Lp cng thc ha hc khi bit ha tr

LP CTHH KHI BIT HA TR

*-* Lp CTHH
B1: Vit CTHH chung
B2: Theo quy tc ha tr:
ax = by
=> = (phn s ti gin)
Chn x = b; y = a, suy ra CTHH ng.
Ch : Nu mt nhm nguyn t th xem nh mt nguyn t v lp CTHH nh mt nguyn t khc.
Khi vit ha tr phi vit s La M, cn ch s phi l s t nhin.
Yu cu: lp c CTHH ca hp cht bt buc nm chc k hiu ha hc (KHHH) v ha tr ca
cc nguyn t to nn hp cht.
* Hoc nh mo ha tr mt s nguyn t thng gp:
Ha tr I:

Na

Ag

Br

Khi Nng n Hn B
Ha tr II: O

Ba Ca Mg

Zn

Cl
Chy
Fe

Cu

ng Ba Cn May Zap St ng
Ha tr III:

Al Fe
Anh Fap

i vi nguyn t c nhiu ha tr th s cho ha tr.

V d
Lp CTHH ca hp cht:
a) Nhm oxit c to nn t 2 nguyn t nhm v oxi.
GiiTheo quy tc ha tr:x . III = y . II
=> x = 2; y = 3
Vy CTHH: Al2O3
b) Cacbon ioxit gm C(IV) v O
GiiTheo quy tc ha tr:
x . IV = y . II
=> x = 1; y = 2
Vy CTHH: CO2
b) Natri photphat gm Na v PO4(III)GiiTheo quy tc ha tr:
x . I = y . III
=> x = 3; y = 1

Vy CTHH : Na3PO4
*-* Vit CTHH hoc lp nhanh CTHH: khng cn lm theo tng bc nh trn, m ch cn nm r quy
tc cho: ha tr ca nguyn t ny s l ch s ca nguyn t kia v ngc li (vi iu kin cc t s
phi ti gin trc).Ch : Nu hai nguyn t cng ha tr th khng cn ghi ch s
V d
1) Vit CTHH ca hp cht to bi S (VI) v O.
=> CTHH SO3
(Do VI / II = 3/1 nn cho xung ch s ca S l 1 cn O l 3).
2) Vit cng thc ca Fe(III) v SO4 ha tr (II)
CTHH: Fe2(SO4)3
(Gii thch: T l ha tr III v II khng cn ti gin, ha tr III ca Fe tr thnh ch s 3 ca SO4, v nh
vy phi ng ngoc nhm SO4, hiu l c 3 nhm SO4. Cn ha tr II ca SO4 tr thnh ch s 2 ca
Fe.)
Ch : khi thnh tho, chng ta c th khng cn vit ha tr ln trn nh nguyn t hoc nhm
nguyn t.
Bi tp vn dng
Bi 1
Lp CTHH ca cc hp cht vi hidro ca cc nguyn t sau y:
a) N (III)

b) C (IV)

c) S (II)

d) Cl

Ch : a, b vit H ng sau nguyn t N v C.

c, d vit H ng trc nguyn t v S v Cl.
Bi 2
Lp CTHH cho cc hp cht:
a. Cu(II) v Cl

b. Al v NO3

c. Ca v PO4

d. NH4 (I) v SO4

e. Mg v O

g. Fe( III ) v SO4

Bi 3
Lp CTHH ca cc hp cht:
1. Al v PO4

2. Na v SO4

3. Fe (II) v Cl

4. K v SO3

5. Na v Cl

6. Na v PO4

7. Mg v CO3

8. Hg (II) v NO3

10.Ba v HCO3(I)

11.K v H2PO4(I)

9. Zn v Br
12.Na v HSO4(I)

Bi 4
Lp CTHH hp cht.
1/Lp CTHH hp cht to bi nguyn t Al v nhm NO3. Cho bit ngha CTHH trn.
2/ Lp CTHH hp cht c phn t gm:Ba v SO4. Cho bit ngha CTHH trn.
3/Lp CTHH hp cht c phn t gm Mg v OH. Cho bit ngha CTHH trn.
Bi 5
Vit CTHH ca cc hp cht vi lu hunh (II) ca cc nguyn t sau y:
a) K (I)

b) Hg (II)

c) Al (III)

d) Fe (II)

Bi 6
Vit CTHH v tnh phn t khi ca cc hp cht sau:
a) iphotpho pentaoxit gm P(V) v O.
b) Canxi photphat gm Ca v PO4.
c) Axit sunfuric gm H v SO4.
d) Bari cacbonat gm Ba v CO3.
Bi 7(*)
Cho CTHH XH v YO. Lp CTHH ca X v Y.
Bi 8 (*)
Xt cc CTHH: X2SO4; H2Y; Z(NO3)3; (NH4)3T. Bit ha tr ca SO4 l II, NO3(I), NH4 (I). Vit CTHH ca
hp cht gm:
a) X v H

b) Z v SO4

c) T v H

e) X v T

f) Y v Z

g) Z v T.

d) X v Y

Bi 9 (*)
Cho 2 cht c CTHH l A2S v B2O3. CTHH ca hp cht to bi A v B l g?
Hng dn
Bi 1
S:
a) NH3

b) CH4

c) H2S

d) HCl

Bi 2
S:
a) CuCl2

b) Al(NO3)3

e) MgO

f) Fe2(SO4)3

c) Ca3(PO4)2

d) (NH4)2SO4

Bi 3
S:
1. AlPO4

2. Na2SO4

3. FeCl2

4. K2SO3

5. NaCl

6. Na3PO4

7. MgCO3

8. Hg(NO3)2

9. ZnBr2

10. Ba(HCO3)2

11. KH2PO4

12. NaHSO4

Bi 4
S:
1/ Al(NO3)3
-

To bi 3 nguyn t Al, N, O.

Gm 1Al, 3N, 9O.

PTK = 27 + 3 . 14 + 9 . 16 = 213.

2/ BaSO4
-

To bi 3 nguyn t Ba, S v O.

Gm 1 Ba, 1S, 4O.

PTK = 137 + 32 + 4 . 16 = 233.

3/ Mg(OH)2
-

To bi 3 nguyn t Mg, O, H.

Gm 1Mg, 2O, 2H.|

PTK = 24 + 2 . 16 + 2 . 1 = 58.

Bi 5
S:
a) K2S

b) HgS

c) Al2S3

d) FeS.

Bi 6
S:
a) P2O5 = 142.
b) Ca3(PO4)2 = 310.
c) H2SO4 = 98.
d) BaCO3 = 197.
Bi 7 (*)
(Gii thch: Mun lp CTHH ca hp cht gm X v Y, ta phi bit ha tr ca X v Y. khng cho
trc tip ha tr, nhng li cho CTHH ca cc hp cht khc. Nh vy ta phi tm ha tr ca X v Y
gin tip thng qua CTHH ca cc hp cht c sn. bc ny, khng cn ghi ra cch tnh, chng ta
tnh ha tr bng cch tnh nhm).
Gii
XH => X c ha tr I
YO => Y c ha tr II
=> x = 2; y = 1
Vy CTHH l X2Y
Bi 8 (*)
S:
a) XH3

b) Z2(SO4)3

c) TH3

e) X3T 2

f) Y3Z2

g) XT

d) XY

Bi 9 (*)
S: A3B
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