Tin hnh in phn trong thi gian
khong 15 pht di th hiu 6 12 V.
Quan st v gii thch cc hin tng xy ra cc in cc. Vit phng trnh phn
ng minh ho.
III. CU HI
1. So snh gi tr sc in ng o c bng thc nghim vi gi tr l thuyt tnh theo
phng trnh Nernst. Gii thch.
2. Cho bit vai tr ca benzen v h tinh bt trong th nghim 1.2.
3. ng dng thc t ca qu trnh in phn khi dng dng cc tan.
54
Bi 11
XC NH KHI LNG RING CA CT, KIM LOI.
Mc ch
Cung cp cho sinh vin kin thc v k nng xc nh mt cht qua phng php
o khi lng ring ca cht .
Yu cu
Sinh vin cn phi nm vng khi nim v khi lng ring ca mt cht, khi nim
khi lng ring ng, khi lng ring tht ca mt cht.
I. Tm tt l thuyt
* Khi lng ring
Khi lng ring ca mt cht l khi lng ca mt n v th tch cht , thng
c tnh bng g/cm
3
(hoc g/ml).
Khi lng ring l tnh cht vt l c trng cho mi nguyn t hoc mt hp cht
nhit v p sut nht nh. V vy, o khi lng ring l mt trong cc phng php
xc nh mt cht.
i vi cht lng, vic xc nh khi lng ring tng i n gin v ta c th d
dng xc nh th tch ca chng bng trng lng k.
i vi cc cht dng ht, bt c 2 loi khi lng ring cn phi xc nh l khi
lng ring ng v khi lng ring tht.
- Khi lng ring ng l khi lng ring ca mt n v th tch m cht y
chim ch khi chng c thnh ng (bao gm th tch ca cc l xp).
- Khi lng ring tht l khi lng ring ca chnh cc ht khng k n cc l
xp khi ng. Do vic xc nh khi lng ring tht s phc tp hn.
Tuy nhin, khi lng ring ca cht rn cn ph thuc mt phn vo mu kim loi
c chun b: kim loi dng thi, dng khun c hay dng bt
* Bng khi lng ring ca mt s kim loi thng dng:
Kim loi Khi lng ring (g/cm
3
) Cu trc tinh th Bn knh kim loi
Mg 1,74 Lc phng 160
Al 2,70 Lp phng tm din 143
Cr 7,20 Lp phng tm khi 125
Fe 7,86 Lp phng tm khi 124
55
Ni 8,90 Lp phng tm din 125
Zn 7,14 Lc phng 139
Pb 11,34 Lp phng tm din 175
II. Thc hnh
1. Nguyn tc
nhn bit kim loi cha bit bng phng php o khi lng th cn phi cn o
th tch ca mu kim loi cha bit (nn chn nhng kim loi khng c, khng phn
ng vi nc). Sau , tnh khi lng ring ca kim loi . Tra bng bit tn kim
loi. Bit khi lng nguyn t, cu trc tinh th ca kim loi, tnh bn knh ca kim loi
.
Mt s phng php xc nh th tch ca kim loi:
- Cho cn thn mu kim loi vo mt th tch nc bit trong ng chia , lc
s c mt phn th tch nc b kim loi chim ch. Th tch nc b kim loi chim ch
chnh l th tch ca kim loi.
- Dng thc kp c du xch hoc thc thng chia n mm o kch thc ca
mu kim loi v tnh th tch theo hnh dng ca mu kim loi.
- Dng l picnomet xc nh th tch ca mu kim loi nu kch thc ca mu
kim loi cho php b c vo l. Vic nh lng ny da trn nguyn tc sau:
Gi thit khi lng vt rn l m, khi lng l c ng nc l m
o
. Khi th vt rn
vo l nc, vt s y ra mt th tch nc bng th tch ca vt. Khi lng ca l
c ng nc v vt rn l m
2
.
Gi khi lng ca nc b y ra l m
1
. Vy m
1
= m
o
+ m m
2
T tm c th tch ca vt: V = m
1
d
o
(d
o
l khi lng ring ca nc c ly
nhit phng).
Cn ch trnh khng cho bt kh bm vo vt nhng trong H
2
O. Nu vt rn l
tinh th th s ly mt lng t cc tinh th . Ch cn mt th tch khong 0,5 1 cm
3
.
2. Ho cht v dng c
Ho cht: Mu kim loi cha bit, H
2
O.
Dng c: Cn phn tch, ng o 50 ml, thc kp c du xch hoc thc thng chia
n nm, l picnomet.
3. Cch tin hnh
a. Xc nh khi lng ring ca nc v ct
56
Lau kh bnh o t trng, cn ri ghi kt qu m
o
.
Cho nc vo y bnh, khng cn bt kh, dng giy lc lau kh bn ngoi, sau
em cn. Ghi kt qu m
1
. Lp li 3 ln.
Dng a nha cn khong 10 g ct. Ghi kt qu m
2
.
Cho ton b ct va cn vo bnh o t trng, thm nc n y bnh, lau kh, em
cn. Ghi kt qu m
3
.
* Tnh khi lng ring ca nc:
50
0 1
2
m m
d
O H

=
* Tnh khi lng ring tht ca ct
) ( 50
) (
3 2 1
0 1 2
m m m
m m m
d
cat
+

=
b. Xc nh khi lng ring ng ca ct
Cho ct vo ng ong 10 ml cho n vch 10 ml (ng ong phi tht kh). ct ra
cho vo a nha. Cn v ghi li li kt qu m.
Khi lng ring ng: ng = m/10 (lp li 3 ln, ly trung bnh).
c. Xc nh khi lng ring ca kim loi
Cn mt mu kim loi cha bit tn trn cn phn tch vi chnh xc 0,1 mg.
o th tch mu kim loi cha bit bng hai phng php khc nhau. Mi phng
php tin hnh 3 ln. Tnh sai s tng i cho mi phng php.
Ly khi lng mu kim loi chia cho th tch chnh xc, xc nh khi lng ring
ca kim loi. nh gi chnh xc ca gi tr khi lng ring tnh c. S dng bng
xc nh tn kim loi.
Tnh bn knh nguyn t kim loi. S dng bng tnh sai s tng i.
Ch : Cc mu kim loi (Mg, Al, Zn, ) khng c g nguy him nhng trnh cc
kim loi tip xc vi axit v chng c phn ng gii phng hidro.
III. Cu hi
1. Khi lng ring ca metanol l 0,729 g/cm
3
20
oC
. Tm th tch mol ca
metanol? C bao nhiu phn t trong 1 g metanol? C bao nhiu nguyn t hidro
trong 1 mol CH
3
OH?
2. Mt mu kim loi c khi lng l 7,6105 g. Mu kim loi c hnh khi ch
nht c chiu di 25,4 mm, b dy 1,5 mm, b rng 25,4 mm. Tnh khi lng
57
ring ca kim loi . Mu kim loi c phi l mt trong nhng kim loi
a ra bng trn khng?
58
Bi 12
IU CH V XC NH KHI LNG PHN T KH OXI
Mc ch
Cung cp cho sinh vin kin thc v k nng xc nh khi lng phn t cht kh
mt cch gn ng da theo phng trnh trng thi kh l tng Clapeyron - Mendeleev.
Yu cu
Sinh vin cn nm vng kin thc v trng thi ca cht kh, phng trnh trng thi
kh thc, phng trnh trng thi kh l tng.
I. Tm tt l thuyt
Phng trnh trng thi kh l tng Clapeyron Mendeleev c dng:
RT
PV
m
M RT
M
m
PV = =
Trong :
M l khi lung phn t ca cht kh (g)
m l khi lng ca cht kh (g)
P l p sut cht kh (atm, mmHg)
V l th tch ca cht kh (l, ml)
T l nhit ca cht kh (K)
R l hng s kh l tng (R = 0,082 (l.atm/mol.K))
(R = 62,400 (mmHg.ml/mol.K))
Da vo phng trnh trng thi kh l tng, chng ta c th xc nh c khi
lng phn t cht kh mt cch gn ng khi bit: m, P, V v T ca n.
Kh oxi c iu ch bng cch nhit phn KClO
3
c mt xc tc l MnO
2
:
2 3
3 2 2
2
O KCl KCLO
MnO
+
II. Thc hnh
1. Dng c v ha cht
1.1. Dng c
- ng ong 250 ml - n cn
- Chu thy tinh - Gi st
- ng nghim chu nhit - ng cao su dn kh
- Nhit k - Cn in t ( chnh xc 0,01 g)
59
1.2. Ha cht
- Tinh th KClO
3
- Tinh th MnO
2
2. Cch tin hnh
Lp b dng c nh hnh v:
Ly khong 0,4 g KClO
3
v 0,08 g MnO
2
trn u vi nhau trn t giy bng knh,
sau cun trn t giy cho ton b hn hp vo ng nghim chu nhit ( c sy
kh). Cn ng nghim cha hn hp trn bng cn k thut in t (c chnh xc 0,01
g), c khi lng m
1
.
Lp ng nghim vo gi , y tht cht ming ng nghim bng nt cao su c ng
dn kh. Cho nc vo y ng ong dung tch 250 ml, dng bn tay bt cht ming ng
ong v p ngc ng ong vo mt chu thy tinh cha y nc.
Ch : Thao tc cn thn v kho lo sao cho khng bt kh trong ng ong.
a u ng dn kh vo ming ng ong, dng ngn la n cn un nh ton th
ng nghim, sau tp trung phn y ng nghim ng hn hp KClO
3
v MnO
2
, kh
O
2
s t t thot ra v y nc trong ng ong ra ngoi. Khi th tch kh O
2
trong ng
ong khong 200 ml th ngng un, n lc khng cn bt kh thot ra u ng th ko
ng dn kh ra khi chu thy tinh.
i cho nhit tr li nhit phng, c th tch O
2
) (
2
O
V v chiu cao ct nc
trong ng ong (Ah).
Cn li khi lng ng nghim cha hn hp cn li sau phn ng (m
2
).
Tnh ton:
60
T phng trnh trng thi kh l tng, khi lng phn t ca O
2
c tnh theo
cng thc: RT
V P
m
M
O O
O
O
2 2
2
2
.
=
Trong :
mmHg P
h
P P P
m m m
KQ
O H hbh KQ O
O
760
6 , 13
) (
2 1
2 2
2
=
A
=
=
) (
2
O H hbh
P : tra bng phn mc lc
Ah: l chiu cao ct nc trong ng ong (mm)
III. Cu hi
1. Nhng i lng no c trng cho trng thi cht kh? Mi lin h gia chng?
2. Nu nguyn tc iu ch oxi trong phng th nghim? Vai tr ca MnO
2
trong phn
ng nhit phn KClO
3
l g?
3. Ti sao khi phn ng xong phi tho ng dn ri mi tt n cn? V sao phi khi
trong ng o tr v nhit phng ri mi cn ng nghim, c th tch kh oxi v o
chiu cao Ah?
61
Bi 13
XC NH KHI LNG NGUYN T KIM LOI
Mc ch
Cung cp cho sinh vin kin thc v k nng xc nh khi lng nguyn t ca
mt s nguyn t kim loi (Cu, Pb, Cd, Zn,) da trn nguyn tc thc nghim ca
Duylong-Petit.
Yu cu
Sinh vin cn nm vng kin thc v nhit dung, nhit dung ring, nhit dung nguyn
t, quy tc thc nghim ca Duylong-Petit, ng lng ca nguyn t, mi quan h
gia ng lng v khi lng nguyn t, khi lng phn t.
I. Tm tt l thuyt
- Nhit dung ring ca mt cht l nhit lng ta ra hay thu vo khi nhit ca 1g
cht bin i 1 . n v o: cal/g.K.
- Nhit dung ca mt h l nhit lng ta ra hay thu vo khi nhit ca h bin
i 1 . n v o: cal/K.
- Nhit dung nguyn t ca kim loi l nhit lng ta ra hay thu vo khi nhit ca
1 mol nguyn t kim loi bin i 1 .
- Quy tc thc nghim ca Duylong-Petit: Nhit dung nguyn t ca mt s kim loi
(khi lng nguyn t > 40) u xp x bng 6,3 cal.
A.C ~ 6,3
Trong : - A l khi lng nguyn t ca kim loi
- C l nhit dung ring ca kim loi
- Mi lin h gia ng lng, khi lng nguyn t v ha tr ca nguyn t:
D
A
n =
Trong : - A l khi lng nguyn t ca nguyn t
- l ng lng ca nguyn t
- n l ha tr ca nguyn t
- Da theo quy tc Duylong-Petit, ta c th xc nh c khi lng nguyn t ca kim
loi: bng thc nghim, ta xc nh nhit dung ring (C) ca kim loa. T tnh c khi
lng nguyn t gn ng (A
g
) ca kim loi theo cng thc: A
g
~ 6,3/C. T gi tr ng
62
lng chnh xc bit ca kim loi, ta tnh c ha tr gn ng (n) ca kim loi theo
cng thc: n=A
g
/. Sau khi lm trn ha tr n ca kim loi l n, ta tnh c khi lng
nguyn t chnh xc ca kim loi theo cng thc: A = n.D.
II. Thc hnh
1. Dng c v ha cht
1.1. Dng c
- Nhit lng k - ng ong 250 ml, 500 ml
- Cn k thut in t ( chnh xc 0,01 g) - Cc thy tinh 250 ml, 500 ml
- Bnh nh mc 250 ml - a khuy
- Nhit k ( chnh xc 0,1
0
C)
1.2. Ha cht
Kim loi cn xc nh khi lng nguyn t (Cu, Zn, Pb, Cd,)
2. Cch tin hnh
Chun b b nhit lng k nh hnh v
(hnh)
Ly ming kim loi cn xc nh khi lng nguyn t em cn khi lng chnh xc
ca n (m
kl
) bng cn k thut in t.
Ch : Trc khi em cn ming kim loi phi dng giy nhm nh sch b mt
ming kim loi.
Buc ming kim loi vo si ch v nhng vo cc nc ang c un si trong
khong thi gian 10 15 pht. Dng nhit k o nhit si ca nc (T
1
).
Cn khi lng ca cc thy tinh bn trong nhit lng k (m
tt
). Cho nc vo
khong dung tch ca cc v cn li thu c khi lng ca cc v nc (m
2
). t
cc ny vo bn trong nhit lng k, dng nhit k o nhit T
2
ca nc. chuyn tht
nhanh ming kim loi ang c un nng vo cc bn trong nhit lng k, khuy u,
i khong 1 2 pht, xc nh nhit cc i ca nc (T
3
).
Tnh ton:
- Nhit dung ring ca kim loi c xc nh da vo nh lut bo ton nng lng:
nhit lng do ming kim loi ta ra bng nhit lng do cc thy tinh v nc bn trong
nhit lng k thu vo.
- Khi lng nc trong cc bn trong nhit lng k bng:
tt O H
m m m =
2
2
63
- Lng nhit m cc thy tinh v nc thu vo l:
) ( . ) ( .
2 3 2 3
2 2
T T C m T T C m Q
tt tt O H O H thu
+ =
- Lng nhit m ming kim loi ta ra l:
) ( .
3 1
T T C m Q
kl kl toa
=
Trong :
-
O H
C
2
l nhit dung ring ca nc (1 cal/g.K)
-
tt
C l nhit dung ring ca thy tinh (
tt
C = 0,19 cal/g.K)
Ta c phng trnh cn bng nhit:
) (
) )( 19 , 0 (
) ( . ) ( . ) ( .
3 1
2 3
2 3 2 3 3 1
2
2 2
T T m
T T m m
C
T T C m T T C m T T C m
kl
tt O H
kl
tt tt O H O H kl kl
+
=
+ =
- Tnh khi lng gn ng ca kim loi theo cng thc:
kl
gd
C
A
3 , 6
~
- Xc nh ha tr kim loi theo cng thc:
D
A
n
gd
= ' (lm trn n c n)
- Xc nh nguyn t lng chnh xc ca kim loi:
D n A
cx
. =
III. Cu hi
1. Trnh by mi quan h gia khi lng nguyn t, khi lng phn t v ng lng
ca nguyn t, hp cht.
2. Nu cc nguyn nhn dn n sai s trong qu trnh th nghim.
64
Bi 14
XC NH NHIT HA TAN - NHIT TRUNG HA
Mc ch
Cung cp cho sinh vin kin thc v k nng xc nh hiu ng nhit ca cc qu
trnh ha tan, hiu ng nhit ca phn ng trung ho gia axit mnh v baz mnh bng
thc nghim.
Yu cu
Sinh vin cn nm vng kin thc v hiu ng nhit ca phn ng ha hc, nh lut
Hess, phng php tnh hiu ng nhit ca phn ng t sinh nhit, thiu nhit.
I. Tmtt l thuyt
Hiu ng nhit ca phn ng ho hc l nhit lng to ra hay thu vo khi mt phn
ng ho hc xy ra. n v o ca hiu ng nhit l kcal/mol hay kJ/mol.
nh lut Hess l nh lut c bn ca nhit ho hc, n l h qu trc tip ca nh
lut bo ton nng lng.
Ni dung ca nh lut Hess: Trong iu kin nhit hoc p sut khng i,
hiu ng nhit ch ph thuc vo bn cht v trng thi ca cht u v sn phm m
khng ph thuc vo cch tin hnh phn ng.
T nh lut Hess, chng ta rt ra 2 h qu quan trng l:
- Hiu ng nhit ca mt phn ng bng tng sinh nhit ca sn phm tr i tng sinh
nhit ca cht u (c nhn vi h s t lng ca cc cht trong phng trnh phn
ng).
- Hiu ng nhit ca mt phn ng bng tng thiu nhit ca cht u tr i tng
thiu nhit ca sn phm (c nhn vi h s t lng ca cc cht trong phng trnh
phn ng).
Da vo 2 h qu ny, chng ta c th tnh c hiu ng nhit ca cc phn ng ho
hc.
Bng thc nghim, chng ta c th xc nh c hiu ng nhit ca mt phn ng
ho hc khi bit nhit lng to ra hay thu vo (Q) ca nhit lng k khi phn ng ha
hc xy ra. Hiu ng nhit ca phn ng c tnh theo cng thc:
AH = - Q
65
Hiu ng nhit ca phn ng trung ho l lng nhit to ra khi mt mol H
3
O
+
tc
dng vi mt mol OH
-
.
Phn ng trung ho gia axit mnh v baz mnh c th vit nh sau:
H
3
O
+
+ OH
-
= 2H
2
O AH
trung ho
Do , hiu ng nhit ca phn ng trung ho axit mnh bng baz mnh c th
xem l hiu ng nhit ca phn ng to thnh nc t ion H
3
O
+
v OH
-
. Lng nhit ny
khng thay i khi thay i cc axit hay baz mnh khc nhau.
II. Thc hnh
1. Dng c v ho cht
1.1. Dng c
- B nhit lng k - ng ong 100, 250, 500 ml
- Cc thu tinh 250, 500 ml - a khuy
- Phu thu tinh nh - Nhit k
1.2. Ho cht
- Dung dch HCl 1 M
- Dung dch NaOH 1 M
2. Cc tin hnh
2.1. Xc nh nhit dung ca cc thu tinh bn trong nhit lng k
- Dng ng ong ly 100 ml nc ct cho vo cc thu tinh, o nhit ca cc nc
nhit phng (T
1
).
- Dng ng ong ly 100 ml nc ct c un nng nhit khong 50
o
C cho vo
cc bn trong ca nhit lng k. Dng a thu tinh khuy u sao cho nhit ng
u trong ton b nhit lng k, i 2 pht sau, ghi nhit ca ton b nhit lng k
l T
2
.
- Cho tip 100 ml nc ct cc bn ngoi c nhit T
1
vo cc bn trong nhit lng
k. Dng a thu tinh khuy u sao cho nhit ng u trong ton b nhit lng
k, i khong 2 pht, ghi nhit ca ton b nhit lng k l T
3
.
p dng nh lut bo ton nng lng: Nhit lng thu vo bi 100 ml nc nhit
phng T
1
bng nhit lng to ra bi 100 ml nc v cc bn trong nhit lng k
nhit T
2
:
) . . )( ( ) .( .
2 2 2 2
3 2 1 3 coc coc O H O H O H O H
C m C m T T T T C m + =
Trong :
66
-
O H
m
2
l khi lng ca nc (
O H
m
2
= 100 g)
-
O H
C
2
l nhit dung ring ca nc (
O H
C
2
= 1 cal/g.K)
-
coc coc
C m . l nhit dung ca cc bn trong nhit lng k, c xem l nhit dung ca
nhit lng k.
Nhit dung ca cc bn trong nhit lng k c tnh theo cng thc:
) (
) ( . ) ( .
.
3 2
3 2 1 3
2 2 2 2
T T
T T C m T T C m
C m
O H O H O H O H
coc coc

=
2.2. Xc nh nhit ha tan ca KNO
3
trong nc
- Dng ng ong ly chnh xc 100 ml nc ct vo nhit lng k. o nhit ca
nc ct nhit phng (c nhit T
1
).
- Cn chnh xc mt lng KNO
3
(khong 5 g) bng cn phn tch cho vo bnh nhit
lng k khuy u cho mui tan hon ton, ghi nhit ca bnh nhit lng k lc ny
(c nhit T
2
).
- T cc gi tr T
1
v T
2
, nhit lng ca qu trnh ha tan l:
) ).( . (
1 2
3 3
T T C m C m Q
coc coc KNO KNO
+ =
Trong : -
3
KNO
m l khi lng ca KNO
3
-
3
KNO
C l nhit dung ring ca KNO
3
Vy nhit ha tan ca KNO
3
l: AH = - Q (kcal/mol)
2.3. Xc nh nhit pha long ca H
2
SO
4
5 M thnh 0,05 M
- Dng ng ong ly chnh xc 500 ml nc ct vo nhit lng k. o nhit ca
nc ct nhit phng (c nhit T
1
).
- Ly 5 ml dung dch H
2
SO
4
5 Mcho vo nhit lng k, khuy u, o nhit T
2
.
2.4. Xc nh hiu ng nhit ca phn ng trung ho
- Dng ng ong ly 100 ml dung dch NaOH 1 M cho vo cc thu tinh bn ngoi.
- Dng ng ong ly 100 ml dung dch HCl 1 M cho vo cc bn trong nhit lng k.
o nhit ca 2 dung dch ny l T
1
.
- nhanh cc cha dung dch NaOH 1 M vo cc cha dung dch HCl 1 M bn trong
nhit lng k, khuy u dung dch trong nhit lng k, i 2 pht sau, ghi nhit
cao nht ca ton b nhit lng k l T
2
.
- T cc gi tr T
1
v T
2
, ta c th tnh c hiu ng nhit ca phn ng trung ho:
67
HCl + NaOH = NaCl + H
2
O
- Nhit lng to ra bi phn ng c tnh theo cng thc sau:
) ).( . (
1 2
T T C m C m C m Q
coc coc b b a a
+ + =
Trong :
- C
a
v C
b
l nhit dung ring ca dung dch axit v baz
- m
a
v m
b
l khi lng ca dung dch axit v baz
Gi thit:
- Nhit dung ring ca dung dch NaOH 1 M v HCl 1 M l 1 cal/g.K
- Khi lng ring ca dung dch NaOH 1 M v HCl 1 M l 1 g/ml
T tnh c hiu ng nhit ca phn ng trung ho:
AH = - Q (kcal/mol)
III. Cu hi
1. Th no l hiu ng nhit ca phn ng?
2. Trnh by cc ni dung v h qu ca nh lut Hess.
3. Nu cc nguyn nhn dn n sai s trong qu trnh th nghim.
68
Bi 15
CC YU T NH HNG N TC PHN NG
Mc ch
Cung cp cho sinh vin kin thc v k nng xc nh nh hng ca cc yu t:
nng , nhit , xc tc n tc phn ng.
Yu cu
Sinh vin cn nm vng kin thc v tc phn ng v cc yu t nh hng
n tc phn ng.
I. Tm tt l thuyt
1. Tc phn ng
c trng cho s xy ra nhanh hay chm ca cc phn ng ho hc, ngi ta s
dng n khi nim tc phn ng. Tc phn ng c tnh bng bin thin nng
cht tham gia phn ng hay nng hay nng cht to thnh sau phn ng trong mt
n v thi gian.
Tc trung bnh ca phn ng c tnh theo cng thc:
t
C
v
A
A
=
Trong : At l bin thin thi gian.
AC l bin thin nng ca cht tham gia hoc cht to thnh sau phn ng
2. Cc yu t nh hng n tc phn ng
2.1. nh hng ca nng cht phn ng
Tc phn ng t l vi nng cht phn ng.
Cho phn ng tng qut : aA + bB = cC + dD
Phng trnh tc phn ng c dng :
b
B
a
A
C C K v . . =
chnh l biu thc tng qut ca nh lut tc dng khi lng: nhit
khng i, tc phn ng t l thun vi tch nng cc cht phn ng vi s m l
h s t lng ca cht phn ng trong phng trnh phn ng.
2.2. nh hng ca nhit
69
Khi tng nhit th tc phn ng tng ln. i vi phn ng ng th, Vant
Hoff tm ra quy tc thc nghim sau: Trong mt khong nhit khng ln, c tng
nhit ln 10 th tc phn ng tng ln t 2 4 ln.
i lng cho bit tc phn ng tng ln bao nhiu ln khi tng nhit ln 10
gi l h s nhit ca tc phn ng v c k hiu l .
Trong : T = T
2
T
1
v
1
l tc phn ng nhit T
1
v
2
l tc phn ng nhit T
2
2.3. nh hng ca xc tc
Cht xc tc c tc dng lm thay i tc phn ng. Vai tr ca cht xc tc l lm
gim nng lng hot ha ca phn ng, do lm tng hng s tc phn ng.
gim nng lng hot ha, cht xc tc tham gia vo mt giai on trung gian ca phn
ng to nn hp cht trung gian (cn gi l phc cht hot ng) c nng lng hot ha
thp hn.
Cht xc tc ch lm thay i tc phn ng ch khng lm thay i G ca phn
ng, ngha l n khng lm thay i chiu ca phn ng.
Bng thc nghim, kho st cc yu t nh hng n tc phn ng, chng ta
tin hnh o tc trung bnh ca phn ng sau :
Na
2
S
2
O
3
+ H
2
SO
4
= S + SO
2
+ Na
2
SO
4
+ H
2
O
y tc trung bnh ca phn ng c tnh bng bin thin nng ca lu
hunh (kt ta trng) trong mt n v thi gian:
Quy c bin thin nng ca lu hunh (C) t lc bt u phn ng n lc xut
hin phn ng bng 1 n v (C = 1). Ta c:
Do t trong khong thi gian t lc bt u phn ng n lc nhn thy kt ta, ta s
thy c tc phn ng.
v
2
v
1
=
T
10
v =
C
t
(1)
v =
1
t
(2)
70
Tc phn ng tnh theo cng thc (2) c gi l tc tng i, khng c n
v c th. T chng ta c th kho st nh hng ca s bin thin nng mt cht
phn ng n tc phn ng hoc xc nh h s nhit ca phn ng.
II. Thc hnh
1. Dng c
- ng nghim - Nhit k
- ng h bm giy - n cn
- ng nh git - Bp cch thy
2. Ha cht
- Dung dch Na
2
S
2
O
3
0,2 M - Tinh th MnO
2
- Dung dch H
2
SO
4
1 M - Dung dch KMnO
4
0,1 M
- Dung dch H
2
O
2
10% - Dung dch H
2
C
2
O
4
0,1 M
- Dung dch K
2
CrO
4
3. Tin hnh
3.1. nh hng ca nng n tc phn ng
Trc ht, hy lm th nghm nh tnh :
Ly vo ng nghim 5 - 10 git dung dch Na
2
S
2
O
3
0,2 M, nh 3 - 5 git dung dch
H
2
SO
4
1 M v quan st s vn c ca dung dch.
Sau chun b 4 dung dch Na
2
S
2
O
3
c nng khc nhau vo 4 ng nghim nh
s th t: 1, 2, 3 v 4.
- ng 1 : ly 4 git dung dch Na
2
S
2
O
3
0,2 M v 12 git nc
2
S
2
O
3
0,2 M v 8 git nc
2
S
2
O
3
0,2 M v 4 git nc
2
S
2
O
3
0,2 M v 0 git nc.
Lc u cc ng nghim; Nu quy nh ng 1 c nng Na
2
S
2
O
3
l a th cc ng
nghim 2, 3, 4 c nng Na
2
S
2
O
3
ln lt l 2a, 3a, 4a.
Ly dung dch H
2
SO
4
1 M vo ng nh git, chun b ng h bm giy. Nh 1 git
dung dch H
2
SO
4
vo ng nghim 1, ng thi bm khi ng ng h bm giy. Lc
ng nghim cho dung dch ng nht. Quan st cn thn, khi thy dung dch vn c th
bm ng h kt thc giai on tnh giy, ghi thi gian t
1
. Tnh tc ca phn ng
khi nng Na
2
S
2
O
3
l a theo h thc v
1
= 1/t
1
.
Tin hnh tng t i vi cc ng nghim 2, 3, 4, ta xc nh c t
2
, t
3
, t
4
tng
ng, t tnh c v
2
, v
3
, v
4
.
71
Lp bng sau, ti nng H
2
SO
4
l b khng i trong mi ng nghim, t rt ra
kt lun tc phn ng ph thuc vo nng cht phn ng nh th no?
STT ng nghim [H
2
SO
4
] [Na
2
S
2
O
3
] Thi gian phn ng Tc phn ng
1 b a t
1
v
1
2 b 2a t
2
v
2
3 b 3a t
3
v
3
4 b 4a t
4
v
4
V th biu din s bin thin tc phn ng v theo nng Na
2
S
2
O
3
(k hiu l
C), tc l v th ca hm s v = K.C. Trc tung t v, trc honh t C. ng biu
din c dng g? C i qua gc ta khng? V sao?
3.2. nh hng ca nhit n tc phn ng
Ly vo 3 ng nghim, mi ng 4 git dung dch Na
2
S
2
O
3
0,2 M v 8 git nc.
Ly vo ng nghim khc mt t dung dch H
2
SO
4
1 M pha long 5 ln thi gian
xut hin kt ta khng qu nhanh.
t 2 ng nghim ng dung dch Na
2
S
2
O
3
v dung dch H
2
SO
4
c sn ng nh
git vo bp cch thy iu nhit. mt lc cho nhit cc ng nghim bng nhit
ca nc, dng nhit k xc nh T
1
ca nc. Nh 1 git dung dch H
2
SO
4
vo mt ng
nghim ng dung dch Na
2
S
2
O
3
, dng ng h bm giy xc nh khong thi gian
t khi bt u phn ng n khi kt ta xut hin (t
1
). Tnh nng phn ng v
1
nhit
T
1
.
Sau , thay ng nghim th 2 ng dung dch Na
2
S
2
O
3
vo bp cch thy iu
nhit. iu chnh nhit ca bp cch thy n gi tr T
2
(T
2
= T
1
+ 10
0
C), tin hnh
xc nh thi gian t khi bt u phn ng n khi xut hin kt ta nh trn (t
2
).
Tin hnh tng t vi ng nghim th 3, tip tc iu chnh nhit ca bp
cch thy t gi tr T
3
(T
3
= T
2
+ 10
0
C) v xc nh thi gian t khi bt u phn ng
n khi xut hin kt ta nh trn (t
3
).
Ch : gi nhit ca bp cch thy n nh khi phn ng xy ra.
Ghi kt qu thc nghim vo bng sau :
STT ng nghim Nhit Thi gian phn ng Tc phn ng
1 T
1
t
1
v
1
2 T
2
t
2
v
2
72
3 T
3
t
3
v
3
Tnh h s nhit () ca phn ng:
1
= v
2
=
Ly gi tr trung bnh:
2
2 1

+
=
3.3. nh hng ca xc tc
3.3.1. Xc tc ng th
Ly vo ng nghim 5 git H
2
O
2
10%, quan st xem c kh O
2
bay ra hay khng?
Nh vo ng nghim vi git dung dch K
2
CrO
4
0,1 M. Quan st s i mu ca dung
dch khi mi nh dung dch K
2
CrO
4
vo, khi phn ng xy ra v khi phn ng kt thc.
Quan st tc thot kh O
2
. Gii thch cc hin tng. Nhn xt vai tr ca K
2
CrO
4
trong phn ng ny.
3.3.2. Xc tc d th
Ly vo ng nghim 5 git dung dch H
2
O
2
10%, thm vo vi ht MnO
2
. Quan st
tc thot kh O
2
. Gii thch hin tng v nhn xt vai tr ca MnO
2
trong phn ng.
3.3.3. Hin tng t xc tc
Ly vo 2 ng nghim, mi ng 5 git dung dch KMnO
4
0,1 M, 5 git dung dch
H
2
SO
4
1 M v 5 git dung dch H
2
C
2
O
4
0,1 M. Gi ng th nht so snh. Thm vo
ng th hai 5 git dung dch MnSO
4
. Quan st hin tng xy ra 2 ng nghim, vit
phng trnh phn ng v gii thch.
III. Cu hi
1. Th no l tc trung bnh, tc tc thi ca phn ng ?
2. Nng lng hot ha ca phn ng l g? Nu ngha ca n?
3. Nu cc yu t nh hng n tc phn ng.
4. Th no l xc tc ng th, xc tc d th ?
v
1
v
2
v
2
v
3
73
MC LC
BI 1 ............................................................................................................................................................................ 1
NI QUY PHNG TH NGHIM & S CU TRONG PHNG TH NGHIM............................................. 1
A.NI QUYPHNG TH NGHIM...................................................................................................................... 1
B. SCUTRONGPHNG TH NGHIM......................................................................................................... 2
BI 2 .......................................................................................................................................................................... 10
MT S THAO TC TH NGHIM C BN................................................................................................... 10
S DNG PHP CN. TNH SAI S................................................................................................................... 10
A. MT S THAOTC TH NGHIMC BN............................................................................................... 10
B. SDNGPHP CN TNHSAI S........................................................................................................... 11
BI 3 .......................................................................................................................................................................... 16
CHT CH TH. NG DNG O PH DUNG DCH. .......................................................................................... 16
DUNG DCH M................................................................................................................................................... 20
BI 5 .......................................................................................................................................................................... 25
O PH CA DUNG DCH...................................................................................................................................... 25
BI 6 .......................................................................................................................................................................... 32
PHA DUNG DCH. CHUN AXIT - BAZ................................................................................................... 32
BAI 7 .......................................................................................................................................................................... 36
CHUN OXY HA KH.............................................................................................................................. 36
I. L THUYT : XEM BAI 6.................................................................................................................................. 36
II. THC HNH....................................................................................................................................................... 36
BAI 8 .......................................................................................................................................................................... 38
DUNG DCH IN LY............................................................................................................................................ 38
BI 9 .......................................................................................................................................................................... 44
PHN NG OXI HO KH.................................................................................................................................. 44
BI 10 ........................................................................................................................................................................ 48
IN HA HC ...................................................................................................................................................... 48
BAI 11 ........................................................................................................................................................................ 54
XC NH KHI LNG RING CA CT, KIMLOI. ............................................................................. 54
BI 12 ........................................................................................................................................................................ 58
IU CH V XC NH KHI LNG PHN T KH OXI ..................................................................... 58
BI 13 ........................................................................................................................................................................ 61
XC NH KHI LNG NGUYN T KIM LOI ....................................................................................... 61
BI 14 ........................................................................................................................................................................ 64
XC NH NHIT HA TAN - NHIT TRUNG HO...................................................................................... 64
BI 15 ........................................................................................................................................................................ 68
CC YU T NH HNG N TC PHN NG................................................................................. 68

(Hoak10) Thuc Hanh Hoa Hoc

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1

c dng thay i tham s thit nh. Nhn b tham s c trc khi

4. Mui to bi axit yu v baz yu

do nc in ly nn qu trnh phc tp hn.

(nu mi trng baz)

, ngoi ra tu vt liu lm in cc ant m n cng c th b

, cc anion gc axit cha oxi nh NO

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