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2. Giai on th hai
Ni bt nht ca qu trnh pht trin cng ngh sinh hc trong giai
on ny l s hnh thnh nn cng nghip sn xut thuc khng sinh
penicillin, khi u gn lin vi tn tui ca Fleming, Florey v Chain
(1940). Trong thi k ny xut hin mt s ci tin v mt k thut v
thit b ln men v trng cho php tng ng k hiu sut ln men. Cc th
nghim x l cht thi bng bn hot tnh v cng ngh ln men ym kh to
biogas cha ch yu kh methane, CO2 v to ngun phn bn hu c c gi
tr cng c tin hnh v hon thin.
3. Giai on th ba
Bt u t nhng nm 50 ca th k 20, song song vi vic hon thin
cc quy trnh cng ngh sinh hc truyn thng c t trc, mt s hng
nghin cu v pht trin cng ngh sinh hc hnh thnh v pht trin
mnh m nh mt lot nhng pht minh quan trng trong ngnh sinh hc
ni chung v sinh hc phn t ni ring. l vic ln u tin xc nh
c cu trc ca protein (insulin), xy dng m hnh cu trc xon kp ca
phn t DNA (1953). Tip th -
(Bng 1.1).
Cng nghip
thc phm
enzyme
.
Gim st mi
trng . cht
cht ).
Nng lng
.
4. Giai on th t
Bt u t nm 1973, khi nhng th nghim khi u dn n s ra
i ca k thut DNA ti t hp c thc hin v s xut hin insulin-sn
phm u tin ca n vo nm 1982, cng vi th nghim chuyn gen vo
cy trng cng thnh cng vo nm ny. n nay, cng ngh sinh hc hin
i c nhng bc tin khng l trong cc lnh vc nng nghip (ci
thin ging cy trng...), y dc (liu php gen, liu php protein, chn on
bnh...), cng nghip thc phm (ci thin cc chng vi sinh vt...)... Nhng
thnh cng ny s c trnh by chi tit hn trong Phn II-Cc ng dng
ca cng ngh sinh hc.
1. V khoa hc
S d dt trong s dng cc sn phm chuyn gen lm thc phm cho
ngi v gia sc do nhiu l do khc nhau, nhng tu trung c th chia
thnh hai nhm sau:
- B my di truyn ca sinh vt mang tnh hon thin rt cao v tin
ha qua hng trm triu nm, nhng gen mi c gn thm vo cho cy
trng v vt nui tng nng sut hoc cht lng nng sn, bit u c
th ph v tnh hon thin, tnh cn bng ca s sng cc sinh vt ny. V
v th, con ngi khng th yn tm vi vic hng ngy nut vo c th mt
s lng ln cc sn phm thiu tnh hon thin, cn bng hay ni cch khc
l c th c d tt.
- Cho n nay trong vic to ra cc GMO, cc gen khng khng sinh
nh kanamycin, ampicillin hoc hygromycin thng c s dng km theo
lm gen ch th chn lc. Chng tn ti trong sn phm ca cc GMO v
c th c nh hng trc tip hoc gin tip thng qua dy chuyn thc n
ca sinh quyn n con ngi. Mc d kh nng ny l v cng thp, thm
ch khi mt gen khng sinh c pht tn sang mt sinh vt khc th tc
ng ca vic ny cng khng ng k do cc gen ch th chn lc c s
dng trong sinh vt chuyn gen c ng dng rt hn ch trong th y v y
hc. Tuy nhin, lm du nhng lo lng ca x hi, cc nh nghin cu
c yu cu trnh s dng cc gen khng khng sinh trong sinh vt chuyn
gen. Vic s dng gen ch th thay th khc ang c nh gi v pht
2. V kinh t
2.1. Nhng cng ty a quc gia v cng ngh sinh hc
T chc quc t nng nghip tin b RAFI (Rural Advancement
Foundation International) l mt t chc phi chnh ph Canada hot ng
nhm hn ch nh hng ca cc cng ty a quc gia v ging. Theo RAFI,
cc cng ty a quc gia v cng ngh sinh hc s hot ng rt mnh trong
th k 21, hin nay nhng cng ty ny ang pht trin nhanh chng nh
thu tm cc cng ty nh hn v trc ht nh li nhun khng l thu c
trong c quyn bn cc sn phm GMO.
Chng hn cch y hn 15 nm, cng ty Monsanto ch chuyn v cc
sn phm ha du, thuc tr su v tr c. Tuy nhin, thi gian gn y
Monsanto u t rt ln v trin khai cng ngh gen thc vt to ra
cc ging GMO v ang tr thnh cng ty ging ln nht th gii. RAFI gi
Monsanto l mt Microsoft cng ngh sinh hc v t nm 1996 n nay
Monsanto mua li nhiu cng ty trc y vn l ngi khng l trn th
trng ht ging.
1. An ton sinh hc
1.1. S chuyn gen bng ht phn
Cho ti nay khng c ht phn ca loi cy trng bin i gen no
c hn ch kh nng pht tn. Cc phng thc qun l nh cch ly
khng gian v thi gian c th hn ch s lu chuyn gen (gene flow) gia
cy trng, hn ch ht st li trong t v cy st li sau khi thu hoch. Vic
s dng vng cch ly, ro cn cy trng v cc ro cn thc vt khc gia
ngun to v ni nhn ht phn cng c th gim mc pht tn ht phn.
Thi gian ht phn trong khng kh cng kh di, do c th pht tn
n khong cch kh xa. Tuy nhin, iu kin thi tit v mi trng thay
i c th gy ra s pht tn nhng khong cch xa hn na. Cc bin
php cch ly sinh hc ang c pht trin nhm xc nh liu s sinh sn
cy trng c th kim sot c hay khng trnh s giao lu gen qua ht
hoc ht phn.
c bit cc ging hoc dng c cy bt dc c, s xy ra hin
tng lai xa vi ging bin i gen hu th mt tn s cao hn v khong
cch xa hn so vi ging truyn thng. S tch ly gen (gene stacking)
c quan st cy trng v ngi ta d on l cy trng mang gen a
khng s tr nn ph bin sau khi cy trng chuyn gen c php a vo
th trng, v v vy cy mc hoang bin i gen s phi cn cc bin php
dit c khc.
2.1. Cc cht gy d ng
Mt trong nhng mi quan tm ln nht v thc phm chuyn gen l
cht gy d ng (mt protein gy ra d ng) c th c chuyn vo thc
phm. n nay cc nh khoa hc bit rt nhiu v cc thc phm gy ra
d ng tr nh v ngi trng thnh. Khong 90% s d ng thc n l
c lin quan ti tm thc phm v nhm thc phm-ng vt c v (tm,
cua, s, hn), trng, c, sa, lc, u tng, qu hch v la m. Nhng loi
thc phm ny v rt nhiu cht gy d ng khc c xc nh rt r v
do vy kh tin rng chng c th c a vo thc phm chuyn gen.
Tuy vy, vic kim tra tnh d ng vn l mt khu quan trng trong
vic kim tra an ton trc khi mt ging cy trng c a ra lm thc
phm. Hng lot cc th nghim v cu hi phi c xem xt k quyt
nh liu thc phm ny c lm tng s d ng hay khng.
Cc cht gy d ng c nhng c tnh chung nh khng b phn hy
trong qu trnh tiu ha, c xu hng khng b phn hy trong qu trnh ch
bin thc phm, v thng c rt nhiu trong thc phm. Cho n nay,
4. Quyn tc gi v s hu tr tu
4.1. Quyn tc gi
Mc d c rt nhiu cuc tranh lun cc din n quc t v
quyn tc gi ca cc nc c ngun gen qu him c phng Ty s
dng trong cng ngh to ging nhng n nay vn cha em li mt kt
qu tht s no. 169 nc ng k vo cng c Quc t v a dng
sinh hc (Convention on Biological Diversity) v cng c ny c hiu lc
t 12/1993, trong quy nh cng chia s quyn li gia cc nc c
ngun gen vi cc cng ty phng Ty s dng ngun gen . Tuy nhin, t
n nay cc nc c ngun gen qu him vn tip tc b mt dn ti sn
quc gia ca mnh m quyn li c chia s th khng ng k.
Chng hn, nm 1994 hng ArgEvo phn lp c gen PAT
(phosphinothricin acetyltransferase) t dng vi khun Streptomyces
viridochromogens c trong mu t ly t Camerun. Gen PAT cho php to
ra cc ging cy trng khng thuc dit c nhm glufosinate, ng gp quan
trng vo doanh s 2,3 t USD ca AgrEvo nm 1995. Tuy nhin, hng ny
t chi khng tr cho Camerun mt khon tin no v quyn tc gi.
Ngy 16/1/1996, Bn quyn s hu s 5.484.889 ca M c cp
cho Gio s Sylvia Lee-Huang (i hc New York) bo v quyn tc gi
ca ng v mt loi protein chit t mt ging mp ng (Momordica
charantia) c ngun gc t min Nam Trung Quc. Ging mp ng ny
l thnh phn chnh ca mt bi thuc dn gian c truyn ca Trung Quc
chng nhim trng. Lee-Huang cho rng nh cng ngh DNA ti t
hp, t nay ng khng cn phi mua ht mp ng t Trung Quc na, v
cc protein ti t hp sn xut trong phng th nghim ca ng hon ton
ging nh protein chit t qu mp ng trc y.
Cc trng hp trn cho thy cc cng ty ln cc nc pht trin
nh vo tim nng khoa hc v ngun vn di do ca mnh thng
lng v bn quyn tc gi vi t th ca k mnh. S thua thit ca cc
nc yu v cng ngh sinh hc s cn ko di.