1.

...............................................................................................................................
...3
1.1

....................................................................................4
2.

..........................................................................................................................
....6
2.1
.................................................................................................................
........6
2.2

........................................................................7
2.3

.........................................................................................................7
2.4
.................................................................................................................
.......10
2.4.1
...........................................................................................................11
2.4.2

.................................................................................................12
2.4.3
..........................................................................................................13
2.4.4,
...................................13

2.4.5

............................................................................15
2.

()..........................................16
3.-

...............................................................................................19
3.1

..........................19
3.2

...........................................................................................22
3.3

...............................................................................................25
3.4

......................................................................................26
3.4.1
....................27
3.4.2
............29
3.4.3

...................................................................30
3.5

.................................................................................................31
3.6 -
,

..................................................................................................32

4.

........................................................................................35
5.

..........................................................41
5.1
....................................................................................................................
...........41
5.2

........................................................................................43
5.3

...................................44
5.4
.................................46
5.5

...............................................................................................48
6.
..............................................................................................................
..........................56
7.

..........................................................................................................
.....57
8.............................................................................................................
..................58

1.

1.1. [1]

(, )

.
,
.

(1.1)

,
.
(Non-associated gas),
. 1.1
,

.

:1.1

CH4

C2H6

C3H8

C4H10

C5H12

0-10%

CO2

0-8%

O2

0-0,2%

N2

0-5%

H2S,COS

: , A, He, Xe

70-90%

0-20%

0-0,5%

1.1

,
.
2012 29%
,
4%. () ,

.
,
, - .

, , ,
, , .
, 2008
30 ,

.
-
.
,
, 6 , 3
(end supply) , 4

).

2.

( )
.

ao . ,
-
,
( ).

2.1
,
.



.
:

 .

,
.

(),
.
.

.

25-30 C/km. ,
. (
)
( )
.

2.2
( )
. 3
():
1) ().


.

.

.
,
.

2) ().

. ,
-
.
, ,

.

.
.
3) .

,
.

()
.
2.3

(non-associated gas)

(associated gas). ,
-
, -161 C
.

(, )
.
.
,

.
9

 (CH4),

(C2H6) (C4H10) .( 1.1)
,
.
(CH4), (C2H6), (C3H8),
(C4H10), (C5H12), (C6H14), (C7H16)
(C8H18) .

( (C6H6),
(C6H5CH3), (CH3 C6H4CH3)),
.
(N2),
(CO2), (He), (H2S),
(H2O), ( (COS)
(CH3SH)) .
()
. ,
( )
, .
.



.
,
.
( , Associated gas)
,
(Non - associated gas)

.
10


( ,
)
.

() .

, .

(hydrocarbon dew point).

,

(associated)

(non-

associated)

, .
, .
,

.


.

,

() .

, (
) ,
,
.

11

2.4

. se
(

.

( ),

.

, .
.
,

() .

.
.
2.1

(-)
( %)
( %)
(%)

15C
( .)

16-20
73-75%
25-27%
0-0.4%
3.5-4
0.6-1.5kg/m3
-161 C
540-560 C
12



( %)

(kJ)
( %)
( %)
( %)
( %)
(ppm,mass)

120-130
69-99
5-15 %
0.7-2.1
9495.50265 kJ
80-100%
0-5%
0-15%
5-0%
5-0 ppm,mass

2.4.1

(
). SI

15C

( ).
kg/m3, lb-mass/ft3 g/cm3 .
2.1
,

2.1

[1]

13


.
15 C.

.
( )
(1,00),

( ,
). ,
0,4 0, 5 kg/m3, 1,0 kg/l.

(vapor density)

.
, ,
,

. ,
,

.
,

(, , ) ()
.
2.4.2

14



(J/kg). (1)

(1C). 37 ,
19 56
.

( ), - ,

.
2.4.3
,
( )
, .
2.4.4 ,
( )

.
,
. :

. ,

.


.
( ),
.
15

(), () .

,
.

, ,
.
.
,
,
.

,

.
,
.
( )
,
.
,

30 -60 C,
, .

16

 ( ).

40 C,
.
60 C,
.

.

,

, .

(lower explosive limit, LEL)

(upper explosive limit, UEL).

.
5%
,
5% .

, ( ).

15 %
.

17


,
, ,
,
.

.
2.4.5

.

. , (
), .
,

.

2. 5. -
2.2
.
,

.
.
18

( (H2S)),
( ),
.

2.2

[2]

0,1 mol %
.

, -161 C
(
).



.

19

 ,
, .

,
.


.

: 2.2

Das

Whitnel

Bintulu,

Arun,

(%)

Island,

Malaysi

Abu

Bay,

Dhabi

Australi

Lumut,

Bontan

Ras

Indones Brunei

g,

Laffan

ia

Indones ,
ia

Qatar

(Ras

Gas)

87.10
87.80
9.20
8.20
89.40
90.60
89.60

11.40
8.30
4.28
8.58
6.30
6.00
6.25

1.27
2.98
2.87
1.67
2.80
2.48
2.19

0.141
0.875
1.36
0.511
1.30
0.82
1.07

0.001
0.01
0.02
0.01
0.04
,

).

2.2 .
2 3
,
.
,

.

:
20

1) ;
2) ;
3)
.

3. -

,

21

, ,
a.
3.1

,
3.1,
1975 2006 15
.

3.1 1975
-2007 -15 [5]

,
(.
),

,
,
.
, 40 %
22

 . ,
85%
, .
47 * 109 m3,
15 % .
( )
( 15 %).


. ( 3.2)

3.2
2007

[5]

1970 - .
,

.

,
23

 3 . ,
- 3.5 (
1975 2007) ( 3.3).

3.3 (m3*109 ( )
1975 2007 [5]

2012 (
2013),

30

, , . 241.5
2011, 237.7 , . ,
( )
, .

24

 3.4. 1980 2012 [7]

3.2
(International
Gas Union - IGU) 2012 17 ,
.
, , , 2012, 6
(, , , )
- .
, ,
, (3.5) 2012 ,
(77,4
32,6 %). 2012 , ,
, 75,6 %
2012.

25
3.5 : 2012
2011 [7]

 3.6
1990 2012.

,

.

3.6:( %)
1990-2012 [7]

3.7

1990 2012 ()
, .
,
112,2 80.8
.
,

26

 3.7 1990 2012 [7]

-

3,5

3 2012

2012

j ,
,
.

3.8 -
2004 2012 [7]

3.3
,
.
52 % 2012. 4%
2011,
,
2011 .
27


12 % 2011 . 11 % 2012.

3.9 2012 2011 [7]

( )
.
60%
, 10%.

.
, ,
, ,
.
20 %, 1980. 2012,
,
,
.
, ,
, ,
. 2008, 2012 8
18 .

28

 3.10 [7]

3.10
.
,
.
3.4

150 %
2002 2012. 2009 2012, 10

2 .

3.4.1

29

 2012 98
649 .

4,6 .
( 79%),
, .

3.11 [7]

,
. 29 (23
),
: , .
,
, ,
50%.
,
, 8.0
cm3 (5,8 ) 7,6 cm3 (5.6
) 2012/2013.

30

 3.12
( )
5 ,
.

3.12 1980 2012 [7]

(3.13)
,
.

31

 3.13 [7]

3.4.2

3.14 2012 [7]

(,
)
, ,
74% ,
26% 23 .
,
,
.
, , 2012

( 3% 2012).

( ),

. ,
32

 . ,
,

3.15 2012 2017 [7]

3.4.3
3.16 ,

, (70-80%)
.

33

 3.16

[7]

3.5

( 3.17) ,

3.17
[5]

100000 - 150000 m3.
160000 -170000 m3

34

 . 2007 ,
200 000 - 250 000 m3)
250 000 m3.

3.18
150000 m3 [5]

.
, ,
.
:
, , ,
.
3.6 ,
,
, ,
.
( 3.19)
, Revithoussa
Revithoussa ( Revythousa), ,
.
35

 Revithoussa (
),
35% , 65%

.
130000 m3 , 65
000 m3.
2
(220 000 m3/h),
(600,000 m3/h)

.
2000 -
2007.

.
2 (Semangas Falcione),
2017 .
Falcione

8 ,

12 .

36

 3.19

[3]

. : Marmara Ereglesi , Aliaga LNG plant
(Izmir).

Botas Petroleum pipeline

, Turkish petroleum corporation.

135 000 m3, 3
255 000 m3 (3x 85 000 m3).
, 5,2 m3.
1994 , ,
.
Aliaga LNG
. Egegaz LNG,
Colagoglu group.

37


135 000 m3, a
280 000 m3 ( 140 000 m3),

6 m3.

4.
(
) ,

.

38

( , ).
, ,
,
80% , 20 %
.

39

 4.1 : ( 106 m3) 2009

0,

0,8

10,

46

43

28

69

07

1,2

5
0,3

0,

11

52

14

10,910

12,

2,5

0,1

3,8

3
0,

24

56

33

67

72

9
0,8

73
2,0

42
0,1

0,1

3,4

0,

0,6

0,

84

39

08

68

88

13

7,2

7,4

0,

77

81

13

21,235

0,7

0,0

1,3664

18

25

,547
4,241

2,6
99

8,9

7,9

1,

7,4

8
2,

01

17

18

16

31

4,547

0,1

1,4

0,1

2,

0,1

40

04

38

18

50

8,873

10,

0,

2,8

0,8

0,

3,4

7
0,

06

22

35

20

13

12

13

44,963

6,9
09

0,1

0,1

17,661

33,

11,

0,2

1,

16,

3,

13,

0,

2,

30,

0,

0,

114,29

96

99

69

18

23

67

07

13

31

88

27

13

88 97
%. ( 4.2).

40

 4.2: 2009

1
91,2
6,5
1,1
0,1
0,1

0,1
97,7
1,8
0,2

97,2
2,3
0,3

99.8
16.36

99.8
16.45

N2
CH4
C2H6
C3H8
n-C4H10
i-C4H10
n-C5H12
i-C5H12

. %
. %
. %
. %
. %
. %
. %
. %
. %
kg/kmol

0,6
88
9
2
0,2
0,2
0,1
0,1
100,2
18,21

1,2
87,6
8,5
2,1
0,1
0,3

100
100
18,248 17,46

100,3
17,435

0,1
96,8
2,7
0,3
0,2
0,1
0,1
0,1
100,4
16,75

kg/m3

45
0,772

6
72
0,7738 0,740

0,7391

35
0,701

42
0.693

0
0.697

MJ/kg

4
54,14

5
53,649 53,64

54,109

55,14

5
55.33

2
55.37

MJ/m3

3
41,81

9
41,513 41,51

39,992

6
39,15

0
38,37

9
38.61

9
11,61

3
11,531 11,02

11,109

9
10,87

3
10,65

1
10.72

MJ/kg

6
48,92

6
48,480 48,81

48,832

8
49,71

9
49,84

5
49.89

MJ/m3

9
37,79

9
37,513 36,15

36,092

5
35,30

6
34,56

9
34.79

KWh/m3

1
10,49

0,420

0
10,04

10,026

3
9,906

9
9,602

0
9.664

8
0,630

2
0,6315 0,604

0,6031

0,579

0,566

0.564

MJ/m3

3
52,24

3
51,403 50,76

52,350

5
51,79

0
51,18

0
51.76

1
14,63

5
14,511 14,31

14,304

5
51,00

8
14,16

2
25.21

KWh/m

KWh/m

1
91,3
7,1
0,7
0,1
0,1

41

kg/kg

16,80

16,4

16,78

16,78

17,11

17,16

17.18

m3/m3

10,59

10,51

10,14

10,12

9,91

9,71

9.77

725

72,3

79,3

79,7

85,6

92,1

90.5

KJ/L

3,26

3,26

3,25

3,24

3,23

3,23

3,23

M/m3

,
.
, ,
4.1
, , , , , . 4.3
.
,
,
.

, ,
.
4.3: 2009
42

0,1

0,1

N2

. 0,60

1,20

1,00 1,00

CH4

%
. 88

87,6

91,2 91,30

0
96,

0
97,

C2H6

%
. 9,0

0
8,50

0
6,50 7,10

80
2,7

C3H8

%
. 2,0

2,10

1,10 0,70

n-C4H10

%
. 0,20

i-C4H10

%
. 0,20

n-C5H12

%
. 0,10

i-C5H12

%
. 0,10

%
. 100,2

0,10
0,30

1,0

0,4

0,4

97,

0
91,

0
87,

0
90,

70
1,8

20
2,3

30
4,6

90
7,3

1
6,2

0
0,3

0
0,2

0
0,3

0
2,6

0
2,9

2,3

0,10 0,10

0
0,2

0
0,8

0
0,7

0,10 0,10

0
0,1

0
0,6

0
0,8

0
0,1

0
0,1

0
0,1

0,1

0
0,1

0
0,1

100

99.

99.

0
0
101 10

10
0
18,

100

100

100,3

%
kg/k

18,21

18,2

17,4 17,43

,4
16,

8
16.

8
16.

,10
18,

45

486

672

753

364

45

124 75

2
0.6

0
0.6

0,7

935

97

917 10
54,

124 14

mol

kg/

0,772

0,77

0,74 0,739

5
0,7

m3

38

05

01

0,4
16,
35
0,7

MJ/k

54,14

53,6

53,6 54,10

55,

55.

2
55.

49

49

146

330

37

42,

849 15

MJ/

41,81

41,5

41,5 39,99

39,

38,

9
38.

m3

13

13

159

373

61

1
55,
6
39,
9

02
66
0,7
64
4
54,
36
7
41,
55
6
43

KWh

11,61

11,5

11,0 11,10

10,

10,

10.

11,

/m3

31

26

878

659

72

902 87
48,

946 71

10,

MJ/k

48,92

48,4

48,8 48,83

49,

49,

5
49.

80

19

715

846

89

38,

749 30

8
49,

54
3
49,
11

MJ/

37,79

37,5

36,1 36,09

35,

34,

9
34.

m3

13

50

303

569

79

10,

764 06

42
9
0,6

KWh

10,49

0,42

10,0 10,02

9,9

9,6

0
9.6

/m3

42

06

02

64

5
35,

11,

3
9,8

0,630

0,63

0,60 0,603

0,5

0,5

0.5

0,6

15

43

795

660

64

461 79
51,

0,5

54
3
10,

23

MJ/

52,24

51,4

50,7 52,35

51,

51,

0
51.

m3

03

65

007

188

76

441 00

KWh

14,63

14,5

14,3 14,30

14,

14,

2
25.

14,

/m3

11

13

289

169

21

808 28

kg/k

16,80

16,4

16,7 16,78

17,

17,

9
17.

16,

9
17,

57
16,

11

16

18

80

11

87

10,5

10,1 10,12

9,9

9,7

9.7

10,

9,9

10,

85

52

72,3

79,3 79,7

85,

92,

90.

67,

85,

72,

5
51,

7
37,

7
14,

8
51,
29
8
14,
61

m3 /

m3

10,59

725

44

KJ/L

M/

m3

3,26

3,26

3,25 3,24

3,2

3,2

3,2

3,2

3,2

3,2

45

5.
5.1
5.1
.
,
, .

.

.

, .

().

 5.1

[4]

5.2

.

(Total gas storage capacity/TSC)

.

.
- (Total gas volume in
storage/TVS).
.

- (Base gas cushion gas/BG.

.
- (Recoverable base gas/RBG).
,
.
-

(NRG)

(Non-recoverable

base

gas).

.
- (Working gas capacity/WGC).
TSC BG.
(working gas capacity)
.
- (Injection volume).

() .
- (Deliverability (deliverability rate), withdrawal
rate withdrawal capacity)).
. ,
( )
.
,
.

- (Injection capacity (injection rate)/IC)

. (Injection rate)

5.2 [1]

(Total gas capacity, Injection capacity)

.

5.2

. ,
.

5.3

.
.,
.

1990- 1998-
.
., .

12

MW.

(
5MW), ( 1,5MW).
5 900- 6 100 MWh
.

5 km a

2437 .
1,3,6,8,9 15
6.3. 1
.
,
,
.

.
, :
(
).

(),
49,846MJ/kg (34,569 MJ/mn3 ; 9,602 KWh/mn3)

0.6935kg/mn3.

, .
5.1.
(),
,
,
( 5.1).

.1212(JUS) St35.4 (DIN).

5.4
(CH4),
6 bar, 10 C 4,17
kg/m3. 10 C
6 bar= 607950 Pa,
:
p=R T Z
:
p -
R -
T - K

=m/V

kg/m3

Z -

(4)
6 bar= 607950 Pa,
R=518 J/kg K
T=283K
=4.17 kg/m3 ()
Z =1

.
.
1. :
3
V g =Qi / H d mn /s

:
V g -

(5)

mn /s

Qi
-

kW

Hd
-

MJ /m3n

i -

V = V g
0
:
V

(6)
m3 /s

V g -

m /s

kg /m3

kg /mn

:
5.1:

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19

Qi

V g

kW
64
96
106
128
150
157
158
180
192
200
204
220
240
360
410
415
480
715
1300

m3n/s
0,001849
0,00277
0,00306
0,00369
0,00433
0,00453
0,00459
0,0052
0,00554
0,00578
0,00589
0,00635
0,00694
0,01
0,01185
0,0012
0,01387
0,002
0,0376

m3/s
0,00022
0,00046
0,000512
0,000618
0,00072
0,000758
0,000763
0,000869
0,00998
0,000966
0,000985
0,00106
0,0012
0,001738
0,00198
0,002
0,0023
0,00345
0,00628

5.5
PipeFlow
Expert. Darsi-Weisbach
. Weibach e
Darcy- Weisbach- :

h f = ( L/ D) ( v 2 /2 g )
:
hf
-

(2)

(m)

- (m)

L - ()

(m)

D -
v

(m)

( ms )

( ms )

g -

Fanning .

( ).

h f = ( L/ R f ) ( v 2 /2 g )
:
hf
-
f

(m)

- Fanning

L - ()
Rf
v

(3)

(m)

(m)

g -

(m)

( ms )

( ms )
2

Darcy- Weisbach
Moody,



. Moody
Colebrook .

Darcy-Weisbach
.


,
Darcy-Weisbach,
.
.
,

2.
,
,

15- 20 m/s.

4.5 bar.

3,

. vmax=
m/s.
,
, ,
.

4,8950
4.

bar, a

5.2
.

5.2

(kg/s)
( 2)
(3)
(4)

0.2473 kg/s
5.7927 kg/s
2.5975 kg/s

(m3/s)
0.0596 m3/s
1.3958 m3/s
0.6259 m3/s

5.1
, 5.3
.

50,000
45,000
40,000
35,000
30,000
25,000
20,000
15,000
10,000
5,000
0

2 V(m/s) 15.994 16.897 16.897 16.897 14.061 12.632 12.632 12.632 12.632 4
9.107
3 V(m/s) 7.172 7.580 7.580 7.580 6.309 5.667 5.667 5.667 5.667 1.820 4.073

1 V (m/s) 0.675 0.691 0.691 0.691 0.373 0.334 0.334 0.334 0.334 0.087 0.195 0

5.1:
5.3

P1
P2
P3
P4
P5
P6
P7
P8
P9
P10
P11
P12

V (m/s)
0.675
0.691
0.691
0.691
0.373
0.334
0.334
0.334
0.334
0.087
0.195
0.037

V(m/s)
15.994
16.897
16.897
16.897
14.061
12.632
12.632
12.632
12.632
4.070
9.107
4.595

V(m/s)
7.172
7.580
7.580
7.580
6.309
5.667
5.667
5.667
5.667
1.820
4.073
2.050

P14
P15
P17
P18
P19
P20
P21
P22
P23
P24
P25
P26
P27
P28
P29
P30
P31
P32
P33
P34
P35
P36
P37
P38
P39
P40
P41
P42
P43
P44
P45
P46
P47
P48
P49
P50
P51
P52
P53
P54
P55
P56
P57
P58
P59
P60

0.150
0.150
0.195
3.984
3.984
3.984
3.984
3.984
6.151
6.151
0.839
0.839
0.839
0.839
0.839
0.550
0.550
0.550
0.550
0.550
0.550
0.735
0.550
0.550
0.550
0.550
0.550
0.550
0.745
0.745
0.745
0.745
0.745
0.745
0.735
0.735
0.643
0.643
0.643
0.643
0.647
0.647
0.643
0.647
0.647
1.327

5.536
5.536
9.107
16.436
16.436
16.436
16.436
16.436
25.377
25.377
26.511
26.511
26.511
26.511
26.511
14.176
14.176
14.176
14.176
14.176
14.176
26.009
14.176
14.176
14.176
14.176
14.176
14.176
26.758
26.758
26.758
26.758
26.758
26.758
26.009
26.009
20.281
20.281
20.281
20.281
8.494
8.494
20.281
18.376
18.376
43.218

2.487
2.487
4.073
7.373
7.373
7.373
7.373
7.373
11.384
11.384
11.885
11.885
11.885
11.885
11.885
6.311
6.311
6.311
6.311
6.311
6.311
11.674
6.311
6.311
6.311
6.311
6.311
6.311
12.040
12.040
12.040
12.040
12.040
12.040
11.674
11.674
9.084
9.084
9.084
9.084
3.727
3.727
9.084
8.211
8.211
19.482

P61
P62
P63
P64
P65
P66
P67
P68
P69
P70
P71
P72
P73
P74
P75
P76
P77
P78
P79
P80
P81
P82
P83
P84
P85
P86
P87
P88
P89
P90
P91
P92
P93
P94
P95
P96
P97
P98
P99
P100
P101
P102
P103
P104
P105
P106

0.416
0.416
0.767
0.713
0.146
0.146
0.146
0.146
0.146
0.146
0.146
0.146
1.069
0.566
0.370
0.370
0.370
0.335
0.370
0.370
0.508
0.508
0.508
0.370
0.370
0.370
0.370
0.168
1.062
0.280
0.280
0.170
0.227
0.227
0.227
0.227
0.227

0.291
0.906
0.508
0.259
0.508
0.356
0.259

27.725
12.344
28.677
34.859
18.059
18.059
18.059
18.059
18.059
18.059
18.059
18.059
30.527
13.436
4.543
4.543
4.543
13.389
2.690
2.690
2.146
2.146
2.146
8.154
8.154
8.154
8.154
1.221
21.595
5.692
5.692
1.622
0.940
0.940
1.255
1.255
1.255
3.021
3.021
10.823
33.405
14.695
7.659
14.695
10.299
7.659

12.602
5.534
12.875
15.720
8.055
8.055
8.055
8.055
8.055
8.055
8.055
8.055
13.690
6.033
1.996
1.996
1.996
6.014
1.157
1.157
0.924
0.924
0.924
3.620
3.620
3.620
3.620
0.525
9.661
2.547
2.547
0.702
0.400
0.400
0.538
0.538
0.538
1.325
1.325
4.904
15.004
6.588
3.407
6.588
4.617
3.407

P107
P108
P109
P110
P111
P112
P113
P114
P115
P116
P117
P118
P119
P120
P121
P122
P123
P124
P125
P126
P127
P128
P129
P130
P131
P132
P133
P134
P135
P136
P137
P138
P139
P140
P141
P142
P143
P144
P145
P146
P147
P148
P149
P150
P151
P152

0.370
0.370
0.416
0.416
0.416
1.096
1.096
0.831
0.831
0.831
0.457
0.685
0.877
0.877
0.877
0.877
0.877
0.647
0.356
0.356
0.554
0.457
0.633
0.633
0.633
0.713
0.457
0.554
0.457
0.356
0.457
0.554
0.457
0.633
0.713
0.713
0.457
0.457
0.486
0.486
0.486
0.457
0.457
0.600
0.370
0.381

10.928
10.928
22.039
22.039
22.039
21.385
21.385
17.476
17.476
17.476
3.456
3.825
16.778
16.778
16.778
16.778
16.778
13.554
13.263
13.263
12.821
3.801
11.681
11.681
11.681
10.139
15.090
12.821
3.801
13.263
3.456
12.821
15.090
11.681
10.139
10.139
7.857
7.857
7.319
7.319
7.319
2.305
2.305
7.127
5.009
3.490

4.862
4.862
9.958
9.958
9.958
9.557
9.557
7.816
7.816
7.816
1.487
1.647
7.497
7.497
7.497
7.497
7.497
6.155
5.864
5.864
5.706
1.614
5.182
5.182
5.182
4.478
6.736
5.706
1.614
5.864
1.487
5.706
6.736
5.182
4.478
4.478
3.476
3.476
3.238
3.238
3.238
0.977
0.977
3.137
2.212
1.524

P153
P154
P155
P156
P157
P158
P159
P160
P161
P162
P163
P164
P165
P166

0.381
0.685
0.457
0.194
0.457
0.457
0.685

16.058
3.825
0.913
0.980
3.456
3.801
3.825
18.788
24.981
27.391
17.677
14.907
7.343
3.490

7.268
1.647
0.383
0.415
1.487
1.614
1.647
8.475
11.236
12.176
7.918
6.639
3.264
1.524

6.
e
. (

. Pipe Flow Expert

.

, ,
, .
.
4.5 bar
.
.
,
4.7 bar.

T ,
,
4,895 bar.
, . ,
.

(o =0,5)
.

(,)

7.
1. Natural gas -A Basic Handbook - James G. Speight, Ph.D., D.Sc.
University of Trinidad and Tobago
2. Advanced Natural Gas Engineering -Xiuli Wang ,XGAS ,Michael
Economides - University of Houston
3.
http://gazdenormandie.com/tl_files/img_contenus/E03_Europe_EN01.jpg (22.12.2013)
4.http://s3images.coroflot.com/user_files/individual_files/original_223510_
sePIrVll7w3OyL0LXhE_ABkmE.gif (22.12.2013)
5.http://ec.europa.eu/dgs/jrc/downloads/jrc_reference_report_200907_liqu
efied_natural_gas.pdf (22.12.2013)
6. http://www.gie.eu/index.php/maps-data/lng-map (28.12.2013)
7.http://www.igu.org/gas-knowhow/publications/igupublications/IGU_world_LNG_report_2013.pdf (28.12.2013)
8. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revithoussa_LNG_Terminal (21.01.2014)
9.http://www.globallnginfo.com/World%20LNG%20Plants%20&
%20Terminals.pdf (21.01.2014)

10.http://www.worldconstructionnetwork.com/projects/falcione-levan-lngregasification-terminal-albania-060913 (21.01.2014)
11. http://wikileaks.org/gifiles/attach/175/175335_LNG_in_Europe%20.pdf
(25.01.2014)
12.http://www.piping-engineering.com/nominal-pipe-size-nps-nominalbore-nb-outside-diameter-od.html(25.01.2014)
13. http://www.ingas-eu.org/docs/DB0.1.pdf(26.01.2014)
14.
http://www.munee.org/files/Macedonia_Urban_Heat_Assessment.pdf
(27.01.2014)
15.http://www.toscelikniksic.me/download/Product_range_of_the_Niksic_St
eelworks.pdf (27.01.2014)
16.

1989

8.