TRNG I HC CNG NGHIP TP H CH MINH

KHOA CNG NGH HO HC

----- // -----

BO CO THC TP TT NGHIP

CNG TY C PHN SN NG
CHUYN NGNH: HA HU C

Ngi thc hin: Nhm sinh vin

Lp: HHC3
Kha: 2007-2011
Ngi hng dn: ThS Hunh Th Vit H

TP.H Ch Minh, ngy 26 thng 03 nm 2011

LI CM N
u tin chng em xin gi li cm n n Ban gim hiu trng H
Cng Nghip TP.HCM, v thy c Khoa Cng ngh Ha Hc nhit tnh
ging dy, cung cp cho chng em nhng kin thc c bn. c bit cho
chng em gi li tri n chn thnh n c Hunh Th Vit H, ging vin
hng dn thc tp cho chng em, c ng vin v gip chng em rt
nhiu trong sut qu trnh hc tp cng nh trong thi gian thc tp.
Trong Cng Ty, lc u khi tip xc vi mi trng lm vic thc t
nn chng em khng trnh khi nhng b ng. Tuy nhin, chng em nhn
c s gip ca anh V Quc Ng H trng phng sn xut, cng s
ch bo tn tnh ca anh on Vn Lai v anh Bo nhng ngi trc tip
hng dn chng em. Ngoi ra, chng em rt cm n s thn thin ca cc
anh ch khc trong phng k thut v xng sn xut, nh chng em dn
thch nghi vi tc phong lm vic chuyn nghip ni y. L sinh vin ngnh
ha hu c, c th ni y l c hi va chm thc t v c lm quen vi
nhng my mc cng nghip hin i. Nhng kin thc thc t y s l
nhng kinh nghim qu bu, l hnh trang chng em vng tin hn trong
cng vic tng lai.
Chng em nhn thy Cng ty c phn sn ng l mt cng ty ln
v ang ngy cng pht trin bn vng trn th trng trong nc. Ti y
chng em c hiu bit v quy trnh cng ngh sn xut sn, ng thi
tch ly thm nhiu kin thc b ch cho chuyn ngnh ca mnh.
Chc qu cng ty tht nhiu sc khe v lun t ch tiu t ra v
ngy cng pht huy th mnh ca mnh. Chc thy c trong khoa Cng Ngh
Ha Hc gt hi nhiu thnh cng trn con ng ging dy.
Trong bi bo co khng th trnh khi thiu st, rt mong Thy c gp
chng em hon thin hn. Chng em xin chn thnh cm n!

CNG HA X HI CH NGHA VIT NAM

c lp - T do - Hnh phc
-----//-----

BN NHN XT CA C QUAN THC TP

Nh my (vin, trung tm): Cng ty c phn sn ng
Xc nhn anh (ch): Nhm sinh vin lp HHC3 Khoa Cng ngh
Ha hc, Trng i Hc Cng Nghip thnh ph H Ch Minh.
n Cng ty c phn sn ng thc tp t ngy 14/02/2011 n
ngy 26/03/2011.
Ni dung nhn xt:
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TP.HCM, ngy thng nm 2011
Ph gim c k thut sn xut

Nguyn Vn Thi

Trng Phng Qun L Sn Xut

V Quc Ng H

NHN XT CA GING VIN HNG DN

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Tp. H Ch Minh, ngy

thng

nm 2011

Gio Vin Hng Dn

Hunh Th Vit H

LI M U
tha mn yu cu ngy cng cao v mt cht lng s dng v nng
cao trnh thm m ca sn phm tiu dng, th cng ngh sn xut sn
lun lun c ci tin khng ngng pht trin trn th trng v cho ra
i nhng sn phm sn ngy cng phong ph, a dng v mu sc v cht
lng. V vy ngnh cng nghip sn xut sn tr thnh mt ngnh quan
trng trong i sng, nhm phc v cho nhu cu thit yu ca cuc sng v
cc ngnh cng nghip khc.
Thng qua vic tm hiu cng ngh sn xut sn ca cng ty c phn
sn ng. Cng ty v ang thc hin dy chuyn sn xut theo cng
ngh Nht Bn (KANSAI), gip chng em m mang kin thc khi c tip
xc vi dy chuyn sn xut hin i vi cc thit b trong nh my. Qua
chng em c th so snh s khc nhau gia l thuyt v thc t, t c
th m rng kin thc chun b hnh trang bc vo i.
y cng l ln u tin chng em c tip xc mi mi trng sn
xut vi quy m ln, nn khng th trnh khi nhng thiu st, sai lm. Knh
mong qu cng ty, thy c v cc bn ng gp kin cun bo co ca
chng em c hon thin tt hn. Xin chn thnh cm n!

MC LC

CHNG 1. TNG QUAN V CNG TY

1.1.

Gii thiu chung v cng ty

Tn cng ty: Cng ty C phn sn ng
Tr s chnh v nh my:
a ch: 1387 Bn Bnh ng, Phng 15, Qun 8, TP. HCM.
in thoi: (84.8) 855 2689 980 2198 980 2452
Fax: (84.8) 855 5092
Email: info@adongpaint.com.vn
Sn phm dch v chnh:
Sn xut, kinh doanh v xut nhp khu cc sn phm, nguyn liu

v thit b ngnh sn.

Thit k v cung ng cc dch v k thut v sn phm, nguyn liu
v thit b ngnh sn.
Thng hiu sn ng:

Vi phng chm Khch hng trc ht - cht lng ton din - ci

tin khng ngng nn cc sn phm ca Cng ty C Phn sn ng lm
ra rt n nh v cht lng v c nhiu khch hng tin dng.
1.2. Qu trnh hnh thnh v pht trin
Cng ty CP Sn ng l mt doanh nghip c lch s tng i lu
i, tin thn l Cng ty Sn ng c thnh lp t nm 1970 v l mt
trong hai nh sn xut ln nht Min Nam trc gii phng.
Nm 1976 Cng ty Sn ng c quc hu ha vi tn gi x
nghip Sn ng trc thuc cng ty Sn v Mc In Tng cc Ha cht
v m rng quy m cng sut, chuyn sn xut cc sn phm sn trang tr v
xy dng.
Nm 1980, trn c s hp nht Cng ty Sn v Mc In v Cng ty Bao
b Ha cht, B Cng Nghip nng ra quyt nh thnh lp Cng ty Sn Cht
do trc thuc Tng Cng ty Ha cht Vit Nam, trong x nghip Sn
ng l n v thnh vin hch ton kinh t ph thuc.
Nm 1993, c s ph chun ca B Cng Nghip nng, x nghip
hp tc vi Kansai Paint Co. Ltd. (Singapore), mt thnh vin ca Tp on
Kansai Paint Nht Bn), di hnh thc hp ng chuyn giao cng ngh
sn xut trong nc cc sn phm sn tu bin v sn cng nghip bn cao

mang thng hiu ni ting KANSAI PAINT. Qua , Sn ng l nh sn

xut sn u tin ca Vit Nam p dng cng ngh tin tin v hin i, lm
ra cc sn phm t trnh cht lng quc t.
Tip tc pht huy th mnh cng ngh v p ng nhu cu pht trin
ca th trng Vit Nam, nm 1997 x nghip hp tc vi Sime Coating
(Malaysia), nay l Kansai Coating (Malaysia) thuc Tp on Kansai Paint
(Nht Bn), sn xut dng sn phm sn tn cun v sn k ngh khc.
Nm 2000, cn c Quyt nh s 40/2000/Q-BCN ngy 29/06/2000
ca B Cng nghip, x nghip Sn ng c c phn ha v chuyn
thnh Cng ty C phn Sn ng c vn iu l ban u l 10 t ng.
Nm 2001, cng ty xy dng v p dng h thng qun l cht
lng ISO 9001:2000 c chng nhn bi t vn v ng kim quc t
DNV (Na Uy) cho n nay.
Sau khi c phn ha, qui m v hiu qu sn xut kinh doanh ca
Cng ty t c nhng bc tin ng k. Thng 10/2004, cng ty C
phn Sn ng tng vn iu l t 10 t ln 30 t ng hon ton bng
ngun vn t tch ly.
Nm 2005, cng ty k kt hp ng chuyn giao cng ngh sn xut
sn bt tnh in vi Powchem Ltd. Co., thnh vin ca Samhwa Paint
Industries Corp (Korea). ng thi Cng ty tin hnh xy dng v lp t
hon chnh phn xng sn bt tnh in cng sut 800 tn/nm ti a ch
1387 Bn Bnh ng, Phng 15, Qun 8, TP.HCM. Nm 2007, cng ty tip
tc u t thm mt dy chuyn mi, m rng nng lc sn xut sn bt tnh
in ln 1.200 tn/nm
Ngy 24/05/2005 Ch tch nc k Quyt nh s 626/Q-CTN tng
thng Hun chng Lao ng hng Nh cho Cng ty C phn Sn ng
v Hun chng Lao ng hng Ba cho B Nguyn Th Nhung - Gim c
Cng ty v thnh tch xut sc trong cng tc 2001 - 2005, gp phn vo s
nghip xy dng Ch ngha x hi v bo v T quc.
Thng 12/2006, Cng ty C phn Sn ng tng Vn iu l t
30 t ng ln 50 t ng bng vn t tch ly v vn gp b sung ca c
ng hin hu v ngi lao ng trong Cng ty.

Vi gn 40 nm kinh nghim cng vi trnh cng ngh tin tin c

c thng qua quan h hp tc quc t vi cc nh sn xut hng u th
gii trong lnh vc cng nghip sn xut sn, cng ty c kh nng p ng
y v kp thi cc sn phm tiu chun quc t v dch v c cht lng
c nh gi cao. Hin nay, cng ty l nh cung ng thng xuyn v tin
cy ca Lin doanh Du kh Vietsovpetro, Tp on Cng nghip Tu thy
Vit Nam (VINASHIN), Tp on in lc Vit Nam (EVN), Tng Cng ty
Lp my Vit nam (Lilama) , Cng ty Lin doanh Tn Phng Nam (SSSC).
Chnh sch cht lng:
Khch hng trc ht
Cht lng ton din
Ci tin khng ngng
Mc tiu cht lng nm 2011:
a ra th trng dng sn phm mi ph hp yu cu khch hng cho
tu sng vi sn lng tiu th 100 tn/nm.
1.3.

S b tr mt bng cng ty
Din tch mt bng tng th : 7717 m2
Din tch vn phng : 771,45 m2
Nh xng v nh kho : 3207,8 m2

Hnh 1: S b tr mt bng cng ty Sn ng

1.4. u t cng ngh sn phm mi

Theo nh hng pht trin ra v da trn nn tng cc mi quan

h hp tc quc t sn c v chuyn giao cng ngh, Cng ty d kin pht
trin thm 3 dng sn phm mi trong 2 nm ti, trong 2 dng sn phm
c chun b n u nhu cu th trng trong nc v nhm n th
trng xut khu. Theo tnh ton, cc sn phm mi s ng gp thm 10
15% gi tr doanh thu trong giai on 2010 2015.
Vi iu kin cng ngh sn xut hin c, nhu cu vn u t pht trin
sn phm mi s khng ln, trong ch yu gm chi ph u t chuyn giao
cng ngh v trang thit b chuyn dng. Hnh thc hp tc ty thuc vo kt
qu tha thun c th gia Cng ty v cc i tc.
1.5. C cu t chc ca Cng ty
1.5.1.
S t chc h thng kinh doanh
CNG TY C PHN SN
NG

H
thng
phn
phi ti
H NiC

H
thng
phn
ph

H
H
H
H
H
H
thng
thng
thng
thng
thng
thng
phn phi phn
phn
phn
phn
phn
ti Ph
phi ti
phi
phi
phi ti
phi
Nam
ti ty
bao gm
ti Nh Cn
ti Q/
cu t chcTh
kinh doanh
ca Cng
Hi s chnh,
nh
Nng
Rch
Th
Nam
my ti TP. H Ch Minh, Vn phng i din ti TP.H Ni v h thng cc
Gi
i ti
i l phnNha
phi v bn l trn ton quc.
VnTrang
phng i din H Ni:
Vn phng i din ti H Ni c nhim v xc tin pht trin th
trng v iu phi cc hot ng bn hng, dch khch hng ti min Bc,
c th:
Lm u mi i din cho cng ty tip xc vi cc i tc hp tc, cc
khch hng v chu trch nhim trc Cng ty v thc hin cc nhim v ca
Gim c Cng ty giao cho theo hng hot ng ca Cng ty ti min Bc.
Tm kim pht trin th trng, d n mi c lin quan n hot ng
sn xut kinh doanh ca cng ty ti min Bc.

Phi hp vi cc phng ban trin khai theo s ch o ca Gim c

Cng ty.
Duy tr v m rng cc khch hng nhm y mnh tiu th cc sn
phm ca Cng ty ra khu vc min Bc.
i vi cc khch hng ln m Cng ty trc tip qun l th VPD c
trch nhim phi hp v trin khai cc cng vic c giao nh: Theo di,
tip nhn kin phn nh ca khch hng nm bt kp thi nhu cu ca
khch hng ng thi c cn b lm nhim v gim st k thut khi Cng ty
v khch hng c yu cu v gim st k thut.
Gim st vic giao nhn hng v cc vn pht sinh trong qu trnh
giao nhn v s dng sn phm.
Thay mt Cng ty qun l, xy dng v pht trin h thng cc nh
phn phi, i l ti min Bc bao gm cc cng vic nh: tip nhn n
hng, x l n hng v cung cp cc dch v sau bn hng.
Kim tra, chm sc v n c cng n ca cc khch hng m VPD
trc tip bn v cc khch hng m VPD c phn cng theo di.
H thng phn phi chnh: H Ni, Nha Trang, Ph Th, Nam nh,
Nng, Qung Nam, Rch Gi, Cn Th.

1.5.2.
1.5.2.1.

C cu b my qun l ca cng ty
S t chc:
GIM
C

P.G HNH CHNH

QUN TR

PH GIM C
KT-SX

PHNG
QUN
L SN
XUT

PHNG
K
THUT

1.6.

Thnh tch

PHNG
NGHIN
CU
PHT
TRIN

PHNG
TIP
TH
BN
HNG

PHNG
K
HOCH
CUNG
NG

PHNG
PHN
PHI
VN
CHUYN

PHN
G TI
CHNH
K
TON

VN
PHNG
I
DIN
H NI

PHNG
HNH
CHNH
QUN
TR

Vi gn 40 nm kinh nghim cng vi trnh cng ngh tin tin c

c thng qua quan h hp tc quc t vi cc NSX hng u th gii trong
lnh vc cng nghip sn xut sn, Cng ty c kh nng p ng y v
kp thi cc sn phm tiu chun quc t v dch v c cht lng c nh
gi cao. Hin nay, Cng ty l Nh cung ng thng xuyn v tin cy ca Lin
doanh Du kh Vietsovpetro, Tp on Cng nghip Tu thy Vit Nam
(VINASHIN), Tp on in lc Vit Nam (EVN), Tng Cng ty Lp my
Vit nam (Lilama) , Cng ty Lin doanh Tn Phng Nam (SSSC)....
Kt qu kho st th trng sn Vit Nam 06 thng u nm 2009 do
Cng ty thc hin ghi nhn Sn ng hin nm gi khong 22% th phn
sn PCM, 8% th phn sn tu bin & cng nghip bn cao v 6% th phn
sn xy dng v trang tr gc du.

Nhn k nim 10 nm thnh lp Cng ty c phn (CP), 40 nm thnh

lp Nh my Sn ng, Cng ty CP Sn ng vinh d n nhn
hun chng Lao ng hng nht, c thi ua ca Th tng Chnh ph, c thi
ua ca B Cng Thng, c truyn thng ca UBND TPHCM cho tp th
cn b nhn vin cng ty. B Nguyn Th Nhung - Gim c Cng ty CP Sn
ng vinh hnh n nhn Hun chng Lao ng hng nh. y l mt tp
th khng ngng i mi sng to v t nhng thnh tch rt ng t ho.
Tham gia vo nhiu hot ng x hi nh:
Cng ty CP Sn ng nhn nui dng mt B m Vit Nam
Anh hng v 1 thng binh, ng gp xy dng 8 cn nh tnh ngha v 25
cn nh tnh thng cho cc h gia nh chnh sch trong v ngoi qun 8.
ng gp cho Qu V ngi ngho ca thnh ph v ca qun 8, Qu
khuyn hc ca MTTQ TPHCM Qun 8, tham gia cc hot ng t thin do
Hi ch thp TP, Hi Ch thp qun 8 pht ng, Hi Lin hip Ph n
TP v Hi Lin hip Ph n qun 8 t chc.
Bn cnh , cng ty cn h tr tin hng cho ngi dn ang gp kh
khn ti cc tnh thnh min Trung b thin tai, l lt. Tng s tin cn b nhn vin tham gia ng gp cho cng tc x hi hn 2 t ng, cng ty cn
lun duy tr v to iu kin cho cc t chc ng, Cng on, on Thanh
nin, Hi Ph n hot ng, pht huy vai tr nng ct trong doanh nghip.
1.7. Tnh hnh thun li v kh khn
1.7.1.
Thun li
C i ng qun l thm nin v giu kinh nghim, i ng chuyn
vin k thut sng to, trch nhim.
Trang b c mt s my mc, thit b hin i.
C th trng rng ln, lun lun nghin cu ra cc sn phm c tnh
u vit p ng nhu cu khch hng trong v ngoi nc.
1.7.2.

Kh khn
Din tch mt bng x nghip tng i hp.
Mt s my mc lc hu.
Do kinh t suy thoi, nhu cu tiu th v th trng b thu hp.

Gi c nguyn vt liu tng qu cao, sc mua th trng st gim mnh,

nhiu khch hng dy da cng n do kinh doanh kh khn cng vi li sut
vay ngn hng qu cao dn n chi ph hot ng ti chnh tng t bin.

CHNG 2: NGUYN LIU SN XUT SN

2.1.

TC DNG CA SN.
Khi nim:
Sn l h phn tn gm nhiu thnh phn (cht to mng, cht mu
trong mi trng phn tn) sau khi ph ln b mt vt liu nn n to thnh
lp mng u n, bo v v bm chc b mt vt liu cn sn.
Chc nng:
Sn l vt liu rt quan trng trong cuc sng hng ngy. T cc cng
trnh kin trc, thit b my mc, phng tin giao thng vn ti nh t, tu
thuyn, xe myn cc vt liu dng trong gia nh, chi tr em u
dng n sn. Sn chim a v quan trng trong nn kinh t quc dn.
Mi loi sn c tc dng khc nhau nhng tc dng ch yu ca sn l:
-

Trang tr b mt

Bo v b mt

Truyn thng tin

Cng dng c bit:

Sn ln cc thit b qun s c th ngy trng nh xe tng, thuyn sn

mu xanh nc bin, sn chng tia hng ngoi c th chng li s pht hin

mc tiu qun s, sn chng h trong cng ngh ng tu. Sn cn dng
phn bit v nh du cc b phn iu khin my mc bng mu sn khc
nhau.
2.2.

GII THIU CC LOI SN

C nhiu cch phn loi sn.

Cn c vo bn cht ca cht to mng:

Sn du thun ty: thnh phn gm cht to mng ch c du tho mc

nn t dng do khng bn.

-

Sn du nha: thnh phn gm cht to mng gm du tho mc v

nha ( thin nhin, nhn to). Loi ny c dng ph bin trong i sng
hng ngy nhng t dng trong cc ngnh k thut.
-

Sn tng hp: cht to mng l nha tng hp (gi tn cn c vo tn

ca loi nha: Sn epoxy, sn alkyd)

Cn c bn cht ca dung mi phn tn :

Sn dung mi: mi trng phn tn l dung mi hu c.

Sn nc: mi trng phn tn l nc.

Sn bt: khng c mi trng phn tn.

Cn c vo ng dng:

Sn g

Sn kim loi

Men trng gm, s

Sn chng h

Sn cch in

Sn chu nhit

Sn bn ha cht

Sn bn kh quyn

Cn c vo phng php sn:

Sn phun

Sn tnh in

Trng, m kim loi

Cc dng sn c bit khc:

Sn dn in

Sn cm quang

Sn pht sng
Bng 2.1: H thng sn phm ca Cng Ty C Phn Sn ng

Sn ph a
dng

Sn ph lp METACHLOR BTD Sn ph a dng gc Chlorngoi cng

rubber
METAKYD Sn ph gc Alkyd
METAKYD BTD Sn ph gc Alkyd-phenolic
METAKYD TOP HG Sn ph bng gc Alkyd
METAPOX TOP Sn ph Epoxy
METARIC TOP Sn ph gc Acrylic
METASILK TOP Sn ph Acrylic h nc
METATHANE TOP 4000 Sn ph Polyurethane
METATHANE TOP 6000 Sn ph Polyurethane

Sn ph a
dng

Sn hm,
bn cha
Sn chuyn
dng

METAPOX HB 50 Sn ph Epoxy dy cao

METAPOX HB 60 Sn Epoxy dy cao
METAPRIDE Sn Epoxy c bit a dng dy
cao
METARCOAT QD Sn bitum gc Chlor-rubber
METAPOX HS 9 Sn Epoxy c bit a dng
dy rt cao
METAPOX PRIMER RC
METAPOX PW100
METAPOX RC100
METARPROOF
METARPROOF HB
METATHERM HR 200 Sn chu nhit n 250 C

gc Silicone
Sn b tng, METATHERM HR 600 Sn chu nhit n 650 C
mt m, sn gc Silicone
chu nhit METAKYD SILVER Sn nh bc gc du
METAPOX CONCRETE SC Sn lt Epoxy chng
kim trn b tng
AC ENAMEL
AC PRIMER
SUMO SILVER
SUPER ADINA
WHITE HORSE
METAZINC EP 50 Sn Epoxy-km dy cao
METAZINC IS 20 Sn lt Silicate-km
METACHLOR PRIMER Sn chng r gc Chlor-

Sn xy
dng-trang
tr
Sn lt

Sn lt lp
u tin

Sn lt
chng r

rubber
METAKYD PRIMER Sn chng r ch a dng
gc Alkyd
METAKYD PRIMER S Sn chng r oxide st
gc Alkyd
METAPOX PRIMER Sn chng r Epoxy dy
cao
METASILK PRIMER Sn chng r Acrylic h
nc
METATHANE PRIMER Sn chng r
Polyurethane

METACHLOR AC Sn lt chng n mn a dng

gc Chlor-rubber
METAPOX AC Sn lt Epoxy chng n mn
dy cao
METARPROOF BTM Sn lt Epoxy-hc n
chng n mn dy cao
METAVINYL BTM Sn lt chng n mn gc
Sn lt
chng n
mn

Vinyl-hc n
METACHLOR AF Sn chng h gc Chlorrubber
METACHLOR AF 05 Sn chng h gc Acrylic
copolymer
METACHLOR AF 10 Sn chng h gc Chlorrubber
METACHLOR AF 250 Sn chng h gc Acrylic

Sn chng
Sn hng
hi

copolymer
METACHLOR AF 450 Sn chng h khng cha

thic
METAVINYL AF 25 Sn chng h gc Vinyl
METAFORCE EF PLUS
METAPRIDE
Sn tu bin
METACOAT QD
METACOAT HB 50, 60, 90

Mi cch phn loi sn s mang mt ngha ring. Cch phn loi da

vo cht to mng sn l tht s cn thit cho cc nhn vin k thut. Trong
qu trnh tm ra sn phm mi hay mun ci tin cht lng sn phm c,
vic nm c bn cht ca nha sn l cha kha quyt nh cht lng sn
c ph hp vi yu cu s dng hay khng. T c s la chn ph hp i
vi cc thnh phn khc nh dung mi, cht ph gia
i vi cng tc tip th hay bn hng th cch phn loi th hai l cn
thit, dng lm s liu phn nh s tng trng nn kinh t ca mt quc
gia.
2.3.

NHA
Mc ch s dng:

Nha sn c xem l thnh phn quan trng nht trong sn. Khi
mun pht trin mt sn phm mi hay ci thin tnh nng ca sn phm,
bc u tin l ta chn loi nha sn c kh nng tha mn yu cu cn c
trong datasheet. T , mi la chn dung mi, ph giathch hp vi nha.
Nha sn l mt hp cht hu c phn t lng ln, c kh nng ha
tan trong dung mi. Khi qut sn ln b mt sn phm, dung mi bay i hnh
thnh lp mng cng.
Nha dng trong sn c vai tr l cht to mng sn, to tnh nng bo
v, trang tr nh bng, cng, n hi, chu nc, chu kim
Mi loi nha sn c mt c tnh ring, p ng nhu cu nhiu mt
ca sn, ta thng s dng hn hp nhiu loi nha hay hn hp nha vi
du.
2.3.1. Nha Alkyd
Khi nim:
Nha Alkyd l loi nha c s dng rng ri trong nhiu lnh vc v
c dng nhiu nht trong cng nghip sn.
Tnh cht:
Nha Alkyd l mt polyester bin tnh vi du tho mc. Polyester
khng bin tnh i t cc axit v acol nhiu chc nh glixerin, anhidrit phtalic
khng c dng sn xut sn v n cho mng sn khng anh, dnh lp
nhp, khng bn. Khi c bin tnh vi du n mi c s dng sn xut
sn, ty theo hm lng du trong cht to mng m n nh hng n cc
tnh cht quan trng nh: qu trnh kh, mu sc, bng, bn, cng,
tnh chu nhit, thi gian s dng...
Ty thuc vo hm lng du c th chia alkyd ra lm bn loi:
Loi nha
Nha gy
Nha trung bnh
Nha bo
Nha rt bo

Hm lng du %
35 45
46 55
56 70
>70

Sn xut nha alkyd:

Nguyn liu:
Anhyrid: Anhyrid phtalic l axit ch yu trong sn xut nha alkyd.

Cng thc cu to:

CO
CO

u im: kh nng phn ng cao,cho nha c bn c l cao.

Alcol: C nhiu loi alcol c th ng dng sn xut nha alkyd, nhng
nhiu nht vn l glyxerin.
Cng thc cu to:
CH2OH
CHOH
CH2OH

Glixerin

CH2OH
HOH2C

CH2OH

CH2OH

Pentaeritrit

u im: r tin, d kim, cho nha c c tnh tt, mch nha u.

Du: Du hay axit bo lm cho mng sn c mm do v kh nng
kh trong khng kh.
Cc phng php sn xut alkyd bin tnh vi du:
Qu trnh sn xut xy ra trn c s phn ng trng ngng. c th
tin hnh phn ng trng ngng phi gii quyt vn ha tan gia cc
nguyn liu u, t c th phn loi cc phng php sn xut nh:
- Phng php axit bo
- Phng php monoglixerit
- Phng php axit ha
Phng php axit bo
Cc nguyn liu u ( glixerin, anhydrid phtalic, axit bo) trn hp vi
nhau ngay nhit thp, phn ng tin hnh nhit ti a 2450C, km
theo tch nc.
Phng php monoglixerit hay phng php ru phn
Nguyn liu u( glixerin, anhydrid phtalic, axit bo) khng trn hp
c vi nhau nn phi qua giai on trung gian iu ch monoglixerit. Phn

ng gia du v glixerin nhit 240 280 0C xc tc thng l PbO hay

glixerin natri.
Phng php axit ha
Ch yu thng dng cho axit izophtalic, cng nh phng php trn
nhng c thm giai on axit ha gia axit izophtalic v du nhit 290 0C
n ng u hon ton.
Trong thc t ngi ta thng dng hai phng php u.
c im ca alkyd bin tnh vi du:
Nha alkyd bin tnh vi du c kh nng ha tan trong dung mi
thm, du thng, white spirit v n kh ch yu l do oxy ha. Hm lng
du cng cao mng sn cng mm do.
bn, bng ca sn alkyd bin tnh tt hn so vi nha c cng
hm lng du.
Phn loi:
Phn loi theo loi ru v axit c s dng, c 2 loi nha chnh:
Nha Glyphtal : tng hp t Glycerin, Anhydrid Phtalic. Nha c tnh
ha tan rt tt trong dung mi nhng to mng sn khng cng, km bn
nc.
Nha Pentaphtalic: tng hp t Penta Erythriol, Anhydrid Phtalic.
Nha c tnh cht kh, to mng sn cng, bn nh sng.
Phn loi da vo hm lng % du bo c trong nha Alkyd, c 3 loi
chnh:
Nha Alkyd gy: hm lng du bo 30 45%, c 2 loi kh v khng
kh dng vi mc ch khc nhau trong ngnh sn
Nha Alkyd trung bnh: hm lng du bo 46 55%.
Nha Alkyd bo: hm lng du bo 56 70%, c s dng lm lp
sn ph cho sn du Alkyd.
Phn loi theo loi du bo
Alkyd bin tnh t du lanh, c dng lm sn lt kh nhanh.
Alkyd bin tnh t du u nnh, dng lm sn trang tr vi lp mng
sn t b vng ha.

Alkyd bin tnh t du thu du, dng lm sn cht lng cao.

Da vo 3 cch phn loi nh trn, ngi s dng cn phi bit chn
loi nha thch hp vi mc ch sn xut sn Alkyd ca mnh.
ng dng nha alkyd:
Sn dng trong xy dng
Sn Alkyd bng cho xy dng thng c 65% du lanh, du tru, u
nnh. Mi loi du u c mt tnh nng ring. Du lanh cho bng cao
nhng li c xu hng b vng khi s dng, Alkyd u nnh trng nhng
nhanh mt bng nht l khng kh m.
Sn Alkyd m c iu ch t Alkyd trng hp su vi 50% du.
Polyme ny sau khi ha tan vo white spirit cho mng sn khng bng lm
nhng l mt cht to mng tt, du ny thng s dng l du u nnh.
Sn chng g
Nha Alkyd vi 65% du lanh. Yu cu Alkyd to mng sn chng
g l c tr s axit tng i thp trnh phn ng gia cht to mng v bt
mu lm nht tng nhanh, phi c tr s hydroxyl tng i thp khng
qu nhy vi nc nhng cng bt mu khuych tn tt, c nht
thp m bo thm t b mt vt liu sn.
Sn tu bin
Alkit 65% du u nnh c dng sn bn trong tu v kh nng chu
nc tt v khng b vng thng phi hp vi polyvinyl axetat clorua.
Ngoi ra nha alkit cn c dng to sn en bng cho t.
2.3.2. NHA PU
Khi nim:
Polyurethane l kt qu ca phn ng gia cc izoxianat v ru a
chc. Trong cng nghip sn polyuretan c chia lm 3 loi:
-

H hai cu t ng rn nhit thng.

H mt cu t vi nhm izoxianat t do, kh nhit thng qua

phn ng vi hi nc trong khng kh hoc di tc dng ca xc tc (amin

bc ba).

H mt cu t vi nhm izoxianat c che chn, kh nhit

cao.
iu ch:
Phn ng c bn to polyurethane:
HO R OH + OCN R' NCO

HO R O C NH R' NCO
O

HO R O C NH R' NCO + HO R OH

HO R O C NH R' NH C O R OH

(I) + OCN R' NCO

(I)

HO R O C NH R' NH C O R O C O R OH
O

Phn ng tip tc cho n khi t c trong lng phn t yu cu.

cc loi izoxianat dng ch to sn polyurethane:
CH3

CH3
NCO

OCN

NCO

NCO
2 ,4

,
2 6 Toluilen di izoxianat
,
TDI 2 6

Toluilen di izoxianat
TDI

2, 4

NCO
OCN

OCN

CH2

CH2

2, 6, Diphenil metan di izoxianant

2, 4, Diphenil metan di izoxianant

OCN (CH2)6 NCO

Hexametilen di izoxianant

NCO

NCO

OCN

CH

NCO

4,4,4,, Triphenil metan di izoxianat

ng dng:
ng dng ch yu l lp ph, n hi v x phng. Polyurethane c

chu mi mn tuyt vi. Bt polyurethane Rigid c s dng rng ri lm

vt liu cch nhit v s kt hp v truyn nhit thp v hiu qu chi ph tt.
N cn c s dng nh l lp cch in v cc ng dng khc nhng ang
b hn ch bi kh nng chu nhit thp (trn ca khong 250 F).
c bit Polyurethane khng tn ti tt khi tip xc trc tip vi nh
sng mt tri hoc tip xc vi dung mi hu c.
Cc hp cht c nhm hydroxyl thng dng nht l cc polyester no c
nhm hydroxyl t do, sn phm trng ngng ca axit adipic, anhydrit phtalic,
glycerin v butilenglycol. Cc polyester ny tng t nh alkyd cha bin
tnh. Ngoi ra cn c th dng cc polyester c nhm hydroxyl t do v du
ve.
Polyurethane c bn rt tt vi nhiu loi ho cht, cc loi dung
dch mui, du khong v du thc vt, nhiu loi dung mi, c bn cao
vi cc kim loi en v kim loi mu, g, cao su, cht do. N khng phi l
loi sn chu nhit nhng c th lm vic mt cch tho ng n 150oC. V
vy c dng nhiu sn g, cc thit b cho cng nghip ho hc, cc
thng cha bia, dung mi, trang tr cho cc dng c bng da, gi da v lm
sn cch in.
2.3.3. Nha Epoxy
Nha epoxy l nhng hp cht cao phn t, c cha mt hay nhiu
nhm epoxy trong mch. y l mt trong nhng cht to mng quan trng
trong cng nghip sn.

Loi nha epoxy thng dng nht i t diphenolpropen (bis-phenol 1)

v epiclonidrin.

Nu t l mol gia epiclonidrin v bis-phenol A ln hn 1 v gi thit

khng phn ng to nhnh, sn phm s c cng thc l tng sau:

Nh vy nha epoxydian l mt polyester mch thng c nhm epoxy

cui mch v nhm hydroxi gn vo mch chnh.
Trong cng nghip n c sn xut di nhiu dng, t lng n rn
v c nh gi bng trng lng epoxy hoc ng lng hidroxil.
ng lng epoxy l s lng nha cha mt mol epoxy (16 gam
oxy di dng epoxy) c tnh bng gam.
Gi tr n Trng thi
trong
cng

phn t

Trng

ng

Nhit

Epikote

Araldite

lng

lng

nng

(shell)

(Prochal)

epoxy

chy

thc
350

140-160

815

GY 252

Lng
380
Lng nht 470
Rn
900

175-210
225-290
450-525

828
834

GY 250
GY 280
6071

3,7

Rn
Rn

1200
1400

8,8

Rn

2900

550-700
870-1025
1650-

12

Rn

3800

0
1
2

Lng

2050
24004000

64-76
75-85
95-105

1001
1004

7072
6084

125-135

1007

7087

140-155

1009

6099

Tr nhng epoxy nhit do c trng lng phn t rt cao mi sn xut

trong thi gian gn y (n>18), nha epoxy khng bao gi ng mt mnh m
phi dng vi cht ng rn hoc xc tc to cu trc khng gian vi tnh
cht c l cao v chu mi cht n mn tt.
Phn ng ng rn vi nhm epoxy:
Nhm epoxy rt nhy vi cc cht c cha nhm hidro hot tnh
nhit thng nh amin, axit, phenol v tiol. Cc cht ny m vng epoxy
to thnh nhm hydroxyl, nhm ny c th phn ng vi cc nhm epoxy
khc.

Trong cng nghip RH thng l cc amin bc 1 hoc bc 2

Amin bc 2 mi hnh thnh ny c th phn ng tip tc vi nhm

epoxy khc.
Nha epoxy c t nht l hai chc, cc amin c t nht l hai hidro hot
ng to nn mt polymer khng gian. ng rn vi xc tc cng tin
hnh vi nhm epoxy, cc xc tc c hiu qu l cc axit Lewis v cc amin

bc 3. C cu phn ng cha c nghin cu k nh phn ng ng rn vi

amin, nhng c th trnh by tng qut nh sau:

Phn ng ng rn vi nhm hydroxyl:

Nha epoxy c th ng rn vi nhm hydroxyl ca cc cht nh nha
ure, melamin, phanol formandehit, phn ng xy ra nhit cao hn 150
0

C.
Nha ure v melanin butyl ho phn ng vi nha epoxy bng phn

ng trao i ete.
Nha phenol formandehit c th phn ng vi nha epoxy bng cc
con ng sau y:
Phn ng trao i ete nh nha amin.
Phn ng gia nhm metiol cha nhm epoxy.

Phn ng gia nhm hidroxyl phenol vi nhm epoxy.

Trong cc phn ng ny phn ng u tin c tm quan trng ln hn.
Phn ng ng rn duy nht vi nhm hidroxyl xy ra nhit l
phn ng vi izoxianat. Trong trng hp ny nha epoxy ng vai tr l mt
polyol.
Trong cng nghip sn thng dng sn epoxy hai cu t ng rn
nhit thng l cc polyamine hoc cc auc ca n. Loi ny dng ch
yu ch to mng sn chu ho cht, mi mn v sn bin.

Loi sn mt cu t l hn hp ca nha epoxy vi cc loi polymer

hot tnh ph bin nht l nha phenol formandehit, dng sn cc thit b
trong nh my ho cht.
Nha epoxy ng vai tr dc bit quan trng trong cng nghip sn v
nhng tnh cht u vit sau: bm dnh rt tt vi cc vt liu thng dng, chu
ho cht tt nht (nht l kim), khng b cc loi dung mi tc dng, chu va
chm v mi mn tt, chu thay i nhit , c n nh khch thuc tt v
co ngt rt b khi ng rn.
Thnh lp cng thc sn Epoxy:
Trong thc t, sn epoxy thng c chia thnh hai loi: sn hai cu
t l sn kh nhit thng, ch yu dng cht ng rn amin, sn mt
cu t l sn kh nhit cao, thng dng cc ho cht ng rn c nhm
axit, anhidit hay hidroxyl.
Chn nha: Thng dng epoxy c trng lng phn t trung bnh nh
epikcote 1001 tho mn c yu cu v tnh cht mng sn v hot
tnh. Trong tng trng hp c th phi lu rng khi trng lng phn t
tng, mm do v thi gian sng ca sn tng. ng thi vi mt s cht
ng rn c th s lm gim kh nng chu ng dung mi v chu ng nc
bin.
Chn cht ng rn. Trong cc cht dng rn nhit thng amin
chim v tr rt quan trng. Tuy nhin s la chn cn ph thuc vo gi c,
tnh cht ca mng sn thu c. Trong thc t ba loi cht ng rn sau y
c dng ph bin nht:
-

Cc amin t do: etilendiamin (EDA).

Dietilentriamin (DETA) hoc trietilen tetramin (TETA). y l nhng

cht ng rn c dng lu i nhng c mt s nhc im nh: c bt,

cc cu t c t l qu chnh lch nhau. Chnh v vy trong mt s trng
hp cc adduct v poliamit c a chung hn.

Cc adduct: c iu ch bng mt cch cho phn ng trong dung

dch nha epoxy trng lng phn t trung bnh vi mt lng amin tha
ch mt s s c adduct c dng khi, nu khng tch s c adduct situ.
-

Nha poliamit: c iu ch t dime axit bo v mt amin, cht

ng rn ny to cho mng sn tnh mm do c bit v kh nng gia cng

d dng, bn nc cng bn hn, tuy nhin bn ho cht gim.
Phn ng ng rn nha epoxy l mt phn ng cng, do lng cht
ng rn phi c tnh chnh xc. Lng ng rn tha hoc thiu s cho
mng ng rn khng tt, vi tnh cht c l km chu dung mi yu.
Trong thc t, lng cht ng rn dng thng gn ng. Khi lng
amin hi tha mng s chu nc v dung mi km nht, nu lng cht ng
rn hi thiu, thi gian sng s di hn.
Nhn chung nhm epoxy tha t nguy him hn tha nhm amin.
Chn dung mi. C hai thng s quyt nh s la chn dung mi: gi
thnh v tnh cht cui cng ca mng sn.
Dung mi nh hng ln cc tnh cht sau y: thi gian sng ca sn,
tc ng rn, kh nng gi mm do theo thi gian, bng, bn
ho cht. H dung mi cui cng c chn c s cn nhc gia gi thnh,
tnh cht v sn c trn th trng. Trong trng hp dng cht ng rn amin
khng nn dng dung mi ester. Cc xeton cng ch nn dng hn ch v n
phn ng vi mt s cht ng rn v lm chm phn ng ng rn. Trong
thc t thng dng h dung mi t ru, hidrocacbon v xeton. Sau y l
mt s h dung mi in hnh cho sn epoxy.
Dung mi cho sn phun:
Cho phn nha

Metiletilxeton

12,5%

Metilbutilxeton

12,5%

Toluen
Ru n-butilic

25%
20%

Cho phn cht ng rn Toluen

Metil glicol

20%
10%

Nu sn qut phi dng dung mi c bay hi nh hn, v vy nn

thay Toluen hay xylen bng dung mi nafta thm:
Cho phn nha

Metiletilglicol

40%

Dung mi nafta thm

Ru n-butilic

10%
20%

Cho phm cht ng rn Toluen

Metil glicol

20%
10%

2.3.4. Nha silicon

Tnh cht ha hc:
Silicon l mt polymer na v c c sn xut di dng lng, nha
v cao su. Tt c u c mch chnh gm t silic v oxy, v vy n c bn
ha cht v nhit . Lin kt vi cc nguyn t silic l cc gc hidrocacbon
nh metyl, phenyl. Cc gc ny lm cho silicon c kh nng ha tan trong
dung mi hu c v trn c vi cc loi vt liu hu c. Silicon lng v
dng cao su c cu trc thng.
iu ch nha silicon:
Nguyn liu iu ch silicon l clorosilan hu c vi cng thc
chung RnSiCl4-n thng l metyl hoc phenyl v n c gi tr t 0 3.
ng dng ca silicon:
Mng sn silicon chu nhit tt, c th lm vic n 300oC, c th lm
vic trong thi gian di, nhng nhit cao hn tr nn dn, do gy nt
v gim bm dnh, chu thi tit rt tt, khng b vng hoc to phn ngay
c khi dng nhng loi bt mu to phn nh TiO 2 anatas. Tnh chu thi tit
cao ca silicon ch yu do tnh ght nc ca n, do ht nc nh, bn
nh sng tt. Chu c axit v kim long, dung dch mui v cc cht ty
rua, c dng sn cc ng khi trong cc nh my, cc ng ng n
nhit 600oC, sn cc dng c gia nh nh l bp, l si, bn l, cc thit
2.4.

b cho cng nghip sa v bnh vin.

DUNG MI
nh ngha:
Dung mi l nhng cht lng d bay hi dng ha tan cht to mng
v thay i nht ca sn. L thnh phn cn thit cho c qu trnh sn xut
v thi cng sn. Trong khi to mng sn ph, dung mi s bay hi i.

Dung mi c 3 loi chnh:

Dung mi hydrocacbon: Hydrocacbon mch thng (White spirit,

Shellsoll) dng ch yu cho sn Alkyd bo.

Hydrocacbon thm (Xylen, Toluen) dng ch yu cho sn Alkyd

gy, Acrylic nhit rn, Epoxy

Dung mi oxi ha (MEK, n-Butyl Acetate, Isopropanol, Ethylen

Glycol-mono Butylether, Propylen glycol momo Methyl ether acetate)

dng cho sn Vinyl, PU, Acrylic

Dung mi nc dng ch yu cho sn h nc.

Mc ch v yu cu ca dung mi sn:
Dung mi c 2 c tnh quan trng l kh nng ha tan th hin sc ha
tan ca dung mi vi mt loi nha no , v tc bay hi l tc tng
i m n thot khi mng sau khi sn.
Dung mi gip to c mt dung dch c nht thch hp cho vic
bo qun v s dng, c vn tc bay hi theo yu cu v to nn mt mng
sn c tnh cht ti u, c mi chp nhn c, c c ti thiu v gi
phi chng.
Vi cc loi sn kh bng phng php ha hc, dung mi c vai tr
chnh l to nn mt dung dch sn c th sn theo phng php thch hp
nht. i vi loi cht to mng kh vt l, dung mi ng vai tr phc tp
hn v khng nhng n nh hng n cch la chn phng php sn m
cn c vai tr quyt nh i vi thi gian kh v tnh cht ca mng sn.
Trong nhng trng hp ny thng dng 2 hay nhiu dung mi, cn dng
thm cht pha long, y l mt cht lng khng c kh nng ha tan cht to
mng, nhng n c th gip cho qu trnh ha tan vi dung mi thc. Cht
pha long thng r hn dung mi cho a s cht to mng.
2.4.1. Butyl acetate
Cng thc ho hc: CH3COOCH2CH2CH2CH3
Tn khc: Butyl acetate, Butyl Acetic Ester, BAC.
Tnh cht, ng dng:

N-butyl acetate, vit tt [N-BAC,BAC] l mt cht lng khng mu,

trong sut, bay hi trung bnh, c mi ester c trng.
N-Butyl acetate l dung mi quan trng trong cng nghip sn. N c
kh nng ho tan tt nitrate cellulose, nha, polymer, du v cht bo.
bay hi ca N-Butyl acetate rt thun li cho cc ng dng v lm
kh, n chng c sn v hiu ng da cam cho mng sn. V th n to ra
mng sn c dn u v bng tt.
Trong ng dng ny, N-Butyl acetate c dng chung vi N-butanol
(tng kh nng chng c, tng kh nng ho tan trong nhiu trng hp, v
gim nht ca dung dch).
2.4.2. Toluen
CTPT: C7H8 C6H5CH3
Tn ho hc : Toluol, Methyl Benzene.
Tnh cht ha hc:
Toluen l mt cht lng khc x, trong sut, khng mu, bay hi
cao, c mi thm nh, khng tan trong cn, ether, acetone v hu ht cc
dung mi hu c khc, tan t trong nc. Toluen c dng ch yu trong cc
ng dng cn kh nng ho tan v bay hi cao nht. Toluen c dng
rng ri trong c sn xe hi v sn c trong nh, sn qut, v sn tu
bin.
2.4.3. Xylen
Cng thc phn t: C6H4(CH3)2
Tn khc: Xylol, dimethylbenzen.
Cng thc cu to:

Tnh cht ha hc:

Xylene l hn hp dung mi c ba ng phn : ortho, meta v para

xylene.
Xylene l mt cht lng trong sut, khng mu, bay hi va. N c
th ho tan vi cn, ether, du thc vt v hu ht cc dung mi hu c khc
nhng khng tan trong nc.
ng dng ca xylen:
Xylene c dng lm dung mi ho tan nha tng hp, cht bo, sp.
Dng xylene lm dung mi cho sn b mt v n c tc bay hi
chm hn toluen v kh nng ho tan tt. N c dng trong trng men, sn
mi, sn tu bin, cc loi sn bo v khc v dng trong sn xut nha
alkyd.
2.4.4. Acetone
CTPT: CH3COCH3
Tn ho hc : Dimethyl Ketone, DMK, 2-propanone.
Tnh cht ha hc:
Acetone l cht lng trong sut, khng mu, bay hi nhanh, c mi
ngt gt. N c nhit si thp, tc bay hi cao v kh nng ho tan cao.
Aceton tan hon ton trong nc, cc dung mi hydrocacbon mch thng,
mch vng v hu ht cc dung mi hu c. N cng ho tan tt nhiu du
m ng vt v thc vt, hu ht cc loi nha tng hp, nha t nhin v cc
cht tng hp.
ng dng:
Aceton l dung mi ho tan tt nitrocellulose, cellulose acetate,
cellulose ether, c dng lm gim nht ca sn c cc nha ny. c
bit, n thch hp sn xut sn mau kh v c tc bay hi cao. Ngoi ra,
cng dng Acetone trong sn xut sn c hm lng cht rn cao.
2.4.5. Etylenglycolmonoetyl ete
CTPT: C2H5OCH2CH2OH
Tn thng dng hn l cellosolve
Tnh cht, ng dng:

Dung mi Etylenglycolmonoetyl ete cho nhiu hp cht to mng v

do tc bay hi chm nn c dng ch to cc loi sn qut khi khng
th dng nhng loi hydrocacbon thng.
2.4.6. N-Butanol
Cng thc cu to: CH3CH2CH2OH
Tnh cht, ng dng:
N-Butanol l mt dung mi quan trng trong cng nghip sn ph b
mt, c tnh cht dung mi tt cho nhiu loi nha t nhin v nha tng hp
nh l ureas, phenolics, ethyl cellulose, polyvinyl butyral, v mt s loi keo.
N-Butanol l mt thnh phn quan trng trong h sn s dng
nitrocellulose v loi xng pha cho loi sn ny. Dung mi ny to thi tt
v tnh to lp tt cho loi sn ny, vi vic tng bng, tnh n nh, tng
chng vn c so vi cc loi ru alcol thp cp khc.
L mt dung mi cng hp vi Xylene, v mt s loi dung mi thm
(aromatic) khc, do vy chng c dng lm dung mi cho nha amino v
cc loi men vi hn hp vi nha alkyd v nha amino. S kt hp ny s
dng cho sn h ethyl cellulose. N-Butanol s ha tan nhiu loi nha tng
hp v hu ht cc loi keo thin nhin. N-Butanol dng nh l mt dung mi
cho cc loi vec-ni v cht nh bng, l dung mi n v c tc dng iu
chnh li nht trong sn h nha alkyd.
2.4.7. Methyl isobutyl ketone
CTPT: (CH3)2CHCH2COCH3
Tn vit tt: MIBK
Tnh cht v ng dng:
MIBK l cht lng trong sut, khng mu, bn, c bay hi va phi,
nhit si tng i cao v c mi c trng. MIBK trn ln vi hu ht
cc dung mi hu c v ch tan t trong nc. MIBK l mt dung mi ho tan
tt vinyl copolymer, acrylic, epoxy, nha tng hp v nha t nhin. N cng
l thnh phn ca h dung mi cho nhiu loi sn v men, c bit dng trong
cc sn phm c hm lng cht rn cao v cn nht thp.

2.4.8. White spirit:

Tnh cht:
Thnh phn ca white spirit khng c nh nhng trong cng nghip
sn thng dng loi thng c cha 15 18% hydrocacbon thm. Dung mi
White Spirit c dng trong sn du Alkyd l loi dung mi c thnh phn:
Hydrocacbon mch thng (c kh lu hunh)
< 0.1% benzene
< 3% Trimetyl benzene
< 18% Aromatics
N c tc bay hi chm v mi khng kh chu lm, ha tan a s
cc loi du, nha thin nhin, cc vecni du nha, nha ankit vi thnh phn
cao hn 50%. V vy thng c dng rng ri lm dung mi cho cc loi
sn trang tr v thng dng phng php sn qut.
ng dng:
Dung mi White Spirit c tc dng nh mt cht pha long cho sn
du, ty nhn v lm sch trong qu trnh thao tc.
Ngoi ra, cn c cc dung mi c pha t cc cht trn vi thnh
phn v t l nht nh nh: Addisol 401, Shellsol A100, Solvesso A100,
DME 1 dng trong sn k ngh, dn dng; Nucep Thinner dng trong sn
tu bin
2.5. BT MU V BT N
2.5.1. Bt mu
Mc ch s dng:
Bt mu l nhng ht rn mn phn tn trong mi trng sn to cho
mng sn mt s tnh cht c bit. Tnh quan trng nht ca bt mu l lm
cho mng sn c mu sc nht nh, mt trong sut. To nn che ph
ca mng sn, c nh hng n nhiu tnh cht c hc ca mng sn nh:
bn thi tit, chu ha cht
Tnh cht:

Bt mu l cht c phn tn cao khng ha tan trong mi trng

phn tn (nc, dung mi hu c, dung dch to mng sn).
Bt mu c th l mt hp cht v c hoc hu c, c cu trc ha hc
thch hp chu c thi tit m khng b hy hoi ng k. Hn na n
phi tr trong mi trng sn v khng b nh hng bi cht ha hc ca vt
liu c sn.
Phn loi bt mu:
Bt mu kim loi: nh nhm (Al), nh ng (Cu)
Bt mu v c:
-

Mu trng: TiO2, ZnO, ch trng PbCO3, Pb(OH)3 phosphat km

Zn3(PO4)2.nH2O.
-

Mu en v xm: mui than, bt Grafit, oxit st en Fe3O4, MnO2.

Mu vng, cam, : Crommat ch PbCrO4 (vng trung), Crommat

km

ZnCrO4 (vng chanh), Oxit st Fe2O3 ( nu), Molybdat ch

PbMoO4( cam).
-

Mu xanh l cy, xanh dng, tm: Oxit crm Cr 2O3, Oxit Cobalt

Km CoO.nZnO (xanh l cy), Oxit Cobalt Nhm CoO.Al2O3 (xanh dng).

Bt mu hu c:
-

Gc mu AZO ( - N = N - ): thng c nhng mu thng dng

vng, cam, .
-

Gc mu Phtalocyanin (-C6H4(CN)2): mu thng dng l xanh

dng, xanh l cy m.
-

Gc mu Antraquinon: ch yu mu xanh dng.

Mt s bt mu cng ty s dng:
Tn thng mi
Strontium Chromate L203E
Zinc oxide

Ghi ch
mu
mu trng, c tc dng lm m, dng

Titanium dioxide
Irgazin Red
Zinc Tetraoxichromate

trong sn dn dng
mu trng
mu
mu vng, dng trong sn chu nhit

Bayerrox 3920
Iron oxide Red H101
Sudadur Yellow 1222
Cinquasia Red B NRT-796-D
Novoperm Red F5RK
Hostaperm Blue
Special Black

(t s dng)
mu vng
dng trong sn chng g, dn dng
(Pigment Yellow 34) Mu vng
hng cnh sen
Mu
Mu xanh da tri
Mu en

2.5.2. Bt n
Tnh cht v mc ch s dng:
Bt n dng bt trng, khi phi vi nha sn c che ph km
hn bt mu. Tuy nhin, thng c dng chung vi bt mu trong sn
nhm mc nh gim gi thnh sn phm. Ngoi ra, mt s loi bt n
c bit c tc dng tng tnh lu bin ca sn, gim lng y v tng
bn c hc ca mng sn.
Phn loi bt n c cc dng ch yu nh sau:
Dng Oxit: c ngun gc thin nhin, thnh phn chnh l SiO 2 (90
95%) v cc oxit khc Fe2O3, Al2O3, CaO). Thng s dng trong sn
nc, sn g, sn chng chy
Dng cacbonat (bt nh): ph bin l CaCO 3 c ngun gc thin
nhin
Dng sunfat (bt nng): l BaSO4 c ngun gc thin nhin v
nhn to.
Dng silicat: bt Talc (Magie silicat), Cao lanh (Nhm silicat), Mica
(Nhm canxi silicat).
Mt s loi bt n cng ty s dng:
Tn thng mi
Blanc fixe F
Asp 200
HAICHEN Talcum Powder
Micromised mica (Suzorite mica)
Zinc phosphate PZ20
Omy
Acard-5
(Calcium

Ghi ch
Bt n dng trong sn MA

carbonate)

trong sn chu nhit

Bt n dng trong sn tu bin

Bt n dng trong sn tu bin
Bt n dng trong sn chu nhit
Bt n tc dng chng lng, dng

Pangel B-20
2.6.

PH GIA
L cc hp cht hu c, v c hoc nguyn t c thnh phn cu to
ha hc c bit c a vo sn vi mt lng rt nh ( 1%), nhng ng
vai tr ci thin ng k cc tnh cht cu thnh ca mng sn. Trc y, cc
cht ph gia thng khng c lit k vo thnh phn c bn ca sn.
Nhng hin nay, do yu cu i hi sn cht lng cao nn cht ph gia cng
c xem l thnh phn cn thit b sung cho cu to sn. Nng ca cc
ph gia nm trong khong 0,01 - 5%, trong nhng trng hp c bit th c
th ln ti 10%.
Ph gia ch yu bao gm nhng cht sau:
Cc cht phn tn bt mu:
Trong qu trnh sn xut sn cn ch t s phn tn ng u
ca cc ht bt mu v bt n trong mi trng sn lng. phn tn ng
u cc bt phi nghin mn cc cc bt mu b vn v thm t u.
Cht phn tn bt mu cn gi l nhng cht hot ng b mt l hp
cht hu c c cha nhm c cc (a nc), khng cc (a du). B mt bt
mu khc nhau v kh nng thm t nn cc cht ny hp th ln b mt bt
mu mt cch khc nhau.

Tc dng nhng cht hot ng b mt:

Rt ngn thi gian phn tn.
Tng bng.
Chng lng bt mu,bt n.
Chng keo t.
Tng cng mu v che ph.
Cc cht hat ng b mt thng dng trong sn:
Du sunfonat, x phng kim loi kim vi axt cacboxylic
i vi sn dung mi thng dng l mui cacbonat vi cc amin
mch di.

i vi sn nc thng dng polyacrylate, mui polyphosphate

(Solsperse 27000, Solsperse 44000).
Cht lm kh:
L nhng cht lm tng nhanh qu trnh lm kh cho mng sn. Cc
cht lm kh tng tc oxy ha du kh trong thnh phn cht to mng,
xc tin phn ng to mng li gia cc lin kt i. L mt xc tc to iu
kin cho bt mu v du phn ng nhanh to mng sn nhanh kh nh oxyt
Mangan,oxyt kim.
S dng cht lm kh n ch c hiu lc vi loi du v h nha c
khng no cao.
Cht lm kh ca nha thng v axit ca du lanh khng c dng
ph bin v chng b gim dn kh nng lm kh trong thi gian bo qun.
Hm lng cht lm kh ph thuc vo bn cht ca n. i vi cht
lm kh ch l 0,25 0,5% ch kl, vi coban l 0.0250,05% coban kl so vi
cht to mng kh
Thng l mui ca axit hu c tan trong du nh: naftenat ca ch,
coban, mangan. Cc cht lm kh hot tnh c tng hp t ch v coban.
Cht lm kh ngoi: OCT- coban (mui ca Co2+ ) oxy ho lp ngoi,
l cht lm kh b mt.
Cht lm kh trong: OCT- lead (ch) (mui ca Pb 2+ v Mn2+) xc tin
qu trnh kh b mt trong mng sn.
Cht tr lm kh gia mng sn:
Nu ch dng OCT coban s lm nhn b mt sn do tc kh khng
ng u. Chnh v th, ta phi kt hp chng mng sn u.
Mui ca Ca2+ (Octoate canxi 05% v 10%): Khi kt hp vi Co/Mn,
Ca c th thay th cho Pb c dng trong sn sy (Ca cng c dng trong
sn sy). Ca cng c dng n nh Pb trong nhng lp sn nhy cm
vi nc hoc nhng sn c acid t do nh Alkyd c gi tr pH cao. Lng
dng t : 0.02-0.2% trn khi lng nha.
Mt s cht lm kh c cng ty s dng:

Cht lm kh
Hng sn xut
COBALT NAPHENATE 10%
LEAD NAPHENATE 32%
BORCHERS
OCTATE CALCI 10%
NUSA
OCTOTATE MANGAN 6%
NUSA
MANGANESE
NAPHTHENATE

Nc sn xut
SINGARPORE
SINGARPORE
SINGARPORE

10%
CALCIUM NAPHTHENTE 5%
Cht thay i nht:
Khi cc nguyn liu sn phi trn vi nhau, hn hp sn phm thu
c nht v chy thay i nh hng n qu trnh nghin v cht
lng ca mng sn. Trong trng hp ny phi s dng cht thay i
nht nhng phi m bo khng nh hng n tnh chy v tnh cht c l
ca mng sn.
Cc cht thng dng l:
Bentone (t st t nhin): l nhng cht c kh nng trng ln khi
phn tn trong nc nn lm cht tng nht. Hm lng cho vo 2 4% so
vi sn, v khi cho nhiu s lm cho sn c tnh chy km.
Ete xenlulose: l nhng cht c kh nng trng ln khi phn tn
trong nc nn lm cht tng nht, cho vo vi t l 0.25 -1 % so vi sn.
Cht chng lng:
Nhiu loi sn c tc lng bt mu rt ln trong thi gian bo qun
di, gy tch pha, gim cht lng sn.
Phng php gim lng ng.
To cho h tnh thixotropy sn gel ho khi bo qun, khi tnh
thixotropy khng thch hp cho h sn phi dng phng php khc.
S dng cht hot ng b mt nht l leccitin u tng, cht ny
c hp th vo b mt bt mu lm chng tng th tch ca n, c ngha l
t trng ca n nh i v nh vy khuynh hng lng ng cng gim.
Mt s cht chng lng c cng ty s dng:

Cht chng lng

AEROSIL R972
REOLOSIL QS-20
AEROSIL 200
KEMOLITE S-4
SIPERNAT 820A

Hng sn xut
DEGUSSA
TOKUYAMACARP
DEGUSSA
WOLKEM INDIA

Nc sn xut
GERMANY
JAPAN
GERMANY
THAILAND

Cht ph bt:
Trong qu trnh gia cng do nhit gia cng tng nn mt s cht kh
v hi c trong nguyn liu bay ra, nhng do sc cng b mt ln nn cc
cht ny khng t ph v lm cho mng sn lun cha y bt kh. Mt khc,
khi s dng cc ph gia phn tn v thm t l mt dng cht hot ng b
mt s to bt trong qu trnh thao tc. Cc bt ny phi c ph, nu tn ti
trong sn khi lu tr s to sn c th tch khng n nh, khi sn mng sn
s lm cho b mt sn b r khi bt b b Do ta phi cho cht ph bt
hn ch nh hng xu n cht lng sn.
Cc cht ph bt cho h sn nc: cc loi du silicon, du thin nhin,
du tng hp, cc loi du khong.
Cc cht ph bt cho h sn dung mi: silicon bin tnh, dn xut
sylfosuccinate.
Cht chu nhit:
Lm tng kh nng chu nhit ca mng sn. Tu theo yu cu m s
dng m dng cho thch hp.
Aerosol l cht chu nhit dng cho sn dn dng.
Specialty additive CIMA dng cho sn cht lng cao.
Cht chng nm mc:
Tt c cc loi sn c hm lng nc cao d b vi sinh vt, vi khun,
nm mc tn cng lm cho nht ca sn gim, p sut trong bnh cha
tng. Do qu trnh to kh v thi ra, mng sn b bin mu, nhim c
mng sn nh hng n sc kho con ngi.
Cht chng nm mc s cn thip vo qu trnh trao i cht ca vi
sinh vt.

Yu cu ca cht chng mc l ho tan vo dung dch khng b hp

ph bi bt mu v bt n.
Cc cht chng nm mc thng dng:
Bari meta borat: c tc dng dit nm mc hm lng 1520% so
vi cht to mng. N ho tan nh trong nc, v vy khi dng sn bn ngoi
phi dng cht to mng c thm nc nh.
Thic hu c: cc cht ny thng dng chng nm cho sn bn
trong, hm lng thng dng 1% so vi tng phn kh.
Ditico cacbamat: do tnh ho tan thp trong nc nn ditrico
cacbamat c s dng rng ri cho c mng sn bn trong v bn ngoi.
Dicloflucimit: c kh nng chng nm mc cho c sn bn trong ln
bn ngoi. Hm lng dng khong 1,5-2% so vi tng phn kh. Tuy nhin
cht ny khng n nh trong mi trng sn nh tng v n b phn hu do
phn ng thu phn trong mi trng kim.
Hp cht phenol poe mandehyd hm lng s dng nh thay i theo
bn cht ca cht chng mc nhng thng l 0,030,0% so vi trng lng
sn.
Cht chng h:
Cc mng sn lm trong nc bin nhanh chng b cc vi sinh vt bin
bm vo nht l h, lm nh hng n kinh t, tiu hao nhin liu. ngn
h bm vo phi cho vo mng sn tu bin cc cht chng h. Cc cht ny
phi c i vi cc loi bm bn bin.
Cc cht chng h thng dng nht l Cu, CuO c tnh ho tan trong
nc bin hp cht thu phn c th dng tng c tnh ca CuO.
Cc hp cht c thic chng h hu hiu nhng khng c kh nng
chng bm bn ca cc loi vi sinh vt khc.
Mt s cht chng h c cng ty s dng:
Cht chng h
OXIDE NG
CUPROUS OXIDE

Hng sn xut
FURUKAWA

CUPROUS OXIDE

NORDOX

Cht ho do:
L nhng cht c trng lng phn t thp, c kh nng ho tan trong
hp cht cao phn t. Tc dng ca n lm tng hoc duy tr tnh mm do
ca mng sn, nht l ca cc mng sn dng cht to mng gin. Ta c th
trn c hc vi polymer trong qu trnh ch to sn bng phng php ho
hc qua phn ng ng trng hp.
Yu cu ca cc cht ho do:
Kh bay hi v trn hon ton vi cht to mng
Khng nh hng n mu sc mng sn.
Khng c hi.
Phi nh hng ti thiu n chy mng nhng phi cho mng n
hi n mc ti a.
Cht ha do dng trong sn c chia lm 2 loi:
Cht ho do loi 1 : c th xem nh dung mi cho polyme, c th
trn hp vi bt c t l no, c trng lng nh, chng xen gia cc mch
polyme lm chng t cng hn, nhng gim bn ko t ca mng, to gel
nhit thp.

Tn ho cht

Nhit to gel

Nhit ho tan

Dibutyphtalen

78oC

105oC

Di-2-ethylhexylphtalate 102oC

129oC

Cht ho do loi 2 : khng phi l dung mi cho sn nn ch trn

mt gii hn nht nh, chng tch mt cch vt l cc si polyer chng c
th trt tng i ln nhau khi mng b un cong, nh hng t n bn
ko ca mng.

Cc cht ha do thng dng:

Dibutyl phtalate (DBP): L cht ho do c s dng rng ri, trn
ln c vi nhiu loi nha, t b vng khi s dng ngoi tri nhng d bay
hi. Hm lng thng dng 20 25 % so vi trng lng nitrocenllulose.
Dioctyl phtalate (DOP): kh bay hi hn DBP, n nh vi nhit v
nh sng.
Tryphenylphotphat v tricrezil photphat: Ngoi vai tr ho do, n
cn lm gim tnh d chy ca mng sn. C hai u nh hng n bn
ko nt ca mng sn nitrocenlulose v c khuynh hng b vng di tc
dng ca mi trng kim.
Tryclotyphotphat: L mt hp cht hu c photphat c kh nng lm
gim tnh nng d chy c nitrocenllulose v b vng khi tip xc nh sng v
di tc dng nhit thp.
Butylstearat: tng c xt, mi mn ca mng sn, c tc dng ngay
nhit thp.
Parafin clo ho: dng ch yu cho caosu clo ho, tng i do v
mt ho hc. Do khi s dng clo ho khng lm gim bn ho hc ca
loi nha ny. Thng dng vi t l 50% so vi nha.

CHNG 3: QUY TRNH CNGNguyn

NGHliu
SN XUT SN
3.1. QUY TRNH SN XUT SN
Quy trnh cng ngh sn xut sn trong khng k cc cng on sn
Phi liu ban u

xut cc nguyn liu cho sn th quy trnh sn xut sn bao gm cc cng

on: Phi liu ban u hay qu trnh khuch tn, nghin, phi liu cui cng,
chnh mu sn v ng gi sn phm.
Dung
mi

Kim tra

Nghin

Kim tra

Nguyn
liu

Phi liu cui cng

Kim tra

Past mu

Chnh mu

Kim tra

Bao b

ng gi

Sn phm

Hnh 3.1: S khi quy trnh sn xut sn

3.2. THUYT MINH QUY TRNH
3.2.1. Cng on phi liu ban u.
Mc ch yu cu ca qu trnh:
Trong qu trnh phi liu ban u ny, cc nguyn liu c trn u v
phn tn vo nhau. Cng on ny yu cu khuy trn ton b lng bt cn
dng cng vi cc ph gia cn thit khuch tn trong cht to mng v dung
mi. Lng cht to mng v dung mi s dng phi ph hp nht
thun li cho qu trnh khuy trn.
Tin hnh:
- Kim tra: t ng sn, cnh khuy, van phi tht sch s v an ton.
- Np nha phn PLBD theo ch nh trong phiu sn xut
- Np dung mi phn PLBD theo phiu sn xut. Nh gi li 10 kg
ra thnh t trong qu trnh np bt v ra cnh khuy sau khi xong giai on
khuch tn (premix).
- Cho t vo v tr my khuch tn sau khi premix.
- iu chnh tc khuy ban u khong 600 vng/ pht.
- Khuch tn trong 5 pht cho nha vo dung mi ha tan hon ton.
- Gim tc np ph gia phn PLBD theo trnh t phiu sn xut.
- Khi np ph gia ch np t t trnh tnh trng np qu nhanh dn n
nguyn liu d b sc.

- Khi np bt ch np t t bt c thm t u.
- Sau khi np ht bt dng dung mi phn PLBD cha li v sinh thnh
t sn.
- Khuy trn 20 30 pht tc ph hp (khong 800 1200
vng/pht).
- Dng my nng cnh khuy ln, dng dung mi phn PLBD cha li
ra sch cnh khuy.

S c xy ra v cch khc phc:

S c

Nguyn nhn

Khc phc
C th gim tc khuy (tt my)
nhng s nh hng n tin .

Nhit ca
sn tng cao
vt qu gii
hn cho php

C th lm ngui sn sau khuy

Khuy vi tc

bng cch qua m hoc y

nhanh

np t sn v phun nc lm mt

Thi gian khuy lu quanh t (v thng thng nhit

ca sn cao ch nh hng n an
tan lao ng, nn c th tip tc
khuy v lm ngui sau khi khuy
xong).
Khuy khng k,

phn tn

cc nguyn liu to

ca sn khng khi cc b, bm
ng u

quanh thnh v y

Tip tc khuy, dng dung mi lm

sch sn bm thnh, trc

t
Do cc nguyn liu
nht ca

dng lng c

sn qu cao

qunh hoc dng

bt

Thm dung mi

Vi nhng
lai sn dng
nha, trong
qu trnh np,
nha c th b

Nha dng lng

c qunh

Gim tc khuy

cun vo trc
khuy
Bng 3.1: S c v cch khc phc trong phi liu ban u
3.2.2. Cng on nghin.
Mc ch yu cu ca qu trnh:
Cng on nghin c tc dng lm cc thnh phn trong sn m ch
yu l bt mu, bt ph tr t n mn yu cu.
Cc loi my nghin c s dng trong cng nghip sn ch yu l
my nghin bi. C nhiu loi my nghin bi c s dng nh l my nghin
ng, my nghin ngang, my nghin r
Tin hnh:
- a t li v tr my nghin bi
- Chun b my nghin bi:
- Chy base no thay bi mu . Lng bi cho vo t 58 60 kg.
- Kh ng my lm lnh, xt nhit khong 18 -25oC.
- Ch : khi ng my lm lnh trc khi premix c thi gian
lnh.
- Gn ng ng bm vo t ng sn, m van t. Gn ng ng u
ra ca sn v ng ln thnh t cho sn chy vo li premix.
- Khong 30 60 pht kim tra mn.
- mn t: a ng ng ra qua t letdown.
- mn khng t cho nghin ln 2.
- Nghin ln 1 n ln 2 kim tra mn. Nu t th a ng ng ra
qua t letdown, nu khng t, QC x l.

- Trong qu trnh nghin cn nha phn 2 vo t letdown.

- Khi hon tt qu trnh nghin mill base, dng dung mi phn 2 tun
hon nhiu ln cho sch ng ng v bi.
- Tr ringcone v v tr 0, tt bm, tt my.
S c xy ra trong qu trnh nghin v cch khc phc:
S c
Nhit ca
sn vt qu
gii hn cho
php

Nguyn nhn
Qun m van nc lm
mt.
nht ca sn cao.
Thi gian lu lu.

Khc phc

Nhanh chng m van

nc lm mt.

Tc trc nghin cao.

Tc bm cao
Do lng sn bm thnh

Sn khng t
mn theo
yu cu

v y t.
Cng c th do tc trc
quay khng thch hp
Nguyn liu theo phiu sn

iu chnh tc bm
sn
Tin hnh nghin li.

xut khng ng.

Thi gian lu ca sn trong

Sn b sn

my nghin cha .
Do bi nghin b v.

Thay bi

T cha sn nghin

y np

khng c y np.
Sn b ln mu My nghin khng sch.

Phi ra sch my sau

mi ln nghin
Gim nht ca sn
bng cch pha long bng

Sn b tro ln
trc dn

nht ca sn cao

dung mi
Gim tc bm sn
gim lng sn trong
my

Bng 3.2 : S c v cch khc phc trong qu trnh nghin

3.2.3. Cng on phi liu cui cng.
Mc ch yu cu ca qu trnh:
Giai on ny l giai on b sung cht to mng, dung mi, cc ph
gia cn thit cn li sn t nht, t trng, chy,... v cc ch tiu
yu cu khc. Giai on ny c thc hin vi my khuy trn.
Tin hnh:
- a t c letdown vo v tr
- Kp tip t, m van ht bi.
- Khi ng my, iu chnh tc ph hp (khong 600 1000
vng/pht).
- Khuy trn tht u khong 5 pht, np tip ph gia phn PLCC vo.
- Np ph gia phn PLCC theo th t trong phiu sn xut. Np t t
tng loi ph gia trnh tnh trng nguyn liu d b sc. Mi loi ph gia
cn np cch nhau t 1 3 pht.
- Khuy trn khong 20 30 pht
- Ly mu kim tra cc thng s k thut ( mn, nht, t trng...)
+ Nu t: chun b ng gi hoc chnh mu.
+ Nu khng t: QC x l.
S c nguyn nhn v khc phc:
Cng hay xy ra nhng s c ging khu phi liu ban u.
3.2.4. Cng on chnh mu.
B sung cc past mu chnh v ph chnh mu ca sn theo ng
mu yu cu.

Hnh 3.2: Vng trn chnh mu

Mc ch yu cu ca qu trnh:
Qu trnh pha mu sn l giai on trung gian ca sn bn thnh phm
v thnh phm. Nhm to ra h sn thnh phm vi mu sc ng theo khch
hng yu cu
Tin hnh:
- Xc nh chng loi, khi lng.
- Chn t ng ph hp khi lng theo phiu pha mu. T ng sn
pha mu phi sch s, cc van phi c v sinh tht sch trc khi s dng.
- Cn base theo yu cu ca phiu pha mu. Khi lng base cn c
ghi chnh xc vo tinting card.
- a t vo my pha mu
- Nhn mu chun t b phn k thut.
- sn bn thnh phm vo t pha mu.
- Bt u pha mu. Tint u tin ch i 30 40% cng thc.
- S dng tinter theo ng phiu pha mu.
- Cn mu vo ca inox c cha sn. Khuy u mu vo trong ca trc
khi mu vo t.
- M my khuy trn u trc khi cho mu vo.

- V tr mu l gia thnh t v trc cnh khuy. Khng nn v

tr st trc cch khuy v st thnh t.
- Khuy trn u mu (khong 10 pht) ly ca sch mc mu ko mu
so vi mu chun. mu chun phi bn tri card giy so mu, mu chun
v mu pha khng c chng ln nhau.
- mi ln tint mu phi ghi chnh xc khi lng mu cn c vo
tinting card.
- Khi chnh mu t 100% khi lng theo cng thc m vn cha t
mu, tham kho kin ca k thut, xc nh nguyn nhn v tip tc chnh
mu.
- Trong trng hp s dng n mc khng ch (vt qu cng thc
5%) vn khng t mu, bo ngay cho b phn k thut.
- Khi mu gn t (khong 90%) tin hnh o cc thng s k thut. Nu
c 1 thng s khng t tiu chun, bo x l.
S c - nguyn nhn v khc phc:
S c
Mu khng ng

Nguyn nhn
Np cc base mu khng ng

theo yu cu
Mu sc khng u

Lng base mu cha

Khuy cha k

Khc phc
Chnh li
Khuy li

3.2.5. Cng on ng gi sn phm.

Sau khi sn t cc ch tiu cht lng, c ng gi v lu kho
hoc xut xng. Sn c phn phi vo bao b theo th tch xc nh to
iu kin thun li cho qu trnh vn chuyn v tiu th sn phm.
Tin hnh:

Hnh 3.3: S khi cng on ng gi sn phm

3.3.

NH GI CHUNG V CC YU T NH HNG N QUY

TRNH SN XUT SN
Ngun nguyn liu ban u nh: nha, dung mi, bt mu,...khng t
yu cu v cht lng nh ht hn s dng hay ln nhiu tp cht.
Vic la chn dung mi cng nh hng n cht lng sn v mi loi
nha ch tan trong dung mi thch hp. Nu la chn dung mi khng thch
hp s xy ra tnh trng sn b vn cc.
giai on phi liu ban u, nu khuy vi tc nhanh hoc thi
gian khuy lu th nhit ca sn s tng cao vt qu gii hn cho php,
lm nha v cc ha cht trong sn b bin tnh.
phn tn ca sn khng ng u do khuy khng k lm cc
nguyn liu to khi cc b, bm quanh thnh v y t.
nht ca sn qu cao do cc nguyn liu dng lng c qunh
hoc dng bt.
Vi nhng loi sn dng nha dng lng c qunh, trong qu trnh
np, nha c th b cun vo trc khuy.
Thi gian nghin thng thng khong 30 pht v nhit khng qu
450C. Nu qu trnh nghin khng t yu cu v thi gian v nhit th sn
khng t mn tt. V d nh tc khuy khng t yu cu, i vi my
nghin bi th nu khng thay s bi b mn kp thi trong thi gian lm vic s
lm phn tn trong sn khng cao.
Trong qu trnh nghin nhit ca sn s vt qu gii hn cho php
do mt s nguyn nhn nh: qun m van nc lm mt, nht ca sn
cao, thi gian lu lu hoc tc trc nghin cao. nht ca sn cao cng
lm sn b tro ln trc dn,
Sn khng t mn theo yu cu nu tc bm cao, tc trc
quay khng thch hp, nguyn liu theo phiu sn xut khng ng, thi gian
lu ca sn trong my nghin cha , hoc do lng sn bm thnh v
y t.

Nu bi nghin b v hoc t cha sn nghin khng c y np s

lm sn b sn.
My nghin khng sch lm sn b ln mu.
giai on pha mu, nu np cc past mu khng ng hoc lng
past mu cha dn n mu khng ng theo yu cu. Khuy cha k lm
mu sc khng u.
S dng cht bo qun khng t cht lng lm gim thi gian s
dng ca sn.

CHNG 4: THIT B S DNG TRONG QU TRNH SN XUT

4.1. T CHA SN

Nhim v:
T cha c dng cha sn trong qu trnh sn xut.
Cu to:
T sn c dng hnh tr y trn, thng lm bng Inox, thp khng r.
C nhiu kch thc khc nhau: ng knh t 500 -1500 mm.
Dng thit b thnh trn, c van x.

Hnh 4.1: Bng v cu to t cha sn.

4.2. MY KHUY TRN

Nhim v:
Khuy cht lng l cung cp nng lng to mt dng chy thch
hp trong thit b nhm t cc mc tiu theo yu cu, nh thc hin qu trnh

phi trn nhm ha tan cc nguyn liu trong dung mi, to ng u (v

mt phn b cc nguyn liu cng nh mu sc nht nh) cho sn phm.
Cc hin tng xy ra trong qu trnh khuy:
- Qu trnh thy c: to nh tng, huyn ph, ha tan cc nguyn
liu, ng ha (phn tn pha rn hoc pha lng vo pha lng khc).
- Qu trnh trao i nhit: hp th, hp ph.
- Thc hin cc phn ng ha hc: phn ng ng rn.
- C s phn b ng u v vt cht v nhit .
Cu to my khuy trn:

B phn
Motor
truyn
ng
B truyn ng
ai

c im
15 HP
4 dy ai, pully dn, pully
b dn, trc quay, trc
quay.
Khi tr c bng inox,

Vai tr
Truyn ng quay n trc
khuy thng qua dy ai.
Truyn chuyn ng t
motor n trc khuy.

c gn b phn t ng C tc dng truyn chuyn

Trc khuy

m s vng quay, a ng quay cho a khuy.

khuy c gn cht vo
trc khuy.
Cnh khuy bnh rng
lm bng thp khng r,

Cnh khuy

inox, c nhiu loi vi cc

ng knh khc nhau 50

B phn trc tip thc hin

qu trnh khuy.

- 350 mm.
Gm bm thy lc, thng
du, ng ng dn du
Cm thy lc

t thng cha qua bm, C tc dng nng v h

b phn lc du, b phn trc khuy.
nn du vo thn my v

Thn my

ng ng tr du v.
Hnh tr ng lm bng L gi cho cc b phn

st, c kt cu vng vng

khc ca my.
Nh h thng bm my

Pitton

Lm bng inox.

nn gip nng cn khuy

ln xung.
C b phn thu nhn s vng quay ca trc khuy, b

Hp tc

phn iu chnh tc .

Trc dn hng

Gi cn bng, gim s rung ng khi my lm vic.

C 4 cnh c tu vt bt Gi cho my khng rung

Chn my

cht vi nn xi mng.
Nt khi ng ngun.
Nt

khi

ng

khi hot ng.

trc

khuy.
Bng iu khin

Nt nng trc khuy.

Nt vn chnh tc
khuy.

Dng tt m my
khuy, iu khin tc
quay, chiu cao a khuy.

Van x.
Cc n bo hiu.
Thanh hnh tr ng
Tay quay

knh 15mm, 2 u gii

hn bi hai hnh cu.

Dch chuyn v tr ca trc

khuy nm gia t sn.

Bng 4.1: Cc b phn ca my khuy.

Thng s kch thc:
ng knh trc khuy: 40 mm.
a khuy dng rng ca ng knh 350 mm, c nhiu kch c, thng
thng dng cnh khuy c chiu di rng: 2cm hoc 1.5 cm.
a khuy dng l c ng knh 360mm.

Hnh 4.2: Cnh khuy dng rng ca v dng l.

Cc thng s ca qu trnh khuy:
-

Tc khuy: 800-1200 rpm.

Thi gian lu: 20-30 pht (lc sau l 10-20 pht).
Thit b khuy hat ng gin on tng m.

Nguyn l hot ng my khuy:

Nguyn tc hot ng ca trc khuy:
ng c chnh vi cng sut 15HP, c s vng quay ti a l 1450 rpm
truyn chuyn ng cho trc khuy thng qua b truyn ng dy ai, qua
hp gim tc to tc thch hp cho cnh khuy.
Nguyn tc nng - h trc khuy: Bm thu lc bm du t thng cha
qua b phn nn du vo thn my to ra mt p lc rt ln nng pitton ln
(ng dn du vo thn my phi pha di chn my to ra mt p lc
u v mnh, du dng t di dng ln). Khi mun h trc khuy, ta m van
th du s tr li thng cha qua ng dn c lp pha trn ca thn my.
C ch thy ng lc hc trong thit b khuy:
Cnh khuy quay vi tc nhanh trong thit b thnh trn (cht lng
khng gp cc b mt vt cn). Tc tuyt i ca dng phn ra lm 3 thnh
phn:
-

Tc tip tuyn.
Tc hng knh.
Tc dc trc khuy.
Tc tip tuyn ng vai tr ch o trong thit b khuy thnh trn,

m gi tr ca n bin i t tm n thnh thit b. Tc ny khng nhng

dng p ng yu cu ca vic ha trn, m cn th hin sc cn ca mi
trng vi cnh khuy.
S to phu xy ra mt thong cht lng trong thit b. S to phu
nh hng khng tt n qu trnh khuy. V t phu, kh c th xm nhp
vo mi trng lng lm gim hiu qu ca qu trnh khuy, ng thi cnh
khuy chu tc dng ca lc ph lm tng cng sut khuy (nu khng c s
to phu th lm sao lp sn pha trn c th chuyn ng xung pha di
hay ngc li). Suy ra lun lun c hin tng xoy phu do lc ly tm..

Lu lng tun hon trong thit b thnh trn: dng cht lng chy
trong thit b c phn ra 2 phn: dng tm v dng thnh thit b chy
ngc chiu nhau. Nh s chuyn ng nh vy m to ra qu trnh ha trn
c d dng, nhanh chng hn. Khi cht lng gia 2 vng trao i vi
nhau to thnh dng tun hon. Dng tun hon ng vai tr quan trng trong
thit b khuy.
Ch chy trong thit b phn ra lm cc phn: vng chy tng, vng
chy qu , vng chy ri.
Nguyn tc vn hnh my khuy:
Kim tra:
Cnh khuy phi c lp cht vo trc khuy, phi m bo rng
cnh khuy khng va qut vo thnh v y thng cha.
Nt iu chnh phi mc thp nht.
Khi ng:
- M ngun in t in phn phi chnh ca phn xng.
- Nhn nt nng nng u my ln cao cn thit.
- Ko t cha vo ng v tr lm vic.
- M van x h trc khuy xung ht, kha van x li.
- iu chnh t cha sao cho trc khuy v tr gia t.
- Nhn nt ON mu xanh khi ng bin tn.
- Ch sau 10 giy cp in cho motor chnh.
- Xoay nm iu chnh tc ca tc khuy n tc theo yu cu.
Dng my v sinh my :
- Xoay nm iu chnh tc v v tr 0.
- Nhn nt nng nng trc khuy n v tr thch hp.
- Xoay nm iu chnh tc ca trc khuy trc khuy quay chm
nhm gi sn cn bm trn a khuy xung.
- Xoay nm iu chnh tc v 0.
- Nng u my ln cao thch hp.
- Dng thit b nng a t sn ra khi v tr lm vic.
- H trc khuy n v tr thch hp, dng c v dung mi lm sch trc
v a khuy.
Tt my:
- Xoay nm iu chnh tc v 0.
- Nhn nt OFF mu tt in cho motor chnh.
- Nhn nt STOP tt in ca bin tn.
- Tt in ngun t in phn phi ca xng.
Lu :

Trong qu trnh khuy thng theo di ng h tc v iu chnh

tc khuy thch hp trnh qu ti cho trc khuy.
nng cao tui th ca bin tn th trnh nhn nt STOP trong qu
trnh lm vic.
Bo tr my khuy, s c xy ra v cch khc phc:
Bo tr my:
My khuy c bo tr hng thng.
-

Bi m b vo trc dn hng, cc khp ni thit b trn, gim ma

st gy h hng.
- Kim tra mn ca cnh khuy. Nu khng cn s dng c phi
thay cnh khuy mi.
S c v cch khc phc cho my khuy:
S c

Nguyn nhn

Khc phc

Cc b phn trong my sau trong thi gian

Dy ai b gin hot ng do tc ng ca lc ko, ma st Thay dy ai
c th b gin hoc b n mn, nn sau mt
a khuy mn thi gian cc b phn b gim cht lng, Thay a khuy
Phot b h,b x cn phi c thay th.
Motor mn

Cn trong qu trnh lm vic, my khuy t

Thay phot
Thay motor

xy ra s c.
An ton lao ng khi s dng my khuy:
- Khi ng, ngt cu dao in tay phi kh sch.
- Ngi vn hnh my phi mang trang phc gn gang, nht l khng
c tc di.
- Lun mang gng tay khi tin hnh np liu.
- Khu vc xung quanh my phi kh sch khng trn trt.
- T cha nguyn liu phi t ng v tr, vng chc trc khi my hot
ng.
- Phi m bo gn a khuy chc chn trn a khuy.
- Khng c cho my hot ng khi khng c t cha.
- Phi t trc khuy tm t cha, khng c a khuy chm vo
y hay thnh t cha.
- Trong mi trng hp khng c thao tc trn a khuy khi my
ang hot ng.

Dng c v sinh my, khng dng gi lau.

Khi s dng my khuy phi tun th y cc bc theo yu cu

ca hng dn s dng.
- Khng nng my qu v tr ti a (ch a thng cha vo my),
khng nng my khi trc khuy cn quay.
- Khng c ri khi ni lm vic khi my ang hot ng.
4.3. MY NGHIN

Nhim v:
Qu trnh nghin l qu trnh lm vt liu rn c ct hay lm v ra
thnh nhng ht nh nhm t mn theo yu cu ca sn phm.
Cc hin tng xy ra trong qu trnh nghin :
-

Nghin nh cc ht bt mu, bt n, lm cho chng c kch thc nh

hn theo yu cu: lm tng hot tnh phn ng ca cht rn.

- Gim khi lng ring: gim hin tng lng ca bt mu v bt n
trong mi trng sn trong qu trnh bo qun .
- Lm cho sn c mn cao, ng u: tng tnh chy ca sn, b mt
mng sn lng mn, p.
Cu to:

Bng 4.2 : Cc b phn ca my nghin.

B phn
Motor chnh

Pulley
B phn
truyn ng

B
ai

c im -Vai tr
Cng sut 40Hp.
To chuyn ng quay cho trc nghin.
Gn vi trc nghin gi l pulley b dn, gn
vi motor l pulley dn.

Truyn ng quay t motor n trc nghin.

Gm 4 dy ai.
truyn
Nhim v truyn ng quay t motor n

Bm rng
kha (M)

trc nghin.
Bm sn t thng cha vo thng nghin.

 Hnh tr, t thng ng (my nghin ng)

Thng
nghin

hay nm ngang (my nghin nm).

C 2 lp, u lm bng inox, gia hai lp c
khong trng cha nc lm mt.
Hnh dng khc nhau ty tng loi my, c

a nghin

cu to c bit (rng, l trn), lm bng

B phn

inox.
Lm bng thch anh, t b dung mi n

nghin

mn ha hc, t b mi mn, t b v trong

qu trnh nghin.
Bi nghin
(Germany)

Hnh cu, c ng knh d

chun l

2mm.
Thi gian s dng l 500 gi (thng bi
nghin cng loi vi my nghin nhng do bi
ca singapore d b v trong qu trnh nghin
nn khng s dng).

Nhit k

o nhit ca sn ra.
o p sut ca sn trong thng nghin khi
p sut trong thng nghin qu cao ( 0.4

p k

bar) th t ng ngt bm. ng thi hn ch

s c sn v bi b ht ngc tr li bm khi
bm yu, bm b nght th h thng ngt
bm.
Nc c lun chuyn tun hon. Nc lm

H thng nc gii nhit

mt vo thng sn c nhit khong

14.5oC, khi ra c nhit khong 27-30oC.

Ring i vi my nghin nm ngang, cn c mt bnh inox ng dung

mi xylen (y cng chnh l dung mi ca sn), bn trong bnh c mt
ng ng dng l xo, nc lnh s i bn trong ng l xo ny lm mt
dung mi xylen, cn dung mi ny s lm mt b phn bc n, mi (i

vi my nghin nm, u trc khuy c b phn seal, 1 u seal c b phn

bc n, mi c mc ch chn khng cho sn tro ln ct, ln trc, 1 u
seal l mt bch lm bng than). Trong qu trnh nghin, i khi bc n,
mi, mt bch b bo mn. Lc , sn c th xm nhp vo sn, gy hao tn
dung mi hoc sn c th xm nhp vo trong bnh ng dung mi, nghe mi
xng.
Thng s kch thc:
a nghin: c 10 a, lm bng inox, c ng knh 17.5 cm, dy
1cm. C tc dng to ra s chuyn ng ca bi v sn.

Hnh 4.3 : a nghin.

Phn loi:
C 2 loi my nghin c s dng trong qu trnh sn xut sn: My
nghin dng ng v my nghin dng nm.
My nghin ng:

Hnh 4.4: Bng v cu to my nghin ng

My nghin nm:

Hnh 4.5: Bng v cu to my nghin nm

Nguyn l hot ng:

My nghin ng:
- Bm rng kha ht sn t thng cha qua ng h o p sut vo thng
nghin (t u nhp liu y thng nghin sn dng u t di ln
trn).
- Bt ng c, truyn ng dy ai truyn chuyn ng t ng c n trc
nghin, a nghin quay. a nghin quay ko theo bi v sn chuyn ng,
vi s chuyn ng to ra s va chm ma st ca bi vi sn. y sn di
chuyn tnh tin t di ln trn.
- Nc lm mt v sn chuyn ng cng chiu.
My nghin nm:
V nguyn l c bn l ging my nghin ng kn.
- Bt cng tc bm sn trc (nu cha bm sn m bt cng tc nghin,
lc trong thng nghin ch c bi, bi b khuy s b di ngc tr li my
bm, gy ra kt bm), lc ny bm bnh rng s ht sn t t cha sn qua
ng h o p sut vo thng nghin (u nhp liu t y thng nghin
sn dng ln t t, nu u nhp liu t trn xung, sn s chy o xung
pha di, s tip xc, va p gia sn v bi s gim, qu trnh nghin s km
hiu qu).
- Tip theo bt cng tc khuy, b phn truyn ng dy ai truyn chuyn
ng t ng c n trc nghin, a nghin. a nghin quay ko theo bi v
sn chuyn ng. Vi s chuyn ng to ra s va chm gia bi v sn.
- Sn s c y dn dn t di ln, i ra ngoi di tc dng ca b
phn bm sn.
- Nc lm mt v sn s chuyn ng cng chiu (nc cng c bm t
di ln, nc lm mt s phn b ng u trong ng, ngc li, nc i t
trn xung di, mt phn ng bn ny c lm mt cn phn ng bn li
th cha c lm mt kp).
- ng thi, ta s dng kh nn y dung mi trong bnh chm chuyn
ng tun hon nhm lm mt b phn bc n, mi. Nh ni, dung
mi dng y cng chnh l dung mi ca sn. khi xy ra s c ( mi
b mn hoc v) dung mi trn vo sn th khng nh hng g n cht
lng ca sn. Trong lc , dng nc mt lm mt dung mi

Thng s k thut:
o
- Nhit khng ch l 50 C.
- Tc quay ca a khuy l 1000-1200 rpm.
- Tc bm ca sn thay i ty theo yu cu v mn, nht ca
sn.
- Nng sut ph thuc vo cht lng sn sau khuy, mn ca sn.
Nguyn tc vn hnh:
Kim tra cc b phn:
- Kim tra khong h ca li c thch hp hay khng (0.3-0.7 mm).
- Kim tra p sut v mc cht lng seal.
- Kim tra cht c nh ca vessel v np y pha trc ca vessel
khng lng lo.
- Kim tra tt c cc np y phi c nh.
Chun b vn hnh:
- Bt CB chnh.
- M van nc lm lnh, iu chnh van nc, kim tra qua mt knh
bit chc nc lm lnh c cp. Cn thn bo m nc lnh n c
bn cha cht lng seal khi my chy. Nu khng, seal c kh s nng
bt thng, s mau h thit b.
- Np bi nghin.
- Ni t sn cha nghin vo bm sn bng ng ng, m van (nu c
van). Kim tra tnh trng bnh thng ca sn, ng bm. Cn thn
khng c quay tay quay, thay i v tc bm khi cha m my bm.
Vn hnh:
- M bm sn, iu khin bm vn tc thp nht (bng nm tay quay).
- Ch ng h p sut sau khi bm, xc nh cc a nghin bng cch
n nt JOG trn bng iu khin khi m p sut tng. Xc nh cc a
nghin ln na khi m p sut gim v tng khi sn chy ra khi my. n
nt DISK ON.
Ch :
Lng sn thot ra ban u khong 15 lt c cho tr li t sn cha
nghin do cha t mn.
-

t mn mong mun, ta iu chnh vn tc bm, khi tng vn tc

bm, ta tng t t, v phi ch n p sut bn trong bung my v ti

motor (quay nm tay ngc chiu kim ng h, vn tc tng; quay cng
chiu kim ng h, vn tc gim).

Khi nhit sn thot ra, ti motor v p sut trong bung nghin n

nh. C nh tc bm, cho my chy lin tc.

- Tt my khi ht sn trong t.
Cn thn:
-

Khng vn hnh my khi khng c sn trong bung nghin, do bi s

chy ngc vo trong bm lm h bm.

- Tt my: gim vn tc bm ti thiu, tt motor chnh. Khi my tt tt
nht l trong lng my c ra sch v sn cn li trong my c pha
long nh vy khi m my s d dng hn.
i mu sn (ra my):
- Khi cn i mu nn cn chuyn t mu nht sang mu m.
- ra my khi i mu cn s dng nha lng ca sn (vecni) v
dung mi. Trnh t nh sau: sau khi hon tt mt m sn trc khi
nghin, cho mt lng thch hp nha lng ca sn vo t sn cha
nghin v cho bm chy tun hon vo trong xilanh. Cui cng dng
mt dung mi sch ra bn trong xilanh. Cn nh rng c mt lng
dung mi khong 10 lt li bn trong xilanh sau khi hon tt vic ra
my.
Ch :
Nu gi dung mi ra trong mt thi gian di, xilanh s b kh v gy
tc dng xu cho seal trong mt vi trng hp. Khi y, cn cho y dung
mi vo trong xilanh. Ra bng dung mi trong nhiu gi s lm bi nghin
ma st mnh lit v gy ra h hng bi.
An ton lao ng khi s dng my nghin:
Trc khi khi ng phi kim tra cu dao cng tc in.
Khi tip xc ( ng, m ) cu dao, cng tc tay phi kh, sch.
Khi vn hnh yu cu:
- M b phn bm sn trc, m b phn nghin sau.
- Thng xuyn theo di ng h p lc v nhit k i vi my kn, nu
p lc tng cao, phi tt my kim tra, phng chy n.
- iu chnh tc bm i vi my h, khng c mc sn dng
cao lp y li thot.
- Ch bo m dy cuaroa truyn ng phi c che y chc chn.
- Kim tra bo m c nc lm ngui khi my vn hnh.
S c vi my nghin v cch khc phc:

S c
Bi b mn, b v.

Khc phc
Thay bi.

Nu s vng quay ca a nh th lc ly tm sinh ra nh Tng s vng

do lc ma st sinh ra khng ko vin bi chuyn quay ca trc.
ng ln trn, vin bi s trt xung di theo b mt
thng. Qu trnh nghin xy ra lc ny ch l qu trnh
ch xt gia vin bi v vt liu nghin nn hiu qu
khng cao.
Nu trc quay vi vn tc ln, lc ly tm sinh ra ln Gim tc
ko vin bi chuyn ng cng, qu trnh nghin s quay ca trc.
khng xy ra v vin bi khng va p vi vt liu.
Dy ai b mn, b t.

Thay dy.

Tc bm sn vo qu nhanh dn n sn khng t Gim tc

mn theo yu cu.
Bm b nght, b yu, thiu nc lm mt.

bm.

4.4. My in phun in t

Vai tr: In cc thng tin sn phm nh ngy sn xut, hn s dng, l

sn xut,
Hot ng: Cc lon sn, thng sn c chy trn mt bng chuyn,
bn cnh bng chuyn l mt h thng mt in t cm nhn c vt i qua
v tn hiu c truyn n b phn phun mc in nm k bn, mc c
phun ln bao b.
4.5. My sn ry c hc

Vai tr: loi b cc tp cht trong sn trc khi a vo ng gi.

C nhiu kch c li lc khc nhau: 60, 100, 120 mesh.
4.6. Xe nng

L phng tin vn chuyn hng ha trong xng v trong cng ty. C

2 loi xe nng:
-

Xe nng s dng nng lng in (chy trong xng).

Xe nng chy bng ng c du (chy ngoi xng).

4.7. My lm lnh KHAW 040T

Vai tr: lm lnh cho h thng nc lm mt cc my nghin.

Cu to gm:
My nn.
Thit b bc hi.
Thit b ngng t.
Thp nc lm mt.
Van tit lu nhit.
Bnh tch lng.
Bn cha nc lm mt.
CHNG 5: CC CH TIU V PHNG PHP KIM TRA CHT
LNG SN PHM
5.1.

o mn
o mn dng phng php kim tra ASTM D1210-79.

Nguyn tc: trn c s xc nh chiu dy nh nht ca lp sn khi

khng cn thy nhng ht kh cha nghin nh trn mng sn.

Dng c o
Thc gt 0-100 microns
Dao gt
-

Phng php
thc hin:
- t thc gt ln mt phng, lau sch v cho sn vo rnh trng hnh
nm trn thc gt.

Dng dung mi thch hp vo mi loi sn cn th, pha long n

nht thch hp. Cho vi git sn ln thc gt, dng dao gt vung
gc vi b mt thc gt dc theo chiu di ca thc, dng mt xc

nh ht kh trn thc.
Cch xc nh
- Chn gc quan st gia mt v mp bn cnh thc o mn.
- Ht th ring bit khng c tnh l gii hn ca vt sn. Nu trn
khong chiu di 10mm ca rnh khng qu 5 ht. Nu ht th nhn thy
c t 6 20 ht tr ln tp trung vo mt vng th tr s mn l gi
tr mc cao ca vng .
- Tin hnh th 3 ln, kt qu cui cng l trung bnh cng 3 ln th.
- chnh xc ca php o trn thc 100 microns l sai s 2.5 microns.

5.2.

o nht
Phng php kim tra theo ASTM D1200-94 V D562.

Dng c o
- Phu o IWATA.
- Phu o BZ#4.
- My o Viscometre (n v Kreb Unit).
- Phng php o.
o
- Mu trc khi o phi h v nhit chun l 25 C.
- o nht bng dng c IWATA.
- Dng tay bt l thot y dng c.
- y sn vo phu o t ln gi.
- Bung tay bt l cho sn chy xung v lp tc bm ng h o giy.
- Khi dng chy ca sn y phu b ngt qung lp tc bm ng h
o v c ch s o trn ng h o.
- Thi gian o chnh l nht ca sn c tnh bng giy.
- o nht bng dng c BZ#4.
- Dng c ny dng o sn du, PCM.
- Phng php o tng t nh IWATA.

o nht bng dng c Viscometre (KU)

- a ca cha mu sn vo cnh khuy ca dng c sao cho mc sn
ngay vch nh du trn trc cnh khuy ca my o khng ng y v
thnh ca ng sn.
- Bm nt READ cho cnh khuy quay n khi dng li. c ch s o
trn ng h.

5.3.

o trng lng ring

Phng php kim tra ASTM D1475-90, ASTM D1963-85, ASTM

D153)

Dng c ha cht :
- Cc o trng lng ring nh tr th tch 100ml.
Phng php o :
o
- Mu cn trc khi tin hnh h v 25 C.
- Cn cc o bit trng lng cc : mo.
- Cho mu vo o, y np v gt phn d trn np.
- Cn cc o cha y mu : m1
- Trng lng ring ca mu l kt qu ca cng thc tnh sau :
X = m1- mo /100

(g/cm2)

Cc o
trng lng ring
5.4.

o hm lng rn
Phng php kim tra ASTM D2369-93)

Nguyn tc:
- Dng nhit lm bay hi cc cht nhit thch hp, sau xc nh

hm lng cc cht cn li.

Dng c:
- T sy v tm giy thic
i vi sn PCM:
- Cn tm giy thic : mo
- Cho sn vo giy thic khi lng t 2.0 2.1 g (m1)
o
- a vo t sy, sy nhit 160 C, thi gian 30 pht
- Sau khi sy xong cn mu c m2
- Hm lng rn ca mu l kt qu cng thc tnh sau:
X = 100*(m2 m0)/(m1 m0) (g)

i vi cc loi sn phm khc :

- Cn tm giy thic : mo
- Cho sn vo giy thic khi lng t 1.0 1.1 g (m1)
o
- a vo t sy, sy nhit 165 C, thi gian 60 pht
- Sau khi sy xong cn mu c m2
- Hm lngrn ca mu l kt qu cng thc tnh sau:
X =100*(m2 m0)/ (m1 m0) (%)

5.5.

bn

un

Phng php kim tra TCVN 2099-93, ASTM D4145-83, JIS K5 40090

Nguyn tc:
o
- Dng lc c hc b cong mng sn gc 180 v xem kh nng chng

nt, gy ca b mt mng sn.

Dng c:
- Dng c b gy mu hnh tr, c r rnh su 2.5cm
- Dng c dp
- Bng keo Adhesive scotch tape#600
Phng php thc hin
- Bng mu c ct theo kch thc chun 300 x 40 mm.
- Dng dng c b gp mu theo chiu di mu v gp ngc li b mt
ca lp sn mu cho lp sn phn ngoi.
- Dng dng c dp, dp mnh ln phn mu b gp.
- Dng bng keo dn dc theo u b cong ca phn dp v vut mnh
bng keo dnh tt trn phn ny.
- Dng tay git mnh bng keo trc ra, hng git mnh theo hng
gc 45o tnh trn ng thng nm ngang dc theo ng b cong ca mu.
- Kim tra phn sn dc theo phn dn bng keo xem sn c b trc hay
khng.

Nu phn sn b trc thc hin tip cc bc nh trn khi phn sn trn

phn un cong khng cn trc l t.

5.6.

bn dung mi
Nguyn tc:
- Dng khi m v dung mi thch hp ch st ln b mt mng sn vi

lc n nh. Nhm chng li s xi mn v xm nhp vo bn trong ca

mng.
Dng c - ha cht
- Ba doublerud (DR)
- Dung mi MEK, xyclohexanon hoc dung mi chun khc
Cch tin hnh
- a khi m kch thc 1.5 x 4.5 x 2.0 cm, c mt u nh vo ba
doublerub kim tra.

Nhng khi m vo dung mi MEK cho thm t sao cho MEK

khng ri xung. u khi ny vo bn mu kim tra v t t trn mt

phng.
- Bt u ko v y mu ln xung trn trn lp th mu (tay cm ba
ch ko v y, khng c dng lc tay nng hay ba). di ca ng
ch t 10-12cm. Lc bt u ch ta bt u tnh s ln doublerub (mt ln y
ln ko xung c tnh l 1DR). Tip tc thc hin cho n khi t yu cu.
Kt qu:
- Ti hai u ngng ca ng ch ta khng xt n khi tnh kt qu
kim tra bng.
- t : mng sn khng b dp m.
- Khng t: mng b xi mn trc lp sn ph l lp sn nn
ng ch.

5.7.

bn va p (phng php kim tra TCVN 2100-93, JIS K5 400-90,

ASTM D3281-84)

Nguyn tc:
- Dng lc c hc lm bin dng mng xc nh kh nng chng gy,

nt ca mng sn.
Dng c
- Thit b va p
- Bng keo Adhesive scotch tape#600
- Vt p khi lng 0.5kg v 1 kg
- ng ri ca vt p
- Ngn nht 0.1m
- Cao nht 1.0m (hoc hn ty theo yu cu)
Thc hin o

Ct bn mu qut sn cn kim tra (sn kh cng) kch thc

nh nht 50 x 50 mm
- t bng mu vo v tr dp ca thit b, p b mt c sn xung di,
t u dp ln trn ngay v tr l u.
- a vt dp ln cao theo chiu di ca rnh n cao yu cu, ri
t do v p ln u dp, tc ng xung bn mu lm bin dng mu ti v
tr l dp.
- Dng bng keo dn ln phn sn li v git mnh bng keo trc theo
mt gc 450 so vi mt phng ca bng mu. Nu mng sn khng trc, nt
l t.
-

Lc va p tng hay gim c thc hin bng cch thay i theo

cao ln xung ca vt p trn rnh.

5.8.

cng (phng php kim tra JIS K5 400-90, ASTM D3363-92a-84)

Nguyn tc: trn c s so snh mng sn v rut bt ch bit trc

cng.
Dng c o:
- B vit ch Mitsi_Bishi Unit c dy cng t :
6B<5B<4B<3B<2B<1B<HB<F<1H<2H<3H<4H<5H<6H<7H<8H<9H.

Tin hnh o :
- u ch c gt v li rut ch di 6mm, u ch c mi phng

ngang sao cho u rut ch l mt ng hnh tr.

- t bn mu sn kim tra trn mt phng.

Dng tay cm vit ch t nghing mt gc 45 0 so vi mt phng ca

mu.
-

y u vit ch v pha trc vi lc n va phi sao cho mt u rut

ch khng b gy.
- Nu rut ch cng hn mng sn, mng sn s b try xt li vt.
Nu mng sn cng hn, u vit ch s b b khi n vch trn mng.
- Thc hin bc mt n bc ba, lp li 3 ln cho mi th vit ch.
- Th li cy vit ch c cng va chn, thc hin o li nu vt ct
mng di trn 3mm l ng.
Kt qu
- cng ca mng sn l cng ca vit ch lm try xc mng sn
va xc nh c. n v cng ca mng sn l n v ca vit ch.

5.9.

bm dnh (phng php kim tra TCVN 2097-93, JIS K 5400-90,

ASTM D 3359-93)

Dng c
- Dao ct
- Enrichsen Cupping tester
- Bng keo Adhesive Scotch Tape # 600
Chun b:
- Sn sy: ch o sau khi sy sn v ngui hn (i vi sn PM

nhng nc lm ngui, i vi sn MA ngui 10 pht, tt nht l sau 1

gi).
Cc loi sn khc: gia cng mu ch sau 7 ngy.
Tin hnh o:
-

t cc chn song ca dng c ln b mt bng mu c ph sn

v kh cng. Dng dao ct nhng ng song song trn lp mng theo cc

chn song trn dng c.
- Tr ngang chn song ca dng c, ct tip nhng ng song song
sao cho nhng ng ct ny vung gc vi nhng ng ct trc.
- Dng bng keo bn (loi Adhesive Scotch Tape # 600) dn ph kn
ln phn giao ca 2 ng ct.. n ming keo mnh vi mt gc 45 0 so vi
b mt bng sn mu.
- Xem xt lng sn bm trn bng keo v khu vc kim tra trn bng
sn mu theo bng sau:
Kt qu nh gi
Good
Fair
Critical (Nguy him)
Bad (Xu)
Very bad ( Rt xu)
Worst (Hng)

T l phn sn trc

nh gi theo

khi b mt

ASTM 3359 - 93
5
4
3
2
1
0

0%
<5%
5-15%
15-35%
35-65%
>65%

5.10. bng (phng php kim tra TCVN 2101-93, JIS K 5400-90,
ASTM D 523-89)
Dng c: Glossmeter
Chun b mu trc khi o
Sn sy: ch o sau khi sy sn v ngui hn.
Cc loi sn khc: gia cng mu v ch o sau 7 ngy.
Cc bc thc hin o:

Chn gc thch hp: c 3 gc o l 20 0, 600, 850 ( thng thng chn

gc 600).
- t my trn v tr cn o.
- n nt o v i kt qu trn my.
- Tin hnh o ti nhiu v tr trn mu v ly tr s trung bnh.
- Kt qu o bng c ghi bao gm tr s gc o v tr s trung
bnh o c.

5.11. o thi gian kh (phng php kim tra ASTM D5895-96)

Chun b mu kim tra.

- Mu cn kim thi gian kh phi c a v nht tiu chun ca

mu .
- Qut mu hoc phun mu ( theo quy nh c th trn phiu cng thc
sn xut) ln tm king ghi tn, m s m, ngy v gi bt u o v
kh t nhin ni kh ro, nhit thng t 250C 300C.
- Kim tra thi gian kh bng my o thi gian kh (dng cho cc loi
kh ngoi tri): mu c t trn tm king c kch thc 25 x 300 x 3 mm,
dy t 76 microns kim tra dung dch sn v 38 microns kim tra
dung dch nha.
Kim tra bng my o thi gian kh:
- t tm king sau khi gia cng mng vi dy t thch hp vo
khe my. Sau khi u kim trn my khng cn to vt trn mng sn, xc
nh kt qu kim tra ti cc v tr theo hnh sau:

_______________ ------------------------------________________

Start I

II

III

IV

Ti cc v tr:
- im I: Set-to-Touch Time: bt u trng thi kh s c.
- im II: Tack-Free Time: kt thc trng thi kh s c, bt u kh

cng.
-

im III: Dry-Hard Time: l thi gian kh cng.

im IV: Dry-Through Time: l thi gian kh thu.

5.12. o dy sn

Dng c o:
- My BKY-Gardner Inspaction Gage (PIG Universal).
- Theo hng dn ca nh sn xut, trn my c nhiu li dao ct mi

li dao c mt kch thc khc nhau, hin ti ch s dng li dao c bc

T = 2 microns, tc l mi vch o trn thc o ca my o c lp sn c

dy 2 microns.
Cc bc thc hin:
- t mu sn ln mt phng v t li dao ca dng c ln mu, n
ko vch mt ng ct theo chiu ct ca li dao. ng ct gn v trn
tru l t.
- t u o ca my vo v tr thch hp trn ng ct ca mng.
iu chnh tiu c ca my sao cho nh ng ct ca my nhn thy r nht.
- c s vch trn thc o c chiu rng ng vi lp sn cn o, c
s vch N trn thc trn b mt lp sn.
- dy (D) ca mng sn c tnh : D = N x 2 (microns)
- Thc hin lp li 2 ln ly tr s trung bnh ca cc kt qu o, tr s
trung bnh l kt qu cui cng ca php o.

CHNG 5: AN TON LAO NG V V SINH CNG NGHIP

6.1.

Ni quy an ton phng chy cha chy cc xng sn 1, 2 v 3

1. Ch s dng in ti cc cm quy nh. ng thi cc thit b phi m bo

an ton v c kim tra trc khi s dng.
2. Nghim cm vic cu mc v s dng in ty tin.
3. Khng cc cht d chy di bng in, t in ng lc, t in iu
khin v morteur ca cc thit b my mc.
4. Thit b khi ng trong xng sn xut phi khi ng t t v phi c
t trong cc t, hp kn.
5. Nghim cm vic s dng la, ci, un nu, ht thuc l trong khu vc
xng.
6. Nghim cm vic s dng in thoi di ng trong khu vc xng.
7. Khng c dng kha m phuy xng bng st thp.
8. Khng c s dng xe nng hng c ng c chy xng hoc du trong
xng.
9. Khng c u xe nng hng trong xng khi ngh gii lao, ngh tra m
phi u ni an ton quy nh.

10. Khng c cc chng ngi vt nh tank, phuy, nguyn liu trn cc li

i li.
11. Cc loi xng phc v cho sn xut, cho vic ra my phi c a ra
ngoi ni an ton, cch xa khu vc sn xut.
12. Phi thu dn cc gi lau, ba carton c dnh sn, dung mi trong mi ca sn
xut.
13. Phi s dng cc kp tip a cho cc tank cha khi khuy, cc phuy nguyn
liu khi x vo tank.
14. Phi s dng vt m khi ng phuy v phi dng hn xe nng khi h tank
xung t trnh ma st.
15. Khng c treo qun o hay bt c vt g trong trm in, t in.
16. Phi s dng thit b, my mc theo ng hng dn vn hnh my. Khi thy
c hin tng bt thng phi dng my ngay v bo cho trng xng, nhm
bo tr sa cha.
17. Cc tank cha phi c y np mi giai on sn xut.
18. Khi v sinh trc vt my n phi m bo an ton dung mi trong my
cha. Khi xong phi y kn np mng cha v bo qun ni thong mt.

An ton lao ng

6.2.
-

Trang b y gng tay, khu trang trnh tip xc trc tip vi ha

cht (dung mi, bt) c hi.

- Khng lm dung mi, sn, nha, bt trn sn gy trn trt, mt v sinh.
- Khng mc qu c, phi ct dy giy, tc phi but gn li khi thao tc.
- Trc khi khi ng my phi kim tra cu dao cng tc in, khi tip xc
(ng, m) cu dao, cng tc phi kh sch.
- Khi vn hnh v b tr h thng my khuy yu cu:
- Khi m tc my tc khuy phi mc thp nht, c trc my phi c
kha cht, khng nn nng cao qu mc quy nh (cch ming thng 20 cm
dch chuyn thng cha ra khi my).
- Phi sit cht cnh khuy vo trc khuy trc khi s dng.
- Thng cha phi bo m c nh v chc chn, khng dch chuyn khi
my khuy khng hot ng.
- a thng cha nguyn liu vo khuy sao cho trc khuy v a khuy
lun nm tm ca thng cha, m bo khng va chm vo thng cha.
- Cnh khuy lun theo mt chiu c nh.
- Khi cha tt my hn phi trnh xa my khuy.
- Chn cnh khuy thch hp vi thng cha.

Tuyt i khng np trc tip nguyn liu dng bao vo thng cha khi

my ang hot ng (bao d b cun vo trc khuy, rt nguy him)

- Khng ng qu gn khi my khuy ang lm vic.
- Khi tm ngng hot ng, cn phi h tc khuy xung mc ti thiu
ri mi nng trc ln.
- Dng c ra trc v cnh khuy, tuyt i khng dng khn, gi lau v
khng ra khi my cn hot ng.
6.3.

An ton v in v thit b
Chng ta bit, trong cng ngh sn xut sn hu ht s dng ng

c khuy trn, nghin v thit b pha long. Trc khi lm vic phi kim tra
cc loi my mc ang s dng nh my nn kh, bnh cha kh, van an ton,
ng h p sut, dy in khng b hTt c cc thit b trn phi m bo
an ton mi c s dng. Trong qu trnh khuy tc cao, cn c vng gi
c nh t cha sn v ni tip t v khi khuy vi tc cao nh vy d gy
tia la in. Mi giai on, tc cnh khuy c iu chnh ph hp. Thit
b nghin bi dng ng l h thng h, cn c hp che chn b phn thot sn
Mun thc hin tt nhng iu nu trn cng ty phi c t chc, phi
hiu r thit b my mc trong nh xng ng thi phi bit c tnh ca
nhng nguyn liu ang c s dng sn xut.
6.4.

X l rc thi nc thi

Kh thi: rt t gn nh khng c.
Nguyn nhn:
- Nguyn liu, sn phm chnh v cc sn phm trung gian trong qu trnh
sn xut iu trng thi lng.
- Thit b s dng ch yu l my nghin v my khuy.
- Dng nng lng c s dng ch yu cho hot ng sn xut ch yu l
in nng.
Nc thi: rt t gn nh khng c.
Nguyn nhn:
- Mt phn nc thi t khu v sinh (t cha v my khuy) c a vo
h thng x l nc thi.
- Dung dch sau khi ra my nghin v my khuy (2-3 ln) c a vo
thnh phn phi liu ban u sn xut sn.
- Nc dng gii nhit cho my nghin th c tun hon trong ng
ng ca h thng lm lnh nc gii nhit.

Bi:
Trong qu trnh phi liu ban u c mt s nguyn liu dng bt nn khi

vo my khuy s pht sinh bi. Nhng pha trn my khuy c cc h thng ht

bi. Mc ch ht bi trong qu trnh phi liu, ng thi thu hi mt lng nguyn
liu b mt mt.