Dr. C 0102 2-2559

01026212
1
Electrical Machines 1
..

2558
1 (Electric Circuits)
1.1 (Power and Power Factor)
1.2 (Three-phase System)
1.2.1 (Star-connected System)
1.2.2 (Delta-connected System)
1.2.3 (Balanced Three-phase Loads)
2 (Magnetic Circuits)
2.1 (Magnetic Materials)
2.2 (Magnetic Circuit Parameters)
2.3 (Calculation of Magnetic Circuits)
2.4 (AC Excitation of Magnetic Circuits)
2.5 (Core Loss)
2.6 (Inductance)
3 (Transformers)
3.1 (Construction of Transformers
3.2 (Voltage Relations)
3.3 (Current Relations)
3.4 (Equivalent Circuits of Transformer)
3.5 (Transformer Efficiency)
3.6 (Transformer Tests)
3.6.1 (Polarity Test)
3.6.2
(Determination of Equivalent Circuit Parameters)
3.7 (Autotransformers)
3.8 (Instrument Transformers)
3.8.1 (Potential Transformer PT)
3.8.2 (Current Transformer CT)
1
7
15
16
19
21
24
26
30
36
37
40
41
44
47
51
56
58
3.9 (Three-phase Transformers)

3.9.1 Y/Y (Star-star Connection)
3.9.2 / (Delta-delta Connection)
3.9.3 /Y (Delta-star Connection)
3.9.4 Y/ (Star-delta Connection)
4 (DC Machines)
4.1 (DC Machine Fundamentals)
4.2 (Electromotive Force)
4.3 (Electromagnetic Force)
4.4 (Energy Conversions)
4.5 (Construction of DC Machines)
4.6 (Armature Winding)
4.6.1 (Lap Windings)
4.6.2 (Wave Windings)
4.7 (Equivalent Circuit of DC Machines)
4.8 (DC Generators)
4.8.1
(Separately excited DC Generator)
4.8.2
(Self-excited DC Generators)
4.9 (DC Motors)
4.9.1
(Separately excited DC Motor)
4.9.2
(Self-excited DC Motors)
4.10 (Efficiency Calculation)
4.11
(DC Motors Starting and Reversing)
4.12 (Speed Control of DC Motors)
4.12.1 (Field Control)
4.12.2 (Armature Resistance Control)
4.13 (Armature Reaction)
59
66
68
68
70
70
72
75
78
80
87
91
93
95
97
98
100
(Electric Circuits)
01026212 Electrical Machines I
Electric Circuits
(Alternating current waveform, AC)

(Sinusoidal waveform) (
) (Instantaneous) v v Vm sin t
v Vm cos t Vm (Maximum or amplitude) (V) 2 f
(Angular frequency) (Radian per second, rad/s) t (Time)
(Second, s) f (Frequency) (Hertz or cycles per second, Hz)
(Root mean square, rms) V Vm 2
220 V (Analog) (Digital)
220 V rms (Oscilloscope)
Vm 2 220 311 V
1.1 (Power and Power Factor)

1.1 v
i
1 (Joule, J)
1 1 (Watt, W) p (Instantaneous power)

i
p
Electric
Circuits
(1-1)
dw dw dq
vi
dt
dq dt
p
p
p
1.1
v Vm sin t
(1-2)
i I m sin t
p Vm I m sin2 t
1
Vm I m 1 cos2 t
2
(1-3)
I m (1-3) 1.2
1 Vm I m
2
..
2558
(Electric Circuits)
p
v
1.2
p
v
1.3
p
v
i
0
1.4

i I m sin t
2
(1-4)
p Vm I m sin t sin t Vm I m sin 2 t

2
2
(1-5)
(1-5) 1.3

i I m sin t
2
p Vm I m sin t sin t
2
(1-6)
Vm I m sin 2 t
2
(1-7)
(1-7) 1.4
..
2558
(Electric Circuits)
p
(1-8)
p Vm I m sin t sin t
1
Vm I m
2
cos cos 2 t
(1-9)
2 cos 2 t cos
(1-9) 1.5
P
P
(1-10)
1
Vm I m cos V I cos
2
V Vm 2 I I m 2 rms V I cos
(Power factor, p.f.) V I 90 cos P
(Inductive load)
(Lagging power factor) 1.5 ) (Capacitive
load) (Leading power factor) 1.5 )
p
v
) ( R L )
p
v
) ( R C )
1.5
..
2558
(Electric Circuits)
P (Real power) W
P V I cos
(1-11)
rms S (Apparent power) Volt

Ampere (VA)
S VI

Volt Ampere Reactive (VAR)
(1-12)
VA
Q (Reactive power)
(1-13)
Q V I sin VAR
S P Q
(Power Triangle) 1.6
V
I*
S =VI*
Isin
I cos
Q = VIsin
lagging
P = VIcos
Inductive Load
I cos
P = VIcos
I*
Q = VIsin
leading
Isin
S =VI*
Capacitive Load
1.6

V V I I (Complex power) S
(1-14)
S V I V I V I
I (Conjugate) I
(1-15)
S V I cos j V I sin
(Real) S
P (Imaginary) S Q
(1-16)
S P jQ
..
2558
(Electric Circuits)
Q ( )
(Lagging power factor, inductive load) Q ( )
(Leading power factor, Capacitive load)
Q
rms
V2
absolutevalue of V I*
Z
S V I I 2Z
P V I cos I 2 R
VR2
Re V I*
R
(1-18)
Q V I sin I 2 X
V X2
Im V I*
X
(1-19)
(p.f.)
cos
(1-17)
(1-20)
P
R
=
S
Z

(Lagging) 2
P

Z L 1.7 ) ( cos )
C Z L
( cos ) 1.7 )
(Power factor correction)
I
I
IL
+
ZL
IC
ZC
IL
ZL
IC
V
> '
cos < cos'
I = IL
'
I
IL
1.7
..
2558
(Electric Circuits)
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
disp(' ');
disp(' RLC
');
disp(' ');
disp(' ');
V=input(['Voltage ',' = ']);
R=input(['Resistance ',' = ']);
XL=input(['Inductance Impedance ',' = ']);
XC=input(['Capacitance Impedance ',' = ']);
Z=R+i*XL-i*XC; % Total Impedance
I=V/(abs(Z)); % Current
Zeta=angle(Z);
P=V*I*cos(Zeta); % Real Power
Q=V*I*sin(Zeta); % Reactive Power
S=V*I; % Apparent Power
disp(' ');
disp(' '); disp(['Apparent Power = ' num2str(P) ' +j '...
num2str(Q) ' = ' num2str(S) '|_'...
num2str((Zeta)*180/pi) 'deg']);
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
clear; disp(' ');
disp(' '); disp(' ');
disp(' ');
disp('
');
disp(' ');
magVan=input(' magVan = ');

disp(' '); disp(' ');
freq=input(' freq = ');
disp(' '); disp(' ');
magPan=input(' magPan = ');
disp(' '); disp(' ');
magPfo=input(' magPfo = ');
disp('
disp('
');
'); disp(' ');
magPfn=input('
disp(' ');
magPfn = ');
Zeta1=acos(magPfo);
s1= magPan/ magPfo;
q1=s1*sin(Zeta1);
p2= magPan;
Zeta2=acos(magPfn);
s2= p2/ magPfn;
q2=s2*sin(Zeta2);
qc=q1-q2;
xc= magVan^2/qc;
c=1/(2*pi* freq* xc);

disp(['C =' num2str(c) '']);
disp(['
']);
end
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
..
2558
(Electric Circuits)
1.2 (Three-phase System)

(Three-phase AC circuits) (Three-phase generators)
(Transmission lines) (Loads)
(Transformers)

120 1.8
1.9
vAA Vm cos t 2 V cos t
vBB Vm cos( t 120 ) 2 V cos( t 120 )
vAA'
vBB'
(1-22)
VBB V 120
vCC Vm cos( t 240 ) 2 V cos( t 240 ) ,
(1-21)
VAA V 0
(1-23)
VCC V 240
vCC'
1.8
vAA'
vBB'
vCC'
C
Vm
V
t
C'
A'
B'
120 o
240
V
B
1.9 ( A-B-C )
VAA'
+
IA
VBB'
IB
Z
VCC'
IC
Z
1.10
..
2558
(Electric Circuits)
( Z Z )
(Identical) 1.10
120

IA
VAA V 0
I
Z
Z
(1-24)
IB
VBB V 120
I 120
Z
Z
(1-25)
IC
VCC V 240
I 240
Z
Z
(1-26)
I rms
VAA'
+
VBB'
IA
IB
VCC'
N
IN
IC
)
IA
+
VBB'
VCC'
IN
VAA'
IB
IC
)
1.11
( A, B,C ) 1.11
(Neutral) 4
( I N )

(1-27)
I N I A I B IC
..
2558
(Electric Circuits)
120
(Balanced three-phase system)
I N 0 3
1.9 ) (Phase Sequence) A-B-C
() 1.12 )
A-C-B () 1.12 )
VCN
VBN
VAN
VBN
VAN
VCN
) A-B-C
) A-C-B
1.12
A
IA
IN
VCN
VCA
VBC
IC
) (Y)
IAB
VAB
_
IB
B
ICA
+
VAN
IB
VAB
VBN
IA
VBC IBC IC
) ()
1.13
1.11 (Wye)
(Star, Y) Y
(Head to tail) (Delta, ) 1.13
(Phase
quantities) (Line quantities)

VAA , VBB VCC
AA , BB CC
..
2558
10
(Electric Circuits)
1.2.1 (Star-connected System)

(Star-connected)
3 (Polarity) ( AB C
ABC ) N (Neutral)

(4-wire) 1.14

VCN
VCA
A'
B'
VAN
VAN
VBN
VBN
VCN
VCA
VAB
A
VAB
C'
VBC
VBC
B
sequence A B C
1.14
(1-28)
VAA VBB VCC Phase voltage (Coil voltage) V phase
VAN V AA 0 ,
VBN VBB 120 ,
(1-29)
VCN VCC 240
(1-30)
VAB VBC VCA Line voltage (Line to line voltage) Vline
VAB
3 V AN 30 ,
VBC
Vline
3 VBN 90
VCA
(1-31)
3 VCN 210
(1-32)
3 V phase
1.2.2 (Delta-connected System)

(Delta-connected)

( AB BC C A AB BC CA )

(3-wire) 1.15
VAB V AA 0 ,
VCA
A'
B'
VCC'
VAB
C'
VAA'
VCA
A
VBB'
VBC
VAB
B
VBC
sequence A B C
1.15
VBC VBB 120 ,
VCA VCC 240
(1-33)
(1-34)
Vline V phase
1.2.3 (Balanced Three-phase Loads)

(Z)
( )
() Z 1.16 1.17
..
2558
(Electric Circuits)
IA
IN
IA
IC
VBN
VBC
ICN
VCN
VCN
IC
VAN
IBN
N
IB
VAB
IAN
VAN
11
VBN
IB
VCA
1.16
1.16
I AN I BN I CN
Phase current
Line current
I phase I A I B I C
I line
Neutral current
I A I B IC I N 0
(1-36)
(1-37)
I line I phase
VAB
IA
IAB
IA
IC
VBC
ICA
IB
IC
ICA
IAB
VAB
B
(1-35)
IBC
VBC
VCA
IBC
VCA
IB
1.17
1.17
I AB I BC I CA
I A I B IC
Phase current I phase
Line current
(1-38)
(1-39)
I line
I A I AB I CA I AB I AC
(1-40)
I B I BC I AB I BC I BA
(1-41)
I C I CA I BC I CA I CB
(1-42)
I line
(1-43)
3 I phase
..
2558
12
(Electric Circuits)
S3 V phase, A I phase, A V phase, B I phase, B V phase,C I phase,C
(1-44)
P3 V phase, A I phase, A cos A V phase, B I phase, B cos B V phase,C I phase,C cos C
Q3 V phase, A I phase, A sin A V phase, B I phase, B sin B V phase,C I phase,C sin C
(1-45)
(1-46)

S3 3 V phase I phase
S3
3 Vline Iline
(1-47)
P3 3 V phase I phase cos
P3
3 Vline Iline cos
(1-48)
Q3 3 V phase I phase sin
Q3
3 Vline Iline sin
(1-49)
1.1 208 V
1.16 Z 20 30 Vline , V phase , I line , I phase

V,
VAB 208 120
Vline
V phase
Vline
3
I line I phase
VAN 120 90
VBC 208 0
V,
VBN 120 30
IA
VAN
120 90
6 120 A
Z
20 30
IB
VBN
120 30
6 0 A
Z
20 30
IC
VCN
120 150
6 120 A
Z
20 30
I N I A I B IC
Z 20 30
V,
VCA 208 240
V,
VCN 120 150
6 120 6 0 6 120
cos cos 30 0.866
S3
3 Vline I line 3 208 6 2160 VA
P3
3 Vline I line cos
3 208 6 0.866 1870 W
Q3
3 Vline I line sin
3 208 6 0.5 1080 VAR
..
2558
(Electric Circuits)
13
1.2 110 V
1.17 Z 545 Vline , V phase , I line , I phase

VAB 110 120
Vline V phase
I phase
V,
VBC 110 0
V,
VCA 110 240
I AB
VAB
110 120
22 75 5.7 j 21.2 A
Z
545
I BC
VBC
110 0
22 45 15.55 j15.55 A
Z
545
I CA
VCA
110 240
22 195 21.2 j 5.7 A

Z
545
I A I AB I AC 22 75 22 195 38.145 A
I line
I B I BA I BC 22 75 22 45 38.1 75 A
I C I CA I CB 22 195 22 45 38.1165 A
I line 3 I phase
Z 545
cos cos 45 0.707
S3
3 Vline I line
P3
3 Vline I line cos
3 110 38.1 0.707 5132 W
Q3
3 Vline I line sin
3 110 38.1 0.707 5132 VAR
3 110 38.1 7260 VA
1.3 208 V
Z A 100 , Z B 1530 ZC 10 30
I line , I N
VAN 120 90
V,
VBN 120 30
V VCN
Iline I phase
IA
IN
VAN
ZA
IA
VAN
120 90
12 90 A
ZA
100
ZB
IB
VBN
120 30
8 60 A
ZB
1530
IC
VCN
120 150
12 120 A
ZC
10 30
N
IB
VBN
ZC
VCN
C
120 150 V
IC
..
2558
(Electric Circuits)
14
I N I A I B IC
12 90 8 60 12 120
5.68 69.4 A
PA V AN I A cos A 120 12 cos 0 1440 W

PB VBN I B cos B 120 8 cos 30 831.4 W
PC VCN I C cos C 120 12 cos 30 1247 W
P3 PA PB PC 1440 831.4 1247 3518 .4 W
1.4 240 V
Z AB 2590 , Z BC 1530 ZCA 200
I line
VAB 240 240
IA
VAB
ICA
V VCA
240 120
IB
VBC
I AB
VAB
240 240
9.6 150 8.3 j 4.8 A

Z AB
2590
I BC
VBC
240 0
16 30 13.85 j8 A
Z BC
1530
I CA
VCA
240 120
12 120 6 j10.4 A
ZCA
200
ZAB ZCA
ZBC
VBC 240 0
I phase
IAB
IC
V,
VCA
I line
IBC
I A I AB I AC 9.6 150 12 120 6.05247 .7 A

I B I BA I BC 9.6 150 16 30 25.6 30 A
I C I CA I CB 12 120 16 30 27.1137 .2 A
PAB V AB I AB cos AB 240 9.6 cos 90 0 W
PBC VBC I BC cos BC 240 16 cos 30 3325.5 W
PCA VCA I CA cos CA 240 12 cos 0 2880 W
P3 PAB PBC PCA 0 3325.5 2880 6205.5 W
..
2558
(Electric Circuits)
15
1.1
Z2 1030
P S 3350 VA , P 2745 W
Z1 545
Q 1920 VAR lagging
1.2
I 5 A rms R 10 Z 8 30

S 115 VA , P 110 W , Q 33 VAR leading , 0.957 leading power factor
1.3
25 kVA Power factor 0.8 lagging Heating (

) Power factor 0.85 lagging P (W) Heating
4200 W
1.4
0.9 lagging C 20 kVAR

S 185 kVA P, Q
C P 166.5 kW, Q 101.0 kVAR lagging, power factor 0.856 lagging
1.5
0.5 lagging 120 V, 50 Hz

10 A 0.8 lagging
C
130.24 F
1.6
150 V (A-B-C)
Z 5 30 I line
Iline 17.32 A , S 4500 VA , P 3900 W , Q 2250 VAR leading
1.7
100 V (A-B-C)
Z 2045 I line
I A 8.6645 A , I B 8.66 75 A , I C 8.66165 A , S 1500 VA , P 1060 W , Q 1060 VAR lagging
1.8
3 500 V
Z AB 1030 , Z BC 250 , Z CA 20 30 Line current ( PT )
I A 7590 A , I B 53.9 68.2 A , I C 32231 .3 A , PT 42400 W

.
..
2558
16
(Magnetic Circuits)
Magnetic Circuits

(Energy conversion)
(Energy transfer)

2.1 (Magnetic Materials)
dA
(Magnetic flux density)

( Weber/m2 ) (Tesla, T)
( A ) 2.1
(Magnetic flux) (Weber, Wb)
2.1
N
B
S B d A
(2-1)
BA
Compass
N
2.2 2
2.2
(2-2)
B d A 0
..
2558
(Magnetic Circuits)
i
ds
dB
i ds
2.3 ds dB
P
dB
17
i ds cos
(2-3)
4 r 2
(Permeability)
- (Wb/A-m)
(H/m)
2.3
(2-4)
o r
o (Free space) 4 107 H/m r

(Relative permeability)
2.3 dB ds
P
i B H
(Magnetic field intensity) - (A-t/m)
(2-5)
B H

r
1. (Diamagnetic) r 1

2. (Paramagnetic) r 1
o
3. (Nonmagnetic) r 1
4. (Ferromagnetic) r 1 ( 10 2 10 6 )
r
H
5. (Ferrimagnetic) (Iron oxide)
(Barium ferrite)
6. (Amorphous)

B H o H
(2-6)
B H o r H
(2-7)
..
2558
18
(Magnetic Circuits)
B H
(Magnetization
curves) 2.4
B
H
Armco iron B
Cast iron B
(Nonlinear)
B
(Linear)
B ( T)
Armco Iron
1.4
1.3
Silicon Steel
1.2
1.1
1.0
Cast Steel
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
Cast Iron
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
Air
0.1
0
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000
H ( A-t/m )
2.4
2.1 Silicon steel

0.4, 0.8, 1.0, 1.2 T
2.4 (2-7)
o H
Silicon steel
0.4 T
100 A-t/m
0.8 T
220 A-t/m
1.0 T
410 A-t/m
1.2 T
1000 A-t/m
0.4
4 10 7 100
0.8
4 10 7 220
1.0
4 10 7 410
3183
2894
1941
1.2
4 10 7 1000
955
2.2 Cast steel, Silicon steel

Armco iron 0.8 T
2.4 B 0.8 T
Cast steel
780 A-t/m r ,cs
Silicon steel
220 A-t/m r ,ss
Armco iron
75 A-t/m
B Armco iron
r ,ai
H
0.8
4 10 7 780
0.8
4 10 7 220
0.8
4 10 7 75
816
2894
8488
Armco iron r
..
2558
(Magnetic Circuits)
19
2.2 (Magnetic Circuit Parameters)
i
Coil N turns
(Toroid) 2.5 i

d
(Closed path) d N i
(Magnetomotive force)
B
R
r
R r
(Amperes law)

2.5
Ni
(2-8)
H d l H (2 R)
B H
BA
2 R
(2-9)
Ni
r2
N i ( r 2 )
Ni
2 R
2R
(2-10)
2.6 N (Closed core)

H c H
Ni
(2-11)
H d l Hc lc
lc
Ac
2.6
lc
Ag , lg
Ac
2.7
..
2558
20
(Magnetic Circuits)
(Air gap)
2.7 lg H g

Ni
(2-12)
H d l Hc lc H g lg

(Leakage field) 2.8
2.8
Ag Ac
(Fringing)
Ag > A c
2.8
2.6
(2-13)
Bc Ac
2.7
Bc
Ac
B g Bc
Bg
(2-14)
Ag
(2-15)
Ac
2.3 1000 2.5 R 6 cm

r 1 cm 0.2 mWb

) ) r 2000
)
2-10
o 4 10 7
r2
2R
2 R
r2N
r 2000
i
Ni
2R
r N
2
2 6 10 2 0.2 10 3
4 10 7 1 10 4 1000
o r 2000 o
190 A
190
0.095 A
2000
..
2558
(Magnetic Circuits)
21
2.3 (Calculation of Magnetic Circuits)
Ni
2.6
H c lc
2.7
H c lc H g lg
Bc
l
lg
c
Ac
0 Ag
c g
Bc
(2-16)
lc
lc
Bg
(2-17)
lg
(2-18)
c g (Reluctance)
c
lc
o r Ac
lg
o Ag
A - t/Wb
(2-19)
A - t/Wb
(2-20)
( o )
c g (2-18)
H g lg
o Ag
o Ag
Ni
g
lg
lg
(2-21)
2-1
Current density
Current
Electric field intensity
Voltage
Conductivity
Resistance

.J
.I
.E
.V
.
.R
Magnetic flux density

Magnetic flux
Magnetic field intensity
Magnetomotive force
Permeability
Reluctance
V IR
J E
l
R
A
B H
l
V V1 V2 Vn
1 2 n
I1 I 2 I 3 I n
1 2 3 n
V1 V2 V3 Vn
1 2 3 n
I I1 I 2 I n
1 2 n
i
+
V _
I
R
.B
.
.H
. ( Ni)
.
.
..
2558
22
(Magnetic Circuits)
(2-18) (2-21)
2-1
2.4 2.7 Silicon steel
lg 1 mm , N 500 turns
2.4 Silicon steel
N i (410 0.5)
Bss 1 T
1
4 10
H ss 410 A - t/m
0.001 1000 A - t
Ac 9 cm2 ,
Ag 9 cm2 , lc 50 cm ,
Bss 1 T
r, ss 1940
i
1000
2 A
500
c g
N i H g lg
1
4 10
0.001 795 A - t
795
1.59 A
500
(1.59 A) (2 A)
r Silicon steel ( r, ss 1940 )
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%
2.7
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
disp(' ');
disp('
2.7
disp(' ');
BalV=input('
'); disp(' ');
? ( 1=Yes, 2=No ) ');
Mu_0=4*pi*10^-7;
disp(' ');
N=input([' ',' = ']);
Iin=input([' ',' = ']);
if BalV==2
disp(' ');
lm=input([' ',' = ']);
Am=input([' ',' = ']);
Mu_m=input([' ',' = ']);
Reluc_m= lm/( Mu_m* Mu_0* Am);
elseif BalV==1
Reluc_m=0;
else; disp(' INPUT ERROR');
end
disp(' ');
lg=input(['',' = ']);
Ag=input([' ',' = ']);
Reluc_g= lg/( Mu_0* Ag);
flux=N*Iin/( Reluc_g+ Reluc_m);
Bg=flux/Ag;
disp(' '); disp([' = ' num2str(Bg) ]);
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
..
2558
(Magnetic Circuits)
23
2.5 500 Silicon steel

4 mWb
Silicon steel Armco iron 0.1 cm
80
Silicon steel
g ss ai 4 103 Wb
Bg
Armco iron
30
30
Ag
4 10 3
5 8 10 4
2H g l g 2
lg 2
g
o Ag
lg
g 1590 A - t
Unit in cm
Bg
1 T
Silicon steel
Bss
ss
Ass
4 10 3
5 8 10 4
1 T
H ss 410 A - t/m
ss H ss lss 410 0.8 328 A - t
Armco iron
Bai
ai
Aai
4 10 3
5 8 10 4
1 T
H ai 100 A - t/m
ai H ai lai 100 0.3 30 A - t
T g ss ai 1948 A - t
i
T
1948
1.948 A
N
1000
2.6 300 Armco iron

Unit in cm
3.6 10 4 Wb
2
14
a
1 2
2
4
4
b
B1
1
A1
3.6 10 4
0.9 T
0.02 0.02
B1 0.9 T
H1 75 A - t/m
ab H1l1 75 0.06 4.5 A - t
H2
H 2 25 A - t/m
ab
4.5
25 A - t/m
l2
(6 6 6)10 2
B2 0.3 T
2 B2 A2 0.3 0.02 0.02 1.2 10 4 Wb
..
2558
24
(Magnetic Circuits)
1 2 (3.6 10 4 ) (1.2 10 4 ) 4.8 10 4 Wb
B 1.2 T
H 250 A - t/m
4.8 10 4
1.2 T
0.02 0.02
H l 250 0.18 45 A - t
300
N i ab 45 4.5 49.5 A - t
ab
49.5
0.165 A
N
300
2.7 (Rotor) (Stator)

, N 1000 turns , g 1 cm Ag 2000 cm2

I 10 A
2
N i 2 g
Ni
Bg
0 Ag
2g
Ag
2g
o Ag
1000 10 4 10 -7 0.2
0.13 Wb
2 0.01
0.13
0.65 T
0.2
2.4 (AC Excitation of Magnetic Circuits)

2.9 )
R I V
2.9 )

I
Irms
Z
i

R
+
+
+
R
v
V
R Vrms v
Z
+
_
_
_
L
jXL
e
(
L)
_
2.9 )
)
) )
2.9
..
2558
(Magnetic Circuits)
25
R e (Induced
voltage) j L v

N
e v N
d
d
dt
dt
(2-22)
( N , Flux linkages) - (Wb-t) (Polarity)

(Lenzs law)

()

(2-23)
(t ) m sin t
e N
d
Nm cos t Em cos t
dt
Vrms Erms
Em
2
N m
2
(2-24)
(2-25)
4.44 N f m
( R )
(Applied voltage) V m

m Bm Ac
(2-26)
Vrms
4.44 N f

(Exciting current i ) (2-26)
(Volts per turn)
(2-27)
Vrms
4.44 f Ac Bm
N
Bm
(2-27)

(2-27)
(2-27)

..
2558
26
(Magnetic Circuits)
) Ac Bm
( Bm )
) Ac Bm
( Bm )
)
Bm ( Ac Bm )
Bm
2.8

()
(2-27) Bm Bm
Bm

2.9 2.6 400

) 0.0025 sin 314t Wb
Erms
Erms Vrms 4.44 N f m 4.44 400 50 0.0025 222 V
) v 250 cos 314t V

Vrms
250
2
176 .8 V
176 .8
0.002 Wb
4.44 400 50
2.5 (Core Loss)

2.9 )
H () H m Bm H
() B H
H B (Residual flux
density Br ) 2.10 )
Br
(Permanent magnet) Br H c ()
H c (Coercive force) H
..
2558
(Magnetic Circuits)
27
H m Bm
H Br H c ()
Br B
Bm
(Hysteresis loop) 2.10 )
i
2.11 ) (Soft)
(Hard)
Flux density B (T)
Br
Ressidual
flux density
Initial
magnetization
curve
Hc
Bm
Hc
H (A m)
Coercive force
Bm
Br
H m
Hm
)
e
1
i1
i3
2
1
i2
t1 t2
t3 t4
t
i4
i4
i
i 2
i3 1
)
2.10
..
2558
28
(Magnetic Circuits)
Soft
Hard
H
2.11
(Demagnetization) (Demagnetization by
reversals) H H
B 2.11 )
i

Pc (Core loss)
2
(Hysteresis loss) (Eddy currents loss)

B-H 2.12
0 - 1 0 - 1 B

1 - 2 1 - 2
B ( 0 - 1 ) (
0 - 1 - 2 - 0 )
B - B

2.10 )

Ph
2.12
(2-28)
x
Ph K h f Bmax
..
2558
(Magnetic Circuits)
29
K h x Steinmetz's index 1.0 3.0

x B
1.6
Pe i 2 R
2.13 )

( e d dt )
( i e Rcore )
( i 2 Rcore e2 Rcore )
2.13 ) 2

)
)
)
2.13
2.13 )
Pe,1
2 2.13 )
Pe,2
6 2.13 )
Pe,6
Pe, n
e2
Rcore
(2-29)
e 22 e 22
2 Rcore
2 Rcore
e2
4 Rcore
(2-30)
e2
36Rcore
(2-31)
e2
(2-32)
n Rcore

(Thin laminations)
(2-32)

(2-33)
2
Pe K e f 2 Bmax
K e (2-28)
(2-33)
(2-34)
x
2
Pc Ph Pe K h f Bmax
Ke f 2 Bmax
..
2558
30
(Magnetic Circuits)
2.6 (Inductance)
1

( L ) 2.6 i
( N ) (2-22)

v e
d
d
d di
di
N
N
L
dt
dt
di dt
dt
(2-35)
( L )
LN
d
d
di
di
(2-36)
1 H 1 A/s
1 V
i
L
i
i
(2-37)

2.6
N
(Self Inductance)
L
N N Bc Ac N 2 Bc Ac N 2 Ac N 2
i
i
H c lc
lc
c
(2-38)
L N 2 c
c L 2.14 )
L 2.7

L
N2
c g
(2-39)
c
L
N2
N2
g
lg
0 Ag
N 2 0 Ag
(2-40)
lg
N2
l g 2.14 )
..
2558
(Magnetic Circuits)
31
Inductance L
Inductance L
Non-linear
Linear
i
2.14
2.10 2.6 N 150 turns , Ac 25 cm2 lc 60 cm i 6 A
Bc 1.5 T
)
)
N Bc Ac
150 1.5 25 10 4 93.75 10 3 mH
N
6
i
i
150 2 2.4 10 5 A - t/Wb

N2
L
93.75 10 3
2.11 N
2 g1 g 2 A1 A2

)
) B1 Gap 1

2
N i 1
1 2
g1
0 A1
g2
0 A2
A
A
L 0 N 2 1 2
g
g
2
1
2
N
N 2 1
i
1 2
A Ni
Ni
0 1
1
g1
Gap 1
B1
1
A1
0 N i
g1
..
2558
32
(Magnetic Circuits)
2.12 2.7 Ac Ag 9 cm2 , lg 0.05 cm , lc 30 cm N 500 turns

) r 72,300 Bc 1.0 T
) r 2,900 Bc 1.8 T
r 72,300 ,
r 2,900 ,
lg
0 Ag
lc
r 0 Ac
L
lc
4 10 9 10
7
0.3
72,300 4 10
4.42 10 5
9 10
4
At
Wb
At
Wb
3.67 10 3
500 2
N2
0.561 H
c g
4.46 10 5
r 0 Ac
L
0.05 10 2
0.3
9.15 10
2,900 4 10 9 10
7
At
Wb
500 2
N2
0.468 H
c g
5.34 10 5
( 72,300 2,900 ) 25
( 0.468 0.561 ) 0.83

100 r 100,000

%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%
2.7
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
disp(' ');
disp('
2.7 '); disp(' ');
disp(' ');
BalV=input(' ? ( 1=Yes, 2=No ) ');
Mu_0=4*pi*10^-7;
disp(' ');
N=input([' ',' = ']);
Iin=input([' ',' = ']);
if BalV==2
disp('
');
..
2558
(Magnetic Circuits)
33
lm=input([' ',' = ']);

Am=input([' ',' = ']);
Mu_m=input([' ',' = ']);
elseif BalV==1
Reluc_m=0;
end
disp(' ');
lg=input(['',' = ']);
Ag=input([' ',' = ']);
Linduc=N*N/( Reluc_g+ Reluc_m);
flux=N*Iin/( Reluc_g+ Reluc_m);
Bg=flux/Ag;
disp(' '); disp([' = ' num2str(Linduc) ]);
disp(' '); disp([' = ' num2str(flux) ]);
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%

(Mutually coupled)
(Mutual inductance) 2.15 i
() L11 L22
L11
11
i1
L22
22
(2-41)
i2
11 1 i1 22
2 i2 L12 L21
+
v1
21
i1
11
i2 0
l1
N1 turns
N 2 turns
+
v 2 open
i1 0
i2
v1 open N1 turns
l2
N 2 turns
22
12
)
+
v1
21
i1
11
i2
l1
N1 turns
l2
N 2 turns
22
+
v2
12
)
2.15
..
2558
+
v2
34
(Magnetic Circuits)
L12
12
i2
L21
21
(2-42)
i1
12 1 i2 2 21
2 i1 1
i1 1 2 2.15 )
11
11
N1
21
21
(2-43)
N2
N1 N 2 1 2 1
2 (Leakage flux) 1
l 1 11 21
(2-44)
l 2 22 12
(2-45)
2.15 )
1.26 ) (Coefficient of coupling)

k
(2-46)
k1 k2
k1 21 11 k 2 12 22 2.15 ) 0 k 1 k 1
2
M L12 L21 k
(2-47)
L11 L22
2.13 2 500
1 2000 A/s 20 V
2
)
) k 1 25 mH
(2-35) (2-36) 2
e2 N 2
20
0.01 H
2000
L11 L22 0.025 H
M k
d21
d di
di
N 2 21 1 M 1
dt
di1 dt
dt
(2-47)
L11 L22
0.01
0.4
0.025
..
2558
(Magnetic Circuits)
35
2.16 i1 i2
N1 N 2
N1 i1 N 2 i2
(2-48)

( k 1 )
N1 i1 N 2 i2
0 Ac
g
(2-49)
2.16
0 Ac
g
1 N1 N12
A
i1 N1 N 2 0 c
i2
(2-50)
(2-51)
1 L11 i1 L12 i2 11 12
0 Ac
L11 N12
1 2
L12 N1 N 2
(2-52)
0 Ac
(2-53)
2
0 Ac
g
2 N 2 N1 N 2
A
i1 N 22 0 c
i2
(2-54)
(2-55)
2 L21 i1 L22 i2 21 22
0 Ac
L22 N 22
2 1
L21 L12 N1 N 2
(2-56)
0 Ac
(2-57)
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%
2 ( 2.16)
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
disp(' ');
disp(' 2 '); disp(' ');
disp(' ');
BalV=input('
? ( 1=Yes, 2=No )
');
Mu_0=4*pi*10^-7;
disp(' ');
N1=input([' 1 ',' = ']);
Iin1=input(['
1',' = ']);
disp(' ');
..
2558
36
(Magnetic Circuits)
N2=input([' 2 ',' = ']);

Iin2=input(['
2',' = ']);
if BalV==2
disp('
');
lm=input([' ',' = ']);
Am=input([' ',' = ']);
Mu_m=input([' ',' = ']);

elseif BalV==1
Reluc_m=0;
end
');
lg=input(['',' = ']);
Ag=input([' ','
disp('
= ']);

flux=abs(N1*Iin1+N2*Iin2)/( Reluc_g+ Reluc_m);
Bg=flux/Ag;
L1=N1*flux/Iin1;
L2=N2*flux/Iin2;
disp(' '); disp([' 1 = ' num2str(L1) ]);
disp(' '); disp([' 2 = ' num2str(L2) ]);
disp(' '); disp([' = ' num2str(flux) ]);
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
2.1
2.6 Cast Steel 200 4 cm2

15 cm 0.525 A
3 10 4 Wb, 853, 3.5 105 A-t/Wb
2.2
2.4 2 l g
2 mm, 3 mm, 4 mm 5 mm
3.6 A 3.18 A, 5.18 A 4.77 A, 6.77 A 6.36 A, 8.37 A 7.96 A
2.3
2.5 Silicon Steel Armco Iron

r,ss 2000 r,ai 8000
) g () ss ai
)
) 2 10 5 A - t/Wb , 8 10 4 A - t/Wb , 7.5 10 3 A - t/Wb ) 1.95 A
..
2558
(Magnetic Circuits)
cm
8 cm
2
5 cm
cm
10
400
16
300
0.07
30
10
8
8
16
16
37
10
2.4
30
2.5
2.4

1.1 T
) Silicon Steel ) Armco Iron ) 0.612 A ) 0.18 A
2.5
Armco Iron
0.6 T
0.3 T, 1.28 A
2.6
5 A 100 2.5 mWb

0.25 Wb-t, 0.05 H
2.7
2.7
28.6 A
2.8
2.7 N 500 turns , Ac 9 cm 2 , Ag 9 cm2 , lc 50 cm , l g 1 mm

Ferromagnetic 0.283 H
2.9
2.8 250 750

0.0707 H, 0.637 H
B g 0.9 T
N 500 turns
2.10 2.8 2 mm 4 mm
0.142 H, 0.0707 H
2.11 2.5 200 1.5 A
0.75 mWb
0.1 H
..
2558
38
(Transformers)
Transformers

( Vinput Iinput Voutput Ioutput )
(AC excitation) 2.4
(Induced voltage)
2 (High voltage winding, H.V.)
(Low voltage winding, L.V.)
(Input) (Primary winding) (Output)
(Secondary winding)
3.1 (Construction of Transformers)

2 (Core)
() (Windings)
2 (Core type) (Shell type)
3.1

Laminated cores
Windings
Windings
Laminated cores
H.V. winding
H.V. winding
L.V. winding
L.V. winding
(core type)
(shell type)
3.1
..
2558
(Transformers)
39

3.2 3.3
Primary lines
Transformers
Platform
Insulators
Distribution
transformers
Secondary
service wire
3.2
115,000 V
Transmission
20,000 V
2300
V
Generating station
Step-up
transformer
Industrial
customer
Step-down
transformer
33,000 V
Transmission
Transmission
substation
380 V
Industrial
customer
Step-down
transformer
Step-down
transformer
11,000 V
Transmission
Distribution
substation
Step-down
transformer
Commercial
customer
220
V
Step-down
transformer
220 V
Step-down
transformer
Commercial
customer
11,000 V
Transmission
220
V
Farm-rural
customer
Step-down
transformer
Step-down
transformer
220
V
Residential
customer
3.3
..
2558
40
(Transformers)
3.2 (Voltage Relations)

3.4 )
(Mutual flux)
i
+
v1
_
+
e1
_
E1
E2
90o
N1 N2
e2
v2
, Ac
3.4
N1 v1
N 2 (Open-circuited) N1
i (Exciting current) (2-23)
e1 N1
d
N1 m cos t
dt
(3-1)
e2 N 2
d
N 2 m cos t
dt
(3-2)
e1 e2
() 3.4 ) E1 E2 rms
Bm Ac
E1 4.44 N1 f m 4.44 N1 f Bm Ac
(3-3)
E2 4.44 N 2 f m 4.44 N 2 f Bm Ac
(3-4)
(Voltage ratio)
(3-5)
E1 N1
a
E2 N 2
a (Turn ratio)
3.4 ) 90
3.4 )
V1 R1 I E1
(3-6)
V2 E 2
(3-7)
..
2558
(Transformers)
41
R1 R1 I (3-6)
V1 E1 (3-7)
V2 E2
(3-8)
V1
E
N
1 1 a
V2
E2
N2
V1
V2
rms (Terminal voltage)
3.3 (Current Relations)

(No-load) 3.4 )

V1I (Exciting power)
(W)
I1
I2
+
+
V1 E1
_
_
+
E2
_
S
+
V2
_
ZL
3.5
3.5 Z L S
I2
(3-9)
V2
ZL
Z L I 2 N 2 I 2
( N1 I ) N 2 I 2 N1 I
E1 I2
N1 I2 N 2 I 2
N1 I N2 I 2 N1 I2 N1 I
(3-10)
N 2 I 2 N1 I 2
(3-11)
I 2
N
1
2
I2
N1
a
(3-12)
(3-12) I 2 I2

..
2558
(Transformers)
42

(3-13)
I1 I I2
V2 I 2

V1 I1
P1 V1 I1 cos 1
(3-14)
P2 V2 I 2 cos 2
(3-15)
P1 P2 cos 1
cos 2 Z L
( )

(Ideal transformer)

. ( )
( i 0 )
. (Leakage flux)
.
.

(Voltage ratio)
(Current ratio) (Impedance ratio)
(3-8)
V1
E
N
1 1 a
V2
E2
N2
(3-16)
(3-12) (3-13)
I2
N
1 a
I1
N2
(3-17)
(3-16) (3-17)
(3-18)
V1 I1* V2 I*2
Z1
Z 2
(3-19)
Z1
a2
Z2
(Actual transformer)
i
..
2558
(Transformers)
43
3.1 1000 VA, 400 / 200 V, 50 Hz

50 Hz 2
400 V 200 V
1000 VA ( VH .V . I H .V . VL.V . I L.V . 1000 VA )
I H .V .
1000 VA
2.5 A
400 V
I L.V .
1000 VA
5.0 A
200 V
400/200 V
400 V 2.5 A
200 V 5.0 A Step-down
200/400 V 200 V
5.0 A 400 V 2.5 A
Step-up
Step-down transformer
1000 VA, 400 / 200 V, 2.5 / 5.0 A, 50 Hz
Step-up transformer
1000 VA, 200 / 400 V, 5.0 / 2.5 A, 50 Hz
3.2 10 kVA, 2400/240 V, 50 Hz Armco iron Bm

1.2 T Ac 7.51 10 3 m 2
) )
V E 4.44 N f m 4.44 N f Bm Ac
N1
N2
a
2400
4.44 50 1.2 7.51 10 3
240
4.44 50 1.2 7.51 10 3
1200
turns
120
turns
V1
N
2400
1200
1
10
V2
240
N2
120
I1
10000
4.167 A
2400
I2
N
41 .67
1200
1
10
I1
4.167
N2
120
I2
10000
41.67 A
240
3.3 50 kVA, 2000 / 500 V, 50 Hz 500 V

0.8 p.f. lagging

I2
P2 50000 0.8 40000 W
50000
100 A
500
..
2558
44
(Transformers)
3.4 (Equivalent Circuits of Transformer)

V1 I (W)
(Core loss)
I 2
I m (Magnetizing current)

I c (Core loss current)
E1 3.6
E1
Ic
E2
c
Im
I
3.6
3.6 I E1 c
I I c I m
(3-20)
I c I cosc
(3-21)
I m I sinc
(3-22)
(Node) (3-20) 2
I c Rc (Equivalent core loss resistance)
Ic
(3-23)
E1
Rc
I m X m (Equivalent magnetizing
reactance)
Im
(3-24)
E1
jX m
(3-23) (3-24) 3.7

I
+
E1
Ic
Rc
Im
jX m
3.7
..
2558
(Transformers)
Pc
45
(W)
(3-25)
Pc E1I cosc E1I c V1I cosc V1 I c
3.8 ) Z L
l
3.8 ) )
I1
+
+
V1 E1
_
_
I2
l1
+
E2
_
l2
+
V2
_
ZL
)
I1
R1
l1
+
V1
_
l2
+
E1
_
R2
+
E2
_
N1 N2
I2
+
V2 ZL
_
)
I1
R1
jXl1
+
V1
_
+
E1
_
R2
jXl2
+
E2
_
N1 N2
I2
+
V2 ZL
_
)
3.8
(Exact equivalent circuit) 3.9
Rc
Xm
: Core loss resistance

: Magnetizing reactance
3.9 ) 3.10
: Primary resistance
X l1 : Primary leakage reactance
R1
R2
X l2
: Secondary resistance
: Secondary leakage reactance
V2 a V2
(3-26)
R2 a 2 R2
(3-27)
X l2 a 2 X l 2
(3-28)
E1 a E2 E2 V2 I2 R2 jX l2
V1 E1 I1 R1 jX l1
(3-29)
..
(3-30)
2558
46
(Transformers)
R1
R1
jX l1
I2
jX l1
+ +
I1
V1
Ic
V1
E1
I1
Im
Rc
jX m
- -
E1
)
I2
jX l1
R1
jX l 2
N1 N 2
I1
Ic
V1
Im
Rc
R2
E1
jX m
I2
E2
V2
Ideal
)
jX l2
jX l1
R1
I1
Ic
V1
I2
Im
Rc
R2
V2
jXm
3.9
V1
E1 = E'2
Ic
I1R1
jI1Xl1
jI'2X'l2
I'2
V'2
I'2R'2
Im
I
I1
3.10
(Approximate equivalent circuit) 3.11
3.11 ) 3.12
Req1 R1 R2 R1 a 2 R2
(3-31)
X eq1 X l1 X l2 X l1 a 2 X l2
(3-32)
V1 V2 I2 Req1 jX eq1
..
(3-33)
2558
(Transformers)
I1
I2
R1
jX l2
jX l1
R2
I
Ic
V1
47
Im
Rc
V2
jX m
)
I1
Req1
jX eq1
I
Ic
V1
I2
Im
Rc
V2
jXm
)
3.11
V1
Ic
jI'2Xeq1
V'2
I'2
I'2Req1
Im
I
I1
3.12
3.9 3.11 V2
V1 Voltage regulation
% Voltage regulation
V1 V2
100
V2
(3-34)
3.5 (Transformer Efficiency)

2 Pc
Pcu (Copper losses) (No-load)
I2 R1
( 5% ) R1
(On-load) 2

I 1 I 2
3.9
Pcu I12 R1 I 22 R2
3.11
Pcu I 2 2 R1 I 2 2 R2
,
,
Pcu I12 R1 I 2 2 R2
(3-35)
Pcu I 2 2 Req
(3-36)
..
2558
48
(Transformers)
Poutput
Pinput Pc Pcu
P2 Poutput
P1
Pinput
Poutput Pc Pcu
Pinput
(3-37)

(
Pc )
Pcu
(Distribution
transformer) (All-day
or energy efficiency) (Load cycle) 1 (24 )
All - day
Energyoutput 24 hours
Energyinput 24 hours
Energyoutput 24 hours
(3-38)
Energyoutput Energy losses 24 hours
3.4 500 kVA, 2400/480 V, 50 Hz

(H.V.) R1 0.058 , X l1 0.29 , Rc 2000 , X m 400
(L.V.) R2 0.002 , X l2 0.012
0.866 p.f. lagging
) ) % Voltage regulation )
a
2400
5
480
0.866 p.f. lagging

V2 480 0 V ,
V2 2400 0 V
I 2 1040 30 A ,
I2 208 30 A
X l2 a 2 X l 2 25 0.012 0.3
2440 j 49 2440 .51.15 V
3-29
E1 a E2 E2 V2 I2 R2 jX l2
3-20
I I c I m
I 1.34 j 6.08 6.23 77.57
I1 I I2 6.23 77.57 + 208 30 213 31.2
V1 E1 I1 R1 jX l1
% Voltage regulation
2440 j 49 2440 j 49
2000
j 400
L cos1 0.866 30
R2 a 2 R2 25 0.002 0.05
2482 .5 j95.5 24832.2 V
cos 31.2 2.2 cos 33.4 0.832
V1 V2
2483 2400
100
100 3.46
V2
2400
..
2558
(Transformers)
Poutput V2 I 2 cos 30 480 1040 0.866 432300
Pinput V1I1 cos 33.4 2483 213 0.832 440000
Core loss
Pc E1I cos 77.57 +1.15 2440 .5 6.23 0.196 2974
Copper losses
Pcu I12 R1 I 22 R2 213 2 0.058 1040 2 0.002 4795
W
W
432300
432300
100 98.25 %
100
432300 2974 4795
440000
Single-phase
Transformer
500 kVA
2400/480 V, 50 Hz
V1 2483 V
I1 213 A
V2 480 V
I2 1040 A
Pin 440000 W
Load
0.866 p.f.
lagging
Pout 432300 W
Losses 2974 + 4975 W
0.832 p.f. lagging
Efficiency 98.25 %
3.5 500 kVA, 2400/480 V, 50 Hz 3.4

(Approximate equivalent circuit)
Req1
I1
I
V1
Rc
R2 a 2 R2 25 0.002 0.05
jX eq1
Req1 R1 R2 0.058 0.05 0.108
I2
V2
jXm
X l2 a 2 X l 2 25 0.012 0.3
X eq1 X l1 X l2 0.29 0.3 0.59
3-33
V1 V2 I2 Req1 jX eq1
V1 2480 .84 j 95.08 2482 .72.19 V
.7 2400
100 3.45 %
% Voltage regulation V1VV2 24822400
2
V12 2482.7 2
=
3080
Rc
2000
core loss
Pc
copper losses
Pcu I 22 Req 208 2 0.108 4670
W
W
432000
100 98.24 %
432000 3080 4670
..
2558
49
50
(Transformers)
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%
%
%
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
clear;
disp(' ');
disp(' '); disp(' ');
disp(' ');
');
st=input(['
',' = ']);
v1=input(['
',' = ']);
v2=input(['
',' = ']);
disp(' ');
sl=input(['
',' = ']);
v2L=input(['
',' = ']);
pf=input([' ',' = ']);
pflaglead=input(' ? ( 1=lagging,
disp('
2=leading )
');
? ( 1= , 2= )
');
if pflaglead==1
zeta=acos(-pf)
elseif pflaglead==2
zeta=acos(pf)
end
a=v1/v2;
i2=sl/v2L;
BalV=input('
if BalV==1
disp('
');
r1=input([' ',' = ']);
xl1=input([' ',' = ']);
rc=input([' ',' = ']);
xm=input([' ',' = ']);
r2=input([' ',' = ']);
xl2=input(['
',' = ']);
v21=a*v2L;
i21=i2/a*(cos(zeta)+i*sin(zeta));
e1=v21+i21*(r2+i*xl2);
iphi=e1/rc+e1/(i*xm);
i1=i21+iphi;
v1=i1*(r1+i*xl1)+e1;
elseif BalV==2
disp(' ');
req=input([' ',' = ']);
xeq=input([' ',' = ']);
rc=input([' ',' = ']);
xm=input([' ',' = ']);
..
2558
(Transformers)
51
v21=a*v2L;
i21=i2/a*(cos(zeta)+i*sin(zeta));
v1=v21+i21*(req+i*xeq);
iphi=v1/rc+v1/(i*xm);
i1=i21+iphi;
end
p1=real(v1*i1);
p2=real(v21*i21);
eff=p2*100/p1;
vr=(v1-v21)*100/v21;
disp(' '); disp(['
disp(' ');
disp(' ');
= ' num2str(p1) ]);

disp([' = ' num2str(p2) ]);
disp([' = ' num2str(eff)
%]);
disp(' '); disp(['%Voltage regulation = ' num2str(vr) ]);

%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
3.6 (Transformer Tests)

3.6.1 (Polarity Test)
3.13
3.14 ) )

(Autotransformer)
I1
I2
H1
X1
+
E1
V1
E2
V2
H2
X2
3.13 ( H : High side, X : Low side )

X1
V1
H1
+
E1
E2
+
V2
V1
H2
E1
V2
E2
X2
X1
H1
H2
X2
V
) Subtractive polarity (
V V1 V2
) Additive polarity (
V V1 V2
3.14
..
2558
52
(Transformers)
3.6.2 (Determination of Equivalent Circuit Parameters)

(Open-circuit) (Short-circuit)

3.6.2.1 (Open-Circuit Test)
3.15 )
() ( Voc )
( Ioc ) ( Poc )
I oc
I
Ic
Voc
AC
source
Rc
Im
Xm
)
3.15
3.15 ) Voc E1
Poc Voc Ioccosoc
cosoc
Poc
Voc I oc
I c I oc cosoc
Rc
2
Voc
Poc
(Core loss resistance)
(Core loss)
(3-39)
(No-load p.f.)
(3-40)
(3-41)
I m I ocsinoc
Xm
Voc
Im
(Magnetizing reactance)
(3-42)
3.6.2.2 (Short-Circuit Test)

3.16 )
( )
( Vsc ) ( I sc ) ( Psc )
I sc
Req
Xeq
+
Vsc
AC
source
)
3.16
..
2558
(Transformers)
3.16 )
(Full-load copper losses)
Psc Vsc I sc cos sc
Zeq
Req
Psc
2
I sc
53
(3-43)
(3-44)
Vsc
I sc
X eq
(3-45)
2
2
Z eq
Req
()

(Step-up Transformer, a 1 )
()
'
Req
a 2 Req 2
(3-46)
'
X eq
a 2 X eq 2
(3-47)
(Step-down Transformer, a 1 )

()
Rc' a 2 Rc 2
(3-48)
'
Xm
a 2 X m2
(3-49)
Voltage regulation
(3-33)
()

3.6 50 kVA, 2400/240 V, 50 Hz
: 240 V 5.41 A 186 W
: 48 V 20.8 A 617 W
240 V, 0.8 p.f. lagging
)
) % Voltage regulation )
50000 20.8 A
2400
50000
208 A
240

cosoc
Poc
Poc
186
=0.143
Voc I oc 240 5.41
I m I ocsinoc 5.41 0.989 5.35 A
Rc
2
Voc
2402
=309.7
Poc
186
Xm
240
44.86
5.35
Rc a 2 309.7 30970
X m a 2 44.86 4486
..
2558
186 W
54
(Transformers)

Zeq
Vsc
48
2.31
I sc 20.8
Req
Psc
2
I sc
617
20.82
1.42
Psc
617 W
2
2
X eq Z eq
Req
2.312 1.42 2 1.82
) ()
I1
1.42
0.541 A
2400 V
30970
j1.82
I2
0.8 p.f. lagging
V2
j4486
cos 10.8 36.9
V1 V2 I2 Req jX eq 2446 .4 j12.5 2446 .40.3 V
) % Voltage regulation
V1 V2 2446 .4 2400
100 2 %
V2
2400
Poutput V2 I 2 cos 36.9 V2 I 2 cos 36.9 50000 0.8 40000
Losses = core loss + copper losses = 186 + 617 = 803 W

)
40000
100 98 %
40000 803
3.7 200 kVA, 20,000/2,400 V, 50 Hz

38.2 j140 ()
0.25 j1.0 0.9 p.f. lagging 2,300 V
) )
38.2 + j140
0.25 + j1.0
0.55 + j2.02
Load 2,300 V
190 kW
0.9 p.f. lagging
V
source
Is
Vs
source
Load 2,300 V
190 kW
0.9 p.f. lagging
0.25 + j1.0
2,400
Zline
38.2 j140 0.55 j 2.02
20,000
Pload
190 ,000
91 .8 A ,
Vs p.f. 2,300 0.9
I s 91.8 25.8 A
Vsource
Vs I s Zline I s Zeq
Vsource
2300 0 91.8 25.8 2.0974.8 91.8 25.8 1.0375.9 2496 5.0 V
Copper loss
)
Pcu ,total I s2 Req Rline 2,100 4,600 6700 W

Poutput
Poutput Pcu , total
190 ,000
100 96.6 %
190 ,000 6,700
..
2558
(Transformers)
55
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
clear;
disp(' ');
disp(' '); disp(' ');
disp('
'); disp(' ');
disp(' ');
disp(' ');
st=input(['
',' = ']);
v1=input(['
',' = ']);
v2=input(['
',' = ']);
disp(' ');
a=v1/v2;
disp('
');
po=input(['',' = ']);
vo=input(['',' = ']);
io=input(['',' = ']);
disp(' ');
disp(' ');
ps=input(['',' = ']);
vs=input(['',' = ']);
is=input(['',' = ']);
BalV=input('
? ( 1 =
2 =
if BalV==1
rcl=vo^2/po;
im=io*sin(acos(po/(voio)));
xml=vo/im;
reqh=ps/is^2;
zsh=vs/is;
xeqh=sqrt(zsh^2-reqh^2);
reql=a^2*reqh;
xeql=a^2*xeqh;
disp(' '); disp(' ' );
disp('
disp('
disp('
disp('
');
');
');
');
disp(['Rc = ' num2str(rcl) 'ohm' ]);

disp(['Xm = ' num2str(xml) 'ohm' ]);
disp(['Req(refer LV) = ' num2str(reql) 'ohm' ]);
disp(['Xeq(refer LV) = ' num2str(xeql) 'ohm' ]);
elseif BalV==2
rcl=vo^2/po;
im=io*sin(acos(po/(voio)));
xml=vo/im;
reqh=ps/is^2;
zsh=vs/is;
xeqh=sqrt(zsh^2-reqh^2);
rch=rcl/a^2;
xmh=xml/a^2;
disp(' '); disp(' ' );
disp('
disp('
disp('
disp('
');
');
');
');
disp(['Rc (refer HV) = ' num2str(rch) 'ohm' ]);

disp(['Xm (refer HV)= ' num2str(xmh) 'ohm' ]);
disp(['Req = ' num2str(reqh) 'ohm']);
disp(['Xeq = ' num2str(xeqh) 'ohm']);
end
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
..
2558
) ');
56
(Transformers)
3.7 (Autotransformers)
2 (Two-winding) 3.17

2 Vab Vcd I ab I cd
(3-50)
Vab I1 Vab I ab Vcd I 2 Vcd I cd
a
I1
c
I2
Vab
Iab
Icd
Vcd
d
3.17 2
2
(Single-winding) 3.18 3.19

2
I c (Common current) 3.18 (Step-up)
(3-51)
I1 I c I 2 I ab I cd
3.18 ) Vab Vab Vcd
I1 I 2 I ab I cd I cd

(3-52)
Vab I ab I cd Vab Vcd I cd
3.18 ) Vcd Vab Vcd
I1 I 2 I ab I cd I ab

(3-53)
Vcd I ab I cd Vab Vcd I ab

a
c
I2
I2
Vcd
I1
Vab
Vab
+ Vcd
c
Vab
Vab
I1
Ic
Ic
Vcd
b
+ Vcd
3.18 (Step-up) 2
..
2558
(Transformers)
a
I1
I1
Vcd
I2
d
Vab
57
Vab
a
+ Vcd
Vab
+ Vcd
I2
b
Vab
Ic
Vcd
Ic
n
3.19 (Step-down) 2
3.19 (Step-down)
(3-54)
I 2 I c I1 I ab I cd
3.19 ) Vab Vcd
Vab
Vab Vcd I cd
3.19 ) Vab Vcd
Vcd
I1 I 2 I cd
I ab I cd
(3-55)
Vab I ab I cd
I1 I 2 I ab
I ab I cd
(3-56)
Vab Vcd I ab Vcd I ab I cd
3.8 2 50 kVA, 2400/240 V, 50 Hz

) 2400/2640 V
) 2640/240 V
a
20.8 A
2400 V
208 A
240 V
VH 2400
V X 240
V,
V,
IH
50000
20.8 A
2400
IX
50000
208 A
240
d
b
) 2400/2640 V
c
208 A
I1
V1 V2 VH VH V X 2400 2400 240 2400 2640 V
240 V
d
2400 + 240 = 2640 V

2400 V
(Step-up)
I 2 I X 208 A
I c I H 20.8 A
I1 I 2 I c 208 20.8 228 .8 A
20.8 A
V1I1 2400 228 .8 550 kVA
V2 I 2 2640 208 550 kVA
..
2558
58
(Transformers)
) 2640/240 V
(Step-down)
V1 V2 VH V X V X 2400 240 240 2640 240 V
20.8 A
2400 V
I1 I H 20.8 A
2400 + 240 = 2640 V
b
I c I X 208 A
I2
I 2 I1 I c 20.8 208 228 .8 A
240 V
208 A
n
V1I1 2640 20.8 55 kVA
V2 I 2 240 228 .8 55 kVA

(Single-winding) 3.20
Vo8
Vo7
Vo6
Vi2
Input
Vi1
Output
Vo2
Vo1
n
3.20 ( )
3.8 (Instrument Transformers)

3.8.1 (Potential Transformer PT)

(Voltage ratio) 6600 /110 V, 3300/110 V 3.21
(3-57)
V1
N1
V2
N2
Primary terminals
PT
V1
H.V.
N1
V2
N2
Load
Coil
Secondary terminals
3.21 PT (Voltmeter 110 V)

..
2558
(Transformers)
59
3.8.2 (Current Transformer CT)

(Current ratio) 100/5 A , 200 / 5 A 3.22
(3-58)
I1 N 2
I 2 N1
I1
Secondary
terminals
N1
CT
I2
N2
Load
Primary
cable
3.22 CT (Ammeter 5 A)

3.9 (Three-phase Transformers)

(Balanced
three-phase system) 3 (Bank)
4
3.9.1 Y Y (Star-star Connection)
Balanced
Primary
Secondary
IA
Ia
IB
Ib
IN
In
IC
Ic
Balanced
3-phase
Source
3-phase
3.23
Load
YY
..
2558
60
(Transformers)
3.23 3.24 Y Y
Phase voltage
VAN V AN 0
Phase voltage
Van Van 0 ,
VBN VBN 120 ,
VCN VCN 240
(3-59)
Vbn Vbn 120 ,
Vcn Vcn 240
(3-60)
V AN VBN VCN ,
Line voltage
VAB V AB 30 ,
Line voltage
Vab Vab 30
(3-61)
Van Vbn Vcn
VBC VBC 90 ,
VCA VCA 210
(3-62)
Vbc Vbc 90 ,
Vca Vca 210
(3-63)
V AB VBC VCA ,
(3-64)
Vab Vbc Vca
VAB 3 V AN 30 , Vab 3 Van 30
(3-65)
Line current = Phase current

I A I AN 0 ,
VCA
I B I BN 120 ,
I A I B I C I AN I BN I CN
(3-67)
I A I B IC I N 0
(3-68)
- VBN
VCN
(3-66)
I C I CN 240
VAB
Vca
- VAN
VAN
- Vbn
Vcn
- Van
Van
- Vcn
Vbn
- VCN
VBN
Vab
Vbc
Ic
IC
VBC
Ia
IA
IB
Ib
3.24 Y Y
I a I na 0 ,
I b I nb 120 ,
(3-69)
I c I nc 240
I a I b I c I na I nb I nc
(3-70)
I a Ib Ic I n 0
(3-71)
3.24 VAB I A (line) Vab I a (line)
..
2558
(Transformers)
3.9.2
IA
(Delta-delta Connection)
Secondary
IB
Ia
Iac
IAB
ICA
3-phase
Primary
Balanced
Iba
Balanced
IBC
Source
IC
61
Icb
Ib
Ic
3-phase
Load
3.25
VCA
Vca
Vab
VAB
Vbc
Ic
VBC
IC
Iac
ICA
- IBC
- IAB
IB
- Iba
IAB
IBC
- Icb
Iba
IA
- ICA
Ib
Icb
- Iac
Ia
3.26
3.25 3.26
Line voltage = Phase voltage

VAB V AB 0
Vab Vab 0 ,
VBC VBC 120 ,
Vbc Vbc 120 ,
V AB VBC VCA
VCA VCA 240
(3-72)
Vca Vca 240
(3-73)
(3-74)
Vab Vbc Vca
..
2558
62
(Transformers)
Phase current
I AB I AB 0 ,
I BC I BC 120 ,
I CA I CA 240
(3-75)
Phase current
I ba I ba 0 ,
I cb I cb 120 ,
I ac I ac 240
(3-76)
I AB I BC I CA ,
(3-77)
I ba I cb I ac
Line current
I A I A 30 ,
I B I B 150 ,
I C I C 270
(3-78)
Line current
I a I a 30 ,
I b I b 150 ,
I c I c 270
(3-79)
I A I B IC ,
(3-80)
I a Ib Ic
I A 3 I AB 30 , I a 3 I ba 30
(3-81)
3.26 VAB I A (line) Vab I a (line)

3.9.3 Y (Delta-star Connection)
IA
Secondary
Ia
Ib
IAB
ICA
IB
Primary
Balanced
3-phase
3-phase
IBC
Source
IC
Balanced
In
Ic
Load
3.27 Y
3.27 3.28 Y
VAB V AB 0
VBC VBC 120 ,
VCA VCA 240
(3-82)
Vab Vab 30
Vbc Vbc 90 ,
Vca Vca 210
(3-83)
I A I A 30 ,
I B I B 150 ,
I C I C 270
(3-84)
I a I a 0 ,
I b I b 120 ,
I c I c 240
(3-85)
(3-82) (3-85) VAB I A (line) Vab I a (line) 30

..
2558
(Transformers)
VCA
- Vbn
Vcn
Vca
- Van
VAB
63
Vab
Van
- Vcn
Vbn
VBC
Vbc
IC
Ic
- IBC
ICA
- IAB
IB
IAB
- ICA
IBC
Ia
IA
Ib
3.28 Y
3.9.4 Y (Star-delta Connection)
Balanced
IA
IB
Primary
Secondary
3-phase
Source
IC
Ia
Ib
Iba
Iac
IN
Balanced
3-phase
Load
Icb
Ic
3.29 Y
3.29 3.30 Y
VAB V AB 30 ,
VBC VBC 90 ,
VCA VCA 210
(3-86)
Vab Vab 0 ,
Vbc Vbc 120 ,
Vca Vca 240
(3-87)
I B I B 120 ,
I C I C 240
(3-88)
I b I b 150 ,
I c I c 270
(3-89)
I A I A 0
I a I a 30 ,
(3-86) (3-89) VAB I A (line) Vab I a (line) 30

..
2558
64
(Transformers)
- VBN
VCN
VCA
- VAN
VAB
Vca
Vab
VAN
Vbc
Ic
- VCN
VBN
IC
Iac
VBC
- Icb
- Iba
IA
Ib
IB
Iba
Icb
- Iac
Ia
3.30 Y
3.9 3 500 kVA,
34.5/13.8 kV

19.9 kV
34.5 kV
34.5 kV
7.97 kV
13.8 kV
7.97 kV
167 kVA
167 kVA
167 kVA
19.9 kV
13.8 kV
167 kVA
YY
3.10 50 kVA, 7200/208 V, 50 Hz Y

Voc 208 V I oc 8.0 A
Poc 500 W

Vsc 370 V
I sc 4.01 A Psc 600 W

a
VH .V ., 1
VL.V ., 1
7200
208
60
Y
Voc, 1
208
3
=120 V
I oc , 1 I oc 8.0 A
Poc, 1
500
=166.7 W
3
..
2558
(Transformers)
sinoc sin (cos1
Rc , L .V .
166.7
) = 0.985
120 8.0
2
Voc
,1
Poc ,1
I m I oc , 1 sinoc 8.0 0.985 7.88 A
1202
86.4
166.7
65
X m, L.V .
Voc , 1
Im
120
15.23
7.88
Rc, H .V . Rc, L.V . a 2 86.4 602 311 k

X m, H .V . X m, L.V . a 2 15.23 602 54.8 k

I sc , 1
Vsc, 1 Vsc 370 V
Zeq, H .V .
Req, H .V .
4.01
3
2.315 A
Poc, 1
600
=200 W
3
370
159.82
2.315
200
2.3152
37.3
X eq, H .V . 159.822 37.32 155.4
Req, L.V .
Req, H .V .
X eq , L.V .
a2
X eq , H .V .
a
37.3
602
0.01036
155.4
602
0.0432
)
37.3
7200 V
311k
j155.4
0.01036
V1
V2
j54.8k
86.4
Y ()

V2 a V2 72000 V
120 V
j15.23
()
V2 1200 V
j0.0432
cos 10.8 36.9
I 2,line I 2, phase
I 2 138.8 36.9 A
I2
50000
3 208
138.8 A
I2
2.315 36.9 A
a
V1 V2 I2 (Req , H .V . jX eq , H .V . ) 72000 2.315 36.9 (37.3 j155.4)
72000 37039.6 7485.1 j 235.8 7488.81.8 V
) % Voltage regulation
V1 V2 7488.8 7200
100 4.01 %
V2
7200
Poutput , 3 50000 0.8 40000 W 50000 0.8 40000
Losses = Core loss + Copper losses = 500 + 600 = 1100 W

)
40000
100 97.32 %
40000 1100
..
2558
66
(Transformers)
3.1
120 720
0.833 A 5.0 A
3.2
5000 VA, 1000/250 V, 50 Hz a

4, 5 A, 20 A
3.3
500 V, 50 Hz 15 A
100 V
75 A, 7500 VA
3.4
3.3
Silicon steel 1.1 T 2.73 10 3 m2
750 , 150
3.5
Silicon steel 1 T
9 10 3 m 2 30 A 1000
120 A 250
2000 V, 500 V, 60 kVA
3.6
3.5
Armco iron 1.3 T
770 , 192
3.7
3.5
Armco iron 1.3 T
6.93 10 3 m2
3.8
N1 200 N 2 40 25 cm2
200 V, 50 Hz
1.8 T
3.9
30 kVA, 150/600 V, 50 Hz 600 V 0.8

leading power factor 96 %
50 A, 24 kW, 1000 W
3.10 200 V 0.75 lagging power factor

4500 W VA
6000 VA, 30 A
3.11 5 1.3425 j6.0755 A
I 2 1040 30 A
I1 212.2 31.2 A
..
2558
(Transformers)
67
3.12 20 kVA, 1000/200 V, 50 Hz 300 W

200 V 0.9 lagging power factor
350 W 96.5 %
3.13 3.12 200 V 0.7
lagging power factor 95.56 %
3.14 vs t 282 .8 sin 377 t V a 0.25
( 50 200 ) is t 7.07 sin 377 t 36.87 A Req 0.05 , X eq 0.225 ,
Rc 75 , X m 20 ()
) )
53.63.2 V , 22.3 40.1 A , 93.4 %
3.15 150 W
2.5 A, 400 V
Magnetizing Core loss current 2.42 A, 0.375 A
3.16 1,000 VA, 230/115 V
Vo 230 V , I o 0.10 A , Po 5.2 W ,
Vs 10.8 V , I s 4.35 A , Ps 11.75 W

) ) 0.8 p.f. lagging
Req 0.155 , X eq 0.60 , Rc 2550 , X m 590
3.17 () 220 V 260 V
2.0 130
3.18 600/200 V 1 kVA,
400/200 V, 50 Hz 1.5 kVA
3.19 Y 30 kVA, 1732/100 V, 50 Hz
10 kVA, 1000/100 V, 10/100 A
3.20 Y 30 kVA, 1000/173.2 V, 50 Hz
10 kVA, 1000/100 V, 10/100 A
3.21 Y 500 kVA, 2300/460 V, 50 Hz
Voc 460 V I oc 40.0 A Poc 3000 W

Psc 2500 W
Vsc 161 V
I sc 125 A
460 V, 0.85 p.f. lagging 98.72 %
..
2558
68
(DC Machines)

DC Machines
- (Electromechanical devices) (Rotating

machines)
(Generator)
(Motor)

() 2 (Stator)
(Rotor) (Air gap)
4.1 (DC Machine Fundamentals)

2
(Field winding)
- (Armature winding)
( )
(Synchronous or induction machines)

(Brushes)
(Commutators) (Commutation)
(Commutating machines)
4.2 (Electromotive Force)

2.5

(Statically induced) 3
..
2558
(DC Machines)
69

(Dynamically induced)

4.1 ) C l
(Uniform) B C B
u dx
dt l dx
l dx B
C
C
u
dt
B
B
u
e

)
)
(Electromotive force, emf)
4.1
(4-1)
B l dx
dx
Bl
Bl u
dt
dt
(4-2)
e ( u B ) l
u (Velocity) C
4.1 )
(4-3)
e B l u sin
Motion
z
u
C
e
age
olt
and
r
cur
Motion
Field
Field
nd
ea
ltag
o
t
V
ren
cur
ent
4.2
e 4.2 )
(Flemings right-hand rule) 4.2 ) )
( 0 )
u
e B
..
2558
(DC Machines)
70
4.1 100 cm
1.5 T 50 m/s
) ) 30
B 1.5 T
l 100 cm 1 m
30
u 50 m/s
4-3
e B l u sin 90
1.5 1 50 1 75 V
e B l u sin 30
1.5 1 50 0.5 37.5 V
4.3 (Electromagnetic Force)

i C l
B 4.3 )

f d i l B
(4-4)
fd B l i
(4-5)
f d (Developed force) (Newton) f d

(Flemings left-hand rule) 4.3 ) ) f d
z
Field
y
l
Field
i
x
rr
Cu
fd
rr
Cu
ent
ent
Force
Force
4.3
4.4 (Energy Conversions)

4.4 ) f d u C e
i e
PE (Electrical power)
PE e i B l u i
fd
(4-6)
..
f d
2558
(DC Machines)
u
fd'
B
e
B
l
y
v i
x
fd
fd
71
) -
) -
4.4
f d
fd

PM f d u f d u B l i u
PM
N-m/s (J/s, W)
(4-7)
4-6 4-7 (Energy conservation)

4.4 ) v i () C f d
u PM
PM f d u B l i u
N-m/s (J/s, W)
(4-8)
e v v
e f d PE
PE e i B l u i
W
(4-9)
4-8 4-9

4.2 50 cm
1.0 T
CD
A
D
AB 8 m/s
ABCD 0.4
50 cm
B
) ABCD
B
C
)
e Bl u 1.0 0.58 4 V
)
)
ABCD
ABCD
PE e i 4 10 40 W
f d B l i 1.0 0.5 10 5 N
PM f d u f d u 5 8 40 N - m/s (J/s, W)
e
4
10 A
R ABCD 0.4
..
2558
72
(DC Machines)
4.5 (Construction of DC Machines)

4.5 B
2 ( N S)
2 B
l 2
(Axis of rotation) B
4.5

4.5
N S

4-6

()
() (
)

v 4.5 (
) N S
(
) 4-8
e v

( ) ()
4.6

..
2558
(DC Machines)
4.6
73
4.7

()
(Split-ring)
(Commutators) (Brush) 4.7 )
( 2 ) 2

4.7 )
() ()

()

( )
N S

4.8

..
2558
74
(DC Machines)
4.8 ()
4.9
4.10
(Stator) 4.9 )

4.8
(Field poles)
(Field winding) 4.9 ) N S
( N S)
..
2558
(DC Machines)
75
(Rotor) (Armature)
l
(Armature winding) (Slot) 4.8

- (Shaft) 4.10
(Split-ring) (Commutators)
(Segment)
4.11
(Brushes) (Carbon graphite)
4.11
(Nameplate)

4.11
4.6 (Armature Winding)
commutator
coil side
coil side
3 conductors
conductor
3 conductors
(Slots)
(AB CD) 1 (Singleturn) (Multi-turn) (Coil side) 4.12 2
(lap) (wave) 4.13
commutator
Single-turn coil
Multi-turn coil
4.12
..
2558
76
(DC Machines)
Pole-pitch =
YB
YF
Z
P
YB
YF
YB : back pitch
YR
YR
YF : front pitch
YR : resultant pitch
YC : commutator pitch
YC
YC
Lap winding
Wave winding
4.13
29
31
1
11
13
N
2
31
15
17
19
21
S
6
10
12
23
25
27
29
N
14
16
18
20
31
S
22
24
26
28
30
32
29
2
4
27
14
6
15
16
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
Commutator
Brush
V
Armature terminals _
)
8
10
1
12
3
14
5
16
7
18
9
20
11
22
13
24
15
26
17
28
19
30
21
2
25
32
23
4
27
6
29
8
31
)
17 26 19 28 21 30 23 32
Ia
2
Ia
B
9
24 15 22 13 20 11 18
10
12
14
16
31
29
27
25
Ia
13
)
4.14 2
..
2558
(DC Machines)
77
4.6.1 (Lap Windings)

(Pole-pitch)
(a) (P) 4.13 ) YB YF Pole-pitch
2 4.14 )
2 (Two-layer winding) Z 32 (1
coil side) P 4 YB 324 1 9 , YF 324 1 7 , YC 1
1 1 10 ( YB 9 )
2 ( YC 1 ) 3 ( YF 7 ) 12 3
5 14 4 7 4.14 ) 4
( P 4 ) 4 (A, B, C D) 2 (+ AB - CD) 4.14 )
4.6.2 (Wave Windings)
YB YF
average pitch YA Z P 2 YC YA
(a) 2 4.15 2 (two-layer
winding) Z 30 (1 coil side) P 4

8
25
6
27
4
29
11
13
N
2
30
15
17
19
10
12
21
23
25
27
N
14
16
18
20
29
S
22
24
26
28
30
28
26
10
11
12
Brush
13
14
15
Commutator
R
V
Armature terminals _
4.15 (Wave) 2 (two-layer winding)
..
2558
78
(DC Machines)
4.7 (Equivalent Circuit of DC Machines)

4.16 P
1 1
P n (rpm)
e
4.16

Pn
(4-10)
60
4.17
Ea
Z a
Ea 4.17
Ea
Pn Z
60 a
(4-11)
m (Mechanical angular velocity) (rad/s)

n
Ka
PZ
2 a
2 n
60
(4-12)
Ea
PZ
m K a m
2 a
(4-13)
fd

(4-14)
Te f d r N - m
Te (Electromagnetic torque) - (N-m) r

..
2558
(DC Machines)
79
(Electromagnetic power)
Ea I a Te m
(4-15)
Ea I a Te m W
Ia
(Armature current)
(4-16)
Te Ka I a N-m
4.18 Vt
(Terminal voltage) Ra (Armature winding resistance)
(Field voltage) I f (Field
V f
current) R f (Field winding resistance) Tsh
(Mechanical torque) -
Ia
Ia
Ra
Rf
If
+
Ra
+
_
Ea
Tsh
Rf
If
Vt
Vf
Vt
_
Ea
Te
Te
Vf
_
Tsh
4.18
4.18
Vf I f Rf
(4-17)
Vt Ea I a Ra
(4-18)
Vt Ea I a Ra
(4-19)
4.3 4.18 ) K a 137 .5

0.00496 1750 rpm 30 A
) ) )
m
rad/s
Ea K a m 137 .5 0.00496 183 .26 125 V
)
)
2 n 2 1750
183 .26
60
60
Te K a I a 137 .5 0.00496 30 20.46 N - m
Ea I a 125 30 3750 W
Te m 20.46 183 .26 3750 W
..
2558
(DC Machines)
80
4.4 4.18 ) 200 V Ra 0.5

20 1000 rpm
)
)
)
Ia
Vt
200
10 A
Rload
20
Ea 200 (10 0.5) 205 V
Te
Ea I a Te m
205 10
19.58 N - m
104 .72
2
(Separately excited) (Self-excited)
V f
4.18

(Shunt R fsh ) (Series R fse ) (Compound R fsh - R fse )
4.8 (DC Generators)

4.8.1 (Separately excited DC Generator)
4.19 )
I f I f Tsh m
( I a 0 ) E a m
4-13 4.19 ) Vt E a
Ea
3000 rpm
Ia
Ra
Rf
If
+
Vf
+
Vt
_
Tsh
1500 rpm
Ea
_
Te
) I f

If
Ea
4.19
..
2558
(DC Machines)
81
Vt I a I a
I f ( Ea ) Te Tsh
Vt I a Ra I a Vt
(4-20)
Vt Ea I a Ra
Ia
Vt
Ea
If
4.5
(A)
Ea (V)
If
1.0
40.0
2.0
80.0
Ia = IL
Rf
2.2
87.0
Radjust +
+
Vf
Vt
_
Ea
Tsh
Te
( I a I L 0 )
)
3.3
112.6
3.6
116.0
5.0
128.0
5.7
132.0
Radjust 0 30
Radjust 0
Radjust 30
If
I f , max
Vf
Rf
120
5 A
24
If
I f , min
Vt , max 128 V
Vf
R f Radjust
4.6
125.0
Vt E a
4.0
120.0
6 kW, 120 V, 50 A, 1800 rpm 5 A

Ra 0.19 , R f 24 , Radjust 0 30 , V f 120 V

) Radjust 0 30
) Radjust 0 30
1500 rpm 2000 rpm
Ra
If
2.6
98.0
Radjust 0 30
120
2.2 A
24 30
Vt , min 87 V
1500 rpm 2000 rpm
4-13 ( Ea K a m ) I f
Ea
m
n
Ea0
Ea0
m0
n0
n0 1800 rpm , I f , max 5 A , Vt , max 128 V
n 2000 rpm
Vt , max
2000
128 142.2 V
1800
n0 1800 rpm , I f , min 2.2 A , Vt , min 87 V
n 1500 rpm
Vt , min
1500
87 72.5 V
1800
..
2558
82
(DC Machines)
4.6 4.5 I a I L 50
106 V I f
1700 rpm
4-20 1700 rpm
Ea,1700 Vt I a Ra 106 50 0.19 115.5 V
1800 rpm
Ea,1800
Ea,1800 122 .3 V
1800
115 .5 122 .3 V
1700
I f 4.3 A
4.8.2 (Self-excited DC Generators)

4.8.2.1 (Shunt Generator)
4.20 )
Vt I fsh R fsh
(4-21)
I a I fsh I L
(4-22)
( I L 0 ) I a I fsh Ea
(Residual flux density) Vt 4.20 )
(4-23)
Vt Ea I fsh Ra
Ea
Ia
Ra
Ifsh
+
Ea
Tsh
3000 rpm
IL
Rfsh
Vt
E2
_
_
Te
Field resistance line
E1
Er
0 Ifsh1 Ifsh2
Ifsh
4.20
4.21 Ea
( R fsh Radjust ) Radjust 0 Ea ( I fsh )
Ea Radjust ( I fsh ) R fsh Radjust
Rc (Critical field resistance)
R fsh Radjust Rc
Ea (Critical speed)
..
2558
(DC Machines)
Rcritical
+
Ifsh
+
Ea
Tsh
Rfsh+ Radjust Rfsh
Ea
Ia
Ra
83
Vt
Rfsh
Radjust
Rcritical > Rfsh+ Radjust > Rfsh

_
Te
Er
0
Ifsh
4.21
Radjust
( I L ) I a Vt
I a Ra 4-20 I fsh ( 4-21)
Ea Vt
Vt

4.7 1200 rpm
Vt = 200 V Ra 0.2 R fsh 200
) )
4.21 )
IL
Prated 4000
20 A
Vt
200
I fsh
4 kw
Vt
200
1 A
R fsh 200
I a I L I fsh 20 1 21 A
)

)
Ea Vt I a Ra 200 21 0.2 204.2 V
m
Te
2 1200
125.66 rad / sec
60
Ea I a
204.2 21
34.12 N-m
125.66
4.8.2.2 (Series Generator)

4.22 )
Vt Ea I a Ra R fse
(4-24)
(4-25)
I a I fse I L
Vt ( I L ) (
) I a I fse I L 4.22 )
..
2558
84
(DC Machines)
Vt Vt

(Voltage-boosting)
Ia
Ifse
+
Ea
Tsh
Rfse
Vt
_
_
Te
Vt
Voltage
Ra
Ea
IL
Er
0
IL = Ifse = Ia
4.22
4.8 Ra 0.03 R fse 0.02
Ea 0.4 I fse (Booster)
Vbus 240 V R feeder 0.25
300 A
I L I a I fse 300 A
Vdrop I a Ra I fse R fse I L R feeder

3000.02 0.03 0.25 90 V
Ea 0.4 I fse
Ea 0.4 300 120 V
Vt Vbus Ea Vdrop 240 120 90 270 V

4.8.2.3 (Compound Generator)

4.23
R fsh (Shunt field winding)
R fse (Series field winding) 4.23 )
(Short-shunt) 4.23 )
(Long-shunt) 4.23 )
(Differential compound)
(Cumulative compound)
(Under-compounded) (Flatcompounded) (Over-compounded) 4.23 )
..
2558
(DC Machines)
Ia
Ra
+
Ea
Tsh
IL
Ifsh
sh
Rfsh
Ifse
Ia
Ra
se
Rfse
+
Vt
Ea
Tsh
_
Te
Ifse
Ifsh
se
sh
Rfse
Rfsh
Vt
IL
Te
) (Short-shunt)
85
) (Long-shunt)
Over
Rated
Terminal Voltage
Flat
Under
Differential
compound
Rated
IL
4.23
4.23 )
(4-26)
Vt Ea I a Ra I L R fse
(4-27)
I fsh R fsh Ea I a Ra
I a I fsh I L
(4-28)
I L I fse
4.23 )
(4-29)
I a I fse
(4-30)
Vt Ea I a Ra R fse I fsh R fsh

I a I fsh I L
Vt
() ( I L ) 4.24

Vt
( I fse 4-28 4-30) Vt

(Voltage regulation)
Vt (Full load)
Voltage regulation
Ea Vt
100 %
Vt
..
(4-31)
2558
(DC Machines)
100
75
50
s
rie
Se
Sepa
rately
excit
ed
Co
mp
oun
d
t
un
Sh
Voltage in percent of rated voltage
86
25
25
50
75
100
Load current in percent of rating
4.24
4.9 20 kW 250 V Voltage regulation
) (Short-shunt) ) (Long-shunt)
Ra 0.1 , R fse 0.05 R fsh 50

IL
Pout 20000
80 A
Vt
250
) 4.21 )
I L R fse 80 0.05 4 V
V fsh Vt I L R fse 250 4 254 V
I fsh
V fsh
R fsh
254
5.08 A I a I L I fsh 80 5.08 85.08 A
50
Ea Vt I a Ra I L R fse 250 85.08 0.1 4 262.51 V
Voltage regulation
Ea Vt
262.51 250
100
100 5 %
Vt
250
) 4.21 )
I fsh
Vt
250
5 A
R fsh
50
E a Vt I a Ra R fse
Voltage regulation
I a I L I fsh 80 5 85 A
250 85 0.1 0.05 262.75 V
Ea Vt
262.75 250
100
100 5.1 %
Vt
250
..
2558
(DC Machines)
87
4.9 (DC Motors)

Vt
4.9.1 (Separately excited DC Motor)
4.25 ) V f
E a Vt
(4-32)
Vt Ea I a Ra
Ia
Ia
Rf
If
+
Vf
(4-33)
Ra
Ra
+
Ea
Ea
Te
_
Tsh
IL
Ia
Vt
_
Te
Vt E a
Ra
Ifsh
Rfsh
Vt
_
Tsh
4.25
4.9.2 (Self-excited DC Motors)
4.9.2.1 (Shunt Motor)
4.25 )
Vt Ea I a Ra I fsh R fsh
(4-34)
I L I fsh I a
(4-35)
Vt I a Ra
Ka
radian / sec
(4-36)
n Vt , I a , Ra
(Runaway) Te I a
Ea K a m K m m
(4-37)
Te K a I a K m I a
(4-38)
..
2558
88
(DC Machines)
Te
K m Vt K m2 m
Ra
Ra
(4-39)
4-38
E a 4-33 4-34 E a 4-37
( ) ( 4-39) 4.27

4.10 4.7
4 kW, 200 V
) ) )

IL
Pin 4000
20 A
Vt
200
I fsh
Vt
200
1 A
R fsh 200
I a I L I fsh 20 1 19 A
Ea Vt I a Ra 200 19 0.2 196.2 V

( )

Eag K a mg 204.2 V
Eam K a mm 196.2 V
I fsh
(1 A)
ng 1200 rpm
nm Eam
ng
Eag
) motor
nm
196.2
1200 1153 rpm
204.2
Te
2 1153
120.74 rad / sec
60
Ea I a
196.2 19
30.87 N-m
120.74
4.9.2.2 (Series Motor)

4.26 )
I fse I L
Vt E a I a Ra R fse
(4-40)
I L I fse I a
(4-41)
K f Ia
(4-42)
..
2558
(DC Machines)
Ia
Ra
IL
Ifse
Vt
Rfse
Ea
Te
89
Tsh
) (Series)
Ia
Ra
Ifsh
+
Ea
Te
IL
sh
Ifse
Rfsh
Ia
Ifse
Ra
se
+
Vt
Rfse
Ea
Te
_
Tsh
Ifsh
se
sh
Rfse
Rfsh
Vt
IL
Tsh
(Short-shunt)
(Long-shunt)
) (Compound)
4.26
(4-43)
Te K a K f I a I a K I a2
Te
Ra
Vt2
(4-44)
K m2

( 4-41) I a ( 4-43)
Vt E a
( 4-44) 4.27

(Fork lift)
4.11 30 A 240 V 1000 rpm
R fse 0.2
Ra 0.3
E a Vt I a Ra R fse 240 300.3 0.2 225 V
2 1000
104.72 rad / sec
60
Te
Ea I a
225 30
64.46
104.72
N-m
..
2558
90
(DC Machines)
4.9.2.3 (Compound Motor)

4.26 )

I L I fsh I a
(4-45)
Vt Ea I a Ra I L R fse
I L I fse
(4-46)
(4-47)
I a I fse
(4-48)
Vt E a I a Ra R fse I fsh R fsh
I L I fsh I a
4.27

4.27
I L

(4-49)
sh se sh K f I a
(Differential compound)
(Cumulative compound)

(4-50)
Td K ash I a K a K f I a2
Vt I a ( Ra R fse )
(4-51)
K a (sh K f I a )
..
2558
(DC Machines)
91
4.10 (Efficiency Calculation)

Efficiency
Pout
Pout
P losses
in
100 %
Pin
Pout losses
Pin
(4-52)
4.28
(Losses)
1. (Rotational losses : friction, windage, core)
2. (Armature-circuit copper losses : I a2 Ra )
3. (Field-circuit copper losses : I 2f R f )
Input
(mechanical)
Electromagnetic
Power
Tsh m
Output
(electrical)
Ea Ia = Te m
Rotational
Losses
Vt L
Armature-Field
Copper Losses
)
Input
(electrical)
Electromagnetic
Power
Vt L
Output
(mechanical)
Ea Ia = Te m
Armature-Field
Copper Losses
Tsh m
Rotational
Losses
)
4.28
4.28 )
Input Power
Tsh m
(4-53)
Electromagnetic Power
Tshm Rotational Losses Tem
(4-54)
Energy Conversion
Te m Ea I a
(4-55)
Output Power
Ea I a Armature - Field Copper Losses Vt I L
(4-56)
4.28 )
Input Power
Vt I L
(4-57)
Electromagnetic Power
Vt I L Armature - Field Copper Losses Ea I a
(4-58)
..
2558
92
(DC Machines)
Energy Conversion
Ea I a Tem
(4-59)
Output Power
Te m RotationalLosses Tsh m
(4-60)
4.12 (Long-shunt compound generator)

240 V, 100 A Ra 0.1 , R fse 0.045 , R fsh 100
1500 W

Pout 240 100 24000 W
4.23 )
I fsh
I a2 Ra 102 .42 0.1 1048 .6 W
240
2.4 A
100
I a 100 2.4 102 .4 A
1
I a2 R fse 102.42 0.045 471.9 W
I 2fsh R fsh 2.42 100 576 W
= +
= 1048 .6 471.9 576 1500 3596 .5 W
Efficiency
Pout
24000
100 86.97 %
Pout losses
24000 3596 .5
Ea Vt I a Ra R fse 240 102.40.1 0.045 254.85 V
Ea I a 254 .85 102 .4 26096 .4 W
Pin Ea I a Rotatioallosses 26096 .4 1500 27596 .4 W

Efficiency
Pout
24000
100 86 .97 %
Pin
27596 .4
4.13 10 (7.46 kW), 250 V 5 A

Ra 0.5 R fsh 250

I fsh, no - load
250
1 A ,
250
Pno-load 250 5 1250 W
I a, no - load 5 1 4 A
I 2fsh, no-load R fsh 12 250 250 W

I a2, no- load Ra 42 0.5 8 W
..
2558
(DC Machines)
93
250 8 258 W
() =
=
1250 258 992 W
Ia
250 I a
10 746 7460
() 992 W
( 0.5 I a2 )
250 I a 7460 992 0.5 I a2
I a 36.5
I fsh,
I fsh,
no-load
full-load
0.5 I a2 250 I a 8452 0
1A ,
I L I fsh I a = 1 + 36.5 = 37.5 A
250 37.5 9375 W

Pout
100
Pin
7460
100 79.57 %
9375
4.11 (DC Motors Starting and Reversing)

( )
Ea
(4-61)
Vt Ea I a Ra 0 I a Ra

Ra
Ra
Ia
(Starting current)
(4-62)
Vt
Ra
( ) Ea 4-61

(Starting resistance) Ra

..
2558
94
(DC Machines)
4.14 230 V, 27.5 A 1750 rpm

Ra 0.803
)
) 150 %
)
Ia
Vt
230
286.4 A
Ra
0.803
(27.5 A) 10
150 % 27.5 1.5 41.25 A

)
Vt 0 Istart Ra Rseries
Ra Rseries
Vt
230
5.576
I start
41.25
Rseries 5.576 0.803 4.773
( 4-4)
()

(Runaway) 4.29

IL
Ia
Ifsh
Ra
Te
Vt
Rfsh
Ea
+
Ifsh
Ra
_
IL
Ia
Te
_
_
Vt
Rfsh
Ea
+
)
IL
Ia
Ra
+
Ea
Te
Ifse
Ra
_
Rfse
IL
Ia
Ifse
Vt
Ea
Te
_
_
Rfse
Vt
)
4.29
..
2558
(DC Machines)
95
4.12 (Speed Control of DC Motors)

4-36 Vt , I a , Ra

(Field control) (Armature resistance control)
4.12.1 (Field Control)

I fsh (Rheostat) Radj
4.30 ) I fsh I L
I 2fsh Radj
Radj I fsh
I fsh
Vt
R fsh Radj
(4-63)
4-36
I fsh

()
4.30 ) 4-36 4-63 Radj 1 2 ()
E
n2
a2 1
n1
Ea1 2
IL
Ia
Ra
+
Ea
Te
Ifsh
Ia
Ra
Rfsh
Radj
+
Vt
Ea
Te
_
Tsh
(4-64)
Ifse
IL
Ifsh
se
sh
Rfse
Rfsh
Vt
Radj
Tsh
4.30

4.30 )

..
2558
96
(DC Machines)
4.15 250 V Ra 0.25 R fsh 250

Radj 1500 rpm 20 A
Radj 250
B-H
B-H
I fsh1
250
1 A
250
I fsh2
I fsh
250
0.5 A
250 250

1 I a1 2 I a 2
I a 2 I a1
I fsh1
1
I a1
2
I fsh2
I a 2 20
1
40 A
0.5
Ea1 250 20 0.25 245 V
4-64
n2 n1
Te1 Te2
I a1 20 A
Ea 2 250 40 0.25 240 V
Ea 2 I fsh1
Ea1 I fsh 2
n2 1500
240 1
2938 rpm
245 0.5
4.12.2 (Armature Resistance Control)

4.31 ) Vt
4-64 Radj 1 2

Vt I a 2 Ra Radj 2
E
n2
a2
n1
Ea1
Vt I a1 Ra Radj1
(4-65)
4.31 )
I a2 Radj
IL
Ia
Ra
Ifsh
Te
Ra
+
Ea
Ia
Rfsh
+
Vt
Ea
Te
Radj
Tsh
Ifse
IL
Ifsh
se
sh
Rfse
Rfsh
Radj
Tsh
Vt
4.31
..
2558
(DC Machines)
97
4.16 220 V Ra 0.5

500 rpm 30 A Radj 1

Ea1 Vt I a1Ra 220 30 0.5 205 V
Te 2
I
a2
Te1
I a1
Te I a I a ,
Te1 Te2
I a1 I a 2 30 A
Ea 2 Vt I a 2 Ra Radj 220 30 0.5 1.0 175 V
4-65
n2 n1
Ea 2
175
500
426 rpm
Ea1
205
4.13 (Armature Reaction)

()
4.32 ) 2
(Neutral plane) ( )

4.32 )
(direct, d-axis) (quadrature, q-axis)

4.32 )

4.32 )

4.32
..
2558
98
(DC Machines)

Ea
(Commutator)
(Spark) (
)
( Ea )
2
(Interpole) (Compensating winding) 4.33 )

) Interpole Compensating winding
4.33
4.1
50 cm 1.2 teslas
30 45 V
150 m/s
4.2
0.5 A 1 m
0.25 Wb/m2
1.25 N
4.3
1600 rpm
0.0075 Wb K a 119 .37 1500 W

150 V, 10 A, 8.95 N-m
..
2558
(DC Machines)
99
4.4
Ra 0.75 1000 W
10 1250 rpm
8.21 N-m
4.5
100 kW, 660 V,

1200 rpm Ra 0.04 , R fsh 200 R fse 0.03 ) )
) 154.8 A, 670.8 V, 826.48 N-m
4.6
1000 rpm
22 kW, 220 V Ra 0.05 , R fsh 110 R fse 0.06
88 % ) ) )
1584.4 W, 1415.6 W, 238.7 N-m
4.7
4.4 100 V
12 A 7.48 N-m
91 V, 1394 rpm
4.8
1200 rpm
20 A 17.83 N-m Ra 0.4
120 V
4.9
37.3 kW, 460 V 4 A 660 rpm

Ra 0.3 R fsh 270
) ) ) )
1058 W, 90.2 A, 89.9 %, 624 rpm
4.10 Ra 0.5 , R fsh 110 5 A

1150 rpm 11 kW, 230 V
) ) ) 79.6 %, 1031 rpm, 87.1 N-m
4.11 440 V 660 rpm R fsh 260

1000 rpm 134
4.12 230 V 900 rpm
30 A Ra 0.4
600 rpm Te 25 % 3.38
...
.
..
2558
100
(DC Machines)
1.
Stephen J. Chapman, Electric Machinery Fundamentals, 5th ed. McGraw-Hill International Edition, 2012.
2.
A. E. Fitzgerald, Charles Kingsley Jr., Stephen D. Umans, Electric Machinery,

McGraw-Hill Book Co., 2003.
3.
Jimmie J. Cathey, Electric Machines: Analysis and Design Applying MATLAB,

McGraw-Hill Higher Education, 2001.
4.
Bhag S. Guru, Electric Machinery and Transformers, Oxford University Press, 2001.
..
2558

Dr. C 0102 2-2559

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Dr. C 0102 2-2559

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

01026212

3.9 (Three-phase Transformers)

01026212 Electrical Machines I

(Alternating current waveform, AC)

1.1 (Power and Power Factor)

01026212 Electrical Machines I

p Vm I m sin t sin t Vm I m sin 2 t

01026212 Electrical Machines I

01026212 Electrical Machines I

rms S (Apparent power) Volt

01026212 Electrical Machines I

01026212 Electrical Machines I

magVan=input(' magVan = ');

01026212 Electrical Machines I

1.2 (Three-phase System)

vBB Vm cos( t 120 ) 2 V cos( t 120 )

vCC Vm cos( t 240 ) 2 V cos( t 240 ) ,

01026212 Electrical Machines I

01026212 Electrical Machines I

01026212 Electrical Machines I

1.2.1 (Star-connected System)

VAA VBB VCC Phase voltage (Coil voltage) V phase

VBN VBB 120 ,

VCN VCC 240

VAB VBC VCA Line voltage (Line to line voltage) Vline

1.2.2 (Delta-connected System)

VCA VCC 240

1.2.3 (Balanced Three-phase Loads)

01026212 Electrical Machines I

Phase current I phase

01026212 Electrical Machines I

S3 V phase, A I phase, A V phase, B I phase, B V phase,C I phase,C

P3 V phase, A I phase, A cos A V phase, B I phase, B cos B V phase,C I phase,C cos C

Q3 V phase, A I phase, A sin A V phase, B I phase, B sin B V phase,C I phase,C sin C

P3 3 V phase I phase cos

3 Vline Iline cos

Q3 3 V phase I phase sin

3 Vline Iline sin

VAB 208 120

VCA 208 240

VCN 120 150

cos cos 30 0.866

3 Vline I line 3 208 6 2160 VA

3 Vline I line cos

3 208 6 0.866 1870 W

3 Vline I line sin

3 208 6 0.5 1080 VAR

01026212 Electrical Machines I

VCA 110 240

22 195 21.2 j 5.7 A

cos cos 45 0.707

3 Vline I line cos

3 110 38.1 0.707 5132 W

3 Vline I line sin

3 110 38.1 0.707 5132 VAR

3 110 38.1 7260 VA

01026212 Electrical Machines I

PA V AN I A cos A 120 12 cos 0 1440 W

P3 PA PB PC 1440 831.4 1247 3518 .4 W

VAB 240 240

9.6 150 8.3 j 4.8 A

I A I AB I AC 9.6 150 12 120 6.05247 .7 A

P3 PAB PBC PCA 0 3325.5 2880 6205.5 W