c tnh ca kim loi

1 Thng By , 2010 Kim loi l nhm c t c bit thng tn ti trng thi bn trong mi trng, tuy nhin dng thc ha hc ca chng c th b thay i bi cc yu t l, ha, sinh c tnh cng thay i. - Kim loi xm nhp vo c th qua 2 con ng: - ng h hp: mt ngi thu nhn 12 15m khng kh/ngy, din tch b mt ca phi l 100m to iu kin hp th nhanh cc c t - ng tiu ha: ph bin hn v s cc cht c tn ti trong thc phm - Cc nguyn nhn dn n vic nhim kim loi nng vo thc phm - S dng hn hp ha cht khng tiu chun trong qu trnh ch bin - Phng tin vn chuyn, bao b kim loi khng t tiu chun. - Khi nghin cu c tnh do kim loi gy ra gp kh khn do - Hm lng ca kim loi trong thc phm thp - Thi gian tc ng chm c tnh chung ca kim loi 1. Vng tc dng 1.1. Enzym - Km hm hot ng ca enzym do s tng tc gia kim loi do s chuyn i mt cofactor kim loi cn thit ca enzym. V d nh ch lm mt km enzym dehydrotase ca axit delta-aminolevulinic. - Km hm s tng hp enzym. V d niken v platin km hm s tng hp enzym deltaaminolevulinic synthetase, phong ta s tng hp hem (thnh phn quan trng ca hemoglobin v cytocrom). - Cc enzym khc nhau c nhy khc nhau vi kim loi. V d a s cc enzym xc tc qu trnh tng hp ra hem thng b km hm bi ch. 1.2. Cc bo quan di t bo

- Gy ra do phn ng ca kim loi vi cc hp phn ni bo. Kim loi xm nhp vo bn trong t bo, c bit l cc kim loi a bo (v d nh metyl thy ngn) s c vn chuyn qua mng t bo. Kim loi lin kt vi mt protein s c hp th qua con ng ni thm bo tc ng n cc bo quan. - Mt s protein trong bo tng, trong lyzosom v nhn t bo c th lin kt vi cc kim loi c nh Cd, Pb, Hg, metyl thy ngn lm gim hot tnh sinh hc ca cc protein cc hu qu nh: c ch cc enzym ca vi th (c bit l cc enzym h hp, oxy ha kh), hng cu trc li ni cht. 2. Cc yu t lm thay i c tnh ca kim loi 2.1. Mc v thi gian nhim c - Mc nhim c cng cao th thi gian nh hng cng ko di v hiu ng c cng ln thay i liu lng v thi gian nhim c th s thay i bn cht tc dng c. V d nh trong th nghim c tnh ca Cadmi vi chut + Tiu ha 1 ln nhng vi liu lng cao ri lon d dy v rut + Tiu ha nhiu ln nhng vi liu lng thp hn ri lon chc nng thn. 2.2. Dng ha hc - nh hng ln ti c tnh ca kim loi. V d vi thy ngn + Khi dng hp cht v c c t thn + Dng hu c (metyl thy ngn, etyl thy ngn) c thn kinh do cc hp cht thy ngn hu c l nhng cht a bo, d vt qua ro mch mu no tc ng ln thn kinh. Tc ng ny tng t gy ra do Tetraetyl ch. 2.3. Cc yu t sinh l - La tui: tr em nhy cm vi ch hn ngi ln 4 5 ln. - Gii tnh 3. Cc tc dng c ca kim loi 3.1. Gy ung th Asen v cc hp cht ca n, dn xut ca crom, niken do s tc ng thay th Zn+ bng Ni+ trong cc protein vn chuyn hoc gy tn thng khung t bo nh hng ti tnh chnh xc ca polymerase trong qu trnh sinh tng hp AND.

3.2. Chc nng min dch Ch, cadmi, niken, crom, metyl thy ngn, asen, cc mui ca asen vi natri l cc cht loi b min dch. Bari, platin th kch thch min dch. Chng gy ra phn ng qu nhy cm hay d ng. 3.3. H thn kinh - H thn kinh c tnh nhy cm ln chu nhiu tc ng c. V d hi thy ngn, metyl thy ngn, cc hp cht hu c ca ch cc bnh v no, cc biu hin ri lon tm thn. 3.4. c t thn - Thn l b phn c nhim v o thi cc cht c l mc tiu tn cng ca cc kim loi. VD Cadmi nh hng ti cc t bo ca ng thn gn ra bi tit nc tiu c protein phn t lng thp, axitamin, glucose. 4. Cc kim loi c c tnh cao 4.1. Ch 4.1.1. c tnh - Mi sinh vt khng c nhu cu v ch. - Ch tc ng ln h thng tng hp hem ca hemoglobin (hem c tng hp t glycin, sucinyl coenzym A vi cofactor l pyridoxal phosphat qua mt s qu trnh, sn phm kt hp vi st to hem). Giai on u v cui ca qu trnh tng hp din ra trong ty th v cc giai on trung gian din ra trong t bo cht. 5 enzym tham gia xc tc cc giai on khc nhau trong qu trnh tng hp rt nhy cm vi ch l delta-aminolevulinicdehydrotase (ALAD), hem synthetasa, delta-aminolevulinic synthetase, uroporphyrinogen-decarboxylase v coproporphyrinogen oxydase. + ALAD b km hm khi nng ch trong mu cao hn 10mg/dl. Khi nng ch trong mu cao hn 50mg/dl s gy ra nguy c mc triu chng thiu mu, thiu sc t da, mng hng cu km bn vng. + Khi nng ch ngng 44mg/dl mu tc dng km hm enzym pyrimidin-5nucleosidase gy ra chng thiu mu do thiu st. - Vi nng ch cao hn 80mg/dl mu xy ra cc bnh v no do vic gy tn thng n cc tiu ng mch v mao mch no ph no, tng p sut dch no ty, thoi ha cc nron thn kinh biu hin lm sng: mt iu ha, vn ng kh khn, gim thc, ng ngc, hn m v co git. Khi phc hi thng km theo cc di chng nh ng kinh, s n n v trong mt vi trng hp b bnh thn kinh v th gic v m.

+ tr em, tc ng ny xy ra khi nng ch trong mu l 70mg/dl. Ngoi ra tr cn b triu chng hot ng thi qu (tng ng), thiu tp trung v s gim nh ch s IQ. - Ch gy ung th thn thng qua vic thay i hnh thi v chc nng ca cc t bo ng thn gim chc nng vn chuyn nng lng tiu ng, tiu m. - Ch nh hng n chc nng sinh sn, do c tnh ca n vi giao t ca con c v con ci v sinh, sy thai v cht s sinh. - Cc hp cht hu c ca ch nh tetraetyl, tetrametyl ch d xm nhp vo c th qua ng h hp (kh thi ca cc ng c chy xng pha ch) xm nhp h thn kinh, gy ra cc bnh v no. 4.1.2. Cc yu t nh hng n c tnh ca ch - Kh nng ha tan ca ch - H s xm nhp qua ng rut: 25 30% c hp th, 70 75% b o thi ra ngoi c th theo ng phn + Tui tc: tr em 3 thng 8 tui, t l hp th l 53% cn vi ngi trng thnh, t l ny l 10%. + Gii tnh: n ng l 18,7%, ph n l 26,9% + iu kin sinh l : tnh trng nhn n lm tng s hp th ch ti 70%. + Dng vt l ca thc phm : + Thnh phn ca thc phm : thc n giu canxi, phosphat lm gim lng ch (63% 10%), thc n giu lactose, thc n giu cht bo lm tng s hp th ch. 4.1.3. Nhim ch trong ung v thc phm a) ung - Nc b nhim do h thng ng dn - Ru vang b nhim do vic x l nho bng ch arseniat (lm bn thn ru cha 200microgramme/l), tn tr v ng chai. b) Thc n - Thc n c ngun gc thc vt : Bm bi ch t mi trng - Thc n c ngun gc ng vt : chn nui gn ng cao tc

- T dng c nu v ng thc n : cc vt ng bng s trng men, cc bao b kim loi. Tiu chun ca FAO cho php 3mg/tun. 4.1.4. Cc bin php d phng nhim ch Ngng hin nay l 35microgramme/dl mu.

Nc ung : cm s dng ch sn xut ng dn Ru : cm s dng nt chai c ch hp : cm hn bng ch

4.2. Cadmi L nguyn t c pht hin nm 1817, ng vai tr quan trng trong m in, cht mu cho cng ngh sn, cng ngh cht do, sn xut pin do c tnh khng n mn. 4.2.1. c tnh ca Cadmi - Gn kt vi metalothionein (protein c trng lng phn t thp, giu nh thiol (-SH)). Metalothionein c mt nhiu gan v thn v Cadmi th cng tp trung nhiu gan v thn (50 60%). Lc u Cadmi gan, sau c vn chuyn n thn nh protein ny tch t cadmi trong thn, gy chng bi tit ra phc protein-cadmi trong nc tiu bnh thn. - Gy cc bnh v xng nh long xng, to cc vt nt c xng i do ri lon qu trnh chuyn ha canxi, xy ra ph n sau khi mn kinh, gy au d di xng chu v hai chn. - Ri lon tiu ha - Ht phi cadmi lm hng cc t bo ph nang, gy ph phi v cc bnh v phi. - Gy tng huyt p, ung th (ung th tinh hon, ung th tin lit tuyn, ung th phi) Vy, liu lng v phng php d phng nh th no ? - FAO n nh 400 500 microgramme/ngi ln/tun. - Nht v M : 50 70 microgramme/ngy 4.2.2. Ngun nhim Cadmi trong t nhin - Trong t c 0,15 0,2 ppm. - Tn ti ch yu l lin kt trong qung ca ch v km dng mui.

+ nhim do xng c ac qui. + Qu trnh sn xut phn bn + Nc thi ca cng nghip c in. + Vn chuyn cadmi t t vo cy nhim vo cc sn phm cy trng nh, ng cc, rau qu. + nhim bi cadmi do kh thi t my bay, ng c, khi thuc l (1,5 2microgramme/iu) 4.2.3. Ngun nhim Cadmi trong thc phm - cc sn phm thc vn - gan, thn ca vt nui - ng vt nhuyn th - nhim do dng c ng, nu thc phm (lp men) 4.3. Thy ngn 4.3.1. c tnh ca thy ngn - l nguyn t c tnh tch ly. - Tc ng c ln h thn kinh (ni run, vit run) v thn (vim ng thn, tng ur huyt do s hoi th ng thn) - Hi thy ngn: + khi tip xc pht sinh bnh vin ph qun cp tnh v bnh ph nang. + tc ng mn tnh l tc ng ln h thn kinh trung ng vi cc biu hin lm sng nh run ry, phnh tuyn gip, tim p nhanh, ni m ay, sng li. Tip xc khng kh cha 0,1 0,2 mg Hg/m khng kh run ry, chy nc bt v vim li nghim trng, co git mn tnh. - Mui thy ngn (HgCl2) c tnh n mn cao co cng c bng, i a chy mu, vim lot, chy mu, hoi t d dy v rut km theo trng bng tc ng n thn (hoi t ng thn) lm gim chc nng thn, tng ur huyt. + Hg2Cl2 t c hn nhng gy ra au u, gin mch di da, tng sng ha, tng tit tuyn m hi

- Metyl thy ngn + hiu ng c thn kinh, c thai nhi (qui thai, d tt tr s sinh) - Biu hin lm sng ca cc hiu ng gy c thn kinh bao gm cc bnh: + lit nh: nhc c, t cng v cm gic nga ran xung quanh ming, mi v cc u chi + vn ng kh khn + suy nhc thn kinh: cm gic mt mi, khng c kh nng tp trung + mt kh nng nghe v ni + co cng v run ry + hn m v cht 4.3.2. Ngun nhim thy ngn trong t nhin - Ngun chnh l kh thi t nhin ca v a cu nhim vo t, sng v i dng (2700 6000 tn/nm) (trong t l 0,1 0,5ppm; 0,0002ppm trong ma; 0,00003ppm trong nc bin) - Cc dn xut v c, hu c ha tr 2 - Cc hot ng sn xut ca con ngi: khai thc m (lm tng nng thy ngn trong nc t 0,1microgramme/l 80microgramme/l), luyn kim, xi mng v phosphat. Ngoi ra trong sn xut clo, xt, cng nghip bt giy, thit b in, hoc s dng thy ngn hu c trong sn xut thuc dit nm trong nng nghip. 4.3.3. nhim thy ngn trong thc phm a. Sn phm c ngun gc thc vt - Mt s loi thc vt c kh nng hp th hi thy ngn qua l trong qu trnh h hp, c bit l thuc l - Ng cc c hm lng thy ngn thp - Nm n c kh nng hp th thy ngn trn mi trng c cht qua h si nm cn kim sot tt cc c cht nui trng nm b. Sn phm c ngun gc ng vt

- Cc c quan ni tng tch ly hm lng thy ngn cao hn nh gan, thn (20ppb 40ppb) - Trng c hm lng th (2 20ppb) - C, cc sn phm nhuyn th cha hm lng cao (200 microgramme 1000microgramme/kg) 4.4. c tnh ca arsen 4.4.1. c tnh ca arsen - Arsen tn ti nng thp trong t nhin, dng ha tr 3 (arsen trioxyd), ha tr 5 (arsen pentoxyd) hoc dng hu c. - Biu hin lm sng khi ng c l: ri lon tiu ha, au bng d di, nn v tiu chy ko theo mt nc nghim trng ci cht t ngt trong trng thi sc sau 12 48h. Nu sng st th li c di chng: ri lon da, tn thng da v thn kinh, lon thn kinh. Dng ng c cc b l gy n da, vim da (chai sng gan bn chn, bn tay), lot da, hng nim mc mi. - Arsen cng c kh nng tc ng vo gan x gan - Arsen v c c kh nng gy ung th theo kt lun ca WHO, 1983 (s dng nc ung nhim arsen trong thi gian di ung th da) - Arsin (H3As) l tc nhn tiu mu (gy ra vng da, thiu mu), km theo triu chng bun nn, th gp, au nhc u. - Mt s hp cht hu c c s dng lm thuc tng lc (natri metylarsinat) 4.4.2. Ngun nhim arsen - l 1 trong 20 nguyn t ph bin cu to v tri t (1 2ppm) - thc n b nhim ch yu l c v cc ng vt nhuyn th (5mg/kg) - nm 1950, v ngc c arsen ti Anh lm 70 ngi cht trong s 6000 nn nhn do ung bia nhim arsen (nhim t H2SO4, s dng trong thy phn tinh bt). - Nng arsen trong mu l 1 4microgramme/l. Nu vt 50microgramme/l tc ng c. Con ngi l sinh vt d dng nn cc nhu cu v dinh dng ca mnh thng c tha mn bng cc thc phm t ngun ng vt v thc vt. Vic chn la nhng loi ng vt v thc vt lm thc n xut pht t kh nng cung cp bi mt mi trng sinh

thi xc nh cng l cch ch bin tng hp to nn nt vn ha m thc cho cc c dn tng vng khc nhau. Tiu chun cho s chn la ny, ngoi cht lng cm quan, kh nng cung cp v bo qun th s vng mt ca cc c tnh c coi l yu t quyt nh. Trong qu trnh ny, nhng sn phm tuy c li ch no v mt dinh dng nhng hm cha mt c tnh ni ti cao th thng b loi khi b su tp thc phm ca con ngi. C iu l khng ai li ho huyn m tin rng mi nguy c gy c hi trong cc sn phm thc phm s dng hng ngy u c th c loi b. Thc ra bn cnh cc cht dinh dng, mt s thc phm thng dng lun cha ng