Output level Capability

To meet most any sonic demand, the main studio monitors should have an output-level
capability of 120 dB-SPL and a dynamic range of up to 80 dB.
Untuk mencapai tahap optimum, monitor studio utama perlu mempunyai output-level
capability sebanyak 120 dB-SPL (Decibels Sound Pressure Level) dan rej dinamik sehingga
80 dB (Desibel).
Loudspeakers in professional studios have a dynamic range of up to 80 dB (40 to 120 dBSPL). The dynamic range in consumer loudspeakers is considerably less. Even the better
ones may be only 55 dB (50 to 105 dB-SPL). The limited dynamic range of mobile devices,
such as smartphones, in which dynamic range is usually compressed, and of computers
(laptops in particular) considerably reduces the quality of audio reproduction.
Loudspeakers dalam studio professional mempunyai rej dinamik sehingga 80 dB (40 hingga
120 dB-SPL). Manakala rej dinamik bagi loudspeakers biasa pula adalah kurang. Iaitu
sekitar 55dB (50 hingga 105 dB-SPL) sahaja.

Sensitivity
Loudspeaker Sensitivity: a measure of Sound Pressure Level (SPL) at a specified distance
for a specified input signal. This is usually specified for a loudspeaker in a non-reverberant
environment, in dB SPL and referenced to 1 meter on the reference axis with an input of
2.83 volts RMS, typically at one or more specified frequencies (often 300, 400, 500, 600Hz
or the average of these). Sensitivity should always be accompanied by an impedance
specification.
Loudspeaker Sensitivity merupakan pengukuran Sound Pressure Level (SPL) pada jarak
yang spesifik untuk input signal yang tertentu. Ini biasanya dikhususkan untuk loudspeaker
bagi persekitaran tanpa gemaan (non-reverberant), dibaca menggunakan dB SPL (Decibel
Sound Pressure Level) dan dirujuk kepada 1 meter pada paksi rujukan dengan input 2.83
RMS volt, biasanya satu atau lebih frekuensi yang ditentukan (kebiasannya 300, 400, 500,
600Hertz atau sekitar purata tersebut). Sensitivity perlu sentiasa disertakan dengan
impedance specification.
This specification is important because it should give the consumer an accurate, easily
compared measure of how loud a particular speaker will play when fed with a specific
input. If sensitivity is measured in the same way, using the same methodology, then we can
compare different speakers and have a good understanding of the relative amount of power

theyll need to achieve a certain output level. Their output is measured in dB SPL (Sound
Pressure Level).
Spesifikasi ini adalah penting kerana ia memberikan pengguna satu ukuran yang tepat dan
mudah untuk mengukur berapa kuat sesebuah speaker dimainkan apabila dilaraskan
dengan input spesifik.
Note that the sensitivity measurement is only a relative measurement, done under tightlycontrolled test conditions. The sensitivity figure does not necessarily relate directly to how
loud a given speaker will play in a given room with a given input level; rather, sensitivity is a
precise measurement that allows different speakers to be compared in an apples-to-apples
manner. Their ultimate loudness capability in real-world situations depends on many factors,
which we will explore later on.

Polar Respond
Polar Response Dispersion. Measurement of sound dispersion around the sound system,
plotted at different frequencies. Small speaker systems (passive) are the majority and have
wide dispersion at low frequencies but narrow beaming dispersion at high frequencies. An
ideal sound system will have even dispersion at all frequencies.

To achieve this the

diameters of speakers must change each 2-3 octaves, this requires 4 different size speakers
to cover the sound spectrum. 90deg dispersion is ideal.
Polar Respond merupakan ukuran penyelerakan bunyi (sound dispersion) di sekitar sistem
bunyi, diplotkan dalam frekuensi yang berbeza. Sistem speaker yang kecil (pasif) adalah
majoriti dan mempunyai penyelerakan yang luas pada frekuensi rendah tetapi mempunyai
narrow beaming dispersion pada frekuensi tinggi. Satu sistem suara yang ideal adalah ia
mempunyai penyelerakan yang sama rata bagi kesemua frekuensi. Untuk mencapai ideal
ini, diameter setiap speaker perlu ditukar kepad 2-3 oktaf, ini memerlukan 4 jenis saiz
speaker untuk meliputi spektrum bunyi. 90deg dispersion adalah ideal.
Theoretically a single speaker would have to change diameter from (1in - 24ft) or (20mm 8m) to maintain similar level and polar dispersion over the frequency spectrum.
Secara teorinya, sebuah speaker perlu menukar diameter daripada (1in-24kaki) atau (20mm
8m) untuk mengekalkan tahap level yang sama dan polar respond sepanjang spektrum
frekuensi

Phasing
When you produce artificial sound from multiple sources, you always run the risk of being
out of phase. What I mean by out of phase is this: one source is "contradicting" what the
other source is doing. When a speaker produces sound, it is vibrating back and forth. When
you phase a speaker, the idea is to have both speakers moving in the same direction.
Phasing perlu dilakukan apabila satu sumber (source) adalah bertentangan dengan sumber
yang satu lagi. Apabila speaker menghasilkan bunyi. Ia begetar secara back and forth.
Phasing dilakukan adalah untuk kedua-dua sumber speaker bergerak dalam arah yang
sama.
Let's determine if you even need to phase your speakers. There are a three questions you
need to ask yourself.
Phasing perlu dilakukan
1. What were these speakers meant to do? (Pro Audio, Stereo system, Surround Sound,
etc.)
Apakah peranan loudspeaker tersebut? (Pro Audio, Sistem Stereo, Surround Sound)
2. What was the amplifier meant to do? (Pro Audio, Stereo system, Surround Sound,
Powered Speakers, etc.)
3. What orientation was the system designed to be used in? (Facing each other, same
direction, surround, etc.)
Now that you have determined if you need to phase, the next part is easy. This is how we
phase a speaker. Normally on a straight phase, the marked wire would always be in the
positive jack of both the speaker and the amp. With a reversed phase, the marked wire
should be reversed on either the amp or the speaker. (Not both.)

In this way you are

reversing the polarity so that when the speaker would normally move out, it moves in; and
when the speaker would normally move in, it would move out.
Kebiasaannya bagi straight phase, wayar bertanda akan berada pada bicu (jack) bagi
kedua-dua speaker dan amp. Bagi reversed phase pula, wayar bertanda perlu diterbalikkan
(reversed) samada pada amp atau pada speaker. Ini akan menterbalikkan polariti speaker
tersebut (move in, move out).
If you are using the system in the way it was designed, then you do not need to phase the
speakers. But if you have a system that was designed to be used with the speakers facing
each other and they are now facing the same direction, or you have a system that was

designed to be used with the speakers facing the same direction and they are now facing
each other, you need to phase them.