-

2006

..
:

1).( )

...

...

..

...

...

2)

3)


. .
, .
, ,
,
.


..5
1

1.1 .9
1.2 ...13
1.3 .....21
1.4 .26
1.5 ...30

2

2.1

............................................................................................35
2.2 .....40
2.3
.42
2.4
...................................................46
2.5 E 47
2.6 .51
2.7 .64
2.8 .69
2.9 . 76

4.1
......91
4.2
102
4.3
110

.115

121


1,
, .
,

.
,
,

. ,
,

.
,
,

. , ,
.

1

National Joint on

Learning Disabilities.
() ,
,
, , ,
. ,

.
- ,
,
.

(.. , , )
( , ),
. [ ].

 ,


. ,
,
. ,

.
,
.
,
-
. ,
. : (1)
(acquired dyslexia) (2)
(specific or developmental dyslexia). ,

.
,

,
. ,
:
() .
() .
() .
() .
.

. .
, ,
, - .

.
.
,

.

1.1

, .
,
.
,
.
.
[1] .[1].
,
. ,

.
,
.
Johannes Schmidt (1624-1690)
,
. , 19 ,
(
)
, Pierre Paul Broca.
1861, , Paul Broca , ,
, .
,
.
Broca []. , ,

,
.
Broadbent, , 1872
, ,
. ,
,
9

 . , ,
, .
, 1877, Kussmaul,
,
. ,
,
. ,
,
, ,
. ,
Kussmaul, . ,
,
, . ,
.

.
, 1887,
, Berlin ,
.
,
,
. , 1896,
British Medical Journal , P.Morgan,
, Percy,
, [Sn-T].
,
,
. P.Morgan, Percy
()
. , , ,
, ,
.
, Morgan Kerr,
.
10

 , James
Hinshelwood (
Lancet British Medical Journal
),
, Congenital Word-Blindness 1917 [Sn-T].
.
1917,
. ,
,
. ,
,
,
,
.
,
.
Hinshelwood,
,

, Hinshelwood,
,
,

.
1925 , Samuel Orton
, Hinshelwood,
. Orton

. ,
,
.
,
,
,

11

, .
, ,
,
[1],
[1]. ,

Orton

Hinshelwood , ,
. Orton
,
, .
Orton,
,
,
Reading Writing and Speech Problems in Children (1937).
,
,

.

12

1.2
2 .
,
.

, ,
.
,


.

.
. ,

.
,
, .
, , ,
, .

,
, ,
[1]. . [2]
:
-

. ,
2

(dyslexia)

(specific) (developmental) .
.
,
.

13

 , ,
, ,

.
,
, .
, ,
,

[Cr].

.
[1].

(
, , ),
1968 [1].
[1,Sn-T, Cr]:

,
- .
.
.Snowling [Sn-T] Rutter
[Ru], . ,
,
. , ;
;
- ; .Snowling [Sn-T],

,
,
, . Rutter [Ru],
,
,
14

 ,

. ,
-
. , Rutter [Ru],
,
. ,
, [Ru]:
,
;
; .. ,
;
-
;
. [],
,
,
, () 90.
, Thomson ,
,

() Wechsler, 90 [1].
, MacDonald Critchley [Cr]
, T.R Miles 1981, :


,
.
. ,
- ,
.
, ,
,
.
15

 ,
,
,
,
. ,
,
[1]. ,
,
, [].
,

,
.

,
[].
,

. , ,

[1].

. - ,
,
,
[Sn].

,
b d,
( ) [Sn].
,
.
Rutter Yule -

16

,
.

, ,
,
. ,
70
Rutter [Sn],
.


[Sn].
Wight ( Isle of Wight ), Rutter Yule [Ru]
1975,
,


[Sn-T].
,
,
, .
, ..
.
, ,
. ,
. ,
.. 0,6 [Sn-T].

, Rutter
,
,
. . ,

.
17

 , .
,
, .. ,
. , ,
,
. ,
,
.. .

,
[Sn].
, Shaywitz et al. [Shz et al.]
Rutter Yule,
. Shaywitz et al
,
.
.
, ,

. ,
,
.
. , ,
, .
, ,

, [2].
[2] Seymour,
Head Dundee

,
.
, ,
18

,
.
1989 ( British Dyslexia Association ),

[Pu-R, .]:
, 3 ,
,
,
. ( ,
), ,
, .
1997 ,
[, ]:

.
, ,
.
. ,
.
, ,
.
,
,
, ,
. ,
,
[]. ,
- ,
[.].

.

(, ) [.].

19

 Orton Society (
International Dyslexia Association),
,
[Sn-T, 1, .]:
, ,
.
,
, ,
, , .
, ,
,
.
,
.

.
Elaine Miles [Mi-M]

. Margaret Rawson
[Ra],
,
.
,
.

20

1.3
,

. ,
,
,
[]. ,
.

. ,
- .
,
-
.

-

[].

. Rutter [Ru],
. ,
,
.
,

[2].
.. [1],
, :
) .
) .
) .
) .

21


.
.

) .

,

[My-H].
, ,

, [1].
. ,

,
. ,
, Orton [1].
Shaywitz et al
[Shz et al.],
, o-
- , .

- .
, ,
,
.

22

[1].

[1]. ,
. ,
,
,
.
,
[Mi-M]. , ,

[1].

) .

.
Kerr (1847)
Pringle-Morgan (1896), Hallgren (1950)
, ,
,
. [Pen]:

5 1

, Pennington

Smith (1987), ,

23

 15 [Pen].
[].
, .
, Pennington B.F. [Pen]
Toward an integrated understanding of dyslexia: Genetic, neurological, and cognitive
mechanisms, 1997 Grigorenko et al.,
6 15,
.
,
, .

,
,
.[1].

,

( ,
, ..)[2].

) .
- :
,
. ,

. ,
. G.T.Pavlidis []
,
.
,
, ,

24



[1].
Rutter [Ru] ,
,
-,
.
: ,

,
,
,
.[1].
: ,


[Singleton, 1]

[].

[1].
Frith [Fr] ,
,
. ,

, .
,
,
. ,
,
, , , [Fr].

25

1.4
, ,
.
, (specific or developmental
dyslexia ). ,
,
.
( acquired dyslexia ):
,
,
, [].
-
[1], [Pu-R].
, ,
, ,
[].

( deep dyslexia ):
[]:
1. ,
( .. , -).
2. (.. - ).
3. .
(.. ).
4. .

( surface dyslexia ):
:
1. .
2. .
3.
( . - ).

26

4. .

( phonological dyslexia ):
:
1. .
2. .
3. .
4. .

( direct dyslexia ): :
1. .
.
2.
.

- ( wordform or letter-by letter

dyslexia ): :
1.
.
2. .
3. -, ,
.

( specific or developmental dyslexia ):

:
[1].

27

:
.
, [1].

[1]. ,
,

[1]. ,
[1, 1]:
1. .
2. .
3. . .
4. .
5.

.
6. .
7. .
,
. ,

,
.
: ,
,
, - ,
,
,
[1].
[1]:
1. .
2.
.

28

3.
.
,
. ,
,
, [1].
-
[1].

, , ,
..
,
, .
, '
. ,
, 3-5
[1].
,
.
.
[1].

29

1.5

,
,
.
,
. .
(Scott Adams in The Dilbert Future(2000), Boxtree, [Ha-R]).

,
, ,
[Pe-R].
, 4-10%
[Ha-R]. , ,
, , ,
, , ,
,
[Pe-R]. ,
. , ,
,
.
,
[].
[].
, ..
.
[1] :
) .
)
) - .

30

.
:
1. - .
2. - - .
3. , .
4. .
5.
.
6. .
7.
.
8. -
.
9. .
. :
1. ,
( .. -).
2. .
3. .
4. (.. ).
5. .
6. .
7. (.. ).

.
:
1. , .
2. .
3. .
4. .

31

5. , .
,
, [ ]:
1. ( 6,
7, 8 ).
2. ,

.
3. ..+ , - =, < >.
4. .. 6 9, 16 61 19 91

,
[]:
1. .
2. .
3. .
4. .
5. , .
6. .
7. .
8. ( ) .
9. .
10. ( , :, )
11. / .
12. ( ), .
13. .
14. .

32

-
-
. , ,
.

.
,
. ,
,

[],
:

.
, ,
,
""
.
.
,

"
...
,
. ,

33

34

2.1
-
,
.
. ,

,
.
,
,
. ,

,
, .
, ,
, ,
-. Dorian Yeo [Y],
Miles T.R, Chinn S., Henderson A.
,

, .
, ,
, ,
. ,
,
.
T.R. Miles [Mi1], Dyslexia and Mathematics
.
,
, 1981 Joffie.
. Joffie
51 , 8 17 ,
,
35

. .
,
10% , 60%
.
, 10%,
, 30%
. , 60% ,
.
, 1983, ,
Steeves. Steeves 54 10 14 ,
. 4
:
i.

dyslexics high (DH),

SPM4 test. (Raven 1958).

ii.

dyslexics average (DA),

SPM test.

iii.

non-dyslexics average (NA),

SPM test.

iv.

non -dyslexics high (NH),

SPM test.

,
,
SPM . , ,
SPM ,
,
, SPM .

,

SPM ,

SPM Raven

36


.
, Steeves ,
,
SPM . ,
,
. Steeves,
, .
1986 Ackerman et al. 24
.

,
. , :
, , ,
.
, 20 24
. ,
, ,

,
.
Fleischner et al.(1982) 183
842 .
,
, .
. ,
-
-
-.
Miles [Mi1], 1983, 132 ,
90% 7 8 , 96% 9,10,11 12,
85% 13 18 ,
6, 7, 8. ,
71, 51 53 . ,
37


, , 86%, 58% 63%,
62%, 19% 10%.
,
,
.
, Pritchard et al.(1989) 15
12 14 , 15 ,
16.
,

. ,
,
5, 10, 11. Pritchard et al ,
,

.
Miles T.R., Haslum M.N., Wheeler T.J, [Mi-H-W],
2001 Annals of Dyslexia,


, . ,
, .
,
,
.
, ,
, . ,
,
.

,
. Pollack J. Waller E. [ Po-W]

, .
38

 ,
, .

39

2.2
,
. ;
.
Resnick L.B., Cauzinille-Marmeche E., Mathieu J. [R-M-M] ,

. ,
,

. ,
,
. ,
,
..
, Bartel.N.R. [Ba],
,
. ,
. ,
,

.
,
[Me].

.
Resnick et al. [R-M-M],
. ,
3,
. ,
,
. ,
.
,
40

 :
[ Ma].
, .
,
.
, ,
.
,
[R-M-M].

,
, . ,

. ,
,

[Ma].

[Ba].
, ,
. ,

Asbergers Tourettes. ,

.
,
.
.

41

2.3

, S.Chinn J.Ashcroft [C-A] ,

.
:
, +
+
.

3 5 6 9 [Ma]. ,
,
.
: :
,.
, ,
. , ,
. ,
, ,
,
.
:
. ,
. ,
.
:
.

, ,

42

, ,
. , ,
,
, .
.. [1]
. ,
,
.
: ,
.

. , ,

,

.
:
[Po-W].
, , ,
, .
,
. ,
. ,
3 4, 3 4,
3, 4,3 4 .
: 3 4, 3 4, 3 4,
3, 4 [Po-W]. ,
,
,
, ,
[Mi]. ,
1,3,5,7,9 2+1,
43


.
:
, . ,
, ,
, ... ,
. ,
(..
),
.
. , 17
36, ,
, 26 16

. ,
,
.
: , ,
.

, . ,
, .
,
,
.

44

O Miles [Mi1] ,
, :
i.

, .
,
.

ii.

,
, .

.
.
iii.

,

.

iv.

, .

v.

-
,
.

vi.

,
. ,
.
-

,

[Mi1].
45

2.4
Elaine Miles [M] ,
,
, ,
, . ,
Pollack Waller [Po-W] , ,

. ,
, 40%
. , , ,
,
, ,
. ,
. .
Pollack Waller [Po-W].
,
,
.
, ,

, -
-, .
, ,
.
:

46

2..5

, ,
. , ,
, ,
,
.
, , Lynn
Douglas Fuchs [F-F], ,
.
Lynn Douglas Fuchs [F-F],
,
.
,
, . ,
. ,
,
(story problems)
(real world problems).
,
. , ,
,
,
.
Elaine Miles [M] , ,
,
. ,

, ,
. , ,
, ,
, .

47

, Elaine Miles [M] ,

,
, ,
. ,
.
, ,

. ,
, ,
, .
. ,
,

.
,
,
, . , ,
,
. ,
, ,
. 45 cm, 54
,
. ,
, .
: 4,8 cm .
, ,
,
.
.
, ,
.
,
,
.
48


. ,
,
.
:
) ,
, .
) .
:

,
, ,
,
.
,
, .
.
:
49

,
, ,
, .
,

,
. , : , , , ,
[M]. ,
, , , ,
-.

50

2.6
,

.
, ,
, ,.
, , ,
, ,
,
, .
, ,
,
.
,
, :
, , 6,
, ,
.
, , 5 8, 6 95.
,
, 29
92.
, ,
, . ,
,
, ,
.
, 29 (.. 29+35),
29 92, ,
5

[Pa-T]: 9 6
3 5

3 8

51

 ,
(92+35) [].
Elaine Miles [] ,
, ,
(..
, ...),

. ,
,
.
. , ,
1 .
.
,

, 1.
,


, .
, ,
Home Tests,
[].
1.

22.

1.

2.

3.

4.

23.

1.

4.

7.

10.

24.

3.

4.

6.

9.

25.

35.

30.

25.

20.

: Miles, T.R., & Miles, E. (1992). Dyslexia and Mathematics. London and New York:
Routledge, . 63

52

 ,

. , ,

,
. , ,
. ,
.
,
. []:

25

22.5

225

225 (8)

, . ,

. ,
. Elaine Miles [], ,
,
.
2

5 1 2 5
3

6 3 12 12 12
7 3 3 5
3

8 4 16 16 16
8 1 6 8
2

9 2 18 18 18
: Miles, T.R., & Miles, E. [1992]. Dyslexia and Mathematics. London and New York:
Routledge, . 64

53


, .
.
, ,
.
, , ,
, : +, , ,
=.
.
,
,
.
Elaine Miles [] , ,

.
, + ,
, =. ,
,
.
, =, Anne Henderson [He]
,
,
, .
: , ,
, .
,
, < , >,
. ,
,
,

,

54


[].
6<9
5>4
,
, . , ,
,

[2].

,
. Chinn&Ashcroft [C-A] , ,
, ,
, . Miles
[Mi1] , Ralph.
Ralph ,
.
:

23
+5

73
, 19 16
19
+ 16
,
1+1 9+6=15,
:

55

19
+16

215
, , Ralph
, ,
. ,
215
21.
,

Joan. Joan, [Mi1],

,
( 371
137 ). :
i.

52 103

ii.

27 36.

:
103
- 52

672

36
27

1?

56

 ,
5 11 6, 2 9,
7 1 3 , 2.
672. ,
, 2 3, ,
7 6.
, Pollack J. Waller E [Po-W],
-
,
.
. ,
:
63,55
+

14,2

63,55
+ 14,2

63,55
+

14,2

,

.
,

. Pollack J. Waller E. [P-W]

,
, , (
),
. ,
57

 . ,
. :

71, 73, 75, 77, 79, 81, ...

93, 91, 89, 87, 85, 83, ...
13, 23, 33, 43, 53, 63, ...
117, 107, 97, 87, 77, ...

, ,
.
,
. ,
, ,

[K-Y].
Dorian Yeo [Y], ,
, Emerson House,
,
. ,
, .
,
.
Dorian Yeo [Y] ,
, :
1. .
2. .
3.
.

58

4.
.
,
, , .
:
1. .
2. patterns .
3. .
, ,

. , ,
, .
, ,
.
, .
, , ,
,
. , ,
,
,
[G-H],
,
,
, .
, Dorian
Yeo [Y], ,
. ,
Chinn Ashcroft [C-A], ,
,
. , ,

, .
Pollack Waller [Po-W], ,
.
59

 Miles [Mi1],
,
6, 7, 8,
5, 9, 10 11. , 6, 7, 8
.
,

Miles,

. , (
18, 24, 16 ),
( 6:
42, 56)
( 28, , 28).
,

,
.

,
. [G-C.],

,
,
. , ,
,
, .
, ,
,
.
,
, , .
,
, ,
. ,
( 6 3=20 7 3=23),
60

 7 3=21.
8 7=56, ,
[Mi1].
, ,
,
. , ,
,
,
, 2.
, 8 7,
, ,
.
21 33, ,

[Mi1].
,
, .

[].
, ,
.

, , ,
. , ,
,

, . ,
, ,

.
, .. [],

.

61

[ ,
, ].

[ .. 6/9, +/ ] ,
.

[ /, / ].

[ .. ].

62

[ ].

,
.

[ .. ]
[ ]

: (2000), :
, 113

63

2.7
,
,
. .
,
, ,
. , ,
,
,
,
,
,
, . ,
, ,
, ,
: , .
,
[He]. ,
: ,
( .. 12.000),
( .. 1.2) [He].
,
- - .
,
.
x, y, z, w, , , ...
,

[M].
, , ,
[Mi3]. ,
,
.. , ..
64

 , , , , x, y
, .
, x, y, ,
x,
,
. , ,
, x
,
x, x ,
x [Mi3].
,
,
.
, ,
[M]. Elaine Miles [M]
:
3 x-5 = 16
, , : ,
5 16

1
. ,
3

,
3 x.
. 35
3 5 , 3 x x.
, ,

. , (+)(+) (+)
(+).
,

[M].

. , ,
, Elaine Miles [M],
65

 ( 1.),
(+)(+) .
, ,

. , ,
, 2 + 2 + 2 ,
4
(+).
1

: Miles, T.R., & Miles, E. (1992). Dyslexia and Mathematics. London and New York:
Routledge, . 66.

,
,
. Miles . [] Mestre Gerace (1986):
Mr Smith C
T , .
, :
8C =

; ;

,
.

66

 C
, , .
,
,
. , ,
,

. , [] :
5 + 4 = ;
:
4 = 5;
:
9 = 5;

, .
, ,
,
. , 73
37,
3. ,
.
, ,
.
[M].
,
:
x 5 = 12

, :
; 5 = 12 ;

67

 ,
,

[M].
, ,
Henderson
A. [He] :
2 2
.

,
. ( -3=5, 3
.).

. ,
,

, .

, ,
.
.
, ,
.
: .
, ,
.

68

2.8
,
,
,
, .
,
, 6.
, ,
,
,
.
,
, .
,
, .
,
, .

, .
, ,
Searle John Sivalingam Sharmila [S-S],
.

.
, .
,
, . ,
6

Sullivan M. [S.M.M.],

. , , ,
,
. 23
Bryant Dix, 2 32 Miller
et al 4 -.

69

 ,
.
,
,
,
, .
,
, .
,
,
.
-
,
- ,
, .
,
,
. ,
,
.
, ,
.
, ,

,
. ,
,
,
.
,
,
,
.

70

 ,
.
, ,
..
,
. ,
, ,
,
.
,
. ,

, ,
. ,
,
. ,

, .
.
, ,
:

(pattern).
patterns
,
k k
(1+x)k = 1 + x x 2 ...
1 2

patterns.
( 1+)5.

71

 pattern
,
5 5
5
5
5
(1+)5 = 1 + x x 2 x 3 x 4 x 5
1 2
3
4
5
,
, .
(1+)5 = 1 + 5 + 102 + 103 + 54 + 5

,
, . ,
,
. ,
(1+)5 ,
,
. ,
.

.

, . ,
,
. ,
,
,
. ,
, , .
,

72

 ,
,
. , u(x), u

du
ux.
dx

, ,
i ,
j. .

.
,
, ,
.
. , ,
.
,
.
,
,
. ,
,
.
,
. ,
, .
,
,
, .

73

 .
.
, ,
.

.

,
- ,
.
,
, .
,

.
.
,
,
. , 2 5 5 2 .

.
,
,

,
, .

, ,
74

 . , ,
,
, [Su].
, ,

.

,
.
,
,
.
, ,
, ,
. ,
, .

75

2.9
,
, .
Descartes [C et al.]
.
.
.
Bath Knox, ,
Bath
,
Knox. Bath, Knox,
Chinn Ashcroft ,
: inchworm ( )
grasshopper () [C-A].
. inchworms7
, , ,
.
. grasshoppers8 inchworms.
, , grasshopper ,

.
[Pa-T].

:

Inchworm:

Grasshoppers :

76

Inchworm

1.

Grasshopper
.

.

,
.

.
2.

.
.

, .
.

( ,

)

.

77

3.

. .

. ,
.

1. : Chinn, S.J., & Ashcroft, J.R. (1993). Mathematics for Dyslexics.

, ,
;.
, Chinn et.al. [C et al.], ,
,
.

, .
, 132 , 9-13 ,
66 66
. , .

78

 ,
inchworms
.
,
inchworms, .
,
. ,

.
,

,
. ,
, ,
. , ,
, .
,
inchworms [C et al.].

79

80


:
R.Cohn, ,
Archives of Neurology.
,
,
[].

, Kosc,
:


,
.
( [Mi1] )
6%
[].
,
, Kosc ,
,
.
Kosc.
,
Kosc .
, Miles [Mi1]

,
.
, ,

, .

81

 ,
(DSM-IV) ,
[Bu]:
,
,
, ,
, ,

.
(American Psychiatric Association, 1999)
O Butterworth [Bu],

(
),
.
[Bu] ,
( Department of Education and Skills, DfES):

.
,

.
Butterworth [Bu] ,

. ,
, ,
, ,
.
Cambridge College, Mahesh Sharma [Sh],
, , ,
,
( National Center for Learning Disabilities) [L],
.

82

 Attwood T. [At],


,
.
:
,
.
,
[Jo-H-K].
[Sh]:
,
.
.
, ,
.
.
, , ,
.

, , ,
.
,
. , ,
.
, ,

.
,
.

83

.(

, , /,

(..

).

.).

. (..

).

.
: www.ld.org. [L]

84

 . : Ramaa S.
Gowramma P.I. [R-G] ,
.
.
. ,
5,98% (15 251
) , 5,54% (78 1408
). ,
,
, ,
(Baker& Cantwell (1985), Garnet & Fleischner (1987), Kosc
(1974), Share et al. (1988)) .
, ,
. ,
,
. ,
, .

:

. ,
, .
, , ,
.
Miles [Mi1], Chinn Ashcroft [C-A],
,
.
, ,
,
.
, ,
,
..
85

 , , ,
.
,
.
Jordan et al. [Jo-H-K], 180 ,
,
. , ,
.
:
(M.D.),
(M.D-R.D), (R.D.)
(N.D.).
(-),
, 9, 10,
, .
,
,
. ,
, ,
,
.

,
,
.
,
,
. ,
9

.
. .

10

: .

, .

86

 ,

,
,
.
Landerl et al. [ L-B-B] 31
, .
,
.
.
IQ .
,
. , ,
,
, .
, ,
,
.
,
.
,
.

. , ,

( ),
. ,

, .
, ,
,
.
,
, .
87


,
, ,
. ,
.
.
, ,
.
, ,
, .
,
,
.

, ,
. ,
,
[At].
: , ,
, .
.
,
[V]. ,

.
, . ,
,
,
.
,
, [V].
Sharma.M. [Sh],

88

. , , , -
,
,
[Hu]. , Sharma.M. [Sh],
,
:
(

).
.
(

).
.
.
.

89

90



,
. , ,

.
,
,
,
.
, ,
.
,
, , .
,
.
,

,
[J].
,
.
,

. , ,
,
.
, .
,

. ,
,
[].

91

 ,


. ,
.

-- .
,

. ,
,
[He]. ,
.
, , ,
[He]
, [Pa-T].
,
,
,
.
,
,
.
.
, .
, , , ,
,
. ,
,
[Pa-T]. .[]

92

, ,
.
,
, ,
.

[K-Y].
, ,
,
, .
, , Henderson A. [He],
,
.
.
, ,
, ,
.
.
,
.

[Pa-T].
, ,
.

,
,
.
, Kay J. Yeo D. [K-Y],
,
,
93

 . ,

, ,
, .
,
. ,
,
,
, [K-Y].
,
, ,
.
,
, .
, . ,

.
,
. , ,
,
:
, , . , ,
, ,
,
.
Payne T. Turner E. [Pa-T],
,
,
. ,
,
[C-A]. :

94

, , , , , ,

, , , , , ,

, , , ,

, , , ,

, , , .

: Payne, T., Turner, E. (1999). Dyslexia. A Parents and Teachers Guide. Multilingual
Matters LTD, .123.

,
,
. , +,
... [Pa-T].
, ,
,
.
, ,

[K-Y].

95


,
.
, inchworm11
grasshopper,
(.. grasshopper
inchworm ). , ,

,
,
, [Pa-T].
, ,

. , ,
grasshopper
inchworm [C-A].
,
, [He].
,
. , ,
.
,
, [Pa-T].

, ,
,

11

Chinn et.al. , ,
inchworm grasshopper [C.et.al.].

96

 ,
,
[V],
.
, ,
,
,
. ,
[K-Y].
, ,
. Kay J. Yeo D [K-Y],
.

, .
,
. ,
. .
.
,
.
,
, .
,
[KY.].
, , ,
.
,
, [Pa-T].

97

-

.
, ,
, , ,
,
.. 3 8 + .
..
654 645 [Pa-T].

, .

456.723

45 67 23

, [Pa-T].
,
, ,

[].

, ,
, [Pa-T].
,
Kay J. Yeo D [K-Y],
.
,
, . , ,
,

98

 ,
.

Chinn J. [C], ,
, ,
.
: ,
. ,
, , ,
, .
:
. ,
,
. ,
, , .

,
,
[D].
:
.

.
,
, .

.
.
.
99

:
,
,
. ,
,
,
,
.
, ,
,
[W-S-B] :

,
. ,

:
, 350 ,
. 50
. 2 .
-;
2 ;

, ,
,
. ,
, ,
. ..

(11 5)
,
2

2-5=2.

,
. , ,

.

100

 Gilroy D.E.

Miles T.R. [G-Mi] ,

,
,
,
.
, ,
. ,
: ,
, , 5
3, 2. ,
, 5-3=2.
: 5.
2;. ,
,
, , 5-=2.
,
, .
, ,
,
.

101

4.2


,
,
.

.
Kay

J. Yeo D. [K-Y],

,
. , ,

, 1 10, (-).
,
1-9
( ).
, , Kay J. Yeo D. [K-Y],
.
,
1 9,
, .

, .
,
, ,
. ,
, .

, , 8 4 4, 9
5 4 10 5 5.
,
102

 , :
9;, 10 ;.

.
:
8

.
: Kay, J., Yeo, D. (2003). Dyslexia and Maths, David Fulton. 41

,
. , ,
.
:
7, 3. 7
3 ;
7. 7 4 ;
7 3 ;
3+_=7
7

, (patterns)
.
,
. :

103

(patterns) 9 5 ; 5,
;

9-5=, 9 5 4. 5,
4.

,
.
. , 6,
: 3 3 6, 4 2 6. ,
8 1 7
8, , .
2 6 8. , 7
1 8 . 6 2 8.
8-6 8
6 2, 8-6 2.

Pollack Waller [Po-W]

,
. , ,
3,
2 3=6 3 3=9.

.
,
.
, .
,
.
.
,

104

 , .
:

9 3
3 9

3
27

: Pollack, J., Waller, E. (1994). Day-To-Day Dyslexia in the Classroom. London: Routledge
128.

. ,
.
Kay J. Yeo D. [K-Y] ,
..
3 9 2 9=18, 3 9 27 .
1, 2,
5, 10
.

Mary Kibel [Ki], 11 , Robert,

.
25 12.
Robert 12 . ,
, .
,
4 . .
Robert 18 6 , 9
3 . ,

105

. Kibel M. ,
,
.

,
.
Kay J. Yeo D [K-Y],
. ,
,
( -),
( ).

, , Dienes12
Cuisenaire13 . ,
, ,
.
,
11 19
, .
3 12 .
:
3 12 = 3 12 = ( 10c 1c 1c) ( 10c 1c 1c) ( 10c 1c 1c) = 3
10c, 30c 3 2c 6c = 30+6= 36.

: , ,
.

12

Dienes: , .

13

Cuisenaire: , [.].

106

. ,

. :
5 4= (1c 1c 1c 1c )

(1c 1c 1c 1c )

(1c 1c 1c 1c )

(1c 1c 1c 1c )

(1c 1c 1c 1c )
5 40 (4 ) = (10c 10c 10c 10c) (10c 10c 10c 10c) (10c 10c 10c 10c)
(10c 10c 10c 10c) (10c 10c 10c 10c)
5 400 = (1 1 1 1 ) (1 1 1 1 ) (1 1 1 1 ) (1 1 1 1 )
(1 1 1 1 ) 1 = 100c.

. , 36 + 45
:
36 + 45 = ( 30 + 6 ) + ( 40 + 5 ) = 70 + 11 = 81
, , , ,
(
, , ,
). :

107

356 + 72 = 300 + 120 + 8 = 428

4 347 = 1200 + 160 + 28 = 1388
,
.
16 18
10

10 100 60 160
8

80

48 128

: Kay, J., Yeo, D. (2003). Dyslexia and Maths, David Fulton. p 56.

, ,
, ,
:
1. : 5 3,52 = 5 3 ( = 15 ) + 5 52 = 250 + 10 = 260
( = 2,6 ) = 17.6
1
1
1 1 5
5
2. : 5 3 5+3(=8) + ( ) 8
3
2
3 2 6
6

3. : 4.7 3 = 4 3 (= 12) + 0.7 3 ( = 2.1 ) = 14.1

4. : 2.44m + 60cm = 2m + 44cm + 60cm = 2m + 104cm =
2m + 1.04m = 3.04m
,
, 5 10,

108

 .
:
432 34 = 432 30 432 4
432 30 = (432 3) 10
432 3:
400, 30 2. : 1200, 90, 6.

1200+90+6 = 1296

432 30

= 12960

432 4:
400 4 4 100 4
= ( 4 100 2 ) + ( 4 100 2 )
= (8 100) + (8 100)
= 16 100

= 1600

30 4 3 10 4 = 12 10

120

24

8
14688

109

4.3


.
:
.
,

().
.
,

.
,

. .

,

.

,
. , ,
, .
,
,

110

 .
,
,
.
,

,
(
).
,
.
:
)
. ,

,
.
)

,
.
, ,
. ,
,
,
.

, ,
, ,
, .

,

111

 (
)
.

, .

.

.
,
.
, ,
,
, .
,

,
.

.

,


.
.

.

,
.
112


-. :

,


.

, .. ,

.

.
.

, .
,
-
,
.
.

,

.

.
, ,
,

113


.



..
,
, ,
, .
, ...,

, ,

.

,
,
.
,
.

114

(2000).

: .
: , . (1998). - , .
. : .
: , .. (2000).
. , vol. 17, no.5, pp. 506-517.
: - , . ( 2002). -
. : .
At : Attwood, T. (2002). Dyscalculia in schools: what it is and what you can do.
Multisensory Maths at First and Best in Education Ltd.
: , . ( 2003). . . : Gutenberg.
Ba: Bartel, M.R. (1990). Problems in Mathematics Achievement. In Hammil, D.D.,
& Bartel, N.R. Teaching students with Learning and Behavior Problems. Allyn &
Bacon.
Bu: Butterworth, B. (2003). Dyscalculia Screener. Nfer.Nelson Publishing.
C: www.sprakaloss.se/chinn-mathsanddyslexia.htm.
C-A: Chinn, S.J., Ashcroft, J.R. (1993). Mathematics for Dyslexics. London: Whurr.
C et.al.:

Chinn, S.J., McDonagh, D., van Elswijk, R., Harmsen, H., Kay J.,

McPhillips, T., Power, A., Skidmore, L. (2001). Classroom studies into cognitive
style in mathematics for pupils with dyslexia in special education in the Netherlands,
Ireland and the UK. British Journal of Special Education, vol. 28, no.2, pp 80-85.
115

Cr: Critchley, McD. (1981). Dyslexia: An Overview. In Pavlidis, G.Th., Miles, T.R..
Dyslexia Research and its Applications to Education. John Wiley & Sons.(pp.1-11).
D: www.dyslexia.com.
: , . (1999).
. : .
: , . (2001). . :
. .
Fr: Frith, U. (1997). Brain, Mind and Behaviour in Dyslexia. In Hulme, C., Snowling,
M. Dyslexia: Biology, Cognition and Intervention. Whurr Publishers Ltd. (pp.1-19).
F-F:

Fuchs, L.S., Fuchs, D. (2002). Mathematical Problem-Solving Profiles of

Students with Mathematical Disabilities With and Without Comorbid Reading

Disabilities. Journal of Learning Disabilities, vol. 35, no. 6, pp.563-573.
G-C: Gersten, R., & Chard, D. (1999). Number Sense : Rethinking Arithmetic.
Instruction for Students with Mathematical Disabilities. The Journal of Special
Education, 44, pp.18-28
G-H :

Geary, D.C., & Hoard, M.K. (2001). Numerical and arithmetical deficits in

learning-disabled children: Relation to dyscalculia and dyslexia. Aphasiology, 15(7),

pp 635-647.
G-Mi: Gilroy, D.E., Miles, T.R. (1999). Dyslexia at College (2nd Ed). London:
Routledge.
Ha-R: Hari, R., Renvall, H. (2001). Impaired Processing of Rapid Stimulus
Sequences in Dyslexia. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, vol.5, No.12, pp. 525-532.

116

He: Henderson, A. (1992). Difficulties at the secondary stage. In Miles, T.R., &
Miles, E. (Eds). Dyslexia and Mathematics. London: Routledge. (pp.70-81).
Hu: Hughes, M. (2002). . : Gutenberg.
J: Johnson, M.L. (1999). A classroom note on diagnosing mathematical errors and
recognizing basic learning disabilities. Mathematics and Computer Education, vol 33,
no 2, pp 151-153.
Jo-H-K : Jordan, N., Hanich, L. B., & Kaplan, D. (2003). A longitudinal study of
mathematical competencies in children with specific mathematics difficulties versus
children with co-morbid mathematics and reading difficulties. Child Development,
vol 74, no 3, pp 834850.
K-Y: Kay, J., Yeo, D. (2003). Dyslexia and Maths. David Fulton.
: , .. (1991). - .
: .
Ki : Kibel, M. (1992). Linking language to action. In Miles, T.R., & Miles, E. (Eds).
Dyslexia and Mathematics. London: Routledge. pp. 42- 57.
: , .. (1997). .
: .
L: www.ld.org
L-B-B: Landerl, K., Bevan, A., Butterworth, B. (2004). Developmental dyscalculia
and basic numerical capacities: a study of 8-9-year-old students. Cognition, 93, pp 99125.
Lu-T-A: Lundberg, I., Tonnessen, F.E., Austad, I. (1999). Dyslexia: Advances in
theory and practice. Kluwer Academic Publishers.

117

M: Miles, E. (1992). Reading and Writing in Mathematics. In Miles, T.R., & Miles,
E. (Eds). Dyslexia and Mathematics. London: Routledge. (pp.58-69).
Ma: Malmer, G. (2000). Mathematics and Dyslexia- An Overlooked Connection.
Dyslexia, 6, pp.223-230.
: , .. (1998). (4 .). : .
Me: Mercer, C.D. (1997). Students with Learning Disabilities. Prentice-Hall, Inc.
Mi1: Miles, T.R. (1992). Some theoretical considerations. In Miles, T.R., & Miles, E.
(Eds). Dyslexia and Mathematics. London: Routledge. (pp.1-18).
Mi-H-W: Miles, T.R., Haslum, M.N., & Wheeler, T.J. (2001). The Mathematical
Abilities of Dyslexic 10-Year-Olds. Annals of Dyslexia, 51, pp.299-321.
Mi3: Miles, T.R. (1992). The use of structured materials with older pupils. In Miles,
T.R., & Miles, E. (Eds). Dyslexia and Mathematics. London: Routledge. (pp.83-97).
Mi-M: Miles, T.R., Miles, E. (1999). Dyslexia: a hundred years on (2nd Ed.). Open
University Press.
My-H: Myers, P.I., Hammil, D.D. (1969). Methods for Learning Disorders.
John Wisley & Sons.
: , .. archive_gr
Pa-T: Payne, T., Turner, E. (1999). Dyslexia. A Parents and Teachers Guide.
Multilingual Matters LTD.
Pe-R: Peer, L., Reid, G. (2003). Introduction to Dyslexia. David Fulton Publishers
L.T.D.

118

Pen: Pennington, B.F. (1999). Toward an integrated understanding of dyslexia:

Genetic,

neurological,

and

cognitive

mechanisms.

Development

and

psychopathology, 11, pp. 629-654. Cambridge University Press.

Po-W: Pollack, J., Waller, E. (1994). Day-To-Day Dyslexia in the Classroom.
London: Routledge.
1: , .. (1997). : .
: . .
2: , .. (1997). . : . .
: , . (1989).
. : .
Pu-R: Pumfrey, P.D., Reason, Rea. (1998). Specific Learning Difficulties (Dyslexia)Challenges and Responses (2nd Ed.). Routledge/ Falmer.
R-G: Ramma, S., Gowramma, P.I. (2002). A Systematic Procedure for Identifying
and Classifying Children with Dyscalculia among Primary School Children in India.
Dyslexia, 8, pp 67-85.
R-M-M: Resnick, L.B., Cauzinille-Marmeche, E., Mathieu, J. (1995).
. , . (1995).
. : Gutenberg (.191-195).
Ra: Rawson, M.B. (1981). A Diversity Model for Dyslexia. In Pavlidis, G.Th., Miles,
T.R.. Dyslexia Research and its Applications to Education. John Wiley & Sons. (pp
13-33).
Ru: Rutter, M. (1978). Prevalence and Types of Dyslexia. In Benton, A.L., Pearl, D.
Dyslexia: An Appraisal of Current Knowledge. New York: Oxford University Press.
1: , . (1999). . : Gutenberg.

119

2: , . (2003). .
: Gutenberg.
S-S: Searle, J., Sivalingam, S. (2004). Dyslexia and mathematics at university.
Mathematics in School, 33, no2, pp 3-5.
Sh: Sharma, M. (2003). Dyscalculia. Source www.cambridgecollege.edu/
Shz et al: Shaywitz, B.A., Shaywitz, S.E., Pugh, K.R., Mencl, E., Fulbright, R.K.,
Skudlarski, P., Constable, R.T., Marchione, K.E., Fletcher, J.M., Lyon, G.R., Gore,
J.C. (2002). Disruption of Posterior Brain Systems for Reading in Children with
developmental Dyslexia. Society of Biological Pychiatry, 52, pp.101-110.
Sn: Snowling, M.J. (1987). Dyslexia: a cognitive developmental perspective.
Oxford: Blackwell.
Sn-T: Snowling, M., Thomson, M. (1991). Dyslexia. Integrating Theory and Practice.
London: Whurr Publishers.
Su: Sullivan, M.M. (2005). Teaching Mathematics to College Students with
Mathematics-Related Learning Disabilities: Report from the Classroom. Learning
Disability Quarterly, vol 28, no 3, pp 205-220.
V: Vaidya, R.S. (2004). Understanding Dyscalculia for teaching. Education,

vol

124, no 4, pp 717-720.
W-S-B: Witzel, B., Smith, S.W., Brownell, M.T. (2001). How can I help students
with learning disabilities in Algebra? Intervention in school and Clinic, vol.37, No.2,
pp 101-104.
Y: Yeo, D. (2001). Dyslexia and Mathematics. Source www.bda-dyslexia.org.uk.
Fifth BDA International Conference.

120

121


. & /
&


15
101 85

11 / 4 / 2005
.252/36744/6

: 1)/ /

2)
( / / ..)

3)

:2103231251

Fax:2103245827

( / / ..)

,


, .




.




.
.


. :
) 1
27 .. 86/01 ( 73 )

122

 ,
. 252/ 31374 /6 29-3-2005 .
) 1
27 .. 86/01 ( 73 )
19 1 .. 26/02 ( 21 )
.
:
i) , .958/79 ( 191 )
80%,
ii) 67%
,
iii) ,
iv)
,
v)
().
i iv
. v
.


.. 26/02 ( 21 ). E




,

.
.
( ..)
.




.
.
/ .

,

. /


.
/
15


, , .

123

 ,

.

.

,
,
-
.

.
,
(
), ,
.

.
.
,
,

,

,
.


,

(
).
,

.
:
)
.



.


.

124

 ,
.
)

,

.

.


.


, ,
, ,
.

,

.
( )

.

, .

.

.
,

. ,
,
, ,
.
,

,

.






.


125

,

.

.

.

,
.

, .253/128314/6 10-12-02 ( 1538
) Y A.
:
1.

:
- ,

,

.

( 15) ...,
'' ''.

,
'' ''
/, .
-
:
- ,

( 15)
....
'' ''
- ''
''
.

2.

126


,
3

,
, .


.


'' '' ,

, .

.
.

,


.

,
.. ,
.

.

.


,
.
,
,
.
.

,

.

.
, ,
,
.

127



.





.. ,
,
, ,
.
, ...,


,
,

.


,
,
. ,

.

:
1. . .
2. /
3. / / /
4. / / /
5. /
6. / . .

128

129