TNG CNG TRONG NH CAO TNG

NCS. NGUYN HNG HI, PGS. TS. NGUYN XUN CHNH

Vin KHCN Xy dng

Tm tt: Cng vi s pht trin ca cng ngh xy dng, cc ta nh hin i ngy cng tr nn cao hn,
mnh hn, vt liu s dng nh hn v cng cao hn. Kt qu ca s pht trin dn n vic cc ta
nh nhy cm vi cc kch thch ng hc ca ti trng gi v ng t. Ngy nay, nh cao tng c s dng
tng cng kh ph bin trn th gii. Theo thng k ca hip hi nh cao tng th gii c n 73% cc ta nh
cao tng c xy dng t u nm 2000 n nay c s dng tng cng kt hp vi li chu ti trng
ngang. V l do ny, bi bo tng kt v trnh by phng php b tr, tnh ton tng cng trong nh cao tng.
1. t vn
Trong nhng nm gn y, nh cao tng
1
, siu cao tng ang pht trin mnh m. Do qu t th hn
hp, mt dn s cao nn vic pht trin nhng d n cao tng v siu cao tng ang l s la chn tt yu.
Ngoi ra, cc tp on kinh t ln trn th gii thng khng nh tim lc kinh t, ti chnh thng qua vic u
t xy dng nhng ta nh c quy m ln, cao tng, siu cao tng nh thp Burj Khalifa Dubai, ta nh
Tapei 101 i Loan, thp i Petronas Tower Malaysia v mt s cng trnh cao tng khc. Vit Nam l
nc ang pht trin, h thng c s h tng cha ng b, cc d n cao tng, siu cao tng l nhng thch
thc i vi lnh vc kt cu cng ngh xy dng trong nc. in hnh cho cc d n trn nh ta nh
Bitexco Tower (68 tng, cao 262m), Keangnam Hanoi Landmark Tower (70 tng, cao 330m), phn ln c
thit k, thi cng, qun l bi cc t chc v cc cng ty nc ngoi. Cc n v trong nc thng ng vai
tr gip hoc thu ph. Nguyn nhn cn bn l cc kin trc s v k s ca Vit Nam cha c c hi tip
xc v tri nghim cc gii php kt cu hin i, tin tin cho nh siu cao tng c, thm tr ang pht
trin trn th gii.
S pht trin v cng ngh xy dng cng to ra nhiu thch thc cho mn khoa hc kt cu cng trnh.
Cc ta nh cao tng ngy cng mnh hn, cng vt liu ngy cng cao hn. c bit, vic s dng tng
cng cho nh siu cao tng ngy cng ph bin hn. Theo thng k 73% cc ta nh siu cao tng trn th
gii c xy dng t nm 2000 tr li y s dng h li v tng cng chu ti trng ngang (CTBUH [1]).
Vi nhng l do trn, bi bo phn tch s lm vic ca nh cao tng c tng cng, tc dng ca n i vi
vic tng cng cho cng trnh v lm gim chuyn v ngang nh cng trnh.
2. C ch lm vic ca tng cng
Tng cng trong nh cao tng thng thng c thit k nh mt h dm ngang, rt cng (thng gi l
dm cng) hay tng cng kt ni li vi cc tng v ct pha ngoi (hnh 1). Theo , li thng c b tr
gia cc ct v dm cng pht trin ra cc hng lin kt li v ct.






























1
Ch thch: Trong bi bo ny nh cao tng v siu cao tng c hiu theo phn loi ca Taranath (2010): (i) Nh cao tng
(tall building) cao hn 100 m, (ii) Nh siu cao tng (super-tall building) c chiu cao hn 300 m, v (iii) nh cc cao (ultra-tall
building) l nh c chiu cao hn 500 m.
Belt Truss
(dn ai bin)
Or Panel
Core Element (li)
Tng cng (Outrigger)
Column (ct)
Hnh 1. H kt cu c b tr tng cng

Khi c ti trng ngang tc dng vo cng trnh, cc ct c lin kt vi tng cng c th ngn cn gc
xoay ca li lm gim ng k chuyn v ngang trn nh ca li so vi trng hp li ng t do. Nguyn l
lm vic ca h thng ny l s dng li chu hu ht ti trng ngang, ng thi phn kh nng chu ct theo
phng ng t li ra ct ngoi thng qua cnh n ca tng cng. Nhng dm cng ny c pht trin ra
dn ai bin (belt truss) cho php cc ct bin tham gia vo chu mmen lt. Do , khi ti trng ngang tc
ng ln cng trnh, tng cng, cc ct bin kt hp cng vi ai bin ngn cn gc xoay v lm gim chuyn
v theo phng ngang ca kt cu. H tng cng trong nh cao tng lm tng cng ca cng trnh so vi h
kt cu khng dng tng cng. Tng cng ng vai tr quan trng trong vic kt ni li v cc ct ngoi cng
chu lc. H thng ny cn c tc dng hn ch s khc nhau v vic co ngn li gia ct ngoi v li do tc
ng mi trng v lc dc gy ra.
Hnh 2 m t s lm vic ca tng cng trong nh cao tng di tc ng ca ti trng ngang.





C ch lm vic trn ch ra rng, s lm vic ca h kt cu ph thuc vo s lng tng cng v cc ai
bin (belt truss). V vy, v tr ca tng cng b tr trong nh cao tng nh hng rt ln n s lm vic tng
th ca ta nh. Ngoi ra, gi tr ca vic lm gim chuyn v v m men ca li ph thuc vo quan h tng
i gia cng ca li v ct tnh theo phng ng i vi trng tm ca li (Smith v Salim [4]).
3. V tr ca tng cng
V tr ca tng cng c nh hng rt ln n s lm vic ca nh cao tng. C rt nhiu nghin cu v
nh hng ca v tr tng cng i vi h kt cu.
3.1 Nh cao tng c 1 tng cng
i vi nh cao tng c 1 tng cng, da trn cc gi thit sau y:
- Tng cng c lin kt ngm vi li;
- Li c lin kt ngm vi ct;
- B qua nh hng ca lc ko;
- c trng mt ct ca li, ct v dm cng khng thay i trn ton b chiu cao ca cng trnh;
- Kt cu lm vic n hi tuyn tnh.
Taranath [6] a ra cng thc xc nh v tr tng cng ti u l:

(1)
trong :
w - ti trng gi tc dng ln cng trnh theo chiu cao;
x
M - m men ti v tr x (v tr tng cng);
I - m men qun tnh ca li;
E - moun n hi ca li;
(Li t do)

(
k

o
)
)

(
n

n
)
)

(m men ca li t do)

(m men khi c
dm cng)

(ct)
Hnh 2. (a) Tng cng trong nh cao tng, (b) Phn ng ca cng trnh,
(c) M men trong li (Smith v Salim [4])
(Li kt cu)
(tng cng)

x
K - cng n hi ti v tr x c xc nh nh sau:

(2)
- chiu cao cng trnh;
d - khong cch gia cc ct ngoi;
A - din tch tit din ca cc ct bin
Chuyn v nh ca cng trnh () c xc nh theo cng thc sau:

(3)
T cng thc (3) ly o hm theo x c th xc nh v tr c nh nht ti x =0,445

3.2 Nh cao tng c 2 tng cng
McNabb v Muvdi [3] nghin cu s lm vic ca nh cao tng c 2 tng cng vi mc ch tm ra v tr
tng cng ti u sao cho chuyn v nh cng trnh l nh nht. Kt qu nghin cu ca 2 nh khoa hc ny
cho thy v tr ti u ca tng cng l 0,312 v 0,685 chiu cao nh tnh t trn nh cng trnh. Cng theo kt
qu nghin cu ca cc tc gi ny th chuyn v nh v lch tng ph thuc vo c trng ca li, khong
cch v c trng ca ct ngoi.
3.3 Nh cao tng c nhiu tng cng
i vi nh cao tng c nhiu tng cng (n tng cng), s lm vic ca kt cu ph thuc vo t s
cng ca li ct, li tng cng, s lng tng cng v v tr tng cng. Tuy nhin, theo cc kt qu nghin
cu ca Smith v Salim [4] cho thy, nh cng c nhiu tng cng th chuyn v ngang cng gim i. Mc d
vy, nh cao tng c n 4 tng cng c xem l ti a v thch hp, vi s tng cng hn 4 th tc dng ca
n thp i. Mt cch tng qut, tng cng nn thit k ti cc v tr: 1 x /(n+1), 2 x /(n+1),... n x /(n+1).
4. S lm vic ca nh cao tng c 2 tng cng
Tng cng trong nh cao tng lm tng cng chng un ca h kt cu mt cch hiu qu. Smith v
Coull [5] a ra phng php phn tch s lm vic ca kt cu c tng cng. Da theo gi thuyt v s
cn bng gia gc xoay ca li ti v tr c tng cng v gc xoay tng ng ca tng cng. Di y l mt
s gi thit trong phng php ny:
- Kt cu lm vic n hi tuyn tnh;
- Ch c lc dc tc dng vo ct;
- Tng cng c lin kt ngm vi li v khp vi ct;
- c trng mt ct ca li, ct v dm cng khng thay i trn ton b chiu cao ca cng trnh;
- Ch m men un c xt n vi li v dm cng. nh hng ca lc ct b qua.





Gc xoay ca li ti v tr 1 v 2 ln lt l:


(4)


(5)
Gc xoay ca dm cng ti v tr 1 v 2 ln lt l:
Hnh 3. C ch lm vic ca nh cao tng c tng cng (Smith v Coull [5])
(Li hoc tng chu lc)
(Tng cng)
(
C
h
i

u

c
a
o

c

a

k

t

c

u
)

(Kt cu vi 2 tng cng)
(Biu m men un)


(6)


(7)
ng nht cng thc (4) vi (6), (5) v (7) dn n phng trnh sau:
i vi gc xoay 1:





(8)
i vi gc xoay 2:


(9)
t:

(10)

(11)
Vit li cng thc (8), (9) ta c:

(12)

(13)
T cng thc (12) v (13) tm c:


(14)


(15)
Mt cch tng qut, m men ca li ti v tr x c xc nh nh sau:

(16)
Trong , c tnh khi x >
1
x , M
2
c tnh khi
2
x x .
T kt qu trn, chuyn v ngay ti nh ca li () c xc nh nh vo biu m men ca li v c xc
nh nh sau:



(17)
5. S l m vic ca nh cao tng c nhiu tng cng
Smith v Coull [5] a ra cng thc tng qut xc nh cc gi tr m men cn ti cc v tr tng cng
theo ma trn sau:
(18)
Nhn xt:
Chuyn v ngang ca cng trnh cao tng di tc ng ca ti trng ngang (gi, ng t) nh hng rt
ln n s lm vic ca h kt cu.
Vic s dng h kt cu li-tng-ct kt hp chu lc ch ph hp vi cng trnh c cao va phi (theo
mt s ti liu tng kt kinh nghim <45 tng). Thc t trn th gii vic s dng tng cng tr thnh ph
bin. Vit Nam, khu phc hp Keangnam Hanoi Landmark Tower thnh cng trong vic p dng tng
cng i vi ta Khch sn 70 tng (2 tng cng) v ta Chung c 48 tng (1 tng cng).
Trong nhng nm ti, c th nc ta s cn xy dng nhiu cng trnh cao tng. Vi c im kh hu
v iu kin t nn ca Vit Nam, cn c nhng nghin cu v s lm vic v hiu qu ca vic s dng tng
cng trong nh cao tng.
TI LIU THAM KHO
1. CTBUH, Case study Shanghai tower. The Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat, 2010.
2. HERATH. N, HARITOS .N, T. NGO & P. MENDIS. Behaviour of outrigger beam in high rise buildings under eathquake
loads. Australian Earthquake Engineering Society 2009 Conference, 2009.
3. MCNABB, J . W. and MUVDI, B. B. Drift reduction factors for belted high rise structures, 1975.
4. SMITH, S. B and SALIM, I. Parameter study of outrigger braced tall buiding structures, 1981.
5. SMITH, S. B and COULL, A. Tall building structures: Analysis and Design, 1991.
6. TARANATH, B. S. Optimum belt truss locations for high rise structures. The structural engineer, 53, 345-348, 1975.
7. WU. J . R and LI* Q. S, Structural performence of multi-outrigger braced tall buildings.