Xử lý nước thải giàu hợp chất nitơ và photpho PDF

L Vn Ct
X l nc thi giu hp cht nit v photpho
NH XUT BN KHOA HC T NHIN V CNG NGH

H NI, 11/ 2007
X l nc thi giu hp cht N v P L Vn Ct
Chin lc kim sot nhim hp cht nit,

1 photpho trong mi trng nc.
X l nc thi trc ht nhm mc ch ci thin iu kin v
sinh mi trng sng ca con ngi v xa hn nhm duy tr cn bng sinh
thi, to iu kin pht trin bn vng lu di cho loi ngi.
Do tnh linh hot v lan truyn thp, cc cht gy nhim dng rn kh
pht huy c tnh nhim trn din rng. Ngc li cc cht gy nhim mi
trng kh (t kh thi) thng gy nhim trn din rt rng, c tnh cht
ton cu. Din gy nhim t cc yu t nc thi nm gia hai cc trn: nh
hng ti chnh ni pht thi v vng ln cn xung quanh.
Nc thi - nc sau khi s dng b nhim bn t sinh hot, hot ng
cng nghip, nng nghip c thi ra khi khu vc ang s dng v mt
ngun nhn nh ao, h, sng, bin. Trong khi dch chuyn, mt lng nc
thi nht nh s thm vo t to ra nc ngm cng em theo cht gy
nhim.
Tc nhn gy nhim mi trng trong nc l cc cht c kh nng
chuyn ho thnh cc cht khc v cc cht bn tc ng n cn bng sinh
thi trong mi trng nc nhn.
V nguyn tc, cc cht bn trong mi trng c coi l t c hi nu n
khng gy hi trc tip ln ng vt, thc vt sng trong nc hoc ln con
ngi hoc mt cch gin tip ti con ngi thng qua chui thc n. C
nhiu h cht hu c bn trong mi trng nhng c tc dng xu nh gy cc
loi bnh nan y, t bin gen ngay vi nng rt thp. l mt s h cht
bo v thc vt, hormon, khng sinh, dc phm, cng mt s hp cht c
th khc khi thm nhp vo c th ngi v ng vt trc tip hoc qua thc
n.
Rt nhiu hp cht gy nhim trong nc thi c kh nng chuyn ho
cao trong mi trng nc t nhin thng qua cc phn ng ho hc, sinh ho,
quang ho v tc ng n cn bng sinh thi ca mi trng.
Cc cht gy c v c c kh nng chuyn ho khng ln, khi tn ti
trong ngun nc nhn s gy c, gy hin tng cn nh sng vo nc, hn
ch s pht trin ca thu thc vt sng trong . Hu qu ko theo l lm
~1~
gim ngun thc n ca thu ng vt, lm gim nng oxy ho tan trong
nc do qu trnh quang hp ca thc vt b hn ch, gy kh khn cho hot
ng ca ng vt thu sinh.
Hp cht hu c giu thnh phn carbon c kh nng sinh hu (BOD) khi
tn ti trong nc vi nng ln l ngun c cht cho cc loi vi sinh vt
pht trin. Vi cc loi vi sinh vt hiu kh, trong qu trnh pht trin v hot
ng chng tiu th mt lng oxy tan kh ln, vi mt cao s gy c
nc v khi cht chng lng xung lp bn y. Trong iu kin thiu oxy cc
loi vi sinh vt ym kh pht trin, to ra nhiu dng hp cht c mi hi (cc
cht c tnh kh cao nh H2S, metan, axit hu c d bay hi) u c mi
trng nc v khng kh vng xung quanh.
Nit v photpho l hai nguyn t c bn ca s sng, c mt tt c cc
hot ng lin quan n s sng v trong rt nhiu ngnh ngh sn xut cng
nghip, nng nghip. Hp cht ho hc cha nit, photpho c gi l thnh
phn dinh dng trong phm tr nc thi v l i tng gy nhim kh
trm trng cho mi trng. Khi thi 1 kg nit di dng hp cht ho hc vo
mi trng nc s sinh ra c 20 kg COD, cng tng t nh vy 1 kg
photpho s sinh ra c 138 kg COD di dng to cht [1].
Trong ngun nc nhn giu cht dinh dng (N, P) thng xy ra cc hin
tng: to v thy thc vt khc pht trin rt nhanh to nn mt ln. Vo
ban ngy hoc khi nhiu nng, qu trnh quang hp ca to din ra mnh lit.
Khi quang hp to hp th kh CO2 hoc bicarbonat (HCO3-) trong nc v
nh ra kh oxy. pH ca nc tng nhanh, nht l khi ngun nc nhn c
kim thp (tnh m thp do cn bng ca h H2CO3 - HCO3- - CO32-), vo
thi im cui bui chiu, pH ca mt s ao, h giu dinh dng c th t gi
tr trn 10. Nng oxy tan trong nc thng mc siu bo ho, c th ti
20 mg/l.
Song song vi qu trnh quang hp l qu trnh h hp (phn hu cht hu
c to ra nng lng, ngc vi qu trnh quang hp) xy ra. Trong khi h
hp, to thi ra kh CO2, tc nhn lm gim pH ca nc. Vo ban m hoc
nhng ngy t nng, qu trnh h hp din ra mnh m gy tnh trng thiu oxy
v lm gim pH trong nc. Trong cc ngun nc giu dinh dng vo bui
sng sm, trc lc bnh minh, lng oxy trong nc hu nh cn kit v pH
c th thp hn 5,5.
~2~
Hin tng nu trn c gi l ph dng - lng dinh dng cho thc
vt (phn bn N, P) qu cao trong mi trng nc.
Trong mi trng ph dng, iu kin sng (pH, oxy tan) bin ng lin
tc v mnh l nhng tc nhn gy kh khn, thm ch l mi trng khng
th sng i vi thu ng vt.
Thi gian hay chu k sng ca to c gii hn, sau khi pht trin mnh
(bng n to hay cn gi l nc n hoa) to cht lng xung lp y v tip
tc b phn hu trong iu kin ym kh. Ging loi to rt phong ph, trong
c loi to c (tit ra c t), trong iu kin ph dng t l thnh phn
to thng thay i theo chiu hng bt li, hnh thnh nhiu loi to c [2].
Tc dng xu ca nc thi ln mi trng c con ngi nhn bit t lu
v lun tm cch hn ch. K thut hay cng ngh x l nc thi c th c
c trng bi trnh pht trin qua cc giai on: x l s cp, th cp v
bc ba (phng php tin tin).
X l s cp l p dng cc gii php k thut loi b cc tc nhn gy
nhim c th cm nhn c nh cht gy c, gy mi, gy mu hoc nhng
vt c kch thc ln c th tch ra khi nc bng cc bin php c hc. Cc
k thut p dng trong x l s cp thng l n gin c gi thnh vn hnh
khng cao: vt rc, chn rc, lng ct (h ga), lng, lc, keo t, sc kh
gim bt mi.
X l th cp l p dng cc gii php k thut n gin loi b cht
hu c giu hm lng carbon dng tan, ch yu l phng php x l vi
sinh trong iu kin ym kh v hiu kh.
Phng php x l hiu kh l s dng cc tp on vi sinh vt hiu kh -
loi hot ng trong mi trng c oxy phn t phn hu cc cht hu c
thnh dng khng c hi nh CO2 v H2O, mt phn ln (40 - 60%) cht hu
c c vi sinh vt s dng lm c cht pht trin thnh sinh khi (t bo)
dng rn, c th d dng tch khi nc bng cc bin php thch hp nh
lng (th cp), lc, ly tm.
vi sinh vt pht trin, chng cn c thm dinh dng (N, P), nu ngun
ny trong nc thi thiu so vi nhu cu pht trin ca chng (v d theo t l
BOD: N: P = 100: 5: 1), th ngun dinh dng c b sung ch ng t
ngoi vo. Khi ngun dinh dng d tha, chng tn ti dng tan hay khng
tan trong nc s ng vai tr phn bn cho thy thc vt.
~3~
X l ym kh l hin tng c bit n t rt lu, tuy vy ch c s
dng rng ri x l nc thi vo cui thp k 70 v 80 ca th k 20 sau
cuc khng hong nng lng vo nm 1973. X l ym kh c gi thnh vn
hnh r, thch hp cho cc loi nc thi c nhim cao, ph hp vi iu
kin m nng. Do lng vi sinh hnh thnh (hiu sut sinh khi) thp nn chi
ph cho x l bn (vi sinh) khng ln. Ngoi ra, c th thu c mt lng
nhin liu kh cao di dng kh metan hnh thnh trong qu trnh ln men
cht hu c.
Tuy c nhng u vit trn nhng nc thi sau x l ym kh cn cha rt
nhiu tp cht c tnh kh (ho hc) cao, khng p ng c tiu chun thi
ra mi trng. V l do nn nhiu nh nghin cu xem bc x l ym kh
l giai on x l s cp, nc thi sau cn c tip tc x l theo phng
php hiu kh.
Rt nhiu cc phng n k thut c s dng x l nc thi: k thut
huyn ph, c nh vi sinh trn cht mang, k thut bn hot tnh, a quay,
lc nh git, tng c nh, tng gin n, tng linh ng (lu th) hoc t hp
(lai ghp) ca cc k thut trn.
Vo u thp k 20, k thut bn hot tnh c pht trin v p dng kh
rng ri x l nc thi cng nghip v nc thi sinh hot, c bit i vi
cc khu vc dn c c ng dn s.
Nhn bit c mc gy hi ca thnh phn dinh dng trong nc thi,
vo thp k 90, mt lot cc nc cng nghip ra chin lc v qui nh
kim sot cc yu t trn. Do lut nh v cc yu t trn kh ngt ngho v
ngy cng tr nn kht khe hn nn cc nghin cu c bn v pht trin cng
ngh tp trung vo cc i tng: xy dng cc h thng mi p ng tiu
chun thi, ci to cc h thng c ang hot ng nng cp v t tiu
chun thi mi.
Mt h thng x l t tiu chun thi v phng din dinh dng c coi
l h x l bc ba hay tin tin v ng nhin t trnh x l s cp v
bc hai. Cng ngh x l bc ba phc tp hn nhiu so vi hai bc trc v gi
thnh (xy dng, vn hnh) cng cao hn nhiu (vi ln). Do vy vic ci to
cc h thng c cng khng d thc hin. V d h thng x l nc thi sinh
hot ti thnh ph Leipzig (CHLB c) c xy dng v hot ng c
khong 80 nm, n c quyt nh nng cp t tiu chun thi v phng
din tp cht dinh dng. T nm 1996 - 2001 vic tin hnh nng cp mi ch
~4~
t c 50% cng sut x l (cng sut x l tng l 300.000 m3/ngy). D
kin phi mt thm 5 nm tip mi hon chnh c d n nng cp ton b h
thng. Sa cha nng cp mt h ang hot ng thng kh khn v tn
km hn so vi xy dng hon chnh ngay t u.
Bo v cc ngun nc v phng din nhim tr thnh vn cp
bch ca tng quc gia.
Cc nc ln hoc cc nhm nc u c chin lc bo v ngun nc
(nc mt, nc ngm, nc ven b bin) tng ng vi nhu cu i hi, lch
s pht trin, hon cnh kinh t, tnh a phng v tim nng khoa hc, cng
ngh c th [5].
Trc nm 1980 cng ng chu u ban hnh mt lot cc lut lin
quan n nc, c gi l ln sng th nht: hng dn v tiu chun nc
b mt (1973), lut v cht lng nc sinh hot (1980). Cc iu lut v nc
ca EU trc nm 1990 ch tp trung vo tiu chun cho nc sinh hot,
khng ch ti tiu chun ca cc cht dinh dng (N, P) tr tiu chun v
nitrat. Cng trong thi gian , do vic khai thc, s dng nc qu mc, mc
nhim trm trng cng vi tm nhn ngn ca cc d n qun l nc nn
xut hin cc ngun nc ph dng, h sinh thi b ph hu, s bin mt
ca cc vng ngp nc, nc ngm vng ven bin b nhim mn. Cc kt
qu nh gi h thng cho thy: tng nc ngm b ph hu, h sinh thi nc
v cht lng nc b xu i rt nhanh trong giai on ca thp k 80 v u
thp k 90 ca th k XX.
nhim v suy thoi ngun nc buc cc nh lm chnh sch phi cn
nhc v sa i cc ni dung v lut m ni dung quan trng nht l kim sot
cc ch tiu nhim do cc cht dinh dng gy ra (ln sng th hai).
Trong nm 1991 cc iu lut sau c thng qua:
- iu lut nc thi th (1991) tp trung vo nc thi ca cc khu dn c
(khng bao gm cc lng nh) cng nh nc thi cng nghip cha tp cht
sinh hu.
- Qui nh v kim sot nitrat t hot ng nng nghip.
Ngoi ra u ban chu u cn a ra d tho v ngn nga nhim mang
tnh tng hp ca EU (1996), tiu chun mi v cht lng nc sinh hot
(1998).
iu lut nc thi th ra cc mc tiu tham vng:
~5~
- Tt c cc khu dn c trn 2000 ngi u c h thng thu gom v x l
nc thi.
- Cc h thng x l nc thi phi t trnh bc hai v x l dinh dng
nu nc thi sau x l bc hai cha nng nitrat cao hoc c du hiu gy
ra hin tng ph dng.
Thi hn cui t cc mc tiu trn l vo 1998, 2000, 2005 tng hp
vi qui m ca h x l v ngun nc nhn.
T ni dung qui nh ca cc iu lut trn cho thy tm quan trng ca
vic kim sot cht dinh dng trong nc thi v s cp bch ca n (ch c
7,5 nm thc hin cho cc h x l phc v cho 10.000 ngi.
thc hin iu lut chung, cc thnh vin ca cng ng EU t la chn
cc vng thi nhy cm trong nc mnh, vng nhy cm chung s c hi
ng EU quyt nh. Cc nc thnh vin cng c quyn t la chn tiu
chun thi: mc gim thiu dinh dng (%) hoc nng cht thi sau x
l trong qu trnh kim sot.
Theo , hiu qu x l ca cc h thng cn t cc tiu chun c ghi
trong bng 1. 1.
Bng 1. 1. Tiu chun thi i vi cht dinh dng ca EU theo mc gim

thiu (%) hay nng cht thi.
Cht nhim Nng thi Mc gim thiu t nht

P - tng 2 mg/l cho h 10.000 ngi 80%
1 mg/l cho h > 10.000 ngi
N - tng 15 mg/l cho h 10.000 ngi 70 - 80%
10 mg/l cho h > 10.000 ngi
Ngoi vn kim sot dinh dng trong nc thi, trong hot ng sn

xut nng nghip, nhng gii php cng bc sau cng c p dng:
- Hn ch s dng phn chung v liu lng bn vo nhng thi im v a
im c qui nh.
- Lu tr phn chung mc ti thiu.
- Thc hin cc gii php ti u nhm p ng va lng m cho cy
trng (t phn bn v t t).
~6~
Chin lc kim sot nhim dinh dng trong nc ca mi quc gia u
da vo cc qui nh chung ca quc t (v d theo vn bn khuyn co
9/2/1988 ti Helcom), ca cc vng lnh th (v d EU) v tiu vng (v d
vng bin Baltic, vnh Phn Lan, lu vc ca cc sng ln, cc bi bin) cng
vi cc c th ring ca tng quc gia.
Lut, bin php thc thi lut v chng trnh hnh ng ca tng quc gia
trong EU c t ra v thc hin.
bo v ngun nc, ngn nga s hnh thnh cc ngun nc ph
dng v ph hp vi lut ca cng ng chu u, chnh ph Phn Lan qui
nh: Tt c cc h thng x l nc thi sinh hot phc v khu dn c trn
10.000 ngi cn phi gim thiu 70% lng nit trong nc thi nu ngun
nc nhn n c nguy c tr nn ph dng v nu nc c nhit cao hn
12oC i vi cc h thng x l phc v trn 100.000 ngi.
Trong chin lc bo v ngun nc ca mnh trong cc giai on 1995 -
2005, da trn cc kt qu nghin cu ton din v nhiu kha cnh khc nhau,
chnh ph cng a ra mt s khuyn co khc:
- Tt c cc h thng x l nc thi cn phi loi b c hp cht nit khi
cc ngun nhn nc trong ni a c nguy c b thiu oxy do nhim
amoniac hoc c tc ng xu n cht lng nc cp hay i sng ca
thu ng vt.
- Tt c cc h thng x l nc thi phc v trn 10.000 ngi ra vnh
Phn Lan, bin Archipelago, hoc cc sng vng ven bin Bothnia u cn
loi b nit . Trong giai on 1988 - 2004 cn phi gim 60 - 65% lng
nit trong nc thi.
Vi cc qui nh trn s c khong 30 h thng x l nc sinh hot Phn
Lan cn phi tin hnh x l nit . Mc tiu hoc nhu cu l gim 85 - 90%
tng lng amoniac trong nc thi hoc nng amoniac sau khi x l, tnh
trung bnh theo nm l 4 mg/l [3].
Ti an Mch chng trnh hnh ng gim thiu nhim cht dinh dng
c quc hi thng qua vo nm 1987 v c hiu lc thi hnh i vi cc h
thng x l t 1. 1993 [4].
Chng trnh hnh ng ca an Mch qui nh ch tiu thi chung cho
nc thi sinh hot v BOD, tng nit v tng photpho. Cc ch tiu thi lin
quan n qui m ca h thng x l tnh theo s ngi c phc v, h thng
xy mi v cc h thng ang tn ti (bng 1. 2).
~7~
Trong chng trnh hnh ng c ti 289 h thng x l nc thi phi h
thp nng photpho xung di 1,5 mg/l, 165 h x l phi gim nng
nit xung di 8 mg/l. Thi gian dnh cho chng trnh hnh ng khng
di: 138 h x l phi hon thnh ngay trong nm 1993, 25 h c php hon
thnh chm hn mt nm, 25 h khc c php hon thnh chm hn hai
nm, ch duy nht mt h x l (ln nht ti Lynetten) c php ko di 4
nm.
Bng 1. 2. Tiu chun thi chung i vi nc thi sinh hot ca an
Mch.
Qui m h x l T-N T-P BOD
(s ngi c phc v) mg/l mg/l mg O2/l
< 5000 - - -
H mi, > 5000 8 1,5 15
H tn ti
5000 - 15.000 - 1,5 -
>15.000 8 1,5 15
thc hin chin lc gim thiu nhim do cht dinh dng, chnh ph
Na Uy chi 9 triu NOK cho chng trnh nghin cu trn. Mc ch chnh
ca d n nghin cu l tm cc bin php x l dinh dng thch hp vi iu
kin ca Na Uy l c kh hu lnh v nc thi b pha long, sao cho c th
gim 50 - 80% hm lng dinh dng trong nc thi sinh hot vi chi ph
xy dng v vn hnh hp l [6].
Nhm thc hin iu lut nc thi th ca EU, vng Flemish B c
lit vo vng nhy cm, nn cc h thng x l nc thi cho hn 10.000
ngi phi p ng tiu chun thi v phng din dinh dng. Do c u
t tho ng, iu lut trn s c thc thi trn vn vo nm 2005 trong tt c
118 h thng x l nc thi sinh hot [7]. t tiu chun cht lng thi,
cc h thng x l phi gim thiu t nht 75% nng cc cht dinh dng.
T nm 1990 chnh quyn Flemish thc hin mt chng trnh khn cp
nng cao hiu qu x l ca cc h thng c vi hiu sut x l ch t khong
33%. Hng Aquafin Ltd c thnh lp v c ch nh nhim v: tu sa,
xy dng v vn hnh nhng c s h tng cn thit phc v x l nc
thi. Nhm phc v tt h thng x l nc thi ngy cng tng, Aquafin Ltd
thc hin tiu chun ho cc cng ngh p dng thch hp cho cc qui m
~8~
khc nhau trn c s nghin cu so snh v cc ch tiu kinh t v mi trng.
Tiu chun ho chng nhng c xc lp cho tng th qu trnh x l nc
thi, bn thi m cn cho tng n v cng ngh ca h thng. Tiu chun ho
cn p dng cho c cc s cng ngh chun, phng php tnh ton v
kim sot h thng hot ng. Tt c cc tiu chun trn c xut bn thnh
ti liu thc y nhanh cng vic thit k, xy dng v vn hnh h thng
x l nc thi. Tu theo qui m ca h thng x l, tiu chun k thut c
n nh tng ng (bng 1. 3, 1. 4).
Bng 1. 3. Tiu chun ho h thng cng ngh x l qui m ln.
Qui m phc BOD/COD/SS/N/P BOD/N Cng ngh

v (ngi)
2000 -5000 25/125/60/... - mt mng oxy ha c lng
trung tm, c th thao tc
theo m, x l P bng bin
php ha hc.
5000 - 10.000 25/125/60/-/ - mt mng oxy ha vi vng
thiu kh, sc kh b mt, x
l P bng bin php ha hc.
10.000 - 30.000 25/125/35/15/2 <4 mt mng oxy ha, sc kh
b mt gin on, x l P
bng bin php ha hc.
mt mng oxy ha vi vng
>4 thiu kh, sc kh b mt, x
l P bng bin php ha hc.
30.000 -100.000 25/125/35/15/2 - hai mng oxy ha c sc
kh thay phin, sc kh phn
tn mn, x l P bng bin
php ha hc.
>100.000 25/125/31/10/1 - Ph thuc vo iu kin a
phng.
Trong cc chng trnh hnh ng gim thiu tp cht dinh dng, lun
xc nh cc ch dn c th nh trn [3, 4, 5, 8].
c rt nhiu c gng c thc hin nhm ci to cc h thng ang
hot ng nhm p ng ch tiu thi cht dinh dng. T nm 1995 n 2007
chnh ph B chi tiu cho chng trnh trn 5,2 t Euro.
D n cu trc li v phc hi ngun nc mt thuc lu vc sng Ruhr
(CHLB c) bng cc gii php ngn nga nhim bi cc cht dinh dng
~9~
do nc thi sinh hot tiu tn 2 t Mark. Lu vc trn c din tch 4488 km2
vi dn s khong 2,2 triu ngi. Vng nc c hin tng ph dng do
ngun nc thi cha nhiu cht dinh dng, hiu qu x l ca cc h thng
ch t khong 25% i vi hp cht nit v 10% i vi photpho. Sau nhiu
nm thc hin, cho n nm 1999 nng amoniac gim xung cn 2,3 mg/l
(nm 1972 l 20 mg/l), ca photpho l 0,15 mg/l (vo nhng nm 70 l 0,8
mg/l) [9].
Bng 1. 4. Tiu chun ho cng ngh h x l qui m nh.

Qui m (ngi) BOD/COD/SS BOD/COD/SS BOD/COD/SS/N/P
50/250/60 (mg/l) 25/125/60 (mg/l) 25/125/35/15/2 (mg/l)
20 - 500 Lng s cp, - -
x l vi thm
cy sy hai giai
on
500 - 1000 - a lc sinh Mng oxy ha, x
hc, lc qua l P bng bin php
thm sy ha hc.
1000 - 2000 Mng oxy ha
Vng vnh Chesapeake bc M nm gia cc bang Maryland,

Pennsylvania, Virginia v qun Columbia l vng bin giu tim nng thc
vt, ng vt: 3600 loi ng, thc vt, c vi nhiu loi qu him, din tch
mt nc l 165.760 km2. y l vng kinh t v pht trin bn vng vi 15
triu dn t trn 300 nm nay [10].
Vo thp k 60, 70 ca th k 20, cht lng mi trng nc y xu i
r rt: nc thiu oxy, c, thc vt, ng vt suy gim, hiu qu nh bt
thu sn gim st mnh. Trc thc trng , quc hi M ch o cho cc
mi trng M phi hp vi cc bang lin quan tin hnh nh gi hin trng
mi trng vng vnh vi kinh ph 27 triu USD. nh gi kt thc vo nm
1982 v ra cc gii php phc hi vo 1983. Kt qu nh gi cho thy s
suy gim a dng sinh hc trong vnh v ngh c c nhiu nguyn nhn: mt
kh nng sinh sn trong vng nc chy ngc, nh bt qu mc, bnh tt,
nng cc cht dinh dng cao.
Kt qu nghin cu trong by nm cho thy nguyn nhn quan trng nht
dn ti cht lng nc xu l do hm lng hp cht nit, photpho cao, thc
~ 10 ~
y s pht trin t ca to. Khi pht trin mnh, to che chn nh sng
khng cho thc vt sng lp di pht trin, lm mt ngun thc n cho
thu ng vt. Khi cht to lng xung y, b vi sinh vt v nm phn hu
lm cn kit ngun oxy ho tan cung cp cho cc loi ng vt khc. Trong
khi phn hu to, cc cht dinh dng v hu c li c chit ra mi trng
nc t trm tch, cc yu t trn li thc y vi sinh vt pht trin. Vi sinh vt
pht trin s bm vo thn, l thc vt lm gim kh nng quang hp ca thc
vt. l qu trnh gy ra gim cht lng nc ca vng vnh.
Mt chng trnh phc hi vnh Chesapeake rng ln c thc hin bi
nhiu t chc (26 t chc tham gia k kt). Ngoi mt s bin php mang tnh
qun l, truyn thng, mc tiu chnh ca chng trnh phc hi (tho thun
1987) l gim lng dinh dng vo vnh 40% vo nm 2000 so vi nm
1985. Ch tiu trn tng ng vi cht lng nc thi khi vo vnh l 6
mg N/l v 1 mg P/l ca tt c cc h thng x l trong vng.
Cho ti nm 1992 ni dung trn c xem xt v nh gi li, kt qu cho
thy mc tiu t ra l kh thi v m rng qui nh trn cho tt c cc vnh.
Ti cn thi im nm 2000, kt qu thc hin chng trnh c tip tc
nh gi v cho thy mc tiu gim hm lng photpho thp hn ch tiu t
ra t 1 - 2%, gim hm lng nit khng t yu cu, ch khong 10 - 20%
(so vi 40%). V vy mt chng trnh mi li c tho thun s thc hin
tip trong 10 nm ti nhm phc hi vng vnh Chesapeake [10].
Qua nhng trnh by trn cho thy, chng nhng cc nh nghin cu khoa
hc, cng ngh a ra cnh bo v nguy c nhim do cc cht dinh dng
cng vi tc hi ca n m ngay cc c quan lp php, hnh php, cng
nghip, thng mi cng tch cc tham gia vo cc cng vic trn nhm
duy tr mt mi trng sng n nh, bn vng.
Ph hp vi hon cnh thc t ca mnh, mi quc gia u c chin lc v
cc gii php ph hp nhm ngn chn nhim do cc cht dinh dng.
Vit Nam, cng ngh x l nc thi, c bit l x l hp cht dinh
dng mi ch giai on u, ch yu khu vc sn xut cng nghip, hu
nh cha ng chm n nc thi sinh hot.
Cc qui nh v tiu chun thi ca Vit Nam cng cha cp ti cc cht
dinh dng v cn mc chung chung.
Nu kp thi ra cc tiu chun thi c th ngay giai on ban u nh
hin nay th s rt thun li cho cc h thng x l nc thi s c tip tc
~ 11 ~
xy dng v vn hnh trong thi gian ti v s t tn km hn so vi khi cn
b sung nng cp.
Ni dung trnh by trn lin quan n qu trnh phn hu, loi b cc cht
dinh dng trong nc thi nhm mc ch bo v cc ngun nc. Thc hin
mc tiu rt tn km, khng phi nc no cng c kh nng, v d nh
M trong trng hp x l vng vnh Chesapeake cng khng d p ng v
kinh ph [11]. Trong khi x l (phn hu) cht dinh dng phi dng n nng
lng v ho cht vi chi ph khng thp. Mt khc cc cht dinh dng chnh
l ngun nguyn liu qu ca con ngi m nhiu ni trn th gii (nhng
nc ngho) cn ang thiu v mt s trong (P, S, K) khng c kh nng
ti to v c lng d tr hn ch. Do vy, cc nh khoa hc hin nay ang
khi ng cc nghin cu hng vo vic thu hi v ti s dng cc cht dinh
dng t ph thi song song vi cc nghin cu ph hy (x l) chng.
Trn c s nh hng ti s dng v thu hi cht dinh dng t ph thi,
cc nh khoa hc tp trung vo nghin cu vn trn. Ti Amsterdam, 10.
2002, t chc hi ngh vi chuyn from nutrient removal to recovery
(bc tin t phn hy cht dinh dng n thu hi chng) bn bc v
chin lc v tho lun mt s kt qu ban u.
Protein l ngun dinh dng quan trng ca con ngi. Ngun protein thu
c t hot ng sn xut nng nghip hin nay ch yu i t phn tng hp.
Sn lng phn m tng hp ca th gii vo nm 1960 l 10 triu tn, tng
ln 90 triu tn vo nm 1998. Ngoi lng phn m tng hp, qu trnh c
nh m ca vi sinh vt c c tnh l 200 - 240 triu tn [13].
Phn ln c sn xut ch yu t qung appatit, vi mc tiu th nh
hin nay, ngun nguyn liu cn p ng cho khong 300 nm ti [12].
Thu hi, ti s dng cc cht dinh dng va p ng c mc tiu bo
v ngun nc, tit kim nng lng, ho cht va thu nhn v tit kim c
ngun ti nguyn, ph hp vi phng php lun cng ngh xanh (green
engineering). Ni dung ch yu ca phng hng trn l kt hp vic x l
nhim do dinh dng, qun l cht lng mi trng kt hp vi sn xut.
Thu hi cc cht dinh dng c th thc hin trn nhiu i tng t cht
thi rn (phn, ph liu nng nghip, sinh khi, to, bo...) hoc t cht thi
lng m ch yu l nc thi, trc tin l lng nc thi sinh hot (ngun
ln nht).
~ 12 ~
Vo cui th k 20, lng hp cht nit tham gia vo chui thc n ca
con ngi trn th gii l 15 kg/u ngi/nm. Mt phn lng nit trn
nm dng protein trong t bo ng, thc vt, lng protein tiu th dao
ng 20 - 100 g/u ngi/ngy. Mt phn ln protein b thi loi khi c th
ngi trong cht thi, khong t 5 - 16 g tnh theo nit/ngy. Nh vy hng
nm mi ngi thi ra 4,75 kg N (ly s trung bnh l 13 gN/ngi/ngy).
Lng nit thi ra trong nc thi chim khong 30% so vi lng tiu th.
Lng thi nit t phn thp hn so vi nc tiu (1,5 g so vi 12,2 g trn u
ngi mi ngy) [13].
Lng hp cht nit, photpho t nc tiu, phn b pha long ti trm ln
khi thi ra ti cng rnh, tc l trc khi c x l v vy thu hi m t
nc tiu l i tng u tin c quan tm.
C nhiu phng php thu hi cc cht dinh dng t nc thi nhng
bin php u tin quan trng nht l trnh pha long. Tch ring nc tiu l
bin php thu hi trc tip c hiu qu v 80% N, 50% P v 70% K trong nc
thi sinh hot c ngun gc t nc tiu. Sn xut phn bn trc tip t nc
tiu c sn sng chp nhn min l n p ng c nhu cu dinh dng
cho cy trng nh phn tng hp, khng gy mi v s c [12, 14, 15, 16].
Hp cht photpho cng c th thu hi t nc thi, tuy nhin vi gi thnh
cao, v vy thc hin cn c cc ng lc (chnh tr) khc. C quan mi
trng ca Thu in ngh s thu hi 25% P vo nm 2015 v 40% vo
nm 2025 [12].
X l hoc thu hi theo cc phng php n l thng tn km v t
hiu qu khng cao nn cc nh khoa hc ang tm cch phi hp cc gii
php trong mt h tng th. Cc hot ng nghin cu theo hng ny c
chia lm ba mc theo qui m ca ni dung:
- Phi hp cc h thng khc nhau c lin quan n ngun ti nguyn (trong
qun l cht thi ch l mt b phn) khi xem xt mt chu trnh tng th.
- Nng cao hiu qu hot ng ca cc qu trnh, to ra c cc m hnh sn
c hiu qu (v d kt hp gia tch ring nc tiu v x l nc thi hoc
kt hp x l vi thu hi, x l nc thi khai thc m vi thu hi cc sn
phm c trong nc thi).
- Hon chnh v nng cao hiu qu ca tng n v cng ngh, nghin cu k
thut mi c hiu qu tt hn p dng vo thc t (v d cc qu trnh kt
ta amoniac v photphat di dng struvite, qu trnh Sharon/Anamox, oxy
~ 13 ~
ho khng hon ton nc tiu, oxy ho tng cng bn vi sinh, sn xut
phn bn t cht dinh dng trong nc thi.
Mt trong nhng v d v ci tin v phi hp cc n v cng ngh khc
nhau c thc hin M (Virginia) l thu hi photpho t h thng x l
nc thi sinh hot. Sinh khi thi t qu trnh x l hiu kh c phn hu
ym kh, khi photpho trong sinh khi v amoniac c thi ra vo nc vi
nng cao (73% trong sinh khi). Amoniac v photphat c thu hi di
dng cht kt ta struvite (MgNH4PO4). S c mt ca struvite v canxi
photphat lm tng gi tr s dng ca phn vi sinh. Sinh khi qua x l nh
trn c dng lm phn bn, ng thnh gi 18,2 kg vi tn thng phm
Nutra Green vi gi thnh 1 USD hoc bn dng ri vi gi 14 USD cho
18,31 m3 [11].
Tm li, ngn nga nhim cc ngun nc do cc cht dinh dng, t
thp k 90 cc quc gia ban hnh v thc hin nhiu lut lin quan n tiu
chun thi, cng ngh x l v qun l cc ngun nc.
Tuy nhin, cc cht dinh dng l ngun nguyn liu qu gi ca con ngi
v khng phi l v tn nn cc nh khoa hc ng thi nghin cu kh nng
thu hi chng. V nguyn tc c th thu hi cc cht dinh dng t cc ngun
thi nhng vi gi thnh cao. Phng hng nghin cu chnh l kt hp cc
qu trnh qun l ti nguyn, nng cao hiu qu x l ca t hp h thng v
tng n v cng ngh v sn xut ra sn phm.
~ 14 ~
Ngun gc v chu trnh trong t nhin.
2 2. 1. Ngun gc.
Nguyn t nit l thnh phn lun c mt trong c th ng, thc vt sng

v trong thnh phn ca cc hp cht tham gia qu trnh sinh ho. ng thi
n cng tn ti rt nhiu dng hp cht v c, hu c trong cc sn phm
cng nghip v t nhin.
Nguyn t nit c th tn ti by trng thi ho tr, t dng kh (N -3) l
amoniac n dng oxy ho su (N+5) l nitrat. Bng 2. 1. ghi cc trng thi ho
tr ca nguyn t nit v hp cht ho hc i din cho trng thi ho tr .
Bng 2. 1. Trng thi ho tr ca nguyn t nit trong hp cht ha hc.
Hp cht Cng thc ha hc Ha tr
Amoni/amoniac NH4+/NH3 -3
Kh nit N2 0
Dinit oxit N2O +1
Nit oxit NO +2
Nitrit NO2--N +3
Nit dioxit NO2 +4
Nitrat NO3--N +5
Trong mi trng nc t nhin, cc hp cht amoniac, hp cht hu c

cha nit, kh nit, nitrat v nitrit c nng khng ng k, tuy vy chng l
ngun nit cho phn ln sinh vt trong t v nc. Vi sinh vt s dng ngun
nit k trn vo tng hp axit amin, protein, t bo v chuyn ho nng lng.
Trong cc qu trnh , hp cht nit thay i ho tr v chuyn ho thnh cc
hp cht ho hc khc.
Ngun pht thi hp cht nit vo mi trng rt phong ph: t cc cht
thi rn, kh thi, nc thi nhng quan trng nht l t ngun phn v cht
bi tit trong nc thi sinh hot.
~ 15 ~
Trong nc thi, photpho tn ti ch mt dng ho tr l +5 v do vy hp
cht photpho tn ti trong t nhin khng nhiu: hp cht mui v este ca
axit photphoric. Axit photphoric, H3PO4 l mt axit yu vi ba bc phn li,
ng vi cc hng s axit pKA l 2,16, 7,16 v 12,4. Khi phn li, gc photphat
hnh thnh l thnh phn tham gia vo cc qu trnh sinh ho ca t bo ng,
thc vt. Vi sinh vt v nhiu c th sng s dng photphat n (ortho -
photphat) ny to ra cc hp cht hu c cha photphat trong cc t bo:
trong axit nucleic, photpho lipit, adenosin triphotphat, hormon. Canxi photphat
l thnh phn c bn ca xng.
Ngoi dng photphat n v photphat hu c, polyphotphat l dng tn ti
khc hay gp trong nc thi. Polyphotphat l hp cht to thnh do qu trnh
trng ngng ca axit photphoric. Ph thuc vo cch sp xp ca gc photphat
c th to ra polyphotphat mch thng hoc mch vng (polymetaphotphat)
[3]. Chng c tan thp.
Trong mi trng nc, tt c cc dng polyphotphat u c th b thu
phn to thnh photphat n.
Photphat l hp cht khng bay hi, d to thnh cc hp cht c tnh tan
thp (vi Al3+, Fe2+, Ca2+) nn chng ch tn ti trong mi trng nc v
trong t, trm tch. Trong cc trm tch do hot ng ca cc loi vi sinh vt
ym kh, photphat dng khng tan li c tit ra di dng photphat n tan
vo nc, chng li c to v vi sinh hp thu.
Photpho trong nc thi ch yu c t ngun gc: phn ngi, nc tiu,
thi thc n, cht ty ra tng hp, cht thi t sn xut cng nghip, cht
chng n mn trong cc ng ng dn nc.
2. 1. 1. Ngun nc thi sinh hot.
Thnh phn nit trong thc n ca ngi v ng vt ni chung ch c

c th hp thu mt phn, phn cn li c thi ra di dng cht rn (phn)
v cc cht bi tit khc (nc tiu, m hi).
Ngun nc thi t sinh hot gm: nc v sinh tm, git, nc ra rau,
tht, c, nc t b pht, t khch sn, nh hng, cc dch v cng cng nh
thng mi, bn tu xe, bnh vin, trng hc, khu du lch, vui chi, gii tr.
Chng thng c thu gom vo cc knh dn thi. Hp cht nit trong nc
thi l cc hp cht amoniac, protein, peptid, axit amin, amin cng nh cc
~ 16 ~
thnh phn khc trong cht thi rn v lng. Mi ngi hng ngy tiu th 5-
16 g nit di dng protein v thi ra khong 30% trong s . Hm lng
nit thi qua nc tiu ln hn trong phn khong 8 ln [18]. Cc hp cht
cha nit , c bit l protein, v urin trong nc tiu b thu phn rt nhanh
to thnh amoni/amoniac. Trong cc b pht xy ra qu trnh phn hu ym
kh cc cht thi, qu trnh phn hu ny lm gim ng k lng cht hu c
dng carbon nhng tc dng gim hp cht nit khng ng k, tr mt phn
nh tham gia vo cu trc t bo vi sinh vt. Hm lng hp cht nit trong
nc thi t cc b pht cao hn so vi cc ngun thi cha qua phn hu ym
kh.
Trong nc thi sinh hot, nitrat v nitrit c hm lng rt thp do lng
oxy ho tan v mt vi sinh t dng (tp on vi sinh c kh nng oxy ho
amoni) thp. Thnh phn amoni chim 60 - 80% hm lng nit tng trong
nc thi sinh hot [1, 2].
Ngun pht thi photpho quan trng nht trong nc thi sinh hot l phn,
thc n tha, cht ty ra tng hp. Lng photpho c ngun gc t phn
c c tnh l 0,2 - 1,0 kg P/ngi/nm hoc trung bnh l 0,6 kg. Lng
photpho t ngun cht ty ra tng hp c c tnh l 0,3 kg/ngi/nm.
Sau khi hn ch hoc cm s dng photpho trong thnh phn cht ty ra,
lng photpho trn gim xung, cn khong 0,1 kg/ngi/nm.
Thc n tha: sa, tht, c hoc dng c nu n, ng cc loi trn khi vo
nc cng thi ra mt lng photpho ng k.
Nng hp cht nit, photpho trong nc thi sinh hot bin ng theo
lu lng ngun nc thi: mc s dng nc ca c dn, mc tp
trung cc dch v cng cng, thi tit, kh hu trong vng, tp qun n ung
sinh hot (thc n ngui, t nu nng), thay i mnh theo chu k thi gian
ngy thng cng nh mc sng v tin nghi ca cng ng. Lng cht thi v
vy thng c tnh theo u ngi (khi lng kh) hoc nng sau khi
c pha long vi mc nc s dng trn u ngi ( cc nc cng
nghip khong 190 lt/ngi/ngy) hoc trong cc cng rnh thi (450
lt/ngi/ngy). Nng pha long c gi l nng ti im x hoc trong
cng thi.
Rt ng tic l Vit Nam chng ta khng c cc s liu nu. Bng 2.
2 ghi c im nc thi sinh hot kh c trng ca cc thnh ph M [1,
2].
~ 17 ~
Bng 2. 2. Mc nhim nc thi sinh hot, tnh theo khi lng kh trn
u ngi trong ngy ti im x C(x) v ti cng rnh C(R).
Thng s m (g/ngi/ngy) C(x) (mg/l) C(R) (mg/l)
BOD 85 450 187
COD 198 1050 436
Cn khng tan 95 503 209
NH3-N 7,8 41,2 17,2
TKN-N 13,3 70,4 29,3

(tng nit Kjeldahl)
P-Hu c 1,23 6,5 2,7
P-V c 2,05 10,8 4,5
P-tng 3,28 17,3 7,2
Mc nhim nit v photpho trong nc thi t bp nu n v t cc

b pht cao hn so vi cc gi tr a ra trong bng 2. 2 v hnh thi sinh hot
cc vng, cc v tr c nc thi khc nhau, v d khch sn khng c nh
n, trng hc, cc cng s, bnh vin, khu du lch, ngh mt khc nhau nn
nc thi t cc ngun c nhim cng khc nhau. Gi tr nhim c
trng v vy ch c th c c bng cch nh gi trc tip mang tnh h
thng. Nc thi sinh hot c ngun gc t nhiu loi hnh hot ng, chng
thng c thu gom v cc cng dn thi. Thnh phn nhim v mc
nhim c trng ca nc thi sinh hot t cng dn thi c ghi trong bng
2. 3.
Bng 2. 3. c trng nhim nc thi sinh hot [1].

Thnh phn n v Nng
Khong c trng
Cht rn tan mg/l 350 - 1200 700
Cn khng tan mg/l 100 - 350 210
~ 18 ~
BOD mg/l 110 - 400 210
TOC mg/l 80 - 240 160
COD mg/l 250 - 1000 500
Nit tng (N) mg/l 20 - 85 35
NH3-N mg/l 12 - 50 22
P-tng (P) mg/l 4 - 15 7
P-hu c mg/l 1-5 2
P-v c mg/l 3 - 10 5
2. 1. 2. Ngun nc thi cng nghip.
nhim do hp cht nit, photpho t sn xut cng nghip lin quan ch

yu ti ch bin thc phm, sn xut phn bn hay trong mt s ngnh ngh
c bit nh ch bin m cao su, ch bin t tm, thuc da.
Ch bin thc phm thi mt lng ng k hp cht cha nit, photpho
lin quan n loi thc phm cha nhiu m: ch bin thu hi sn, git m
v sn xut thc n t cc loi tht, sa, u, nm.
Ch bin thu sn, git m gia sc gm cc cng on sn xut cc sn
phm ng lnh (th) v hp, t l cc sn phm trn ph thuc vo nhu cu
ca th trng v trnh pht trin cng ngh ca tng nc. Giai on u
ca qu trnh ch bin l v sinh, git, m, loi b cc phn thi (vy c, lng,
lng, phn, chn tm, cua...). Cc cng on k trn thng c thc hin
trong nc hoc c ra bng nc vi lng kh ln. Nc thi t khu
git m cha mt lng ln mu, m, phn cng cc mnh tht vn, nc thi
t khu git m c thu gom cng vi nc v sinh dng c hoc din tch
lm vic.
Hp cht cha nit, photpho nhanh chng c tit ra t cc thnh phn
rn vo nc vi tc ph thuc vo mc phn tn (kch thc), nhit
mi trng v loi sn phm ch bin.
Chng loi v kch thc vt git m gy ra nhim rt khc nhau: git
m c (sn phm dng phi l) thp hn nhiu so vi lm tm ng lnh, ch
bin mc v bch tuc thi ra ngun nc c nhim rt cao [4, 5]. Vi
cng chng loi th vt m c kch thc (trng lng) ln s t gy nhim
hn vt c kch thc nh khi tnh theo u vt m hay khi lng. Vt b git
~ 19 ~
m c kch thc nh (gia cm) thi ra mt lng nc ln v nhim cao
hn so vi loi kch thc ln (b, ln) khi tnh theo n v khi lng [6,
7].
Ch bin sa, sn xut b, pho mt, ch bin nm, m t cng thi ra mt
lng nc thi ng k cha hp cht nit [8, 9, 10].
Qu trnh sn xut mt s loi ho cht, phn bn, si tng hp thi ra
lng kh ln hp cht hu c cha nit, cc hp cht ny d b thu phn
trong mi trng v to ra amoniac [6, 8].
Nng hp cht nit, photpho trong nc thi cng nghip cng bin
ng rt mnh, khng ch theo ma v m c trong tng ngy, nht l i vi
cc c s ch bin thc phm sn xut ng thi nhiu loi sn phm. V l do
cc s liu phn tch v nhim ni chung hay v nit, photpho ni ring
ch mang tnh cht khi qut, khng th s dng trc tip lm s liu cho tnh
ton thit k h thng x l. V d ti x nghip ch bin thu sn F 10,
Nng vo thi im thng 2 - 3 nm 1999, trong cng ngy mc dao ng
ca COD nm trong khong 600 - 2700 mg/l, ca hp cht nit t 40 - 180
mg N/l cn ca photpho t 16 n 58 mg P/l. S dao ng ln l do ng thi
ch bin cc mt hng ng lnh: c, tm, mc.
Bng 2. 4 ghi mc nhim hp cht nit trong mt vi ngun thi [2, 8].
c s liu thit k, cch duy nht cn thc hin l nh gi ti ch, thu
thp s liu mang tnh i din, cc s liu khc ch mang tnh tham kho.
Bng 2. 4. Nng nit tng trong nc thi cng nghip[7, 8, 9].
Ngun Nng nit tng (mg/l) (khong)

- Git m 115
- Ch bin tht 76
- Ch bin:
+ C da trn 33 (28 - 50)
+ Cua 94 (58 - 138)
+ Tm 215 (164 - 266)
+ C 30
- Ch bin rau, qu, ung 4
- Bt, sn phm khoai ty 21 (5 - 40)
- Ru vang 40 (10 - 50)
~ 20 ~
- Ha cht, phn bn
+ NH3-N 1270
+ NO3--N 550
2. 1. 3. Ngun thi t nng nghip, chn nui.
Canh tc nng nghip v nguyn tc phi bn phn m v ln cho cy

trng v cc yu t trn thiu trong t trng trt. Trong rt nhiu trng hp
ngi ta cn s dng ngun nc thi ti nhm tn dng lng hp cht
nit , photpho trong lm phn bn cho cy trng [11, 12]. iu ng bn
l ch lng phn bn m cy trng khng hp thu c do nhiu nguyn
nhn: phn hu, ra tri (phn m ur, phn ln, phn tng hp NPK) hoc
do to thnh dng khng tan, nht thi cy trng khng th hp thu i vi
phn ln. C s liu cho thy phn ur khi bn cho la nc c th b mt mt
ti 30 - 40% do b ra tri, thm vo t hay b phn hu ngoi mi trng.
Trong mi trng nc, ur rt d dng b thy phn to thnh amoniac v kh
carbonic:
CO(NH2)2 + H2O CO2 + 2 NH3
Lng nit trong phn m ur chim 46%, mi ha la nc s dng
khong 12 kg ur, vi lng phn m s dng hng nm nc ta khong 2
triu tn th lng nit thi vo mi trng cng kh ln. Tuy nhin do din
phn b rng nn hm lng amoniac trong nc mt khng cao. Mt khc
khi tn ti trong nc amoniac cng b cc loi thu thc vt khc nh rong,
ru, to, c di hp thu v mt phn chuyn ho thnh dng hp cht khc nh
nitrat do hot ng ca vi sinh vt.
Ngun nc thi pht sinh do chn nui gia cm, gia sc c lu lng nh
hn so vi nc sinh hot, ch yu l nc tm ra v v sinh chung tri.
Nc thi t chung tri chn nui cha mt lng cht rn khng tan ln:
phn, rc ri, bn t, thc n tha ri vi, cc hp cht hu c cha nit,
photpho c chit ra t cc cht thi rn khi gp nc. Nng cc tp cht
trong nc thi chung tri cao hn t 50 - 150 ln so vi mc nhim ca
nc thi th, nng hp cht nit (TKN) nm trong khong 1500 -
15200 mg N/l, ca photpho t 70 - 1750 mg P/l. [13, 14].
~ 21 ~
Nc thi chung tri ca cc loi nui khc nhau c nhim khc nhau
v cc thnh phn dinh dng trong phn khc nhau [15, 16]. Bng 2. 5 ghi
mt s thnh phn chnh trong phn ca cc loi vt nui khc nhau.
Nng hp cht nit, photpho tng dn theo thi gian lu gi nc thi
do lng cht hu c c kh nng sinh hu rt ln (BOD: 2300 - 49.000 mg/l),
trong thi gian lu gi chng b phn hu ym kh to ra kh metan v
carbonic trong khi hp cht nit, photpho hu nh khng bin ng, trong khi
cc vi sinh b cht cng tip tc phn hu thi ra hp cht nit, photpho.
Bng 2. 5. Thnh phn chnh trong phn ti ca mt s loi nui (gi tr

trung bnh)[16].
Phn loi nui m (%) N (%) P2O5 (%) K2O (%)
B tht 85 0,5 0,2 0,5
B sa 85 0,7 0,5 0,5
Gia cm 72 1,2 1,3 0,6
Ln 82 0,5 0,3 0,4
D, cu 77 1,4 0,5 0,2
mt s nc, c bit l ng nam v Vit Nam c ngh nui thu

sn rt pht trin. Vo thi im nm 2005 din tch nui thu sn Vit Nam
l trn 300.000 ha. Khc vi nui qung canh v bn thm canh, nui thm
canh (cng nghip) s dng thc n tng hp vi liu lng kh ln, 100 - 120
kg/ngy/ha. Thc n tng hp cha 30 - 36% protein th. Cc kt qu nh gi
cho thy, thu ng vt nui ch hp thu c khong 25 - 40% lng nit, 17
- 25% lng photpho trong thc n tng hp. Hiu qu nui tu thuc vo loi
nui, nm trong khong 1,8 - 2,9 kg thc n thu c 1 kg sn phm ti
(trong 80% l nc). Do hiu qu hp thu N, P t thc n khng cao, phn
cn d nm trong nc nui vi hm lng khong 360 mg/m2/ngy [15].
Phn tm c, thc n tha v cht bi tit cng ng gp lm tng nng
hp cht nit, photpho trong nc nui, nht l khi phn v thc n tha
khng c thu gom v tch ra khi ngun nc nui kp thi.
Hp cht nit nhanh chng b thu phn thnh amoniac v c to hp
thu (hm lng protein th trong to kh chim khong 50%, tng ng vi
~ 22 ~
8% N). To l ngun thc n trc tip cho vt nui (c chp trng, r phi, c
trm... tm...) v ca cc loi ng vt ph du (nh), ng vt ph du l thc
n ca loi nui. Khi h sinh thi trn n nh th mc nhim trong h
nui khng ln, khi mt cn bng th gy nhim ln, gy ra nhiu s c bt
li. V d do s dng qu nhiu thc n dn n mt to cao, mt s loi
to lam pht trin t (nc n hoa) v cht hng lot. Khi to cht b phn
hu s thi ra mt lng ln amoniac u c vt nui.
Hm lng photpho trong nc nui thu sn khng cao do b to hp thu
hoc nm dng sa lng di lp bn ao.
Mc nhim hp cht nit, photpho trong cc ao nui ph thuc vo vt
nui, mt nui, ma v ch thay nc (xem cc bng 2. 6, 2. 7).
Vo cui v nui, trc khi thu hoch (4 - 5 thng nui/v) ao nui i khi
c tho cn v phi. Nc thi t cc ao nui tm, c thm canh c
nhim kh cao v mc nhim dao ng ln, v d i vi photpho nm
trong khong 0,05 - 0,40 mg P/l, amoniac: 0,15 - 1,0 mg N/l, tng nit : 0,5 -
5,0 mg N/l v BOD: 5 - 20 mg/l [15].
Bng 2. 6. Mc nhim trung bnh v khong nhim trong ao nui c da

trn ph thuc vo ma nui [15].
Thng s ng Xun H Thu
BOD (mg/l) 9,0 (1,9-17,5) 6,0 (2,1-21,9) 9,6 (2,6-20,3) 13,1 (1,3-35,5)
P-tng (mg/l) 0,16 (0,00-0,57) 0,19 (0-0,39) 0,28 (0,01-0,71) 0,35 (0,05-1,48)
TNK (mg/l) 2,78 (0,58-9,19) 3,95 (1,47-10,64) 4,7 (1,57-11,26) 6,23 (1,98-14,04)
NH3-N (mg/l) 0,48 (0,03-2,48) 0,92 (0,01-4,08) 1,32 (0,05-4,71) 1,81 (0,09-7,71)
NO2--N (mg/l) 0,03 (0,01-0,11) 0,19 (0,01-1,37) 0,08 (0,02-0,53) 0,06 (0,01-0,30)
NO3--N (mg/l) 0,94 (0,18-6,31) 0,74 (2,90-13,40) 0,47 (2,60-13,00) 0,63 (4,30-16,80)
Bng 2. 7. Mc nhim trong ao nui tm ph thuc vo mt nui

(con/m2) [15].
Thng s Mt nui (con/m2)

30 40 50 60 70
NO2--N (mg/l) 0,02 0,01 0,06 0,08 0,08
NO3--N (mg/l) 0,07 0,06 0,15 0,15 0,15
~ 23 ~
NH3-N (mg/l) 0,98 0,98 6,36 7,87 6,50
N-tng (mg/l) 3,55 4,04 14,9 20,9 17,1
P-tng (mg/l) 0,18 0,25 0,53 0,49 0,32
BOD (mg/l) 10,0 11,4 28,9 33,9 28,8
2. 1. 4. Nc rc.
Rc thi sinh hot t cc th, thnh ph c khi lng kh ln. Ti cc

thnh ph ln Vit Nam, lng rc thi bnh qun tnh theo u ngi l 0,6
- 0,8 kg/ngi/ngy. Thnh phn ch yu ca rc thi l cht hu c (rau, qu,
thc vt...) nhng mt lng ng k cc tp cht v c : gch, si, x than,
snh, s, thu tinh v c bit l polyme ph thi (bao b) cng thng c mt.
Ph thuc vo trnh qun l v trnh dn tr, cc nc pht trin, rc
sinh hot c phn loi cn thn ngay t h gia nh: rc hu c, rc kim
loi, vt v c khng c kh nng ti s dng (snh, s, gm, giy vn)
nhm gip cho qu trnh ti s dng c thun tin v c hiu qu. Rc hu
c thng c dng ch to phn bn (cho cy trng khng s dng lm
thc phm) hoc lm nguyn liu sn xut nng lng.
cc nc ang pht trin, vic phn loi rc thi ti ngun cha c
thc hin rng ri, thng c thu gom chung v mang chn lp ti cc bi
rc, i khi s dng mt phn sn xut phn bn hu c.
Rc c chn lp trong cc bi khng c che ph vi din tch kh ln,
v d bi rc Nam Sn, Sc Sn, H Ni c din tch ti 83 ha. Ti cc bi
chn lp rc pht sinh mt lng ln nc thi do nc ma, nc ngm hoc
nc b mt thm vo v chnh do m ca rc thi. hn ch lng nc
rc ngi ta thng thc hin cc gii php k thut v qun l thch hp:
khng chn lp dn tri, dng t ph kp thi ln trn cc din tch chn
lp, m nn tit kim th tch cc h chn rc.
bo v ngun nc ngm v chng s lan truyn ca nc rc ngi ta
thng lt vi chng thm xung quanh h chn lp rc, nc rc hnh thnh
c bm gom v h tr x l trc khi thi ra mi trng.
Thnh phn ho hc trong nc thi thm ra t bi rc sinh hot (ch yu
cha cht hu c) ph thuc vo mc phn hu ca rc, iu kin thi tit,
m v tui ca bi rc.
~ 24 ~
Bi chn rc l l vi sinh ym kh, trong mt tp on vi sinh vt hot
ng phn hu mt phn cht hu c trong cht rn. Tc phn hu cht hu
c ca chng trc ht ph thuc vo nhit v m ca bi chn rc.
Qu trnh phn hu cht hu c ca vi sinh ym kh gm c ba giai on
ni tip nhau. Thu phn (b gy) cc phn t hu c ln nh polyme, lipit,
protein, hydrat carbon thnh cc phn t nh nh monosacharit, axit amin,
chng l nhng nguyn vt liu thch hp cho qu trnh tng hp t bo v trao
i cht ca loi vi sinh to axit thuc nhm acidogens giai on th hai.
Giai on th hai l giai on chuyn ho cc sn phm thu phn thnh
axit (loi vi sinh acidogens nh Clotridium spp, Peptococus anaerobus,
Difidobacterium spp, Desulphovibrio spp...). Sn phm chnh c to ra l
axit axetic v mt lot axit khc nh crotonic, adipic, pyruvic, phthalic,
fumaric, lactic, succinic, mallonic, gallic, aconitic, oxaclic v kh hydro.
Giai on to kh metan v carbon dioxit c thc hin bi nhm vi sinh
methanogens (to ra metan). Loi vi sinh ng quan tm nht l loi s dng
axit axetic v hydro, chng c tc pht trin chm v vy giai on hnh
thnh kh metan thng l bc chm nht. Ngoi axit axetic, loi vi sinh to
metan ch c kh nng s dng mt s loi hn ch cc c cht khc nh
format, acetat methanol, methylamin. Chng vi sinh to metan v axit c
chung li ch v tn ti, nng ta nhau trong th cn bng ng. duy tr
trng thi ng ti u cn c cc iu kin thch hp v pH, nhit ,
kim, hm lng axit d bay hi, thnh phn dinh dng. Trng thi ng ti
u gip cho kh nng phn hu cht hu c c hiu qu cao.
Thnh phn ho hc ca nc rc trc ht ph thuc vo mc phn hu
ca rc (nhit , m, tui, iu kin mi trng), chng khc nhau rt r
rt i vi tng bi c th. Nc thi t cc bi rc vi mc phn hu thp
(mi, ma kh, lnh) ang trong giai on axit ho th 80 - 90% cht hu c
trong l cc axit hu c d bay hi c kh nng sinh hu cao. Ngc li
nc thi t bi rc c phn hu su (giai on to kh metan ang v sp
kt thc) th cc cht hu c trong ch yu l cc cht tr, kh sinh hu nh
axit humic, fulvic, tannin, lignin v amoni vi hm lng rt cao.
Rc thi hu c c thnh phn ho hc c trng nh sau: 25,2% nc,
25,5% carbon, 3,4% hydro, 20,3% oxy, 0,5% nit , 0,2% lu hunh, 0,5% clo
v 24,4% cht v c khc (tnh theo khi lng). Theo t l trn th t l gia
C/N trong rc thi l 50 : 1, tuy vy t l ny trong nc thi rc l nh hn do
~ 25 ~
nhiu hp cht giu carbon khng phn hu c trong iu kin ym kh, v
d cc dng polyme ca g nh lignin, chng c th chim ti 6,8% ca khi
lng rc. Gi tr C/N v vy nm trong khong 22 : 1 n 33,5 : 1 [17].
Thnh phn hu c cha nit trong rc ch yu l protein v mt lng
nh hn cc hp cht axit nucleic, chitin, ure, phospholipit, cc sn phm phn
hu t thc n, xc ng vt.
Trong qu trnh phn hu ym kh, protein v cc hp cht cha nit b
thu phn bi enzym do vi sinh ym kh v mt phn hiu kh to ra axit amin
v tip tc thnh amoni v carbon dioxit cng vi axit d bay hi. Mt lng
khng ln axit amin, amoni c vi sinh vt s dng cu to t bo, lng
cn d li tn ti trong nc rc. Sau mt chu k hot ng, cc vi sinh ym
kh cht v b phn hu nh xc ng vt.
Theo Robinson v Gronow th nng amoni trong nc rc nm trong
khong 194 - 3610 mg/l khi rc phn hu trong giai on axit ho v 283 -
2040 mg/l trong giai on metan ho [17, 19].
Chu trnh bin i hp cht carbon v nit trong cc h cha nc thi rc
din ra nh sau:
Nc rc c tch ra khi bi chn v thng c gom v cc h cha
trc khi c x l v thi ra mi trng. S bin ng v nng cht hu
c (BOD, COD) v hp cht nit trong nc thi di s tng tc ca vi
sinh vt, iu kin vt l (gi, ma, kh, hanh, nng, lnh) v thc vt l i
tng ng quan tm khi nh gi c trng ca nc rc.
Nng cht hu c c c trng bi cc ch s nh BOD, COD, tng
carbon (TOC) hoc cc ch s khc nhng thng dng hn c l BOD v
COD.
T l COD v BOD ph thuc vo mc phn hu ca rc v nc rc,
phn hu cng cao th t l ny cng ln.
Nng cht hu c trong nc rc trc ht ph thuc vo lng nc
pha long trong ng rc . Ma ma nc thm nhiu, nng thp v ngc
li v ma kh, chng khc nhau ti c chc ln.
Khi c cha trong h, ph thuc vo iu kin nng oxy trong nc
(th oxy ho kh) s xy ra cc din bin sau:
Trong cc h ym kh (mt thong nh, lp nc su) lng oxy ho tan
thp, gi tr th oxy ho kh thp (< -300mV) th ch c loi vi sinh ym kh
hot ng. S thay i nng cht hu c trong nc l do hot ng ca vi
~ 26 ~
sinh ym kh nh trong ng rc nhng thun li hn do kh nng tip xc
gia vi sinh vt vi cht gy nhim tt hn nhiu so vi trong ng rc.
Ngun cht hu c gim i ch yu do to thnh sinh khi (10%) v do trao
i cht (to nng lng) (90%). Nu sinh khi khng c tch ra chng s
cht, lng xung y h v tip tc phn hu to ra ngun cht hu c mi. T
l BOD/COD ca nc thi (v nng axit d bay hi) rt thp. Hm lng
cht hu c d ch yu l loi tr, kh phn hu. Tc ng ca cc iu kin
vt l ln bin ng nng cht hu c khng nhiu ngoi tr hiu ng pha
long (ma) v c c (bc hi).
Trong cc h ty nghi, ni ng thi tn ti c dng vi sinh hiu kh v ym
kh cng hot ng v to c iu kin pht trin th s tng tc gia chng
c nh hng rt ln ti s bin ng nng cht hu c. lp nc su, vi
sinh vt ym kh hot ng ging nh trong cc h ym kh. lp nc tng
trn s din ra tng tc gia cc vi sinh hiu kh v to.
To l loi thc vt n hoc a bo, c kch thc t vi chc ti mt trm
m vi bn nhm to chnh l to lc, to mt, to vng v to lam. To l loi
thc vt t dng (dng ngun carbon v c) v nng lng quang ho.
Chng pht trin theo ma v c th t ti 200 mg/l v mt .
Kh nng pht trin ca to ph thuc vo ngun dinh dng (N, P), c
cht (carbon v c, CO2, HCO3-) nh sng v nhit . Trong qu trnh quang
hp chng nh ra oxy v OH- (lm tng pH), khi h hp chng li nh ra kh
CO2. Ngun nh sng l nng lng m chng hp thu trc ht ph thuc vo
trong ca nc. Vi sinh hiu kh tng tc cng sinh vi to: sn phm thi
ca qu trnh vi sinh hiu kh (CO2) l nguyn liu to pht trin, kh oxy
sinh ra do qu trnh quang hp l iu kin cn thit vi sinh hiu kh hot
ng. Do hiu sut to sinh khi ca vi sinh hiu kh cao (1kg BOD to ra
khong 0,4kg sinh khi, phn cn li chuyn ho thnh CO2 v nc) nn s
suy gim COD cng v sau cng chm do s phn hu tip theo ca vi sinh
hiu kh (phn hy ni sinh) v to trong iu kin ym kh tng y.
Trong h hiu kh, hot ng ca to v vi sinh hiu kh xy ra mnh hn
so vi h tu nghi, nng oxy ho tan rt ln, thng l trn mc bo ho v
pH cao. Cht hu c d trong ch yu l loi tr, kh sinh hu (BOD thp)
Hp cht nit trong cc h cha gm: cht hu c cha nit, amoni, nitrit,
nitrat dng tan trong nc v trong cu trc t bo ca vi sinh v to.
~ 27 ~
Trong h ym kh, hp cht nit tn ti ch yu dng amoni, mt phn
nm trong t bo ca vi sinh ym kh. Do khng tch c sinh khi ra khi
nc nn khi phn hu, amoni c tr li hu nh trn vn vo mi trng
nc.
Trong h tu nghi, mc d vi s c mt thm ca vi sinh hiu kh v to,
s din bin v nng hp cht nit cng c hnh nh tng t nhng vi
tc gim amoni nhanh hn trong giai on u v tng nhanh trong giai
on phn hu. Trong h hiu kh qu trnh chuyn ho cc hp cht nit phc
tp hn do vi sinh d dng (oxy ho cht hu c) trong iu kin c oxy do
to nh ra, do hot ng ca loi vi sinh t dng (oxy ho amoni thnh nitrit
v nitrat) v kh nitrat do loi vi sinh d dng trong iu kin thiu kh.
Trn lp nc b mt, ni hot ng ca to v do oxy thm t khng kh,
vi sinh vt t dng c iu kin pht trin rt tt t b cnh tranh bi loi vi
sinh d dng do mt vi sinh d dng khi ny thp (BOD thp). Suy gim
nng amoni l do vi sinh v to hp thu. Nitrit v nitrat hnh thnh tng
trn khuych tn su xung di y c vi sinh d dng kh thnh kh nit
vi s c mt ca cht hu c phn hu t xc vi sinh v to y. tng
y, nng oxy khng ln do thiu s hot ng ca to v do s phn hu
to v vi sinh. S suy gim nng hp cht nit trong h hiu kh l do qu
trnh nitrat v kh nitrat ha ca cc tp on vi sinh vt.
Kt qu nh gi c trng nhim cc bi rc ti H Ni, Hi Phng,
Qung Ninh v Nam nh trong thi gian t thng 7 - 2003 n thng 12 -
2004 cho thy: Cht hu c c kh nng sinh hu nh axit hu c d bay hi
(VFA), oxy ho thp, ch chim 5 - 10% ca lng hu c tng (COD),
lng COD nm trong khong 54 - 5060 mg/l, gi tr thng gp l 300 - 800
mg/l.
Bng 2. 8 ghi mt s c trng (trung bnh) nhim trong nc rc ca mt
s bi chn lp khu vc min bc Vit Nam.
Amoniac chim 70 - 80% ca tng nit v dao ng trong khong ln, t
40 mg/l n 1600 mg/l tu thuc vo thi im v v tr ly mu.
So vi cc loi hnh nc thi khc, dao ng ca cc c trng nhim
rt ln do iu kin thi tit v mc phn hu ti thi im nh gi.
~ 28 ~
Bng 2. 8. c trng nhim nc rc ti mt s bi chn lp ti H Ni,
Qung Ninh, Nam nh, Hi Phng, gi tr c trng (a) v khong dao ng
(b) [20].
c trng H Ni Qung Ninh Nam nh Hi Phng
COD (mg/l)
a 400 - 800 500 - 1200 300 - 500 100 - 1600
b 211 - 5060 169 - 3160 46 - 825 22 - 2680
VFA (mg/l)
a 40 - 100 30 - 80 10 - 40 20 - 50
b 11 - 2735 11 - 1158 9 - 368 8 - 570
NH3-N (mg N/l)
a 150 - 500 120 - 350 70 - 250 200 - 600
b 58 - 852 31 - 1022 10 - 598 21 - 1787
TKN (mg N/l)
a 200 - 600 300 - 800 80 - 300 250 - 800
b 61 - 873 55 - 1801 17 - 661 29 - 1980
TP (mg P/l)
a 3-5 5 - 12 3 - 12 5 - 16
b 0,9 - 12,7 1,1 - 31,6 0,5 - 18,9 0,8 - 26,1
2. 2. Chu trnh trong t nhin.
Hin tng ph dng l mt khi nim dng ch mt ngun nc, trong

c qu trnh pht trin t ca thy thc vt m trc tin l cc loi vi to.
Nguyn nhn ca qu trnh trn l do nc cha nhiu cht dinh dng cho
thc vt: m v ln. Trong giai on to pht trin, ngun nc giu oxy, pH
cao do qu trnh quang hp p o qu trnh h hp ca thc vt, v ngc li.
Trong giai on to cht, phn hy, ngun nc s b cn kit oxy, pH thng
l thp v b nhim bi cc cht t qu trnh phn hy ym kh c tnh kh
(ha hc) cao, c, c mi hi.
iu kin sng cho cc loi thy ng vt trong ngun nc ph dng l
khng thch hp do nguyn nhn:
- Thay i qu ln yu t oxy ha tan v pH (oxy nm trong khong 1 - 20
mg/l, pH nm trong khong 5,5 - 10,5) trong thi gian ca chu k ngy ko
~ 29 ~
theo s o ln v thi quen sinh hot ca thy ng vt. Phn ln cc loi
nui nh tm, c, nhuyn th khng th sng khi nng oxy tan l 0,5 - 1,0
mg/l. Nng oxy tan mc bo ha (8 - 10 mg/l) cng khng tt hn cho
thy ng vt do kh nng chuyn ti oxy ca cc protein (hemoglobin,
hemocyanin) qua mang t hiu sut ti a ti vng nng oxy di
mc bo ha. Nng oxy cao gy ra gim st kh nng hp th, trong
trng hp nng siu bo ha mc 300% (25 - 40 mg/l ty thuc vo
nhit ) c c th b ng c bi oxy hoc chn thng bt kh [21].
S thng ging pH ko theo s bin ng gy tnh c cho thy ng vt:
ti vng pH cao amoniac tn ti dng trung ha (NH3), ti vng pH thp
hydro sunfua tn ti dng trung ha (H2S), hai hp cht trn l c t.
- Trong qu trnh to pht trin mnh hoc cht v phn hy, mi trng nc
nhn lun c cht lng thp: c, pH thp, cha nhiu c t t qu trnh
phn hy ym kh.
Vo ma h, trong cc ngun nc c su thng xy ra hin tng
phn tng nhit, nhit lp nc mt cao hn lp di. Hin tng ph
dng c nhn bit thng qua vic xc nh nng oxy lp nc y.
Nu lng oxy tan kh cao th ngun nc c tnh bn dng
(oligotrophic), ngc li nu b cn kit th c tnh ph dng.
c th nh gi c tc ng xu ti mi trng ca cc cht gy
nhim t nc thi cn phi xem xt qu trnh vn chuyn v chuyn ha ca
chng trong mi trng t nhin do cc qu trnh ha hc, sinh hc v vt l
gy ra.
Cc qu trnh ny rt phong ph v bin ng ln ph thuc vo iu kin
c th ca mi trng.
S chuyn ha ca cc cht gy nhim c th minh ha qua cc chu trnh
sinh ha c s tham gia ca cc yu t vt l v ha hc khc cng nh c ch
chuyn ha trong mi trng.
Tng chu trnh ca cc nguyn t c bn: carbon, nit, photpho, lu hunh
lun nm trong mi tng quan vi nhau, vi s tham gia ca ng vt, thc
vt, cc yu t vt l, ha hc khc. Cc chu trnh ny c ngha nn tng cho
s sng trn tri t. S hiu bit v din bin ca cc chu trnh trn l nhng
xut pht im cn thit xy dng cc cng ngh x l nc thi c hiu
qu.
Chu trnh hiu kh.
~ 30 ~
S hnh thnh v phn hy cc hp cht hu c xy ra trong t nhin di
iu kin hiu kh v ym kh. Trong chu trnh hiu kh (hnh 2. 1), oxy phn
t c s dng lm cht oxy ha cc cht hu c.
Cht hu c
1.
Carbonhydrate
Cht trong
ng vt sng Sn phm u ca
qu trnh phn hy
1.
Carbonhydrate 1. CO2
Ngun nhn
nit, oxy v
CO2 trong
khng kh
v nc
Cht trong thc Sn phm trung gian

vt sng ca qu trnh phn
hy
1.
Carbonhydrate 1. CO2
Sn phm cui ca
qu trnh phn hy
1. CO2
Hnh 2. 1. Chu trnh hiu kh.

Trong chu trnh carbon iu kin hiu kh c s chuyn ha ca kh
carbonic trong t bo thc vt thnh cht hu c v s chuyn ha ngc l t
cc cht hu c thnh kh carbonic. Cc cht hu c trong c th ng thc
vt cht trc tin b phn nh thnh cc hp cht trung gian hoc nguyn liu
trc khi hnh thnh sn phm bn cui cng l kh carbonic. Rt nhiu loi vi
sinh d dng tham gia vo qu trnh trn, chng c th s dng nng lng
ha hc hay quang nng. Do sn phm phn hy ca qu trnh hiu kh dng
rt bn (CO2, H2O), ng ngha vi tn ti mc nng lng thp nn nng
lng sinh ra trong qu trnh ln, tc xy ra qu trnh nhanh. Trong chu
~ 31 ~
trnh hiu kh cng nh ym kh, cc nguyn t N, P, S lun tham gia vo,
chng lun l mt b phn khng tch ri ca hai chu trnh ln trn.
Chu trnh ym kh.

Theo Fair, Geyer [1] chu trnh ym kh c th m t nh hnh 2. 2.
Cht hu c
1.
Carbonhydrate
Cht trong
ng vt sng Sn phm u ca
qu trnh phn hy
1.
Carbonhydrate 1.v 2. CO2. axit
hu c v carbon
Ngun nhn
nit, oxy v
CO2 trong
khng kh
v nc
Cht trong thc Sn phm trung gian

vt sng ca qu trnh phn hy
1. 1v 2. CO2, axit hu
Carbonhydrate c, NH4+, carbon
Sn phm cui ca
qu trnh phn hy
1v 2. CO2, NH4+,
mn, CH4
Hnh 2. 2. Chu trnh ym kh.

Trong mi trng thiu hoc khng c oxy phn t, cc loi vi sinh ym
kh, ty nghi s phn hy cc cht hu c t thc vt, ng vt. Di iu kin
ym kh cc sn phm trung gian ca qu trnh phn hy c tnh kh cao nh
amoniac, hydro sunfua, axit hu c, axit carbonic (CO2). Sn phm sau cng
ca phn hy ym kh l metan, CO2, H2S c bn thp nm trng thi
nng lng cao, khng bn nn chng c th tip tc chuyn ha trong mi
trng t nhin.
~ 32 ~
Chu trnh nit.
Trong t nhin nit tn ti nhiu dng hp cht ha hc, tham gia v
chuyn ha trong nhiu qu trnh nh m t trong cc hnh 2. 1, 2. 2, quan
trng hn c l s chuyn ha gia cc dng hp cht v c v hu c cha
nit. Trong mi trng hiu kh, thc vt cht v protein ng vt b vi sinh
vt phn hy, thi ra amoniac v amoniac b oxy ha thnh nitrit, nitrat. Nitrat,
amoniac t phn hy hiu kh v t qu trnh c nh m tham gia xy dng
t bo thc vt, vi sinh vt nm di dng hp cht hu c. Cht hu c cha
nit trong thc vt, vi sinh vt c ng vt tiu th sn xut protein.
l chu trnh nit tng th. Mc d nhm vi sinh vt c nh m t kh nh
nhng chng c vi tr kh quan trng, ni bt trong trng hp thiu m.
Trong mi trng nc, s chuyn ha ca hp cht nit c nhng nt c
trng ring.
Hp cht nit t c sn trong ngun nc, ch yu l do cht thi t cc
hot ng ca con ngi di dng hp cht hu c cha nit (axit amin,
protein, urin...) cc cht ny d dng b thy phn (phn ng vi nc) to
thnh amoniac.
Trong iu kin nc chy, amoniac s chuyn ha hoc dch chuyn theo
mt trong ba phng thc:
- ng vai tr cht dinh dng cho to v cc loi thy thc vt c r to ra
sinh khi.
- Bay hi vo khng kh di dng kh amoniac nu p sut ring ca n trong
khng kh thp hn mc bo ha (hu nh lun tn ti). Mc bay hi
trc ht ph thuc vo pH ca mi trng. Amoniac l mt baz yu c
cng baz l 9,25. Ti pH = 9,25 th 50% nng tn ti dng trung
ha (NH3) c kh nng bay hi v 50% tn ti dng ion amoni (NH4+)
khng bay hi. Ti pH = 7,2 t l nng gia dng ion v trung ha l
100/1, ngc li ti pH = 11,25 th t l trn l 1/100. pH cao l iu kin cn
amoniac trong nc tn ti dng bay hi. Sc kh v nhit cao thc
y amoniac bc hi (gii hp th).
- S c mt ca amoniac trong nc gy ra nhu cu tiu th oxy do nit
(nitrogeneous oxygen demand, NOD), tc l lng oxy cn thit oxy ha
amoniac thnh nitrit (do vi khun Nitrosomonas) v tip tc thnh nitrat (vi
khun Nitrobacter). oxy ha 1 g amoniac cn 4,5 g oxy. Qu trnh oxy
ha amoniac ph thuc trc tip vo mt ca chng vi sinh Nitrifier v
~ 33 ~
nng oxy tan trong nc.Trong cc dng chy (sng, sui, mng...) c
lp nc nng qu trnh oxy ha din ra mnh hn so vi cc ngun nc
su.
Mc sinh trng v pht trin ca chng loi vi sinh Nitrifier (oxy ha
amoniac) thp nn mt phn tn ca chng trong nc cng thp, hiu qu
oxy ha amoniac khng cao. Vi sinh Nitrifier thng tp hp li thnh mng
bm vo t ven b v cng chnh cc a im hm lng oxy cc b
cng cao hn gi tr trung bnh ca ngun nc. V l do nn tc oxy
ha amoniac ph thuc vo t l gia din tch tip xc v th tch ca dng
chy, cc ngun chy nng to iu kin tt hn cho qu trnh so vi dng
chy su. Mt khc lp nc trn b mt cng c nhit thng cao hn so
vi di lp nc su.
Trong cc ngun nc lng (ao, h, p...) s bin ng ca hp cht nit,
photpho lun lin quan n to v gy ra hin tng ph dng. Amoniac v
nitrat c to, thc vt hp thu to thnh protein, khi cht b phn hy thnh
amoniac t ngun thc vt v vi sinh vt.
Trong qu trnh x l hp cht nit trong nc thi, s bin i ca hp
cht nit theo chu trnh m t trong hnh 2. 3.
Vi sinh vt s dng amoniac xy dng t bo, mt phn t bo b cht
(phn hy ni sinh) tit ra amoniac v mt phn to ra lng sinh khi thc.
Loi vi sinh t dng thc hin phn ng oxy ha amoniac vi oxy sn
xut nng lng cho mc ch hot ng sng, sinh trng v pht trin. Qu
trnh oxy ha ti nitrit v nitrat gi l qu trnh nitrat ha. Loi vi sinh ty
nghi, d dng kh nitrit v nitrat vi cht hu c (cht cho in t) v to
thnh kh nit. Kh nit l sn phm cui ca qu trnh x l nit bng phng
php sinh hc.
Hp cht nit
(protein, ur)
Phn hy vi sinh
thy phn
Amoniac To sinh T bo nit T bo

khi hu c thc
Phn hy ni sinh
~ 34 ~
NO2-
Kh nitrat Kh nit
NO3-
Cht hu c carbon
Hnh 2. 3. Chu trnh nit.

Chu trnh photpho.
Chu trnh photpho l mt chu trnh con ca chi trnh vt cht c m t
trong hnh 2. 1, 2. 2 di iu kin ym kh, hiu kh. Trong mi trng nc,
chu trnh photpho c trnh by trong hnh 2. 4.
Trong cc ngun nc, photphat tn ti dng tan (n, ortho) trong nc,
mt phn ln nm lp bn di dng mui t tan (Ca, Fe, Al) hoc trong cc
t bo ch ca ng vt, thc vt. Trong iu kin ym kh ca lp bn y,
cc dng photphat khng tan c mt s loi vi khun (Acinetobacter) phn
hy thnh dng tan, thm nhp tr li ngun nc.
nhim ngun nc do cc cht dinh dng th hin hin tng ph
dng, lin quan trc tip n s pht trin t ca to v mt s cc loi thy
thc vt. To l loi thc vt n bo c kch thc t mt vi ti mt trm
m vi chng loi rt phong ph. To c thnh phn dinh dng cao, hm
lng protein th trong to kh c th ti 50 - 60% (8 - 20% N) v vy l
ngun thc n tt cho thy ng vt v ca ngi. Tuy nhin c mt s loi
to c tnh c, trc ht l loi to lam (blue green algae). Mt s loi to v
d Oscillatoria (f. Chalybea) tit ra mt s cht gy mi kh chu nh
geosmin, 2 - methylisoborneol. c bit gy tc hi l khi chng cht ng
lot, to ra mi trng nc m phn ln cc loi thy ng vt khng th tr
ng. [21].
To cn ng thi nhiu yu t pht trin: nhit , nh sng, kh
carbonic, nit, photpho v mt lot cc nguyn t vi lng. Thiu mt trong
cc yu t trn s hn ch s pht trin ca chng.
Trong cc ngun nc t nhin khng b nhim, to pht trin vi mc
va phi v b tiu th bi cc loi thy ng vt, c bit i vi ng vt
ph du c kch thc nh.
~ 35 ~
Phn bn Photpho hu c P trong thc n Khng kh
P-c
P-phn
P n P trong to P-hu c P-hu Nc

khng tan c tan
P canxi
Bn
P-hu c P-hu c
P-n
tan khng tan
P-Ca Ca, Al, Fe P (Al, Fe)
Hnh 2. 4. Chu trnh photpho.

Mt s loi to (to lam) c kh nng c nh m t kh nit pht trin,
ngun photpho ch c c t ngun nc. Trong cc ngun nc t nhin,
lng photpho tan thng c nng rt thp, t khi vt qu 0,1 mg/l. Nng
photpho trong nc mn, nc l cn thp hn ( 0,02 mg/l) do trong nc
bin cha nhiu canxi, to thnh cc hp cht kh tan.
Do nng photpho tan trong nc thp, nn tn ti c, to c kh
nng hp thu photpho rt nhanh v trit , ti mc nng d di mc 1
g/l. Mt s loi to c kh nng hp thu photpho nhiu hn mc cn thit,
chng d tr s dng sau. To lam l loi c kh nng tch tr photpho khi
mi trng giu cht dinh dng ny, l c tnh gip cho chng sng st
qua cc giai on thiu cht dinh dng.
Do d b thiu v rt cn thit cho s pht trin ca to nn tiu chun thi
v photpho thng rt ngt ngho, thng c qui nh l 1 mg/l.
~ 36 ~
Khi qut v phng php x l hp cht nit,
3 photpho.
Trc khi trnh by chi tit v cc qu trnh x l hp cht nit,

photpho trong cng ngh x l nc thi, chng ta s lit k cc phng php
c nghin cu v mt s c ng dng trong thc tin. Mt s
phng php c s dng x l nit, photpho ring r, mt s c s
dng x l ng thi c hai yu t trn.
3. 1. X l hp cht nit.
X l hp cht nit c th thc hin bng cc bin php ha l (ha hc),

vt l hoc sinh hc da trn cc nguyn tc chuyn ha thnh hp cht khc
hoc tch loi, cch ly chng ra khi mi trng nc.
- Chuyn ha cc hp cht nit thnh dng kh, thm nhp vo bu kh quyn.
Con ng chuyn ha ny c th thc hin bng phng php sinh hc
thng qua cc qu trnh lin tip nitrat ha (oxy ha amoniac) v kh nitrat
(kh nitrat vi t cch l cht oxy ha v cht hu c carbon l cht kh).
Thc hin phn ng oxy ha kh trc tip gia amoniac vi nitrit v nitrat
bng phng php vi sinh (qu trnh Anamox). Oxy ha xc tc trc tip
amoniac thnh kh nit [1, 2]. Oxy ha amoniac vi clo hot ng (clo ha
ti im t bin).
- Chuyn ha cc hp cht nit thnh cc thnh phn trong t bo ca sinh
khi (thc vt v vi sinh vt). Qu trnh chuyn ha trn gn lin vi cc
phn ng sinh ha xy ra trong t bo ng, thc vt, trong qu trnh quang
hp ca thc vt hay ng ha ca vi sinh vt. Qu trnh trn tn ti trong t
nhin, l c s ca phng php x l bng cc loi thy thc vt.
- Bc hi amoniac vo bu kh quyn. Phng php ny tht ra l chuyn cht
nhim t nc vo khng kh, sau phn ln li c hp th tr li vo
mi trng nc nhng v tr khc. thc hin phng php trn,
amoniac phi tn ti dng bay hi (trung ha) v do tan ca amoniac
trong nc rt ln nn thc y cn phi sc kh vi lng rt ln v
nhit cao.
- Tch amoniac ra khi mi trng nc c th thc hin bng phng php
trao i ion trn cationit. Cc loi nha cationit c chn lc trao i thp
~ 37 ~
i vi amoni, dung lng trao i ng thp, b cnh tranh mnh bi cc
ion khc c mt vi nng cao nh canxi, magie. Loi zeolit t nhin
clinoptilolite c kh nng chn lc cao i vi amoni c th c s dng
trong mt s trng hp. Nitrat cng l cu t c chn lc trao i ion
thp hu ht trn cc loi nha tng hp. Trn th trng c mt s anionit
c th dnh cho trao i nitrat.
S dng mt s loi mng thch hp: mng nan, mng thm thu ngc
hay in thm tch cng tch c cc hp cht nit ng thi vi cc hp
cht khc.
Hiu qu x l v gi thnh ca tng phng php rt khc nhau v kh
nng s dng tng phng php cn ph thuc vo nng ca hp cht nit
(amoni) trong nc.
Theo Mulder [3], ph thuc vo nng amoni trong nc thi, cc
phng php sau c th la chn da trn tiu ch v gi thnh:
- Nng amoni trong nc thi khng cao, nh hn 100 mgN/l nh trong
nc thi sinh hot th phng php vi sinh l thch hp.
- Nng amoni nm trong khong 100 - 5000 mg N/l nh trong nc thi t
qu trnh phn hy bn (vi sinh) th phng php c cho l kh d vn l
phng php vi sinh. Kt lun ny c a ra sau rt nhiu cng trnh
nghin cu su sc v ton din. Phng php bc hi hoc kt ta di
dng struvite cng l phng n kh d song gi thnh khng thun li.
- Nc thi c nng amoni cao, ln hn 5000 mg N/l c th x l theo
phng php ha l s thun li c v mt k thut v kinh t. c h
thng cng nghip c xy dng x l nc thi cha 1,5% NH3 bng
phng php sc kh nng bc hi amoni v thu hi NH3 t pha kh. [3].
Cho ti nay gii php x l sinh hc c thc hin rng ri hn cc gii
php khc. Bng 3. 1 ghi mt s c trng ca cc h thng sinh hc dng
x l nc thi giu hp cht nit.
Bng 3. 1. Mt s c trng vn hnh h thng x l sinh hc [3].
H x l Ti lng Nng lng T l Sinh Hiu qu

kgN/(ha.ngy) tiu th COD/N khi x l N
kWh/kgN kg/kg N %
Bn hot tnh, 200-700 1) 2,3 2) 3-6 1,0-1,2 > 75

nitrat ha, kh
~ 38 ~
nitrat thng dng
Bn hot tnh, 200-700 1) 1,7 2) 2-4 0,8-0,9 > 75

nitrat ha, kh t
nitrit
Bn hot tnh, > 200-700 1) 0,9 0 <0,1 > 75

oxy ha trc tip
gia NH3 v NO2-
Ao to 15-30 0,1 - 1,0 6-7 10-15 23-78

Ao bo 3-4 < 0,1 28 20-26 74-77
Vng ngp nc 3-26 4) < 0,1 2-7 - 30-70
nhn to
Ghi ch: 1) Tnh theo b hiu kh c su 2m, din tch b chim 25%
din tch mt bng tng; 2) Nng lng s dng cho sc kh v khuy trn,
hiu qu s dng 2 kg O2/kWh; 3) Sinh khi kh; 4) i khi vi ti lng cao
ti 112 kg N/ha.
3. 2. X l hp cht photpho.
Hu nh tt c cc hp cht ca photpho khng tn ti dng bay hi trong

iu kin thng thng, v vy tch photpho ra khi nc cn phi chuyn
ha chng v dng khng tan trc khi p dng cc k thut tch cht lng
nh: lc, lng hoc tch trc tip qua mng thch hp.
Hp cht photpho trong mi trng nc thi tn ti trong cc dng:
photpho hu c, photphat n (H2PO4-, HPO42-, PO43-) tan trong nc,
polyphotphat hay cn gi l photphat trng ngng, mui photphat v photpho
trong t bo sinh khi.
Bng 3. 2 ghi cc hp cht photpho chnh v kh nng chuyn ha ca
chng.
X l hp cht photpho da trn cc nguyn tc sau:
- Kt ta photphat (n v mt phn loi trng ngng) vi cc ion nhm, st,
canxi to ra cc mui tng ng c tan thp v tch chng ra di dng
cht rn.
~ 39 ~
Bng 3. 2. Hp cht photpho v kh nng chuyn ha.
Hp cht Kh nng chuyn ha
Photpho hu c Phn hy thnh photphat n v trng ngng
Photphat n Tan, phn ng to mui, tham gia phn ng
sinh ha.
Polyphotphat t tan, c kh nng to mui tham gia phn
ng sinh ho.
Mui photphat Phn ln khng c tan thp hnh thnh t
photphat n.
Photpho trong t bo Thnh phn ca t bo hoc lng d trong t
bo ca mt s vi khun.
- Phng php sinh hc da trn hin tng l mt s loi vi sinh vt tch ly

lng photpho nhiu hn mc c th chng cn trong iu kin hiu kh.
Thng thng hm lng photpho trong t bo chim 1,5 - 2,5% khi lng
t bo kh, mt s loi c th hp thu cao hn, t 6 - 8%. Trong iu kin
ym kh chng li thi ra phn tch ly d tha. Qu trnh loi b photpho
da trn hin tng trn gi l loi b photpho tng cng. Photpho c
tch ra khi nc trc tip thng qua thi bn d (vi sinh cha nhiu
photpho) hoc tch ra di dng mui khng tan sau khi x l ym kh vi
mt h kt ta km theo (ghp h thng ph).
Tch cc hp cht photpho ng thi vi cc tp cht khc qua qu trnh
mng thch hp: mng nano, mng thm thu ngc hoc in thm tch. V
nguyn tc hiu qu tch lc qua mng c hiu sut cao nhng do gi thnh
qu t nn hu nh cha thy c ng dng trong thc t.
3. 3. X l ng thi hp cht nit v photpho.
Mt s phng php khi s dng, ng thi x l c hp cht nit v
photpho, c bin php ch l h qu km theo v c nhng bin php c xy
dng trn kt qu nghin cu cng phu v ch ng p dng.
Nhng phng php mang tnh h qu c th k ra l: qu trnh x l n l
nh lng th cp, x l bc hai, x l vi thy thc vt. Cc qu trnh trn
lun lin quan n cc qu trnh sinh ha m thnh phn t bo ca chng lun
cha N, P, ngun cht m vi sinh vt hay thc vt ly t ngun nc. Qu
trnh lng s cp loi b c mt phn hp cht nit, photpho dng khng
~ 40 ~
tan, khng c tc ng n dng tan. Hiu qu loi b nit, photpho trong cc
qu trnh n l trn khng cao, t mc [4]:
- Trong qu trnh x l s cp: 5 - 10% N, P.
- Trong x l th cp : 10 - 20% N, P.
- X l th cp + nitrat ha : 20 - 30% N, P.
Kh nng hp thu nit v photpho ca thy thc vt ph thuc trc tip vo
hiu sut sinh khi thc, tc l ph thuc vo iu kin ngoi cnh v loi
thc vt c th.
Mt h thng x l nc thi tin tin l mt t hp ca cc n v cng
ngh x l ym kh, hiu kh, thiu kh c b tr theo mt trt t no ph
thuc vo mc tiu x l t ra. Trt t b tr t hp ym kh - thiu kh - hiu
kh thch hp cho php loi b ng thi hp cht nit, photpho trong qu
trnh x l, v d trong cc qu trnh A2O, Bardenpho nm giai on,
Biodenpho, UCT, VIP. Th t thc hin cc giai on x l hiu kh - thiu
kh - ym kh cng c th thc hin c trong cng mt thit b phn ng
theo k thut m k tip giai on, tc l thc hin phng thc vn hnh theo
thi gian.
ng thi loi b hp cht nit v photphat bng cch kt ta chng vi
ion magie to thnh hp cht c tan thp l struvite, MgNH4PO4. Phng
php ny thch hp cho nc thi c nng cao, v d nc chit ra t qu
trnh phn hy bn (vi sinh) ym kh. Chi tit ca cc qu trnh nu trn s
c trnh by trong cc ni dung tng ng.
~ 41 ~
X l hp cht nit v photpho bng phng
4 php ha hc.
4. 1. X l hp cht nit.
Hp cht nit trong nc thi ch yu tn ti dng amoniac/amoni do qu

trnh thy phn cc hp cht hu c cha nit xy ra rt nhanh. Trong h
thng x l tn ti c cc dng cht oxy ha nh nitrit, nitrat vi mc ph
thuc vo hm lng amoni ban u, tnh cht ca nc thi v iu kin oxy
ha amoni.
4. 1. 1. Phng php trao i ion.
Trao i ion l qu trnh trao i ca mt ion ca cht trao i (dng rn)

vi mt ion khc cng du trong nc. Cc ion trao i tch in dng c
trao i trn cationit, cc ion mang in tch m trao i trn anionit. Vt liu
trao i ion l dng rn khng tan trong nc, dng v c hoc hu c.
Trong mng cht rn ca vt liu trao i ion c gn cc nhm chc tch
in hoc c kh nng tch in trong khong pH nht nh ca mi trng.
Nhm chc tch in tri du so vi ion c kh nng trao i: nhm chc trong
cationit tch in m nh HSO3-, COO-, RO-, trong anionit nhm chc tch
in dng nh -R3N+, -NR2, P+, S+. Gn trc tip vo cc nhm chc l
cc ion c kh nng trao i, v d Na+, H+ trong cationit v Cl-, OH- trong
anionit. Vt liu trao i ion c phn lm hai loi: mnh v yu ph thuc
vo tnh cht axit (ca nhm chc trong cationit) v baz (ca nhm chc
trong anionit). Cc nhm chc c tnh axit, baz mnh hay yu th ta c vt
liu trao i ion tng ng. c im quan trng nht ca loi mnh l dung
lng trao i khng ph thuc vo pH do kh nng phn ly ca nhm chc
cao trong mi khong pH, v d nhm HSO3-, -NR3+. Loi vt liu trao i ion
yu th hin s ph thuc ca dung lng trao i vo pH ca mi trng.
Cationit yu cha cc nhm chc axit yu nh COOH, OH, chng ch c th
phn ly trong vng pH cao, mc phn ly ph thuc vo cng axit ca
nhm chc. V d do cng axit ca nhm COOH trong cc axit hu c c
gi tr pKA = 4 - 5, chng ch b phn ly khi pKA > pH v mc phn ly t
gn 100% khi pH - pKA = 2. Cationit yu ch c th trao i ion khi pH ca
~ 42 ~
mi trng ln hn 6. Tng t nh vy, cc nhm chc trong anionit l cc
nhm baz yu, v d cc nhm amin bc hai -NR, bc ba -NR2, cc nhm trn
ch tch in dng trong vng pH thp, vng pH cao chng khng tch in
v khng c kh nng trao i.
Mt s vt liu v c cng c tnh nng trao i ion, l cc vt liu oxit
kim loi hoc oxit ca hn hp kim loi v cng c chia thnh cc dng
mnh yu. Vt liu v c c tnh nng trao i ch yu l loi trao i cation.
in hnh ca loi vt liu trao i cationit v c l h zeolit, hp cht
alumosilicat tinh th. Trong mng cu trc zeolit, oxit nhm Al2O3 v silic
(SiO2) c sp xp theo trt t nht nh to ra cc dng zeolit khc nhau nh
zeolit A, X, Y, Mordenit, Chabazit.... Zeolit cng hnh thnh trong t nhin t
cc khong vt di iu kin thy nhit trong t. Zeolit c tnh nng trao i
cation l do khi thay th ng hnh mt nguyn t Si (ha tr +4) bi mt
nguyn t Al (ha tr +3) trong mng oxit s gy ra d tha in tch m trong
ton mng. trung ha s in tch m d tha, cc ion ha tr dng
(thng l Na+) c mt trong cu trc zeolit, ion dng khng b gn vo
mt v tr c nh, n linh ng v ng vai tr trao i ion [1, 2].
Ngoi dung lng trao i ca mt loi vt liu, c trng rt quan trng
khc l tnh chn lc ca qu trnh trao i v trong nc lun tn ti nhiu
loi ion c ha tr v kch thc khc nhau.
Vi mc ch ng dng thc tin chn lc trao i ca cc ion trn vt
liu trao i c so snh vi nhau [3] (xem bng 4. 1).
Bng 4. 1 cho bit chn lc tng i ca nha trao i ion so vi ion
Na+ (nha mnh) v Cl- (anionit mnh). V d chn lc ca canxi so vi
natri trong iu kin nng pha lng bng nhau l 1,9/1,0.
T s liu ca bng 4. 1 cng cho thy chn lc ca ion amoni rt thp,
ch cao hn mt cht so vi ion natri. Mt khc nng amoni trong nc t
nhin v nc thi t khi cao hn so vi natri v canxi, iu c ngha l
vic s dng nha cationit mnh trao i amoni c hiu qu thp, chi ph
cao, c bit i vi qu trnh ti sinh.
Clinoptilolite l mt loi zeolit t nhin, c cng thc ha hc
(Na4K4)Al20O40. 24H2O, ln ca mao qun nm trong khong 3 - 8 Ao,
xp tng khong 34%. chn lc trao i ion ca clinoptilolite i vi
cation tun theo th t:
Cs+>Rb+>K+>NH4+>Ba2+>Na+>Ca2+>Fe2+>Al3+>Mg2+>Li+.
~ 43 ~
T dy trn cho thy chn lc trao i ca ion amoni kh cao, hn hn
cc loi nha tng hp. Ngoi Clinoptilolite, chabazite cng l mt loi zeolit
t nhin khc c chn lc vi cation theo:
Tl+>K+>Ag+>NH4+>Pb2+>Na+>Ca2+>Fe2+>Al3+>Mg2+>Li+.
Bng 4. 1. chn lc trao i ion.

Nha cationit mnh Nha anionit mnh
Cation i chn lc i/Na Anion i chn lc i/Cl-
Ra2+ 13,0 CrO4- 100
2+ 2-
Ba 5,8 SeO4 17
2+ 2-
Pb 5,0 SO4 9,1
Sr2+ 4,8 HSO4- 4,1
2+ -
Cu 2,6 NO3 3,2
2+ -
Ca 1,9 Br 2,3
2+ 2-
Zn 1,8 HAsO4 1,5
2+ 2-
Fe 1,7 SeO3 1,3
Mg2+ 1,67 HSO3- 1,2
+ -
K 1,67 NO2 1,1
2+ -
Mn 1,6 Cl 1,0
+ -
NH4 1,3 HCO3 0,27
+ -
Na 1,0 CH3COO 0,14
H+ 0,67 F- 0,07
Nhn chung cc loi zeolit c chn lc trao i kh cao vi ion amoni.

Dung lng trao i ca Clinoptilolite c nhiu tc gi xc nh, nm trong
khong 1 - 2,7 l/kg, tng ng 14 - 32 g NH4+/kg. Tuy vy dung lng
hot ng trong thc tin ca n t khi vt qu 50% ca dung lng tng,
thng l 1 - 7 g/kg do khi gn bo ha amoni b chit ngc ra ngoi dung
dch.
Ch ti sinh cng nh hng ti dung lng trao i. Kch thc ht
(dng to vin) cng nh hng ti dung lng trao i ng (trong dng
chy, s dng ct), thng l thp khi kch thc ht ln do tng chiu di ca
tng chuyn khi.
Thi gian tip xc trong ct trao i ion cng nh hng n hiu qu hot
ng ca ct. Thi gian tip xc thng nm trong khong 6 - 10 pht (6 - 10
~ 44 ~
ln th tch nc chy qua so vi th tch vt liu trao i trong mt gi). Trao
i ion trn clinoptilolite tun theo qui lut trao i ion thng dng, tc l
dung lng trao i cao vng nng cn bng cao. Trao i amoni cng b
cc ion khc cnh tranh v hiu qu tch loi amoni gim ng k i vi cc
ngun nc cha nhiu cc loi ion khc, nht l Na+ v Ca2+.
c th tham gia c vo qu trnh trao i ion,amoniac phi tn ti
dng tch in dng amoni. Do bn cht l mt baz yu, chu s cn bng:
NH3 + H+ NH4+
Vi cng baz ca NH3 l 9,25 nn amoni s tn ti vng pH thp,

amoniac tn ti vng pH cao. T l NH3/NH4+ = 100 khi pH = 11,25 v
NH3/NH4+ = 1 khi pH = 7,25.
pH c nh hng ti kh nng trao i amoni trn zeolit, pH ti u cho qu
trnh trao i l 6. L do ca hin tng trn l vng pH thp, amoni b cnh
tranh bi proton, ti vng pH cao amoni chuyn ha v dng trung ha.
Trong cc h thng x l ln ngi ta nhn thy hiu qu s dng ch t
ti 60% so vi cc th nghim qui m nh, c th do qu trnh to rnh trong
cc ct trao i kch thc ln.
Ti sinh zeolit sau khi trao i vi amoni c th thc hin theo phng
php ha hc hoc vi sinh.
Ti sinh bng bin php ha hc l s dng cc dung dch mui trao i
ngc li vi amoni trong zeolit, sau dng kh thi qua dung dch ti sinh,
hp th li vo axit, thu hi di dng amoni. S dng dung dch mui NaCl
c nng 6 - 26 g/l l bin php thng dng. Thi gian ti sinh ph thuc
vo nng mui v pH ca dung dch, v d s dng nng mui 20 g/l,
pH = 11,5 th lng dung dch ti sinh cn khong 20 ln th tch zeolit, tng
ng vi thi gian ti sinh l 1,3 gi. Vn vi nng mui trn nhng vi pH
= 12,5 th lng dung dch ti sinh ch cn khong 10 ln. Nu s dng c xt
v mui n th c th tit kim c ti 90% th tch dung dch ti sinh, tuy
vy c th xy ra s ph hy cu trc zeolit.
Tc dng dung dch ti sinh t nh hng n hiu qu hot ng ca ct
trao i, tc dng c th chn l 15 ln th tch ca zeolit/gi.
Ti sinh bng phng php vi sinh thc cht l kt hp qu trnh ti sinh
ha hc v oxy ha amoniac bng vi sinh (nitrat ha) nhm lm gim lng
mui ti sinh. Qu trnh oxy ha amoniac bng vi sinh c thc hin vi
~ 45 ~
amoniac trong dch chit t qu trnh ti sinh ch khng phi vi amoniac
trong zeolit, tuy nhin chng lin quan n nhau theo th cn bng trao i
ion. Qu trnh ny c th m t:
Z-NH4++NaHCO3 Z-Na+NH4++HCO3- (4-1)
NH4++2O2 NO3-+2H++H2O (4-2)

Biu thc (4-1) l qu trnh trao i amoni t zeolit ra ngoi dung dch,
biu thc (4-2) l qu trnh oxy ha trong dung dch. T hp c hai qu trnh
trn ta c:
Z-NH4++2O2+2NaHCO3 Z-Na +NO3-+Na++3H2O+2CO2 (4-3)
Do qu trnh oxy ha cn c bicarbonat (c cht i vi loi vi sinh t

dng c vai tr oxy ha NH4+) nn n c s dng ng thi lm cht ti
sinh thay cho NaCl, ng thi lm cht trung ha proton sinh ra trong qu
trnh nitrat ha (pH thch hp cho phn ng nitrat ha l khong 8 - 8,5). Mt
na Na+ ca mui bicarbonat c s dng y amoni ra khi zeolit, mt
na nm trong dung dch di dng mui nitrat. Tin hnh ti sinh c th
thc hin ngay trong ct trao i hoc tin hnh c lp vi dung dch sau ti
sinh [4].
Bng 4. 2 ghi mt s c trng c bn ca clinoptilolite thng phm.
Bng 4. 2. c trng c bn ca clinoptilolite [5].

Kch thc ht (mm) 0,3-2,0
Khi lng ring (kg/m3) 880-960
m (%) 3-7
Tp cht (%) 3-20
Khong pH 4-8
Dung lng hot ng (l NH4+/kg kh) 1,6-1,8
Tc ra ngc (m3. m-2. h-1) 20
Tc vn hnh (m3. m-3. h-1) 8-16
Tc dng ti sinh (m3. m-3. h-1) 0,8-1,6
Qu trnh trao i nitrat trn vt liu anionit mnh b nh hng rt nhiu

do cc anion khc cng tn ti trong nc, c bit l ion sunfat v bicarbonat.
~ 46 ~
V d khi tng nng sunfat t 43 mg/l ln 310 mg/l trong nc ngun, hiu
qu hot ng ca ct i vi trao i nitrat gim ti 55%. Khi nng clorua
tng 200 mg/l, hiu qu x l nitrat gim ti 34%. Bicarbonat t nh hng
hn (xem bng 3.1): tng thm 340 mg/l HCO3- trong nc ngun, hiu qu
hot ng ca ct ch gim khong 15%. nh hng ca cc anion c tnh
nh tnh ln hiu qu trao i nitrat theo th t: sunfat > nitrat > clorua >
bicarbonat [3]. Hiu qu trao i nitrat ca cc anionit mnh dng 1 v 2 (xem
thm [1,5]) khng khc nhau nhiu trn hu ht cc anionit thng phm. Tuy
vy nu nc ngun c hm lng sunfat cao s d xut hin hin tng nitrat
b y ra khi ct do sunfat. Ch to anionit c tnh c hiu cao i vi nitrat
l mt phng hng c nghin cu rng ri trn c s d bo: tnh chn
lc ca anionit i vi sunfat gim khi khong cch gia cc nhm chc tng
(mt nhm chc thp) tnh chn lc tng i vi nitrat khi cu trc mng
tng v tnh k nc ca cc nhm chc tng.
Trn th trng lu hnh cc sn phm c chn lc cao i vi nitrat,
n ging cc anionit mnh dng 1 cha nhm chc trimethyl amin,
[RN(CH3)3], nhng nhm methyl c thay th bi ethyl, propyl lm tng
khong cch gia cc nhm tch in v tng k nc.
S dng phng php trao i ion x l nc thi bc 3 t thch hp v
trong nc thi cn cha nhiu ha cht, vi sinh vt c kh nng ph hy cht
trao i ion.
K thut trao i ion c th s dng loi b amoni v photphat. Trao i
amoni c tin hnh trn ct cha clinoptilolit v photphat trn ct anionit.
Dung dch cha hn hp mui - kim c s dng ti sinh clinoptilolit,
dung dch mui (NaCl) c s dng ti sinh anionit. Amoni tch t ct
clinoptilolit v photphat t ct anionit trong dung dch sau ti sinh c kt
ta di dng struvite MgNH4PO4 [6, 7, 8].
Phng php trao i ion cng c th s dng thu hi mt s loi cht
hu c t nc thi cng nghip ng thi vi vic s dng cc cht hp ph
polyme c hiu khc, v d thu hi phenol, x l mu, thu hi protein.
Nc thi t cc qu trnh git m gia sc, gia cm, thy sn cha lng
kh ln protein v m. Theo c tnh, trong qu trnh git m, protein ng
vt b hao ht 2 - 5%, nm trong nc thi. Lng protein c th phn hy
bng phng php sinh hc hoc c th thu hi bng phng php kt ta, keo
~ 47 ~
t [8] hoc phng php trao i ion [5], trong phng php trao i ion
cho php thu hi protein c kh nng ti s dng c.
Do lng tnh axit - baz, protein tch in dng khi pH ca mi trng
thp hn im ng in (-NH3+) v tch in m vng trn im ng in
(-CO2-). V vy protein c th trao i trn c nha cationit hoc anionit ty
thuc vo pH ca mi trng. Trao i protein trn cationit yu (cha nhm
carboxyl, COOH) t hiu qu rt cao, rt c th do cc phn t protein to
thnh cc tp hp thng qua cc cu ni gia cc nhm axit carboxylic trong
phn t ca chng v c vi nhm carboxylic ca nha di im ng in
(nhm chc khng tch in). Thc hin trao i protein ch nn tin hnh
vng pH cch xa (trn hoc di) im ng in, khng nn st im ng
in.
Thu hi protein t nha trao i b nh hng bi dung dch ti sinh: kim,
axit, mui, mt s loi dung mi nh ru, dung dch ti sinh phi c kh
nng thay i mc phn ly ca nhm chc trong nha v gim lc lin kt
gia protein vi nha trao i ion.
Nha trao i ion thng dng trn c s mng polyme polystyren c dung
lng trao i thp i vi protein c kch thc ln (phn t lng 104 - 106)
do kch thc mao qun ca nha nh. Vt liu trao i ion trn c s xenlulo
c xp ln, kch thc mao qun to thch hp cho trao i protein v chng
c kh nng khuych tn trong . Chng c kh nng hp thu ti 0,5 g
protein/g cht trao i ion. Do bn cao cng vi cc tnh nng c hc khc,
nha c th s dng theo nhiu k thut khc nhau: dng ct hoc tng lu
th.
Cht trao i ion c th s dng gm cationit, anionit mnh hoc yu, vng
lm vic nm trong khong pH: 2 - 12.
Gii hp thu nha trao i c th thc hin vi dung dch mui, dung
dch hn hp mui kim kh thch hp ti sinh nha anionit yu. Cng sut
thit k trao i protein bng khong 50% so vi x l nc thng dng vi
mc nng ti 1000 mg/l.
Phng php trao i ion cng c th s dng tch amoni trong nc
sinh hot. Phn ln cc ngun nc ngm vng ng bng Bc B u b
nhim amoni mc thng gp l 20 - 30 mg/l, c bit c ngun ti 120 mg/l.
S dng cationit mnh c th trao i amoni vi hiu qu ph thuc vo hm
~ 48 ~
lng ban u trong nc v cng ca nc do hm lng canxi, magie
kh cao v chn lc trao i cng cao hn so vi amoni.
Kt qu nghin cu trong phng th nghim [9] cho thy: vi nha cationit
mnh dng C100 E, tc trao i nm trong khong 20 - 40 ln th tch cht
trao i ion (th tch nc chy qua ct so vi th tch tng cht trao i trong
mt gi) t nh hng ti hiu qu trao i. Dung lng trao i ng ca
cationit vi cng 100 mg CaCO3/l ph thuc vo nng ban u (khng
phi nng cn bng nh dng ng nhit trao i ion) c th hin trong
hnh 4. 1.
10
9
g/l
i, g/l
8
trao i,
7
lng trao
6
5 y = 3.0738ln(x) - 4.2828
Dung lng
4 R = 0.9863
3
Dung
2
1
0
0 20 40 60 80
Nng
Nng amoni
amoni u
u vo, mg N/l
vo, mg N/l
Hnh 4.
1. Dung lng trao i amoni ca nha C100E vi cng 200 mg CaCO3/l.
cng c nh hng rt ln n hiu qu hot ng ca ct, dung lng

trao i amoni gim t 14,08 g/l xung cn 5,75 g/l khi tng cng t 50 ln
400 mg CaCO3/l, tc l gim khong 60% hiu qu. Hnh 4. 2 trnh by nh
hng ca cng ln hiu qu trao i amoni trn nha C100E.
~ 49 ~
900 50 mg CaCO3/l y = 17.69x - 87.6
R = 0.997
800 100 mg CaCO3/l y = 15.315x - 77.25

Thi gian thot t tiu chun, pht R = 0.9983
y = 10.82x - 65.8
700 160 mg CaCO3/l
R = 0.9942
200 mg CaCO3/l y = 9.93x - 53.3

600 R = 0.9991
240 mg CaCO3/l y = 8.855x - 49.85

500 R = 0.9951
300 mg CaCO3/l y = 8.27x - 49.4

R = 0.9999
400
400 mg CaCO3/l y = 7.22x - 43.7
R = 0.9963
300
200
100
0
0 10 20 30 40 50
Chiu cao ct, cm

Hnh 4.
2. nh hng ca cng n hiu qu trao i amoni ti cc chiu cao khc
nhau ca tng cht trao i ion.
Do di ca tng chuyn khi nm trong khong 3 - 6 cm (xc nh t

thc nghim) ph thuc vo tc dng chy nn cc cao khc nhau ca
ct hiu qu trao i cng ph thuc theo (tng chuyn khi l tng trao i
cht, trong nng ca amoni gim t mc nng u vo n mc t
tiu chun cho php).
nh hng ng thi ca hm lng amoni v cng c th m t qua
phng trnh hi quy:
V=
504,4 91,687 lnA.594,93 83,083 lnB
147
Trong : A l nng amoni ban u (mg/l), B l cng ca nc
ngun (mg CaCO3/l). V l lng nc t tiu chun thu c tnh trn n v
lt cht trao i ion.
~ 50 ~
4. 1. 2. Phng php oxy ha kh.
X l amoni
Clo c tnh cht oxy ha, c kh nng thu in t do tch in dng. Cc
hp cht clo: Cl2, Ca(OCl)2, NaOCl, clo dioxit, mt s loi hp cht clo hu
c nh cloamin B, T u c tnh oxy ha.
Trong mi trng nc, cc dng clo c tnh cht oxy ha u c chuyn
v dng axit hypocloro:
Cl2 + H2O HOCl + HCl (4-5)
Ca(OCl)2 + 2H2O Ca(OH)2 + 2HOCl (4-6)
NaOCl + H2O HOCl + NaOH (4-7)

Axit hypocloro l mt axit yu, c gi tr pKA = 7,5. Chng b phn ly ti
vng pH cao v tn ti trng thi trung ha vng pH thp (pH < 5,5).
HOCl H+ + OCl- (4-8)

Mi phn t HOCl hay ion OCl- s thu nhn hai in t trong phn ng oxy
ha kh v chuyn ha thnh Cl-. Thnh phn clo tch in dng c tnh oxy
ha cn c gi l clo hot tnh. Amoni hay amoniac l mt cht c tnh kh,
c kh nng nhng in t v nit trong c gi tr -3.
Phn ng gia amoniac vi clo hot tnh xy ra theo bc:
NH3 + HOCl NH2Cl + H2O (4-9)
NH2Cl + HOCl NHCl2 + H2O (4-10)
NHCl2 + HOCl NCl3 + H2O (4-11)

NH2Cl, NHCl2, NCl3 gi l mono-, di-, tricloamin thuc dng hp cht clo
lin kt v cng l cht oxy ha.
T l gia cc cloamin ph thuc vo pH, nhit , thi gian tip xc, quan
trng hn c l t l HOCl/NH4+. Theo t l mol HOCl/NH3 = 1 ti pH = 7-8 tt
c NH3 u chuyn ha thnh monocloamin vi tc rt nhanh (phn ngn
giy). Vi t l HOCl/NH3 = 2 tnh theo mol hoc bng 10 tnh theo nng
khi lng (mg/l) ti vng pH =7-8 th sn phm ch yu l dicloamin, khi t
l trn bng 3 th sn phm l tricloamin. Hai phn ng sau c tc chm
hn phn ng u, nhanh vng pH thp, chm vng pH cao.
~ 51 ~
Gia mono v dicloamin c kh nng chuyn ha ln nhau qua phn ng d
ly:
2 NH2Cl NHCl2 + NH3 (4-12)

T monocloamin c th chuyn ha tip tc thnh dicloamin hoc c th
xy ra hin tng phn hy (oxy ha - kh) monocloamin to ra kh nit.
2 NH2Cl + HOCl N2 + 3H+ + H2O (4-13)
Phn ng (4-13) xy ra ti im m t l HOCl/NH3 = 7,6, im c tn l

t bin do c trng l k t im tr ln lng clo a vo h t l thun
vi lng clo d.
T l HOCl/NH3 ti im t bin theo tnh ton l 7,6, trong thc t
phn ng (4-13) xy ra t l ny xp x bng 10 do c th to ra mt s sn
phm ph trong c nitrat.
Phn ng (4-13) cng sinh ra axit, ng ngha vi mt lng kim ln b
tiu hao cho phn ng, tng ng vi 13,05 g HCO3-/g amoni.
Liu lng clo hot ng cn s dng rt ln v hnh thnh nhiu sn phm
c tnh c cao: tricloamin l cht d bay hi c mi rt kh chu (hc). Phn
ng gia clo hot ng vi cht hu c trong nc thi to ra cc sn phm
hu c cha clo, in hnh l hp cht trihalometan (CHX3), (X l nguyn t
thuc nhm halogen) v cc cht khc c tim nng gy ung th. Phng php
ny hu nh khng c s dng trong thc t.
X l nitrit.
Mt s loi nc thi cha nitrit, c th loi b nitrit bng phng php
oxy ha. Chuyn ha nitrit thnh nitrat c th thc hin vi cht oxy ha l clo
hot ng hoc vi hydro peroxit theo cc phn ng:
NO2- + OCl- NO3- + Cl- (4-14)
NO2- + H2O2 NO3- + H2O (4-15)
Phn ng trn xy ra trong mi trng axit nh (pH = 3 - 4) vi tc rt

nhanh.
Khi nng nitrit ln, trong phn ng trn d xy ra nguy c to thnh kh
oxit nit khi dng axit iu chnh pH ca mi trng. gim nguy c
trn, trc ht a mt lng cn thit cht oxy ha, vo dung dch nitrit, tip
~ 52 ~
theo s chnh pH vi tc va phi. i vi cht oxy ha l clo hot ng,
nu s dng axit HCl chnh pH th s xut hin kh clo.
Lng cht oxy ha cn thit cho phn ng trn: 1,54 g clo hot ng hoc
0,78 g H2O2 oxy ha 1 g nitrit.
Nitrit cng c th kh v dng kh nit khi phn ng vi axit amidosulfonic
trong iu kin pH <4 nhit thng:
NO2- + NH2SO3- N2 + SO42- + H2O (4-16)
Phn ng xy ra rt nhanh v vy phn ng thng c tin hnh theo m

(2,1 g NH4SO32-/1g NO2-).
Cng trong iu kin mi trng axit nh, nhit cao, ure phn ng vi
nitrit v to thnh kh nit.
2NO2 + (NH2)2CO 2N2 + CO2 + H2O + OH- (4-17)
X l cyanua.
Mt s loi nc thi cng nghip: m, chit tch vng, bc, cha xianua
(CN-) vi nng c th ti c phn ngn. Cyanua l mt c cht i vi
ngi v ng vt, nht l trong mi trng axit. Axit cyanic HCN l mt axit
yu (pKA = 9,3) v kh nng bc hi mnh dng trung ha (pH thp). Ion
cyanua, CN- l mt trong nhng hp cht v c c tnh c vo loi cao nht.
c tnh ca cyanua l do n kt hp vi st ca phn t hemoglobin to
thnh phc rt bn, lm mt chc nng vn ti oxy ca mu. Liu gy cht i
vi ngi l 1 mg/kg, vi c hoc vi sinh vt trong ngun nc l 0,1 mg/l.
X l cyanua c th thc hin theo nhiu phng php khc nhau: oxy ha,
kh, to phc [10].
Oxy ha vi clo hot ng xy ra theo bc k tip vi sn phm trung
gian l clocyanua CNCl; trong mi trng kim sau n tip tc chuyn ha
thnh cyanat.
CN- + OCl- + H2O CNCl + 2OH- (4-18)
CNCl + 2OH- CNO- + Cl- + H2O (4-19)
CN- + OCl- CNO- + Cl- (4-20)

Clocyanua cng l mt cht c c tnh cao v tan rt tt trong nc. Phn
ng to thnh cyanat, CNO- l phn ng ta nhit v c tc nhanh.
~ 53 ~
Bc phn ng tip theo ca cyanat xy ra trong mi trng kim, thi
gian phn ng di, c th cn ti 20 gi.
2CNO- + 3OCl- + H2O 2CO2 + N2 + 3Cl- + 2OH- (4-21)

Tc ca phn ng (4-21) s nhanh hn trong mi trng pH thp nhng
ng thi phn ng thy phn cyanat cng tng theo:
CNO- + 2H2O NH3 + CO32- (4-22)
Nu phn ng ch dng li sn phm trung gian cyanat th bc thy phn

s xy ra t ng v sn phm cui cng ca n l amoniac.
Do lng clo tiu th rt ln nn cc phn ng ph to ra sn phm c-clo
c hi c tim nng ln.
S dng hydro peroxid lm tc nhn oxy ha cyanua s to ra sn phm
trc tip l cyanat, khng to ra sn phm trung gian clocyanua.
CN- + H2O2 CNO- + H2O (4-23)
Phn ng trn c th xy ra trong vng pH rng, t 3-12, tc cao nht

nm trong khong pH = 4-5. So vi cht oxy ha l clo hot ng, phn ng
vi hydro peroxit t c hn. Phn ng (4-23) l phn ng to nhit mnh, v
vy nn nhit tin hnh phn ng khng nn cao hn 75oC, c th khng
ch bng cch a H2O2 t t vo khi phn ng.
Xc tc cho phn ng (4-23) trc y thng s dng mui ng, hin ti
hay dng iodargentat. Khi c mt xc tc, lng H2O2 d 20%, nhit
50oC th thi gian phn ng khong 30 - 60 pht. Phn ng thng tin hnh
theo phng php m.
S dng H2O2 lm tc nhn oxy ha s thun li i vi loi nc thi c
hm lng cyanua cao, do nhit ca phn ng thc y tc ca qu trnh.
i vi nc thi c nng thp, tc phn ng din ra chm v tiu tn
nhiu cht oxy ha hn (so vi t l cyanua).
Mt phng n x l khc c pht trin M l s dng ng thi hai
loi ha cht: hydro peroxit v formalin [11]:
2CN-+HCHO+H2O2+H2O CNO-+NH3+CH2(OH)COO- (4-24)
Tc phn ng ph thuc vo t l ha cht ca tng loi so vi cyanua,

vo pH v nhit ca mi trng phn ng, phn ng xy ra vi hiu sut
cao. Sn phm ca phn ng gm cyanat, amoniac v glycolat; glycolat s tip
tc thy phn thnh axit glycolic. iu kin ti u c xc nh cho phn
~ 54 ~
ng: HCHO/NaCN = 0,9; H2O2/NaCN = 1,1; pH = 10 - 11,7; T = 50 - 55oC.
Thi gian phn ng ko di t 1 n 1,5 gi.
Cng c th oxy ha cyanua vi ozon trong mi trng kim, phn ng xy
ra theo hai bc k tip nhau:
CN- + O3 CNO- + O2 (4-25)
2CNO- + 3O3 + H2O 2HCO3- + N2 + 3O2 (4-26)
Phn ng trn khng a thm clorua vo mi trng nh trong phn ng

vi clo hot ng, ch lm tng thm kim (HCO3-) cho nc.
Do ozon l dng kh to ra t thit b nn tc phn ng ph thuc vo
tc chuyn khi ca ozon vo mi trng lng, ch yu l chuyn khi qua
b mt phn cch pha lng-kh, v vy khi nng cyanua thp phn ng xy
ra theo bc khng.
Lng ozon tiu hao cho phn ng (4-25) l 1,85 gO3/gCN-, cho c hai
phn ng l 4,6 gO3/gCN-. Gi thnh x l theo phng php ozon t.
Phng php oxy ha in ha cng c th p dng x l. Trong
phng php in ha tn ti ng thi hai qu trnh: oxy ha trc tip cyanua
thnh cyanat ti anod v oxy ha vi clo hot ng sinh ra khi c mt clorua.
Oxy ha trc tip ti anod xy ra theo phn ng:
CN- + H2O CNO- + 2H+ + 2e- (4-27)
Th oxy ha kh ca phn ng trn l -0,9V.

Trong mi trng kim, phn ng oxy ha ti anod xy ra theo hai bc:
CN- + OH- CNO- + H2O + 2e- (4-28)
Song song vi qu trnh thy phn cyanat (biu thc 4-22) qu trnh oxy
ha tip tc to thnh CO2 v N2:
2CNO- + 4OH- 2CO2 + N2 + 2H2O + 6e- (4-29)
X l 93oC, mt dng in phn 3,8 A/dm2 (9-12V) gim c

nng 50 - 100 g/l xung di 1 mg CN/l cn thi gian ti 17 ngy, trong
khi gim ti 1 g/l th cn thi gian ngn hn nhiu do vng nng thp
xut hin dng khuych tn [12].
Oxy ha anod khng b sung clorua thch hp cho vng nng cao nhng
vi thi gian di. Phn nng d sau in phn (1 g/l) nn x l tip bng
phng php ha hc. Lng in nng tiu th tnh theo l thuyt: n sn
~ 55 ~
phm cyanat l 2,06 Ah/gCN ; n sn phm N2, CO2 l 5,15 Ah/gCN-. Nc
-
thi cha cyanua ch yu t cng ngh m cha cc kim loi, v vy cc kim

loi ny ng thi kt ta ti catot.
Nu trong nc thi cha ion clorua hoc do b sung t ngoi, th ng thi
vi qu trnh oxy ha cyanua cng s hnh thnh kh Cl2 ti anod, khi nng
kh clo trong nc khng qu cao chng s to thnh axit hypocloro v axit
clohydric, axit hypocloro cung cp clo hot ng cho phn ng oxy ha
cyanua [(4-18) n (4-20)].
Lng mui NaCl a vo thng kh ln, 30 g/l gy ra nhiu phn ng
ph bt li i vi mi trng nn phng php ny khng c a chung.
Kh nng c th oxy ha hp cht cyanua ch th hin khi n trng thi t
do, khng th oxy ha n trong trng thi phc cht vi cc kim loi nng.
Cyanua to phc vi rt nhiu kim loi nng: Cu, Ni, Zn, Cd, Ag, Fe.
Me2+ + 2CN- Me(CN)2 (4-30)
Cc phc trn c th tip tc nhn thm gc CN- to ra cc gc tch in
m nh K4[Fe(CN)6], Na2[Cu(CN)4]...
Me(CN)z + n CN- [Me(CN)z + n]n- (4-31)
Trong qu trnh x l, CN- t do mt i th th cn bng trong phng trnh
(4-31) s dch v pha tri, cc loi phc tch in m nh CN- vo dung
dch, tr v trng thi trung ha c tan thp Me(CN)2. Hin tng trn
thng quan st thy i vi bc, ng xyanua khi x l nc thi cha loi
ny vi thi gian lu ngn.
Phc cht gia st v cyanua rt bn v hu nh khng c hi, n hu nh
khng tan, khng b oxy ha, [Fe(CN)6]-4 c hng s bn l 1036.
Trong phn nhiu trng hp, x l cyanua bng cch to ra phc st cng
l bin php an ton.
4. 2. X l hp cht photpho.
Hp cht photpho tn ti trong nc thi cc dng: photphat n tan,

photphat trng ngng, photpho trong hp cht hu c. Photphat trng ngng
(polyme) v dng hu c (trong c th vi sinh) c th loi c mt phn qua
qu trnh lng hoc lc trong cc giai on lng s cp, th cp. Photphat n
tan trong nc khng th loi b theo phng php lng, lc.
~ 56 ~
Axit photphoric l mt axit yu, phn li theo ba bc, ty thuc vo pH ca
mi trng [13].
H3PO4 H+ + H2PO4- pKA = 2,2 (4-32)

H2PO4- H+ + HPO42- pKA = 7,2 (4-33)
HPO42- H+ + PO43- pKA = 12,3 (4-34)

Cc ion H2PO4-, HPO42-, PO43- tan trong nc, c gi l dng photphat
n (ortho photphat).
Bin php hiu qu nht hin nay trong cng ngh x l nc thi l to ra
mui photphat t tan vi st, nhm v canxi. Trong mt s trng hp c th
s dng phng php trao i ion.
4. 2. 1. Kt ta photphat.
Kt qu t nhng nghin cu su v rng cho thy trong khi kt ta

photphat vi cc ion kim loi nu trn, kt ta khng phi l c ch duy nht
m qu trnh hp ph, keo t xy ra ng thi trong h cng ng gp vo
vic tch photphat tan ra khi mi trng nc. Hp cht photphat dng kt
ta gm rt nhiu loi, khc nhau v cu trc rn, dng tinh th, thnh phn
ha hc, thm ch khng tun theo cng thc t lng hoc chng thay i
ngay trong thi gian ngn.
Ring i vi ion st (II), (III) v nhm khi tn ti trong nc t bn thn
chng tham gia mt lot cc phn ng nh thy phn, to ra cc phn t ln
hn nh dime, trime cng nh polyme c mch di ngn khc nhau hoc cc
dng hydroxit c ha tr khc nhau. Hydroxit, polyme ca st v nhm trong
nc ng vai tr cht hp ph, cht keo t c kh nng hp ph photphat tan
hoc keo t cc hp cht photphat khng tan cng lng.
Din bin trong h nc - photphat - Al3+, Fe2+, Fe3+ ph thuc vo iu
kin mi trng nh pH, th oxy ha kh (Eh) cng nh chnh nng ca
cc cu t tham gia phn ng.
c trng quan trng nht ca mt qu trnh kt ta l tch s tan ( tan)
ca sn phm to thnh. Tch s tan ca mt cht cng nh th hiu qu kt ta
cng cao. Trong mi trng nc, mt hp cht AmBn kh tan chu mt cn
bng gia ha tan phn li v kt ta:
tan, phn li
~ 57 ~
AmBn mA + nBm-
n+
(4-35)
Kt ta
Hng s cn bng ca phng trnh (4-35), KL c gi l tch s tan v

c nh ngha:
KL = [An+]m. [Bm-]n (4-36)
V d ti 20oC, dung dch ca mui AgCl trng thi bo ha c nng

[Ag+]=[Cl-]=1,06.105 mol/l, tch s tan ca n l 1,12.10-10 (mol/l2). Ti nhit
trn v mt l do no m nng ca Ag+ hoc Cl- thp hn gi tr trn
th AgCl (rn) tip tc tan ra, phn li, ngc li th chng s kt ta thnh
AgCl sao cho KL ca n l mt hng s. V d khi a thm AgNO3 (d tan)
vo dung dch AgCl bo ha, lng Ag+ trong dung dch hn hp tng ln, khi
nng Cl- s gim (do kt hp vi Ag+ to ra AgCl) sao cho tch s tan
KL vn c gi tr l 1,12.10-10.
Bng 4. 3 ghi gi tr tch s tan ca mt s hp cht lin quan ti qu trnh
x l photphat bng phng php kt ta vi mui nhm, st, v vi (canxi).
Bng 4. 3. Tch s tan ca mt s hp cht photphat vi canxi, nhm, st ti

25oC.[13].
H KL
FePO4. 2H2O Fe3+ + PO43- + 2H2O 10-23
AlPO4. 2H2O Al3+ + PO43- + 2H2O 10-21
CaHPO4 Ca2+ + HPO42- 10-6,6
Ca4H(PO4)3 4Ca2+ + 3PO43- + H+ 10-46,9
Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2 10Ca2+ + 6PO43- + 2OH- 10-114

(hydroxylapatit)
Ca10(PO4)6F2 10Ca2+ + 6PO43- + 2F- 10-118

(apatit)
CaHAl(PO4)2 Ca2+ + Al3+ +H+ + 2PO43- 10-39
CaCO3 Ca2+ + CO32- 10-8,3
CaF2 Ca2+ + 2F- 10-10,4
MgNH4PO4 Mg2+ + NH4+ + PO43- 10-12,6
~ 58 ~
(struvit)
Fe(OH)3 Fe3+ + 3OH- 10-36
Al(OH)3 Al3+ + 3OH- 10-32
T bng 4. 3 c th a ra mt s nhn xt:

- C ba loi ion (Ca2+, Al3+, Fe3+) u to ra hp cht photphat c tan rt
thp, c bit l hydroxylappatit v apatit. Phn ng to thnh vng pH
cao nn nhiu loi hp cht ca canxi vi photphat c cha thm nhm OH.
- Hydroxit st, nhm tan tr li vo nc di dng ferrat hoc aluminat
[(Fe(OH)4-, Al(OH)4-)] vng pH cao (trn 8,5), vng thp hn chng tn
ti dng kt ta, keo t, cng lng vi cc hp cht photphat to thnh.
Hin tng keo t, hp ph c vai tr quan trng hn trong h s dng mui
st, mui nhm khi kt ta so vi s dng vi.
4. 2. 1. 1. Kt ta vi canxi.
Hp cht canxi thng s dng l vi ti, Ca(OH)2. ng thi vi s hnh

thnh cc hp cht ca canxi vi photpht xy ra phn ng to thnh CaCO3 t
cng v kim ca ngun nc. T hnh 4. 2 cho thy hiu qu tch
photpho khi kt ta vi canxi ph thuc mnh vo pH, hiu qu tt ti vng
pH cao [14], v vy nn qu trnh c tin hnh vng pH cao.
lg[P] (mmol/l)
apatit
apatit + calcit
apatit
pH
Hnh 4. 2. Nng photphat d trong dung dch sau khi kt ta vi canxi.
Khi a vi vo h phn ng, canxi (Ca2+) v kim (HCO3-) trong nc

phn ng to ra canxi carbonat (cancit) do s dch chuyn cn bng ca
~ 59 ~
bicarbonat v carbonat khi pH t trn 10 (hng s cn bng cp HCO3- -
CO32- pKA = 8,3). Ch c lng canxi d sau khi to thnh canxi carbonat mi
phn ng vi photphat. Phn ng to ra nhiu sn phm khng tan khc nhau
(xem bng 4. 3) nhng ch yu l hydroxylapatit:
10Ca2+ + 6PO43- + 2OH- Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2 (4-37)

Lng vi a vo cn b tiu th do cc phn ng kt ta canxi carbonat
v kim (kh cng theo phng php vi - s a) [15].
Ca2+ + Ca(OH)2 + 2 HCO3- 2CaCO3 + 2H2O (4-38)
c c nng photphat d di mc 1mgP/l phn ng c tin

hnh ti pH = 10,5 - 11 [16]. Liu lng vi s dng trc ht ph thuc vo
kim ca nc v nng photphat ban u, thng dng l 1,4 - 1,5 ln ln
hn kim tnh theo CaCO3 [13].
Do pH ca mi trng sau khi kt ta cao, khng ph hp cho qu trnh
keo t v lng nn n cn c trung ha (vi kh CO2) v ng thi p ng
tiu chun thi.
Vi c th s dng phi hp vi mui st trong phn ng kt ta, canxi
carbonat to thnh ng vai tr cht keo t.
4. 2. 1. 2. Kt ta vi mui st (II).
Mui st (II) ch yu l dng st sunfat hoc clorua, l cht thi ca qu

trnh x l b mt kim loi nh ty g st trc khi sn, m. Dung dch thi c
th cha ti 15% axit nm dng axit t do hoc dng ion (khi thy phn ion
st s nh ra H+) v c th cha mt s ion kim loi nng.
St(II) c th b oxy ha thnh st(III) trong mi trng vi oxy phn t
(th oxy ha kh ca h l 0,46V trong mi trng axit), phn ng oxy ha
xy ra d (trit ) vi tc ph thuc vo pH, nhanh vng pH cao (tc
oxy ha ti pH = 8 cao gp mt trm ln so vi ti pH = 6).
Sau khi oxy ha thnh Fe(III) s xy ra qu trnh thy phn to ra mt lot
phc cht dng hydroxit. C nhiu nghin cu cho thy st(III) hnh thnh t
qu trnh oxy ha st(II) c hiu qu hn l st(III) a t ngoi vo trong qu
trnh tch loi photphat.
Trong mi trng khng c oxy ha tan, st(II) to sn phm st photphat:
Fe2+ + PO43- Fe3(PO4)2 (4-39)
~ 60 ~
Phn ng (4-39) xy ra trit nht vng pH = 8, vi nng d l 0,4
mgP/l. Ngoi vng ti u, trn nng photphat d ln hn: 8 mgP/l ti pH =
7,0; 3,5 mgP/l ti pH = 9,0.
Ti pH = 8,0 thi gian phn ng cn ti 2 gi. Lng st(II) tiu th trong
thc t thp hn so vi t l tnh t biu thc (4-39) v trong sn phm kt ta
c mt ca hp cht vivianit, Fe2(PO4)3 [13].
S dng mui st(II) kt ta photphat t c s dng trong thc t do
sn phm kh lng hoc l to phc vi cht hu c c mt trong nc thi
khng c kh nng lng.
Mui st(II) thng c s dng phi hp vi vi, a vo ng thi.
Phn ng ca mui st(II) di dng mui sunfat:
FeSO4 + Ca(HCO3)2 Fe(HCO3)2 + CaSO4 (4-40)
St bicarbonat to thnh tip tc phn ng vi vi:

Fe(HCO3)2 + Ca(OH)2 Fe(OH)2 + CaCO3 + H2O (4-41)
St(II) hydroxit tip tc c oxy ha vi oxy to ra st(III) hydroxit l

dng cht hp ph photphat.
4. 2. 1. 3. Kt ta vi mui nhm v mui st(III).
Tnh nng kt ta photphat ca Al3+ v Fe3+ tng t nhau. Fe(III) c th s

dng t st(III) sunfat hoc clorua. Al(III) c th s dng t phn nhm
[Al2(SO4)3. 18H2O], natri aluminat NaAlO2, poly nhm clorua (polyaluminum
chloride, PAC).
Phn ng kt ta ca photphat n vi Al(III) v Fe(III) nh sau:
Al3+ + HnPO43-n AlPO4 + nH+ (4-42)
Fe3+ + HnPO43-n FePO4 + nH+ (4-43)

Song song vi phn ng to mui photphat, trong h xy ra mt lot cc
qu trnh ca chnh bn thn Al3+ v Fe3+, l cc qu trnh thy phn, to
phc cht v c, v to polyme kim loi.
Trong mi trng nc, ion kim loi Me3+ (Me = Al3+, Fe3+) tn ti trang
thi hydrat ha, tc l b bao quanh bi cc phn t nc. Nhng phn t nc
c tng tc mnh nht vi cation l nhng phn t nm k xung quanh,
thng l 6 phn t nc xung quanh mt ion. Do tng tc y tnh in gia
~ 61 ~
3+
ion Me vi nguyn t H (tch in dng mt phn) nn nguyn t H ca
nc b y ra khi phn t nc, nhm OH khi to lin kt vi ion dng.
l qu trnh thy phn.
Me3+.6H2O Me2+(OH).5H2O Me+(OH)2.4H2O
Me(OH)3.3H2O Me(OH)4-.2H2O (4-44)
Sn phm ca qu trnh thy phn l cc tiu phn c mc tch in khc

nhau nh th hin phn ng (4-44). T l nng gia cc tiu phn ph
thuc trc ht vo pH ca mi trng: trong vng pH thp tn ti nhiu loi
c ha tr dng cao, vng pH cao xut hin cc phc cht tch in m.
Al(OH)4- hnh thnh khi pH>8,5, Fe(OH)4 hnh thnh khi pH>9.
Ion Me3+ th hin c tnh ca mt axit yu, v vy n thy phn cng d
khi pH cng cao (nng OH- ln) v s phi tr ca nhm hydroxyl tng
trong phc cht hnh thnh.
Cc sn phm ca qu trnh thy phn c th lin kt vi nhau qua cu oxy,
hydroxyl to ra cc phn t ln hn: dime, trime, polyme nh Al13(OH)345+,
Al7(OH)174+, Al14O4(OH)247+, Al2(OH)24+, Al3(OH)45+ [18].
Cc sn phm trung gian trn c th to ra cc polyme thng qua phn ng
trng ngng, to ra cc lin kt gia OH hay O (olation, oxolation), v d.
2Al(H2O)5OH2+ (H2O)5. Al-O-Al(H2O)54+ + H2O (4-45)
Mch c tip tc ni di:

(H2O)5Al-O-Al(H2O)54+[(H2O)5Al-O-Al(H2O)4OH]3++H+ (4-46)
Qu trnh trng ngng to ra sn phm polyme kim loi c phn t lng

kh ln. V d t AlCl3 qua qu trnh thy phn vi natri bicarbonat to ra sn
phm poly nhm clorua PAC c cng thc ha hc [AlClx(OH)3-x]n, X=1,2.
PAC c phn t lng t 7000 - 35000, di 250 - 350 Ao. [19, 20]. Khi
vt qu mt nng no , cc sn phm thy phn, polyme s kt ta.
Trong vng pH thp hn im ng in, b mt cht kt ta tch in dng,
trn th tch in m (do iu kin hnh thnh cc cht kt ta khc nhau
nn im ng in khng xc nh, m nm trong mt vng no ) v d
khong pH6 khi kt ta vi mui nhm).
Cht kt ta di dng hydroxit Me(OH)3 hnh thnh ng vai tr cht hp
ph photphat. C ch loi b photphat tan khi kt ta vi Al3+, Fe3+ bao gm
hai c ch: kt ta v hp ph c xem l khng nh. Tuy vy c nhng kt
~ 62 ~
qu nghin cu (trn cc mu t to) khng nh photphat tan khng th loi
b thng qua cht kt ta AlPO4. Trn c s tnh ton l thuyt v kim
nghim qua th nghim cho thy ti pH=7, s dng phn nhm to kt ta
photphat th lng photphat d trong nc th cn bng vi AlPO4 rn l
2244 mgP/l. V vy c ch tch loi photphat tan l do hp ph trn hydroxit
to thnh, hydroxit to thnh cn c kh nng hp ph c hp cht photpho
dng trng ngng v dng hu c [21].
Mc ch x l photpho l a nng photpho trong nc sau x l phi
t tiu chun thi, tc l nng photphat d khng vt qu mt gi tr no
. Nng d c th o sau khi lm th nghim hoc tnh ton nh hng
cho qu trnh thc hin. Cch tnh ton nng d c th thc hin thng qua
cc phn ng to mui photphat v to hydroxit kim loi [13, 16].
Tnh ton l thuyt, ph hp vi vng pH ca nc thi cho thy, nng
photphat d tan trong nc l do ng gp ca cc tiu phn: H3PO4, HPO4-,
HPO42-, PO43-, MeH2PO42+, MeHPO4+. Khi s dng Al3+lm cht kt ta, hp
cht photphat tan d trong nc ch yu l AlHPO4+, cn khi s dng Fe3+ th
hp cht tan ch yu l FeH2PO42+.
Nng photphat tan do s ng gp ca cc cu t nu trn l gi tr khi
liu lng Fe3+, Al3+ mc cao (d tha) v ph thuc vo pH ca mi
trng.
pH ti u cho qu trnh loi b photpho trong nc thi l xp x 6,8 vi
khong kh rng cho c hai loi tc nhn kt ta [22]. Gi tr pH ti u c th
thay i kh ln cng vi s c mt ca cc tp cht khc trong nc, v d
vi mt ngun nc c pH ti u l 4 khi tng thm 80 mg Ca2+/l th vng pH
ti u kt ta photphat c tri rng ra t 4-8. [16].
Liu lng cht kt ta cn s dng ph thuc trc ht vo thnh phn ha
hc ca hp cht photphat dng kt ta. T l gia Me3+ vi hm lng
photphat tan cn loi b s gn ging vi t l trong hn hp ca cht kt
ta v cc ion kim loi tan sau kt ta thng rt nh (tch s tan ca Al(OH) 3
v Fe(OH)3 l 10-32 v 10-36). Khi t l ion kim loi/photphat thp, sn phm
kt ta thng c thnh phn ha hc n nh, theo mt t lng no , v d
FePO4, khi tng t l trn th nng photphat tan t ti gn mt gii hn no
, lng Me3+ d ra s to thnh hydroxit, khi t l Me3+/P trong sn phm
rn tng cao.
~ 63 ~
3+
Lng Me (n) cn s dng c xc nh bi nng photphat tan ban
u trong nc thi, CP,o v nng photpha d sau x l CP,d:
Me3+(n) = (Me3+/P). (CP,o - CP,d) (4-47)

Gi tr Me3+/P c xc nh t thc nghim ng vi tng ngun nc, pH
v ph thuc vo mc lm sch, CP,d. Gi tr Me3+/P c th tra t cc biu
c Gate [23] v Luedecke [16, 22] cng vi cc cng tc vin xy dng.
V d xc nh liu lng Al3+ kt ta mt h c CP,o = 5 mg/l, CP,d l 0,1

mg/l (CP,d < 0,1 mg/l cn Al3+/P rt cao). T biu cho thy ng vi CP,d =
0,1 mg/l th gi tr Al3+/P = 3, v vy:
Al3+(n) = 3(5-0,1) = 14,7 mg/l.
Nc thi sau khi x l bc hai - nc thi ra sau b lng th cp cha c

photphat tan ln dng khng tan (dng sa lng, trong c th vi sinh vt),
dng khng tan c th b thy phn to ra photphat tan. Nc sau lng th cp
thng cn cha mt lng cn khng tan, ch yu l sinh khi. Gi s cn
khng tan cha 30 mg/l, trong sinh khi lng photpho chim khong 2,5%
vy khi thi ra mi trng hm lng photpho trong nc thi s tng thm
0,75 mgP/l mc d ti thi im thi hm lng photphat tan c khng ch
l 0,1 mgP/l. V vy t tiu chun thi cn phi ch ti c lng cn
khng tan trong nc thi sau lng th cp.
Lng Al3+ trong phn nhm chim khong 8%, trong PAC chim 15 -
16%.
Cn kt ta qua qu trnh x l photphat thng c tnh lng khng cao,
chm v ko theo l cn thit b lng ln. thc y tc lng ngi ta
thng s dng thm cc cht tr keo t.
Tr keo t c s dng ch yu l cc polyme hu c mch thng cha
cc nhm chc phn cc m bo cho chng tan c trong nc. Cc
nhm chc ca polyme c th tch in m, dng hoc trung tnh khi tn ti
trong nc v vy ngi ta thng phn loi theo c tnh tr keo t dng,
m hoc trung ha. ln phn t ca cc loi tr keo t khc nhau, t 3-4
triu ti 15-16 triu n v, thng thng cc loi polyme tch in m v
trung ha c phn t lng ln hn loi tch in dng, loi tch in dng
tuy c phn t lng thp hn nhng li kh tan hn hai loi kia.
~ 64 ~
Mt nhm chc hay in tch, tc l s nhm chc theo mt n v quy
c ( di mch, khi lng polyme) ca cng mt loi cng khc nhau ty
thuc vo iu kin ch to.
Cc nhm chc trong cht tr keo t cng c tnh axit, baz vi cng
khc nhau: loi mnh v yu. Loi mnh tch in tng ng trong vng pH
rng, loi yu ch tch in khong pH hp (polyme m tch in m vng
pH cao, loi dng tch in dng vng pH thp).
C ch hot ng ca cht tr keo t l lm cu ni gia cc ht keo hnh
thnh to ra tp hp ht ln v d lng hn. Trong mt s trng hp keo t
dng cn ng thm vai tr kh in tch ht keo, tc l c tnh nng ca
cht keo t [15, 18]. Tc dng cu ni ca cht tr keo t th hin kh nng
hp ph ca tng phn t polyme ng thi trn nhiu ht keo, gip cho cc
ht keo d co cm li thnh tp hp ln hn.
La chn v chng loi hay liu lng cht tr keo t thng c xc nh
thng qua th nghim i vi tng h c th. Bng 4. 4 ghi mt s cht tr
keo t Aronflock (Nht) v mt vi c trng v tnh cht ca chng.
Bng 4. 4. Tr keo t Aronfloc v mt s c trng. (Sn phm Aronfloc, nh

sn xut TOAGOSEI-Nht) C: tch in dng, TA: tch in m, N: trung
ha.
K hiu Mt Dng Khi T l Phn t Vng

in lng pha % lng nht ng dng
tch ring kg/l 104
C303H cao bt trng 0,65 0,1-0,3 600 800cps Tch nc
C303M *// // * 400 700 t bn hu
C303ML *// // * 350 600 c
C303V *// // * 300 530
C303 *// // * 300 500
C300L *// // * 200 450
C803 *// // * 100 300
C312 *// // * 400 800
C403HW *// // * 550 800
C603 *// // * 400 450
C302 trung bnh // * 500 800
C325 * // * 700 900
~ 65 ~
C402 * // * 500 700
C602 * // * 400 750
TA-25 cao bt trng 0,65 0,05-0,2 900 450 Cht tr
TA-24 *// ** 800 450 keo t,
A-118 *// ** 1200 400 tch nc
A-117 *// ** 1200 420 t bn
trong
A-140 *// ** 1200 450
khong pH
A-104 *// ** 1300 450
trung tnh
A-205 *// ** 1100 420
n kim
A-205L *// ** 600 320
A-351 trung bnh ** 1800 330 Tr keo t.
Tch nc
A-350 * ** 1600 340
t bn thch
A-121 * ** 1300 230
hp trong
A-101 * ** 1300 350 khong pH
A-161 * ** 1600 380 rng t axit
A-102 * ** 1300 300 nh n
kim
A-207 * ** 1400 390
A-106 thp ** 1300 250
A-166 // ** 1600 250
SA-606 // ** 1700 230
A-218 // ** 1600 260
A-268 // ** 1600 300
A-208 // ** 1300 260
N-107 trung ha ** 1600 120 -Tr keo t
-Tch nc
N-101 //* ** 1100 50
t bn
N-110 //* ** 1300 6
khong pH:
N-208 //* ** 1300 200 axit nh n
N-202 //* ** 1300 200 kim nh
N-268 //* ** 1600 230
4. 2. 1. 4. Kt ta ng thi amoni v photphat.
Mt s ngun thi cha ng thi photphat v amoni vi hm lng kh

cao nh nc thi ch bin thy sn, nc git m, nc thi chung tri hay
t cc b pht, c bit l nc chit ra t cc b (phn hy) bn vi sinh ym
kh hoc hiu kh.
~ 66 ~
Cc phng php p dng x l hp cht nit thc cht l p dng gii
php phn hy hp cht m chnh con ngi phi tn cng sc ch to, v
vy vic thu hi ng thi c thnh phn nit v photpho ti s dng l
phng hng rt hp dn.
C th ng thi kt ta photphat v amoni to ra hp cht ha hc
struvite, mt dng phn bn tng hp (N, P) nh chm c cht lng cao. [25,
26, 27].
Struvite to thnh t cc thnh phn:
Mg2++NH4++HPO42-+OH-+5H2O MgNH4PO4.6H2O (4-48)
Tch s tan ca struvite l 10-12,6 (bng 4. 3), c s liu c a ra l

7,8.10-15 [28]. Do c tan thp nn n c tnh nng ca mt loi phn nh
chm.
T phng trnh phn ng (4-48) cho thy: to ra hp cht struvite cn
ti ba thnh phn chnh l photphat, amoni v magie cng vi kim (OH-) tc
l phn ng xy ra trong mi trng kim (pH cao).
Nc thi hu nh khng th hi cc yu t trn cho s to thnh
struvite ph hp vi thnh phn ha hc ca sn phm, v vy cn phi b
xung cc thnh phn cn thiu. Tch s tan ca struvite gim khi pH tng, t
gi tr cc tiu trong vng pH 8,5 - 9,0 [27].
kt ta photphat v amoni di dng struvite cn phi s dng Mg2+ vi
liu lng khng thp hn t l ca n trong thnh phn ha hc ca sn phm
[31, 33].
ng thi vi mc tiu thu hi, mc tiu lm sch hp cht nit hoc
photpho hoc c hai cng l i tng ng quan tm: khi u tin mt i
tng no , v d photpho th cn s dng d cc ha cht khc, (NH4+ v
Mg2+). Phn ng kt ta struvite theo k thut m c th thc hin trong thi
gian 4 pht nhit thng, ti pH = 8,5, t l mol Mg/P = 1, nng
struvite trong khi sn phm t 10 - 20%. Hiu qu loi b photpho l 92%
vi nng d l 17 mg/l [28].
Kt ta struvite cng c th thc hin theo k thut phn ng dng chy
hoc dng lu th (fluidized bed) [28, 29]. Struvite c cu trc tinh th, cu
trc tinh th hnh thnh t lc bt u cho ti sau 18 gi vi kch thc khc
nhau ty iu kin kt ta.
~ 67 ~
Kt ta struvite trn c s a mm kt tinh ban u (l struvite) trong k
thut tng lu th cho thy hiu qu x l (tc ) t cao khi tinh th ban u
c kch thc nh, tc l cn duy tr din tch tip xc ln gia mm tinh th
v nhng tiu phn tan trong dung dch, mt khc dng tinh th nh (0,3 mm)
d s dng lm phn bn hn loi c kch thc ln (0,5-1,5 mm) [29].
Thu hi amoni v photphat di dng cht kt ta struvite t ra hp dn v
nhiu phng din, v mt k thut n thch hp cho nc thi cha cc hp
cht trn vi nng cao (v d 100 - 5000 mgN/l) nhng gi thnh x l cao
[30].
Trong qu trnh bn ym kh ti h thng x l nc thi Virginia (sinh
khi d t qu trnh x l bn hot tnh), xc vi sinh b phn hy, tit ra amoni
v photphat. Sau thi gian 9 thng, nng photphat tan tng t 50 ln 300
mgP/l, photpho tng tng t 350 ln 1100 mgP/l, amoni tng t 316 ln 390
mgN/l cho thy hm lng photpho ch yu nm dng lng (v d apatit).
Kt ta thnh phn tan, kt hp vi phn cn lng to ra loi phn bn
NutraGreen lu hnh trn th trng a phng vi gi 1USD/18,2 kg [25].
4. 2. 2. Phng php trao i ion.
V phng din k thut, phn ln cc gii php x l photpho v hp cht

nit l da trn cc phng php ph hy dn n hnh thnh pha cht rn
c c c di dng bn thi v c tp trung vo cc bi rc. Thu hi
photphat dng khng bin i v bn cht ha hc c th thc hin bng k
thut trao i ion vi li th tch photphat mt cch chn lc, thu hi li t
dung dch ti sinh v ti s dng. Trao i ion cng cho php thu hi cc cc
thnh phn c ch khc nh K+, NH4+ to ra struvite MgNH4PO4 hay kali
struvite MgKPO4 dng lm phn nh chm.
Hng nghin cu trn c ch t thp k 70 v hnh thnh c
mt s cng ngh REMNUT c ng dng trong thc t. S cng ngh
bao gm hai ct trao i ion: ct clinoptilolit thu hi amoni, ct anionit thu hi
photphat. Dung dch sau khi ti sinh t hai ct cha NH4+, PO43- c kt ta
di dng struvite.
S dng anionit thu hi photphat s gp phi cc kh khn:
~ 68 ~
- Tnh chn lc ca photphat thp so vi cc anion khc nh SO42-, HCO3-, Cl-
v trong iu kin pH ca mi trng dng tn ti ch yu ca n l H 2PO4-,
HPO42-.
- Dung lng trao i ion v tc trao i thp.
- Anionit l vt liu c kh nng hp ph kh mnh cc cht hu c dng trung
ha, thnh phn rt sn trong nc thi nn d b nhim bn dn ti mt kh
nng trao i.
- Nc thi thng cha mt lng cn khng tan ln (so vi nc sinh hot
hoc nc cng nghip) cng lm gim hiu qu hot ng ca anionit [1].
khc phc cc kh khn trn, phng hng ch to mt loi cht trao
i ion c chn lc cao i vi photphat l hng i quan trng nht [32].
Anionit c chn lc cao c trng i hc Lehigh (PA. USA) nghin
cu ch to trn c s (nguyn liu) nha anionit yu Dowex M-4195 (Dow
Chemical Co. USA) cha nguyn t ng. Tnh chn lc cao i vi photphat
l do kh nng trao i phi t (ligand) thng qua to phc cng cua (chelat)
ca ion ng trong nhm chc amin (pyridyl) ca nha.
Vi dung dch photphat c pha t nc my, c nng l 4 mgP/l, th
nghim trao i ion c thc hin trong ct vi tc 3 - 20 ln th tch tng
nha/gi. Lng nc x l c nng thp hn 0,1 mgP/l t trn 400 ln
th tch nha.
Dung dch ti sinh l mui NaCl 1 mol/l (58 g/l) c axit ha n pH =
4,3. Lng dung dch ti sinh cn khong 3 ln th tch nha c th hi
phc c ti 95% dung lng trao i ban u ca nha. Dung lng ng
ca ct t 15 gP/l, mc lm giu t trn 100 ln so vi dung dch ban
u.
Tuy vi s liu ng khch l nu trn nhng khi th nghim pilot (qui m
100 lit/ngy) kt qu v dung lng trao i ch t c khong 10% so vi
kt qu t phng th nghim do cnh tranh trao i ca cc ion sunfat,
bicarbonat, nitrat trong nc thi.
Mc d c xy ra hp ph cc cht hu c nhng cha quan st thy hin
tng hng nha do nhim bn cng nh ng b tch ra khi nha.
hnh thnh c mt phng php n nh trong thc t cc nghin cu
lin quan ang c tip tc thc hin.
~ 69 ~
4. 2. 3. Tch loi photpho trong h x l nc thi.
Trong mt h x l vi sinh, tch loi photpho bng phng php kt ta c

th ghp vo cc cng on (n v cng ngh khc nhau) khc nhau: x l s
cp, th cp hoc x l bc ba.
Kt ta photphat vi mui st hoc nhm xy ra thun li i vi photphat
tan, photpho dng trng ngng hay dng hu c trong qu trnh x l vi sinh
c chuyn ha mt phn thnh dng tan, v vy hiu qu tch tt khi ghp
ni vi giai on sau x l th cp.
Kt ta ti b lng s cp.
Mt h x l vi sinh thng c b lng s cp nhm mc ch loi b cc
cn khng tan. B xung mui st, mui nhm vo trc b lng s cp s kt
ta photphat dng tan, cc hydroxit hnh thnh hp ph cc hp cht photpho
hu c v photphat trng ngng cng lng. Cn lng cha photpho v k c
COD, hp cht cha nit dng rn cng lng v tch ra khi h di dng bn
thi s cp. to c qu trnh kt ta, lng c hiu qu, qu trnh ha trn
ha cht (k c cht tr keo t) cng nh thng s ca b lng cn c thit
k thch hp.
Khi b xung cc ha cht trn vo h, pH ca ngun nc s b gim ng
k (27 g Al3+ hoc 56 g Fe3+ tng ng vi 3 mol axit, xp x vi 0,25 lit
axit HCl c). Mc gim pH cng ln khi kim ca ngun nc cng
thp. V vy khi a ha cht vo cn phi b xung kim (vi) sao cho pH gi
c trong khong 6 - 7. Liu lng ha cht s dng nm trong vng 1 - 3
mol kim loi/1 mol photpho (xem bng 4. 5).
Liu lng mui st, nhm s dng cn xc nh ti ch, ph thuc vo
nng photphat ban u, mc lm sch v c trng khc nhau ca nc
nh c, kim.
Bng 4. 5. Hiu qu tch loi photphat ph thuc vo liu dng trong x l s

cp [17].
Hiu qu gim P % T l mol Al/P

khong in hnh
75 1,25:1 - 1,5:1 1,4:1
85 1,6:1 - 1,9:1 1,7:1
~ 70 ~
95 2,1:1 - 2,6:1 2,3:1
Kt ta ti giai on x l th cp.
Kt ta photphat vi Al3+, Fe3+ c th thc hin bng cch a ha cht vo
trc b sc kh i vi phng php bn hot tnh hoc khi ra khi b sc kh
trc khi vo b lng th cp. Vi k thut lc nh git cng c th a ha
cht vo trc hoc sau im lc. Photphat c tch ra qua t hp ca cc
qu trnh: kt ta, hp ph, trao i ion, tham gia cu to t bo v cui cng
tch ra di dng bn th cp.
V mt l thuyt tan ca AlPO4 thp nht ti pH = 6,3, ca FePO4 ti pH
= 5,3, tuy vy trong thc t khong pH t 5,5 - 7,0 u cho hiu qu tch
photphat tt v ng thi cng l khong pH thng gp trong x l nc thi
sinh hot.
St(II) t c s dng do chng ch t hiu qu vng pH cao. Vi cc
loi nc thi c kim thp ngi ta s dng aluminat NaAlO2 hoc phn
nhm, mui st c b xung thm vi (PAC t lm gim pH hn so vi phn
nhm) nhm gi cho pH khng thp hn 5,5. a thm cht tr keo t s thc
y qu trnh lng.
Kt ta ti giai on x l bc ba.
Sau x l th cp, nc thi t tiu chun cp hai (BOD) c th c tip
tc tch photphat bng phng php kt ta - lng. Khi x l photphat tan
cng ng thi ci thin trong v mu ca nc sau x l. T l ha cht s
dng cng t 1-3 mol kim loi/mol photpho nu ch cn t ti nng thi l
0,5 mgP/l, c c mc thi cao hn lng s dng s cao hn ng k.
Ha trn cht kt ta cn c khuy trn mnh lc ban u, c th thc
hin theo nhiu phng thc: a vo v tr c tc dng chy mnh nht, s
dng b ha trn ng hoc tnh vi thi gian t 10 - 30 giy sau tc
trn cn phi gim m bo hiu qu lng.
~ 71 ~
Hot ng ca vi sinh v qu trnh sinh ho.
5 5. 1. Phn loi vi sinh vt.
Nhm sinh vt chnh tham gia vo qu trnh x l nc thi gm vi khun,

nm, to, ng vt nguyn sinh, ng vt, thc vt bc thp v siu vi khun
(vi rt). Chng c phn loi da trn mt s cc c trng: theo cu trc t
bo, phng thc sinh sn, qu trnh trao i cht hoc nhu cu v thc n v
nng lng.
Phn loi theo cu trc t bo.

Sinh vt c th phn chia theo ba nhm chnh: nhm c nhn chun in
hnh (Eukaryotes), nhm vi khun c nhn in hnh (Eubacteria) v nhm vi
sinh vt c (Archaea). Cc c trng ch yu c trnh by trong bng 5. 1.
Bng 5. 1. Phn loi sinh vt theo cu trc t bo [1].
Nhm Cu trc t c im Kch thc i din

bo (ng knh
m)
Sinh vt c Nhn in a bo, phn bit 10 - 1000 Thc vt loi
nhn chun hnh (nhn r gia t bo v c ht, dng
(Eukaryotes) thc) m x, ru, loi
c t
n bo, n bo, cng 10 - 100 To, nm,
cng bo ty bo, ty th, t hoc ng vt
th khng phn bit nguyn sinh
r gia t bo v
m
Vi khun c Nhn Ha hc t bo 0,2 - 2,0 Phn ln cc
nhn in nguyn thy ging nhm c loi vi khun
hnh (Prokaryotie) nhn in hnh
(Eubacteria) khng c
mng nhn
Vi sinh vt Nhn Ha hc t bo 0,2 - 2,0 Methanogens,
c (Archaea) nguyn thy, ring bit Halophiles,
khng cha Thermaacido
mng nhn philes
~ 72 ~
T bo c nhn in hnh (Eukaryotic) l c trng ca nhm sinh vt c
nhn chun. T bo gm nhn t bo v mng nhn. Nhn t bo cha nhiu
phn t ADN v c bao quanh bi mng nhn. Ngoi ra, trong mng nhn
ca t bo cn c mt s cc thnh phn khc nh mitochondia, chloroplasts.
To, nm, ng vt nguyn sinh c cu trc t bo trn. Tt c cc loi thc
vt bao gm loi c ht, dng x, ru, loi c t, loi trung gian thuc loi
thc vt ln a bo c nhn in hnh.
Vi sinh thuc nhm vi khun in hnh v nhm vi sinh vt c c cu trc
nhn nguyn thu (prokaryotic). Trong t bo, vng nhn ch tn ti mt
phn t ADN v khng b bao bc bi mng nhn.
Siu vi khun (virut) l loi k sinh ni bo, n cn mt t bo ch v sng
k sinh trong . Mc d siu vi khun c thng tin di truyn nhng ch c th
sinh si trong t bo ch, khng c kh nng sinh si c lp. Siu vi khun
cu to t nhn axit nucleic (ARN hoc ADN) v v bc l protein v
glycoprotein. Siu vi khun c xp vo nhm ring ph thuc vo t bo
ch, v d Bateriophages l loi siu vi khun m vt ch l vi khun.
Phn loi theo c cht v nng lng.

Sinh vt tham gia vo x l nc thi cng c th phn chia theo c cht v
nng lng m chng s dng. sinh sn v hot ng, chng cn phi c
cung cp ngun carbon, dinh dng v nng lng tng hp ra t bo mi.
Loi vi sinh s dng ngun carbon hu c c gi l vi sinh d dng, loi
s dng ngun carbon v c (CO2, HCO3-) gi l vi sinh t dng.
Sinh vt s dng ngun nng lng sinh ra t phn ng oxy ho cht hu
c nh ng vt nguyn sinh, nm, phn ln vi khun gi l loi vi sinh ho
nng hu c, loi s dng phn ng oxy ho cht v c dng kh (amoniac,
nitrit, sunfua) gi l loi vi sinh ho nng v c. Sinh vt s dng nng lng
nh sng gi l loi quang nng v tip tc c phn chia thnh quang nng
t dng v quang nng d dng. Bng 5. 2 tm tt phn loi theo c cht v
nng lng.
Bng 5. 2. Phn loi vi sinh theo c cht v nng lng [1].
Loi C cht Nng lng i din

D dng
Ha nng hu c Carbon hu c Oxy ha cht hu Vi khun, nm,
~ 73 ~
c nguyn sinh, ng vt
Quang nng hu c Carbon hu c nh sng Vi khun quang hp
T dng
Ha nng v c Carbon v c Oxy ho cht v c Vi khun
T dng quang nng Carbon v c nh sng Thc vt, to, vi
khun quang hp
Phn loi theo iu kin mi trng.

Vi sinh vt cng thng c phn loi theo iu kin mi trng trong
qu trnh trao i cht ca chng, tc l kh nng pht trin khi c mt hoc
vng mt oxy phn t hoc cc hp cht ha hc tham gia vo qu trnh sinh
ha, sn xut nng lng. Vi sinh c phn loi theo:
- Hiu kh; ch tn ti c trong mi trng c oxy phn t.
- Ym kh; ch tn ti trong mi trng khng c oxy phn t.
- Ym kh tu nghi; tn ti c trong mi trng c hoc khng c oxy.
- Ym kh khng iu kin; s c mt ca oxy khng gy nh hng n hot
ng ca chng.
Ngoi ra, vi sinh vt c th phn loi theo khong nhit ti u cho hot
ng ca chng mc d khong nhit sng st rt rng.
5. 2. Qu trnh sinh ho.
Qu trnh x l nc thi bng bin php sinh hc thc cht l tch cc cht
nhim ra khi mi trng nc hoc chuyn ho chng thnh cc cht
khng c hay t c hn. Cc cht gy nhim trng thi khng tan, dng
phn tn, dng nh cng c th x l bng phng php sinh hc nhng hiu
qu x l thng thp hn so vi cc phng php x l ho hc, ho l v c
hc. Cc cht tan trong nc l i tng chnh trong x l sinh hc. Trong
qu trnh x l sinh hc, mt phn cht tan gy nhim c chuyn ho
thnh sinh khi, c tch ra di dng cht rn thng qua cc k thut thch
hp nh lng, lc; mt phn c chuyn ho thnh cc cht khng c thng
qua cc phn ng sinh ho xy ra trong t bo ca vi sinh vt.
Qu trnh sinh ho cung cp nguyn liu v nng lng xy dng t bo
v duy tr hot ng ca vi sinh vt, tc l chng pht trin v tn ti.
~ 74 ~
5. 2. 1. Trao i cht.
Mt c th mun tn ti v pht trin phi c qu trnh trao i cht, qu

trnh ny cung cp nng lng v nguyn liu cho c th. Qu trnh trao i
cht rt phc tp bao gm nhiu chu trnh bin i cht, l cc phn ng ho
hc xy ra trong t bo. V phn ng ho hc xy ra trong t bo ca c th
sinh vt nn cn gi l phn ng sinh ho.
Hai phn ng sinh ho c bn nht trong trao i cht l ng ho v d
ho. Phn ng d ho l phn ng phn nh cht hu c phc tp thnh cc
phn t nh, bn, km theo l qu trnh sinh ra nng lng. Phn ng ng ho
l phn ng to ra cc phn t phc tp t cc cu t n gin v thng phi
s dng nng lng. Nng lng cn thit cho phn ng ng ho c ly t
ngun sinh ra do phn ng d ho, v vy hai qu trnh phn ng trn tng h
ln nhau v xy ra ng thi.
phn ng d ho, ng ho xy ra cn phi c hot ng ca enzym -
cht xc tc ca c th sng. Enzym l protein hoc protein lin kt vi phn
t v c hay lin kt vi cc phn t hu c c kch thc nh. Enym c hai
dng: ni bo v ngoi bo. Enzym ngoi bo chu trch nhim chuyn ho
cc cht khng c kh nng vn chuyn vo t bo thnh dng c th. Enzym
ni bo ng vai tr xc tc cho cc phn ng ng ho, d ho din ra trong t
bo.
Bt k mt cht xc tc no cng hot ng trn nguyn tc l tng cng
tc phn ng trn c s h thp nng lng hot ho ca phn ng ho hc
nhng khng lm dch chuyn th cn bng ca phn ng. Cht xc tc khng
b tiu hao trong qu trnh phn ng, ni cch khc chng c ti to li hon
ton khi mt phn ng kt thc. Hiu qu ca xc tc c nh gi qua hot
tnh v chn lc. Hot tnh xc tc c th hin qua tc phn ng
(gim nguyn liu hay tng sn phm ca phn ng trn n v thi gian v
khi lng xc tc); hot tnh cao ng ngha vi tc phn ng m n xc
tc ln. Mt phn ng ho hc c cng nguyn liu nhng c th c nhiu sn
phm khc nhau do c ch khc nhau, s c mt ca xc tc thng dn n
s thay i v c ch, thay i t l sn phm to thnh. Tnh vt tri ca mt
sn phm no (mong mun) th hin chn lc ca xc tc.
Enzym l loi xc tc c hot tnh ln v chn lc cao. Mt phn ng c
enzym tham gia c th vit:
~ 75 ~
E + S (ES) P + E (5-1)
Trong : E: enzym; S: cht phn ng; P: sn phm v (ES) l phc cht

trung gian.
Trc khi to ra sn phm P t S, phn ng tri qua hp cht trung gian
(ES), chnh s c mt ca cht trung gian lm tng hot tnh v chn lc
ca sn phm P. Trong c th sng qu trnh chuyn ho t S n P c thc
hin qua nhiu bc v bi nhiu enzym khc nhau, mi loi enzym c hot
tnh v chn lc ph thuc vo pH v nhit ca mi trng phn ng.
Hot tnh ca enzym khc nhau kh r: c loi mt phn t enzym chuyn
ho ch 100 phn t c cht, c loi ti trn mt triu c cht trong mt pht.
Tnh chn lc ca enzym ph thuc vo s nhn bit v to lin kt ng
ch vi c cht ca thnh phn protein trong enzym. Mi loi enzym hu nh
ch c tnh chn lc cho mt phn ng v v vy n thng mang tn phn ng
; v d oxidases l enzym xc tc cho phn ng oxy ho; cellulases xc tc
cho phn ng b mch cellulose, hydrogenases xc tc cho phn ng hydro
ho.
phn ng sinh ho xy ra trong t bo, ngoi s c mt ca enzym cn
cn c nng lng. Nng lng sn sinh trong t bo l do phn ng oxy ho
cht hu c, v c (phn ng d ho) hoc do phn ng quang ho (quang
hp). Nng lng sinh ra c mt s hp cht hu c hp th v tch tr
trong t bo. Cht tch lu nng lng thng dng nht l adenosine
triphosphat (ATP), nng lng tch tr ny c s dng tng hp t bo
mi, vn ng, duy tr s sng ca t bo. Khi ngun nng lng trong ATP
tiu th ht, hp cht ny chuyn v dng hp cht c nng lng thp hn l
adenosine diphosphat (ADP). ADP li ng vai tr thu nhn nng lng v
chuyn v dng c mc nng lng cao l ATP.
i vi vi khun d dng, ch c mt phn cht hu c trong nc thi
c chuyn ho thnh sn phm cui cng v nng lng sn sinh ra c s
dng to ra t bo mi t phn cht hu c khng tham gia phn ng. Nu
ngun cht hu c trong nc thi khng cho c hai qu trnh trn th tc
tng hp t bo (sinh khi) gim. Nu tnh trng ny tip din th thm ch
cc t bo s b cht, b phn hu, ch cn li nhng thnh phn tr (phn hu
bn). S suy gim sinh khi trn gi l phn hu (hay h hp) ni sinh.
Vi khun c kch thc kh ln so vi cc phn t cht hu c, c m, ln
hn phn t hu c bnh thng c ngn ln. Trong tnh ton cng ngh ngi
~ 76 ~
ta cn nhng cng thc ho hc xc nh c th c trng cho thnh phn ho
hc ca t bo, hoc tnh theo mt sinh khi (tnh bng g chng hn). Thnh
phn nguyn t chnh ca t bo l C, O, N, H, cc nguyn t v c vi hm
lng thp hn nh P, S, K, Mg, Ca, Fe, Na, cc nguyn t vi lng nh Zn,
Mn, Mo, Se, Co, Cu, Ni, W. [2].
Thnh phn ho hc theo nguyn t ca t bo vi sinh vt tnh theo khi
lng kh c ghi trong bng 5. 3. [3].
Bng 5. 3. Thnh phn ho hc c trng ca t bo vi sinh (%).
Nguyn t Khong i din Nguyn t Khong i din

C 45 - 55 50 Na 0,5 - 2,0 1
O 16 - 22 20 Ca 0,4 - 0,7 0,5
N 12 - 16 14 Mg 0,4 - 0,7 0,5
H 7 - 10 8 Cl 0,4 - 0,7 0,5
P 2-5 3 Fe 0,1 - 0,4 0,2
S 0,8 - 1,5 1 Khc 0,2 - 0,5 0,3
K 0,8 - 1,5 1
Trong t bo, nc chim khong 80%, 20% khi lng l cht kh, trong
cht kh thnh phn hu c chim khong 90%, cn 10% l cc cht v c.
T thnh phn ho hc bng 5. 3 ngi ta thnh lp cng thc ho hc
gn ng cho t bo, cng thc c dng (ch tnh cho thnh phn hu c)
C5H7O2N. Cng thc trn ch ra rng, hm lng carbon chim 53%, hm
lng nit chim 12% trong t bo. Nu tnh c photpho th cng thc gn
ng s c dng C60H87O23N12P.
tng hp t bo, ngoi c cht l carbon cn cn ti dinh dng (N, P)
v cc nguyn t khc. Khi thiu dinh dng theo t l trong t bo, qu trnh
x l nc thi cn c b xung thm, khi tha cn c cc bin php x l
dinh dng ngoi vic loi b cht hu c (carbon).
5. 2. 2. Qu trnh d ho v nng lng.
Nng lng sinh ra v tiu hao do phn ng sinh ho l yu t quan trng

hng u ca qu trnh trao i cht. Nng lng sinh ra do phn ng ho hc
~ 77 ~
trong h x l nc thi ch yu l t phn ng oxy ho v ln men hoc do
phn ng quang ho.
Phn ng sinh ho l phn ng ho hc xy ra trong t bo, phn ng c
th xy ra th nng lng t do Gibbs ca phn ng phi c gi tr m, tc l
phn ng to nhit. i vi phn ng thu nhit th gi tr nng lng t do
Gibbs mang du dng, tc l phn ng ngc li vi phn ng ang quan st
v ch xy ra khi c cung cp nng lng t ngoi vo.
Phn ng d ho do oxy ho.

Phn ng oxy ho l phn ng ha hc c xy ra qu trnh trao - nhn in
t, tc l c s thay i ho tr ca nguyn t tham gia phn ng. Cht
(nguyn t) cho in t l cht kh, sau phn ng ho tr ca n tng. Cht
nhn in t ng vai tr cht oxy ho, sau khi nhn in t nguyn t s
gim ho tr.
V d nguyn t carbon (C) trong trong hp cht hu c c s oxy ho thp
(cht kh) phn ng vi oxy phn t c ho tr khng (0) trong phn ng chy
to ra kh CO2. Ho tr ca carbon trong kh CO2 l +4 v ca oxy l -2. Vy
nguyn t carbon trong cht hu c l cht kh, n b oxy ho bi oxy, cn
oxy phn t l cht oxy ho v n b kh bi cht hu c. V d khc l phn
ng oxy ho amoniac vi oxy to ra nitrit v nitrat:
NH3 + 1,5O2 NO2- + 2H+ + H2O (5-2)
NO2- + 0,5O2 NO3- (5-3)
Ho tr ca nit trong amoniac l -3, trong nitrit v nitrat l +3 v +5, vy

nit ng vai tr l cht kh, n cho 6 in t trong phn ng (5-2) v 2 in
t trong (5-3).
Phn ng oxy ho kh to ra nng lng cho t bo, qu trnh oxy ho v
kh l hai phn ng nhng phi xy ra ng thi (cho v nhn in t).
Mun xem mt phn ng oxy ho c xy ra v xy ra c trit (th cn
bng) hay khng th cn phi o (tnh) nng lng t do Gibbs. d quan
st, phn ng oxy ho kh c vit thnh 2 phn ng ring bit: phn ng
kh v phn ng oxy ho, sau s t hp li thnh phn ng oxy ho kh.
S dng hydro lm cht kh (cho in t) ta c:
H2 2H+ + 2e- (5-4)
S dng oxy lm cht nhn in t:
~ 78 ~
0,5O2 + 2e O2
- -
(5-5)
T hp hai phn ng trn ta c phn ng oxy ho kh:
H2 2H+ + 2e-
0,5O2 + 2e- O2-
H2 + 0,5O2 H2O (5-6)
Phn ng oxy ho hay kh ring r u c gi tr nng lng t do Gibbs

(Go), c th tra cu t ti liu. T cch vit trn v s liu tra c s cho
php nhn bit din bin ca phn ng. V d quan st qu trnh oxy ho ca
carbohydrat vi oxy:
0,25CH2O+0,25H2O0,25CO2+H++e- Go= 41.84 (5-7)
0,25O2+H++e-0,25H2O Go = -78,14 (5-8)
0,25CH2O+0,25O20,25CO2+0,25H2O Go = -36,30 (5-9)
CH2O+O2CO2 + H2O
Tng nng lng t do Gibbs c gi tr -36,30 kJ/mol, vy phn ng chy

t tri sang phi v gi tr (tuyt i) kh ln nn cn bng dch chuyn mnh
v pha bn phi. Mc trit ca phn ng oxy ho kh ph thuc vo th
oxy ho kh ca phn ng tng, tc l kh nng sn sng cho v nhn in t
ca cc thnh phn tham gia phn ng.
Trong x l nc thi, vi sinh vt c th s dng nhiu cht oxy ho (cho
in t) vo mc ch chuyn ho cc phn ng sinh ho. Cc phn ng kh
cc cht oxy ho thng dng gm:
* Oxy: O2 + 4H+ + 4e- 2H2O (5-10)
* Nitrat: NO3- + 4H+ + 5e- 0,5N2 + 3H2O (5-11)
* Sunfat: SO42- + 8H+ + 8e- S2- + 4H2O (5-12)
Vi sinh vt hiu kh ch c th s dng c oxy oxy ho cht hu c.

Vi sinh vt tu nghi, loi c mt vi s lng kh ng trong cc h thng x
l nc thi, c th s dng c oxy ln nitrat, nhng u tin oxy hn, tc l ch
s dng n nitrat khi mi trng sng khng c oxy na, ni cch khc l
trong mi trng thiu kh. Vi khun kh sunfat vi cht hu c ch c th
pht trin c khi khng c oxy.
~ 79 ~
Oxy ho mt cht hu c c cng thc tng qut CxHyOz vi cc cht oxy
ho trong cc biu thc (5-10), (5-11), (5-12) c th vit nh sau:
Oxy ha cht hu c:
CxHyOz+(2x-z)H2OxCO2+(4x-y-2z)H++ 4x+y-2z)e- (5-13)
Hoc:
1 2x z x
CxHyOz+ H2O CO2+H++e-(5-14)
4x y 2z 4x y 2z 4x y 2z
S dng oxy lm cht oxy ho (hiu kh) th phi hp gia biu thc (5-10)
v (5-14):
CxHyOz + 0,25(4x+y2z)O2 xCO2 + 0,5yH2O (5-15)
Phn ng oxy ho kh lin quan n qu trnh cho v nhn in t tnh theo

ng lng, trong thc tin thng tnh theo khi lng ca cht oxy ho
hoc kh. C th tnh tng ng nh sau: c c 1 mol in t cn: 8g
O2 (32/4), 2,8g N trong nitrat (14/5) v 4 g S (32/8). Theo nh ngha 1g oxy
s oxy ho c 1g COD, vy oxy ho 1 g COD cn 0,35g N trong nitrat
(2,8/8) hoc 0,5 g S trong sunfat (4/8).
Nng lng thu c t qu trnh oxy ho cc cht hu c khc nhau s
khc nhau; k c tnh theo ch tiu khc nhau (mol, COD, TOC).
Bng 5. 4 ghi mt s gi tr nng lng thu c t phn ng oxy ho mt
s cht hu c.
Gi tr nng lng tnh theo mol ca cc hp cht hu c lch nhau rt
nhiu nhng nu tnh theo COD th hu nh khng i, gi tr trung bnh l
13,8 KJ/g COD 10% tr hai hp cht ng u v cui bng.
Bng 5. 4. Nng lng ca phn ng oxy ho cht hu c [4].
Hp cht Cng thc ho hc Nng lng

KJ/mol KJ/g COD KJ/g TOC
Axit oxalic C2H2O4 342 22,9 14,4
Axit formic CH2O2 284 17,9 23,8
Axit citric C6H8O7 3828 15,0 29,9
Glucose C6H12O6 2810 14,9 39,8
Axit lactic C3H6O3 1362 14,2 37,8
~ 80 ~
Axit acetic C2H4O4 865 13,5 36,0
Glycerin C2H2O2 1617 14,4 39,3
Phenol C6H6O 3022 13,5 42,2
Etylen glycol C2H6O2 1174 14,7 48,9
Benzen C6H6 3180 13,3 44,1
Aceton C3H6O 1714 13,4 50,9
Axit palmitic C16H32O2 9731 13,3 50,9
Cyclohexan C6H12 3766 13,0 52,1
Ethylen C2H4 1312 13,7 54,4
Ethanol C2H6O 1304 13,6 54,2
Methanol CH4O 689 14,8 57,5
Etan C2H6 1437 12,8 59,9
Metan CH4 798 12,5 63,4
Khng ch s dng cht hu c to ra nng lng thng qua phn ng

vi cht oxy ho (O2, NO3-, SO42-), loi vi sinh t dng ho nng v c cn
s dng cc nguyn liu v c khc nh NH3, H2, H2S sn xut nng lng
thng qua phn ng oxy ha kh.
Trong h thng x l nc thi xy ra ng thi nhiu loi phn ng oxy
ho kh song song vi qu trnh tng hp t bo vi sinh vt. Trn c s phn
ng oxy ho kh ring r v nng lng t do ngi ta c th tnh c cc
phn ng trong mt h vi sinh, k c qu trnh tng hp t bo, iu gip
ch rt nhiu cho nghin cu cc qu trnh chuyn ho sinh ho. [1, 5, 6]
Theo Mc Carty [5], mt phn ng sinh ho trn c s oxy ho kh c th
vit:
R = fs. Rs + fa. Ra - Rd (5-15)
Trong R l phn ng tng th ca mt qu trnh sinh ha; Rs l phn ng

tng hp t bo, Ra l phn ng nhn in t; Rd l phn ng cho in t; fs l
t l ca in t ginh cho tng hp t bo, fa l t l in t ginh cho nng
lng, fs + fa = 1.
Du tr trong biu thc (5-15) mang ngha: phng trnh ho hc cho
in t trong bng 5-5 phi c o v khi kt hp vi cc phng trnh phn
ng khc. Gi tr fs thay i theo dng ca cht cho in t, phn ng c th
(v d loi t dng hay d dng) v bn cht ca cht nhn in t. V d
gi tr fs ca phn ng gia carbohydrat (cht cho in t) vi oxy (cht nhn
~ 81 ~
in t) c gi tr t 0,6 n 0,72. Phn ng ring r: kh, oxy ho v tng hp
t bo ca h phn ng sinh ho thng gp trong x l nc thi c ghi
trong bng 5. 5.
Bng 5. 5. Phn ng thnh phn trong h sinh ho.
STT Phn ng thnh phn Nng lng

t do,
KJ/mol
Phn ng tng hp t bo (Rs)
1 S dng amoniac lm ngun nit
1 1 1 1 9
CO2+ HCO3-+ NH4++H++e- C5H7O2N+ H2O
5 20 20 20 5
2 S dng nitrat lm ngun nit
1 5 29 + - 1 11
NO3-+ CO2+ H +e C5H7O2N+ H2O
28 28 28 28 28
Phn ng nhn in t (kh) ca cc cht oxy ho (Ra)
3 Oxy
1 1
O2 + H+ + e- = H2O -78,14
4 2
4 Nitrat
1 6 1 5
NO3- + H+ + e- = N2 + H2O -71,67
5 5 10 3
5 Sunfat
1 19 1 1 1
SO42-+ H++e-= H2S+ HS-+ H2O 21,27
8 16 16 16 2
6 Carbon dioxit (metan ho do ln men)
1 1 1
CO2 + H+ + e- = CH4 + H2O 24,11
8 8 4
Phn ng cho in t (oxy ho) ca cc cht kh (Rd)
Cht kh hu c (phn ng d dng)

7 Nc thi sinh hot
~ 82 ~
9 1 1 1 9 31,80
CO2+ NH4++ HCO3-+H++e- C10H19O3N+ H2O
50 50 50 50 25
8 Protein (axit amin, protein, hu c cha nit)
8 2 31 + - 1 27 32,22
CO2+ NH4++ H +e C16H24O5N+ H2O
33 33 33 66 66
9 Carbonhydrat (cellulose, tinh bt, ng)
1 1 1
CO2 + H+ + e- = CH2O + H2O 41,84
4 4 4
10 Du, m
4 1 15
CO2 + H+ + e- = C8H16O + H2O 27,61
23 46 46
11 Metanol
1 1 1
CO2 + H+ + e- = CH3OH + H2O 37,51
6 6 6
Cht kh v c (phn ng t dng)
12 Fe3+ + e- = Fe2+ -74,40
1 1 1
13 NO3- + H+ + e- = NO2- + H2O -40,15
2 2 2
1 5 1 3
14 NO3- + H+ + e- = NH4+ + H2O -34,50
8 4 4 8
1 4 1 1
15 NO2- + H+ + e- = NH4+ + H2O -32,62
6 3 6 3
1 4 1 3
16 SO42- + H+ + e- = S + H 2O 19,48
6 3 6 2
1 19 1 1 1
17 SO42-+ H+ +e-= H2S+ HS-+ H2O 21,28
8 16 16 16 2
1 5 1 5
18 SO42- + H+ + e- = S2O32- + H2O 21,30
4 4 8 8
1
19 H+ + e- = H2 40,46
2
1
20 SO42- + H+ + e- = SO32- + H2O 44,33
2
S dng bng 5. 5 v biu thc (5-15) c th nh gi mt phn ng sinh
ho trong x l nc thi (tt nhin l s b, mang tnh cht nh tnh).
~ 83 ~
V d: xc nh hiu sut hnh thnh sinh khi (lng t bo vi sinh hnh
thnh trong qu trnh x l) trong phn ng oxy ho glucose (carbohydrat).
Gi thit l s dng oxy lm cht oxy ho, amoniac l ngun nit cho tng
hp t bo v fs c gi tr l 0,7.
Bi ton c gii nh sau:
R = fs. Rs + fa. Ra - Rd = 0,7Rs + 0,3Ra - Rd (5-16)
Phn ng Rs, Ra, Rd tng ng vi cc phn ng c s th t 1, 3 v 9

trong bng 5. 5.
0,7Rs=0,14CO2+0,035HCO3-+0,035NH4++0,7H++0,7e-
=0,035C5H7O2N+0,31H2O
0,3Ra=0,075O2+0,3H++0,3e- = 0,15H2O
-Rd = 0,25 CH2O + 0,25 H2O = 0,25 CO2 + H+ + e-
R = 0,25 CH2O + 0,035 HCO3-+ 0,035 NH4+ + 0,075 O2
= 0,11CO2+0,035C5H7O2N+0,21H2O (5-17)
Biu thc (5-17) chnh l qu trnh sinh ho khi oxy ho CH2O vi oxy
hnh thnh sn phm t bo vi sinh (C5H7O2N) v cc sn phm bn l CO2 v
H2O. Trong qu trnh phn ng, khi lng ca carbohydrat, CH2O, tiu
th l 7,5 g (0,25 mol x 30 g/mol), lng t bo hnh thnh l 3,96 g (0,035
mol x 113 g/mol). Vy hiu sut hnh thnh t bo l 53% (3,96/7,5).
Nng lng t do Gibbs ca phn ng nhn in t (3) l -78,14, ca phn
ng cho in t (9) l 41,84, vy nng lng tng ca phn ng oxy ho kh
l -36,3 KJ/mol. Cn bng ho hc (hon ton c th tnh c hng s cn
bng) ca phn ng (5-17) lch v pha phi.
Phn ng d ho do ln men.
Nng lng cng c th thu c qua qu trnh ln men cht hu c, xy ra
khng cn ti cht oxy ho. Khc vi phn ng oxy ho, trong qu trnh ln
men khng c s dch chuyn in t gia cc cu t tham gia phn ng. Phn
hu ym kh nc thi, bn thi l qu trnh ln men c ch c bit trong
cng ngh x l nc thi. Sn phm ca qu trnh l kh metan, hp cht m
carbon trong c ho tr thp nht trong hp cht hu c, metan l sn phm
cui cng ca mt qu trnh ni tip nhau. Cng vi metan, sn phm khc l
CO2 cng hnh thnh, carbon trong CO2 c ho tr cao nht (+ 4). Qu trnh ln
men mt cht hu c CxHyOz c th vit:
~ 84 ~
CxHyOz+(x-y/4-z/2)H2O(x/2-y/8+z/4)CO2+(x/2-y/8+z/4)CH4 (5-18)
C hai sn phm kh u t ng thot ra khi mi trng nc v gi l

kh biogas.
Qu trnh ln men c c trng ni bt l qu trnh chuyn ho ni b ca
in t trong cht hu c; mt cch hnh nh th thin c th cho rng s in
t ca phn t hu c c gom li trong phn t metan (C ho tr - 4), do
b mt i nn carbon trong kh CO2 c ho tr + 4. V khng xy ra qu trnh
oxy ho nn gi tr COD ca lng metan (4 g COD/g CH4) sinh ra ng bng
gi tr COD ca nguyn liu cht hu c. V d ln men 10 g ng sinh ra
mt lng metan no ; gi tr COD ca metan thu c chnh bng gi tr
COD ca 10 g ng.
Nng lng thu c t qu trnh ln men thp hn nhiu so vi nng
lng ca phn ng oxy ho kh. so snh, ta s chn mt v d l oxy ho
axit axetic v phn ng ln men chnh n. T bng 4. 3 cho bit nng lng
ca qu trnh oxy ho vi oxy c gi tr 865 KJ/mol:
C2H4O2 + 2 O2 2 CO2 + 2 H2O + 865 KJ/mol (5-19)
Qu trnh ln men to ra nng lng E:
C2H4O2 CH4 + CO2 + E (5-20)
Nng lng E c th tnh nh sau: nng lng oxy ho metan c gi tr 798

KJ/mol (bng 4. 3) t phn ng:
CH4 + 2 O2 CO2 + H2O + 798 KJ/mol (5-21)
T hp (5-20) v (5-21) ta c:
E + 798 KJ/mol = 865 KJ/mol, E = 67 KJ/mol.

So vi phn ng oxy ho, nng lng thu c t ln men ch bng khong
8% ca cng cht hu c, iu ny gii thch v sao qu trnh x l ym kh
chm, hiu sut hnh thnh sinh khi thp hn nhiu so vi x l hiu kh v v
vy vi sinh vt ym kh hot ng c hiu qu trong vng nhit cao. Nng
lng ta ra thp, phn cn li 92% nm di dng ho nng trong phn t
metan v v vy n l ngun nhin liu.
Nhn chung trong qu trnh x l ym kh cc cht hu c, nng lng sinh
ra ch bng khong 10% so vi x l hiu kh, 90% cn li nm trong kh
metan di dng ho nng.
~ 85 ~
5. 2. 3. Qu trnh ng ho v to thnh sinh khi.
Vi sinh vt s dng cht hu c to ra t bo, thc hin cc phn ng

sinh ho t cc cht hu c ly nng lng duy tr hot ng sng v pht
trin. Song song vi sinh sn v pht trin ng thi xy ra qu trnh phn hu
t bo vi sinh vt - phn hu ni sinh, sn phm phn hu li c vi sinh vt
sng s dng cho qu trnh ng ho v d ho. Qu trnh trn c th m t qua
s sau [4]:
C qu trnh ng ho v d ho v nguyn tc u c th nh lng c:

ng ho lm tng mt vi sinh, c th xc nh theo nhiu phng php
nh xc nh khi lng, nh gi mt t bo. Qu trnh d ho c th nh
gi thng qua lng cht oxy ho c tiu th hoc sn phm metan hnh
thnh. Tng hp qu trnh ng ho, d ho c th xc nh qua mc suy
gim nng c cht.
T bo mi
ng
ha pY
Vt liu: c cht,
dinh dng, yu
t khc
D ha
1-pY
Sn phm+nng lng
Phn hy ni sinh
Hnh 1. S trao i cht ca vi sinh vt
Gia lng sinh khi (t bo) to thnh v lng c cht tiu hao (v d
COD) c tn ti mi quan h t l thun: c cht c s dng nhiu th lng
sinh khi to thnh ln. Nu gi Xv l mt sinh khi o theo lng cht hu
c bay hi (volatile solid VSS, cht hu c trong sinh khi t chy nhit
500 - 550oC) v S l nng ca c cht, ta s c mi quan h:
~ 86 ~
Y = - dXv/dS (5-22)
Y gi l hiu sut hnh thnh sinh khi. Gi tr Y thay i khng ng k
i vi phn ln cc cht hu c, nhng khc bit ng k i vi cc phn
ng d ha c bn cht khc nhau. Nng lng sinh ra t phn ng d ho trn
c s oxy ho vi oxy hoc nitrat cao hn nhiu so vi d ho ln men. Do vy
lng sinh khi to thnh t c cht tiu hao trong trng hp u ln hn
nhiu. S dng oxy hoc nitrat lm cht oxy ho (cht nhn in t), tr s ca
Y l khong 0,45 gVSS/g COD. Trong qu trnh ln men ym kh, gi tr ca
Y nh hn r rt v trong chng mc no b nh hng bi bn cht ca c
cht. Hiu sut sinh khi ca vi sinh to metan ch nm trong khong 0,02 -
0,03 g VSS/ g COD [7]. Bi l do nn tc pht trin vi sinh trong h x
l nc thi theo phng php hiu kh (bn hot tnh) nhanh hn rt nhiu so
vi x l ym kh.
Gi tr Y cha nh gi phn cht hu c tiu hao cho qu trnh
to thnh sinh khi. t mc ch cn phi bit c tr s COD tng ng
vi mt n v khi lng ca sinh khi tnh theo lng cht hu c bay hi
VSS. Gi tr ny c xc nh bng thc nghim, bng cch o COD v VSS
ca sinh khi. Theo s liu ca nhiu tc gi, gi tr p (t l g COD/g VSS)
nm trong khong 1,42 n 1,51, gi tr thng gp nht l 1,47 - 1,48. [4].
Gi tr p c ngha l lng cht hu c trong sinh khi nu tnh theo COD
th bng 1,48, tnh theo VSS th bng 1,0 n v.
Trong qu trnh x l hiu kh vi Y = 0,45; 1 kg COD b tiu hao s thu
c 0,45 kg sinh khi tnh theo VSS v tnh theo COD s l pY = 1,48x0,45
= 0,67 kg. Lng cht hu c cn li l 1 - pY = 0,33 kg l lng cht hu c
tham gia qu trnh d ho, l lng cht b oxy ho to ra nng lng v cn
mt lng oxy l (1 - pY) kg O2. T s liu trn c th kt lun s b l trong
qu trnh trao i cht do oxy ho (d ho do oxy ho) mt phn ba lng c
cht c s dng cho qu trnh d ho, hai phn ba c s dng cho qu
trnh ng ho.
Trong trng hp x l ym kh, gi tr Y i vi vi khun sinh metan
trong x l nc thi l 0,02 - 0,03, 1kg COD tiu th s hnh thnh 30 g sinh
khi tnh theo VSS hay 45 g tnh theo COD, t l ny thp, chim 4,5%.
Lng COD cn li l 95,5% chuyn ho hu ht thnh metan.
Trong s qu trnh trao i cht c cha ng qu trnh vi sinh t phn
hu do gi ci v ht sc sng. Mt phn vt cht ca t bo cht c kh nng
~ 87 ~
sinh hu tr thnh nguyn liu cho qu trnh trao i cht tip theo. Trao i
cht do oxy ho t bo c gi l h hp ni sinh nhm phn bit vi oxy ho
cht hu c t ngoi (nc thi) gi l oxy ho ngoi sinh. Mt phn vt cht
ca t bo cht chuyn ho thnh dng vt cht tr khng c kh nng sinh
hu hoc rt kh sinh hu; cht ny s tch lu trong h thng x l nc thi
di dng bn d.
Tc phn hu vi sinh trong iu kin hiu kh v thiu kh ln hn nhiu
so vi mi trng ym kh. Th nghim nh gi tc phn hu vi sinh vt
hiu kh cho thy, qu trnh phn hu tun theo phn ng bc mt:
dX
= - kX (5-23)
dt
X: nng vi sinh vt ti thi im t, k l hng s tc ca phn ng
phn hu.
Phng trnh (5-23) c vit di dng tng minh vi cc iu kin ban
u thch hp:
Xt = Xo. exp(-kt) (5-24)
Xt, Xo l mt vi sinh vt ti thi im t v t=0. k c gi tr khong 0,01 h-

1
ti 20oC. Mc suy gim nng vi sinh tun theo qui lut hm m. T cc s
liu trn c th tnh lng vi sinh vt cn li ti bt c thi im t no . Vi
gi tr k = 0,01 h-1 th mc gim vi sinh l khong 1% trong mt gi. Khi
khng c cung cp thc n hoc iu kin duy tr sng, sau thi gian
khong 2 tun l, vi sinh sng st c ch cn 3 - 4% so vi lc u. T
suy ra rng hot tnh ca vi sinh hiu kh gim nhanh khi khng cung cp
iu kin sng cho chng v qu trnh phn hu bn thi t b lng th cp
trong iu kin hiu kh xy ra nhanh.
Ngc li, tc phn hu vi sinh di iu kin ym kh ( bn ym kh)
xy ra rt chm, c bit di iu kin nhit thp. V vy hot tnh vi sinh
c th duy tr trong thi gian di, ti c nm trong iu kin khng c thc n,
thch hp vi loi nc thi hot ng theo ma v.
~ 88 ~
ng hc qu trnh x l nc thi bng
6 phng php vi sinh.
6. 1. Cc qu trnh ng hc c s.
Cc hin tng, mi lin h gia cc phn ng ha hc, phn ng sinh ha;

hot tnh ca vi sinh lin quan n cc qu trnh ng ha, d ha trong mi
tng quan vi qu trnh sn xut nng lng, tng hp t bo c trnh by
trong phn 5 l hin tng trng thi cn bng, khng bao hm yu t thi
gian, tc l thi gian xy ra cc hin tng l di thit lp c
trng thi cn bng.
Trong thc t yu t tc ca mt qu trnh no i khi ng vai tr
nng cn hn hoc mang tnh cht quyt nh khi xt v phng din k
thut v hiu qu kinh t.
Nghin cu tc din bin mt qu trnh l tm cc tng quan, cc yu t
km hm hay thc y qu trnh , thng qua nh gi c ch ca qu
trnh. Tuy nhin, quan trng hn c l cc nghin cu ng hc cho php thu
thp cc s liu c trng (hng s tc , h s tng quan, thng s nh
hng) ca mt qu trnh t thit k cc s cng ngh c th trin
khai trong thc tin sn xut.
Din bin ca mt qu trnh x l nc thi rt phc tp do trong xy ra
ng thi nhiu qu trnh khc nhau: din bin ca tp on vi sinh vt, din
bin ca cc phn ng ha hc v s rng buc gia hai qu trnh trn.
Vi sinh vt l dng c th sng tri qua cc giai on: sinh ra, ln ln v
cht i. sinh sn v pht trin chng cn c ngun c cht, cht dinh dng
(c sn trong nc thi hoc b sung thm) cng mt lot cc iu kin khc
t mi trng. Chng loi vi sinh vt rt a dng, tn ti v pht trin theo
nhiu phng thc khc nhau, do i hi cc iu kin cng khc nhau mc
d cng tn ti trong mt h.
6. 1. 1. S pht trin ca vi sinh vt.
~ 89 ~
Phng thc sinh trng ch yu ca vi sinh vt l t nhn i t bo, t
mt t bo nhn thnh hai trong mt thi gian nht nh. Thi gian nhn i
t bo c gi l thi gian sinh trng, c gi tr khc nhau i vi tng
chng loi, bin ng t 20 pht n nhiu ngy. Gi s mt loi vi khun c
thi gian sinh trng l 30 pht, trong iu kin khng b hn ch bi bt k
yu t cn thit no s sn sinh ra 16.772.216 t bo trong thi gian 12 gi [1].
Trong mi trng nui cy tnh, s lng vi khun sng c th m c
theo thi gian c din bin nh sau:
- Trong giai on ngn ban u, s lng vi sinh vt tng trng rt chm
chp do chng cn phi thch nghi vi mi trng mi.
- Giai on pht trin t tng ng vi thi gian sinh trng.
- Giai on pht trin n nh, s lng vi sinh sng khng thay i theo thi
gian do hn ch v iu kin dinh dng ( b tiu hao trc ) v hao ht
do b chr ca vi sinh vt c tui cao. Tc sinh trng v hao ht ngang
nhau.
- Giai on suy thoi biu hin s st gim s lng vi sinh sng so vi giai
on n nh. Qu trnh suy gim xy ra ln hn qu trnh sinh trng. Tc
suy gim ph thuc vo mt vi sinh v iu kin mi trng.
Trong cng ngh x l nc thi, mt vi sinh hoc s lng vi sinh
khng c xc nh theo phng php m m thng c nh lng bng
phng php o khi lng, trong bao gm c khi lng ca vi sinh
cht v cc tp cht khc. Quan st s pht trin sinh khi theo thi gian cng
c th nhn bit bn giai on tin trin:
- Giai on thch nghi vi mi trng sng, sinh khi tng chm nhng vi
chu k ngn hn so vi phng php quan st s lng do tng trng c v
kch thc ca tng c th ln s lng.
- Giai on pht trin t lin quan cht ch iu kin d tha dinh dng ca
mi trng, tc tng trng ph thuc vo kh nng trao i cht ca vi
sinh vt.
- Giai on suy gim th hin khi lng vi sinh gim, ch yu l do thiu
iu kin dinh dng.
- Giai on phn hy ni sinh xy ra khi ngun dinh dng cn kit, vi sinh
vt khi tn ti trn c s s dng cht nguyn sinh ca chnh chng m
khng c b p li. Trong giai on ny c th xy ra hin tng phn
~ 90 ~
hy vi sinh, cht dinh dng t cc t bo cht c thi ra mi trng
nui dng vi sinh ang cn sng.
S pht trin v phn hy vi sinh vt theo thi gian c th m t theo mt
quy lut ng hc no [1, 2, 3] nhng ph bin hn c l s dng m hnh
ng hc Monod. M hnh ng hc Monod cng chnh l nn tng xy
dng cc m hnh x l bn hot tnh hin i nh ASM1, ASM2, ASM2d,
ASM3 ca nhm khoa hc quc t v m hnh ha h thng x l nc thi
bng phng php sinh hc [4]. Tuy vy cng cn phi nhn nhn rng tt c
cc m hnh ng hc u c nhng hn ch nht nh v tnh n nh v ph
qut so vi cc qu trnh ha hc hay vt l bi s tng tc ng thi ca
nhiu yu t xy ra trong h [4].
Gi X l nng hay mt sinh vt trong mt h x l tnh hay ng
(lin tc), tc sinh trng vi sinh (t bo) vg c nh ngha v c dng:
dX
vg = .X (6-1)
dt
T (6-1) cho thy, tc tng trng mt vi sinh t l thun vi chnh
mt hin c ca chng trong h. l h s tng quan c trng cho tng
chng loi vi sinh, loi pht trin nhanh th gi tr ca ln v ngc li.
c coi l hng s pht trin ring. n v o ca [vg] = g. l-1. d-1, [] = d-1 v
ca [X] = g. l-1 (d l n v thi gian o theo ngy hoc o theo gi (h) hoc
pht (min)).
Trong mt h x l, nhu cu v vt cht vi sinh vt pht trin ph hp
vi biu thc (6-1) rt t khi c tha mn. Khi m mt trong nhng nhu cu
chnh khng p ng c th tc sinh trng s gim. Mc suy gim
c qui v cho s bin i gi tr hng s pht trin ring . Theo Monod,
c th c tnh ton theo:
S
= m. (6-2)
KS S
m l hng s pht trin ring cc i, n chnh l gi tr khi mi iu

kin v nhu cu ca vi sinh vt c p ng y . S l nng ca cc yu
t chnh lin quan n s pht trin ca vi sinh vt, v d BOD, NH3, O2. Ks l
hng s bn bo ha, n chnh bng S m ti = 0,5m. Phng trnh (6-2)
c th hin trn hnh 6. 1.
~ 91 ~
T hnh 6.1 cho thy khi nng ca S tha mn, tc pht trin ca vi
sinh vt t mc ti a, gim khi S gim.

0,5
Ks S
Hnh 6. 1. Tc pht trin ca vi sinh vt ph thuc vo nng c cht.
Ti im S = Ks th = 0,5m, tc pht trin ch bng 50%. Ks thay i

i vi tng loi c cht S, tng loi vi sinh cng nh cc thng s qu trnh
nh pH, nhit .
V d i vi loi vi sinh d dng x l BOD ti 20oC, KBOD = 60

mgBOD/l, ti 15oC c gi tr l 39 mg BOD/l. i vi loi vi sinh t dng
Nitrosomonas oxy ha amoni th cc gi tr tng ng KN l 0,74 mgN/l v
0,39mgN/l. Oxy ha tan, DO cng l yu t nh hng n tc pht trin
ca vi sinh vt. i vi Nitrosomonas gi tr KDO l 1 mgO2/l, gi tr l s
tha nhn vi sinh vt trn pht trin mc ti a v phng din oxy ha tan
l 2 mg/l. [5].
Kt hp hai phng trnh (6-1), (6-2) ta c:
m . X .S
vg = (6-3)
Ks S
Phng trnh (6-1) tht ra l trng hp ring ca (6-3) khi nng ca

mt c cht (cht c bn xy dng t bo) S>>Ks, khi m.
Tng quan dng ng hc Monod khng ch p dng cho s hn ch ca
mt loi c cht m cn p dng cho trng hp hai hoc nhiu c cht thiu
~ 92 ~
ng thi. V d i vi chng vi sinh Nitrosomonas, c cht hn ch ng
thi l DO v amoni, khi :
S N DO
= m. . (6-4)
S N K N DO K DO
SN l nng amoni, DO l oxy ha tan, KN, KDO l hng s bn bo ha

ca amoni v DO.
6. 1. 2. Quan h gia vi sinh vt v c cht trong h.
Vi sinh vt pht trin c trn c s tiu hao mt lng vt cht,

chng loi vt cht m n cn rt a dng, tng ng vi cc thnh phn ha
hc trong t bo (xem bng 5-2). Tuy vy khi nghin cu ng hc ngi ta
thng ch tp trung vo mt s lng gii hn cc i tng. i tng hoc
nhng i tng c quan tm gi l c cht.
C cht c vi sinh vt s dng tng hp t bo, cn mt phn tham
gia phn ng ha hc (sinh ha) to ra nng lng (xem phn 5. 2.2).
Hin nhin, s lng t bo vi sinh to thnh tng ng vi s hao ht, suy
gim ca c cht trong h.
Gi tc suy gim c cht l vsu (tc gim nng c cht trn mt
n v thi gian, trong mt n v th tch) ta c:
vg = -Y. vsu (6-5)
Y l hiu sut sinh khi to thnh, mang ngha l khi tiu hao mt lng
c cht s sinh ra c mt lng sinh khi no (g/g). Du (-) ch hai qu
trnh ngc nhau: sinh khi to thnh v c cht suy gim. Hiu sut sinh khi
Y ph thuc vo chng loi vi sinh hin hu v bn cht ca c cht (xem 5.
2. 3)
Mc tiu x l nc thi l lm gim nng cht gy nhim, tc l gim
nng c cht, v vy tc gim c cht l i tng quan tm u tin.
Kt hp cc phng trnh (6-3), (6-5) ta c:
m . X .S
vsu = (6-6)
Y (K s S )
T (6-6) cho thy tc suy gim c cht t l thun vi mt vi sinh (X),

vi nng c cht (S) vi hot tnh (kh nng x l) ca vi sinh vt m v
~ 93 ~
hiu sut sinh khi Y. Do lin quan n hot tnh ca vi sinh vt, hai i lng
m v Y c kt hp vi nhau theo nh ngha:
k = m/Y (6-7)
k c gi l h s tiu th c cht ring ca mt chng loi vi sinh no ,

tc l kh nng tiu th c cht trn mt n v sinh khi hnh thnh [d-1]. Khi
:
k . X .S
vsu = (6-8)
Ks S
6. 1. 3. Qu trnh phn hy ni sinh.
Tp on vi sinh trong h x l nc thi c tui khc nhau, loi tui cao s

suy thoi, cht v b phn hy. Cc phng trnh phn trn ch m t qu
trnh pht trin mang tnh cht tng s ch khng phi l s liu thc c th
cn ong c v cha ch ti hiu ng gim i ca chng. S suy gim
(t nhin) do cc qu trnh sinh ha (khng phi do vn hnh ch ng nh
thi bt ra khi h thng) c gi l qu trnh phn hy ni sinh. Tc phn
hy ni sinh vp c m t:
vp = -kp.X (6-9)
X l nng vi sinh, kp l hng s phn hy ni sinh [d-1].

Tc tng trng sinh khi thc vg chnh l lng tng sinh ra tr i
lng sinh khi b phn hy ni sinh.
m . X .S
vg = vg + vp = - kp.X (6-10)
Ks S
hay
vg = - Y.vsu - kp.X (6-11)
Hng s pht trin ring thc, c dng:
S
= m. - kp (6-12)
Ks S
Hiu sut sinh khi thc Y c tnh:
~ 94 ~
,
v
Y =
g
(6-13)
v su
V nguyn tc c th tch phn phng trnh (6-8), (6-11) tm mi tng

quan gia din bin nng c cht trong h theo thi gian ph thuc vo cc
thng s ng hc (k, Ks, kp) [6]. V d t phng trnh (6-8) ta c:
dS k . X .S
vsu = (6-14)
dt KS S
Tch phn (6-14) vi iu kin ban u t=0, S=So v vi gi thit mt vi

sinh trong sut thi gian phn ng khng i (X=hng s) ta c:
Ks ln(So/S) + So - S = k.X.t (6-15)
Do Ks<<So trong phn ln cc trng hp nn c th b qua s hng u

ca phng trnh (6-15), khi :
S = So - k.X.t (6-16)
Li gii (6-16) l dng ca mt phn ng ng hc bc khng

vi c trng l tc phn ng khng ph thuc vo nng ca c cht.
Mc gim nng c cht (So-S) t l thun vi thi gian. Tnh cht ch
ca cc phng trnh ng hc v li gii ca cc h x l vi sinh khng cao
v trong h xy ra ng thi nhiu qu trnh chuyn ha c thc hin bi
nhiu chng loi vi sinh vi tc rt khc nhau, v vy cc thng s ng
hc thu c cng mang tnh cht c trng thp.
Ngoi cc phng trnh ng hc nu, rt nhiu dng phng trnh kinh
nghim c xut m t mi tng quan gia mc suy gim c cht
vi mc tng trng ca vi sinh vt. Mi phng trnh ch c gi tr nht
nh no trong tng trng hp c th. Mt s phng trnh ng hc
(dng vi phn) c xut c dng [1]:
vsu = - k (6-17)
vsu = - k.S (6-18)

vsu = - k.X.S (6-19)
vsu = - k.X.S/So (6-20)
~ 95 ~
Mc d thiu tnh cht ch v mt tng quan ton hc nhng cc phng
trnh kinh nghim cng gip ch t nht cho vic theo di nh lng mt qu
trnh x l.
6. 1. 4. nh hng ca nhit .
xc nh c nh hng ca nhit ln tc mt phn ng cn phi

nh gi nh hng ca n ln cc hng s tc phn ng, t tnh ra c
nng lng hot ha theo phng trnh Arhenius:
k = ko. e-E/RT (6-21)

k l hng s tc , E l nng lng hot ha, R l hng s kh. Nng lng
hot ha E (E > 0) cng c gi tr cao th nh hng ca nhit ln tc
phn ng cng ln.
Trong mt h x l vi sinh, s thay i nhit tc ng ng thi ln rt
nhiu qu trnh: trao i cht ca c th vi sinh vt, phn ng sinh ha, qu
trnh vt l (v d chuyn khi do khuych tn). V l do khng th nh
gi tc ng ca nhit thng qua hng s tc phn ng.
Bi ton trn c gii theo ng vng: nh gi tc ca mt qu trnh
c th ti cc nhit khc nhau v x l cc s liu theo mt mi tng quan
no , thng l ly mt im gc (gi tr tc ti mt nhit no ) v
tnh tc ti cc nhit khc theo n.
V d:
vT = v20. A(T-20) (6-22)
vT: tc ti nhit T (oC)

v20: tc ti 20oC
A: h s nhit (v d cho qu trnh bn hot tnh A = 1,04; ao sc kh A
= 1,08; lc nh git A = 1,035).
nh hng ca nhit c th nh gi thng qua mi quan h (6-22),

trong mt s trng hp cng c th nh gi thng qua tng hng s tc
ca phn ng, v d s ph thuc ca hng s pht trin ring cc i ca
chng vi sinh t dng Nitrosomonas vo nhit :
m, N = 0,47. e0,098(T-15)
~ 96 ~
i vi loi vi sinh d dng (oxy ha BOD) cc hng s tc Ks, k, kp,
s ph thuc vo nhit theo mi quan h [5]:
kp,T = kp,20. (1,04)(T-20) (6-23)

kT = k20. (1,09)(T-20) (6-24)
Ks,T = Ks,20. (1,09)(T-20)

Cc gi tr hng s ti nhit T(oC) c tnh theo gi tr ca n ti 20oC.
6. 2. Xc nh thng s ng hc t thc nghim.
Khi tnh ton thit k mt h x l nc thi theo m hnh ng hc th cn

phi bit cc gi tr ca cc hng s ng hc. Cc gi tr c trng cho qu
trnh ng hc gm k (m/Y), Ks, kp ch c th xc nh t thc nghim i vi
mt h c th.
Thit b th nghim xc nh cc hng s ng hc l mt bnh phn ng
cha nng vi sinh X, c khuy trn u hot ng lin tc (tc dng
vo bng dng ra), sinh khi c hi lu tr li bnh phn ng. Nng c
cht dng vo l So, ti u ra l S. Nng vi sinh ti u vo l Xo, ti u
ra l Xe.
Thi gian lu thy lc ca h th nghim l v c nh ngha:
V
= (6-25)
Q
Thi gian lu bn (tui bn, thi gian lu t bo) c nh ngha nh tn

gi ca n, chnh l thi gian tn ti ca vi sinh vt trong h x l (ch giai
on phn ng, khng bao gm cc giai on khc nh b lng th cp).
duy tr mt mt sinh khi n nh trong h x l (v d 3 g/l) trong qu
trnh x l, lng vi sinh s tng theo thi gian, mc tng cng ln khi hot
tnh ca vi sinh cng cao (m,Y ln) nn cn phi thi bt, tch ra khi h
thng lng d tha (v b bn chng hn). S lng bn thi tnh theo
ngy, v d 30 kg bn/ngy. Thi gian tnh theo ngy thi khi lng bn
ng bng khi lng c trong khi phn ng gi l thi gian lu t bo hay
tui bn.
~ 97 ~
V d trong mt b x l c 100 kg bn (sinh khi), duy tr mt vi sinh
n nh l 3 g/l trong h x l, mi ngy phi thi 20 kg ra khi h thng.Gi
s nc sau khi x l thot ra t b lng khng cha sinh khi th thi gian
lu t bo l 5 ngy. l nh ngha thi gian lu t bo v phng din c
hc hay theo phng thc vn hnh, thc cht l th hin hot tnh ca vi sinh
vt, hot tnh ca vi sinh vt cng ln th tui bn cng nh.
Vi mt h hot ng lin tc, c hi lu bn, tui bn c c nh ngha:
V .X
c = (6-26)
Qw . X r Qe . X e
Qw l lu lng dng thi hn hp nc-bn v b bn (thng cng

ng vi dng hi lu bn).
Qe l lu lng thot ra khi h phn ng.
V: th tch ca khi phn ng.
X, Xe, Xr l nng vi sinh trong khi phn ng, trong dng thi v dng
hi lu (xem hnh 7. 2).
S dng mt h th nghim lin tc, khuy trn l tng v c hi lu sinh
khi, phng trnh thng bng cht m t bin ng ca mt sinh khi v
ca nng c cht c thit lp trn c s:
Bin ng lng sinh khi trong thit b phn ng = lng u vo - lng
u ra + lng thc do sinh trng.
M t ton hc quan h trn c dng:
dX
V Q. X o [Qw . X r Qe . X e ] V .v g, (6-27)
dt
Q: Lu lng u vo (bng Qe).
Xo: Nng vi sinh dng vo.
vg: Xem biu thc (6-10), (6-11).
V: th tch khi phn ng.
Trong trng thi vn hnh n nh vi mt vi sinh X, mt X khng
thay i theo thi gian th dX/dt = 0. Nng Xo ti dng vo thng rt nh
nn Xo = 0.
S dng cc iu kin nu trn, tnh vg t phng trnh (6-11) ta c:
~ 98 ~
Qw . X r Qe . X e v
Y . su k p (6-28)
V .X X
V tri ca phng trnh (6-28) chnh l i lng nghch o ca tui bn
c.
1 vsu
Y . kp (6-29)
c X
Tc suy gim c cht S c tnh nh sau:
Q S S
vsu (So S ) o (6-30)
V
S, So: nng c cht ban u v ti thi im t.
Kt hp phng trnh (6-8) v (6-30):
k . X .S S S
vsu o (6-31)
Ks S
Chia c hai v cho X ta c:
k .S S S
o (6-32)
Ks S .X
Tuyn tnh ha (6-32) bng cch nghch o:
.X Ks 1
(6-33)
So S k .S k
Nu coi v tri ca (6-33) l hm s v 1/S l bin s th thu c mt

phng trnh ng thng c dc (l Ks/k v on ct trc tung l 1/k, t
tnh ra k, Ks. Gi tr ca kp v Y c xc nh nh sau:
S dng mi quan h t biu thc (6-29) v t 1/c l hm s, vsu/X l bin
s, t xc nh c Y v kp. S dng gi tr vsu t phng trnh (6-31) ta
c:
1 So S
Y. kp (6-34)
c X .
thu nhn c thng s ng hc tin cy, th nghim cn c tin hnh

vi S bin ng trong khong rng, tc l vi gi tr c rt khc nhau (khng t
~ 99 ~
hn 5 gi tr) vi tr s t 1 - 10 ngy). Cc s liu Q, So, S, X, vsu cn c tnh
i din cao (s liu trung bnh ca nhiu ln th nghim).
Phng php xc nh cc hng s tc theo phng php tuyn tnh ha
n gin d thc hin nhng cho chnh xc v mt tnh ton khng cao.
Cng t cc s liu trn c th tnh cc thng s ng hc thng qua phng
php ti u da trn c s nguyn tc bnh phng cc tiu sai s ca s liu
thc nghim v s liu tnh ton. [5].
6. 3. Mt vi so snh v tc x l vi sinh.
Trong phn 5 trnh by v hot ng ca vi sinh vt v phng din sinh

ha, trao i cht lin quan n qu trnh tng hp t bo, sn xut nng
lng. Chng loi vi sinh c u th pht trin (tng trng) lin quan trc tip
ti hiu qu sn xut nng lng ca chng thng qua cc phn ng ha hc
(d ha) nh oxy ha kh, phn ng ln men. Mc sn xut nng lng ln
ng ngha vi hiu sut sinh trng cao. Tc sinh trng ca vi sinh vt,
ko theo tc x l c cht cng lin quan kh cht ch vi cc qu trnh sn
xut nng lng. Tuy vy trong thc t, mi quan h gia mc sn xut
nng lng hay tng trng sinh khi vi hiu qu x l cht nhim khng
phi khi no cng t l thun vi nhau v qu trnh x l b chi phi rt mnh
bi cc c trng ng hc ca qu trnh. Mi quan h t lng ca mt qu
trnh khng phi bt k khi no cng th hin trong thc t, tc l chng
khng t ti c trng thi cn bng do b khng ch bi cc yu t k thut
v kinh t trong hot ng thc tin, nht l vi h thng x l nc thi l
mt h bao gm nhiu qu trnh xy ra ng thi.
Vi cng mt chng loi vi sinh vt, v d loi d dng hiu kh c chc
nng x l cht hu c carbon (BOD), tc x l cc cht hu c khc nhau
s rt khc nhau do c trng d hoc kh sinh hy ca c cht. Nhn chung
cc phn t c cht hu c mch thng c tc chuyn ha cao hn loi
mch nhnh v mch vng. C cht c cng cu trc ha hc th loi c phn
t lng thp c tc chuyn ha nhanh hn loi c phn t lng cao.
Trong h x l nc thi ng thi xy ra nhiu qu trnh: sinh ha, ha hc
thun ty (thy phn) v vt l (chuyn khi). Nu chng xy ra c lp th
tc qu trnh x l c cht do vi sinh vt ch b nh hng bi cc yu t
thiu (km hm) qu trnh, v d do thiu oxy tan. Nu trong h xy ra cc qu
trnh k tip nhau th tc x l c cht c quyt nh bi chnh giai on
~ 100 ~
chm nht. V d trong h x l nc thi, vi sinh vt ch c th chuyn ha c
cht c phn t lng thp, c cht c kh nng sinh hy li c chuyn ha
t tp cht c phn t lng ln hn hoc t mt dng cht rn no do qu
trnh thy phn ha hc. Khi giai on chm nht (v d qu trnh thy
phn ha hc) ng vai tr khng ch tc ton b qu trnh. Qu trnh x l
ym kh (b pht) ca vi sinh d dng ym kh bao gm ba giai on ch yu:
thy phn (b gy) cc phn t ln (rn) thnh cc phn t nh, to thnh cc
axit bo d bay hi (volatile fatty acids VFA) v cui cng l giai on to
metan. Giai on to metan thng l chm nht, tuy vy khi nh gi v tc
x l ym kh thng qua cc thng s ng hc th thng ch ni v tc
x l ym kh chung m thi. Trong thc t rt c th giai on thy phn li
l bc chm nht [7, 8].
Trong mt h thng x l nc thi, tp cht (c cht) cn x l l mt hn
hp nhiu thnh phn vi kh nng sinh hy rt khc nhau do bn cht ca
nc thi hay do din bin ca n trc khi ti h thng x l. Do vy hng s
tc cng ch c tnh i din thp khi so snh tc x l ca cc loi nc
thi c bn cht khc nhau (bng 6.1).
Hot tnh ca vi sinh vt cng chng loi trong cng mt h thng x l
cng c th thay i do cc yu t ngoi cnh nh thng ging nhit gia
ngy v m, vn hnh b ngt qung hay do xut hin cc yu t gy c i
vi chng. Ti lng nhim thay i cng nh hng n cc hng s tc
phn ng.
l nhng c im cn ch khi so snh gia cc thng s ng hc
ca cc h khc nhau khi s dng cc thng s ng hc thit k h thng
x l.
Bng 6. 1. Bn cht c cht nh hng ti cc thng s ng hc (hiu sut

sinh khi Y, hng s phn hy ni sinh kp) trong x l ym kh [1].
C cht Thng s n v Khong gi Gi tr

ng hc tr c trng
*
Nc thi Y gSK/gBOD 0,040-0,100 0,060
sinh hot kp d -1
0,020-0,040 0,030
*
Axit bo Y gSK/gBOD 0,040-0,070 0,050
-1
kp d 0,030-0,050 0,040
*
Hydrat Y gSK/gBOD 0,020-0,040 0,024
~ 101 ~
carbon kp d-1 0,025-0,035 0,030
*
Protein Y gSK/gBOD 0,050-0,090 0,075
-1
kp d 0,010-0,020 0,014
*
gSK/gBOD: Khi lng sinh khi hu hiu (thnh phn cht hu c trong
sinh khi) hnh thnh trn khi lng BOD tiu th.
Bng 6. 2, 6. 3, 6. 4 ghi mt s cc thng s ng hc cho cc qu trnh x

l cht hu c hiu kh (vi sinh d dng), qu trnh nitrit v nitrat ha (vi sinh
t dng hiu kh) v qu trnh kh nitrat (vi sinh d dng ty nghi). Cc
hng s bn bo ha [xem biu thc (6-2)] p dng cho nhiu loi c cht nh
N, P, O, COD tng ng vi tng qu trnh x l v cng c ngha th hin
trong phng trnh Monod.
C th nhn bit (nh tnh) mt s c trng ng hc ca cc qu trnh x
l vi sinh hiu kh, thiu kh, ym kh v x l photpho thng qua cc gi tr
hng s ng hc trong cc bng 6-1 n 6-5.
V d cc qu trnh xy ra vi tc ln th cc thng s m, Y, k c gi tr
cao. Hng s bn bo ha cho bit mc cn thit vi sinh vt pht trin
t mc bng mt na ca mc cc i, tr trng hp x l nitrat (thiu kh)
trong bng 6. 4 th Ks,O l gi tr km hm (t hn th thun li). Gi tr Y cao
s ng ngha vi thi gian khi ng h thng ngn v lng bn d cn thi
cao, lng oxy s dng ln. Gi tr kp thp th hin kh nng duy tr hot tnh
cao ca vi sinh vt.
Bng 6. 2. Hng s tc ca qu trnh x l hiu kh nc thi sinh hot

(20oC) [1, 9].
Hng s K n v Khong Gi tr
hiu gi tr c trng
Hng s pht trin cc i =m d-1 0,8-8 4,8
Hng s phn hy ni sinh kp d-1 0,03-0,07 0,06
Hiu sut sinh khi Y gSK/gBOD 0,4-0,8 0,6
Hng s bn bo ha COD KS,COD gCOD/m 3
5-30 -
Hng s bn bo ha oxy KS,O gO2/m3 0,5-1,0 -
Hng s bn bo ha NH4+ KS,N gN/m3 0,1-0,5 -
Hng s bn bo ha photpho KS,P gP/m 3
0,1-0,2 -
~ 102 ~
H s tiu th c cht ring k d-1 2-10 -
* d-1= [ngy]-1
Bng 6. 3. Hng s tc c trng qu trnh nitrit ha A (do Nitrosomonas),

nitrat ha B(do Nitrobacter) v t hp hai giai on C. Nhit 20oC [9].
Thng s K n v Gi tr ca qu trnh
hiu A B C
Hng s pht trin cc i m d-1 0,6-0,8 0,6-1,0 0,6-0,8
Hng s phn hy ni sinh kp d-1 0,03-0,06 0,03-0,06 0,03-0,06

Hng s bn bo ha NH4 +
K S ,NH4 gN/m
3
0,3-0,7 0,8-1,2 0,3-0,7
Hng s bn bo ha oxy KS,O gO2/m3 0,5-1,0 0,5-1,5 0,5-1,0

Hiu sut sinh khi Y gSK/gN* 0,10-0,12 0,05-0,07 0,15-0,20
H s tiu th c cht ring k d-1 6-6,6 12-14,5 4,0
* Lng sinh khi hu hiu tnh theo lng nitrat hnh thnh (NO3--N)
Bng 6. 4. Hng s tc c trng qu trnh kh nitrat (metanol l cht cho
in t), nhit 20oC [9].
Thng s K hiu n v Gi tr
Hng s pht trin cc i m d-1 3-6
Hng s pht trin cc i, metanol m,M d-1 5-10
Hng s bn bo ha, nitrat K S ,NO3 g N/m3 0,2-0,5
Hng s bn bo ha, oxy KS,O gO2/m3 0,2-0,5

Hng s bn bo ha, metanol KS,M gCOD/m3 5-10
Hng s bn bo ha KS,COD gCOD/m3 10-20
Hiu sut sinh khi, metanol YM gCOD/gCOD 0,5-0,65
Hiu sut sinh khi, COD YCOD gCOD/gCOD 0,4-0,6
Hiu sut sinh khi, NO3-N YNO3 gCOD/gNO3-N 1,6-1,8
Hng s phn hy ni sinh kp d-1 0,05-0,10
~ 103 ~
Bng 6. 5. Hng s ng hc qu trnh tch ly photpho ca vi sinh vt, cht
hu c: axit axetic (AA), T = 20oC.
Hng s pht trin cc i m d-1 2-4
Hiu sut sinh khi, axit axetic YAA gCOD/gCOD*(AA) 0,5-0,6

Hiu sut sinh khi axit axetic Y gSK/gCOD(AA) 0,6-0,8
Hiu sut sinh khi, photpho YP gP/gCOD(AA) 0,07-0,10
Hng s bn bo ha, AA KS,AA gAA/m3 2-6
Hng s bn bo ha, photpho KS,P gP/m3 0,1-0,5
Tuy nhin cc gi tr nu trong bng c khong bin ng kh ln ngay

k c vi mt loi nc thi, v th khi s dng chng thit k h thng x
l th ch nn coi l nh hng.
~ 104 ~
K thut phn ng
7
7. 1. Mt s k thut phn ng c bn.
T cc kt qu nghin cu v bn cht v tc cc qu trnh x l nc

thi bng phng php vi sinh c th thit lp (tnh ton, thit k, xy dng)
mt h thng x l nhm p ng mt mc tiu c th no : v d x l cp
1, cp 2, cp 3 hoc vi nhng c th no nh loi b cc cht hu c
dng vt c c tnh cao: loi cht tr, hoocmon, khng sinh, cht c tim
nng gy ung th, t bin gien.
Mt qu trnh x l nc thi bao gm rt nhiu qu trnh xy ra trong
cng mt gii hn khng gian (trong mt b) v trong nhiu cc gii hn
khng gian khc nhau c ni kt vi nhau. Mi gii hn khng gian trong
x l nc thi c gi l mt n v cng ngh tng ng vi chc nng
ca n: lng s cp, lng th cp, x l hiu kh, thiu kh, ym kh. Trong
mt n v cng ngh cng bao gm nhiu qu trnh khc nhau: ha hc, sinh
hc, vt l, c hc. Tc cc qu trnh trong b nh hng bi cc yu t
c tnh cht thuc bn cht t nhin (tc sinh trng ca vi sinh, tc
khuych tn ca c cht qua mng t bo...) v cc yu t c tnh cht cng
bc do nhu cu ca k thut (khuy trn, chuyn khi cng bc).
thc hin mt qu trnh x l nc thi ngi ta c th thc hin theo
hai k thut: phng php tnh v ng. Phng php tnh l phng php
c thc hin trong mt khi th tch hu hn no , c thi im khi u
v kt thc sau mt khong thi gian. Mi ln kt thc s thu c mt sn
phm cui cng c gi l kt thc mt m (batch) v m mi c lp li
theo ng trnh t ca m trc. K thut phn ng trn cn c gi l k
thut phn ng gin on.
c trng quan trng ca k thut phn ng gin on l nng ca bt
k mt i tng quan st s c gi tr nh nhau ti mi v tr khng gian ca
khi phn ng (x) ti mt thi im t; nng ca nguyn liu gim v ca
sn phm tng theo thi gian. i vi cc h cn tng cng qu trnh chuyn
khi, ngi ta c th p dng cc gii php cng bc thm, v d khuy trn
m bo cho tnh ng u ca cc yu t theo v tr khng gian.
~ 105 ~
K thut phn ng lin tc hay dng lin tc l mt qu trnh bt u xy ra
u vo v kt thc khi ra khi h thng. T c trng ca dng chy trong
h phn ng c th chia ra lm hai loi: dng l tng v dng xoy (dng
ri). Dng l tng (plug flow) c c trng l nng ca mt cht no
lun n nh mt v tr khng gian (im x) ti mi thi im t, gi l tnh n
nh (steady state), nng ca cu t nguyn liu gim, nng ca sn
phm tng khi cng cch xa im vo (khi khng xy ra qu trnh chuyn pha).
c trng ca dng y l tng l tc chy chm, chun s Reynold
thp, dng khng b xo trn, thi gian lu thy lc ca mi thnh phn l nh
nhau.
Cng vi k thut dng lin tc nhng khi tc dng ln tnh cht chy
ca dng tr nn ri, dng xoy (eddy, turbulent flow), s phn b nng
khi tr nn u mi v tr ca khi phn ng. Dng xoy c th to ra
bng cch khuy trn vi cng mnh. K thut phn ng trn gi l lin
tc khuy trn u.
Khi ghp ni tip nhiu bnh (b) phn ng lin t khuy trn u vi nhau
th t hp ca chng tim cn tnh nng ca dng y l tng.
S bin thin nng ca mt i tng no theo thi gian v vy ph
thuc vo dng k thut thc hin phn ng, ni cch khc l din bin ca
mt qu trnh ng hc b chi phi bi k thut phn ng.
7. 1. 1. K thut phn ng gin on.
Trong mt bnh phn ng c dung tch l V, nng ban u ca mt cu

t nguyn liu l C, ca sn phm l a. Tc ca phn ng chuyn ha t
nguyn liu thnh sn phm vi c vit:
dC da
vi = k. f (C ) (7-1)
dt dt
k: hng s tc phn ng.
f(C) l hm s nng : f(C) = 1 l phn ng bc khng, f(C) = C l phn
ng bc 1, f(C) = Cn l phn ng bc n.
Tch phn phng trnh (7-1) vi iu kin t = 0 th C = Co hoc t = 0 th a
= 0 ta c:
- f(C) = 1: C = Co - kt (7-2)
~ 106 ~
-kt
- f(C) = C: C = Co.e (7-3)
1 1
- f(C) = C2: kt (7-4)
C Co
1 1
- f(C) = Cn: n 1
n1 + (n-1) kt (7-5)
C Co
Hiu sut thc hin phn ng E c th biu din theo mc suy gim nng
ti thi im t so vi nng Co ban u:
Co C
E= =1- C/Co (7-6)
Co
Nu bc phn ng l 1 th hiu sut phn ng

E = 1- e-kt (7-7)
S bin thin nng ca cu t nguyn liu theo thi gian ph thuc vo

bc ca phn ng theo cc quan h ton hc trn. Cc phng trnh (7-1) - (7-
4) ch m t v mt hnh thc qu trnh gim (C) hoc tng (a) nng khi
quy cho n mt bc phn ng no m khng ch ti c ch ca mt phn
ng. Khi thnh lp cc phng trnh ng hc da trn c ch phn ng (phn
ng ni tip, song song, dy chuyn, chuyn khi t nhin, cng bc) th mi
tng quan s tr nn phc tp hn rt nhiu v li gii ca phng trnh nhn
c rt t khi c dng tng minh [1, 2].
7. 1. 2. K thut phn ng lin tc khuy trn u.
Khi thc hin mt phn ng trong mt th tch V vi dng lin tc Q (m3.

h-1), tc dng vo bng tc dng ra. Nng ca cu t nguyn liu no
l Co u vo v ti u ra l C (Co>C). Phng trnh thng bng cht
trong bnh phn ng c thit lp trn c s:
Bin ng lng cht trong bnh = Tng lng cht do u vo - gim
lng cht do u ra - gim do phn ng tiu th.
dC
.V Q.Co Q.C vi .V (7-8)
dt
Gi thit phn ng xy ra theo bc 1, vi = -k.C, (7-8) tr thnh:
~ 107 ~
dC Q
.C .Co (7-9)
dt V
Vi k + Q/V
Phng trnh vi phn bc 1 (7-9) c th gii theo phng php tng qut v
li gii c dng [3]:
Co .Q
C (1 e .t ) Co .e .t (7-10)
V .
So vi phng trnh (7-3) vi cng c trng v mt ng hc, mi quan h

gia C = f(t) phc tp hn nhiu, gy ra bi tnh lin tc ca qu trnh phn
ng.
Gi tr Q/V chnh l nghch o ca thi gian lu thy lc (xem biu thc
(6-25)) -1. c th coi l hng s tc ca qu trnh phn ng lin tc, l
tng ca hng s tc phn ng k v nghch o thi gian lu thy lc. Biu
thc (7-10) tr thnh:
C
Co . 1
k 1
1
1
1 e ( k ).t Co .e ( k ).t (7-11)
Hiu sut ca phn ng trong dng lin tc khuy trn u E c dng:
E=1-
C 1
1
1
1
1 e ( k ).t e ( k ).t (7-12)
k
1
Co
Tc dng cng ln th cng nh (V = const), -1 cng cao hiu sut

phn ng gim.
Vi thi gian phn ng di, thi gian lu thy lc ln, khi t th phng
trnh (7-10) tr thnh:
Q.Co Co Co
C= (7-13)
V . 1 k (V / Q) 1 k . 1
Trong thc tin x l nc thi, nng C ti u ra khi h thng thng

l tiu chun thi v c mt gi tr khng i. t c gi tr , cc thng
s thit k h thng cn phi c tnh ton cho ph hp.
Khi C khng i th dC/dt trong phng trnh (7-9) s bng 0, tng ng
vi trng thi n nh. Gii (7-9) vi dC/dt = 0 s nhn c (7-13).
Hiu sut phn ng E trong trng hp trng thi n nh c dng:
~ 108 ~
-1
E = 1 - 1/k. (7-14)
k ln, -1 ln (Q nh hoc V ln) s tng cng hiu sut ca phn ng.
7. 1. 3. K thut phn ng trong dng l tng.
Trong mt bnh phn ng dng l tng (hnh tr c chiu di ln), cht

tham gia phn ng c a vo mt u v sn phm c ly ra u kia.
Thit b phn ng kiu ny thng hot ng trong trng thi n nh (tr giai
on khi ng v kt thc). Do di ca bnh ln v khng c khuy trn
nn nng ca mt cu t no trong dng chy bin ng theo v tr
khng gian dc theo dng chy. Bin ng nng theo chiu dc b gy ra
bi qu trnh khuych tn dc v phn ng ha hc. Quan st mt cu t
nguyn liu A no khi n bt u thm nhp vo h phn ng, nng ca
n cao u vo v thp nht u ra, tc l gim lin tc dc theo chiu di
ca bnh phn ng.
Trong mi trng (pha) ng nht m tn ti s chnh lch nng s xy
ra qu trnh khuych tn phn t t v tr c nng cao xung vng c nng
thp (nh lut khuych tn Fick). S bin ng nng do khuych tn
phn t theo thi gian v khng gian (mt chiu) c m t qua nh lut
Fick th 2 [4, 5]:
C 2C
D. 2 (7-15)
t x
Trong D l h s khuych tn ca cu t A.
Lng cht c vn chuyn trong trng hp trn l do hai yu t: do
dng chy vi tc thng tuyn tnh v (t s gia lu lng v tit din chy)
v. C / x v do khuych tn phn t D. 2 C / x 2 . Nu trong ct khng xy ra
qu trnh phn ng m s thay i nng ch do hai qu trnh chuyn khi
trn th phng trnh vi phn m t s l:
C C 2C
v. D. 2 (7-16)
t x x
Nu s thay i nng b gy ra bi do c phn ng ha hc:
C C 2C
v. D. 2 + k.f(C) (7-17)
t x x
~ 109 ~
Thng thng h s khuych tn ca cc phn t trong mi trng nc rt
nh (D = 10-6 - 10-5 cm2/s) nn s ng gp ca qu trnh khuych tn khng
ln, c th b qua, tc l n nh cho qu trnh bng khng, khi (7-17)
c n gin ha thnh:
C C
v. k.f(C) (7-18)
t x
Trong iu kin trng thi n nh, C / t 0 v gi nh phn ng ha hc
l bc 1, f(C) = C ta c:
dC
v. k.C = 0 (7-19)
dx
Do nng trng thi n nh khng ph thuc vo t nn C / t tr thnh
dC/dt, tc l t phng trnh vi phn ring tr thnh phng trnh vi phn
thng.
dC k
C
v
dx (7-20)
Ly tch phn (7-20) vi gii hn t C n Co v x t 0 n L (L l di

ca bnh phn ng):
C = Co. e-k.L/v = Co. e-k. (7-21)
(v=Q/A, L.A = V, =V/Q)

So snh vi li gii trong trng hp tnh cho thy s phn b nng t
u n cui bnh phn ng tng t nh mi quan h ca n theo thi gian,
tuy nhin thi gian trong trng hp ny l mt gi tr xc nh, t = , bng
thi gian lu thy lc.
Bi ton tr nn phc tp hn nhiu khi C / t 0 , tc l lch ra khi
trng thi l tng. Trong thc t iu kin l tng c xem l c th chp
nhn nu tc dng chy khng ln v chiu di L ca bnh phn ng
ln. [1, 2].
7. 1. 4. Phn ng trong h ni tip c khuy trn.
Trong nhiu trng hp hiu sut phn ng c tng cng khi s dng
k thut phn ng ni tip nhiu bnh phn ng vi nhau, trong tng bnh u
c khuy trn. Khi u ra ca bnh phn ng trc tr thnh u vo ca
~ 110 ~
bnh phn ng sau, nng ca cc cu t nguyn liu gim v ca sn phm
tng cc bnh ni tip nhau.
Gi thit h phn ng bao gm n bnh phn ng vi tng th tch l V, th
tch ca tng bnh l V/n (tt c c cng th tch). Nng ca mt cu t
nguyn liu u vo ca bnh s 1 l Co, u ra l C1. Phng trnh thng
bng cht cho bnh s 2 vi nng u vo l C1 c dng:
V dC2
. Q.C1 Q.C2 (7-22)
n dt
dC2 n.Q n.Q

.C2 .C1 (7-23)
dt V V
C1 c tnh t phn ng bnh th nht, gi s l phn ng bc 1 t (7-
3) ta c:
n.Q.t n.t

C1 = Co .e V
Co .e
Co .e n.H (7-24)
l thi gian lu thy lc cho c h (V/Q).

H t/ l t l gia thi gian phn ng v thi gian lu thy lc ca c h,
tng ng vi t l thi gian lu thy lc ti mt bnh phn ng so vi thi
gian lu thy lc ca c h.
Phng trnh (7-24) c dng chnh tc (chun) nh phng trnh (7-9):
dC2 n.Q n.Q

.C2 Co .e n.H (7-25)
dt V V
Gii (7-25) nhn c hm phn b nng ti bnh phn ng th 2 [3]:
C2 = Co.n.e-n.H (7-26)
Tng t c th tnh nng Ci ti u ra ca bnh phn ng th i trong c

dy n bnh phn ng:
Co
Ci = (n.H ) i 1 .e n.H (7-27)
(i 1)!
Phng trnh (7-26) l dng n gin nht cho mt phn ng, i vi cc

trng hp phc tp hn s phn b nng ti cc bnh phn ng ch c th
tnh theo phng php s (gn ng).
7. 2. Tnh ton thit k h thng x l nc thi.
~ 111 ~
Cc dng k thut phn ng tnh, khuy trn u, dng lin tc hoc mc
ni tip u c s dng xy dng cc h thng x l nc thi. Tuy vy
din bin ca qu trnh x l nc thi phc tp hn do trong ng thi xy
ra nhiu qu trnh ng thi lin quan n s pht trin ca vi sinh v cc phn
ng sinh ha.
Vi sinh vt ng vai tr tiu th c cht sinh si v pht trin, c cht
c tiu th to ra sinh khi v mt phn chuyn ha thnh cc hp cht
khng (t) c. l nt c bn nht ca nguyn tc x l nc thi.
Vi sinh vt trong mt h x l tn ti theo hai phng thc: dng phn b
u trong th tch khi phn ng (huyn ph) hoc chng c c nh trn
mt vt liu cht mang to thnh mng v khi nc thi chy qua s c
x l. Hai phng thc trn c tn gi l phng php huyn ph v lc sinh
hc. Trong mt s trng hp khc k thut thc hin l t hp ca c hai
dng trn nh phng php lu th (fluidization) hay tng linh ng: vi sinh
vt bm vo cht mang c kch thc nh, trong qu trnh vn hnh cht mang
c gi trng thi phn b u trong khi th tch phn ng.
Trong thnh phn sinh khi, ngoi c th vi sinh cn cha cc tp cht v
c v cht hu c, l cc thnh phn khng tan hoc l cht tan bm (hp
ph) ln chng. Vi sinh vt c xu hng to thnh cc tp hp ln - tp hp
keo t c kh nng lng tuy vi tc chm. Khi lng ring ca chng
thp, ch cao hn ca nc mt cht (1,05 - 1,1 g/ml). i khi do s c mt
ca vi sinh vt dng si di (filaments), cc tp hp keo t tuy c kch thc
ln nhng khi lng ring thp to ra hin tng kh lng.
Bn hot tnh c dng ch sinh khi trong h thng x l dng huyn
ph vi mt s c trng:
- Mt bn (sinh khi) l khi lng bn kh (sy ti 105oC cho n khi
khng i) trong mt lt hn hp nc ang x l.
- Sinh khi hu hiu l khi lng vi sinh c tc dng x l trong tng s bn,
tc l loi tr i phn tp cht khng c tc dng. Sinh khi hu hiu c
xc nh bng cch nung ti 550oC, phn chy (hu c) l phn hu hiu,
phn khng chy (v c) c coi l phn tp cht. Sinh khi hu hiu
chim 70 - 80% ca tng bn hot tnh.
- Ch s bn c nh ngha l trng thi lng sau thi gian 30 pht, 1 g bn
chim bao nhiu th tch (ml) trong hn hp bn-nc. Ch s bn cng nh
th khi lng ring ca chng cng ln, d lng v ngc li. Khi ch s
~ 112 ~
bn ti 180 ml/g th c hin tng bn khng lng. Thc nghim c th
xc nh bng cch: ly 1000 ml nc thi ang x l, lng 30 pht, c
th tch phn lng, xc nh khi lng ca n (lc, sy, cn).
Cc qu trnh x l nc thi bng phng php sinh hc ngoi c trng
v k thut phn ng cn c c trng bi mi trng tn ti ca vi sinh
vt: hiu kh, thiu kh, ym kh, t hp ca hiu kh, thiu kh, ym kh cng
nh cc qu trnh xy ra trong ao h t nhin. Phi hp hai yu t: dng k
thut phn ng v iu kin mi trng hot ng ca vi sinh, cc qu trnh x
l sinh hc c th phn loi theo bng 7. 1. [3, 6].
Ngoi cc qu trnh c trng nu trong bng 7. 1, trong cc h t nhin
cn xy ra ng thi nhiu qu trnh sinh hc, ha hc, quang ha trong mt
h x l, c bit khi c s tham gia ca cc loi thc vt sng trong [1, 7,
8, 9].
Bng 7. 1. Phn loi qu trnh x l sinh hc theo c trng mi trng v

dng k thut phn ng.
Qu trnh Tn thng dng (k thut) Mc tiu x l

* Hiu kh
- Huyn ph + Bn hot tnh
Thng dng (dng l tng) Loi b tp cht
Khuy trn u. hu c (carbon)
Sc kh theo bc d phn hy,
BOD
Oxy nguyn cht
M k tip giai on
n nh tip xc
Sc kh tng cng
Knh oxy ha
+ Nitrat, nitrit ha. Oxy ha NH3
+ Ao thong kh Loi BOD, (oxy
ha NH3)
~ 113 ~
+ Phn hy bn vi sinh hiu kh n nh bn,
S dng khng kh loi BOD
S dng oxy nguyn cht
- Mng vi sinh + Lc nh git Loi b BOD,

Lc chm oxy ha NH3
Lc nhanh
+ Lc s b Loi b BOD
+ a quay sinh hc Loi b BOD,
(oxy ha NH3)
+ Tng tnh Loi b BOD,
(oxy ha NH3)
+ Lc sinh hc hot tnh Loi b BOD,
(oxy ha NH3)
-T hp huyn Tip xc nh git Loi b BOD
ph v mng Lc qua bn hot tnh (oxy ha NH3)
sinh hc Kt hp lc nh git v lc
qua bn hot tnh
* Thiu kh
- Huyn ph + Kh nitrat dng huyn ph
- Mng vi sinh + Kh nitrat dng mng vi sinh
* Ym kh
- Huyn ph + Phn hy bn ym kh n nh bn,
Phng php tiu chun mt loi b BOD
giai on
Tc cao, mt giai on
Hai giai on
+ Tip xc ym kh
Lc ngc qua lp bn ym Loi b BOD
kh (UASB)
Lc ngc qua nhiu ngn Loi b BOD
ym kh (baffle)
- Mng vi sinh + Lc ym kh Loi BOD, n
~ 114 ~
nh bn (kh
nitrat)
+ Tng dn n Loi BOD, n
nh bn
* T hp hiu + T hp cc qu trnh ym Loi b BOD,
kh-Thiu kh- kh, hiu kh, thiu kh hot N, P
Ym kh ng mt hay nhiu giai on
- Huyn ph trong x l bc 3.
- Mng sinh hc
* Qu trnh t + Ao thong kh Loi BOD, (oxy
nhin (ao h) ha NH3)
+ H nh bng nc Loi BOD, (oxy
ha NH3)
+ Ao ty nghi Loi BOD, (kh
nitrat)
+ Ao ym kh Loi BOD, (n
nh bn
7. 2. 1. H x l bn hot tnh.
Trong dng k thut huyn ph nhm loi b cht hu c giu carbon

(BOD) c th s dng cc qu trnh: bn hot tnh, ao thong kh, m k tip
giai on, phn hy bn hiu kh. Cho ti nay phng php bn hot tnh c
s dng rng ri nht.
Qu trnh bn hot tnh c Arden v Lockett nghin cu ti Anh vo nm
1914 v c tn bn hot tnh l do sinh ra mt lng bn (sinh khi) trong
qu trnh x l, bn ny c tc dng loi b cc tp cht v lm sch nc thi.
Phng php bn hot tnh c p dng rng ri trong x l nc thi ngay
t thp k 20 nhiu nc trn th gii.
Cho n nay nhiu s cng ngh x l c pht trin v ng dng trn
nn tng c s ca phng php bn hot tnh vi c trng c bn: sinh khi
c phn phi u trong khi th tch phn ng do c duy tr bi nng
lng t ngoi (sc kh, khuy c hc).
~ 115 ~
Hai qu trnh chnh xy ra trong h bn hot tnh l tng hp v phn hy t
bo. Phn ng t lng ca cc phn ng trn c m t qua (7-27), (7-28)
[3, 6] (xem thm phn 5. 2. 3).
- Tng hp t bo v oxy ha cht hu c:
vi sinh
COHNS+O2+dinh dng CO2+NH3+C5H7NO2+s/phm khc(7-28)
- Phn hy (h hp) ni sinh:

vi sinh
C5H7NO2+5O2 5CO2+NH3+2H2O+nng lng (7-29)
Vi sinh vt tng hp sinh khi (sinh sn, sinh trng) trn c s cht hu
c t nc thi (ngun carbon, vi sinh d dng) cng vi cc yu t khc nh
dinh dng (N, P, K), vi lng. sinh sn v pht trin chng cn c nng
lng, nng lng c sinh ra t phn ng oxy ha cht hu c vi oxy. Sn
phm cui cng ca qu trnh oxy ha l H2O v CO2. CO2 sinh ra phn ln
thm nhp vo kh quyn.
Phn hy ni sinh xy ra vi vi sinh cht hoc trong trng hp thiu
ngun dinh dng cho chng. Phn hy ni sinh l qu trnh oxy ha t bo
ca vi sinh vt sn xut nng lng nhm duy tr s sng cho cc vi sinh
cha cht.
Trong biu thc (7-28) cht hu c c qui cho c cng thc ha hc
COHNS, trong mt vi ti liu khc, thnh phn hu c trong nc thi c
qui cho cng thc ha hc l C18H19O9N [6]. Ty thuc vo tnh sinh hy ca
cc tp cht hu c, mt phn cht hu c tr m sinh vt khng th hoc
khng kp hp th s thot ra ngoi h x l. Mt s cht hu c c tc dng
gy c, km hm hoc git cht vi sinh vt vi mt liu lng no nh
phenol, hp cht hu c cha clo [10, 11].
C5H7NO2 l cng thc ha hc (gn ng) ca t bo ch khng phi ch c
th t bo thun li cho tnh ton v mt t lng (xem 5. 2. 1).
Nhu cu, liu lng oxy.

Trong c hai qu trnh trn (7-28), (7-29) oxy lun c mt v b tiu hao. V
phng din l thuyt c th xc nh lng oxy tiu hao nh sau. Nu xut
pht t cng thc ha hc ca cht hu c l C18H19O9N th phn ng oxy ha
hc x xy ra hai trng hp: c v khng xy ra qu trnh nitrat ha:
C18H19O9N + 17,5O2 + H+ 18CO2 + 8H2O + NH4+ (7-30)
C18H19O9N+19,5O2 18CO2 + 9H2O + H+ + NO3- (7-31)
~ 116 ~
T phng trnh t lng trn, lng oxy tiu th cho 1 kg cht hu c s l
1,42 v 1,59 kgO2. Tuy nhin, nu tnh theo COD (lng oxy tng ng
tiu th oxy ha cht hu c bng ha cht kali cromat) th nhu cu oxy
trong c hai trng hp u l 1,42 kg [6] v khi phn tch COD khng xy ra
qu trnh oxy ha amoni.
Nhu cu v oxy cho x l cng c tnh trn c s lp lun khc: t nhu
cu oxy sinh ha BOD ca ngun nc thi v lng sinh khi d thi ra khi
h thng trong ngy. Nguyn nhn ca lp lun trn l: chuyn ha cht
hu c thnh cc sn phm cn mt lng oxy bng vi BOD c ti mt
h s tng quan c th. l mt phn cht hu c to thnh sinh khi v
tip theo c thi ra khi h di dng bn d. V vy lng oxy cn thit s
l BOD ca nc thi tr bt lng oxy phn hy t bo d thi ra khi b.
Lng oxy cn thit phn hy 1 g sinh khi l 1,42 g/g [biu thc (7-29)].
Lng oxy tnh theo l thuyt v vy l:
Q.( BODo BOD)

m(O2/d) = 1,42 P( x) (7-32)
f
f: h s tng quan, v d vi f = 0,68.

BODo, BOD: BOD ban u v sau khi x l (kg/m3).
P(x): lng bn d thi (kg/d).
Q: lu lng nc thi x l (m3/d).
Trong thc t x l, lng oxy cp cho h thng cn tha mn cc mc
tiu: x l BOD, cung cp cho qu trnh phn hy ni sinh, khuy trn
v duy tr c lng oxy ha tan (d) trong b phn ng vi mc 1 - 2mg/l.
Lng oxy cung cp cho h thng x l cng c th c xc nh qua
kinh nghim vn hnh i vi tng loi nc thi, ch vn hnh (mt
sinh khi), iu kin thi tit. Kinh nghim c vit thnh ti liu hng dn
nhiu quc gia. V d vi nc thi sinh hot lng oxy cn cp l 1 - 1,2
kgO2/kgBOD.
Trong thc t thit k, lng oxy cung cp c khi c qui nh d gp i
so vi tnh ton phng s dao ng nhim ca dng thi.
Nhu cu dinh dng N, P.

pht trin hi ha, vi sinh vt cn c cung cp iu kin dinh
dng, trc ht l N, P. Rt nhiu loi nc thi cha tha c hai hoc tng
loi trn, l cc nc thi giu nit, photpho: nc thi sinh hot, ch bin
~ 117 ~
tht c, t tm, nc rc (thiu P), nc chung tri, thuc da. Mt s loi
nc thi ngho thnh phn N, P nh nc thi ch bin ng ma, hoa qu,
tinh bt, bia ru, nc gii kht. Khi cn b xung thm N, P t ngoi vo.
Liu lng dinh dng cn b sung c xc nh da trn thnh phn ha
hc ca t bo (bng 5. 3) trong thnh phn N chim 12 - 16%, thnh phn
P chim 2 - 3% khi lng kh hoc tnh N theo cng thc ca t bo th c
gi tr N l 12,5%, hm lng P c qui cho l bng 20% so vi N.
Mc ch cung cp N, P l cho vi sinh vt pht trin nhng d xc nh
c th tnh thng qua BOD, tht ra l thng qua hiu sut sinh khi (xem 5. 2.
3, 6. 1. 2), v vy cn ch n yu t sinh khi ca cc loi vi sinh vt khc
nhau (xem 6. 1. 6). Hiu sut sinh khi thp cn t dinh dng v ngc li.
i vi loi vi sinh d dng hiu kh trong h x l bn hot tnh t l ca
BOD:N:P thng c khuyn co l 100:5:1. Lng N, P b xung thm l
lng b cho t l trn v trong nc thi ban u c mt phn.
Tnh ton h thng x l bn hot tnh trnh by phn ti da trn m
hnh ng hc, tc l s dng cc thng s ng hc tnh ton cc thng s
thit k cng nh da trn kinh nghim thc t.
Trong mt h x l bn hot tnh ngoi cc khi phn ng lun ghp sau n
l n v cng ngh lng c vai tr tch sinh khi ra khi nc. Phn sinh khi
lng c bm ngc v u vo duy tr mt sinh khi ng bng gi tr
ca n trong b phn ng, phn d tha c x l tip, v d a v b bn.
Khi vn hnh x l nc thi vi cng loi k thut phn ng c th thc hin
hai phng thc l hi lu v khng hi lu bn dn n din bin qu trnh
x l cng khc nhau. Sau y s cp n mt s loi hnh k thut x l
tng th.
7. 2. 1. 1. H khuy trn u khng hi lu bn.
H bn hot tnh khng hi lu bn c m t nh trong hnh 7. 1
Q Q
X, S
So, Xo S, X
~ 118 ~
Hnh 7. 1. H x l bn hot tnh dng khuy trn u khng hi lu bn. Q:
lu lng, S, X l nng c cht v vi sinh.
Knh oxy ha, ao thong kh l dng k thut trn, l phng php bn

hot tnh dng n gin nht.
Phng trnh thng bng cht trong b phn ng c thit lp tng t
nh i vi phng trnh (7-8) nhng thay nng ca c cht l nng ca
vi sinh vt:
dX
.V Q. X o Q. X V .v g, (7-33)
dt
Q: lu lng x l (m3.d-1)
Xo , X l nng vi sinh ti u vo v trong khi phn ng. X c nhiu
cch xc nh nh tng bn, bn hu hiu hoc hm lng protein, ADN,
ATP.
V: th tch b phn ng.
vg: tc pht trin thc ca vi sinh xem biu thc (6-10). Thay th vg t
phng trnh (6-10):
dX . X .S
.V Q. X o Q. X V m k p . X (7-34)
dt Ks S
Trong S l nng c cht trong bnh phn ng v ti u ra.

Di iu kin nng vi sinh ti u vo Xo = 0, h x l hot ng vi
mt vi sinh n nh (v d 3 g/l), tc l dX/dt = 0, (7-34) c n gin
ha thnh:
Q 1 .S
m kp (7-35)
V Ks S
: thi gian lu thy lc [xem biu thc (6-25)].

Trong phng trnh (7-35), gi tr 1/ chnh l hng s pht trin ring thc
[biu thc (6-12)]. Gi tr 1/ cng chnh l 1/c (c l thi gian lu t bo,
xem 6. 1. 5) v theo nh ngha [biu thc (6-26)] lng bn hi lu bng 0,
Xr = 0, nng vi sinh thot ra khi bnh phn ng chnh bng nng ca n
trong bnh. Xe = X, vy:
~ 119 ~
V .X V
c (7-36)
Q. X Q
T biu thc (7-15) mi quan h gia thi gian lu t bo vi hot tnh ca

vi sinh vt th hin qua:
Ks S
c (7-37)
m .S k p ( K s S )
Do Ks l hng s cho mt phn ng c th, S l nng c cht ti u ra

nn thi gian lu t bo thp mang ngha l hot tnh ca vi sinh cao (m ln,
kp ln) v nng c cht thp (hiu qu x l cao) th ch cn c thp.
Tin hnh phn tch tng t i vi i tng l c cht trong h phn
ng ta c:
dS k . X .S
.V Q.S o Q.S V . (7-38)
dt Ks S
Trong (xem biu thc 6-14):
k . X .S
Vsu = - (7-39)
Ks S
Lp lun tng t khi dS/dt = 0, nhn c:
k . X .S
So- S = (7-40)
Ks S
Mi lin h gia nng vi sinh vt X v nng c cht S trong b phn

ng ti u ra c xc nh bng cch:
Tnh gi tr S/(Ks + S) t phng trnh (7-35), th vo phng trnh (7-40),
s dng phng trnh (6-7) tnh m, s thu c:
m .( S o S ) Y .( S o S )
X (7-41)
k (1 k p . ) 1 k p .
Tng t s tnh c nng ca c cht ti u ra:
K s .(1 .k p )
S (7-42)
.(Y .k k p ) 1
~ 120 ~
Khi c s liu ng hc Ks, k, Y, kp, m c th tnh c mt sinh khi
X ph thuc vo hiu qu x l c cht (So-S) hoc tnh c hiu qu x l
khi bit thi gian lu thy lc hoc thi gian lu t bo (=c).
Khi bit h s phn hy ni sinh kp c th tnh hiu sut sinh khi thc Y
t Y v kp bng cch: th gi tr X trong phng trnh (7-41) vo vg trong
phng trnh (6-11). S dng nh ngha Y trong phng trnh (6-13) tnh
Y, gi tr (So - S) c mi lin h vi tc suy gim c cht theo phng
trnh (6-31) s nhn c:
Y
Y = (7-43)
1 k p .
7. 2. 1. 2. H khuy trn u c hi lu bn:
H x l bn hot tnh dng khuy trn u c hi lu bn c m t theo

hnh 7. 2.
Q, So V, S, X
Qe, Xe, S
Qw, Xr, S
Qr, Xr, S
Hnh 7. 2. S h x l khuy trn u c hi lu bn.
H trn hot ng theo phng thc: lu lng u vo l Q, nng c

cht l So, gi thit l nng vi sinh Xo bng 0, ti b phn ng vi dung tch
V nng ca c cht v vi sinh vt l S v X. Nc thi c chy tip v b
lng nhm tch sinh khi ra khi nc, nc thot ra khi h thng vi lu
lng Qe, nng sinh khi d cha lng ht v c cht cha x l ht l X e
v S (gi thit l ti b lng qu trnh x l khng tip din). Hn hp bn
nc sau lng (nng 8 - 10 g/l) c chia ra lm hai phn: nhp vi u vo
m bo mt vi sinh l X (v d 3 g/l) vi lu lng Qr, nng vi sinh
v c cht l Xr v S, mt phn c thi loi b lng bn d tha vi Qw,
Xr v S.
~ 121 ~
Do h x l bao gm thm c n v lng th cp c chc nng tch sinh
khi, nn tnh ton cc thng s thit k cn a thm hai gi thit:
- Qu trnh phn ng (x l) ch xy ra trong khi phn ng, khng xy ra
b lng. Thc cht qu trnh phn ng vn tip din trong b lng, v d qu
trnh kh nitrat xy ra ti gy ra hin tng bn ni.
- Thi gian lu t bo cng ch c tnh cho th tch ca khi phn ng.
- Ph hp vi nh ngha thi gian lu t bo [xem 6. 1. 5, biu thc (6-26)],
trong trng hp s dng k thut phn ng trn u c hi lu bn:
V .X V .X
c (7-44)
Qw . X r Qe . X e Qw . X r
Do nng vi sinh trong nc thi khi ra khi b lng th cp thng rt

nh (20 mg/l) so vi t dng hi lu (Xr 5000 mg/l).
S dng cc lp lun tng t nh trong cc trng hp trc y, phng
trnh m t thng bng cht i vi X trong h x l c dng:
.V Q. X o Qw . X Qe . X e V .v g,
dX
(7-45)
dt
Th vg t phng trnh (6-11), gi thit Xo = 0, dX/dt = 0 s thu c
phng trnh:
Qw . X r Qe . X e Y .v
su k p (7-46)
V .X X
V tri ca phng trnh (7-46) chnh l nghch o ca thi gian lu t
bo:
1 Y .vsu
kp (7-47)
c X
Tc suy gim c cht vsu c tnh theo:
Q S S
vsu = (So S ) o (7-48)
V
S, So l nng c cht (BOD) ti u vo v ra.
Nng vi sinh vt X trong b phn ng c tnh bng cch: thay v su
trong phng trnh (7-47) bi vsu trong phng trnh (7-48) v tnh c X:
c .Y .( S o S )
X (7-49)
.(1 k p . c )
~ 122 ~
Tng t nh trnh by trong 7. 2. 1. 1, c th xc nh nng c cht
S ti u ra:
K s .(1 c .k p )
S (7-50)
c .(Y .k k p ) 1
Nng c cht ti u ra khi thc hin phng thc vn hnh c hoc

khng hi lu bn l khc nhau [xem phng trnh (7-41)] v trong trng hp
khng hi lu bn th = c.
Hiu sut sinh khi thc Y c tnh:
Y
Y, (7-51)
1 k p . c
Mi quan h gia X, S vi cc thng s ng hc trong cc phng trnh

(7-49), (7-50) hon ton c th s dng tnh ton cho mt h thng x l
bn hot tnh tuy c mt vi phc tp v n cha kh nhiu thng s ng hc.
n gin hn cho qu trnh tnh ton thng s thit k ngi ta thit lp
thm mt s quan h khc dng cho thit k h thng x l, bao gm cc
i lng: tc suy gim ring, t l thc n/vi sinh v thi gian lu t bo.
Trong phng trnh (7-47) i lng vsu/X mang ngha l tc tiu th
c cht tnh theo mt n v khi lng (nng ) vi sinh v c gi l tc
tiu th c cht ring U.
Phng trnh (7-48) v (7-47) khi tnh theo U s c dng:
vsu S S o Q S o S
U= . (7-52)
X .X V X
1
Y .U k p (7-53)
c
T (7-52), (7-53) c th thy r mi quan h rng buc gia hot tnh vi

sinh (1/c) [biu thc (7-47)] v tc suy gim c cht ring U: vi sinh vt
c tc pht trin nhanh th kh nng x l cht nhim (c cht) tt. Trn
c s mi quan h trn c th s dng i lng thi gian lu t bo kim
sot mt qu trnh x l m khng cn xc nh nng sinh khi hu hiu
hoc lng c cht c s dng bi vi sinh vt. Phng php kim sot
c thc hin n gin nh sau: Kim sot tc pht trin ca sinh khi v
v vy l mc x l cht gy nhim bng cch thi lng bn d theo mt
t l no ph hp vi thi gian lu t bo. V d qu trnh x l t hiu
~ 123 ~
qu qui nh, thi gian lu t bo c xc nh l 5 ngy, vy kim sot
qu trnh mi ngy cn thi 20% lng sinh khi ang c trong h x l.
Trong mt h khuy trn u c b lng tch bn, lng dung dch bn thi
cn thit ph hp vi c c tnh t phng trnh (7-44):
V .X
Qw (7-54)
c .X r
xc nh Qw cn phi xc nh nng sinh khi dng hi lu Xr v

trong b phn ng v th tch b phn ng.
Tng quan gia mt vi sinh vt v nng c cht th hin mi quan
h: cung-cu cng thng c s dng l mt thng s thit k. Mi quan
h trn c gi l t l thc n v vi sinh (food-microorganisms ratio) F/M v
c nh ngha:
So Q.S o
F/M = (7-55)
.X V .X
Nng tp cht (c cht) trong nc thi ln ng ngha vi lng thc
n di do cung cp cho vi sinh vt vi mt l X trong h thng x l. Nu
lng thc n (Q.So) nh (nc thi c nhim thp) m lng vi sinh X
ln th chng c cung cp t thc n, dn n pht trin chm.
Gia U v F/M c mi lin h:
( F / M ).E
U= (7-56)
100
Trong E l hiu sut ca qu trnh x l (%):
So S
E= .100 (7-57)
S
Phng trnh (7-53) ch r mi tng quan gia hot tnh vi sinh (1/c) v
tc suy gim c cht ca mt h x l. U cng c th tch theo cc hng s
ng hc trn c s kt hp phng trnh (7-52) v (7-39):
k .S
U= (7-58)
Ks S
U .K s
S= (7-59)
k U
~ 124 ~
Vi mt h x l nc thi v tp on vi sinh xc nh, cc hng s tc
Y, k, Ks, kp c th coi l c tr s xc nh, v vy nng c cht ra khi h
thng x l S l hm s trc tip ca U hoc ca c th hin trong phng
trnh:
K s .(1 c k p )
S= (7-60)
c .(Y .k k p ) 1
Phng trnh (7-60) nhn c t (7-53) v (7-59) [xem thm (7-49)].

Nu biu din S = f(c) hoc hiu sut x l E = f(c) vi mt tp hp cc
hng s ng hc Ks, Y, k, kp (c gi tr no ) s nhn c mt dng th
nh trong hnh 7. 3. E
S
100%
Nng c cht
hiu qu E
Hiu qu x l
c,t c
Hnh 7. 3. S ph thuc ca nng c cht sau x l S v hiu qu x l vo

thi gian lu t bo vi mt tp hp gi tr k, kp, Ks, Y v So cho trc.
T th 7. 3 c th nhn thy, hiu qu qu trnh x l ch xut hin khi c

t mt mc ti thiu c,t no , trc hiu qu x l khng ng k. V
ngha vt l, gi tr c,t l thi gian lu t bo m vi thi gian y lng sinh
khi thot ra khi h x l nhiu hn lng c sinh ra.
Thi gian lu t bo cng tng th hiu qu x l cng cao, tuy vy s gp
phi mt s kh khn khi vn hnh h thng (ni bn, tn hao oxy ln, hin
tng ym kh ti b lng th cp...).
Thi gian lu t bo ti thiu c tnh nh sau:
Kt hp cc phng trnh (6-6), (6-7) v (7-47) nhn c:
1 Y .k .S o
kp (7-61)
c ,t K s So
~ 125 ~
Khi c c,t, hiu qu x l bng khng, khi nng c cht ti u vo
v u ra bng nhau, S = So. Trong thc t gi tr Ks thng l nh hn nhiu
so vi So (xem bng 6. 2, 6. 3, 6. 4) nn (7-61) c th vit thnh:
1
Y .k k p (7-62)
c ,t
S dng phng trnh (7-61), (7-62) tnh ton thi gian lu t bo ti

thiu t cc hng s ng hc (tra bng, v d trong cc bng 6. 2, 6. 3, 6. 4
hoc t ti liu c hiu chnh ph hp vi i tng c th). D nhin h
x l vi sinh khng th thit k vi c,t m gi tr c dnh cho thit k thng
nm trong khong 2-20 ln ln hn c,t [3]; h s ny c gi l h s an ton
A.
A = c/c,t (7-63)
K thut khuy trn u c hi lu bn l dng k thut phn ng thng

dng nht hin nay ca phng php bn hot tnh. gip c gi c hnh
dung v mt qu trnh tnh ton cc thng s thit k h thng, v d sau c
a ra minh ha.
Tnh ton h thng x l nc thi vi cng sut 500 m3/ngy vi cc d

kin: BOD ca ngun vo l 450 mg/l, tiu chun thi BOD l 50 mg/l. Nng
vi sinh ti u vo Xo = 0. Nng vi sinh tng trong b phn ng X =
3000 mg/l, nng vi sinh hu hiu Xh = 2400 mg/l (80% ca tng). Nng
bn quay vng Xr = 8000 mg/l.
Lng cht dinh dng c gi thit l p ng tha mn, c sn
trong nc thi. Nhit tin hnh x l l 25oC. Ngun l nc thi sinh
hot, c cht ch tnh theo lng ha tan.
Li gii.
Tra bng 6. 2 tm c Y = 0,6 gSK/gBOD, kp = 0,06d-1, k = 5d-1
Ks = 60 mg BOD [3]. Cc gi tr ny u cho nhit 20oC.
Tnh ton c thc hin theo cc bc:
- Hiu chnh h s ng hc tng ng vi 25oC.
p dng cc cng thc (6-23), (6-24), (6-25) hiu chnh kp, k v Ks v
o
25 C nhn c:
kp = 0,07d-1, k = 7,7d-1, Ks = 93 mg BOD.
~ 126 ~
- T kp, k, Ks v Y tnh c,t ti 25 C (biu thc 7-61):
o
1 Y .k .S o 0,6 g / g.7,7d 1.450mg.l 1

kp 0,07 3,76
c ,t K s So 93mg.l 1 450mg.l 1
c,t = 0,26d.
- S dng h s an ton qu trnh A = 10 (biu thc 7-62) tnh thi gian lu
t bo c:
c = 10c,t = 10. 0,26d = 2,6d.
- Tnh ton th tch b phn ng bng cch s dng phng trnh (8-49), thay
i thi gian lu thy lc = V/Q.
Y .Q. c .( S o S ) 0,6 g / g.500m 3 .d 1.2,6d .(450 50)mg.l 1
V=
X .(1 k p . c ) 3000mg.l 1 (1 0,07.2,6)
= 88m3 (nu chn h s A=20 th c=,2d, khi V=152m3).

- Hiu sut sinh khi thc:
Y 0,6
Y' 0,51
1 k p . c 1 0,07.2,6
- Mc tng sinh khi tng:
m = Y.Q(So-S) = 0,51. 500m3.d-1(450-50)g.m-3 = 100kg.d-1
- Lng bn thi trong ngy [phng trnh (7-44)]:
V .X 88m 3 .3000 g.m 3
Qw 12,7m 3 .d 1
c . X r 2,6d .8000 g.m 3
hoc tnh theo khi lng bn: 12,7m3.d-1.8000g.m-3 = 101kg.d-1.

- Tnh tc dng hi lu bn Qr vi gi thit Xo = 0:
3000mg.l-1 (Q + Qr) = 8000mg.l-1. Qr.
Qr/Q = 0,6
- Thi gian lu thy lc:
V 88m 3
0,176d 4,22h.
Q 500m 3 .d 1
- Tc tiu th c cht ring U [phng trnh (7-52)]
So S (450 50)mg.l 1
U= 0,758(mg / mg ) / d
.X 0,176d .3000mg.l 1
(1 g sinh khi tiu th 0,758 g BOD trong mt ngy).
- T l thc n/vi sinh:
~ 127 ~
1
So 450mg.l
F/M = 0,852(mgBOD / mgSK ) / d .
. X 0,176d .3000mg.l 1
(trong mt ngy, 1g sinh khi c cung cp 0,852g thc n BOD)
- Ti lng BOD tnh theo th tch (mt n v th tch ca b phn ng chu
ti mt khi lng c cht):
S o .Q 450 g.m 3 .500m 3 .d 1
TL = 3
2557 g.m 3 .d 1
V 88m
- Tnh ton lng oxy: s dng hai cch tnh khc nhau bng cch p dng
phng trnh (7-32) v tnh theo kinh nghim l 1,1 kgO2/kg BOD.
+ Tnh theo phng trnh (7-32)
Q.( BODo BOD)
mO2 / d 1,42.P( x)
f
500m 3 .d 1 .(450 50) g.m 3
1,42.101000 g.d 1 151kgO2 / d
0,68
+ Tnh theo kinh nghim
mO2 / d =Q.(BODo - BOD). 1,1 = 220kgO2/d.
+ Tnh theo th tch khng kh cn thm cc s liu: hiu qu hp thu oxy ca

nc t h phn phi kh, gi thit l 8%, khi lng ring ca khng kh
1,28 kg/m3, oxy trong khng kh chim 24% th tch.
151kg.d 1
Vkhng kh = 6553m 3 .d 1
0,24.0,08.1,28kg.m 3
Gi s h thng hot ng 20 gi/ngy th cng sut ca my thi kh (ph
thuc vo chiu cao ca ct nc) 328 m3/h.
Qua v d tnh ton trn cho thy, tnh khng cht ch trong qu trnh tnh
ton mt h x l l kh ln, th hin vic chn la cc hng s ng hc,
la chn h s an ton, cch tnh lng oxy cn thit ph thuc vo hiu sut
hp th oxy ca h phn phi kh. xy dng c h thng x l t hiu
qu v vn hnh n nh, v vy ngoi kin thc c bn cn rt nhiu kinh
nghim thc t.
7. 2. 1. 3. H dng l tng c hi lu bn.
~ 128 ~
Dng k thut phn ng theo kiu dng l tng thng c s dng cho
h x l cng sut ln vi c trng cu hnh b phn ng c di ln, chiu
rng hp. S h phn ng y l tng c hi lu bn c trnh by trong
hnh 7. 4.
Q, So
V, X Qe, Xe, S
S, X
Qw, Xr
Qr, Xr, S
Hnh 7. 4. S dng y l tng c hi lu bn.
H bao gm cc c trng: dng vo vi lu lng Q, nng c cht S o,

trong b phn ng c th tch V, nng vi sinh X v c cht S, ng hi lu
bn v thi bn d c lu lng Qr, Qw v nng vi sinh l Xr.
Do c chiu di ln, chiu rng hp nn b phn ng c chia lm nhiu
ngn (t nht l 3) ni tip nhau theo kiu dc dc u ui (hnh 7. 5)
Hnh 7. 5. Dng b phn ng thng dng trong k thut y l tng.

c trng quan trng nht ca dng y l tng l thi gian lu thy lc
ca mi thnh phn vt cht trong h (cht tan, khng tan, nc) u bng
nhau. c trng l tng ch c th tim cn khi t l chiu di/chiu rng c
gi tr ln v cng. Khi hi lu bn t b lng th cp, sinh khi quay vng c
thi gian lu thy lc trong c h x l (b phn ng v b lng) ln nhng
cng ch ng gi tr k t khi vo v ra khi b phn ng.
So vi k thut phn ng dng trn u, k thut dng y l tng c mt
s c trng khc:
~ 129 ~
- Nng c cht gim dn dc theo chiu di ca b phn ng, cao nht
u vo v nh nht ti u ra.
- Mc tiu th oxy cng gim dn dc theo chiu di ca b phn ng.
- Tc pht trin ca vi sinh gim v giai on cui.
M hnh ng hc m t qu trnh x l theo dng y l tng kh phc tp,
ch c th gii c khi c n gin ha vi cc gi thit:
- Nng vi sinh vt c gi tr ng u trong ton b th tch b phn ng
vi gi tr trung bnh l X , gi thit trn ch c c khi c/ >5 [11].
- Tc suy gim c cht v vy c dng [xem biu thc (6-8)]:
dS k .S . X
v su (7-64)
dt K s S
Ly tch phn phng trnh (7-64) theo thi gian lu thy lc, thc hin
mt lot cc thao tc n gin ha v mt ton hc s nhn c mi tng
quan:
1 Y .k .( S o S )
kp (7-65)
c ( S o S ) (1 ).K s . ln( S i / S )
Trong : So l nng c cht ti u vo.

S l nng c cht ti u ra.
Si l nng c cht ti u vo sau khi ha trn gia dng
vo v dng tun hon vi l t l hi lu (Qr/Q). Trong vn hnh h thng
trn c khong gi tr 0,15 - 0,75, thng dng l 0,25.
So snh vi din bin qu trnh trong k thut phn ng khuy trn u
[biu thc (7-47)] th c hai u tng t, im khc bit l c trong phng
trnh (7-65) ph thuc vo nng c cht ban u So.
V mt l thuyt, k thut dng y l tng c hiu sut x l cao hn so
vi k thut trn u [1, 10], tuy nhin trong thc t tnh cht y l tng
rt kh thc hin do qu trnh khuych tn dc. Kh khn trn cng vi yu
im chu sc km ca h y l tng so vi h khuy trn u hn ch hiu
qu ca n. Bng cch chia nh h phn ng thnh nhiu b phn ng ni tip
s tng cng c hiu sut x l, nhng ci thin khng ng k v mt
chu sc.
~ 130 ~
Trong h phn ng dng y l tng mc tiu th oxy vng u b
rt ln, rt kh p ng tha mn c v vy mt s bin hnh c xy dng
khc phc kh khn trn: k thut chia dng v sc kh nh dn.
Bin hnh chia dng u vo c thc hin bng cch phn b nc thi
th vo nhiu v tr dc theo chiu di ca b phn ng to ra gi tr F/M
u nhau mi v tr, qua lm gim nhu cu oxy tng t bin vng u
vo. Thng thng ngi ta thng s dng ba hoc nhiu hn im phn b
dng u vo. Bin hnh chia dng u vo c li th v tnh linh hot trong
vn hnh.
Sc kh nh dn l phng thc thay i cng sc kh dc theo chiu
di ca b: mnh pha u vo v gim dn v pha u ra.
7. 2. 1. 4. H x l m k tip giai on.
K thut m k tip giai on (sequencing batch reactor) mi c pht

trin, c tiu chun ha v p dng trong thc t x l nc thi.
K thut m k tip giai on l k thut phn ng dng tnh (ngt on):
xong mi m s nhn c mt ln sn phm (nc c x l) k tip giai
on l cc giai on np liu, phn ng, lng, gn, ch c thc hin k tip
nhau trong cng mt thit b phn ng. c trng ca phng php l tnh chu
k ca qu trnh x l.
K thut m k tip giai on c ng dng trong thc t ln u vo nm
1969 x l nc thi, h c Irwine v Davis thit k v xy dng.
Trn c s tch ly kinh nghim thit k, vn hnh k thut iu khin,
phng php m k tip giai on c pht trin thnh phng php tiu
chun v c p dng rng ri Australia, M (thp nin 80), Php, Nht
(cui thp k 80) v c (cui thp k 90) [12, 13].
M k tip giai on c c trng bi s k tip cc pha: np liu, phn
ng, lng, gn v ch. S k thut c m t trong hnh 7. 6.
Np liu Phn ng Lng
Ch
Vf
Vd
Vo
~ 131 ~
Nc thi
Bn thi
Hnh 7. 6. S hot ng ca k thut m k tip giai on trong mt chu k.
Cc pha c thc hin k tip nhau v c thc hin trong mt thi gian
nht nh. Bc thi bn c th thc hin sau pha lng hoc vo cui giai on
phn ng hoc trong khi lng. Thi bn c th thc hin theo chu k tun,
ngy hoc sau mi m. Pha ch c th b qua nu nh h c thit k b
iu ha hay b tch tr nc d cha x l kp.
Pha np liu v pha phn ng c th c phi hp da trn vic s dng
nng lng thng qua sc kh hay khuy trn c hc. l cc k thut: np
liu tnh, np liu khuy trn, np liu sc kh, phn ng khuy trn, phn ng
sc kh.
Np liu tnh khng cn s dng nng lng, li dng p lc thy tnh ca
dng chy a nc vo b phn ng, tch ly c cht trong b.
Np liu khuy trn bng c hc hoc do i lu to ra mi trng thiu
kh hoc ym kh trong b (thc hin kh nitrat hoc x l photpho).
Np liu sc kh l s dng dng kh khuy trn trong khi np liu to ra
mi trng hiu kh. Trong iu kin c th xy ra c cc qu trnh thiu
kh (do hm lng oxy cha qu ln). Phn ng c khuy trn hn ch cc
qu trnh hiu kh xy ra, qu trnh thiu kh v mt phn qu trnh ym kh
c thc y. Phn ng c sc kh to iu kin cho cc qu trnh hiu kh
c thc hin.
Mt m c thc hin k t giai on np liu v kt thc giai on ch
hoc sau khi x.
Th tch nc thi np vo bnh phn ng ca mt m (chu k) l Vf cng
vi th tch nc v sinh khi d li ca chu k trc l Vo. Tng th tch sau
khi np liu V = Vo + Vf. Khi phn ng kt thc, sinh khi lng, thi bn d
v th tch nc trong Vf, h li c th tip tc mt chu k mi.
Cc thng s c bn ca k thut m k tip giai on gm:
- ti: thi gian phn ng vi pha i.
- tc: thi gian cho mt chu k, tc = ti.
~ 132 ~
- T l thi gian np liu FTR = tf / tc (fil time ratio)
- T l thay nc VER = Vf /V.
- Thi gian lu thy lc = n.V/Q, n l s bnh phn ng, V l th tch lm
vic ca tng bnh, Q l lu lng nc vo h thng x l. Thi gian lu
thy lc ca tng bnh i = tf. VER-1.
Ngoi cc thng s mang tnh c th nu trn, cc thng s thng dng
khc nh thi gian lu t bo, ti lng hu c cng c s dng nh trong
thit k v vn hnh i vi h lin tc hoc lc sinh hc.
Do pha np liu chim mt phn thi gian ca mt chu k nn cn thit
phi c nhiu hn mt bnh phn ng p ng x l mt dng thi lin tc
hoc l phi c b d tr nc th.
S lng bnh phn ng ca mt h s xc nh thi gian np liu v thi
gian cho c chu k cng nh t l thi gian np liu.
Khi so snh k thut m k tip giai on vi k thut dng lin tc cho
thy: Trong giai on phn ng, din bin ca qu trnh x l ging vi din
bin trong dng y l tng trng thi n nh. S khc nhau l ch duy
tr c tnh l tng trong k thut m gin on, iu khng th thc hin
trong dng y l tng. c trng trn ch c c khi bc np liu l tc
thi hoc rt nhanh. S phn b nng c cht dc theo chiu di ca b
phn ng dng l tng ging s phn b nng theo thi gian trong bnh
phn ng m k tip giai on (xem phn 7. 1. 1, 7. 1. 3).
Nu bc np liu chm (np liu c sc kh hoc khuy trn) th giai on
ban u (ang np) din bin ging nh trong k thut phn ng lin tc
khuy trn u, sau (chm dt np liu) din bin tng t nh trong dng
y l tng [1].
K thut m k tip giai on cng c th vn hnh theo phng thc lin
tc. Phng thc vn hnh lin tc c m t nh trong hnh 7. 7. H x l
bao gm 4 b, tng b c th vn hnh p ng tng chc nng ring bit
trong tng chu k.
1 2
4 3
~ 133 ~
Hnh 7. 7. K thut m k tip giai on dng lin tc.
Trong chu k u tin, nc thi c np vo b 1, chy qua b 2, 3 v 4.

Cc phn ng hiu kh (sc kh) hoc thiu kh v chng mc no l ym
kh (khuy c hc) c th tin hnh ti cc b 1, 2, 3. B s 4 ng vai tr b
lng th cp.
Trong chu k tip theo, b s 4 ng vai tr np liu, b s 1, 2 ng vai tr
b phn ng, b s 3 ng vai tr ca b lng. Chu trnh tip theo c thc
hin tng t theo cch: b lng ca chu k trc ng vai tr ca b np liu
chu k sau, b st trc b lng ca chu k ng vai tr b lng ca chu k
sau.
K thut m k tip giai on dng lin tc c tnh linh hot cao trong vn
hnh, c bit x l nc thi giu hp cht nit bng cch duy tr thi gian
khuy hay sc kh theo mt t l no ti cc b phn ng khc nhau.
K thut trn c s dng x l nc rc (bin ng rt ln v lu
lng v nhim) ti bi rc Nam Sn, Sc Sn, H Ni. H c a vo
hot ng t thng 9 nm 2002.
K thut m k tip giai on cn c mt u im ni bt khc m cc
phng php bn hot tnh khc d mc phi l hin tng bn khng lng khi
tp on vi sinh dng si c mt cao. Thay i iu kin dinh dng ca
mi trng theo nguyn tc b i - n tic (feast - famine) c p dng
thng qua b la chn (selector) trong cc h x l c th thc hin d dng
trong k thut m k tip giai on (xem phn 7. 2. 1. 5).
Thit k h x l m k tip giai on c th da trn kt qu nghin cu
pilot nu c th tin hnh c. Vi cc loi nc thi cng nghip vic
nghin cu nh gi trong phng th nghim hoc qua pilot l lun cn thit,
vi loi nc thi sinh hot th c th vn dng cc kinh nghim c sn, tuy
nhin cn phn tch k cc yu t v phng din u t xy dng v chi ph
vn hnh. Do cc phng thc vn hnh khc nhau cc pha np liu v gn
i vi tng h thng ring bit nn phng php thit k cng rt a dng,
kh trnh by theo mt nguyn tc chung. Trong hng dn thit k ca
German waste and wastewater Association (ATV) c a ra chi tit v thit k
h phn ng theo k thut m k tip giai on (guideline M210) [13].
Ni dung chnh ca ATV-M 210 c th tm tt nh sau:
~ 134 ~
- Cc nguyn tc x l sinh hc i vi nc thi khng c s khc bit khi s
dng k thut dng lin tc hay gin on. V vy cc thng s thit k p
dng cho h lin tc cng p dng c cho k thut gin on (hng dn
k thut bn hot tnh, Guideline ATV-A131).
- Thit k h phn ng m k tip giai on bao gm 6 bc: 1) Xc nh
thng s u vo, 2) Cu hnh ca qu trnh (c hoc khng c b iu ha,
3) Xc nh cch thc np liu, thit k chu trnh (thi gian lu t bo, t l
thay nc, thi gian ca mt chu k v tng pha, khi ng v kt thc tng
b phn ng ring l, 4) Thit k thy lc (s b phn ng, dung tch tng
b, cc b ph tr, 5) Tnh ton thit b (my sc kh, bm, khuy c hc, 6)
Thm tra, kim nh (cn bng nit, m phng, th pilot).
Thng s quan trng nht trong thit k l thi gian lu t bo, theo ATV-
M 210 c nh ngha:
n.V . X .t r
c (7-66)
t c .P( x)
n: S bnh phn ng.

V: Th tch ca mt bnh.
X: Nng vi sinh ca bnh sau khi np liu.
P(x): Lng bn d (kg.d-1).
tc: Thi gian cho mt chu k.
tr: Thi gian ca pha phn ng.
Qu trnh lng (pha lng) c tnh ton da trn c trng ch s bn SVI
(xem 7. 2). Qu trnh lng trong b s dng k thut m k tip giai on rt
ging vi phng php th nghim ( xc nh SVI) v mt thy ng (lng
tnh) nn c th d dng nh gi kt qu t thc nghim. Ti lng b mt
ring qs (din tch b lng cn thit cho mt n v th tch trong mt gi)
c chn l 0,65m3.m-2.h-1. Tc lng ca lp bn vi sinh vt c tnh:
0,65
vs = (7-67)
X .SVI
Giai on gn thng c bt u khi qu trnh lng cha kt thc vi tc
kh n nh nhm tit kim thi gian. Vi phng thc vn hnh trn rt d
xy ra qu trnh tri bn theo dng gn. phng trnh, trong giai on gn
cn phi m bo lp bn phi lun nm di mt nc t nht l 0,25m.
~ 135 ~
K thut m k tip giai on c nhiu u im: rt linh hot trong vn
hnh, d p ng s dao ng v mc nhim, d t ng ha khu vn
hnh v v vy n c tc pht trin nhanh nht trong thi gian gn y so
vi cc loi hnh k thut khc, c bit trong x l nc thi sinh hot qui m
nh v nc thi cng nghip. K thut m k tip giai on thng c p
dng cho qui m 100 n 25000 ngi (200 l/ngi), thng dng cho qui m
nh hn 5000 ngi. Tc pht trin nhanh ca k thut m k tip giai on
cn c nguyn nhn khc l gi thnh xy dng khng cao, din tch s dng
thp [13].
7. 2. 1. 5. Tnh ton h x l bn hot tnh theo kinh nghim.
Trong phn trnh by v ng hc qu trnh x l vi sinh (phn 6) v cc

dng k thut phn ng trong phn 7, tt c cc hin tng v mi quan h thu
c u da trn gi thit (n gin ha) l nc thi ti u vo khng cha
cn khng tan cng nh c cht cn quan tm u c tnh sinh hy, khng
cha cc loi tr. Gi thit trn nhn chung khng ph hp vi thc tin trong
cng ngh x l nc thi, v vy thit k cc h thng x l theo phng
php bn hot tnh trong thc t da trn cc m hnh ng hc s cha ng
nhiu hn ch. V l do khi thit k h x l bn hot tnh ngi ta pht
trin mt s phng php khc da trn cc thng s chu ti ca qu trnh
nh t l thc n/vi sinh, F/M, ti lng hu c, lng sinh khi v thi gian
lu t bo hoc vi cc chng trnh tnh tiu chun [14].
T l thc n/vi sinh c c trng bi t l gia khi lng COD hay
BOD hay mt loi c cht no khc (NH4+, NO3- trong qu trnh x l hp
cht nit) vo h phn ng vi khi lng ca tng sinh khi trong h trong
mt ngy [xem biu thc (7-55)].
Thi gian lu t bo: thi gian lu sinh khi trong b phn ng [xem (6. 1.
5, biu thc (7-36), (7-37)].
Lng sinh khi d l lng vi sinh vt pht trin trong khi x l, d ra so
vi mt cn thit cn phi loi b ra khi h trong mt ngy. N ph thuc
vo tnh cht ca ngun nc thi, vo thi gian lu t bo v qu trnh phn
hy ni sinh.
~ 136 ~

Hiu sut sinh khi Y [biu thc (6-13), (7-43), (7-51)] t c s dng do
cc thnh phn hu c sinh hy khng tan trong nc thi, cn hp cht v c
trong dng vo khng c bao qut.
Ti lng hu c tnh theo th tch th hin mc chu ti ca mt n v
th tch ca khi phn ng i vi cht hu c trong mt ngy, tnh theo khi
lng BOD hoc COD hoc mt loi c cht no trn mt m3 trong mt
ngy.
T kinh nghim hot ng thc t, cc gi tr c trng nu trn c th s
dng thit k mt h thng x l.
Khi la chn c cc thng s trn vic tnh ton cc thng s thit k
gm: la chn cu hnh v th tch b phn ng, tnh ton tc quay vng
bn, tnh lng bn d, nhu cu cp oxy, tnh ton b lng s cp, x l bn
thi.
La chn k thut phn ng v tnh th tch b phn ng.

Ba loi k thut phn ng chnh s dng trong x l nc thi l: dng y
l tng, dng lin tc khuy trn u v m k tip giai on. Tiu ch la
chn ph thuc vo qui m x l (qui m ln thng s dng dng dng l
tng), mc dao ng nhim ca dng vo (dao ng mnh thng s
dng k thut m k tip giai on hoc khuy trn u), iu kin mt bng.
Th tich b phn ng c th tnh theo mt trong ba c trng.
- Tnh theo t l F/M:
Q.S o
V (7-68)
X .( F / M )
- Tnh theo thi gian lu t bo:
c .Q.S o .Y
V (7-69)
X
- Tnh theo ti lng hu c L:
Q.S o
V (7-70)
L
Cc gi tr c trng s dng tnh ton h x l bn hot tnh theo kinh
nghim c th hin bng 7. 2.
Bng 7. 2. Thng s thit k h x l bn hot tnh theo kinh nghim [11].
~ 137 ~
Qu trnh c (d) F/M L gBOD/ X (g/m3) Qr/Q
3
gBOD/ (m .d) (h)
(gSK/d)
-Dng l tng 3-15 0,2-0,6 320-640 1000-3000 4-8 0,25-0,75
thng dng
-Trn u 0,75-15 0,2-1,0 800-1900 860-6500 3-5 0,25-1,0
-Dng l tng 3-15 0,2-0,5 640-960 1500-3500 3-5 0,25-0,75
chia dng u
vo
-Nitrat ha mt 8-20 0,05-0,2 80,320 1500-3500 6-15 0,5-1,5
giai on
-Nitrat ha tch 15-100 0,05-0,2 50-140 1500-3500 3-6 0,5-2,0
ring
-Sc kh tng 20-40 0,04-0,1 80-240 2000-8000 18-36 0,5-1,5
cng
-Mng oxy ha 15-30 0,04-0,1 80-240 2000-8000 8-36 0,5-1,5
M k tip giai 10-30 0,04-0,10 80-240 2000-8000 15-20 -
on
Ghi ch: Qr/Q l t l dng hi lu bn so vi dng vo. Thng s c trng
cho nc thi sinh hot.
Tnh th tch b phn ng theo thng s ti lng hu c l n gin nht

v t c hiu qu vi mc hp l ch khi thnh phn ca nc thi n nh
v nng vi sinh trong b x l l n nh. Trong thc t c hai iu kin
trn t khi c tha mn. Ti lng hu c l thng s th cp nn cn ht
sc thn trng khi s dng v khng th s dng thit k cho cc h x l
phc tp.
Thit k theo t l F/M (cn gi l mc chu ti ca bn - sludge loading)
c th s dng tnh ton cho cc qu trnh x l thng dng. Thi gian lu
t bo c th s dng tnh ton cho cc qu trnh m trong tc sinh
trng ca vi sinh chm nh nitrat ha hoc phi x l cc i tng kh sinh
hy nh x l phenol, cyanua. [6].
Trong nhiu nm qua phng php thit k da trn thng s F/M thng
c a chung i vi cc h x l BOD truyn thng. Trong thi gian gn
y vi cc s bn hot tnh ci tin (nhm p ng thm cc chc nng
khc: x l hp cht nit, photpho theo phng php sinh hc, ha hc) th
vic s dng n c tin cy thp, kh v nhiu khi l khng th.
~ 138 ~
S dng thi gian lu t bo cho cc qu trnh x l hiu kh nhn chung
thch hp cho phn ln cc trng hp x l trong thc t.
Do cch tnh ton da trn rt nhiu c trng khng n nh nh theo
BOD v COD (t l khc nhau trong tng loi nc thi), hoc theo nng
sinh khi tng X, hoc nng sinh khi hu hiu (xem phn 7. 2) Xh m t l
Xh/X lun thay i trong tng h thng nn khi s dng cc thng s trn cn
c cn nhc thn trng.
Bng 7. 3 ghi mi quan h gia cc thng s thit k v hiu qu x l
BOD, COD vi t l F/M khc nhau [6].
S dng gi tr ca bng 7. 3 tnh ton cho th tch b phn ng vi qui

m x l phc v 10.000 ngi c trnh by trong v d sau:
Nc thi tnh theo u ngi c qui cho l 0,2 m3.d-1. Khi lng BOD
cn x l trong ngy (ly gi tr 0,4 kg BOD/m3) s l: 10.000 ngi x 0,2
m3/(ngi. ngy) x 0,4 kg BOD/m3 = 800 kg BOD/ngy.
S dng phng trnh (7-68), (7-70) tnh th tch b phn ng theo hai
phng n:
- Tnh theo ti lng hu c:
Q.S o 2000m 3 .d 1.0,4kgBOD.m 3
V 1333m 3
L 0,6kgBOD.m 3 .d 1
-Tnh theo t l F/M
Q.S o 2000m 3 .d 1.0,4kgBOD.m 3
V 3 1 1
1666m 3
X ( F / M ) 5kg.m .0,15kgBOD.kg SKHH .d
Hai cch tnh khc nhau khng cho cng kt qu v cc s liu a ra ch
l khong tr s. Tnh ton trn nhm mc tiu x l BOD t hiu qu 90-
95%.
Bng 7. 3. Hiu qu x l BOD, COD (E) ph thuc vo t l F/M.
Thng s K n v T l F/M
hiu (kgBOD/kgSK)
0,05-0,1 0,2-0,3 0,5-0,6
3
Nng bn tng X kgSK/m 4,0-7,0 3,0-5,0 3,0-5,0
3
Nng bn hu Xh kgSHHH/m 2,5-4,5 2,0-3,5 2,0-3,5
hiu
~ 139 ~
Nng bn tnh XCOD kgCOD/m3 3,5-6,5 3,0-5,0 3,0-5,0
theo COD
T l Xh/X - % 65-70 70-75 70-75
3
Ti lng hu c L kgBOD/(m .d) 0,2-0,6 0,6-1,5 1,5-3,0
Thc n/vi sinh F/M kgBOD/(kgSKHH.d) 0,08-0,15 0,3-0,45 0,7-0,85
Hiu sut sinh khi YBOD kgSK/kgBOD 0,6-0,9 0,9-1,1 0,9-1,2
tnh theo BOD
Hiu sut sinh khi YCOD kgSK/kgCOD 0,3-0,5 0,4-0,6 0,4-0,6
tnh theo COD
Hiu qu x l theo E(BOD) % 90-95 85-90 80-90
BOD
Hiu qu x l theo E(COD) % 75-85 70-80 65-80
COD
Thi gian lu t c d 15-20 3-6 1-3
bo
* Ghi ch: s liu trong bng l ca nc thi sinh hot. Nng ca dng
vo: BOD = 200 - 400 mg/l, COD = 400 - 800 mg/l, T= 10oC, SK = khi
lng sinh khi, SKHH: sinh khi hu hiu (thnh phn hu c trong sinh
khi cn c tn l cht rn l lng bay hi do t).
Tnh ton nhu cu oxy v cp kh.

Nhu cu oxy cho mt qu trnh x l vi sinh da trn hai qu trnh c bn:
oxy ha v phn hy ni sinh. Tnh ton nhu cu oxy c th da trn phn tch
v t lng ca phn ng hoc t kinh nghim (xem 7. 2. 1).
Lng oxy cn cp cho h bn hot tnh trong thc t khng phi l gi tr
tnh t l thuyt v oxy c tan trong nc rt thp, tc hp th oxy vo
nc ph thuc vo cc iu kin: mui ( dn in), nhit , chiu su
ca lp nc, tit din b mt lp phn cch pha kh-lng, tc khuy trn,
cu hnh ca b phn ng, trng thi bo ha kh ca nc. l mt h kh
phc tp. Ha trn kh vo nc c hai phng php: sc kh c hc v sc
kh phn tn.
Sc kh c hc l s dng cc thit b quay to ra cc git nc nh tip
xc vi khng kh oxy thm vo (tng t nh my khuy cnh qut s
dng trong cc ao nui tm thm canh).
Sc kh phn tn l s dng dng kh c p sut phn tn vo nc thng
qua h phn phi kh. Dng kh p sut c nng lng khuy trn cho c
khi phn ng.
~ 140 ~
Hiu qu s dng oxy ph thuc rt nhiu vo loi h phn phi kh, vi
cc h th (tit din u phun ln) hiu qu t thp, nm trong khong 4-6%,
loi c u phun mn t 8-12%, loi cc mn c th t ti 10-16%.
Vi cc thit b tt nht, trong iu kin thun li nng lng tiu tn cho 1
kg oxy c s dng l 2kW [15].
Lng th cp.
B lng th cp c nhim v tch sinh khi ra khi nc, tch cng trit
cng tt v phn d s tip tc phn hy trong mi trng nc nhn. B lng
th cp c hai nhim v: lm trong nc v c c bn v vy khi thit k phi
ch c hai mc tiu trn.
c trng quan trng nht ca qu trnh lng l ti lng b mt: mt n
v din tch ca b lng chu ti bao nhiu th tch nc cn lng trong mt
gi. Thng s ti lng b mt ph thuc vo c trng ca bn thng qua hai
ch tiu c bn l ch s bn v tc lng.
Ch s bn (xem phn 7. 2) c xc nh t thc nghim bng cch o th
tch bn lng sau thi gian 30 pht, sau xc nh khi lng ca bn lng
(sy 105oC). Ch s bn SVI c tnh:
Th tch bn lng (ml/l)

SVI = (7-71)
Khi lng bn (g/l)
Bn c kh nng lng tt c tr s SVI thp (SVI < 100), khi gi tr SVI >
150 l hin tng mt vi sinh dng si filaments kh cao, bn rt kh
lng.
Qu trnh lng trong b lng th cp tun theo c ch lng vng. Tc
lng c th xc nh t thc nghim [3, 16]. Tc lng c s dng tnh
ti trng b mt lng:
vi
vs (7-72)
A
vi: tc lng ca bn [m.h-1].
vs: Ti trng b mt lng [m3.m-2.h-1] (nu tnh theo ngy th nhn vi 24
(24gi/ngy)).
A: h s an ton (thng t 1,75 n 2,5).
~ 141 ~
Khi khng c s liu vi c th p dng cng thc Wilson tnh tc lng
[6]:
vi = vmax.exp(-K. 10-6.X) (7-73)

vmax: tc lng ti a [m.h-1] (khong 7,01m.h-1).
K: h s, c gi tr khong 600 L/mg i vi hn hp bn-nc vi ch s
SVI 150.
X: Nng bn [mg/l].
Tiu chun thit k b lng th cp i vi vs nm trong khong 0,7-1,2
m .m-2.h-1[17]. Thi gian lu thy lc nm trong khong 2-3 gi.
3
Kim sot hi lu bn.

Duy tr nng vi sinh trong b phn ng l yu t rt cn bn ca qu
trnh x l vi sinh. Do dng vo hu nh khng cha vi sinh nn n c b
xung t b lng th cp, c vn chuyn quay vng v trn vi dng u
vo. Trong b lng th cp bn lng to thnh mt lp dy theo chiu cao, mt
bn cao y v thp vng cao. Nu bm bn hi lu hoc x bn khng
chun xc th lp bn c th chim c chiu cao ca ct nc. Bm bn hi
lu thng c cng sut t 50 - 100% i vi h x l qui m ln, ti 150%
i vi h x l nh.
Rt nhiu k thut c th s dng tnh ton tc hi lu bn da trn
mc tiu: duy tr n nh nng vi sinh trong b phn ng hoc duy tr lp
bn trong b lng vi chiu cao n nh trong khi vn hnh. K thut thng
dng gm: nh gi kh nng lng ca bn, kim sot chiu cao ca lp bn,
cn bng cht trong b lng v b phn ng, nh gi cht lng bn [3].
nh gi kh nng lng ca bn xc nh tc quay vng bn kh n
gin: tc quay vng so vi dng u vo chnh l t l th tch bn lng so
vi th tch nc trong (nc phn trn sau khi lng) khi hn hp ly t
b phn ng c lng sau 30 pht. S dng ng ong Imhoff hnh chp th
tch 1l c chia , ong y hn hp t b phn ng, c th tch phn bn
lng so vi phn nc trong nm pha trn. V d sau 30 pht, th tch bn
lng l 200 ml, th tch phn nc trong l 800 ml. duy tr mt vi sinh
trong b: 200 phn bn (quay vng t b lng) v 800 phn nc trong (u
vo) th t l bm bn so vi dng vo l 200/800 = 25%.
Cng c th tnh tc quay vng bn trn c s ch s bn: trong thc t
sau khi lng 30 pht th tch bn chim l Os (%), mt sinh khi trong b
~ 142 ~
phn ng cn duy tr l Xm tnh theo % (v d 2500 mg/l = 0,25%). T s Os/X
chnh l ch s bn (khng cha n v) SVI. Tc bn hi lu so vi dng
vo Qr/Q (%) chnh l Os/(100%-Os) v Os = Xm. SVI.
Vy Qr/Q(%) = Xm. SVI/(100-Xm. SVI). V d t l th tch bn sau lng
chim 30%, mt sinh khi trong b phn ng c duy tr l 2500 mg/l (=
0,25%). Vy SVI = 120 (ml.g-1) v
Qr/Q = (0,25. 120)/(100-0,25. 120) =0,428 = 42,8%.
Quan trc chiu cao ca lp bn lng cng l bin php kim sot tc
hi lu bn. Kinh nghim thc t ch ra rng chiu cao lp bn ti u l 0,3-
0,9m, vi chiu cao ny nc c lm trong tt hn v mt bn cao. C
nhiu phng php v cng c c th s dng quan trc chiu cao lp bn.
Phng php ny i hi s ch quan st khi vn hnh.
Tc quay vng bn cng c th tnh ton trn c s cn bng vt cht
trong b lng th cp. Gi thit trong b lng chiu cao (lng bn) c duy
tr mc n nh, lng bn thot ra khi h thng theo nc x l c th
b qua.
Lng bn tch ly (thay i) trong b lng l do: tng t b phn ng chy
sang [(Q+Qr).X] v gim do lng bn hi lu v x lng bn d (xem hnh
7. 2):
X.(Q+Qr) - (Xr.Qr+Xr.Qw) = 0 (7-74)
X .Q X r .Qw
Qr (7-75)
Xr X
Tc hi lu bn cng c th tnh t qu trnh cn bng cht trong b

phn ng. Gi thit rng trong thi gian tn ti trong b phn ng (thi gian
lu thy lc) lng vi sinh pht trin khng ng k. Lng sinh khi ra khi
b phn ng ng bng lng a vo t ng hi lu bn, khi ta c:
Xr.Qr - X.(Q+Qr) = 0 (7-76)
X
Qr Q. (7-77)
Xr X
Phng php ny cha sai s ln nu ti lng hu c (F/M) cao.
Thi bn d.
Nhm duy tr n nh nng vi sinh trong b phn ng, ti lng hu c
(F/M) v thi gian lu t bo, hng ngy (hoc theo mt chu k) lng sinh
~ 143 ~
khi d cn phi thi ra khi h thng. ng thi bn d thng l ng
hi lu bn do mt bn ti cao. Bn ny c a v b c c bn,
tch nc (s dng cht tr keo t, xem bng 4. 4), nn p, sy kh hoc c
a v ym kh (thu hi kh metan) hoc phn hy hiu kh nhm phn hy
thnh phn hu c trong sinh khi. l qu trnh bn vi mc ch l n
nh cht lng bn (khng phn hy tip).
Hn hp bn-nc d cn thi ch yu l nc, sinh khi ch chim 0,8-
1,0% khi lng, v vy thng s khng ch chnh l th tch ca hn hp
kt hp vi nng vi sinh.
Tc thi bn d Qw c tnh trn c s thi gian lu t bo [xem
phng trnh (6-26)]
V .X
c (7-78)
Qw . X r Qe . X e
Gi thit Xe = 0 ta c:
V .X
Qw (7-79)
c .X r
tnh Qw cn bit nng vi sinh ti b phn ng (X) v ti ng hi

lu (Xr).
Nu s dng thng s thi gian lu t bo lm thng s kim sot qu trnh
th bn d c thi trc tip t b phn ng ch khng phi t ng hi lu
bn. Tc thi bn d t b phn ng s l:
V
Qw (7-80)
c
Hng ngy phi thi i mt lng hn hp bn nc bng t l gia th tch

b phn ng vi thi gian lu t bo.
Kim sot hin tng bn kh lng.

Bn kh lng (bulking) l hin tng hay gp cc b lng th cp, nht l
khi s dng k thut khuy trn u. Tp on vi sinh vt tn ti trong h
thng x l nc thi c kh nng keo t - tp trung li thnh cc tp hp ln
kh d dng, vi kch thc t di mm n vi mm trong iu kin sc kh.
Hin tng keo t xy ra c nh vi sinh vt tit ra mt vi loi polyme h
polysaccarit, polyme c chc nng nh chic cu ni lin kt cc cc th vi
sinh vt vi nhau to thnh cc tp hp ln. Tp hp vi sinh c kh nng
~ 144 ~
lng tt khi khi lng ring biu kin ca cm vi sinh (cm keo t) ln tc l
khong cch gia cc vi sinh vt ngn, mt cao, ni cch khc l chng c
cu trc c, t xp.
Bn kh lng l do cu trc ca cm keo t xp, nh m nguyn nhn c
xc nh l do s c mt ca mt s loi vi sinh dng si di c tn l filament.
ngn chn s pht trin mnh ca vi sinh dng si i hi phi thit k v
vn hnh h thng x l nc thi hp l.
S pht trin ca vi sinh dng si b nh hng bi cc yu t:
- Thnh phn tp cht trong nc thi. Cht nhim d sinh hy h ng
(glucose, maltose, lactose) trong nc thi ma ng, ch bin rau qu, tinh
bt thc y s pht trin ca vi sinh dng si. Tp cht kh sinh hy trong
nc thi ca cng nghip ha cht, ha du, dt nhum, nc thi hn hp
t thc y s pht trin ca chng.
- Nng oxy ha tan: Vi sinh vt nm trong tp hp keo t cng cn c
cung cp oxy, vi sinh vt nm pha bn trong ht keo t t c c hi nhn
c oxy so vi vi sinh vt nm pha ngoi do oxy phi khuych tn qua
mt qung ng di hn t ngoi mi trng nc vo v b tiu hao bi vi
sinh pha ngoi ht keo t. Mc cn kit, thiu oxy cho vi sinh vt
pha trong tng ln khi mt vi sinh cao, nhim thp, tc l ti lng
hu c (F/M) nh. Do di ca vi sinh vt dng si (1 - 4 m), t l din
tch so vi th tch ca chng ln hn cc dng khc nn kh nng hp thu
oxy v c cht tt hn loi c dng khc nh hnh cu, chng vn c kh
nng thu nhn oxy ngay c khi nng oxy mc thp hn 0,1 mg/l trong
khi cc chng loi vi sinh khc khng c kh nng .
Vi sinh vt dng si l loi c sc sng dai trong hon cnh mi trng
khc nghit, thiu thn, v vy nn hin tng bn kh lng xy ra thng
thng trong iu kin thiu c cht hoc thiu oxy. iu chnh l nguyn
nhn xut hin bn kh lng trong cc h x l khuy trn u, t xut hin
trong k thut x l gin on hoc dng y l tng. Trong k thut gin
on giai on u nng c cht cao v gim theo thi gian. Trong k thut
dng l tng, nng c cht cao ti pha u vo v gim v pha cui, cn
trong k thut khuy trn u th nng c cht b pha long ngay t khi
dng thi vo h thng v ngang vi nng ra khi h thng, tc l lun lun
thp.
~ 145 ~
Mt trong nhng nguyn nhn khc trong x l nc thi cng nghip l do
nc thi thiu ngun dinh dng nit, photpho, v d trong x l nc thi
giy. C nghin cu ch ra rng khng xy ra hin tng bn kh lng cn
nng amoni v photphat tan ti thiu l 1,5 mg/l v 0,5 mg/l trong nc thi
sau x l.
Tnh trng ngho c cht, loi a cng nh vi lng, thiu oxy l nguyn
nhn thc y vi sinh vt dng si trong tp hp keo t pht trin v gy ra
hin tng bn kh lng.
Trong iu kin ngc li, cc chng vi sinh c kh nng keo t tt s pht
trin mnh p o vi sinh dng si.
c ch vi sinh dng si v thc y loi vi sinh c tnh nng keo t tt
cn phi to ra c mt ng lc mnh thc y qu trnh khuych tn ca c
cht (BOD) v oxy vo su trong lng ht keo t. S dng k thut gin on
hoc dng y l tng p ng c mc ch trn giai on u (thi
gian) trong k thut gin on v pha u vo (v tr khng gian) trong k
thut dng l tng.
Vi cc h thng x l theo k thut khuy trn u gii php c p
dng l ghp thm mt h c gi l chn lc vi sinh, n v cng ngh ny
c ghp trc cc n v cng ngh x l sinh hc. Lng bn quay vng
tip xc trc tip vi dng nc th c nhim cao nht sau mt thi gian
nht nh ri mi tin hnh cc qu trnh tip theo.
C s khoa hc ca gii php trn lin quan n hin tng hp ph sinh
hc xy ra trong h x l.
Cht hu c trong nc thi c chuyn ha do to thnh t bo v do
phn ng oxy ha l c ch c bn trong x l nc thi, tuy vy trc khi
xy ra phn ng trn, qu trnh din bin cn c thm mt s giai on khc:
- Khi nc thi cha tp cht nhim tip xc vi sinh khi, cc tp cht dng
huyn ph, khng tan (hu c v v c) b li cun v bm dnh vo vi sinh
khi. Qu trnh ny xy ra nhanh v ph thuc vo iu kin tip xc (khuy
trn) ca h.
- Tp cht dng keo b hp ph trn cc tp hp vi sinh vt.
- Tp cht tan hp ph trn tp hp vi sinh. Hin cn tn ti mt s nghi vn
xung quanh hin tng hp ph trn sinh khi: cht hu c tan to phc cht
dng enzym vi t bo vi sinh vt hoc hp ph trn b mt t bo theo c
ch hp ph vt l, cht hu c tn ti trn b mt hay trong t bo hay
~ 146 ~
c hai trng thi vi t cch l cht d tr. Mc hp ph c cht ph
thuc vo nng vi sinh vt, tui bn cng nh bn cht ha hc ca cht
hu c. Tc hp ph sinh hc kh nhanh, t cn bng trong khong thi
gian di 30 pht.
Sinh khi t cc h thng x l gin on v dng y l tng c kh
nng hp ph tt hn loi t h khuy trn u. C ba c ch trn bt u hot
ng ngay t khi vi sinh vt tip xc vi nc thi. Dng hu c khng tan
tip tc b phn hy (thy phn) to thnh cc cht nh hn lm nguyn liu
cho tng hp t bo v oxy ha. Thi gian phn hy ph thuc bn cht ca
cht hu c v hot tnh ca vi sinh vt. Nh c lng c cht d tr do hp
ph trn sinh khi, tc tng hp t bo hu nh khng thay i trong mt
khong thi gian nht nh khi nng c cht tan trong nc gim ng
k.
B chn lc vi sinh hot ng da trn nguyn tc trnh by. Trong b
chn lc, sau khi bn hi lu c trn ln vi nc u vo t mt vi
sinh bng vi mt ca khi phn ng nhng nng c cht th cao hn, t
l F/M ln to iu kin thun li cho qu trnh hp ph vi sinh. S chnh lch
cao ca nng c cht gia pha ngoi v trong ca tp hp vi sinh thc y
dng khuych tn, cung cp nhiu c cht cc loi vi sinh c tnh nng keo
t tt pht trin, ln t loi vi sinh dng si. Vi sinh dng si c kh nng tch
tr c cht thp hn so vi loi kia. Khi dng nc thi t b chn lc thm
nhp vo h x l chnh th nng c cht tan gim i nhiu v l ngun
cung cp cho c hai loi vi sinh: dng si v dng d keo t, dng si c t
trng khng cao trong mi trng nc phn ng.
C nhiu phng php tnh ton thit k b chn lc nhng c bn nht l
da trn t l F/M hoc mc ti ca sinh khi (bn) vi mc tiu l to
thi gian tip xc gia sinh khi v c cht tan sinh khi hp ph ti a c
cht. Nu sinh khi hp ph c 60 -75% c cht tan t nc ngun vo th
qu trnh c ch vi sinh dng si s t hiu qu tt [22]. Nu mt vi sinh
thp, lng c cht tan c hp ph thp hn, nng c cht lt vo h
x l chnh cao hn s thc y vi sinh dng si pht trin.
Thi gian tip xc (thi gian lu thy lc) ca b chn lc nm trong
khong 20 - 60 pht, s dng mt b hoc cc b ni tip nhau (thng l 3)
trong iu kin ym kh, thiu kh hay hiu kh u c tc dng [11].
~ 147 ~
Khi s dng ba b chn lc ni tip nhau trong iu kin hiu kh, mc
ti bn ca cc b chn lc ng sau nn thp dn, v d [23].
B th 1: 12 kg COD/(kgSK.d)
B chn lc di iu kin thiu kh (giai on cng ngh tip ngay sau
l giai on thiu kh - kh nitrat) s dng ti lng thp hn v ngay ti b
chn lc xy ra qu trnh kh nitrat:
B th 3: 1,5 kg COD/(kgSK.d)
Ngoi gii php s dng b chn lc vi sinh, hin tng bn kh lng cng
c th x l bng cch s dng ha cht: clo hot ng, hydro peroxit (H2O2),
thay i nng oxy trong b hiu kh, thay i v tr dng vo b hiu kh
thay i t l F/M, b xung thm dinh dng (N, P).
7. 2. 2. H lc sinh hc.
7. 2. 2. 1. Cc qu trnh c bn.
H lc sinh hc c c trng quan trng nht l vi sinh vt bm vo b mt

ca cht rn, gi l cht mang, to thnh mng vi sinh. Mng sinh hc l lp
kh c bm vo cht rn kh cht khng b bong ti. Thi gian lu thy
lc (tip xc) vi nc ngn nn vi sinh vt t do trong nc t c c hi bm
dnh vo mng, thng b ra tri theo dng chy.
Yu im ca k thut lc sinh hc so vi k thut huyn ph l hiu qu
x l thp hn v trc khi c cht c vi sinh vt s dng xy ra mt lot
cc qu trnh chuyn khi: t nc ti b mt mng, khuych tn qua mng,
chuyn khi trong lp lc. Qu trnh chuyn khi khng ch lin quan n c
cht m cn ca cc hp cht ha hc vi t cch l nguyn liu (oxy, cc cht
dinh dng...) v cc sn phm chuyn ha. Tc ca hu ht cc qu
trnh chuyn khi rt chm, c bit l qu trnh khuych tn qua mng nn
thng l yu t khng ch ton b tin trnh ng hc x l nc thi. Cc
qu trnh chnh cn c quan tm l: chuyn khi qua mng vi sinh, chuyn
~ 148 ~
khi qua mng thy lc l hai qu trnh lin quan cht ch vi hin tng
khuych tn phn t.
Khuych tn phn t.
Khuych tn l hin tng vn chuyn vt cht mc phn t do s
chuyn ng nhit (ng nng) gy nn. Vt cht c chuyn t ni c nng
cao ti ni c nng thp (trong cng pha), ng lc ca qu trnh
khuych tn l s chnh lch nng theo v tr khng gian. Qu trnh
khuych tn c xem l kt thc nu nng ca cht khuych tn ti mi v
tr c gi tr nh nhau di gc v m (quan st v o c) nhng v thc
cht qu trnh khuych tn vn din bin tip tc trong trng thi n nh.
V d, ta hy quan st mt mi thm no trong mt phng rng kn gi:
mi thm m nht l st v tr t n, cng xa mi thm cng gim. T v
tr t n, cc phn t thm ta ra v mi hng, v cc cc phn t ti cc v
tr xa cng ta v pha ngun cht thm. Tuy vy xc sut cc phn t ta v
cc hng l khc nhau. cc v tr gn ngun mt phn t cc cht thm
cao nn s phn t ta ra cc hng ln hn t cc hng ta li ngun do mt
ca chng cng xa cng thp.
Hin tng khuych tn c Fick m t qua hai nh lut khuych tn:
nh lut I v nh lut II [4, 5].
nh lut I m t lng cht c vn chuyn qua khuych tn n (mol) theo
thi gian (t) t l thun vi s chnh lch nng (C) dc theo chiu khuych
tn dC/dx v tit din khuych tn A. Phng trnh m t nh lut I c dng:
dn dC
D. A. (7-81)
dt dt
D l h s khuych tn, n v ca n: din tch/thi gian (cm 2.s-1, m2.h-
1
...). Du (-) ch hin tng vt l l khuych tn din bin v pha nng
thp.
Phng trnh (7-81) c s dng m t cho trng hp n nh, tc l
trong c mt on ng x no , nng C ti tng im trn lun ch
c mt gi tr trong sut thi gian phn ng. iu ng ngha vi dC/dx =
C/x hoc C = Co + k.x (k l hng s).
Phng trnh (7-81) ch c th s dng i vi mt pha ng nht (trong
nc, trong khng kh), i vi mt h cha nhiu pha (rn, lng, kh) th c
ng vi mt pha cn mt phng trnh m t ring, mi trng ranh gii gia
~ 149 ~
cc pha cng c m t ring. H s khuych tn c gi thit l khng ph
thuc vo nng .
Trong trng hp nng bin ng theo thi gian trn tng v tr do mt
vi yu t no trn ng khuych tn nh phn ng ha hc, qu trnh
sinh hc (v d ti v tr no , vi sinh vt tiu th nhiu oxy th nng oxy
ti b suy gim) th qu trnh khuych tn c m t qua nh lut th II:
C 2C
D. 2 D.C (7-82)
t x
Phng trnh vi phn ring (7-82) m t s bin ng nng theo hai bin
(ring) l thi gian v ta khng gian. C l ton t Laplace.
Ph thuc vo iu kin ban u v iu kin bin ca bi ton, li gii ca
(7-82) rt a dng v c s dng rng ri trong rt nhiu lnh vc [18, 19].
c im ng ch t li gii ca (7-82) l s suy gim nng do qu
trnh khuych tn b tc ng ng thi bi hai yu t (bin s) l thi gian v
v tr: v tr cng xa ngun th nng cng thp, thi gian cng di th ti mt
v tr nng cng cng gim. Tnh cht trn c th hin:
x12 : x22 : ... : xn2 t1 : t 2 : ... : t n , tc l x2/t = hng s, ngha ca mi quan h
trn c hiu l ti mt thi im t no cc v tr x 1, x2, x3 (x1<x2<x3)
nng ca cht khuych tn tng ng l C1, C2, C3 gim dn. Trn cng
mt v tr x ti cc thi im khc nhau t1, t2, t3 (t1>t2>t3) nng cht
khuych tn tng ng cng gim. Mc tng (gim) ca nng vo t v x
theo tng quan x2/t = hng s. V d ti thi im 1 giy, nng ti cc
im x1 = 1cm, x2 = 4 cm, x3 = 9 cm l C1, C2, C3, trong C1>C2>C3, khi
thi gian khuych tn tng ln, nng ti x2, x3 tng theo v C2 = C1 sau 16
giy, C3 = C1 sau 81 giy, tc l 1:42:92 = 1: 16:81.
Bng l thuyt, Einstein (1905) chng minh c x 2/t = 2D. C ch
khuych tn khc nhau trong tng trng hp l khc nhau: trong pha kh l
do cc phn t va chm ln nhau, trong mi trng nc l do cc phn t
khuych tn dch chuyn (nhy) t l trng n sang l trng khc do ng
nng ca chng. Cht lng ni chung v nc ni ring c cu trc tp hp
khng n nh v trt t, ngoi phn th tch b phn t chim ch cn tn ti
cc l hng, khi nhit tng th phn th tch l hng cng tng theo gy hin
tng tng th tch v tng kh nng ha tan i vi nhiu loi cht rn.
~ 150 ~
Kh nng vn chuyn cht do khuych tn ph thuc vo tr s ca h s
khuych tn: phn t nh c tc khuych tn cao, cng nh ph thuc vo
tng tc gia cht khuych tn vi mi trng khuych tn: tng tc yu
dng kh, mnh hn mi trng cht lng, c bit mnh trong mi trng
cht rn xp hoc c.
Gi tr h s khuych tn trong pha kh (nhit bnh thng) nm trong
khong 0,1 - 1,0 cm2/s, trong cht rn nm trong khong 10-8 - 10-14 cm2/s [4].
H s khuych tn ph thuc vo nhit mc T0,5 (T l nhit tuyt
i) trong pha kh v dng hm m i vi khuych tn trong pha lng v rn:
D = Do.e-E/RT (7-83)
Do l hng s khng ph thuc vo nhit .
EA: Nng lng hot ha cho qu trnh khuych tn.
R: Hng s kh.
T: Nhit tuyt i.
S thay i D theo nhit ph thuc vo gi tr ca EA, thay i ln trong
cng khong nhit khi EA ln (gi tr ca EA thng t 4 - 10 kcal/mol).
Ngoi c ch chuyn khi do khuych tn cn tn ti hu nh ng thi l
chuyn khi do i lu (t nhin hoc cng bc). V d khi mt ni nc
c un nng t y, nc nng t di c vn chuyn ln pha trn do
nh hn nc lnh (i lu t nhin) hoc dng bm to ra mt dng kh
hay cht lng chuyn ng (i lu cng bc). i lu cng bc thng
c c trng bi tc dng thng.
Trong mt h ng thi xy ra cc qu trnh khuych tn phn t, i lu
v phn ng ha hc th s bin i nng ca mt cht c m t:
C C 2C
v. D. 2 k . f (C ) (7-84)
t x x
[So snh vi cc phng trnh (7-15), (7-16), (7-17)].
Mt h lc sinh hc bao gm nhiu pha v b mt phn cch pha: gia cc
khi cht mang (ht) l pha kh (lc kh) hoc nc (lc ngp nc). Trn b
mt cht mang l mng vi sinh c dy nht nh (0,5-1,0 mm) v kh c.
Pha ngoi lp mng vi sinh l mt lp nc mng gi l mng thy lc, mng
thy lc c tnh nng v phng din chuyn khi khc vi nc, khng kh
hay mng vi sinh. Cc qu trnh chuyn khi xy ra trong nc (kh), qua
mng thy lc, mng vi sinh. Phn ng ha hc (sinh ha) xy ra trong lp
~ 151 ~
mng sinh hc. Cc qu trnh chuyn khi s lm chm tc phn ng: tc
chuyn khi nhanh th km hm t, tc chuyn khi chm th km hm
nhiu. Phn tip theo s quan st mt s nh hng ca qu trnh chuyn khi
ln hiu qu x l nc thi khi s dng k thut lc sinh hc.
7. 2. 2. 2. Chuyn khi qua mng thy lc.
Gia cc khi (ht cht rn) trong b lc sinh hc l cc khong khng gian
rng, ty thuc vo kch thc vt mang, th tch rng trong b lc c th
chim ti 80 -90% ca b lc. Qu trnh chuyn khi trong vng khng gian
rng ph thuc vo k thut lc l qu trnh khuych tn trong pha kh (lc
kh) hay trong nc (lc ngp nc) v qu trnh chuyn khi cng bc. Tc
chuyn khi do i lu cng bc c tc ln hn nhiu so vi khuych
tn v c th tng cng kh d dng. V vy tr lc do chuyn khi ch yu
giai on khuych tn qua mng thy lc v mng vi sinh vt. Hnh 7. 8. m t
s ca hai lp mng trn v phn b nng ca mt loi c cht no
dc theo chiu dy ca mng.
Trong hnh 7. 8, ti x = 0 l b mt ca cht mang, mng vi sinh vt bm
trn b mt c dy l L1, tip n mng thy lc (nc) c dy l L2,
khong cch tip theo l vng khng gian rng gia cc cht mang. Mt c
cht no nh cht hu c, oxy hoc cht dinh dng (N, P) c a t
nc thi hoc t khng kh (oxy) vo vng khng gian rng, qua mng thy
lc v tip tc vo mng vi sinh. C cht c tiu th trong lp mng vi
sinh, ni cch khc phn ng ch xy ra trong mng vi sinh ch khng xy ra
cc v tr khc.
Mng vi sinh Mng thy lc Khng gian rng trong ct

B mt cht mang
So
Nng c cht S
S1
~ 152 ~
0 L1 L2 x
Hnh 7. 8. S mng vi sinh v mng thy lc trong ct lc sinh hc v phn

b nng trong .
Mng thy lc c dy rt nh, ch c phn ngn mm (m), nh hn

nhiu so vi mng vi sinh (0,5-1,0 mm). Mng thy lc c cu to t nc
nhng tnh linh ng ca cc phn t nc trong thp hn so vi nc
trng thi bnh thng - khuych tn ca mt cht no qua mng c th coi
l khuych tn ca n trong mi trng nc trong cng iu kin.
Nng ca cht khuych tn pha ngoi mng c xem l n nh, c
gi tr l So, ti pha u khc ca mng l S1 lun thp hn So (b tiu hao) v
v vy s xut hin qu trnh khuych tn ca c cht theo hng t ngoi vo
trong lp mng thy lc.
p dng nh lut khuych tn I cho trng hp trn, phng trnh (7-81)
c vit thnh:
dC
n s D. .( S o S1 ) (7-85)
dL
n s : lng cht vn chuyn trong mt n v thi gian trn mt n v tit

din [mol.m-2.s-1 hoc g.m-2.s-1].
: H s chuyn khi; = D/L2 (L2 kh xc nh t thc nghim m ch xc
nh c D/L2) [m.s-1].
dC
c thay bng (So - S1)/L2 l do gi thit qu trnh din ra trong trng
dL
thi n nh, dC/dx = C/x.
D: h s khuych tn ca c cht trong nc [m2.s-1].
Tc chuyn khi n s t l thun vi s chnh lch nng (So-S), vi
h s khuych tn D v t l nghch vi dy (L2) ca lp mng thy lc.
Lng cht vn chuyn do khuych tn qua mng ph thuc tuyn tnh vo
tit din khuych tn A. Vi cng mt khi lng cht mang, kch thc ca
cht mang cng nh th tng din tch A trong ct lc cng ln, A tng ng
vi din tch mt ngoi ca cht mang.
~ 153 ~
Gi s cht mang c dng hnh cu vi bn knh R, khi lng ring th
tit din mt ngoi A ca tng ht l:
3
A (7-86)
R.
A: Din tch ring ca ht hnh cu quy theo khi lng [m2.kg-1]

: Khi lng ring [kg.m-3].
Vi cc loi cht mang (m sinh hc) c to thnh khi t cc loi
nha, v d nh dng t ong th din tch b mt ca n thng c cho bit
vi t cch l ch tiu k thut ca sn phm, v d loi 200 m2.m-3. l tit
din hnh hc ca vt liu mang.
7. 2. 2. 3. Qu trnh trong mng sinh hc.
Tip xc trc tip vi mng thy lc l mng sinh hc v pha i din l

cht mang c ch ng vai tr cht c nh vi sinh, khng tham gia vo bt c
qu trnh chuyn khi hay phn ng no ca h.
Dc theo chiu dy ca mng sinh hc xy ra qu trnh khuych tn v
ng khuych tn kt thc ti im tip gip vi cht mang. Nng cht
khuych tn gim t pha ngoi vo trong do khuych tn v do b tiu th bi
cc phn ng ha hc xy ra trong mng. Trong mng xy ra hai qu trnh:
cung cp nguyn liu cho phn ng ha hc do qu trnh khuych tn, tiu th
nguyn liu do phn ng. Khi nguyn liu cho phn ng di do, tha mn cho
phn ng th phn ng s xy ra vi tc khng km hn so vi n trong
trng hp phn ng trong th tch nc. Khi ngun nguyn liu khng p
ng y do khuych tn chm th tc phn ng s chm theo ph hp
vi lng nguyn liu c cung cp. Trong trng hp ny qu trnh phn
ng (x l) b khng ch bi qu trnh khuych tn.
thit lp c phng trnh ton hc m t mi quan h trn cn phi p
dng mt s gi thit:
- Mng vi sinh c tnh ng nht v c chiu dy l L1.
- Qu trnh khuych tn c th m t qua nh lut khuych tn Fick I.
- H s khuych tn trong mng khng thay i, c c trng bi De.
- Phn ng ha hc xy ra trong mng c tnh cht khng thun nghch v
c m t qua cc phng trnh ng hc thng dng.
~ 154 ~
- Qu trnh xy ra trng thi n nh.
Phng trnh thng bng cht cho mt on dx (ca L1) c xc lp trn
c s:
Tc khuych tn t x+dx - tc khuych tn ti x = tc phn ng
ha hc xy ra trong dx.
im x=0 l ti v tr tip gip vi cht rn, c tn g l mng phng bn
gii hn.
Kt qu thu c m t phng trnh thng bng cht dng vi phn:
d 2S
De. 2 k . f ( S ) vi (7-87)
dx
vi l tc phn ng ha hc.
k.f(S) l tc phn ng. i vi phn ng bc 0, 1, 2 th tc phn ng
c cc dng tng ng k, kS v kS2. (xem 7. 1. 1), k l hng s tc . T (7-
87) ta c:
d 2S k
2
. f (S ) (7-88)
dx De
(7-88) l phng trnh vi phn thng bc hai v c th gii theo cc

phng php tiu chun. thun li cho vic gii phng trnh khng b nh
hng bi cc n v ca cc thng s, thng s c gi l modul khuych
tn Thiele c nh ngha:
L k.S n 1 / De (7-89)
Vi n l bc ca phn ng ha hc (s nguyn: 0, 1, 2, 3,...). Phng trnh

(7-88) vit theo c dng:
d 2S 2
2
2
.S b 2 .S (7-90)
dx L
vi b = /L.
Li gii ca phng trnh tiu chun (7-88) c dng:
S = C1.eb.x + C2.e-b.x (7-91)
C1, C2 l cc hng s tch phn v c th tnh c t cc iu kin bin v

ban u [6, 19]:
~ 155 ~
S
cosh(b.x / L1 ) tanh b.sinh(b.x / L1 ) (7-92)
S1
Bin i tip s nhn c:
S cosh[b.(1 x / L1 )]
(7-93)
S1 cosh b
Trong : S l nng ca cht khuych tn dc theo chiu di L1, S1 l

nng ti b mt ngoi ca mng vi sinh x = L1.
Nu bc ca phn ng ha hc bng 0 hay 1 th modul khuych tn Thiele
tng ng l:
(0) L1 k /( S.De ) (7-94)
(1) L1 k / De (7-95)
Phng trnh (7-93) tnh theo (1)c dng:
S
cosh[ (1) x / L1 ]. cosh (1). (7-96)
S1
S l nng dc theo chiu khuych tn, mun tnh cho mt phn ng ha

hc cn phi c gi tr trung bnh S trong ton b chiu dy ca lp mng
hoc ly tch phn tc phn ng trong ton b th tch mng to bi din
tch vi chiu dy ca mng.
Lng cht vn chuyn qua mng vi sinh [nh lut khuych tn 1, v biu
thc (7-85)] c th tnh c khi bit c dS/dx, dS/dx c th tnh (vi phn)
t phng trnh (7-96).
Tc phn ng ha hc trong mng cng c th tnh theo lp lun n
gin hn: trong trng thi n nh, tc phn ng vi bng tc vn chuyn
cht t pha ngoi vo trong mng vi sinh:
dS dS
vi A.De . (7-97)
dt dx x L1
v tc phn ng tnh trn mt n v th tch mng:
D tanh
vi (b. tanh b).S1 k .L1 . .S1 (7-98)
L1
~ 156 ~
T phng trnh (7-98) cho thy, phn ng bc mt trong mng vi sinh
cng c m t nh phn ng bc 1 theo nng pha ngoi mng (S1),
im khc l nng trong mng thp hn do b hn ch bi qu trnh
khuych tn.
Gi s vn chnh phn ng ang quan st xy ra ngoi lp mng vi sinh
vi cng c trng, ch khc duy nht l nng lun duy tr l S 1 ch khng
phi S (S<S1 do khuych tn). Phn ng xy ra trong iu kin l phn ng
ha hc ch thc, vi,s, khng c s tham gia ca qu trnh khuych tn hoc
qu trnh khuych tn nhanh hn tc phn ng ha hc. Khi :
vi,s = k.S1 (7-99)
T l vi/vi,s = c gi l h s hiu dng ca phn ng, gi tr ca n ph

thuc vo t l gia qu trnh khuych tn v phn ng ha hc: tc
khuych tn/tc phn ng ln th 1 v ngc li. T (7-98) v (7-99)
tnh c :
= tanh (1)/(1) (7-100)
H s hiu dng ph thuc vo mi tng quan gia khuych tn v phn

ng trong mng vi sinh. T phng trnh (7-95) cho thy (1) khng ph
thuc vo nng , ph thuc tuyn tnh vi chiu dy ca lp mng, vo cn
bc hai ca k/De. (1) ln ng ngha vi L1 v t l k/De ln, th hin qu
trnh chuyn khi chm (L1ln, De nh) so vi qu trnh phn ng (k ln). (1)
nh th hin qu trnh khuych tn nhanh, mc tc ng ca chuyn khi
ln tc mt phn ng ha hc khng ln.
Mi tng quan gia h s hiu dng ca phn ng vi modul khuych
tn Thiele c th hin trong hnh 7. 9.
1,0
0,1
1 10 (1)
~ 157 ~
Hnh 7. 9. nh hng ca khuych tn thng qua modul khuych tn Thiele

(1) ln h s hiu dng ca phn ng ha hc bc 1.
T th 7. 9 cho thy khi (1) <1 th 100%, qu trnh thm cc cht

vo mng rt thun li.
Tc phn ng cng c th tnh theo din tch mng (A), khi mi quan
h vs vi hng s tc tnh theo th tch k c dng:
vs = k. A. L1. . S1 = ks. S1 (7-101)
Vi ks l hng s tc tnh theo din tch mng ks = k. A. L1. . Trong

trng hp (1) >1 th 1/(1) nn c th vit:
1 De / k
(7-102)
(1) L1
Mun t mc hiu dng cao th L1 phi nh (mng mng), De/k cn ln.

Gi tr (D/k)0,5 c n v l di v c th xem l di hiu dng ca
khuych tn ng vi cng thc Einstein x2/t = 2 D.
Kt hp (7-101) vi (7-102) nhn c:
ks = De .k (7-103)
Vi phn ng ha hc trong mng vi sinh l bc 0, ngi ta c th chng

minh:
- Phn ng khi khng b khng ch bi khuych tn th phn ng xy ra theo
bc khng, khng ph thuc vo nng .
- Phn ng b hn ch bi qu trnh khuych tn th bc ca phn ng l 0,5.
Tc phn ng tnh theo din tch mng trong trng hp b hn ch bi
khuych tn:
v s k 0,5 s .S10,5 2k 0,5 .De .S10,5 (7-104)
k 0,5 s 2k 0,5 .De (7-105)
k0,5, k0,5s l hng s tc phn ng tnh theo th tch hoc din tch mng
[20].
~ 158 ~
Trong hai qu trnh khuych tn: trong mng thy lc v mng vi sinh, tc
ca giai on no chm s quyt nh tc chung ca qu trnh x l
nhng nhn chung giai on c tc chm hn thng l giai on khuych
tn trong mng vi sinh do h s khuych tn nh hn (De 0,8D), lp mng
dy hn.
Qu trnh x l tp cht trong mng vi sinh vt c din bin ging nh
trong k thut phn ng dng huyn ph.
Tc pht trin vi sinh vt:
m . X F .S
vg, F = (7-106)
Ks S
Tc suy gim c cht cho phn ng bc khng v bc mt c dng gn

ng sau:
m
v su (0) k o .X F (7-107)
Y'
m S
v su (1) k1 .S . .X F (7-108)
Y ' Ks
S: nng c cht.
ko, k1: hng s tc phn ng bc khng v mt.
XF: nng sinh khi trong mng.
vsu(0), vsu(1) l tc phn ng bc khng v bc mt.
Cc thng s khc ging nh trong cc phng trnh (6-3), (6-6), (6-8) v
(6-13). Cc thng s ng hc i vi qu trnh lc qua mng sinh hc c th
s dng trc tip t cc gi tr thu c qua phng php huyn ph.
So vi k thut dng huyn ph, nng vi sinh vt trong mng cao hn
nhiu: trong h x l bn hot tnh nng vi sinh thng nm trong khong
2000-6000 mg/l, trong k thut lc gi tr trn l t 10.000 - 60.000 mg/l.
im khc bit ln nht trong k thut lc sinh hc so vi k thut huyn ph
l s tham gia ca qu trnh khuych tn, n ng vai tr quan trng hn trong
k thut lc sinh hc. H s khuych tn ca mt cu t trong mng vi sinh rt
kh xc nh, trong tnh ton ngi ta c th chp nhn gi tr bng 80% h s
khuych tn ca n trong mi trng nc.
~ 159 ~
Khi lng ring ca mng sinh hc khng n nh v vy rt kh xc nh,
n ph thuc vo din bin ca qu trnh to mng: to mng vi tc chm
th khi lng ring ca mng ln v ngc li.
V d sau c s dng minh ha phng php tnh ton hiu qu ca

mt qu trnh lc sinh hc.
Mt h lc dng nh git vi din tch ring l 100 m2.m-3. Mng vi sinh c
dy 1mm. Cc hng s ng hc c tra cu t ti liu v c cc gi tr
sau:
m = 6d-1, Ks (COD) = 20 g COD/m3, hiu sut sinh khi/COD tiu hao Y =
0,67 gCOD/gCOD. Mt sinh khi trong mng tnh theo sinh khi hu hiu
(VSS) l 40 kgVSS/m3 hoc nu tnh theo COD (h s 1,4) s l 56 kgCOD/m3.
Mt sinh khi tnh theo th tch:
X = 100m2.m-3. 1.10-3m. 40 kgVSS/m3 = 4 kgVSS.m-3
= 5,6 kgCOD.m-3
Mt sinh khi trong trng hp ny khng cao hn so vi k thut bn
hot tnh. Mun t mt sinh khi cao hn cn s dng vt liu mang c
kch thc nh, v d vi kch thc cht mang trong k thut dng lu th
(fluidized filter).
- Tnh hiu qu x l COD theo th tch mng hoc tit din mng khi COD
trong nc cn x l l 50 g.m-3.
V Ks (20 g.m-3) rt nh nn phn ng c xem l bc khng, khi tc
x l khng ph thuc vo nng tp cht bn ngoi.
S dng phng trnh (7-107) tnh hng s tc x l:
m 6d 1
v su (0) k o .X F .56 500kgCOD /( m 3 mng.d).
Y' 0,67
- Nu tnh hiu qu x l theo tit din mng vi sinh th phn ng xy ra theo
bc 0,5 do b nh hng ca qu trnh khuych tn. S dng phng trnh
(7-104), (7-105) vi h s khuych tn
D = 0,4.10-4m2.d-1 v gi tr ko va tnh c:
k 0,5 s 2k 0,5 .De 2.500.10 3.0,4.10 4 6,3g 0,5 .m 0,5 .d 1
Tc x l tnh theo tit din mng:

vs k 0,5s .S 0,5 6,3. 50 45gCOD /( m 2 .d ).
~ 160 ~
- Nu tnh theo th tch ca b lc s nhn c:
45.100m2.m-3 = 4500 gCOD/(m3.d)
Gi tr 4500 gCOD/(m3.d) ng vi b lc chu ti cao, ch t hiu qu khi
ngun oxy c m bo.
Khuych tn trong mng vi sinh khng ch xy ra i vi mt cu t m i

vi tt c cc cu t tham gia phn ng v cc sn phm hnh thnh ca phn
ng. l mt h khuych tn hn hp rt kh nh lng trong thc t.
Trong mt h n gin nht l oxy ha cht hu c th t nht c hai qu
trnh khuych tn xy ra trong mng vi sinh: cht oxy ha (oxy phn t) v
cht kh (hu c). T l nng ca c cht kh v cht oxy ha phi m bo
mt gi tr cn i no (t lng) th phn ng ha hc mi c th xy ra,
nu thiu mt trong hai thnh phn th phn ng ch c th xy ra vi tc
ph hp vi nng ca cu t ang b thiu l yu t quyt nh tc mt
phn ng oxy ha kh. Nng ca mt trong hai cu t hin c (cha b tiu
th) ph thuc vo kh nng khuych tn (cung cp) thng qua h s khuych
tn v s chnh lch nng cng nh tc phn ng ha hc (tiu th) xy
ra trong mng.
T l nng hin c ca cht oxy ha (OX) v cht kh (Re) v vy c th
m t thng qua t l gia h s khuych tn v hng s tc phn ng ca
tng cu t:
S (OX ) D(Re) k (OX ) D(Re) 1

. . (7-109)
S (Re) D(OX ) k (Re) D(OX )
S(OX), S(Re) l nng hin c ca cht oxy ha v cht kh.

D(OX), D(Re), k(OX), k(Re) l h s khuych tn v hng s tc phn
ng ca cht oxy ha v kh. l h s t lng ca phn ng (cn bao nhiu
g O2 oxy ha 1 g COD).
Nu t l S(OX)/S(Re)>1 th nng cht oxy ha ang mc d tha,
cht kh (COD) ang trong tnh trng thiu v vy n khng ch tc tng
th ca phn ng.
Nu t l trn bng 1 th phn ng xy ra mt cch m thm. Cu t c
nng khng p ng c cho phn ng b tiu hao nhanh trn ng
khuych tn, n tr v gi tr khng ti mt im no v v vy lp su
hn phn ng khng din ra. V d sau minh ha hin tng trn:
~ 161 ~
Mt h x l lc sinh hc vi nng COD = 150 mg/l. H s khuych tn
ca cht hu c l 0,4.10-4m2.d-1, ca oxy l 1,7.10-4m2.d-1. c gi tr 1,7
gCOD/gO2. T l S(O2)/S(COD) c tnh theo (7-109):
S (O2 ) D(COD) 1 0,4.10 4
. 0,14 gO2 / gCOD
S (COD) D(O2 ) 1,7.10 4.1,7
Phn ng trn xy ra hi ha khi t l trn l 0,14, nu nh hn t l trn l
thiu oxy cho phn ng. Trong nc u vo, tha mn cho phn ng,
nng oxy trong phi t (ti thiu) l: 150. 0,14 = 21g/m3. Trong iu
kin tt nht, nng oxy bo ha trong nc ch t ti 10 g/m3 (ti 15oC)
nn lng oxy cn thit cho qu trnh trn thiu trn 50%.
Gi thit l nng oxy khi ra khi b lc sinh hc l 2 g/m3 th chng t
l COD ang thiu cho phn ng ha hc ti 14 g/m3 do S(O2)/0,14 =
2,0/0,14 = 14 gCOD/m3.
Qua v d trn cho thy vai tr ca qu trnh chuyn khi trong k thut
phn ng khi dng phng php ct lc sinh hc.
7. 2. 2. 4. Qu trnh ng hc trong ct lc sinh hc.
Trong mt ct lc sinh hc tn ti ng thi nhiu qu trnh ng hc v

ng lc: c cht c a t ngoi vo ct do dng chy (i lu), khuych
tn ca c cht qua mng thy lc, khuych tn v phn ng ha hc trong
mng vi sinh vt. Tt c cc qu trnh trn xy ra ni tip nhau v u c nh
hng n tc x l, tuy nhin giai on c tc chm nht s khng ch
ton b qu trnh lc sinh hc: qu trnh chm nht thng c cho l qu
trnh khuych tn v ha hc xy ra trong mng vi sinh v v mt hnh thc
c c trng bi hng s tc c cha c qu trnh khuych tn [phng
trnh (7-105)].
Khi phn tch mt qu trnh lc sinh hc cn phi tin hnh hai bc sau:
- Xc nh yu t oxy hoc c cht c vai tr kim sot qu trnh phn ng.
- Xc nh mc s dng ca mng vi sinh vt hoc phn mng (tnh theo
su) c s dng. Yu t ny rt quan trng, nh hng ti bc ca phn
ng ha hc.
T hai bc phn tch trn s dn ti nhng kt lun mang tnh cht nh
hng:
~ 162 ~
- Trong c hai trng hp hoc oxy hay c cht c vai tr kim sot qu trnh
m mng vi sinh c s dng hon ton cho phn ng (khng b hn ch
bi khuych tn) th phn ng ha hc xy ra trong mng theo bc khng.
- Trong trng hp mng ch s dng c mt phn (do khuych tn hoc
thiu mt trong hai cu t tham gia phn ng) th phn ng xy ra theo bc
0,5 i vi oxy (khi thiu oxy) hay i vi c cht (khi thiu c cht).
Trong trng hp s dng mt ct lc sinh hc c c trng khuy trn l
tng (v d phn ng dng lu th, cht mang c o trn u trong nc),
phn ng d th trong ct lc (s hnh 7.10) xy ra nh sau:
Q, S1 Q, S2
V, A*
Hnh 7. 10. Ct lc sinh hc dng khuy trn u.
Lu lng nc thi vo v ra khi ct lc l Q, nng c cht ti u

vo v ra l S1, S2. V l th tch ca ct lc, A* l din tch tng ca mng vi
sinh (din tch tng ca cht mang). Nu b qua qu trnh chuyn khi trong
mng thy lc (nhanh) v s dng quan h thng bng cht th c th tnh
nng u ra (S2) tng ng cho cc phn ng bc 0, 0,5 v 1 [6].
- Phn ng bc khng:
vs(0) = ko,s (7-110)
k o , s . A*
S2 = S1 - (7-111)
Q
- Phn ng bc 0,5:
vs(0,5) = k0,5, s.S20,5 (7-112)
2
k 0 , 5, s . A* k . A*
S2 = S1 0 , 5 , s (7-113)
2Q Q

- Phn ng bc 1:
vs(1) = k1, s.S2 (7-114)
Q.S1
S2 = (7-115)
Q k1, s . A*
~ 163 ~
Tc v hng s ng hc phn ng tnh theo tng din tch ca mng vi
sinh tng ng vi bc ca phn ng, v d vs(0,5) v k0,5, s l tc v hng
s tc ca phn ng bc 0,5.
Cc phng trnh (7-110) n (7-115) c th s dng m phng qu
trnh xy ra trong ct lc sinh hc xy ra theo dng trn u l tng.
Lc ngp nc vi tng c nh c th c xem l gn vi trng thi dng
y l tng, phng trnh thng bng cht c thit lp trn c s:
Lng c cht u vo - lng mt do phn ng = lng c cht ti u ra.
Phng trnh ton hc m t tng ng:
S A
v i . (7-116)
x Q
S: Nng c cht trong ct.

Q: Lu lng nc chy qua ct.
A: Tit din ca ct.
vi: Tc phn ng ca ct lc tnh theo th tch.
Phng trnh (7-116) cng c th vit theo dng khng c n v bng cch
a cc bin s (x v S) v bin s khc theo mt t s nht nh. V d thay
v nng S trong ct s dng t s S/S1 (S1 l nng u vo, c gi tr xc
nh):
s = S/S1, X = x/H, H.A = V, = V/Q
H: chiu cao ca tng lc, V: th tch tng lc, : thi gain lu thy lc.
Vit (7-116) theo cc bin mi:
s v
i . (7-117)
X S1
Thay vi vi cc bc phn ng khc nhau s nhn c li gii cho s tng

ng:
- Phn ng bc khng:
s k
o . (7-118)
X S1
ko
s=1- . . X (7-119)
S1
~ 164 ~
S1 S k
E= 1 s o . . X (7-120)
S1 S1
Trong E l hiu sut x l.
- Phn ng bc 0,5:
s k 0,5
0,5 0,5 .s 0,5 (7-121)
X S1
2
1 k 0,5
s = 1 0,5
. . X (7-122)
2S
2
1 k 0,5
E = 1 - 1 0,5
. . X (7-123)
2S
- Phn ng bc mt:
s
k1 .s (7-124)
X
s e k1 . . X (7-125)
Cc mi tng quan trn th hin s rng buc gia hiu qu x l E vi
thi gian lu thy lc , ph thuc vo bc ca phn ng v nng c cht
u vo. Trong mt ct lc sinh hc, phn ng ha hc trong c th xy ra
theo mt bc duy nht nhng cng c trng hp xy ra ng thi phn ng
vi cc bc khc nhau trong lp mng vi sinh vt. V d gn vng u vo
ca ct lc nng ca c cht cn ln to iu kin cho khuych tn ti
tn im cui cng su trong lp mng. Trong vng phn ng ha hc l
bc khng. Vng pha di xa v pha u vo, nng c cht gim, qu
trnh khuych tn chm li, mc hot ng ca mng vi sinh gim theo, khi
c ch phn ng chuyn v bc 0,5. Pha v st cui ct lc nng gim
ti mc c ch phn ng c th chuyn thnh bc 1 trong mng vi sinh.
Khi vn hnh mt b lc sinh hc c trng hp cn hi lu bn v c
trng hp khng cn thit.
Khng cn thit phi hi lu bn khi nng vi sinh vt ln, din tch
mng (cht mang) ln v khi khng cn ti giai on lng th cp. Trong
trng hp nng bn thp, lng oxy khng m bo, bn tri theo nc
th cn phi hi lu bn t b lng th cp.
~ 165 ~
7. 2. 2. 5. K thut lc nh git.
Mt ct lc sinh hc ch hot ng c hiu qu khi p ng c cc tiu

ch:
- Vi sinh vt phi c c nh (bm) trn cht mang vi mt cn thit do
qu trnh x l i hi.
- Tip xc tt gia nc thi cha c cht v mng vi sinh vt bm trn cht
mang.
- Kim sot c s pht trin ca mng vi sinh sao cho khng xy ra hin
tng b tc hoc b ra tri.
- Cung cp oxy cho nc p ng nhu cu cho phn ng xy ra trong
mng.
Nhn chung vi sinh vt c kh nng bm dnh tt trn b mt cht mang,
cht mang thng dng gm ba loi vt liu chnh l , g v nha. Chn la
mt loi cht mang thch hp cho mt mc tiu x l c th phn ln da vo
kinh nghim thc t. Cht mang c tnh bm dnh km l nguyn nhn trc
tip ca qu trnh ra tri vi sinh theo dng nc. Chng loi vi sinh khng c
tc dng x l m c kh nng bm dnh cao cng l iu khng mong i.
Chn vt liu khng thch hp s gy ra nhiu kh khn trong giai on khi
ng h thng. t c hiu qu x l khng ch cn c s tip xc tt
gia nc vi mng vi sinh vt m cn i hi nc tip xc vi mng phi l
loi nc mi cha c x l. t mc tiu ny th phi thc hin: c nh
pha tnh v nc chy qua (lc tng tnh) hoc cht mang cha mng vi sinh
chuyn ng lin tc trong nc (dng a quay sinh hc) hoc c hai pha
cng chuyn ng (dng phn ng lu th). Hiu qu x l ph thuc vo
phng thc vn hnh nu trn.
Lc nh git l k thut thng dng trong x l nc thi bc hai vi nhiu
phin bn khc nhau. H phn ng lc nh git bao gm ba pha: cht rn
(mng vi sinh bm trn cht mang), nc thi cha c cht cn x l v kh
(khong rng ca tng cht rn).
Tng lc cht rn l tng c nh, thng l vt liu bng vi kch thc
5 - 20 cm vi chiu cao t 1,2 - 2,5 m (thng l 1,8 m) hoc vt liu nha vi
cc kiu cu hnh khc nhau, chiu cao ca tng lc t 4 - 12 m.
Nc thi c phn tn thnh cc git nh, phun u ln ton b tit din
ca ct lc - trn b mt ca cht mang v c thu li di y ca b lc.
~ 166 ~
Khng kh thm nhp vo b lc t pha di y ln trn to ra dng kh n
nh. Bin php tng cng dng kh bng cc k thut cng bc t c s
dng trong thc t v do s chnh lch nhit gia tng tnh, nc thi v
khng kh xung quanh to iu kin cho qu trnh i lu (t nhin) ca khng
kh din ra thun li, kh nng cp kh cho phn ng xy ra. Cp kh cng
bc ch thc hin khi nng c cht qu cao, kch thc vt liu mang nh.
Lc nh git c hiu qu cao v phng din c nh vi sinh vt, kh nng
tip xc gia nc v mng vi sinh v hiu qu hp thu oxy ca nc.
H thng thu gom nc x l c nhim v gom nc v cc cht rn
cha trong nc, cc thnh phn khng tan t nc th v vi sinh vt b ra
tri t cht mang trong qu trnh x l. Ngoi ra, cu trc ca h gom nc
cng nh hng ti qu trnh lu thng kh trong b lc nh git. Nc thu
gom c a v b lng tch phn cht rn khng tan. Trong thc t vn
hnh mt lng nc x l trc hoc sau lng c quay vng tr li trn
vi dng nc th cha x l nhm pha long nng c cht hoc tng
cng hiu sut x l.
Cht hu c trong nc thi trc tin c hp ph trn mng vi sinh vt
v c phn hy. pha ngoi ca mng (0,1 - 0,2 mm) cht hu c hoc c
cht no c cc chng loi vi sinh hiu kh phn hy. Khi vi sinh vt pht
trin mnh, lp mng tr nn dy hn, lng oxy khuych tn vo mng b
tiu th ht nn lp su hn cc cht hu c s b phn hy trong iu kin
ym kh hoc thiu kh.
Khi dy ca mng tip tc tng, lp su gn st b mt cht mang, cht
hu c khng th khuych tn ti do b tiu hao pha ngoi, vi sinh vt ti
khng cn c cung cp c cht t ngoi vo, lc s xy ra qu trnh
phn hy ni sinh, chng mt kh nng bm dnh vo cht mang v xy ra qu
trnh bong lp mng. Dng nc bc lp mng vi sinh khi cht mang v giai
on to lp mng mi li bt u. Tin trnh bong lp mng ph thuc vo
cc yu t: ti lng thy lc v ti lng c cht, ti lng thy lc gy ra
lc trt, ti lng hu c tc ng n tc trao i cht. Trong khi thit
k, thng s ti lng thy lc l yu t quan trng t c mng vi sinh
ng nht.
Trong b lc nh git tn ti nhiu tp on vi sinh vt: hiu kh, ym kh,
ty nghi cng nh nm, to, ng vt nguyn sinh, k c cc loi ng vt bc
cao hn nh giun, c sn (loi rt thch n mng vi sinh vt). S lng ca loi
~ 167 ~
vi sinh ty nghi chim t trng cao, cng vi loi ym kh v hiu kh, chng
tham gia tch cc vo qu trnh phn hy cht hu c.
Vai tr x l ca nm ch ng k trong iu kin pH thp hoc i vi mt
vi loi nc thi c bit no .
To cng c th pht trin trn b mt ca b lc, ni tip xc vi nhiu
nh sng.
Ph thuc vo ti lng thy lc v ti lng cht hu c, k thut lc nh
git c phn chia thnh cc dng: tc tiu chun (thp), tc trung
bnh, tc cao, siu cao v k thut bong mng vi sinh. K thut ghp ni
trc tip hai b lc nh git hin nay hay c s dng. c trng thit k v
vn hnh ca cc dng khc nhau c trnh by trong bng 7. 4.
Bng 7. 4. c trng c bn ca cc dng b lc nh git [3].
Ghi ch (*) theo tiu chun thit k ca c [6].

Thng s Lc Trung Cao ti Siu cao Bong Ni
chm bnh ti mng ghp
Cht mang , x , x nha nha, ,
g nha
Ti thy lc 50-150 150-400 400-1600 500-3000 2000-8000 400-1600
(l.m-2.h)
Ti hu c 15-75 50-90 100-200 100-300 300-1500 40-130
* * *
gBOD/(m3.d) (200) (200-450) (450-750) (>750)*
Chiu cao 1,8- 1,8-2,5 0,9-1,8 3,0-12,0 4,5-12,0 1,8-2,5
(m) 2,5
T l hi lu 0 0-1 1-2 1-2 1-4 0,5-2,0
Bong mng thnh thnh lin tc lin tc lin tc lin tc
thong thong
Hiu qu x 80-90 50-70 65-85 65-80 40-65 85-95
l (%)
Mc nitrat tt mt km km khng tt
ha phn
Lc chm c thc hin vi ti trng thy lc v hu c thp, khng s

dng k thut hi lu, tng cht lc thp. Thi gian lu thy lc ngn (2-3
~ 168 ~
pht). Khi vn hnh gin on th khng c kh qu 2 gi. Vi sinh vt
ch pht trin ch yu tng trn (0,6-1,2 m), pha di pht trin loi vi sinh
t dng oxy ha amoniac v vy khi t c iu kin thun li k thut lc
chm x l c c cht hu c v qu trnh nitrat ha cng xy ra.
Lc trung bnh hoc cao ti chu c ti lng hu c ln do p dng
dng tun hon pha long nc ngun thi. Vn hnh h thng c thc
hin lin tc, tuy nhin cng c th vn hnh ngt on.
Lc cao ti vi mc ti lng hu c rt cao so vi lc chm. Tc hi
lu ln m bo cho hiu qu x l nh trong trng hp lc chm hoc trung
bnh. Tc hi lu bn ln lm thng thong b lc, bt hp dn cc loi cn
trng. Vt liu lc c th s dng l hoc nha. Cu trc b thng l hnh
tr v phng thc vn hnh l lin tc.
Lc siu cao ti chu ti rt ln c v thy lc ln ti lng hu c. im
khc bit quan trng nht ca k thut lc siu cao ti v lc cao ti l ti
lng thy lc v chiu cao ca tng lc. Do chiu cao ln nn vt liu lc
c s dng l loi nha tng hp.
K thut lc bc mng vi sinh l k thut lc cao ti cho ti lng hu c
ln hn 1,6 kg.m-3.d-1, ti thy lc ti 8000 l.m-2.h-1. K thut ny thng
c s dng trong trng hp ghp sau n l k thut x l bc hai (bn hot
tnh), n c xem l bc tin x l nhm tit kim oxy cho giai on sau.
Cht mang s dng ch yu l nha.
K thut ghp ni tip vi b lng trung gian tch cht rn t b lc
c s dng i vi loi nc thi c nhim cao hoc vi mc ch oxy
ha amoniac. B lc u tin ch yu loi b BOD, b k tip sau nitrat
ha do s cnh tranh oxy ha ca chng vi sinh d dng cao hn so vi
chng t dng.
B lc sinh hc theo k thut nh git c chia thnh hai loi chnh: thng
dng v thp lc.
Lc nh git thng dng l s dng vt liu lc t , si, x c kch thc
nh (5 - 20 cm), tng lc thp (2 - 3m). Cc k thut lc chm, trung bnh, cao
ti c lit vo lc nh git thng dng ph thuc vo ti lng thy lc v
hu c m b lc gnh chu. Cht lng thi nhn chung l cao.
Thp lc nh git l mt phin bn ca lc nh git thng dng, khc
im l rng (xp) ca tng lc rt ln do s dng vt liu nha lm cht
mang. Din tch b mt ring ca nha, ty loi sn phm dao ng 80 - 200
~ 169 ~
m /m , ln hn so vi vt liu trong lc thng dng (40 - 100 m2/m3). Cht
2 3
lng x l km hn so vi dng trn v kh nng oxy ha amoni thp nn

thng c ni ghp vi x l bn hot tnh.
Tnh ton thit k v vn hnh h thng lc nh git ch yu l do kinh
nghim da trn hai c trng c bn l ti trng thy lc v ti lng hu c
(xem bng 7. 4).
Cc nh nghin cu c rt nhiu c gng xy dng cc m hnh tnh ton
cho qu trnh lc nh git. T cc cng trnh nghin cu phc v qun i
trong chin tranh th gii II (1946), cc nh khoa hc thuc y ban nghin cu
quc gia M (National Research Council, NRC) thit lp c mi quan h
ton hc (kinh nghim) d on hiu qu x l ca k thut lc nh git.
Cng thc kinh nghim c dng cho b lc nh git mt giai on hoc giai
on 1 ca h lc ni tip hai giai on:
100
E1 (7-126)
1 0,0561 W /(V .F )
1 R
F (7-127)
(1 R / 10) 2
Trong :
E: Hiu qu x l BOD ti 20oC (%).
W: Ti lng hu c ca b lc (lb.d-1).
V: Th tch tng lc (103.ft3).
F: H s hi lu.
R: T l hi lu, QR/Q vi QR l tc dng hi lu v Q l tc dng
thi u vo.
H s hi lu F mang ngha l s ln trung bnh cht hu c trong nc
c tip xc vi tng lc. Gi tr R/10 c rt ra t thc nghim do kh
nng x l cht hu c gim ng k khi s ln lc quay vng tng ln.
Trong phng trnh kinh nghim (7-126), cn gi l phng trnh NRC,
khng th hin tnh hp chun v n v nn xut hin cc h s, cc h s (v
d 0,561) tng ng vi n v tnh. Khi tnh ton theo h n v ca M (lb,
ft) th s dng trc tip cng thc trn, khi tnh theo n v ca h SI cn phi
chuyn i n v: 1lb (pound) = 0,4536g, 1ft (foot) = 0,3048m, 1ft3 =
28,3168 lt.
~ 170 ~
Hiu qu x l ca giai on 2:
100
E2 = (7-128)
0,561 W '
1
1 E1 V .F
E2: Hiu qu x l giai on 2. (20oC).

E1: Hiu qu x l ca giai on 1.
W: Ti lng hu c ca giai on 2 (lb/d).
nh hng ca nhit ln hiu qu x l c th tnh theo cng thc:
ET E20 .(1,035)T 20 (7-129)
ET, E20: hiu qu x l ti T(oC) v 20oC.
Bi ton: Xc nh kch thc b lc nh git khi x l mt ngun nc

thi sinh hot c nng BOD = 200 mg/l, tiu chun thi l 25 mgBOD/l.
X l c tin hnh theo hai giai on, chiu cao ca tng lc ca c hai b
lc l (1,83m) (6ft); t l hi lu R l 2: 1. Cng sut x l Q: 7570 m3.d-1 (2
triu gallon.d-1, 1 gallon = 3,785l). Nhit x l: 20oC, gi thit E1 = E2.
Li gii:
Tnh hiu sut x l E1, E2:
200 25
- Hiu sut tng th: 0,875 87,5%
200
- Hiu sut x l ca tng b:
E1 + E2.(1 - E1) = 0,875
E1 = E2 = 0,646 (64,6%)
- Tnh h s hi lu F:
1 R 1 2
F 2,08
(1 R / 10) 2
1,2 2
- Ti lng hu c ca giai on 1:
W = Q. Co = 0,2 kg. 7570 m3.d-1 = 1510 kg.d-1 = 3337 lb.d-1
- Th tch ca b lc u:
~ 171 ~
100 100
E1 0,646
W 3337
1 0,561 1 0,561
V .F V .208
V = 16,81. 103. ft3 = 476 m3.
- ng knh ca b lc th nht:
4.V 4.476m 3
d 18,2m(59,8 ft )
.h 3,14.1,83m
trong :
V l th tch ca b lc u.
h: chiu cao ca b lc u.
- Tnh ti lng hu c ca b th hai:
W = (1 - E1).W = 0,354. 1510 = 535 kg.d-1 = 1181 lb.d-1.
- Tnh th tch b lc th hai:
100
E2
0,561 W '
1 .
1 E1 V .F
100
64,6
0,561 1181
1
1 0,646 V .208
V = 47,49. 103 ft3 = 1344 m3
- ng knh ca b lc 2:
d = 30,58 m = 104 ft.
- Tnh ti lng hu c cho tng b.
B 1: 1510 kg.d-1/476 m3 = 3,17 kgBOD.m-3.d-1
B 2: 535 kg.d-1/1344 m3 = 0,398 kgBOD.m-3.d-1
- Tnh ton ti lng thy lc.

lu lng 7570.103 l.d 1
B 1: 2
1213l.m 2 .h 1
din tch x b 1 24.260m
7570.103 l.d 1
B 2: = 2
429l.m 2 .h 1
24.734m
~ 172 ~
Cc nh nghin cu ca c [21], da trn kinh nghim thc t cho rng c
th nh gi hiu qu x l theo tiu ch ti lng hu c theo cng thc:
E(%) = 93- 0,017 x ti lng hu c (gBOD.m-3.d-1). (7-131)
Vi ti lng hu c nh hn 1000 g BOD.m-3.d-1. Phng php xc nh
nh trn cha rt nhiu yu t ri ro, khng chc chn.
nh gi hiu qu x l trn c s cht mang l , si rt kh khn v tnh
cht khng ng u ca chng. S dng vt liu nha vi cc cu hnh khc
nhau d kim sot cc thng s hn. Nhiu nghin cu c thc hin
nhm nh gi hiu qu x l khi s dng vt liu ny. Eckenfelder, Germain
v Schultz l nhng ngi c cng pht trin m hnh trn [3, 11, 22].
M hnh ca cc tc gi trn xut pht t mi quan h:
X l c cht ch t hiu qu trong thi gian chng tip xc vi mng vi
sinh vt.
Thi gian tip xc hay thi gian lu thy lc (tip xc vi mng) s t l
vi chiu cao ca tng lc H, vi ti lng thy lc T v cu to ca tng lc.
C.H
t (7-132)
Tn
C, n l cc hng s lin quan ti din tch v cu hnh ca vt liu mang.
Khi nghin cu hiu qu ca vt liu mang vi nhiu loi cu hnh khc
nhau cho thy:
C = C. Am (7-133)
Trong A l din tch ring ca vt liu mang (m2.m-3). Vi vt liu c

dng hnh cu (, nha...) khi mng vi sinh cha bm ln th C c gi tr l
0,70 v m c gi tr l 0,75. Vi cc dng khc th cc gi tr ca C, m s thay
i.
Gi tr n gim khi din tch ring gim. Kt hp hai phng trnh (7-132),
(7-133) c:
t C '.A m
(7-134)
H Tn
Thi gian tip xc T tng ng k khi c mt mng vi sinh vt bm trn
cht mang, c th cao hn n bn ln so vi vt liu cng loi khng cha
mng vi sinh vt.
~ 173 ~
trnh b tc, vt liu mang cn phi c din tch ln, v d x l BOD
cn loi t nht c din tch 98 m2.m-3 hoc nitrat ha din tch cht mang
phi trn 328 m2/g [22].
Chiu cao ca tng lc c th ti 12m, ti thy lc cao ti 9,6 m3.m-2.h-1.
Vt liu cht mang bng nha c hai cu hnh c bn: hng dng nc chy
dc (xui) v chy ngang. Loi cu hnh chy ngang em li hiu qu x l
cao hn do tng thi gian tip xc khi nc thi chy qua b lc.
M hnh dng y l tng (xem 7. 1. 3, 7. 2. 1. 3) c th p dng cho
trng hp lc nh git khi chp nhn cc iu kin:
- Din tch tip xc c gi tr khng i.
- Tng lc c cu trc ng nht, mng vi sinh ph u trn cht mang. i
hi ny rt kh tha mn khi s dng vt liu lm cht mang. c th
chng mc no tha mn iu kin ny th ton b din tch cht mang
cn c thm t, ng ngha vi mc ti lng thy lc cao (ti thiu 1,2
m3.m-2.h-1).
- tha mn iu kin th hai cng i hi b c lc lin tc vi tc
u. Eckenfelder v Albertson ch ra rng vi ti lng thy lc lm
t u tng lc th hiu qu x l BOD s khng ph thuc vo chiu cao
ca tng lc v hng s tc phn ng k ph thuc vo chiu cao theo
quan h:
0,5
H
k 2 k1 . 1 (7-135)
H2
k1, k2 l hng s tc phn ng (thng c xc nh t th nghim

pilot) ti v tr cao H1 v H2.
Biu thc (7-135) rt kh tha mn khi dy ca mng vi sinh tng v to
ra cc ng tt, to rnh trong b lc.
Gi thit din tch mng vi sinh t l thun vi din tch cht mang, p dng
m hnh dng l tng, s dng gi tr thi gian lu thy lc t biu thc (7-
132) s nhn c mi tng quan:
S
exp(k . A.H / T n .S o ) (7-136)
So
~ 174 ~
Trong phng trnh (7-136) ti lng thy lc T bao gm c dng vo v
dng hi lu. Nu s dng dng hi lu nng BOD ca u vo s b pha
long thnh:
S o R.S
So ' (7-137)
1 R
So, So, S l nng COD sau khi pha long, ca ngun nc cha x l v
sau x l. R l t l gia lu lng hi lu v dng cn x l.
Khi tin hnh hi lu, kt hp hai phng trnh (7-136) v (7-137) s
nhn c:
S exp( k . A.H / T n .S o )
(7-138)
S o (1 R) R. exp( k . A.H / T n .S o )
Kt qu nghin cu cng ch ra rng hiu qu x l ca b lc nh git lin

quan vi ti lng hu c TH theo:
S
exp( k . A / TH ) (7-139)
So
Germain v Schultz tng qut ha dng phng trnh m t cho k thut lc

nh git:
Se
So

exp k 20 .H .Qvn (7-140)
Se, So l nng BOD ti u ra v vo ca ct lc.

k20 l hng s tc phn ng ti chiu cao bng H 20oC. Qv l tc
dng tnh theo tit din b mt lc m3. m-2.h, Qv = Q/Ac vi Q l tc tnh
theo th tch (m3.h-1), Ac l tit din ca b lc. n l hng s th nghim,
thng l 0,5.
V d [3].
Tnh ton din tch cho tng lc c chiu cao l 6,096 m (20 ft) v 9,144 m
(30 ft). BOD u vo l 300 mg/l, tiu chun thi l 25 mg/l. Gi thit l hng
s tc k20 c gi tr cho c hai trng hp trn l 0,165 (l.min-
1 0,5
) .[0,085(gal/min)0,5]. Lu lng x l Q = 7570 m3.d-1.
Gii:
- Xc nh tit din cho tng lc c chiu cao 6,096m.
~ 175 ~
S dng phng trnh (7-140)
Se
exp[ k 20 .H .Qvn ]
So
Thay th Qv = Q/A, tnh A:
1/ n
ln( S e / S o )
A Q
k 20 .H
Thay th cc gi tr Se, So, n = 0,5, H, Q tnh theo l.min-1 (7570m3.103l.m-
3
/1440 min.d-1 = 5,25l.min-1)
A = 275 m2.
- Xc nh tit din lc cho tng lc c chiu cao 9,144m.
- Xc nh k20 cho tng lc 9,144 m [phng trnh (7-129)].
0,5
H
0,5
6,096
k 30 k 20 . 20 0,165. 0,135l. min 1
H 30 9,144
Th cc s liu v tnh ton nh trn s nhn c A:
A = 186 m2
Hiu qu s dng oxy.

Oxy c chuyn ti t ngoi vo b lc thng qua i lu n b mt
mng thy lc v khuych tn vo trong mng vi sinh. Tc chuyn ti oxy
lin quan n qu trnh ha trn dng nc v kh nn c th cho rng ti thy
lc v cu hnh ca cht mang l cc yu t tc ng ln qu trnh. Kt qu
nghin cu t thc nghim ch ra mi quan h sau i vi nhiu loi vt liu
lc:
dC
K c .(C s Cl ) (7-141)
dH
C, Cl, Cs l nng oxi ti cao H, oxy trong nc chy qua tng lc v
nng oxy bo ha trong nc. Kc l h s tc chuyn khi.
Ly tch phn (7-141) ti cc v tr cao khc nhau (1, 2) nhn c:
(C s Cl )1
exp K c ( H 2 H 1 ) (7-142)
C s Cl 2
H s chuyn khi Kc ph thuc vo ti lng thy lc, gim gn nh
tuyn tnh khi ti lng thy lc tng.
~ 176 ~
Lng oxy vn chuyn tnh theo khi lng trn mt n v thi gian v
theo th tch tng lc N c tnh:
N = 0,06Ko.(Cs - Cl). T (7-143)

N tnh theo kg O2/(m3.h)
Kc tnh theo m-1
T tnh theo m3.m-2.min-1
Nng oxy tnh theo mg/l.
Hot tnh x l ca mng vi sinh vt b gii hn trong vng mng c mt
oxy (hiu kh) v b dy ca lp hiu kh ph thuc vo lng oxy c vn
chuyn t nc vo v mc tiu hao do phn ng ha hc.
Hot tnh ca mng sinh hc c nh gi thng qua mc s dng oxy
ca n, v d i vi nc thi sinh hot tc s dng ca mng l 0,028 mg
O2/(cm2.h), vi nc thi dch en t b pht pha long c ti lng hu c
6,41 kg BOD/(m3.d) tc s dng oxy l 0,0434 mg O2/(cm2.h) [23].
dy ca lp mng m oxy c th khuych tn n c c th xc nh
qua mi quan h:
2 De .Cl
HD = (7-144)
v su .
HD: chiu su ca mng vi sinh m oxy khuych tn ti.

De: h s khuych tn ca oxy trong mng vi sinh.
Cl: nng oxy trong nc chy qua b lc.
: khi lng ring ca mng.
vsu: tc s dng oxy ca mng.
S dng phng trnh (7-143), (7-144) c th xc nh nng BOD ti a
cho qu trnh lc nh git. V d lng oxy hon ton tha mn cho ct lc
nh git c ti lng hu c ti 8,7 kgBOD.m-3.d-1 vi tng lc c din tch 98
m2.m-3. an ton c th lp thm qut gi.
Vi nc thi c nhim cao cn phi hn ch nng trnh to ra
cc vng ym kh rng trong mng bng cch tng cng t l hi lu nc.
Ph thuc vo kh nng sinh hy ca cht hu c BOD kh nng chu ng
c nm trong khong 600 - 1200 mg/l.
Tc x l BOD trong k thut lc nh git thng l thp v vy nn
hiu qu kinh t s t thp khi cn x l t hiu sut cao (v d gim 85%
~ 177 ~
BOD). Tng lc vt liu nha thng c s dng nh bin php tin x l
i vi nc thi c nhim cao vi mc tiu gim thiu khong 50%
nhim, vi ti lng thy lc ln hn 9,6 m3.m-2.h-1, v ti lng hu c ln
hn 8 kg BOD/(m3.d).
V d sau ch ra phng php tnh ton cho thp lc nh git s dng vt

liu nha [23].
Mt ngun nc thi c lu lng 3785 m3/ngy, BOD ban u l 900
mg/l. Thp lc cha vt liu nha c din tch ring l 98 m2.m-3, chiu cao l
6,1m. Xc nh ti lng thy lc v din tch b lc sao cho nc sau x l
c BOD l 300 mg/l. Hiu qu x l BOD ti a ca b lc l 600 mg/l. Hng
s tc phn ng bng 1,0. H s n ca tng lc bng 0,5.
Li gii:
- Tnh ton h s quay vng [biu thc (7-137)]
900 R.300
600
1 R
R = 1,0.
- Tnh ti lng thy lc [biu thc (7-136)]:
300
600

exp (1,98 6,1) /(T 0,5 .600)
T = 4,92 m3.m-2.h-1 = 0,082 m3.m-2.h-1.
- V tc hi lu bng 1 nn ti thy lc thc i vi nc th ch bng 50%
ca tng, tc l bng 2,46 m3.m-2.h-1. Tit din b lc tnh t ti thy lc
theo nh ngha bng tc dng x l chia cho ti thy lc: 3785/(24 x
2,46) = 64 m2.
- Th tch tng lc = Tit din chiu cao = 64 x 6,1 = 390 m3
- Tnh lng oxy cn thit.
Khi lng BOD cn x l s l 3758 m3.d-1. 0,6 kg.m-3 = 2270 kg.d-1. Gi
s t l tiu th oxy l 0,8 kg O2 /kg BOD th nhu cu oxy l 1816 kg O2/ngy.
Tra bng hoc th cho thy h s tc chuyn khi K o = 0,7 m-1[23]. S
dng phng trnh (7-143) tnh lng oxy vi gi thit nng oxy trong
nc l 1 mg/l, nng bo ha l 9 mg/l.
N = 0,06. 0,7. 8. 0,082 = 0,27 kg O2/(m3.h).
~ 178 ~
Trong mt ngy lng oxy cung cp cho b lc l: 390 m3. 0,27 kgO2.m-3.h-
1
. 24h.d-1 = 2527 kg O2/ngy. So vi lng oxy nhu cu l 1816 kg/ngy th d
khong 39%. Tuy vy nu ly h s an ton l 85% th lng oxy cung cp ch
c 2148 kg/ngy, d khong 18%.
7. 2. 2. 6. K thut lc ngp nc.
c trng ca k thut lc ngp nc l vt liu lc nm pha di lp

mt nc, vt liu lc c c nh thnh tng lc hoc c kh nng dch
chuyn.
i vi tng lc c nh, chiu ca dng kh c b tr chy ngc t
di ln, chiu ca dng nc c th cng hoc ngc chiu vi dng kh,
nc sau khi qua ct c th c hoc khng c hi lu tr li ct.
Ch tiu quan trng khi thit k l kim sot c dy ca mng vi sinh
v cp oxy cho ct lc.
dy ca mng vi sinh lin quan n hin tng tc ct lc v gii php
phng trnh s l: to khng gian rng gia vt liu lc ln hoc p dng
ch thy lc mng vi sinh pht trin khng qu dy. Mt h lc nh
vy s c din tch tip xc thp hoc qui m thit b ln. Gii php khc c
th p dng l sc ra ngc bng cch s dng tc dng nc sc ln.
Nu vt liu lc c kch thc nh, khi sc ra ngc vt liu lc (ct) s c
st ln nhau lm bong lp mng vi sinh.
Hiu qu hp th oxy ca nc c tng cng thm khi dng kh va p
vi vt liu lc do c phn tn mn hn.
Lc qua tng c nh c p dng x l BOD, thc hin qu trnh nitrat
ha v kh nitrat. C th thc hin ng thi c ba mc tiu bn trong mt ct
duy nht bng cch b tr: nc t trn xung, kh t di ln nhng im
phn b kh khong gia tng lc. Pha trn im phn b kh xy ra qu
trnh oxy ha, pha di xy ra qu trnh thiu kh.
Tng lc khng c nh c chia thnh hai dng: dn n v lu th.
Tng gin n s dng vt liu c kch thc khng ln, chiu ca dng
nc v kh u hng ln. Trong trng thi khng hot ng tng lc c tnh
nng ca mt tng tnh. Khi hot ng di p lc ca dng kh, dng nc
hng ngc lm dn n th tch ca tng lc, tng hn so vi trng thi tnh
30 - 40%. Vt liu lc (ct) b mt tip xc vi nhau, cc ht lc c th dch
~ 179 ~
chuyn mt mc no . Do va chm ln nhau nn mng vi sinh bm trn
cht mang b bo mn. Kinh nghim hin ti cho php tnh ton c qu trnh
kim sot dy ca lp mng vi sinh trong thc t.
Khi lc y ca dng chy ngc ln hn trng lc ca vt liu lc (lng)
th vt liu lc chuyn ng trong nc nh mt loi cht huyn ph, mc
chuyn ng ph thuc vo kch thc v khi lng ring ca vt lc. Cc
ht lc tch ri khi nhau vi khong cch ln v chuyn ng hn lon trong
nc, ging tnh nng ca mt cht lng hoc kh v mt lu ng. H phn
ng c tn l dng lu th (trong pha kh cn c tn l dng tng si). Th tch
cha vt liu lc c th tng n 100%. Tng lu th to iu kin tip xc rt
tt gia c cht vi mng vi sinh vt nhng cng khng t ng kim sot
c dy ca mng vi sinh vt. Kim sot dy ca mng vi sinh c
tin hnh c lp nm ngoi khi phn ng: tch dng ra khi bnh phn ng,
s dng bin php khuy o lm bong mng vi sinh, cht mang c a
tr li bnh phn ng, bn c tch ra a ra khi h thng (hnh 7. 11).
K thut phn ng dng lu th c hiu sut x l tnh theo th tch cao
nht so vi cc k thut khc vi mt sinh khi hu hiu c th n 40
kg/m3. Tuy vy, vn hnh h thng hon ton khng n gin v kinh nghim
thit k cng nh vn hnh c tch ly cha nhiu. Tuy nhin tim nng s
dng ca k thut ny rt ln l iu khng nghi ng.
Bn
ra
vo
Hnh 7. 11. Phn ng dng lu th v bin php kim sot mng vi sinh vt.
gi cho trng thi chuyn ng ca vt liu lc, ngoi bin php s

dng dng chy mnh cn c th p dng bin php khuy c hc hoc sc
kh ging nh i vi h bn hot tnh, im khc nhau ch l trong khi phn
ng c mt ca cht mang vi nhim v c nh vi sinh vt. Vi s c mt ca
cht mang, qu trnh tch hn hp bn nc c thc hin d dng hn do
khi lng ring ca vt liu mang cha mng vi sinh ln hn.
~ 180 ~
Tuy nhin gi c chng dng huyn ph cn s dng nhiu nng
lng hn.
K thut phn ng dng lu th ang c tip tc hon thin v c p
dng trc ht cho ngun thi c nhim thp nhng i hi tiu chun
thi rt cao nh nc nui thy sn [48, 49, 50].
7. 2. 2. 7. a quay sinh hc.
a quay sinh hc l thit b c gn rt nhiu a hnh trn trn mt trc

quay. Vt liu ch to a l polyethylen hoc polyninyl clorua. Thit b a
quay sinh hc c t chm trong nc (40% tng din tch b mt) v quay
vi tc chm. Mng vi sinh vt hnh thnh trn mt a nha vi dy 1 -
4mm tng ng vi mt bn 2500 - 10000 mg/l trong k thut dng
huyn ph. Do chuyn ng quay, a cha mng vi sinh c tip xc vi c
cht (cht gy nhim) khi chuyn ng trong nc v tip xc vi oxy ca
kh quyn khi quay trong khng kh cc phn ng hiu kh xy ra. Tc ng
quay ca thit b cng l c ch kim sot dy ca mng vi sinh vt, loi b
sinh khi d tha bm trn a. Lng sinh khi bong ra khi a c tch
loi trong mt n v cng ngh lng th cp khc.
a quay sinh hc c s dng x l cht hu c (bc 2) hoc x l
hp cht nit (bc 3).
Mng vi sinh bm trn a c dng th nhm, cha t vi sinh vt dng si.
Din tch ring ca thit b (dng nha polyethylen) t 121 m2.m-3. Mi thit
b n l c kch thc: ng knh ti 3,7 m v chiu di ti 7,6 m, tng din
tch a trong mt thit b c din tch ti 9290m2. c im ni tri nht ca
loi hnh k thut x l a quay sinh hc l tit kim nng lng. Thit b a
quay sinh hc c s dng rng ri c v Thy S cho cc h x l qui
m nh, M dng cho tt c cc qui m khc nhau trong thp k 70.
Hiu qu x l ca thit b c xc nh bi cc yu t:
- Tc quay.
- Thi gian lu thy lc.
- Mc ni tip thit b.
- Nhit .
- T l phn din tch nm trong nc.
~ 181 ~
Vi cc loi nc thi c nhim thp, hiu qu x l tng khi tc
quay tng n 18 m/pht v khng ci thin hn khi tip tc tng tc quay
[23]. Tng tc quay to iu kin tng cng tip xc, thm kh, khuy trn
v v vy s tng cng hiu qu x l i vi nc thi c nhim nng,
tuy vy mc tiu th nng lng s tng theo. V vy cn cn nhc k v mt
hiu qu kinh t.
T l gia th tch nc thi v din tch b mt ca thit b cng l thng s
nh hng ti hiu qu x l: i vi nc thi sinh hot, hiu qu x l tng
khi t l trn t ti 0,0049 m3/m2, trn mc khng quan st c mc ci
thin.
Thit b a lc sinh hc thng c lp ni tip nhau, mi thit b c
lp t trong mt khoang ring bit (hnh 7. 12).
Lp t h thit b trong tng khoang ring bit to iu kin cho h x l
c tnh cht gn ging dng y l tng.
a quay Lng th cp
Lng
s cp Thi
Bn
Hnh 7. 12. H thng x l nc thi theo k thut a quay sinh hc.
Tng t hai ln bn khoang ring bit ci thin c hiu qu x l, tip tc

tng t mang li hiu qu thm. Hin tng trn lin quan n tnh cht ca
dng y l tng: tc phn ng tng th ca c h tng khi thc hin
nhiu giai on ni tip, trong thnh phn nc thi gm nhiu hp cht khc
nhau v vi sinh vt cc loi cng a cc cht khc nhau v vy mi khoang s
pht trin mt chng loi vi sinh c hiu no . Qu trnh nitrat ha thun
li cc giai on cui khi cht hu c (BOD) ch cn nng thp. Vi
nc thi c nhim cao hoc cha cc cht hu c kh sinh hy, h x l
c th lp t s thit b ln hn bn.
~ 182 ~
Ti Canada, 70% h thng trn c s dng x l BOD v 25% c
s dng x l kt hp gia BOD v hp cht nit [3].
Thit k h a quay sinh hc ch yu da trn kt qu nghin cu qui m
pilot v trong chng mc nht nh da trn m hnh ng hc c m
phng t qu trnh bn hot tnh. Thit k h a quay sinh hc ng mang li
hiu qu tt hn nhiu so vi cc k thut s dng mng sinh hc khc do c
trng ca t l F/M thp, thi gian lu thy lc di, kim sot c cc qu
trnh i tt.
Cc thng s cn c quan tm khi thit k h x l a quay sinh hc
gm: s giai on x l ni tip (khoang ring bit), thng s chu ti, c
trng thi (cp ) v nhu cu b lng th cp.
S khoang x l: xc nh s khoang x l l yu t khng th thiu ca h
thng x l. Cc khoang c th b tr ring bit (b ring ni vi nhau) hoc
b tr trong mt b ln c ngn cch theo kiu chy dch dc. Ti lng hu
c ca cc ngn sau thp hn ngn trc . Cn b tr thm nu vi mc ch
x l hp cht nit.
Vi h thng x l nh thit b quay c b tr song song dc theo dng
chy, c tch ri nhau trong tng khoang. Thit b c b tr vung gc
vi dng chy i vi h x l qui m ln. Np nc th cho h c th s
dng bin php phn dng hoc gim dn lu lng ( cc giai on cui).
Thng s chu ti. Ban u tiu chun chu ti ca h x l a quay sinh
hc c s dng l ti thy lc, sau t kinh nghim thc t thng s c
s dng l ti lng hu c: tng BOD trn mt n v din tch ca thit b
hoc BOD dng tan trn mt n v din tch. Trong trng hp nitrat ha th
s dng ti lng amoniac trn mt n v din tch.
Qu ti c th nhn bit thng qua vic xut hin mi hi hoc hiu qu x
l thp giai on u tin, thng xut hin vi sinh vt dng si v cc loi
vi sinh kh sunfat.
khc phc nn lm thng gia khoang mt v hai gim ti lng,
tng cng kh nng cp kh hoc tng cng cp kh cng bc, phn nh
dng vo hoc tng cng hi lu (pha long).
c trng thi hay mc tiu cn t ca h thng x l quyt nh tiu
chun thit k, v d ch x l BOD (bc hai), kt hp x l hp cht nit (bc
3). t mc tiu c th s dng mt s thng s: ti thy lc, ti hu c
~ 183 ~
(BOD tan, tng) hoc thi gian lu thy lc nh hng thit k (bng 7.
5).
kh nitrat (thiu kh) thit b quay c lp t ngp trong nc.
Thit b a lc sinh hc c cc nh sn xut ch to vi cc qui m khc
nhau to iu kin la chn thun li cho ngi s dng.
Th tch khoang lng c la chn ti u l 0,0049 m3.m-2 (t l th tch v
tit din tng ca a quay) tng ng vi 45,42 m3 cho mt thit b quay c
din tch 9290 m2. Trn c s s liu , thi gian lu thy lc l 1,44 gi cho
ti trng thy lc 0,08 m3.m-2.d-1.. Chiu su ca khoang lng thng l 1,52
m vi mc chm trong nc l 40%.
Bng 7. 5. Thng tin thit k ph hp vi mc tiu x l. [3].
Thng s Mc tiu x l
Bc hai Kt hp Nitrat ha
vi nitrat
ha
Ti thy lc (m3.m-2.d-1) 0,08-0,16 0,03-0,08 0,04-0,10
Ti lng hu c (kg.m-2.d-1)
- BOD tan 0,001-0,01 0,002-0,006 0,49.10-3-1,5.10-3
- BOD tng 0,001-0,017 0,007-0,014 0,0009-0,0027
Ti lng ti a cho khoang
u
- BOD tan (kg.m-2.d-1) 0,02-0,03 0,02-0,03 -
- BOD tng (kg.m .d )
-2 -1
0,04-0,06 0,04-0,06 -
Ti thy lc - 0,006-0,012 0,008-0,016
Thi gian lu thy lc (h) 0,7-1,5 1,5-4 1,2-2,9
BOD u ra (mg/l) 15-30 7-15 7-15
NH3 u ra (mg/l - <2 1-2
V d.
Mt ngun nc thi sinh hot c nng BOD tan l 150 mg/l, BOD tng
(tan + rn) l 250 mg/l cn c x l theo k thut a quay sinh hc. Tiu
chun thi theo BOD l 25 mg/l. Lu lng cn x l 2838 m3.d-1. Nhit x
~ 184 ~
o
l l 20 C. Mc dao ng lu lng cng nh ti hu c l 3,5. Hy tnh ton
thit k cho h x l trn.
Li gii.
1) - Xc nh din tch ca thit b quay.
t c tiu chun thi l 25 mg BOD/l th ti lng BOD tan s cn
khong: 0,0074 kg. m-2.d-1 (bng 7. 5).
Tit din thit b=(lu lng. nng BOD)/ti lng hu c
= (2838 m3.d-1. 0,15 kg. m-3)/0,0074 kg.m-2.d-1 = 57527 m2.
2) - Kim tra mc qu ti hu c.
- Mc dao ng ti lng hu c l 3,5.
- Ti lng hu c: (2838 m3.d-1.0,15 kg.m-3. 3,5)/57527 m2
= 0,026 kg.m-2.d-1.
So vi tiu chun ti lng ti a cho khoang u l 0,02-003 th gi tr
trn l chp nhn c.
Thit k theo m hnh ng hc.

M hnh ng hc p dng cho k thut a quay sinh hc cng tng t
m hnh i vi k thut bn hot tnh:
.S o S k .S
Q
(7-145)
A
Q: Lu lng thi.
A: Din tch.
So, S: Nng c cht ti u vo v ra.
k: hng s tc phn ng.
Vi loi nc thi c mc nhim dao ng ln th phng trnh c
s dng l [6, 22]:
.S o S k .
Q S
(7-146)
A So
Hiu qu x l BOD ti a Q/A(So-S) trong iu kin vn hnh c th (tc

quay, nng oxy...) ph thuc vo nng c cht ban u v kh nng
sinh hy ca c cht (hnh 7. 13).
40,7
Thiu oxy
mg.m-2.d-1
~ 185 ~
o-S)
20,35
k = 0,2856 m3.m-2.d-1
S (mg/l)
Hnh 7. 13. S ph thuc ca hiu qu x l vo nng c cht ban u

trong nc thi.
Hiu qu x l tng th qua nhiu khoang c nh ngha:

n
S 1
(7-147)
S o 1 k . A / Q
n l s khoang ni tip trong h x l. Rt c th xy ra tnh trng mt s

khoang (c bit l cc khoang u tin) d b thiu oxy nn cn phi kim tra
ti lng hu c ca tng khoang.
V d [22].
S dng k thut a quay sinh hc x l mt ngun thi c: lu lng
1900 m3.d-1, BOD ban u: 300 mg/l, tiu chun thi 20 mg BOD/l. Hiu qu
x l tra t hnh 7. 13.
Li gii.
Ti lng hu c ti a tng ng vi im m ti oxy s b thiu (hnh
7. 13). Gi tr ti lng hu c ti a t th 7. 13 l 40,75 mg.m-2.d-1.
Gi tr ti lng thy lc ti a c tnh t phng trnh (7-146) vi
lu l ti im oxy bt u thiu th S = Sr v
Q/A.(So-Sr) = [Q/A.(So-Sr)] max = k.Sr
Q Q / A.(S o S r )max
(7-148)
A S o Q / A.( S o S r )max / k
Trong mt h x l bao gm n khoang, hiu qu x l tng th c tnh:
~ 186 ~
n
Se 1
(7-149)
S o 1 k . A / Q
Se l BOD ra khi h x l (20 mg/l).
Q k
(7-150)
A S o / S e 1 / n 1
Tnh ti lng thy lc ti a t (7.148):
Q 40,75
0,26m 3 .m 2 .d 1
A 300 40,75 / 0,2856
Tnh din tch thit b cho tng khoang t (7-150) c lp thnh bng sau:
S th t Q/A Q/(A.n) A cho giai on n

khoang 3
m .m .d-2 -1 3 -2 -1
m .m .d .(giai on) -1 m2
1 2,037. 10-2 2,037. 10-2 930.000
2 9,943. 10-2 4,972. 10-2 385.000
3 19,68. 10-2 6,56. 10-2 288.000
4 29,71. 10-2 7,427. 10-2 255.000
5 40,75. 10-2 8,15. 10-2 232.000
So snh ti lng thy lc ti a vi ti lng ghi trong bng cho thy ti
giai on 4 (khoang 4) ti lng vt qu gi tr trn, v vy h ch c th b
tr ba thit b lc sinh hc.
7. 2. 2. 8. K thut t hp qu trnh x l hiu kh.
Trong nhng nm gn y, trong phng php x l hiu kh ngi ta rt

hay s dng bin php t hp (lai ghp) gia k thut dng huyn ph v
mng vi sinh nng cao hiu qu x l v hiu qu kinh t. L do chnh ca
s phi hp l cc h x l c tnh n nh cao v chu c s dao ng
ln ca phng php mng vi sinh v hiu qu x l tt ca k thut x l
dng huyn ph.
Cc h thng t hp chnh thng s dng l: Lc vi sinh hot tnh, lc nh
git phi hp vi tip xc cht rn, lc bong mng phi hp vi bn hot tnh
[11].
~ 187 ~
Do tnh phc tp ca h thng nn vic tnh ton thit k thng s dng
c trng ti lng hu c theo kinh nghim. c trng ch yu ca cc k
thut t hp trn c ghi trong bng 7. 6.
Lc vi sinh hot tnh (activated biofilter).

Lc vi sinh hot tnh ging k thut lc nh git, khc im l t b lng
bn hot tnh (sinh khi bong ra t cht mang) c hi lu tr li tng lc.
Thng thng ngi ta khng ghp thm phng php bn hot tnh vo h
mc d i khi ngi ta c sc kh thm cho hn hp nc va ra khi tng
lc trc khi vo b lng th cp.
Lng bn hi lu cn c kim sot sao cho gi c mt bn cao
trong tng lc. K thut t hp trn c mt s u im: hiu qu x l BOD
cao, kh nng chu ti hu c cao hn 4 - 5 ln so vi k thut lc nh git
thng dng.
Bng 7. 6. c trng chnh ca k thut t hp hiu kh [11].

Huyn ph
K thut t hp Ti lng Thi gian F/M Mt vi
thy lc lc lu t bo d gBOD/gSK sinh mg/l
nh git
Lc vi sinh hot thp khng xc khng xc 1500-4000
tnh nh nh
Nh git/tip xc thp 0,5-2,0 khng xc 1000-3000
nh
Bong mng/bn cao 2-5 0,5-1,2 1500-3000
hot tnh
Lc hot tnh cao 2-5 0,5-1,2 1500-4000
/bn hot tnh
Lc nh git/bn cao 4-8 0,2-0,5 1500-4000
hot tnh
Mc chu ti hu c nm trong khong 3,21 kg BOD.m-3.d-1 hiu qu x

l BOD t 60 - 65%.
Hiu qu x l tng th ca c hai qu trnh c tnh:
exp K T .(0,016 / W )
Se 0, 48
(7-151)
So
~ 188 ~
Se, So nng BOD ti u vo v ra khi h x l.
KT: hng s tc x l ti nhit T, KT = K20. T-20, K20 = 12,16; =
1,016 i vi nc thi sinh hot.
W: ti lng hu c (kg.m-3.d-1).
Vt liu lc thng dng l g, tng lc cao hn 4,27 m khng tng hiu
qu x l. Ti thy lc ti 88 m3.m-2.d-1 cng khng nh hng n hiu qu
x l.
- Lc nh git/tip xc cht rn (Trickling filter/solid contact process).
Qu trnh x l bao gm: lc nh git, b sc kh v lng th cp. Mt bin
hnh khc ca k thut trn l c hi lu bn t b lng v b sc kh. B lc
nh git c thit k sao cho hiu qu x l BOD t c 60 - 85%. Sinh
khi hnh thnh trong tng lc c tp trung ti b sc kh. Ti b sc kh,
thi gian lu thy lc thng nh hn mt gi tng cng kh nng keo t
v x l BOD. Do nng bn cao trong b sc kh nn b lng th cp nn
b tr theo kiu lng trung tm tng hiu qu keo t.
Hiu qu x l ca h trn c xc nh bi hai qu trnh: lc nh git v
trong b tip xc vi vi sinh (sc kh).
- Lc bong mng/bn hot tnh (Roughing filter/activated sludge process).
K thut tng t nh lc nh git phi hp vi tip xc cht rn tuy nhin
vi ti lng thy lc v hu c cao hn. u im ca k thut lc nh git l
chu sc tt v k thut bn hot tnh x l nt phn BOD d m giai on
trc cha x l c.
- Lc vi sinh/bn hot tnh (Biofilter/activated sludge process).
Ging k thut lc vi sinh hot tnh vi cng on thm l bn hot tnh
ghp ngay sau tng lc nh git. Bn hot tnh t b lng th cp c hi lu
tr li tng lc nh git. Ti lng hu c v thi gian lu thy lc tng t
nh i vi h lc bong mng/bn hot tnh. i vi b sc kh t l F/M
thng l 1,0 - 1,5, cao hn 4 - 5 ln so vi b sc kh (bn hot tnh) thng
dng, v vy th tch b sc kh ch cn khong 25% so vi h thng dng.
- Lc nh git/bn hot tnh (Trickling filter/activated sludge process).
H bao gm h nh git (km b lng th cp) khng hi lu bn v h bn
hot tnh c hi lu bn v b sc kh t b lng th cp th hai. H c s
dng ci to cc h bn hot tnh c ang hot ng bng cch lp thm h
lc nh git v quay vng mt phn nc sau khi x l qua b lc nh git
ang hot ng.
~ 189 ~
H trn cng c s dng nhm gim ti nhim ca nc thi hoc
vi mc ch nitrat ha.
7. 3. X l ym kh.
7. 3. 1. Qu trnh sinh ha.
i tng cht hu c c th x l vi k thut vi sinh ym kh gm hai

dng: dng tan v dng khng tan, v tng ng vi k thut x l bn (cht
rn) v x l nc thi (dng hu c tan). iu kin tip xc gia cht hu c
tan vi vi sinh vt thun li hn nhiu so vi cht hu c dng rn, v vy thi
gian lu thy lc cn cho qu trnh phn hy bn ln (n 60 ngy cho k
thut thng dng hoc ti 20 ngy i vi trng hp phn hy cng bc),
i vi mt s loi nc thi thi gian lu thy lc i khi ch cn ti di 10
gi trong nhng iu kin thch hp [24].
V l do , thit k h ym kh x l nc thi v bn ( bn, n nh bn,
x l sinh khi t cc h thng x l thi ra) i hi cc thng s k thut
khc nhau. Tuy vy bn cht qu trnh sinh ha trong c hai trng hp l nh
nhau.
Trong iu kin ym kh, tp on vi sinh ym kh gm nhiu loi m
nhim chc nng khc nhau, pht trin v phn hy cht hu c qua nhiu giai
on, to ra sn phm cui cng l kh metan, kh carbonic. Hiu qu x l ca
mt h vi sinh ym kh ph thuc vo cc iu kin [25]:
1) Bn cht ca cht hu c cn phn hy.
2) iu kin mi trng ca qu trnh phn hy.
3) Mt sinh khi hot ng (cn sng).
4) Hiu qu tip xc gia sinh khi vi cht gy nhim.
5) Cu hnh ca h x l, v d ghp ni tip nhiu b x l.
6) Thi gian lu thy lc ca h.
iu kin 6) tht ra l h qu ca nm yu t trn, cc iu kin lin quan
n mi trng v hot ng tng th ca h. Yu t 1) v 2) lin quan ch
yu ti c trng ca ngun thi, trong khi yu t 3), 4) v 5) lin quan ti cc
yu t thit k v vn hnh ca h x l. Cc yu t 1) n 5) nh hng n
tc ca qu trnh x l ym kh v xc nh qui m ca h.
~ 190 ~
chuyn ha t cc cht hu c c cu trc phc tp n dng kh metan
cn s tham gia ca nhiu nhm vi sinh vt theo phng thc k tip nhau
theo s trong hnh 7. 14 [26].
Giai on thy phn.

Trong giai on thy phn, cc hp cht hu c khng tan hoc c cu trc
phc tp c chuyn ha thnh dng tan v c phn t lng thp. Qu trnh
thy phn c vi sinh vt thc hin nh loi enzym ngoi bo (xem 5. 2. 1)
hoc thng qua cc phn ng thy phn ha hc. Protein c thy phn thnh
axit amin vi hp cht trung gian l cc dng (poly) peptid. Lipid c chuyn
ha thnh axit bo mch di v glyxerin. Hydrat carbon c chuyn ha
thnh ng. Qu trnh thy phn c th xy ra vi tc chm, c bit di
iu kin nhit thp (< 20oC) nn c th tr thnh yu t khng ch tc
ca ton b qu trnh [26, 27, 28, 29].
Hu c khng tan, protein,

hydrat carbon, lipit
21 40 39
5
34
Axit amin, ng Axit bo
66
34
Hp cht trung gian
20
propionat, butyrat, ...
11
20 23
35 11
12 8
Axetat Hydro
70 30
Metan
~ 191 ~
Hnh 7. 14. S phn ng sinh ha trong iu kin ym kh. S liu ch phn

trm COD ca tng giai on [26].
Giai on axit ha.

Trong giai on axit ha (acidogenesis), cc cht hu c tan hnh thnh t
qu trnh thy phn c vi sinh vt hp thu, chuyn ha thnh cc hp cht
hu c n gin hn nh axit bo d bay hi (mch hu c cha t hn 6
nguyn t carbon), ru, axit lctic cng vi cc thnh phn v c khc nh
CO2, H2, NH3, H2S. Qu trnh axit ha c thc hin bi nhiu nhm vi sinh
vt ln men, ch yu l loi ym kh v mt s t loi ty nghi thng qua phn
ng oxy ha kh vi cc cht oxy ha khng phi l oxy. S c mt ca oxy
s tr thnh yu t gy c i vi vi sinh ym kh.
Giai on axetat ha.

Cc sn phm hnh thnh t giai on axit ha c tip tc chuyn ha
thnh nguyn liu trc tip cho qu trnh metan ha: axetat, hydro, kh
carbonic. Nh trong s chuyn ha (hnh 7. 14) ch ra: 70% COD ca
ngun c chuyn ha thnh axit axetic v 30% cn li ca COD vi t cch
l cht cho in t c chuyn ha thnh nguyn t hydro.
Ph thuc vo trng thi ha tr ca cht hu c phn hy, axit axetic c
hnh thnh cng vi sn phm l kh carbonic hoc hydro [26]:
1 1 1
CxHyOz+ (4x-y-2z)H2O (4x+y-2z)CH3COOH+ (2z-y)CO2 (7-152)
4 8 4
Khi y < 2z
x 1
CxHyOz+ (x-z)H2O CH3COOH+ (y-2z)H2 (7-153)
2 2
Khi y > 2z.
Hai qu trnh trn thng xy ra ng thi nhng qu trnh sinh ra hydro
thng p o v s lng in t (trung bnh) ca mt nguyn t carbon trong
hp cht hu c c th cho thng ln hn 4. V vy sn phm ca qu trnh
axetat ha l axit axetic v kh hydro.
Giai on metan ha.
~ 192 ~
Metan ha thng l giai on chm nht ca qu trnh x l ym kh.
Metan hnh thnh do phn ng ca axit axetic hoc do kh kh carbonic vi
hydro c thc hin bi hai loi vi sinh acetotrophic v hydrogenotrophic [3,
26]:
CH3COOH CH4 + CO2 (7-154)
4 H2 + CO2 CH4 + H2O (7-155)
Vi sinh vt to metan t hydro v kh carbonic - loi hydrogenotrophic c

tc pht trin nhanh hn loi s dng axit axetic nn loi vi sinh
acetotrophic thng ng vai tr quyt nh tc ca c qu trnh.
Song song vi qu trnh phn hy cht hu c l qu trnh tng hp t bo
ca tt c cc nhm vi sinh c mt trong qu trnh x l. Trong ti liu, tin
li cho vic m t i khi ngi ta gp chung qu trnh axit ha v axetat ha
thnh giai on axit ha hoc gp c ba giai on u thnh giai on axit ha.
T c ch phn hy cht hu c trong iu kin ym kh cho thy:
- Thnh phn chuyn ha COD thnh hydro trong qu trnh axit ha v to
thnh metan ch l 30% thng qua nhm vi sinh hydrogenotrophic (xem s
7. 14). V vy t hiu qu x l COD cao cn to iu kin cho nhm
vi sinh acetogenotrophic pht trin thun li.
- Trong giai on axit ha, pH ca mi trng b gim do s hnh thnh axit
bo d bay hi v cc hp cht trung gian c tnh axit. Chng loi vi sinh to
metan ch pht trin thun li trong mi trng trung tnh, v vy chng s
tr nn km hot ng khi lng axit sinh ra d tha so vi lng tiu th
cho phn ng to thnh metan, ng ngha vi nng axit bo bay hi
(VFA) cao. iu c nhn bit trong thc t l xy ra hin tng chua
trong b x l ym kh. khc phc hin tng chua cn phi to ra th
cn bng gia hai qu trnh: axit ha v metan ha bng cch thc y hot
tnh ca vi sinh vt metan ha v duy tr iu kin m (h m axit
carbonic - bicarbonat - carbonat) hp l.
7. 3. 2. nh hng ca yu t mi trng.
Cc yu t mi trng nh hng n qu trnh x l ym kh gm: nhit

, pH, dinh dng (N, P) v c t. i vi nc thi sinh hot, ba yu t sau
thng thng it tc ng, chng thng c vai tr i vi cc loi nc thi
~ 193 ~
cng nghip c th. Nc thi sinh hot c mc nhim cht hu c
khng cao, cht dinh dng d tha, kim ln (h m cao) t lm thay i
pH v t khi cha c t i vi vi sinh vt ym kh (xem 2. 1. 1). Tuy vy c
t c tim nng i vi vi sinh l oxy ha tan c th lt vo h v sunfua
hydro (H2S, S2-) hnh thnh trong qu trnh x l.
nh hng ca nhit .
Nhit l mt trong nhng thng s vn hnh quan trng ca h x l
ym kh, c bit i vi nc thi c nhim cao.
Nhit ti a cho loi vi sinh ym kh mesophilic (a m) l 35 - 40oC v
cho loi thermophilic (chu nhit) l 55oC. Phn ln x l ym kh c thc
hin bi loi mesophilic.
T rt nhiu kt qu nh gi cho thy khong nhit ti u cho qu trnh
x l ym kh l 30 - 40oC [26].
Tc phn hy ym kh ph thuc vo nhit c nh gi thng qua
dng phng trnh Arrhenius:
vt = v30(1,11)(t-30) (7-156)
vt: tc phn hy ti toC

v30: tc phn hy ti 30oC
S dng phng trnh (7-156) tnh ton tc phn hy ym kh s cho gi
tr ti 20oC, 10oC l 35%, 12% so vi 100% ti 30oC.
Nhit khng ch nh hng n tc phn hy m cn nh hng ti
c hiu qu x l. Ti nhit thp, cc cht hu c dng khng tan d b hp
ph sinh hc vo sinh khi, chng khng tham gia vo qu trnh thy phn
nhng c thi theo bn nn lm tng hiu qu x l chung.
Do tc ng mnh ca yu t nhit , qu trnh x l vi sinh ym kh c
hiu qu cc vng c kh hu nng, t thch hp vi vng lnh [24, 25, 27].
nh hng ca pH.
Gi tr v s n nh ca pH trong x l ym kh c vai tr cc k quan
trng do chng loi vi sinh to metan ch hot ng tt trong vng pH = 6,3 -
7,8. Trn hoc di im pH tc phn hy cht hu c gim. Chng loi
vi sinh to axit t b chi phi bi pH v vy nn d sinh ra hin tng chua
trong b ym kh. Di iu kin pH thp, mt lot cc cht ha hc c tnh
kh (cht cho in t) tn ti trng thi d bay hi: axit hu c, hydro
~ 194 ~
sunfua dng trung ha... v gy mi, ti pH cao chng tn ti dng phn ly
t gy mi hi.
Thnh phn gy c
Ngoi yu t pH, mt lot cc hp cht khc cng c kh nng gy c i
vi vi sinh ym kh: kim loi nng, hp cht c - clo (t tn ti trong nc thi
sinh hot) nguy c cao nht l oxy ha tan, hydro sunfua v trong mt s
trng hp l amoniac [30, 31]. Oxy c th thm nhp vo h t nc thi
hoc do h khng kn. Hydro sunfua hoc sunfua hnh thnh trong qu trnh
x l do qu trnh kh (vi sinh) sunfat. Tuy nhin i vi nc thi sinh hot,
hm lng hydro sunfua (c th ti 50 mg/l) khng gy c cho vi sinh vt
[25].
7. 3. 3. Tnh c th ca qu trnh ng hc x l ym kh.
Phn 6 trnh by din bin ca qu trnh x l sinh hc chung cho cc

chng loi vi sinh tham gia vo qu trnh x l nc thi. Vi tng loi vi sinh
vt, cc h s ng hc c gi tr khc nhau th hin hot tnh ca chng: loi
vi sinh vt sn xut nhiu nng lng s c hiu sut sinh khi cao, hiu qu
x l tt km theo vi cc iu kin chng i hi; trong iu kin hn ch v
c cht, ng hc qu trnh c th m t theo dng Monod; bc ca phn ng
thay i theo nng ca c cht: bc khng khi nng cao v bc 1 khi
nng thp.
X l ym kh c nt c th ring: phn ng xy ra theo nhiu giai on k
tip nhau vi tc khc nhau. Trong trng thi n nh cc nhm vi sinh vt
thc hin cc chc nng khc nhau, pht trin v hot ng ph thuc vo c
trng ca ngun nc thi. Cc gi tr ng hc o c dng cho tnh ton
thit k h thng thng mang tnh cht c gi hoc nu c chi tit ha th
cng khng th p dng cho tnh ton v s phc tp ca m hnh ng hc s
dng tnh.
minh ha, chng ta s xem xt trng hp sau:
Henzen v Harrenmoes [32] xc nh c phn ln cc hng s tc
trong qu trnh x l ym kh vi nhiu loi i tng nc thi v trong cc
iu kin th nghim khc nhau. Mt s gi tr hng s ng hc c trnh
by trong bng 7. 7.
~ 195 ~
T gi tr ca bng 7. 7 cho thy: chng vi sinh axit ha v chng vi sinh
metan ha chuyn ha ti a c 13 g COD/g sinh khi hu hiu trong mt
ngy. Tc pht trin ca loi vi sinh axit ha t 0,15 g sinh khi/g COD
trong ngy, trong khi loi metan ha ch pht trin c 0,03 g/g COD trong
ngy. Khi 1 kg COD c chuyn ha s hnh thnh c 0,18 kg sinh khi
ca c hai loi trn, trong khi t l loi vi sinh axit ha chim khong 83%
v loi vi sinh metan ha chim 17%.
Bng 7. 7. Gi tr hng s ng hc ca vi sinh ym kh.
Loi vi sinh m Y k KS
(d-1) (gSK/gCOD) (gCOD/gSK.d) (mgCOD-1)
Vi sinh axit ha 2,0 0,15 13 200

Vi sinh me tan ha 0,4 0,03 13 50
T hp hai loi 0,4 0,18 2 -
Trong mt h x l, sinh khi trong h gm nhiu chng loi, nn khi tnh

ton theo tng s cho kt qu khc hn so vi s liu thu c t th nghim
vi mt loi vi sinh thun chng. Trong h ym kh ca v d trn kh nng
chuyn ha metan ca h s ch l 130,17 2 mg COD/mg sinh khi so vi
13 mg COD/mg sinh khi i vi loi vi sinh metan ha thun chng. Tht ra
din bin ca qu trnh cn phc tp hn rt nhiu nu ti cc yu t khc
c lin quan n mt sinh khi v cch xc nh n, v d:
- Trong sinh khi cn tn ti c mt phn cht v c, cht huyn ph c ngun
gc t nc thi hoc hnh thnh trong khi x l (v d CaCO3). T l ca
cc thnh phn v c khng nh, c khi chim n 50% i vi nc thi
sinh hot.
- Sinh khi cha mt lng cc thnh phn hu c dng tr, dng rn t ngun
nc thi do qu trnh hp ph hoc keo t gia vi sinh vt vi cc hp cht
trn. Do t l sinh khi ca tng loi vi sinh tnh theo hp cht hu c
bay hi (cht b chy khi nung ti 550oC) s gim i.
- Thng thng thi gian lu t bo ca vi sinh ym kh ln, ko theo l
qu trnh phn hy ni sinh din ra su m sn phm phn hy l cc hp
cht v c (khong ha), do t l cc chng vi sinh, c bit l loi axit
~ 196 ~
ha gim nhanh, do tc phn hy ni sinh ca vi sinh axit ha nhanh hn
so vi loi metan ha.
Do cc yu t trn, kh nng chuyn ha cht hu c ca vi sinh ym kh
i vi sn phm metan thp hn nhiu so vi loi metan ha thun chng, ch
t 0,05 - 0,5 g COD/g sinh khi hu hiu.
vi sinh vt c th pht trin cn phi cp cho chng mt lng c cht
ti thiu. Nng c cht ti thiu cn cp c th tnh c t mc pht
trin thc ca vi sinh:
.S
v g, m min k p . X (7-157)
K S S min
Smin l nng c cht ti thiu [xem biu thc (6. 10)].

Vi nng ti thiu, tc pht trin thc ca vi sinh vt bng khng, t
tnh ra c Smin:
Smin = KS. kp/(m - kp) (7-158)
Smin cng ng thi l nng c cht thp nht trong nc thi khi ra khi
h x l. Do nhiu qu trnh tham gia bi cc chng loi vi sinh vt khc nhau
trong x l ym kh nn nng c cht ti thiu trong nc khi ra khi h l
tng ca Smin t tt c cc qu trnh lin quan n x l ym kh (axit ha,
metan ha).
Nng c cht trong nc thi c x l tt nhin l cn cao hn nng
ti thiu, nh vi sinh vt mi c iu kin pht trin, tuy vy khng th
pht trin khng gii hn trong h x l ym kh. Kim sot mt sinh khi
c thc hin bng cch thi lng bn d, chnh l lng vi sinh vt pht
trin thc trong trng thi n nh. Lng bn d cn thi lin quan n hot
tnh ca vi sinh vt, tc l ph thuc vo thi gian lu t bo hay tui bn
[xem 6. 1. 5, 7. 2. 1. 1, 7. 2. 1. 2].
Mi quan h gia nng c cht trong nc thi sau x l vi cc thng
s ng hc qu trnh c th tnh t phng trnh (7-37):
m
S= (7-159)
( 1
c k p ) KS
Nng c cht sau khi x l ph thuc vo ba thng s ng hc th hin

bn cht ca qu trnh (m, kp, KS) v mt thng s vn hnh l thi gian lu t
~ 197 ~
bo c (xem hnh 7. 3). Di mt gi tr ti thiu i vi c, h x l khng
hot ng [biu thc (7-61), (7-62)].
Do tc pht trin ca vi sinh vt ym kh chm nn thi gian lu t bo
ln.
Do chng vi sinh metan ha c tc pht trin chm nht nn khi tnh
ton h x l ym kh dng huyn ph ngi ta c th tnh thi gian lu t bo
t hng s pht trin ring thc ca vi sinh vt metan ha ti nhit x l
[6].
c = 1/ (7-160)
: hng s tc pht trin ring thc ca chng metan ho ti nhit x

l.
iu kin pht trin ca vi sinh vt ph thuc chng nhng vo chng loi,
dinh dng m cn ph thuc vo nhit . S ph thuc ca thi gian lu t
bo vo nhit ca vi sinh metan ho c trnh by trong hnh 7. 15.
Thi gian lu bn (ngy)
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
o Nhit
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 C
Hnh 7. 15. S ph thuc ca thi gian lu t bo vo nhit [6].
T hnh 7. 15 cho thy thi gian lu t bo gim gn ging vi mi quan h

hm m khi nhit tng. Do s liu thi gian lu t bo kh tn mn nn
~ 198 ~
th khng c th hin l mt ng mnh m l mt khong gi tr i vi
mt im nhit .
V d: khi x l nc thi ma ng, t th nghim xc nh c l hng

s pht trin t bo thc ti 30oC l 0,05 d-1. Hy xc dnh thi gian lu t bo
cho h x l trn!.
Gii:
T (7-160) ta c:
c = 1/0,05 d1 = 20 d (ngy).
T hnh 7. 15 c tnh c thi gia lu t bo l 20 28 ngy. Vy gi tr
tnh c nm vng thp ca th.
Do tnh c th ca qu trnh x l ym kh nn vic tnh ton cc thng s

thit k trn c s m hnh ng hc gp nhiu kh khn, nu c cng phn
ln l s dng cc mi quan h theo kinh nghim.
7. 3. 4. Thit k h x l ym kh.
7. 3. 4. 1. Lch s pht trin v trin vng.
Mc d bn cht ca qu trnh phn hu cht hu c ca vi sinh vt trong

iu kin ym kh l nh nhau nhng khi tnh ton v thit k h x l ym kh
th c s phn bit gia x l bn thi hu c ( bn digestion) vi x l
nc thi do thnh phn tan trong nc thi ln. Do c th lng cht hu c
tan ln nn qu trnh x l i hi iu kin tip xc tt v khng di gia c
cht tan vi vi sinh vt, v vy thi gian lu thu lc v thi gian lu t bo c
s khc bit ln so vi trng hp x l bn.
X l bn hu c, dng phn hy c bit v s dng t rt lu nh qu
trnh phn trc khi bn cho cy trng v trong cc b pht dng trong cc
h gia nh. X l bn thi bng phng php ym kh c pht trin vo
cui th k th 19 Php. Mouras l ngi u tin thit k h x l bn ym
kh. l mt h kn khng (t) tip xc vi kh quyn, trong cc cht hu
c rn c ho lng. Vo nhng nm u th k 20, cc h x l bn ym
kh c tip tc pht trin: b pht ti Anh v b Imhoff c [11, 25].
~ 199 ~
c hai dng b ym kh, dng nc thi chy vo phn pha trn ca b,
vi sinh vt ym kh nm y b. Cc cht rn dng hu c lng xung y v
b phn hu. Trong b pht, hiu qu lng v gi li cc cht hu c khng tan
b gim do cc cht ni ln t y b hoc do cc kh sinh ra (kh carbonic, kh
metan). Hin tng trn c khc phc trong b Imhoff do cc cht rn
c lng khoang ring v kh sinh ra khng thm nhp vo khoang lng.
Thi gian lu thu lc i vi cht lng trong b bn l 1 2 ngy,
p ng cho qu trnh lng. H bn nh trn c th xem l k thut x l s
cp i vi nc thi kt hp vi phn hu (vi sinh) cht rn hu c.
X l nc thi s cp c phn hu bn nh s cng ngh trn c ng
dng rng ri trong thc t vo nhng nm gia hai cuc chin tranh th gii,
v d h thng b Imhoff c xy dng phc v cho 12 triu ngi c
[25]. Trong mt s trng hp kh metan hnh thnh c thu gom dng
lm nhin liu. M, vo nm 1935 h bn Imhoff c trin khai
Chicago, bao gm mt lot cc b Imhoff ni tip nhau vi cng sut x l ti
1,8 triu m3/ngy. Trong nhng nm tip theo, k thut x l ym kh khng
cn c thnh hnh nh trc v b thay th bi k thut x l hiu kh c
hiu qu cao hn (90 95% so vi ym kh ch t 30 50%).
Hiu qu x l BOD thp ca k thut ym kh trc ht do sai st v mt
thit k h thng x l: s tip xc gia thnh phn hu c tan vi vi sinh vt
m khi cha c nhn bit. Thi gian gn y, trong qu trnh nghin cu
ngi ta nhn thy: nu h x l ym kh c thit k ng cng mang li
hiu qu x l cao ngay k c vi thi gian lu thu lc ngn.
H thng x l nc thi ym kh ln u tin c xy dng ti an Mch
(1929) x l nc thi ch bin nm, h tn ti c khong 30 nm.
Mc d k thut x l ym kh c nhiu u im: gi thnh vn hnh r, c
th thu hi nhin liu, thch hp vi nc thi c nhim cao, th tch b
x l gim ng k trong iu kin m nng (s dng mt vi sinh cao, v d
ti 20 kg/m3) nhng k thut x l ym kh t c cho ti thp k 80,
thi im m k thut x l chy ngc qua lp bn ym kh (Upflow
Anaerobic Sludge Blanket UASB) c p dng trong thc tin. K thut
UASB, b lc dng lu th, hoc tng dn n (Expanded Granular Sludge Bed
EGSB) u c c trng l to iu kin tip xc tt gia cht nhim v vi
sinh vt cng nh duy tr mt vi sinh vt cao trong khi phn ng.
~ 200 ~
K thut phn ng ym kh ch yu c s dng x l nc thi cng
nghip c nhim cao, cc nh nghin cu hin nay ang c gng pht
trin k thut trn p dng cho nc thi sinh hot c nhim thp [24,
25, 27, 28, 33, 34].
Bin php x l ym kh ch c hiu qu loi b c cht hu c, hu nh
khng loi b c hp cht dinh dng khi s dng n c. Mt khc, cht
lng nc thi sau x l khng p ng c tiu chun thi (cha nhiu hp
cht c mi hi) v vy chng c coi l mt bc tin x l (bc s cp)
trong mt h thng x l tng th. H thng x l t hp gia ym kh v cc
k thut khc ang c tip tc nghin cu v pht trin [35 - 40].
7. 3. 4. 2. X l bn.
X l bn theo phng php ym kh c thc hin ch yu theo k thut

khuy trn u. Bn c x l c nhiu dng: cht hu c t qu trnh lng
s cp, sinh khi t qu trnh lng th cp (x l hiu kh) hoc sinh khi d
t qu trnh x l nc thi ym kh. Nhn chung l cc cht hu c dng
khng tan. Trong nc cc thnh phn hu c dng rn c tc lng thp do
khi lng ring nh, mt ca n trong mi trng nc khng cao, chim
khong 2 5%.
Bn di dng hn hp vi cht lng c a vo b theo phng thc
lin tc hay ngt on, lu gi trong b mt thi gian nht nh. Bn c
s gim hm lng cht hu c v vi khun gy bnh, tr nn bn trong mi
trng do ch yu l thnh phn hp cht v c, gim gy mi hi thi tip
theo.
C hai loi b thng dng: loi tiu chun v loi cao ti. Trong b
thng dng, khi bn v vi sinh vt khng c khuy o v gia nhit, thi
gian nm trong khong 30 60 ngy. Trong b cao ti, khi phn ng
c khuy trn v gia nhit nn thi gian lu thng ngn hn 15 ngy. Mt
bin hnh cng ngh khc cng c s dng l b hai giai on: b u l
loi cao ti, b sau c tc dng lu gi phn nc trong chy t b u sang
v lng cc cht huyn ph. Hai b c thit k ging nhau hoc b sau
khng y np.
Thit k b bn ch yu da trn kinh nghim thc tin, trn c s cc
thng s: thi gian lu t bo, ti lng hu c theo th tch, mc suy gim
~ 201 ~
th tch bn theo thi gian. Phng php tnh ton cc iu kin vn hnh
c trnh by trong cc ti liu chuyn mn, v d [3, 6, 25, 41, 42].
7. 3. 4. 3. H ym kh.
H ym kh l h x l m nc thi chy qua v bn lng xung y h.

H thng c din tch rng, khng c np y. Khuy o ca lp nc (2
5 m) c thc hin nh cc bt kh sinh ra t y cng nh cc yu t chuyn
khi cng bc khc nh gi, nh nng mt tri, chnh lch nhit . H ym
kh c s dng vi t cch l bc x l s b (s cp) ca c mt qu trnh
x l theo nhiu bc. Thi gian lu thu lc ca nc thi trong h cao hn
nhiu so vi x l s cp (lng s cp), thng l t 2 n 5 ngy. Hiu qu
x l BOD ca h ym kh ph thuc vo thi gian lu thu lc, nhit v
mc chu ti hu c.
Nghin cu i vi nhiu loi nc thi trong cc iu kin khc nhau v
nhit (19 32oC), thi gian lu thu lc (0,4 5,5 ngy), ti lng hu c
(0,023 0,8 kg. m-3. d-1), mi quan h gia hiu qu x l BOD v thi gian
lu thu lc c th hin:
E(%) = 1 2,4. 0,5 (7-161)
E l hiu qu x l BOD, thng t gi tr trong khong 50 - 70%. t

hiu qu cao hn, v d hn 80% cn thi gian lu thu lc cao hn, v d cn
ti trn 6 ngy [25].
Hiu qu x l BOD ca h ym kh kh cao c qui cho hai qu trnh:
lng cc cht huyn ph v mt phn cht hu c tan c phn hu nh qu
trnh khuy trn t nhin to iu kin tip xc tt gia vi sinh vt v cc cht
nhim.
Khi ti lng hu c thp, di 1000 kg BOD. ha-1. d-1 tng ng vi 0,1
kg BOD. m-2. d-1 th h ym kh s c xu hng tr thnh h tu nghi, tc l
hnh thnh vng hiu kh lp nc trn cng. Ti lng hu c do l mt
trong nhng iu kin duy tr iu kin ym kh hoc tu nghi.
7. 3. 4. 4. B lc ym kh.
Tc ca mt qu trnh x l ym kh kh chm do tc sinh trng ca

vi sinh vt thp, ko theo l th tch b x l cn xy dng ln. thc y
~ 202 ~
tc ca qu trnh c th tng nhit mt mc no v km theo l
tng chi ph vn hnh.
Gii php tng cng mt vi sinh c xem l bin php hu hiu nhm
tng cng hiu qu x l, gim gi thnh xy dng.
Bin php duy tr c mt bn cao trong khi phn ng c th thc
hin thng qua hai phng thc:
- S dng cht mang c nh vi sinh vt, vn hnh theo k thut tng tnh,
tng dn n hoc dng lu th (tng linh ng).
- Tch sinh khi ra khi mi trng phn ng v quay vng chng tr li khi
phn ng ging vi k thut bn hot tnh. Tch sinh khi ra khi khi phn
ng c th thc hin trong mt b lng tch ri ra khi b phn ng hoc s
dng chnh b phn ng lm b lng nh trong k thut chy ngc qua lp
bn ym kh (UASB).
S pht trin ca m hnh ng hc phn hu ym kh hin cha t ti
mc cho php tnh ton cc thng s thit k cho mt h x l hoc cn ti
qu nhiu cc thng s m c trng n nh ca chng thp [43], v vy thit
k h lc ym kh ch yu da trn kinh nghim hoc t kt qu nghin cu t
th nghim pilot.
K thut lc ym kh c s dng trong thc t ln u tin vo nm 1969
[25], k thut trn thch hp i vi nc thi cng nghip, loi nc c mc
nhim cao. i vi cc cht hu c d sinh hu, ti lng hu c ca b
lc ym kh c th t ti 10 20 kg BOD. m-3. d-1.
Mt trong nhng nhc im ca b lc ym kh l gi thnh ca vt liu
mang, i khi ngang gi xy dng ca b lc. H lc ym kh hu nh khng
c s dng x l nc thi sinh hot.
Trn c s nhiu th nghim v thc nghim pilot i vi h lc s dng
nhiu vt liu mang khc nhau, mc d s liu kh tn mn, ngi ta xc lp
c mi quan h:
lg(Se/Si) = - A lg + B (7-162)
E = 1 Se/Si = 1 B. ()-A (7-163)
Trong Si, Se l nng c cht ti u vo v ra khi h; A, B l cc

hng s kinh nghim; E l hiu qu x l. T cc s liu th nghim, nu thi
gian lu thy lc tnh theo gi th hiu qu x l c th tnh:
~ 203 ~
-0,5
E = 1 0,87 (7-164)
i vi h s dng k thut dng lu th, s dng ln u vo nm 1982

vi vt liu l ct mn, sau vi cc vt liu nh hn nh nha v than v
tng dn n vi mc tng th tch tng lc 10 20%, mi quan h gia thi
gian lu thu lc vi hiu qu x l c dng:
E = 1 0,56-0,6 (7-165)
Tnh n nh ca k thut dng lu th v tng dn n trong nhiu trng

hp l khng cao [25].
7. 3. 4. 5. K thut chy ngc qua lp bn ym kh.
K thut chy ngc qua lp bn ym kh (UASB) c Letttinga v cng

s ca trng i hc Wageningen pht trin vo nhng nm 1970, l k thut
c s dng rng ri nht hin nay ti cc vng nhit i v cn nhit i
trong x l nc thi c nhim hu c cao. K thut UASB ang c
tip tc nghin cu ph hp vi nc thi sinh hot trong iu kin kh hu
lnh [24, 27, 28].
B x l theo k thut UASB c cc c trng chnh sau: nc thi cn x
l c phn b u vo y b, ti mt khong chiu cao nht nh tn ti
mt lp sinh khi vi mt cao so snh c vi mt trong b lng ng
(lng trung tm). Trn lp bn l lp nc trong khng cha sinh khi v trn
cng l lp tch pha (rn - lng kh).
Do tng ca b c cu trc theo chiu nghing trong vng tch pha
(tng tit din), tit din dng chy tng v v vy tc dng gim s lm
tng kh nng lng ca sinh khi. i khi bn tch t trn b mt tng
nghing, khi ln s tch ra v ri xung vng lng. Vi cu trc ca b ym
kh nh vy h s duy tr c mt sinh khi cao m nc sau khi x l ra
khi h cha t bn. Khi kh ni ln mt nc s ko theo sinh khi, kh c
tch ra khi nc theo ng dic dc to ra dng ri to iu kin cho bn
lng.
Ti Brazil, rt nhiu h UASB nh khng c khoang tch pha nhm gim
chi ph xy dng (gi thnh xy dng khoang tch pha chim khong 50% gi
thnh xy dng), thay vo l cc b lng.
~ 204 ~
Hiu qu x l ca b UASB c tch pha v khng tch pha khc nhau
[25]:
Cho trng hp khng tch pha:
E = 1 1,53-0,64 (7-166)
Cho trng hp c tch pha:
E = 1 0,68-0,68 (7-167)
So snh hiu qu x l ym kh theo cc k thut khc nhau: h ym kh,

lc sinh hc, tng lu th, UASB khng tch pha (RALF) v UASB tiu chun
nhn thy c mi tng quan tuyn tnh gia logarit ca hiu qu x l v thi
gian lu thu lc [biu thc (7-162)]. Cc hng s kinh nghim A, B c ghi
trong bng 7. 8 cho cc trng hp trn.
Bng 7. 8. Hng s A, B cho cc k thut x l ym kh khc nhau vi hiu qu

x l 80%, nhit cao hn 20oC.
H A B i vi E = 80% (h)
UASB tiu chun 0,68 0,68 5,5
Lu th, dn n 0,60 0,56 5,5
Lc sinh hc 0,50 0,87 20,0
RALF 0,64 1,53 24,0
H ym kh 0,50 2,40 144,0
So snh cc dng k thut x l khc nhau trn nhiu phng din cho thy
k thut UASB l phng n tt hay c la chn.
Kinh nghim thit k h UASB cha nhiu, ch yu s dng c trng lu
thu lc xc nh th tch ca b phn ng ri t kim tra li ti lng
hu c ca qu trnh x l. i vi loi nc thi c nhim cao th ti
lng hu c c quan tm hn khi thit k h x l UASB.
Mc d c th tnh ton thi gian lu thu lc t cc mi quan h (7-166),
(7-167):
= [(1-E)/B]A (7-168)
~ 205 ~
song kt qu c tin cy khng cao v khng c mt c s l thuyt no lm
nn tng. Thng thng vi thi gian lu su gi l trong iu kin kh hu
nhit i v cn nhit i, vi vng kh hu lnh (10 12oC) thi gian lu
thu lc cn 12 14 gi [25].
Vi cc h x l c cng sut trn 1000 m3/ngy, h UASB thng c
thit k gm nhiu b hot ng song song nhm gim gi thnh xy dng v
linh hot trong vn hnh, v d khi phi sa cha mt b th b khc vn c th
hot ng. Ngoi th tch b UASB c tnh t thi gian lu thu lc, chiu
cao ca b l mt yu t thit k quan trng khc. Tiu ch la chn chiu
cao l hiu qu ca h x l v yu t kinh t. Chiu cao ca b cng ln th
din tch t s dng cng nh, thng thng gi tr ti u nm trong khong 4
6 m. Cao ca y b UASB cng l yu t cn xc nh, tt nht l mc
m dng vo khng cn phi bm. nhng a im cho php, gi thnh xy
dng c th gim nu b c xy dng theo kiu phn chm, phn ni. Trong
mi trng hp cn phng trnh b rng b nc ngm y ni ln.
Chiu cao ca b c tc ng trc tip n hiu qu x l cht hu c do
tc chy ngc ca dng nc do vy chiu cao ch nm trong khong gi
tr gii hn.
Tc chy ngc ca dng nc c tnh:
Q V H
vf = (7-169)
A .A
Trong vf l tc chy ngc [m. h-1]; A: tit din ca b [m2]. V: th
tch b [m3]; : thi gian lu thu lc [h]; H: chiu cao.
Do vf khng th qu ln (bn trn ra ngoi) cng nh qu nh (bn lng
xung y) nn chiu cao H ph thuc vo tc dng nc. Tc ln to
dng xoy ti cc vng u vo v tng cng kh nng tip xc.
Thng thng tc dng nc khng qu 1m. h-1, v vy nu thit k h
x l nc thi sinh hot vi thi gian lu l 6 gi th chiu cao ca b s
khng ln hn 6 m. Nu thit k vi > 6 gi th chiu cao ca b thp hn,
thng t 4 6 m v tc dng dng nh i theo t l thun.
Chiu cao ca b cng nh hng ti nng kh carbonic, tc l pH trong
b phn ng. B cng cao th kh carbonic cng kh thot ra khi h v v vy
pH cng gim.
~ 206 ~
Hai cu hnh ca b UASB c s dng trong thc t l hnh tr hoc khi
hp (ch nht, vung). Hnh tr c li th l n nh hn v mt vn hnh
nhng kh xy dng hn (t hn). Nu h c xy dng bao gm nhiu b
UASB th hnh khi hp s c a chung hn v c th s dng tng bao
chung.
Trong trng hp b c cu trc hnh khi hp cn xc nh t l gia chiu
di v chiu rng i vi khi hp ch nht. Chu vi ca hnh vung s nh
hn chu vi hnh ch nht vi cng din tch nn gi thnh xy dng s thp
hn. Chu vi ca hnh ch nht tng ng k khi t l di/rng cao hn 4: 1. Vi
chu vi l hnh trn, chu vi ca n s nh hn hnh vung khong 12% vi cng
din tch nhng ch c li th khi xy dng b n chic.
Phn b dng nc vo b cng l yu t quan trng. Thng thng nc
vo c phn b ti nhiu im khc nhau ti y b: mi im phn b cho
mt din 2 4 m2 vi nhit cao hn 20oC. Vi nhit thp hn, qu trnh
sinh kh v ho trn bn vi nc u vo b hn ch nn mi im phn b
ch ph trch c mt din tch 1 2 m2.
X l ym kh theo k thut UASB t hiu qu tt i vi nc thi c
nhim cao, thi tit nng m (trn 20oC). Nc thi sinh hot cng c th x
l theo k thut trn vi hiu qu thp hn, c bit khi nhit thp. Trong
trng hp c th p dng hai bin hnh cng ngh l s dng k thut tng
dn n v k thut UASB hai giai on.
K thut tng dn n (expanded granular sludge bed, EGSB).

Mt c trng quan trng ca qu trnh UASB l dng tp hp sinh khi:
sinh khi keo t thnh ht c kch thc 1 5 mm, ht keo t c khi lng
ring cao, c, bn c hc ln, chng c tc lng nhanh v hot tnh
metan ho ln. Loi ht keo t trn ch hnh thnh thun li trn nn cht hu
c tan v vy lin quan n mi trng ca khi phn ng v c trng ca
nc thi. Mt h UASB thng dng khng c kh nng to ra cc ht keo t
c tnh cht trn mc d c hiu qu x l tt, chng t chng khng phi l
iu kin tin quyt i vi hiu qu x l ca h.
c c sinh khi vi mt cao, khng b ra tri trong iu kin tc
dng dng ln (to iu kin tip xc tt gia cht nhim v sinh khi)
ngi ta c th s dng k thut tng dn n vi tc dng nc 6 12 m. h-
1
.
~ 207 ~
Trong iu kin tc dng nc dng ln, iu kin tip xc tt nn k
thut trn c th p dng c cho loi hnh nc c nhim thp (cht
hu c dng tan) v nhit khng cao (di 12oC). Hiu qu x l i vi
cht hu c dng rn, huyn ph khng cao v d b tri ra ngoi theo dng
nc.
X l ym kh hai giai on.

i vi loi nc thi cha nhiu cht hu c khng tan c th s dng k
thut x l ym kh hai giai on (ni tip). Ti ngn u tin cc cht rn
khng tan c gi li v thu phn (mt phn) thnh dng cht tan v vy nn
duy tr tc nc dng tng i chm. Trong b u hu nh ch xy ra qu
trnh thu phn v axit ho, vi khun metan ho c mt thp. Qu trnh axit
ho din ra kh mnh trong b u dn n gim pH. Do tch ly cht rn v
ch mt phn b thu phn nn lng bn tch t cao, tn xut thi bn mau
hn, tui bn thp (thi gian lu t bo thp) ng ngha vi mt thp ca
loi vi sinh metan ho. Do nc ra khi b u cha ch yu cht hu c tan
nn b tip sau c th s dng k thut tng dn n x l [44, 47].
K thut chy ngc qua nhiu ngn ym kh.

Gn nh ng thi vi k thut UASB, k thut x l chy ngc qua
nhiu ngn ym kh (Anaerobic Baffled Reactor ABR) do cc nh khoa hc
ca trng Standfort pht trin cng c nghin cu v p dng.
Nc thi c dn vo cc b x l ni tip nhau theo chiu dng chy t
di ln thng qua cc ngn ph (hnh 7. 16)
Hnh 7. 16. S k thut x l chy ngc qua nhiu ngn ym kh.

Mc d k thut ABR t c s dng cho cc h x l qui m ln (nhiu
chc ngn m3/ngy) nhng n c rt nhiu u im so vi cc k thut x l
khc v cc phng din xy dng, duy tr sinh khi v vn hnh [45].
Li th v mt xy dng th hin: thit k n gin, khng s dng cc
thit b c kh, gi thnh h, d xy dng, th tch hiu dng cao, t b tc.
~ 208 ~
Li th v duy tr sinh khi: bn c kh nng lng tt, lng bn sinh ra
thp, thi gian lu t bo cao, khng s dng cht mang hoc khoang lng
ring.
Li th v mt vn hnh: thi gian lu thu lc thp, c th s dng
phng thc lin tc hoc ngt qung, chu c sc v ti lng thu lc v
hu c, phng nga c cc yu t gy c t ngun vo v t phi x l
bn.
V bn cht ca qu trnh, li th ni tri ca k thut ABR l kh nng
tch, ngn cch v mt khng gian gia loi vi sinh axit ho v metan ho vi
tnh nng ca k thut x l hai giai on m khng phi p dng cc gii
php kim sot t tin. Vi gii php ABR c th tch lu loi vi sinh axit ho
b u v vi sinh metan ho cc b sau ti bn ln ln hn so vi cc k
thut khc [45]. To iu kin mi trng (v d pH) thun li ti cc b x l
khc nhau cho tng chng loi vi sinh pht trin l mt trong nhng u
im ng k ca k thut ABR.
Thit k h x l ABR thng theo tiu chun ti lng hu c, vi giai
on khi ng thp (khong 1,2 kg COD. m-3. d-1) v tng dn theo thi gian,
t mt gi tr no i vi tng loi nc thi [45. 46].
Tc dng nc trong tng b x l c iu chnh sao cho bn khng
b lng v khng (hoc t) b trn sang b tip theo, tc l ph thuc c vo
lng kh sinh ra t qu trnh x l, thng nm trong khong 0,6 1,5 m. h-1.
Phn b nc vo y b cn u trnh to ra cc gc cht v trnh tch
t bn vo mt s vng ca din tch y b. Phn b khng u lm gim
hiu qu x l ca k thut ABR.
Nguyn tc x l hp cht nit, photpho bng
8 phng php vi sinh.
Trong mi trng nc, hp cht nit tn ti ch yu dng amoni,

amoniac, nitrat, t hn dng nitrit v trong hp cht hu c. Thnh phn
c xem l bn i vi trng v khng gy hiu qu xu cho mi trng l
kh nit.
X l hp cht nit trong nc thi vi mc tiu cao nht v phng din
cng ngh l chuyn ha chng v dng kh nit.
~ 209 ~
Nhn chung, tt c mi loi nc thi u cha hp cht nit v hp cht
hu c dng carbon, vi mt t l C/N no .
Trong qu trnh x l nc thi bng phng php vi sinh, mt lng cht
hu c v dinh dng c s dng xy dng t bo, mt lng c cht
c vi sinh vt s dng sn xut nng lng thng qua cc phn ng sinh
ha. T l gia lng c cht tham gia xy dng t bo vi lng c cht tham
gia phn ng sinh ha ph thuc vo hiu sut sinh khi ca qu trnh : hiu
sut sinh khi ca vi sinh d dng hiu kh t 60 - 70%, trong khi hiu sut
sinh khi ca vi sinh d dng ym kh ch khong 5%. Thnh phn carbon,
nit v photpho trong t bo ca cc loi vi sinh l gn ging nhau: 50% C,
14% N v 3% P tnh theo khi lng kh [xem phn 5, bng 5. 3)]. Do hiu
sut sinh khi ca cc loi vi sinh l khc nhau (cc qu trnh x l khc nhau)
nn lng cht dinh dng cn thit cho mt qu trnh x l cng khc nhau
khi tnh theo nng ca chng trong nc thi.
Trong cc ti liu chuyn mn v x l nc thi theo phng php bn
hot tnh, t l gia BOD/N/P trong nc thi cn x l c xem l cn i
khi n t gi tr 100/5/1. T l ny c a ra trn c s: hiu sut sinh khi
ca vi sinh d dng hiu kh (v d 0,6 kg SK/kg BOD), t l C/BOD, thnh
phn C, N, P trong t bo v tc qu trnh phn hy ni sinh (tiu hao cht
hu c, hnh thnh amoni). Vi cc qu trnh khc (ym kh, thiu kh), hiu
sut sinh khi thp hn nn t l cn i gia BOD/N, BOD/P s cao hn.
Trong mt ngun thi, t l BOD/N > 20 v BOD/P > 100 ng ngha vi
ngun thi thiu dinh dng (N, P) cho qu trnh x l bn hot tnh, khi
cn phi b xung N, P cho h. Nc thi thiu dinh dng thng l loi
nc thi ch bin nng sn, ma, ng, bia, ru.
Khi t l BOD/N < 20, BOD/P < 100 th ngun thi s tha thnh phn
dinh dng, lng d tha l lng cn li sau khi vi sinh vt s dng
xy dng t bo. Nc thi t cc qu trnh ch bin thy sn, git m gia sc,
thuc da, nc thi sinh hot... thuc loi d dinh dng cho qu trnh x l
hiu kh (v ng nhin cng d tha nhiu hn cho cc qu trnh khc).
Trong mt ngun thi, khi h thng x l hot ng, lun tn ti nhiu
chng loi vi sinh c kh nng cng sng trong mi trng (v d loi vi sinh
hiu kh t dng hoc d dng, vi sinh vt ym kh ln men cht hu c
hoc kh sunfat). T l ca cc loi vi sinh vt trong c qun th trong giai
on n nh ph thuc trc ht vo c trng nhim ca nc thi. Trong
~ 210 ~
cng iu kin mi trng hiu kh, t l loi vi sinh vt hiu kh d dng
(oxy ha cht hu c) vi loi vi sinh hiu kh t dng (oxy ha amoni) ph
thuc vo t l BOD/N ca ngun nc thi (bng 8. 1).
Bng 8. 1. T l vi sinh t dng (%) trong cc h x l hiu kh c c trng

BOD/TKN khc nhau (TKN l hp cht nit Kjehdahl gm amoni v nit
trong hp cht hu c [1].
T l Vi sinh t T l Vi sinh t
BOD/TKN dng (%) BOD/TKN dng (%)
0,5 35,0 5 5,4
1 21,0 6 4,3
2 12,0 7 3,7
3 8,3 8 3,3
4 6,4 9 2,9
Trong qu trnh oxy ha mt giai on - x l ng thi BOD v amoni, t

l vi sinh t dng trong sinh khi c th xc nh thng qua hm lng
amoni v BOD c loi b [4].
0,16 NH3 (loi b)
R=
0,16 BOD (loi b) + 0,16 NH3 (loi b)
T l trn c tnh t hiu sut sinh khi ca vi sinh t dng (0,16) v
ca vi sinh d dng (0,6) trong giai on hot ng n nh ca mt h x l.
Kh nng pht trin ca loi vi sinh t dng hiu kh thp hn nhiu so
vi loi d dng hiu kh, v vy khi t vn x l hp cht nit i vi
mt ngun nc thi no th vn x l cht hu c (BOD) ch l i
tng th yu. Trong phn ln cc trng hp, khi h x l gii quyt c
hp cht nit th ng thi gii quyt xong i tng cht hu c, iu
ng ngha vi qu trnh x l hp cht nit i hi nhng iu kin cao hn
nhiu so vi x l hp cht hu c.
8. 1. Qu trnh oxy ha amoni.
X l amoni theo phng php vi sinh vt thnh hp cht bn l N2 tri qua

chng ng vng: oxy ha hp cht nit c ha tr -3 (NH3, NH4+) ln ha tr
~ 211 ~
- -
+3, +5 (NO2 , NO3 ) ri sau li kh t ha tr dng v ha tr khng (N2)
ch khng th oxy ha trc tip t ha tr -3 v ha tr khng.
Oxy ha amoni vi tc nhn oxy ha l oxy phn t cn c tn gi l nitrat
ha, c hai loi vi sinh vt thc hin k tip nhau:
NH4+ + 1,5 O2 NO2- + 2 H+ + H2O (8-1)
NO2- + 0,5 O2 NO3- (8-2)
NH4+ + 2 O2 NO3- + 2 H+ + H2O (8-3)
Phn ng (8-1), (8-2) c thc hin do chng vi sinh vt Nitrosomonas v
Nitrobacter sn xut nng lng. Nng lng thu c t hai phn ng trn
hoc t tng ca hai phn ng (8-3) rt thp: 57 kcal/mol cho phn ng hnh
thnh nitrit v 19 kcal/mol cho phn ng hnh thnh nitrat [5], thp hn nhiu
khi so snh vi phn ng oxy ha cht hu c do vi sinh vt hiu kh d dng
thc hin: nng lng thu c t phn ng oxy ha axit axetic l 207
kcal/mol. chnh l l do dn n hiu sut sinh khi ca vi sinh t dng
thp hoc tc pht trin ca chng chm.
T phn ng (8-3) cho thy: oxy ha 1 mol NH4+ cn 1 mol oxy, tng
ng vi 4,57 g oxy/g nit trong hp cht amoni (NH4-N). Phn ng oxy ha to
thnh nitrit (8-1) sinh ra H+: oxy ha 1 mol amoni to ra 2 mol H+. Trong mi
trng nc thi, pH thp hn 8,2 th kim ca nc chnh l do s c mt
ca ion bicarbonat, HCO3-. Ion bicarbonat phn ng vi H+ sinh ra t phn
ng, to ra axit carbonic c tc dng km hm mt phn mc suy gim pH
ca mi trng, ni cch khc l bicarbonat c vai tr cht m ca h. Lng
bicarbonat tiu hao l 122 mg/2 mol H+, tng ng vi 8,6 g HCO3-/g NH4-N
hoc nu kim tnh theo CaCO3 th gi tr trn s l 7,14 g CaCO3/g NH4-N
(50 g CaCO3 tng ng vi 61 g HCO3-).
Phn ng ha hc (8-1), (8-2) ch m t phn ng t lng ca amoni vi
oxy do vi sinh vt thc hin nhm sn xut nng lng duy tr s sng v
pht trin. Nitrosomonas v Nitrobacter thuc loi vi sinh vt t dng, chng
s dng ngun carbon v c (ch yu l HCO3- v CO2) cng vi cc cht
dinh dng (N, P, vi lng...) xy dng t bo. Thnh phn nit c a
chung nht xy dng t bo l amoni. Thnh phn oxy trong t bo
(C5H7O2N) c ly t CO2 hoc HCO3-. Nu ly hiu sut sinh khi ca c
hai loi vi sinh trn l 0,17 g/g NO3-N to thnh th phn ng tng th ca qu
trnh oxy ha amoni thnh nitrat s l [2]:
~ 212 ~
1,02NH4 +
+ 1,89O2 + 2,02HCO3- 0,021C5H7O2N
-
+1,06 H2O + 1,92H2CO3 + 1,00NO3 (8-4)
T l tiu hao oxy v kim trong phn ng (8-4) khng khc nhiu lm
so vi phn ng (8-3) do hiu sut sinh khi ca vi sinh t dng thp.
Oxy ha amoni gm hai phn ng k tip nhau nn tc oxy ha ca c
qu trnh b khng ch bi giai on c tc chm hn. T cc kt qu
nghin cu cho thy tc pht trin ca Nitrosomonas chm hn so vi loi
Nitrobacter v v vy nng nitrit thng rt thp trong giai on n nh,
chng t rng giai on oxy ha t amoni thnh nitrit l bc quyt nh tc
phn ng oxy ha i vi mt h x l hot ng bnh thng. V l do ,
trong khi tnh ton theo m hnh ng hc ngi ta ch s dng cc thng s
lin quan n loi vi sinh Nitrosomonas c trng cho qu trnh oxy ha
amoni (hai loi vi sinh t dng trn c tn chung l Nitrifier).
Tc pht trin ca vi sinh vt t dng tun theo qui lut ng hc
Monod (xem phn 6. 1) i vi tng yu t nh hng hay i vi tng loi
c cht cn thit cho vi sinh vt.
Hai yu t (c cht) c nh hng quan trng n tc sinh trng ca vi
sinh t dng l nng amoni v oxy ha tan, chng tc ng ln tc sinh
trng ca vi sinh theo dng qui lut hm Monod:
S N DO
m . . (8-5)
S N K N DO K DO
, m: Hng s pht trin ring v cc i ca vi sinh t dng. SN l nng

amoni, DO l nng oxy ha tan, KN, KDO l hng s bn bo ha ca
amoni v ca oxy.
Trong phng trnh (8-5) cha ba thng s ng hc m, KN v KDO. Gi tr
ca c KN v KDO thu c t thc nghim bin ng trong khong rng: KDO
nm trong khong 0,15 - 2,0 mg O2/l, KN t 0,256 - 1,84 mg NH4-N/l. Mt
khc cc gi tr hng s bn bo ha cng ph thuc vo nhit , v d: i
vi loi Nitrosomonas:
KN =0,4. e 0,118(T 15 )
o
(8-6)
Gi tr KN gim khi nhit gim. Do s tn mn ca gi tr KN nn trong

tnh ton thit k c th chp nhn gi tr 1,0 mg N/l cho KN ti 20oC hoc thp
~ 213 ~
hn. Gi tr KDO c th chp nhn l 1 mg O2/l [2] hoc vi gi tr kh c
trng l 0,4 [3].
Gi tr KDO t cc th nghim khc nhau nm trong khong 0,15 - 2,0 mg/l,
l s liu c tnh tn mn rt cao, nu ch ti qu trnh x l bn hot
tnh, nng oxy ha tan thng ch c duy tr 2 - 3 g/m3. Nu chp nhn
gi tr KDO = 2 mg/l hoc 0,15 mg/l th kinh nghim x l theo phng php
bn hot tnh vi s liu DO l khng th chp nhn: hoc qu thiu khi KDO =
2 mg/l hoc qu tha khi KDO = 0,15 mg/l.
Nguyn nhn ca hin tng trn lin quan ch yu n cu trc ca cc
tp hp keo t vi sinh vt v qu trnh khuych tn ca oxy trong [2, 3].
Nng oxy trong hn hp bn - nc khc vi nng oxy trong tp hp
keo t, ni cc phn ng oxy ha cht hu c v amoni xy ra. Tng nng
oxy trong nc s thc y dng khuych tn trong tp hp vi sinh nhng
thng tc tiu th oxy trong tp hp keo t ln hn lng oxy do dng
khuych tn mang li, ni cch khc qu trnh khuych tn ca oxy khi
ng vai tr quyt nh tc phn ng. Nng oxy trong tp hp keo t b
chi phi bi mt lot cc yu t: kch thc, hnh dng, khi lng ring ca
ht keo t, tc khuy trn ca hn hp, nhit ca khi phn ng, tc
sinh trng v phn ng sinh ha xy ra trong .
Thnh phn vi sinh vt trong tp hp ht keo t bao gm c loi vi sinh d
dng v t dng, loi d dng c tc tiu th cht hu c, oxy v amoni
( xy dng t bo) nhanh hn so vi loi t dng v v vy s pht trin
ca loi t dng b hn ch v do vy gi tr KDO s cao.
Thi gian lu t bo (tui bn) ca cc h x l bn hot tnh thp do tc
oxy ha BOD cao, tc dng khuych tn ln v v vy khng cn thit
phi duy tr nng oxy cao trong nc. Ngc li i vi qu trnh nitrat
ha, thi gian lu t bo thng ln, lng oxy tiu th trong cc ht keo t
thp v v vy nng oxy trong kh cao (so vi oxy ha BOD). duy tr
tc oxy ha amoni cao, cn tng cng nng oxy trong nc tng
ng lc qu trnh khuych tn, v vy gi tr KDO cao. Hin tng quan st
c l khi oxy ha ng thi BOD v amoni trong cng mt h th tc oxy
ha amoni chm hn so vi h oxy ha hai giai on ph hp vi gii thch
trn.
nh hng ca nhit
~ 214 ~
Nhit cng nh hng n tc pht trin ca vi sinh t dng: tng
khi nhit tng. T thc nghim xy dng c mi quan h gia m v
nhit theo cc loi tng quan nh lng khc nhau v v vy s thu c
cc gi tr khc nhau. Mt trong nhng hm tng quan hay c s dng l
phng trnh Downing:
m 0,47. exp[0,098(T-15)] (8-7)
T: nhit (oC).
nh hng ca pH
S ph thuc ca tc sinh trng vo pH ca mi trng c
nghin cu rt k: pH ti u cho qu trnh nm trong mt khong kh rng
xung quanh pH = 8 (7,6-8,6), pH < 6,2 hoc pH > 10 c ch hu nh hon
ton qu trnh hot ng ca vi sinh vt.
Trong vng pH m vi sinh t dng hot ng, nh hng ca pH ln hng
s pht trin ring cc i theo t l ti im ti u so vi cc im khc (t l
R, gi tr cao nht l 1) c tnh:
R = 1 - 0,83(7,2 - pH) (8-8)
Biu thc (8-8) ch l mt trong nhiu phng trnh m t nh hng ca

pH c th s dng tnh ton.
nh hng ca c t
Nh cp phn trn, trong hai loi vi sinh t dng tham gia vo qu
trnh oxy ha amoni th loi Nitrosomonas c tc sinh trng chm hn
loi Nitrobacter vi hiu sut sinh khi nm trong khong 0,05 - 0,29g SK hu
hiu/g NH4-N (0,15 l gi tr thng dng tnh ton thit k) [3].
Thng thng loi vi sinh vt c tc pht trin chm th c sc sng v
chu ng hon cnh bt li ca mi trng tt hn loi pht trin nhanh, v d
loi vi sinh vt ym kh c kh nng chu ng tt hn loi hiu kh. Tuy vy,
so vi loi vi sinh vt d dng, loi t dng c sc chu ng thp hn,
chng b c ch hoc mt kh nng hot ng do tc ng ca nhiu loi c
t: mt s h cht hu c, kim loi nng. Cc c t i vi vi sinh t dng
c th ch c tc ng c ch hoc tiu dit chng ph thuc vo dng c th
v nng . Mt lot cc hp cht hu c tng hp c c tnh cao i vi vi
sinh t dng l: hp cht phenol, hp cht cha clo, hp cht nit. Liu gy
cht LC-50 kh thp i vi Nitrosomonas. V d LC-50 i vi
~ 215 ~
Nitrosomonas ca methylen chlorid: 1,2 mg/l; chloroform: 0,48 mg/l; 1. 1. 2.
2. tetrachloroethan: 1,4 mg/l; trichloromethylen: 0,81 mg/l; 1. 3
dichloropropen: 0,67 mg/l; 5 chloro-1 pentyne: 0,59 mg/l v c bit l 2-
chloropropionic axit: 0,04 mg/l. Mc chu ng cc hp cht trn ca loi
vi sinh d dng cao hn nhiu ln, t vi chc n mt ngn ln ln hn [3].
nh hng ca mt s anion nh sau: vi nng florua 100 mg/l s lm
gim qu trnh nitrat ha 80%. Sunfat vi nng ti 50 mg/l khng gy nh
hng. Clorua c nh hng kh mnh, tc oxy ha amoni gim gn nh
tuyn tnh khi nng clorua tng trong khong 40 n 70 mg/l. Tc nitrat
ha gim ti 60% khi nng nitrit NO2--N nm trong khong mt vi trm
mg/l ti pH = 8 [3, 22].
Trong trng hp nc thi cha cc cht hu c gy c c th s dng
than hot tnh dng bt hp ph cc c t nhm lm gim tc ng c hi
ca chng hoc c th p dng gii php x l hai giai on trong giai on
u tp trung vo x l cht hu c.
Kim loi nng vi nng : Ni (0,25 mg/l), Cr (0,25 mg/l), Cu (0,1 - 0,5
mg/l) c ch hon ton kh nng hot ng ca Nitrosomonas. Xianua l loi
c t mnh, tnh c tng cng vi nng : vi nng 0,1 - 0,2 mg/l hiu
qu oxy ha amoni gim ti 50% v c ch hon ton trong vng nng 0,6
- 0,7 mg/l [3].
Mt c trng rt ng ch v c tnh i vi vi sinh t dng l
amoniac v axit nitr dng trung ha - sn phm v nguyn liu ca chnh
qu trnh oxy ha. C Nitrosomonas ln Nitrobacter u b c ch bi hai hp
cht trn, tuy nhin Nitrosomonas t b nhy cm bi amoniac hn so vi
Nitrobacter. Trong qu trnh oxy ha nitrit thnh nitrat Nitrobacter b c ch
vi nng amoniac (trung ha) trong khong 0,1 - 1,0 mg NH3-N/l, cn
trong qu trnh oxy ha amoni thnh nitrit Nitrosomonas b c ch vi nng
amoniac 5 - 20 mg NH3-N/l [2]. V vy i vi loi nc thi c nng
amoni ln v pH cao, loi Nitrobacter s b c ch mnh, kh nng oxy ha
n nitrat b hn ch, nng nitrit tch ly cao. i vi nc thi sinh hot,
c tnh ca amoniac khng ng k do nng khng ln v pH khng qu
cao, ch xung quanh im trung ha. Vi cc loi nc thi cng nghip c
hm lng amoniac cao v pH ln th nguy c nhim c ca vi sinh t dng
bi amoniac d xy ra, khi vic kim sot pH l cn thit hoc p dng x
~ 216 ~
l hai giai on vi pH ti mi giai on l khc nhau nhm tch ring hai loi
thc hin qu trnh oxy ha amoni.
Ngc li vi amoniac l loi baz yu, axit HNO2 l loi axit yu, tn ti
dng trung ha khi pH thp v ch th hin c tnh ti vng pH thp.
Oxy ha amoni thnh nitrit ti pH thp b c ch mnh hn so vi oxy ha
nitrit thnh nitrat do s c mt ca axit nitr dng trung ha. Vi nng oxy
tan cao, mc tch ly ca nitrit gim.
nh hng ca amoniac, nitrit v pH ln hiu qu hot ng ca
Nitrobacter c ghi nhn khc nhau i vi cc h quan st v c trnh by
trong bng 8. 2.
Bng 8. 2. Nng amoni/amoniac (tng), nitrit c tc dng c ch

Nitrobacter [2].
pH NH4-N (mg/l) NO2-N (mg/l)

6,0 210 - 2100 30 - 330
6,5 70 - 700 88 - 1050
7,0 20 - 210 260 - 3320
7,5 7 - 70 -
8,0 2 - 20 -
c ch qu trnh oxy ha amoni do c t thng xy ra i vi nc thi
cng nghip, do s c mt ca cc hp cht c hi dng hu c hoc v c.
x l mt ngun nc thi cng nghip cha hp cht hu c v hp cht
cha nit ti nhit 20 - 24oC cn thi gian lu t bo ti thiu l 25 ngy,
cng ti nhit ch cn thi gian lu t bo l 4 ngy l nitrat ha
nc thi sinh hot. Nu nhit x l l 10oC th thi gian lu t bo ti
thiu tng ng ca hai h trn l 60 ngy v 12 ngy. Ti nhit thp,
khng nhng hot tnh m c sc chu ng ca vi sinh t dng u gim
hn so vi vi sinh d dng khi thnh phn nhim ca nc thi thay i [3].
Nhn chung, vi sinh vt t dng rt d b c ch bi nhiu loi c t khc
nhau, dn ti tc oxy ha cc loi nc thi cng rt khc nhau, v vy khi
thit k mt h x l nc thi c th nn tin hnh nghin cu trc trong
phng th nghim hoc nghin cu nh gi qui m pilot.
~ 217 ~
iu cn ch khi s dng cc thng s ng hc t s liu c cng
b tnh ton l gi tr hng s pht trin ring v hng s pht trin ring
cc i [xem phng trnh (6-1), (6-2), (6-4), (8-5)] c th hin khng
thng nht.
nh hng ca pH, nhit i khi c qui v cho m nh trong ti liu
[2] hoc qui cho trong ti liu [4], tc l m cha yu t nh hng ca nhit
v pH hoc khng cha cc yu t trn. Do m s c gi tr khc nhau
trong cc trng hp nu trn, v d khi vit:
S N DO
m . . .0,47.e
0, 098(T 15)
[1 0,833(7,2 pH )]
S N K N DO K DO
(8-9)
tc l m khng cha yu t nh hng ca nhit v pH nn c th a ra
s liu: khi tnh ton chn bc oxy ha t amoni thnh nitrat (bc chm
nht) vi m = 0,45 d-1 ti 15oC [4]. Trong trng hp s dng phng trnh
(8-5) th m cha yu t nh hng ca nhit v pH.
Cng tng t nh vi sinh vt d dng, hot tnh ca vi sinh vt t dng
c th hin qua thi gian lu t bo, thi gian lu t bo cn t mt gi tr
ti thiu no (thng ln hn so vi loi d dng) th h x l mi c tc
dng. C th s dng biu thc (7-62) tnh thi gian lu t bo ti thiu cho
vi sinh vt t dng:
1
Y .k k p k p (8-10)
c ,t
- kp l h s tc pht trin ring thc ca vi sinh t dng, kp l hng

s phn hy ni sinh. Trong thc t khi thit k h x l, thi gian lu t bo
c chn t nht gp i gi tr c,t.
Cc thng s ng hc c th tra t ti liu, v d cc gi tr cho trong bng
6. 3, 6. 4.
Trong h x l theo k thut mng vi sinh, s cnh tranh gia vi sinh t
dng v d dng mnh lit hn so vi h huyn ph. S c mt ca cht hu
c vi nng cao trong nc thi thc y s pht trin ca vi sinh vt d
dng trong mng, vi sinh vt t dng ch c th pht trin khi nng cht
hu c gim n mt mc no , thng l vi mc BOD < 20 mg/l.
~ 218 ~
Do hn ch v tc chuyn khi ca c cht trong mng (DO, BOD,
NH4+) tc oxy ha amoni xy ra chm hn so vi trong h huyn ph (xem
thm 7. 2. 2. 3, 7. 2. 2. 4) tuy nhin k thut trn c li th hn v mt chu sc
v s thng ging nhit cng nh khng cn s dng b lng th cp v
quay vng bn (phn ln).
8. 2. Qu trnh kh nitrat.
Nitrat - sn phm cui cng ca qu trnh oxy ha amoni cha c xem l

bn vng v cn gy c cho mi trng nn cn c tip tc chuyn ha v
dng kh nit, tc l thc hin mt qu trnh kh ha hc, chuyn ha tr ca
nit t +5 (NO3-) v ha tr khng (N2).
Vi sinh vt thc hin qu trnh kh trn c tn chung l Denitrifier bao gm
t nht l 14 loi vi sinh vt, v d Bacillus, Pseudomonas, Methanomonas,
Thiobacillus [2]. Phn ln loi vi sinh trn thuc loi ty nghi vi ngha l
chng s dng oxy hoc nitrat, nitrit lm cht oxy ha (nhn in t trong cc
phn ng sinh ha) sn xut nng lng.
Qu trnh kh nitrat thng c nhn dng l kh nitrat ym kh, tuy
nhin din bin qu trnh sinh ha khng phi l qu trnh ln men ym kh
(xem 5. 2. 2) m n ging qu trnh h hp hiu kh nhng thay v s dng
oxy, vi sinh vt s dng nitrat, nitrit khi mi trng khng c oxy cho chng.
V vy qu trnh kh nitrat xy ra ch trong iu kin thiu kh oxy (anoxic).
S khc bit gia qu trnh hiu kh v thiu kh l loi enzym tham gia vo
giai on vn chuyn in t cho hp cht nit bc cui cng trong c
chui phn ng (reductase enzym).
kh nitrat, vi sinh vt cn c cht kh (nitrat l cht oxy ha), cht kh
c th l cht hu c hoc v c nh H2, S, Fe2+.
Phn ln vi sinh vt nhm Denitrifier thuc loi d dng, s dng ngun
carbon hu c xy dng t bo ngoi phn s dng cho phn ng kh
nitrat. Rt t vi sinh vt Denitrifier thuc loi t dng, v d loi Thiobacillus
Denitrificant s dng lu hunh lm cht kh sn xut nng lng v s
dng ngun carbon v c (CO2, HCO3-) xy dng t bo.
Qu trnh kh nitrat xy ra theo bn bc lin tip nhau vi mc gim ha
tr ca nguyn t nit t +5 v +3, +2, +1 v 0:
NO3- NO2- NO (kh) N2O (kh) N2 (kh) (8-11)
~ 219 ~
Phn ng kh nitrat vi cht hu c l metanol hay axit axetic xy ra theo
phng trnh (8-12); (8-13) [2]:
6NO3- + 5CH3OH 3N2 + 5CO2 + 7H2O + 6OH- (8-12)
8NO3- + 5CH3COOH 4N2 + 10CO2 + 8OH- (8-13)
Trong phn ng (8-12), (8-13), ion hydroxyl v kh carbonic hnh thnh kt

hp vi nhau to thnh bicarbonat HCO3-.
Nu s dng mt cht hu c no t ngun nc thi vi cng thc
chung l C18H19O9N (xem 7. 2. 1) th qu trnh kh nitrat xy ra [5]:
1 1 1 1 17 1 1
C18H19O9N + NO3- + H+ N2 + CO2 + HCO3-+
70 5 5 10 70 70 70
1
NH4++ H2O (8-14)
5
Nng lng thu c t phn ng kh l 24,6 kcal/mol tnh theo NO3--N.
Song song vi qu trnh kh nitrat, qu trnh tng hp t bo cng din ra,
khi lng cht hu c tiu hao cho c qu trnh cao hn so vi lng cn
thit cho phn ng ha hc.
S dng metanol lm cht cho in t ca qu trnh kh nitrat v nitrit cng
vi tng hp t bo s thu c:
NO3- + 1,08CH3OH + 0,24H2CO3 0,056 C5H7NO2 + 0,47N2 +

-
1,68H2O + HCO3 (8-15)
NO2- + 0,67CH3OH + 0,53H2CO3 0,04 C5H7NO2 + 0,48N2 +

1,23H2O + HCO3- (8-16)
T cc phng trnh phn ng trn cho thy kh 1g nitrat cn 2,86 g

cht hu c tnh theo COD v thu c 4,35g HCO3- khi ngun nit tng
hp t bo l nitrat hoc 3,7g HCO3- khi ngun nit tng hp t bo l amoni.
Lng sinh khi thu c t qu trnh kh nitrat nm trong khong 0,46 -
0,69 g/g tnh theo cht hu c.
Lng cht hu c s dng kh nitrit thp hn so vi kh nitrat tnh
theo cng n v nit, xp x 62% tnh t phng trnh (8-15) v (8-16). Tnh
theo l thuyt th gi tr trn l 60% (gim ha tr t +5 v +3 v khng).
Trong h kh nitrat bi vi sinh vt, mc tiu hao cht in t ph thuc
vo s c mt ca cc cht nhn in t (cht oxy ha) trong h: oxy ha tan,
~ 220 ~
nitrat, nitrit v sunfat. Trong cc hp cht trn th oxy ha tan c kh nng
phn ng tt nht vi cc cht kh v trong h lun tn ti c loi vi sinh vt d
dng hiu kh hoc phn ln loi vi sinh Denitrifier c kh nng thay i qu
trnh trao i cht t phng thc s dng oxy sang nitrat [5]. Vi sinh vt ch
s dng n nitrat v nitrit khi mi trng cn kit ngun oxy ha tan. Mc
cnh tranh v phng din s dng cht cho in t kh nitrat v nitrit
l ngang nhau. Oxy ha vi sunfat kh hn nn phn ng gia sunfat vi cht
hu c ch xy ra khi oxy tan, nitrit, nitrat b tiu th ht. Trong trng hp
khng cung cp cc cht cho in t th phn ng kh nitrat c th dng li
gia chng, khng to ra n sn phm cui cng l kh nit.
Cc cht hu c m vi sinh Denitrifier c th s dng kh a dng: t
ngun nc thi, l cc hp cht ha hc xc nh c a t ngoi vo hoc
cc cht hu c hnh thnh t phn hy ni sinh. Mt s cht v ngun hu c
c th s dng l: axeton, axit axetic, etanol, metanol, ng glucose, r
ng, metan, siro hoa qu, nc thi giu thnh phn COD. Khi khng c
ngun hu c r tin t nc thi hoc t cc ph phm th metanol v axit
axetic l loi c a dng. kh nitrat cho nc sinh hot c th dng
etanol v kh hydro [5].
Tc pht trin ca vi sinh Denitrifier ph thuc vo cht hu c c
m t bi phng trnh ng hc dng Monod. Bc ca phn ng i vi nitrat
v cht hu c l bc khng v nu chn mt vi sinh vt l bin s th bc
ca phn ng l 1. Do vy, tc phn ng kh nitrat c th th hin theo
nhiu cch khc nhau, v d:
vi = k (8-17)
vi = k.X (8-18)
k l hng s tc phn ng, X l nng vi sinh vt.

Khi h c b xung cht hu c t ngoi vo, th hin qua t l F/M hoc
s dng cht hu c t qu trnh phn hy ni sinh th tc nitrat ha c th
m t qua phng trnh kinh nghim (8-19), (8-20) [5]:
vi = 0,03(F:M) + 0,029 (8-19)
vi = 0,12.c-0,706 (8-20)
c l thi gian lu t bo.
~ 221 ~
Tc kh nitrat ph thuc mnh vo cc yu t: nng oxy ha tan, pH,
nhit v dng k thut phn ng.
nh hng ca oxy.
Nng oxy c tc ng trc tip l oxy bn trong tp hp keo t hoc
trong mng vi sinh ch khng phi l oxy trong cht lng c th o c.
Trong phng trnh Monod, nh hng tch cc ca mt loi c cht no
ln tc mt phn ng c dng tim cn: So/(So + Ko). Do oxy l tc nhn
c ch tc phn ng kh nitrat nn chng c tc ng ngc li: nng
oxy cng cao th mc c ch cng ln, v th c th s dng gi tr:
K DO ( NO )
3
(8-21)
K DO ( NO ) DO
3
nh gi mc c ch ca oxy i vi tc kh nitrat. K DO ( NO ) l hng

3
s bn bo ha ca oxy c tc ng c ch kh nitrat vi ngha tng t nh

cc hng s bn bo ha khc (tc gim 50% ti nng ). Gi tr ca
hng s trn thay i ph thuc vo iu kin c th ca h x l.
Trong h bn hot tnh hng s trn c gi tr thp hn so vi h lc mng
sinh hc, trong cng h bn hot tnh, gi tr ca hng s gim khi kch thc
ca tp hp keo t vi sinh gim. Gi tr ca K DO ( NO ) dng tnh ton cho qu
3
trnh kh nitrat thng l gi tr ca chnh n i vi qu trnh hiu kh (0,1 -

0,5 mg O2/l) [5].
nh hng ca tc nhn oxy ln tc phn ng kh nitrat c th hin:
ly tc phn ng vi nhn vi phng trnh (8-21).
nh hng ca pH.
Cng ging cc qu trnh x l sinh hc khc, khong pH ti u cho qu
trnh kh nitrat nm trong mt khong kh rng: t 7 - 9, ngoi vng ti u tc
kh nitrat gim nhanh.
Ti pH 10 v pH 6 tc kh nitrat ch cn li vi phn trm so vi
vng ti u. Vi sinh Denitrifier c kh nng thch nghi vi mi trng pH vi
nhp chm.
Trong vng pH thp c kh nng xut hin cc kh c c tnh cao i vi
vi sinh vt t qu trnh kh nitrat nh N2O, NO. Chng c kh nng u c vi
sinh vt vi nng thp.
~ 222 ~
nh hng ca nhit .
nh hng ca nhit ln qu trnh kh nitrat tng t nh i vi qu
trnh x l hiu kh ca vi sinh vt t dng: tc tng gp i khi tng thm
10oC trong khong nhit 5 - 25oC. Qu trnh kh nitrat cng c th xy ra
trong vng nhit 50 - 60oC, mc d t c s dng trong thc t. Trong
iu kin nhit cao, tc kh nitrat cao hn khong 50% so vi ti 35oC
[5].
nh hng ca cht hu c.
Bn cht ca cht hu c cng nh hng n tc kh nitrat: cc cht
hu c tan, d sinh hy to iu kin tt thc y tc kh nitrat. Nhiu kt
qu nghin cu cho thy tc kh nitrat tng dn khi s dng cht hu c t
phn hy ni sinh, t ngun nc thi v ch ng a vo h nh metanol,
axit axetic [5]. Tuy nhin cng c rt nhiu nghin cu cho thy ngun hu c
t nhiu loi nc thi (ln men, bia, ru) thc y tc kh nitrat mnh
hn so vi metanol [2].
Yu t km hm qu trnh kh nitrat.
Tuy loi vi sinh Denitrifier t b c ch bi cc loi c t nhng vn l vn
cn quan tm. Oxy c tc dng c ch enzym kh nitrit (nitrit redutase) v
v vy lm gim tc kh nitrit. Oxy cng l tc nhn c ch enzym kh
nitrat vi mc mnh hn so vi enzym kh nitrit. Bng chng t th
nghim cho thy: vi h kh nitrat tnh ang hot ng nu a thm oxy vo
h s xut hin hin tng tch ly nitrit v nu ngng cp oxy v sc kh
argon vo h th hin tng tch ly nitrit cng dng li. Nng oxy ha tan
pht huy tc dng km hm khi n t trn 13% so vi mc oxy bo ha trong
nc.
Nitrit cng l yu t km hm tc kh nitrat: ti pH = 7, nng NO 2-N
> 14 mg/l bt u c ch qu trnh vn chuyn cht ca vi sinh vt v lm
dng qu trnh khi nng t 350 mg/l [2].
8. 3. Mt s nguyn tc thit k h x l hp cht nit.
Khi thit k mt h thng x l hp cht nit cn thit phi nh gi y

cc tiu ch sau:
1) c trng nhim ca ngun nc thi.
~ 223 ~
2) Mc tiu xy dng h x l (xy dng h mi hoc h b sung).
3) Mc tiu chun thi cn t c.
Vn x l hp cht nit xut hin sau vn x l cht hu c BOD
(bc hai) do i hi tiu chun thi nhm ngn nga hin tng ph dng (N,
P), ngn nga hin tng gim thiu oxy ca ngun nc nhn v gy c ca
amoni. V l do nn x l hp cht nit ni ring hoc dinh dng (N, P)
ni chung c thc hin vi c h thng x l mi xy dng hoc c ghp
thm vo cc h x l hot ng v c gi l h thng x l bc ba hoc
tin tin.
Tiu chun thi ph thuc vo c trng ca ngun nc nhn c th cho
php n mt gi tr no ca tng hp cht nit c th hoc tng ca chng.
Tiu chun thi cng vi c trng nhim ca ngun thi tc ng trc tip
n cng ngh v gi thnh x l.
Hp cht nit trong nc thi c nng khc nhau trong tng loi nc
thi, ch yu nm dng amoni hay trong hp cht hu c, dng tan hoc
dng khng tan. Nc thi cha qua x l hoc qua x l ym kh cha nitrat,
nitrit vi nng rt thp. Mt phn hp cht hu c khng tan c tch ra
khi ngun nc thi qua qu trnh lng s cp. Trong qu trnh x l ym
kh, hiu kh phn ln dng hp cht nit khng tan c chuyn ha thnh
amoni hoc cc dng v c tan (NO3-, NO2-). Mt phn hp cht nit c vi
sinh vt hp thu xy dng t bo. Thnh phn hp cht nit trong nc thi
sau x l bc hai ch yu l nitrat. i vi nc thi sinh hot, qu trnh x l
th cp ch loi b c khng qu 30% tng nit trong nc thi. S bin
ng ca 4 thnh phn chnh: nit hu c, amoni/amoniac, nitrat v nit tng
trong tng n v (cng on) x l c trnh by trong bng 8. 3.
Bng 8. 3. Hiu qu x l hp cht nit trong tng n v cng ngh i vi

nc thi sinh hot [1].
n v cng ngh Hiu qu x l hp cht nit (%)

Hu c NH4-NH3 NO3- Tng nit
Lng s cp 10-20 - - 5-10
X l bc hai 10-50 <10 t 10-30
Tng hp t bo - 40-70 t 3-70
Nitrat ha t NO3 -
t 5-20
~ 224 ~
Kh nitrat - - 80-90 70-95
S dng to c thu hoch t to t bo to t bo 50-80
H oxy ha t bay hi (t) t nitrat/ 20-90
kh nitrat
Khi t l BOD/NH4-N trong nc thi vt qu mc nhu cu to thnh t

bo vi sinh vt, lng d cn c x l theo hai mc tiu: chuyn ha amoni
thnh dng nitrat thi ra cc ngun nc nhn, p ng iu kin khng
lm gim oxy ha tan trong ngun nc v gim c tnh ca amoni i
vi thy ng vt hoc l phi loi b hon ton mi dng hp cht nit nhm
ngn nga hin tng ph dng.
Do mc tiu x l hp cht nit c th khc nhau nn cng ngh x l p
dng cng khc nhau: oxy ha amoni (nitrat ha) cho mc tiu u v thc
hin phi hp gia oxy ha amoni v kh nitrat cho mc tiu sau.
Thit k h x l hp cht nit bng bin php vi sinh v vy l tin hnh
ring r hoc t hp ca hai qu trnh: oxy ha amoni v kh nitrat vi s c
mt ca cht hu c c kh nng sinh hy tr mt s trng hp c bit nh
trong nc ngm, mt s loi nc thi cha t cht hu c (nc t nh my
sn xut phn m, nc t b pht, nc rc [6, 7]).
Tin hnh oxy ha amoni, kh nitrat trong mt h thng x l nc thi khi
c mt cht hu c sinh hy l t hp ca qu trnh hiu kh, thiu kh b chi
phi chng nhng bi chnh qu trnh m cn b chi phi mnh bi s c
mt ca vi sinh d dng hiu kh (oxy ha BOD), vi sinh d dng ty nghi
(kh nitrat) trong cng mt h. Mi qu trnh c thc hin trong nhng iu
kin khng ging nhau. V vy vic ti u ha h thng x l l i hi u
tin khi thit k h thng x l.
Qu trnh oxy ha amoni

Nguyn tc chung khi phi hp hoc tin hnh ring r qu trnh x l oxy
ha nc thi cha ng thi hp cht hu c (BOD) v hp cht nit nh
sau:
- T l BOD/TKN trong ngun nc thi quyt nh vic la chn h thng x
l mt hoc hai giai on i vi qu trnh oxy ha. Thng thng khi
BOD/TKN > 5 s p dng oxy ha ng thi (mt giai on) cht hu c v
amoni, khi BOD/TKN <3 th p dng k thut x l hai giai on. Khi p
dng k thut x l mt giai on cn phi tnh ton ng thi cho c hai qu
~ 225 ~
trnh (t dng, d dng) xy ra trong h, qu trnh no xy ra chm hn th
cc thng s thit k phi p ng cho qu trnh v ng thi phi p ng
thm cho cc yu t c th ca qu trnh xy ra nhanh hn. V d khi tnh cho
mt h x l mt giai on, cc thng s thit k cn phi p ng c cho
qu trnh oxy ha BOD (th tch b chng hn) nhng cc yu t khc nh
kim, pH cng cn c bo m cho qu trnh oxy ha amoni. Oxy ha mt
giai on c th thc hin vi nhiu gii php k thut khc nhau: k thut
huyn ph (dng l tng, khuy trn u, mng oxy ha, m k tip giai
on), mng vi sinh vt (lc nh git, a quay sinh hc, lc ngp nc, tng
linh ng).
- Oxy ha hai giai on c tin hnh khi t l BOD/TKN < 3. K thut x l
hai giai on c nhng li th: linh hot v tin cy cao, d ti u ha. c
t i vi vi sinh t dng do cht hu c (xem 8. 1) c gim thiu bi cc
cht c b oxy ha trc . Giai on u c s dng loi b BOD
v v vy giai on sau vi mc ch x l nit s c coi l giai on b
xung nng cp ca mt h thng x l ang hot ng nhm p ng tiu
chun thi v mt dinh dng. Mc tiu t ra cho giai on u l gim BOD
xung di mc 30 mg/l (k c BOD trong cht rn). Nng BOD ca u
ra giai on mt nh hng n hot ng ca giai on nitrat ha: nng
cao s km hm tc pht trin ca vi sinh t dng, nng thp s thun
li cho giai on oxy ha amoni nu p dng phng php x l mng vi sinh.
Nu trong giai on x l sau s dng k thut huyn ph m nng BOD
qu thp th lng sinh khi t dng s rt thp, kh lng v d b ra tri,
khi phi tng thm BOD cho giai on sau.
Khi s dng k thut huyn ph oxy ha amoni, phng php tnh ton
thit k cng tng t nh trong trng hp s dng k thut bn hot tnh.
K thut dng l tng hay khuy trn u c kh nng x l amoni vi mc
lm sch su.
Khi tnh ton thit k h oxy ha amoni ring bit cn da trn s liu thc
nghim v tc oxy ha bi l nhng tnh ton l thuyt (m hnh ng hc)
d cha sai s ln v rt kh xc nh t l vi sinh t dng trong tng sinh
khi. Tc oxy ha amoni tng khi t l BOD/TKN gim. Tc oxy ha
amoni ph thuc vo pH v nhit , c th bin ng trong khong 2,5 n
250 g NH4-N. (gSK)-1.d-1, ty thuc vo bn cht nc thi v iu kin tin
hnh. V vy nh gi tc oxy ha qua th nghim pilot l gii php thch
hp trc khi thit k h x l ln.
~ 226 ~
Phng php mng vi sinh hay c s dng x l hp cht nit giai
on sau l lc nh git v a quay sinh hc. Cc phng php khc nh lc
ngp nc, tng dn n, m k tip giai on cng c s dng.
Lc nh git c th s dng l giai on sau, ghp ni vi giai on u s
dng k thut huyn ph hoc s dng h lc nh git hai giai on: on u
x l BOD, on sau x l amoni. Vt liu lc dng nha thch hp hn cho
qu trnh oxy ha amoni do c din tch b mt ln v khi cn thit c th cp
thm kh cng bc.
Khi s dng a quay sinh hc x l, thng s thit k l nng amoni
ch khng s dng TKN nu khng s dn ti sai st trong thit k [3].
u th v hn ch ca phng php x l mt v hai giai on c lit k
trong bng 8. 4.
Bng 8. 4. So snh gia oxy ha mt v hai giai on.
K thut u th Hn ch
Mt giai on
- Huyn ph C th khng ch nng Khng c kh nng ngn nga
amoni, d khng c t, tnh n nh vn hnh
ch mt sinh khi khng cao, n nh ph
thuc vo b lng th cp do
quay vng bn, th tch b x
l ln trong iu kin lnh.
- Mng vi sinh n nh khng ph Khng c kh nng ngn nga
thuc vo b lng th c t, tnh n nh vn hnh
cp khng cao, nng amoni u
ra 1 - 3 mg/l (khng k lc a
quay), khng ph hp vi kh
hu lnh.
Hai giai on
- Huyn ph Ngn nga tt c t, Kh kim sot mt sinh
vn hnh n nh, mc khi khi BOD/TKN nh, n
x l cao nh vn hnh ph thuc vo
lng th cp, xy dng nhiu
n v cng ngh.
- Mng vi sinh Ngn nga c t, vn Nng amoni (ra): 1- 3 mg/l,
hnh n nh, tnh n xy dng nhiu n v cng
~ 227 ~
nh khng ph thuc ngh.
vo lng th cp
Qu trnh kh nitrat.
X l hp cht nit thng c p dng s cng ngh kt hp gia oxy
ha amoni v kh nitrat v cc l do: hiu qu tch loi cao, tnh n nh v
mc tin cy, tng i d kim sot qu trnh, gi thnh tng thm do kh
nitrat khng qu cao, p ng tiu chun thi ngt ngho.
S cng ngh x l hp cht nit l cng ngh hai giai on hiu kh v
thiu kh phi hp vi nhau: H x l cng h bn hoc tng qu trnh oxy
ha v kh tin hnh ring vi h bn c lp.
t hp gia oxy ha amoni v kh nitrat cn phn tch cc c trng
ring ca tng qu trnh ring l:
- Trong qu trnh oxy ha amoni, phn ng cn c cung cp oxy, kim, pH
nm trong khong 7,2 - 8,6, cht hu c tan hu nh c chuyn ha ht
thnh CO2 v H2O.
- Trong qu trnh kh nitrat, phn ng i hi khng c mt oxy, cn cht hu
c, sinh ra mt lng kim ( 40% lng tiu th ca phn ng oxy ha),
pH thp hn so vi qu trnh oxy ha, tc kh nitrat nhanh hn tc
oxy ha amoni.
Do cc c trng ring ca tng qu trnh, x l hp cht nit c th thc
hin theo hai phng n: kh nitrat ring bit hoc t hp hai qu trnh trn
trong cng h sinh khi.
Kh nitrat ring bit l tin hnh x l ngun nc c oxy ha trc
, ngun nc cha nitrat. Do x l ring bit nn cn b sung cht hu c
nh metanol, etanol hoc axit axetic.
T hp x l oxy ha - kh (nitrat ha v kh nitrat) cng h sinh khi
(single - sludge nitrification - denitrification) hay cn gi l h x l kh nitrat
trc, trong giai on kh nitrat c thc hin trc (v v tr), qu trnh
oxy ha c t sau v chi s dng mt b lng th cp. Mt lng nc
ng k (3 - 4 ln lu lng x l) t b oxy ha v mt lng sinh khi t b
lng c quay vng v b kh nitrat cng vi ngun nc th. B kh nitrat
c khuy trn c hc, b oxy ha c sc kh.
Kh nitrat ring bit c u im: t tiu chun thi cao v tng hm lng
hp cht nit ti u ra do ch ng (ti u) c qu trnh thit k v vn
~ 228 ~
hnh. Vi mt s ngun nc thi giu hp cht nit v t cht hu c th vic
p dng cng ngh kh nitrat ring r l cn thit. X l hp cht nit phi
hp cng h bn c u im l tn dng c cht hu c t ngun nc thi,
s lng b x l t hn so vi phng php x l ring r v tit kim c
mt lng oxy cho b oxy ha do mt phn cht hu c b tiu hao cho
phn ng kh nitrat xy ra trc .
H x l phi hp cng h bn c kh nng tch loi hp cht nit 60 -
95%. Cht hu c cho qu trnh kh nitrat, ngoi ngun t nc thi cn c s
ng gp t ngun do phn hy ni sinh. tn dng c ngun cht hu c
t nc thi v t phn hy ni sinh, cc khoang oxy ha v kh c b tr
xen k k tip nhau khng phn tch bi b lng. S cng ngh b tr kiu
xen k in hnh l s x l Bardenpho bn giai on (hnh 8. 1), k thut
mng oxy ha c iu chnh nng oxy ti cc vng khc nhau (hnh 8. 2)
hoc k thut m k tip giai on (xem 7. 2. 1. 4) thng qua chu k sc kh
hoc khuy trn c hc.
vo Kh nitrat Oxy ha Kh nitrat Hiu Lng

thiu kh BOD, NH3 thiu kh kh th
cp
Hnh 8. 1. Qu trnh Bardenpho bn giai on.
Tc kh nitrat trong x l cng h bn t 0,075 n 0,115 g NO3-N/g

sinh khi tng ti 20oC trong khoang thiu kh khi ngun cht hu c khng b
hn ch. Tc kh nitrat trong cng h bn ch bng khong mt na so vi
h x l ring r. Khi s dng ngun hu c t phn hy ni sinh kh
nitrat, hm lng cht hu c to ra ph thuc vo mt sinh khi v nhit
v v vy nh hng n tc kh nitrat. Tc kh nitrat ch t 0,017
n 0,048 g NO3-N/g sinh khi tng, bng khong 20 - 40% so vi iu kin
y cht hu c, tc kh nitrat gim khi thi gian lu t bo ca h tng
[1].
Qu trnh Bardenpho bn giai on (hnh 8. 1) s dng c c ngun cht
hu c t nc thi ln t phn hy ni sinh. Cc khoang hiu kh, thiu kh
~ 229 ~
c b tr tch ri nhm mc ch oxy ha BOD v amoni cng nh kh
nitrat. Nc thi sau khi x l s cp c trn ln vi nc tri qua giai
on oxy ha (cha nitrat) vi t l gp 3 - 4 ln lu lng ca u vo cng
vi bn hi lu t b lng th cp. Cht hu c trong ngun nc thi c s
dng kh nitrat trong ngun nc quay vng t b oxy ha. Trong b kh
nitrat, nng amoni khng thay i v ch c oxy ha thnh nitrat b
oxy ha ni tip sau. Mt phn nc thi sau oxy ha c a v b kh
nitrat tip theo, ti ngun hu c cung cp cho kh nitrat l ngun t phn
hy ni sinh. B x l hiu kh th hai c thi gian lu thy lc nh hn b
u nhm y kh nit hnh thnh ra khi khi phn ng trc khi lng v oxy
ha nt phn BOD, amoni d. S Bardenpho trn cn c lp ghp thm
giai on ym kh tch loi photpho (Bardenpho nm giai on).
Mng oxy ha c s dng kh rng ri thc hin oxy ha amoni v
kh nitrat [3, 4] (hnh 8. 2). l h x l hot ng theo kiu chu k. Trong
mng oxy ha hn hp vi sinh v nc thi chy theo ng vng, dng
nc c y v cp kh do cc thit b c hc. Vng hiu kh trong mng
oxy ha hnh thnh vng pha trc v tr t thit b sc kh (theo chiu
dng chy), vng pha sau sc kh l vng thiu kh. Nc thi c np vo
vng thiu kh th qu trnh kh nitrat s s dng c cht hu c t ngun
thi.
vo
Thiu kh Hiu kh
Sc kh Lng th cp
Hnh 8. 2. S mng oxy ha.
Mng oxy ha c s dng oxy ha v kh nitrat thng qua kim sot

lng oxy trong hn hp ti cc v tr khc nhau dc theo chiu di ca
mng. Vng thiu kh v hiu kh trong mng khng c gianh gii r rng
v tc dng nc kh ln trong mng. Kh nng loi b tng nit ca
mng oxy ha kh cao, nng d l di 4 mg N/l i vi mi thi tit
trong nm v khng phi b xung ha cht.
~ 230 ~
M k tip giai on (xem 7. 2. 1. 4) cng l phng php mang tnh cht
chu k nhng theo thi gian ch khng theo v tr khng gian nh k thut
mng oxy ha. To ra iu kin hiu kh bng cch sc kh, ngng sc kh c
khuy trn c hc to ra mi trng thiu kh kh nitrat.
Cc qu trnh mang tnh c trng chu k, ngoi mng oxy ha, m k
tip giai on cn c cc qu trnh kh thng dng khc nh Biolac, Schreiber,
chng thch hp i vi qui m x l nh.
Mt s loi nc thi c nng amoni, kim, pH cao, qu trnh chuyn
ha ti sn phm nitrat b c ch, khi nng nitrit tch ly cao (xem 8. 1),
hin tng trn c th s dng nhm lm gim chi ph vn hnh [6, 8, 9]. Mt
lot cc thng s thit k, vn hnh c th thit lp tng cng mc tch
ly nitrit trong h x l v tip sau kh nitrit v dng kh nit l nguyn tc
x l i tt ca qu trnh.
Gim gi thnh vn hnh c th hin: gim 60% lng oxy cn phi cp
cho qu trnh oxy ha (NO2 so vi NO3), gim nhu cu cht hu c (40%) cho
qu trnh kh nitrat (ha tr +5 so vi +3 v ha tr khng).
Oxy ha n nitrit v kh nitrit v kh nit c th thc hin c vi mt s
loi nc thi thch hp v c th tng cng bng mt s bin php k thut:
rt ngn thi gian oxy ha trong k thut m k tip giai on (chu k hiu
kh/thiu kh) hoc cp t kh trong k thut mng oxy ha (gim cng sut
cp kh, b tr cc im cp kh cch xa nhau), iu chnh pH, nhit hoc
thi gian lu t bo ca h x l [15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22].
X l nc thi giu amoni bng gii php i tt thng qua iu khin
thi gian lu t bo l nguyn tc hot ng ca qu trnh SHARON (Single
reactor system for High activity Ammonia Removal Over Nitrite) [10, 11].
S khc bit cn bn so vi cc h x l vi sinh khc l thi gian lu t bo
bng khng: tc tch loi vi sinh ra khi h x l ngang bng vi tc
sinh trng thc.
Qu trnh SHARON c nhng c trng [11].
- Pht trin h x l oxy ha amoni n hp cht trung gian l nitrit.
- Duy tr nhit cao (30 40oC) nhm thc y tp on vi sinh (Nitrifier,
Denitrifier) pht trin. Hn ch thi gian duy tr tnh trng hiu kh trong h
x l v nhit d cao nhm u tin vi sinh Nitrosomonas c tc pht trin
nhanh hn loi Nitrobacter. Khng to iu kin tch ly vi sinh vt dng
Nitrobacter bng cch gim thi gian lu t bo ngang bng vi thi gian
~ 231 ~
lu thy lc (khng hi lu bn, xem 7. 2. 1. 1) s ngn cn qu trnh oxy
ha nitrit thnh nitrat, tc l tch ly nng nitrit trong h.
Nitrit hnh thnh c s dng oxy ha cht hu c t nc thi trong
cc h x l bn hot tnh [11] hoc oxy ha vi ngun carbon hu c a t
ngoi vo (metanol) hoc oxy ha trc tip amoni ph hp vi qu trnh
Anamox (phn ng oxy ha kh trc tip gia nitrit v amoni) [12, 13, 14].
Kh nitrat ring r c thc hin nhm mc ch duy nht l chuyn ha
nitrat thnh kh nit, thng l nc u ra ca qu trnh oxy ha amoni theo
phng php bn hot tnh. Nu bc oxy ha thc hin theo k thut mt giai
on - oxy ha BOD, amoni ng thi trong cng mt b v kh nitrat ring
th qu trnh c gi l nitrat ha/kh nitrat hai giai on. Hai giai on c
vn hnh c lp vi nhau. Nu tch ring giai on oxy ha thnh hai giai
on l oxy ha BOD v oxy ha amoni th t hp trn c gi l qu trnh
ba giai on.
K thut kh nitrat ring r c s dng kh rng ri vo u thp nin 70
v ngun cht hu c c s dng l metanol. Do tng qu trnh oxy ha,
kh nitrat u c b lng ko theo v hi lu bn cho tng cng on tng
ng nn h x l ring r cn c gi l h x l bn c lp.
X l nitrat ring r thng c thc hin theo ba phng n: huyn ph,
lc ngp nc qua tng tnh v s dng tng linh ng (hnh 8. 3).
c trng chung ca qu trnh kh nitrat l: b c ch nhit thp, ph
thuc mnh vo pH v b c ch bi mt s c t. pH ti u ti vng gn
im trung ha (6,5 - 7,5), tuy nhin c nhng nghin cu cho rng pH ti u
l khong 7,5 - 9,0 [2, 5]. Trong qu trnh kh nitrat c hnh thnh kim,
tc nhn trn s lm tng pH, nht l khi nc u vo c pH < 6,5.
Kh nitrat theo k thut huyn ph cng tng t qu trnh bn hot tnh,
im khc nhau l sc kh v khuy c hc. K thut dng l tng hoc trn
u u c th p dng.
sc kh
~ 232 ~
bn quay vng bn thi
Vo
Hu Tng lc
c Thi
Thi
Tng linh ng
Quay vng hi lu
Hnh 8. 3. S kh nitrat ring r thng dng
8. 4. Nguyn tc x l hp cht photpho.
Hp cht photpho tn ti trong nc thi di ba dng hp cht: photphat

n (PO43-), polyphotphat (P2O7) v hp cht hu c cha photphat, hai hp
cht sau chim t trng ln. Trong qu trnh x l vi sinh, lng photpho hao
ht t nc thi duy nht l lng c vi sinh vt hp thu xy dng t bo.
Hm lng photpho trong t bo chim khong 2% (1,5 2,5%) khi lng
kh. Trong qu trnh x l hiu kh, mt s loi vi sinh vt c kh nng hp
thu photphat cao hn mc bnh thng trong t bo vi sinh vt (2 7%), lng
photpho d c vi sinh vt d tr s dng sau. Trong iu kin ym kh,
vi s c mt ca cht hu c, lng photphat d li c thi ra ngoi c th
vi sinh di dng photphat n. Mt vi loi to cng c kh nng tch tr mt
lng photphat d so vi nhu cu ca t bo [23].
Hin tng trn c s dng tch loi hp cht photpho ra khi mi
trng nc thi bng cch tch vi sinh c hm lng photpho cao di dng
bn thi hoc tch photphat tn ti trong nc sau khi x l ym kh bng bin
php ha hc.
~ 233 ~
Bin php loi b photpho t bn c gi l phng php tch trc tip,
bin php sau p dng gii php x l k tip gia hiu kh - ym kh c ghp
thm cng on x l ha hc (cng on ph - side stream, hnh 8. 4, 8. 5).
X l photpho v vy khng phi l mt h x l c lp m l b xung
hoc vn hnh hp l mt t hp tn ti nhm mc ch tch loi thm khi
so vi cc h c: phng php tng cng x l photpho bng bin php sinh
hc (enhanced biological phophorus removal EBPR).
Nhiu loi vi sinh vt tham gia vo qu trnh hp thu - tng tr - thi
photpho c qui chung v nhm vi sinh bio - P m vi sinh Acinetobacter l
ch yu. Loi vi sinh bio - P pht trin trong iu kin vn hnh k tip chu
trnh hiu kh - ym kh, tham gia vo qu trnh tch loi photpho theo c ch
trn. H thng x l photpho theo nguyn tc trn c ng dng kh rng ri
trong thc tin x l nc thi mc d c ch ca qu trnh vn cha c
hiu thu o [24, 25, 26].
Di iu kin hiu kh (O2) vi sinh bio - P tch ly photphat trng ngng
trong c th chng t photphat n tn ti trong nc thi [5].
C2H4O2 + 0,16 NH4+ + 1,2 O2 + 0,2 PO43- 0,16 C5H7NO2 + 1,2 CO2 +
0,2 (HPO3) + 0,44 OH- + 1,44 H2O (8-22)
Phng trnh t lng (8-22) c thnh lp trn c s cht hu c l axit

axetic (C2H4O2) vi t l tnh theo mol ca PO43-/C2H4O2 = 0,2 v vi hiu sut
sinh khi hu hiu l 0,3 g/g C2H4O2. HPO3 l photphat dng trng ngng
tn ti trong c th vi sinh vt. Trong iu kin thiu kh (khng c oxy, ch c
mt nitrat) qu trnh tch ly photpho xy ra:
C2H4O2 + 0,16NH4+ + 0,2PO43-+0,96NO3- 0,16C5H7NO2 + 1,2 CO2 +

0,2(HPO3) + 1,4OH- + 0,48N2 + 0,96H2O (8-23)
T (8-23) cho thy chng loi vi sinh tch ly photpho cng c kh nng
kh nitrat [27, 28].
Trong iu kin ym kh, vi sinh vt trn hp th cht hu c, phn hy
photphat trng ngng trong t bo v thi ra mi trng di dng photphat
n:
2 C2H4O2 + (HPO3) + H2O (C2H4O2)2 + PO43-+ 3H+ (8-24)
~ 234 ~
(C2H4O2)2 l cht hu c tch ly trong c th vi sinh c hp thu t ngoi
vo. Lng photpho c tch ra t vi sinh vt theo t lng l 0,5 mol P/mol
axit axetic.
Hiu sut sinh khi ca loi vi sinh bio P (cn gi l loi tch ly
photpho, Phosphorus acccumulating organisms, PAOs) tng t nh loi d
dng hiu kh c gi tr 0,5 0,6 g SK/g COD tan (sinh khi cng tnh theo
COD). Nu hiu sut sinh khi ca bio P tnh theo khi lng ca thnh
phn khng tan th gi tr thu c ph thuc vo hm lng photpho trong c
th vi sinh vt, tng ng vi s thay th ca cht hu c khi photphat c
thi ra.
S liu ng hc lin quan n qu trnh tch ly - thi photpho ca vi sinh
vt t nghin cu chnh lch nhau kh nhiu [2, 24, 25], v vy nn c nhng
nh gi trong tng trng hp c th. Tuy nhin khi xt v mt ng hc cn
ch ti c ba giai on ca mt qu trnh: tch ly trong iu kin hiu kh,
thiu kh v tch photphat trong iu kin ym kh.
Trong iu kin hiu kh tc hp thu photphat c m t qua phng
trnh ng hc dng Monod [5]:
m, p SP
vi , P . . X ( PAO ) (8-25)
Ym, p SP KP
vi , P : tc hp thu photphat t mi trng nc.
m, p, Ym, p l hng s tc pht trin cc i v hiu sut sinh khi cc

i ca vi sinh bio P.
SP v KP l nng photphat trong dung dch v hng s bn bo ha.
X(PAO) l nng vi sinh tch ly photpho.
Trong iu kin thiu kh, tc hp thu photphat nm trong khong 40
60% so vi tc trong iu kin hiu kh.
Tc tch photphat t vi sinh vt trong iu kin ym kh ph thuc vo
tc hp thu c cht, tc l ph thuc vo bn cht ca c cht [2]. Nu s
dng c cht l axit axetic th phng trnh ng hc dng Monod m t qu
trnh tch photphat c dng [5]:
S Ax
vi , Ax k Ax . . X ( PAO ) (8-26)
S Ax K Ax
~ 235 ~
vi , Ax : tc hp thu axit axetic, kAx l hng s tc phn ng, SAx l nng
axit axetic, X(PAO) l mt vi sinh vt. KAx l hng s bn bo ha.
Khi tt c photphat trng ngng tch tr trong vi sinh tch ht th qu
trnh s dng li. Tc tch photphat c th tnh ra t phng trnh (8. 26) v
t lng gia axit axetic v photphat t phng trnh (8-24).
Bng 8. 5 ghi cc gi tr ng hc qu trnh x l photpho bng phng
php vi sinh.
Bng 5. Thng s ng hc ca vi sinh vt tch ly photpho [5], 20oC
m,P
-1
Hng s pht trin cc d 1-2
i
Hiu sut sinh khi Ym,P gCOD/gCOD(Ax) 0,5 0,6
cc i, axit axetic
Hiu sut sinh khi Ym,P gSK/gCOD(Ax) 0,6 0,8
cc i, axit axetic
Hiu sut sinh khi Ym,P gP/gCOD(Ax) 0,070,10
cc i, axit axetic
Hng s bn bo ha, KAx g Ax/m3 2-6
hp thu axit axetic
Hng s bn bo ha, KP g P/m3 0,1 0,5
tch ly photphat
Hng s tc hp kAx gCOD(Ax)/gCOD(X).d 0,5 - 2
thu axit axetic
Hiu qu v tc x l photpho ph thuc vo cc yu t ca mi trng

nh pH, nhit , c cht v s c mt ca nitrat trong giai on ym kh.
So vi cc qu trnh vi sinh khc, qu trnh tng cng x l photpho t
nhy cm vi nhit . Nhn chung hiu qu x l tng nhit thp [2].
pH c tc ng n giai on hp thu photphat ca vi sinh vt, iu kin ti
u nm trong khong 6,6 7,4, gim ng k khi pH < 6,2.
Hiu qu x l photpho ph thuc vo hai yu t mi trng l: iu kin
k tip ca ym kh/thiu kh v s vng mt nitrat trong giai on ym kh.
iu kin ym kh gip cho qu trnh chn lc, lm giu loi vi sinh tch ly
~ 236 ~
photphat hot ng trong giai on hiu kh sau . S c mt ca nitrat gy ra
hai tc ng: s dng cnh tranh ngun c cht d sinh hy gia vi sinh
Denitrifier v bio - P (1,26 mol axit axetic/mol NO3-), lm thay i c ch trao
i cht ca bio - P dn n mt kh nng tch ly photphat trng ngng [32].
Tch loi photpho trong cng ngh x l nc thi.

Da trn nguyn tc hot ng ca vi sinh vt bio P, qu trnh tch loi
photpho trong mt h thng x l nc thi c th thc hin phi hp vi oxy
ha BOD, vi kh hp cht nit theo cc phng n k thut khc nhau.
Qu trnh A/O.
Qu trnh A/O l s phi hp x l ym kh (anaerobic) v hiu kh
(oxic) c b tr th hin trn hnh 8. 4.
Ym kh Hiu kh
Bn thi
Hnh 8. 4. Qu trnh x l photpho A/O
Bn t b lng th cp c bm tr li trn vi dng thi ti u vo.

Trong qu trnh x l ym kh, photphat c tch ra khi vi sinh vt t dng
bn hi lu di dng photphat n. Mt phn cht hu c cng c x l
ti y bi cc qu trnh ln men ym kh, kh nitrat v do vi sinh bio P hp
thu. Trong qu trnh x l hiu kh, photphat n c vi sinh s dng tng
hp t bo v c tch ly bi loi vi sinh bio P. Sinh khi lng trong b
th cp cha hm lng photpho cao c tch loi photpho trong qu trnh
A/O ph thuc vo t l BOD:P, nu t l trn ln hn 10, hiu qu tch loi
tt, nu t l trn thp c th b xung thm mui st, nhm gim nng
photpho ti u ra (xem 4. 2). Qu trnh A/O l qu trnh tch loi photpho
trc tip, khng ghp thm cng on tch ph vo h x l nc thi thng
dng. Trong trng hp nc thi cha hp cht nit, h trn cng c tc dng
x l, tuy nhin cn phi tnh ton thi gian lu cho giai on hiu kh
oxy ha amoni.
Qu trnh Phostrip.
~ 237 ~
Phostrip l qu trnh tch loi photpho c ghp thm cng on ph kt
ta photphat tan sau khi x l ym kh (hnh 8. 5).
Hiu kh
Lng
Bn thi
Ym kh
Nc sau x l ym kh
Nc sau Kt ta ha hc Ha cht
kt ta
Bn thi
Hnh 8. 5. S phostrip tch loi photpho
Trong s cng ngh Phostrip, mt phn bn thi t b lng th cp c

a vo x l ym kh vi thi gian lu thy lc t 8 - 12 gi. Photphat n
tch ra t x l ym kh tan trong nc, phn nc ny c tch ra kt ta
vi ha cht. Sinh khi sau khi tch photpho c a v cng vi sinh khi
t b lng th cp ha trn vi dng vo x l hiu kh.
K thut m k tip giai on.

S dng k thut m k tip giai on (xem 7. 2. 1. 4) cng c th tch loi
ng thi BOD, hp cht nit, photpho bng cch thay i thi gian vn hnh
i vi tng chu k. Trong giai on sc kh xy ra cc qu trnh oxy ha
BOD, amoni v tch ly photpho. Trong giai on khuy trn xy ra qu trnh
kh nitrat v tch photpho ra khi sinh khi. Tch photpho ra khi nc thi
c th thc hin vi ha cht hay trc tip (ngay sau x l hiu kh). kh
nitrat v tch photpho ra khi sinh khi cn b xung thm BOD hoc s dng
cht hu c t phn hy ni sinh [29, 30, 31].
Qu trnh A2/O
~ 238 ~
2
A /O l mt bin hnh cng ngh ca s A/O bao gm cc cng on x
l ym kh (Anaerobic), thiu kh (Anoxic) v hiu kh (Oxic), trong giai
on x l thiu kh dnh cho qu trnh kh nitrat vi thi gian lu thy lc
khong mt gi. Khoang x l thiu kh c b xung nitrat, nitrit t b hiu
kh (quay vng), bn t b lng th cp c hi lu v b ym kh (hnh 8. 6.
a). S A2/O c kh nng x l ng thi hp cht nit v photpho.
Qu trnh Bardenpho nm giai on.

Qu trnh c s dng x l ng thi hp cht nit, photpho. Giai
on ym kh c ghp thm vo tch loi photpho (hnh 8. 6. b). Giai
on x l thiu kh th hai nhm tng cng kh nitrat t giai on hiu kh
u vi cht hu c t phn hy ni sinh. B hiu kh cui cng c tc dng
sc ui kh nit hnh thnh t b thiu kh hai, oxy ha phn amoni, BOD d
v hn ch qu trnh tch loi photpho t vi sinh trong b lng th cp. Hn
hp bn - vi sinh c quay vng t b hiu kh u v b thiu kh th nht.
So vi A2/O th thi gian lu t bo ca Bardenpho nm giai on di hn (10
- 40 ngy).
Qu trnh UCT.
UCT l tn vit tt ca University of Cape Town, ni thit lp s cng
ngh x l c kh nng ng thi loi b BOD, hp cht nit v photpho (hnh
8. 5. c). S UCT tng t s cng ngh A2/O, tuy vy c hai im khc
bit: vi sinh c quay vng v b x l thiu kh v c hai vng quay hn
hp nc bn ni b t thiu kh v hiu kh v t thiu kh v ym kh.
Quay vng bn t b lng v b thiu kh s hn ch c s c mt ca
nitrat trong b ym kh, thc y qu trnh tch photpho t vi sinh trong giai
on ym kh. Hai chu trnh ni b gip tng cng kh nng x l cht hu
c.
Cht hu c c trong dng quay vng t b x l thiu kh l loi d sinh
hy v hm lng nitrat trong thp v vy thch hp cho qu trnh tch
photpho t vi sinh vt. Dng quay vng ni b th hai v bn t b lng th
cp c tc dng kh nitrat.
Ym kh Thiu kh Hiu kh
Bn
thi
~ 239 ~
Ym Thiu Hiu Thiu Hiu

kh kh kh kh kh
Ym Thiu Thiu Hiu

kh kh kh kh
Ym kh Thiu kh Hiu kh
d
Hnh 8. 6. S x l nit, photpho: a) A2/O; b) Bardenpho nm giai on; c)
Qu trnh UCT; d) qu trnh VIP.
Qu trnh VIP.
VIP l tn vit tt ca Virginia Initiative Plant in Norfork, Virginia) tng
t nh A2/O v UCT, im khc bit l chu trnh quay vng bn v hn hp
bn nc (hnh 8. 6. d). Bn t b lng cng vi hn hp bn nc t b
hiu kh c a v b xl thiu kh, cn hn hp bn nc t b thiu
~ 240 ~
kh c quay vng v b ym kh. Do mt phn cht hu c ca dng vo
c x l qua hai giai on ym kh v thiu kh nn tit kim c lng
oxy tiu th ti b hiu kh.
Thit k h x l hp cht nit, photpho

9
Da trn nguyn tc hot ng ca cc loi vi sinh khc nhau c
th xy dng cc h thng x l ring r cho tng i tng: x l cht hu c
~ 241 ~
carbon, x l hp cht nit (ch oxy ha amoni hoc tin hnh c giai on
kh nitrat) v tch loi photpho hoc x l phi hp cho cc t hp yu t
trn.
Tin hnh x l ring r hoc phi hp trc ht ph thuc vo c trng
ca nc thi cn x l, tiu chun thi cn t cng nh gi thnh (xy dng
v vn hnh) ca h x l.
C nhng ngun thi cha rt t hp cht nit, photpho nh nc thi t
ch bin tinh bt, rau qu, ma ng, ru, bia nn cc h thng x l i vi
cc i tng trn ch tp trung gii quyt x l cht hu c. Nhng ngun
nc thi giu cht hu c v hp cht nit nh nc rc, nc nui ging
thy sn, mt s loi nc thi cng nghip th mc tiu x l t ra ch tp
trung gii quyt cht hu c v hp cht nit. Nhiu loi nc thi cha ng
thi c ba thnh phn k trn nh nc thi sinh hot, git m gia sc, ch
bin thy sn th h x l s l mt t hp nhm tch loi c ba thnh phn
trn.
Tiu chun thi l yu t quan trng quyt nh cng ngh x l. Vi mt
ngun nc nhn ch yu cu cht thi khng lm cn kit ngun oxy ha tan
trong v khng gy c i vi thy ng vt do amoniac th mc tiu x
l l loi b cht hu c v oxy ha amoni n nitrat. Vi mt ngun nc
nhn cn phi ngn chn hin tng ph dng th yu t cn x l trc ht
l thnh phn photpho v hp cht nit trong nc thi [1, 2, 3].
Tch loi cc thnh phn nhim nh hng n gi thnh th hin cc
phng din: s lng, mc nhim v qui m ca h x l. S lng tp
cht cn x l nhiu, mc lm sch su ko theo gi thnh xy dng v vn
hnh ln. Qui m x l ln c gi thnh thp hn (tnh theo n v cng sut)
so vi qui m x l nh (cng loi nc thi), v vy i vi qui m x l nh
tiu chun thi cho php thng l t kht khe hn bi mt trong cc l do trn
[4].
Thit k, xy dng mt h thng x l nc thi, v vy cn phi kho st
c trng ca ngun thi, xc nh tiu chun thi, nh gi iu kin kinh t
x hi ca a phng. Mt khc, do tnh n nh ca ngun thi v cng ngh
x l vi sinh khng cao (v d do thng ging lu lng, nhit ), cc m
hnh tnh ton (v d m hnh ng hc) khng bao qut c tt c cc thng
s nn trong nhng iu kin cho php tin hnh nghin cu qui m philot l
cn thit.
~ 242 ~
9. 1. Thit k h oxy ha hp cht nit.
Phn ln cc ngun nc thi u cha ng thi hp cht hu c v hp

cht nit. Khi x l hiu kh (oxy ha) xy ra ng thi hai qu trnh oxy ha
c lp ca vi sinh d dng v t dng vi cc iu kin khc nhau nhng
u c nhu cu s dng oxy. C vi sinh d dng ln t dng u s dng
oxy cho cc phn ng sinh ha, ngoi phn nhu cu dinh dng (N, P, K, vi
lng) kh ging nhau ca hai loi vi sinh trn th dng carbon s dng lm c
cht l khc nhau.
Ngoi iu kin pht trin khc nhau th tc (hiu qu) x l ca hai loi
vi sinh trn cng khc nhau. Bng 9. 1 ghi cc c trng ch yu ca hai loi
vi sinh trn (xem thm bng 6. 2, 6. 3).
Bng 9. 1. c trng c bn ca qu trnh x l BOD v amoni [5, 6].
c trng Vi sinh Vi sinh

d dng t dng
Tiu th oxy (g/gBOD hoc NH3-N) 1,42 4,57
Tiu th kim (g/gNH3-N) - 7,14
pH ti u 6-9 7,6-8,6
Hiu sut sinh khi (g/g) 0,6-0,7 0,1-0,15
H s bn bo ha oxy (mgO2/l) 0,5-1,0 0,15-2,0
H s tiu th c cht ring k (d-1) (20oC) 5 3
Hng s phn hy ni sinh (d-1) 0,06 0,05
Thi gian lu t bo ngn di
trng thi hot ng n nh (sau giai on khi ng) t l vi sinh t
dng v d dng ph thuc vo t l BOD/NH4+-N (xem bng 8. 1). Nu t l
BOD/NH4+-N 20 th hm lng nit trong nc thi ch hoc thiu cho
qu trnh x l ca vi sinh d dng v v vy khng cn phi quan tm n
qu trnh loi b hp cht nit. Phn hp cht nit d so vi nhu cu dinh
dng ca vi sinh cn c tch loi m giai on u tin l oxy ha thnh
sn phm nitrat (nitrat ha).
Oxy ha hp cht nit c th tin hnh theo cc phng thc: tin hnh
ng thi hoc ring r vi oxy ha BOD, thc hin theo k thut huyn ph
hoc k thut mng sinh hc hoc phi hp hai phng thc k thut trn.
~ 243 ~
Tiu ch thc hin oxy ha ng thi (mt giai on) hoc tch ring
(hai giai on) BOD v amoni l t l BOD/TKN (tng nit Kjehdahl, TKN,
lng hp cht nit tn ti dng amoni/amoniac v trong hp cht hu c
nh axit amin, protein, urin...).
Trong thnh phn sinh khi ca tt c cc qu trnh hiu kh u c mt ca
loi vi sinh vt Nitrifier vi t l cao thp khc nhau ph thuc vo t l
BOD/TKN ca nc thi.
V d vi nc thi c t l BOD/TKN = 1:1 th vi sinh Nitrifier chim 21%
cn vi t l BOD/TKN = 9 th t l trn ch cn 2,9% (bng 8. 1). Trong cc
h thng x l nc thi theo phng php bn hot tnh, t l vi sinh Nitrifier
trong sinh khi chim khng qu 10%. T l vi sinh Nitrifier trong sinh khi
tng c th s b tnh theo:
(loi b)
0,16.NH 3
R
0,60.BOD (loi b) 0,16NH 3 (loi b)
R l t l ca Nitrifier trong sinh khi [7].

Kinh nghim thc t ch ra rng, khi t l BOD/TKN > 5 th c th oxy ha
ng thi c BOD v amoni, thc hin theo cng ngh mt giai on v khi
BOD/TKN < 3 th cn tin hnh oxy ha ring r hai thnh phn trn. Nu
thc hin qu trnh x l theo k thut bn hot tnh th s oxy ha mt
hoc hai giai on c trnh by trong hnh 9. 1.
~ 244 ~
Lng s cp Hiu kh oxyX l BOD,
ha nc thi
NH3giuLng
hp th
chtcp
N v P L Vn Ct
Hiu kh, oxy Thi

ha BOD, NH3
(a)
Lng Oxy ha Lng Oxy ha Lng

s cp BOD th cp NH4+ th cp
(b)
Hnh 9. 1. S oxy ha BOD v amoni theo phng php bn hot tnh mt
giai on (a), hai giai on (b).
9. 1. 1. K thut phn ng mt giai on.
Phng php bn hot tnh

Cc k thut phn ng theo phng php huyn ph c th s dng oxy
ha amoni gm: dng l tng, trn u v cc bin hnh cng ngh ca k
thut mng oxy ha. Cc k thut trn c tnh ton sao cho p ng c
cc iu kin thch hp vi sinh vt Nitrifier pht trin, ch yu l tng thi
gian lu t bo v cp kh cho qu trnh oxy ha.
Cc yu t chnh nh hng ti oxy ha amoni trong k thut mt giai on
bao gm: nng amoni, nitrit, t l BOD/TKN, nng oxy ha tan, nhit
v pH.
- Nng amoni v nitrit trong nc thi c tc ng trc tip n tc pht
trin ca loi vi sinh Nitrifier, mc tc ng ca chng c nh gi
thng qua phng trnh ng hc Monod v c tnh i vi vi sinh vt.
~ 245 ~
Do tc oxy ha nitrit thnh nitrat nhanh hn (trong phn ln trng hp)
nn vic tnh ton m hnh x l cn tp trung vo giai on oxy ha amoni
thnh nitrit l giai on quyt nh.
- T l BOD/TKN trong nc thi quyt nh t l ca vi sinh Nitrifier trong
tng sinh khi, ng vai tr quyt nh i vi oxy ha amoni. Mt ca
chng gim khi t l BOD/TKN tng.
- Nng oxy ha tan, nhit v pH tc ng n vi sinh Nitrifier khc v
mc so vi vi sinh t dng [so snh cc biu thc (8-7), (8-8) vi (6-
23), (6-24)]. Nng oxy cn thit oxy ha amoni cn cao hn, khong
pH ti u cho oxy ha amoni hp hn so vi trng hp oxy ha BOD.
i vi qui m x l nh, p dng k thut khuy trn u, khi phn tch
qu trnh da trn m hnh ng hc cn tin hnh cc bc sau [8, 13]:
1)- Chn h s an ton v lu lng v thng ging mc nhim ca
dng thi cn x l. H s an ton v thi gian lu t bo t nht l 2.
2)- Chn nng oxy ha tan mc ti thiu l 2 mg/l nhm trnh cho qu
trnh nitrat ha b c ch bi thiu oxy.
3)- Vng pH cn c duy tr nm trong khong 7,2 - 9,0. duy tr c
pH trn nc x l cn c kim cao hn nhu cu cho phn ng (7,14 g
CaCO3/g NH4-N) cng vi mt lng kim d 150 - 200 mg CaCO3/l.
4)- Xc nh tc pht trin cc i ca vi sinh Nitrifier ph thuc vo
pH, nhit , oxy ha tan.
5)- Xc nh thi gian lu t bo ti thiu i vi nc thi c th (pH, To,
DO, nng amoni ban u).
6)- Xc nh h s an ton cho thi gian lu t bo.
7)- Xc nh nng hp cht nit ti u ra.
8)- Xc nh thi gian lu thy lc tng ng vi nng thi (th tch b
phn ng).
9)- Xc nh tc tiu th c cht hu c trong qu trnh oxy ha amoni.
Trong cc bc phn tch trn, xc nh thi gian lu t bo ti thiu l
quan trng nht cng nh chn h s an ton cho n. Tnh ton theo m hnh
ng hc qu trnh nitrat ha tng t vi qu trnh oxy ha BOD.
Thng s ng hc qu trnh oxy ha amoni c ghi trong bng 9. 2.
~ 246 ~
Bng 9. 2. Thng s ng hc c trng ca vi sinh t dng (thun chng)
trong qu trnh oxy ha amoni [8].
Thng s n v Gi tr
Khong i din
Nitrosomonas
m d-1 0,3 2,0 0,7
KS NH4-N, mg/l 0,2 2,0 0,6
Nitrobacter
m d-1 0,4 3,0 1,0
KS NH4-N, mg/l 0,2 5,0 1,4
T hp
m d-1 0,3 3,0 1,0
KS NH4-N, mg/l 0,2 0,5 1,4
Y NH4-N, mgSK/mg 0,1 0,3 0,2
-1
kp d 0,03 0,06 0,05
V d sau c chn minh ha cho qu trnh tnh ton thit k theo cng
ngh x l mt giai on.
Bi ton: Tnh ton thit k h x l oxy ha cht hu c v hp cht nit

mt giai on vi cc thng s.
Lu lng: 1000 m3. d-1.
BOD (sau lng s cp): 200 mg/l.
TKN (sau lng s cp): 40 mg/l.
Nhit : 23oC.
pH = 7,5 c duy tr do m bo c kim (m).
DO: duy tr mc 2,5 mg/l.
KDO = 1 mg/l, KN = 0,85 mg/l.
Li gii:
Xc nh h s tc pht trin cc i m [biu thc (8-9)]
~ 247 ~
DO SN
m 0,47.e 0,098(T 15) . .[1 0,833(7,2 pH )].
DO K DO SN KN
0,47.e0,098(T 15)
2,5
1 0,833(7,2 7,5). 40 0,90d 1
2,5 1 40 0,85
Xc nh h s tiu th c cht ring [biu thc (6-7)]
k = m/Y (Y = 0,15)
k = 0,90/0,15 = 6 d-1.
Xc nh thi gian lu t bo ti thiu v thi gian lu t bo
thit k [biu thc (7-62) hoc (8-10 )]:
kp = 0,03 d-1
1
Y .k k p 0,15.6 0,03
c ,t
c,t 1,15d .
Chn h s an ton l 3: c 4,45d .
Xc nh tc suy gim c cht ring U [phng trnh (7-
53)]:
1/c = Y.U - kp.
U = (1/c+ kp)/Y = (1/4,45 + 0,03)/0,15 = 1,70 d-1
Xc nh nng amoni ti u ra [phng trnh (7-58)]
k .S N 6.S N
U= 1,70 gN .( gSK ) 1.d 1
S N K N S N 0,85
SN = 0,33 mg/l.
Xc nh tc phn hy BOD [phng trnh (7-53)].
1
Y .U k p
c
(Y=0,6; kp=0,06; c=4,45 d-1).
U = (1/4,45 + 0,06)/0,6 = 0,47 gBOD. (gSK)-1.d-1
Xc nh thi gian lu thy lc cho qu trnh oxy ha BOD v amoni
[phng trnh (7-52)].
So S S S
U o
.X U .X
Oxi ha BOD:
~ 248 ~
So = 200mg/l, Sra = 20mg/l, U = 0,47gBOD. (gSK)-1. d-1
X = 2500 mg/l (gi tr cho)
200 20
0,16d 3,8h.
0,47.2500
Oxi ha amoni.
40 0,33
0,17d 4,1h.
1,70.(2500.0,054)
(Sinh khi Nitrifier c tnh theo t l BOD/TKN theo bng 8. 1).
Nhn xt: Oxy ha amoni quyt nh thi gian lu thy lc ca h x l
(4,1 gi so vi 3,8 gi).
Xc nh th tch b sc kh:
V = Q. = 100 m3.d-1. 0,17 d-1 = 170 m3.
Nhn xt: Trong trng hp trn th tch b sc kh tng ng vi x l
amoni, khi nng BOD ti u ra s thp hn gi tr tnh (20 mg/l). Khi
chn cc iu kin khc, v d pH, hiu sut sinh khi, hng s tiu th c
cht ring k, t l mt vi sinh Nitrifier thp hn cc gi tr trn s xy ra
trng hp thi gian lu thy lc i vi x l amoni s nh hn gi tr i
vi x l BOD, khi th tch b sc kh s c tnh theo gi tr thi gian lu
thy lc ln hn.
Ngoi phng php huyn ph, k thut oxy ha mt giai on cng c th

thc hin theo phng php mng vi sinh lc nh git, a quay sinh hc, lc
tng tnh, tng linh ng (lu th).
Lc nh git mt giai on
Tnh ton thit k lc nh git mt giai on bao gm c oxy ha amoni
cng da trn c s ging nh cho trng hp x l BOD. im khc bit
quan trng nht l mc chu ti thp hn nhiu. Mc chu ti cht hu
c thp ng ngha vi thi gian lu t bo cao trong h x l theo k thut
huyn ph. t c hiu sut oxy ha amoni 75 - 80% ti lng hu c c
th p dng l [8, 9]:
- S dng vt liu si: 0,8 - 1,3 kgBOD. m-3. d-1.
- S dng vt liu nha: 1,5 - 2,3 kg BOD. m-3. d-1.
Mun tng hiu qu nitrat ha ln 85 - 95%, ti lng hu c cn phi c
gim tip ti 0,4 - 0,8 cho trng hp u v 0,8 - 1,5 kg BOD. m-3. d-1 cho
~ 249 ~
trng hp sau. Thi gian lu t bo tng ng t 75 - 85% hiu sut l
10 ngy v 20 ngy t hiu qu oxy ha 85 - 95%.
Mc ti thy lc i vi k thut lc nh git ph thuc vo vt liu mang
(xem 7. 2. 2. 5) cng thp hn so vi oxy ha BOD, nm trong khong 30 - 60
m3. m-2. d-1. Ti lng thy lc trn nhm duy tr cho tng lc t v thc
hin thng qua tng cng quay vng nc qua x l.
Chiu cao ca lp lc si nm trong khong 1 - 2 m v khng vt qu
3m v s hn ch qu trnh lu thng kh trong tng vt liu v trnh mc chu
trng ti cao ca tng vt liu. Vt liu nha nh hn, c din tch ln hn nn
c th s dng vi lp lc cao hn nhng cng khng hn 12m do tn nng
lng bm nc ln cao. S dng tng lc c cao ln s tit kim c
din tch t s dng v tit kim c nng lng bm nc quay vng
nhng c th phi cp kh thm cho b lc. B lc nh git s dng vo mc
ch oxy ha amoni thng s dng vt liu nha c trang b my thi kh
tng cng.
a quay sinh hc mt giai on.

Trong h x l a quay sinh hc mt giai on, oxy ha amoni xy ra
cc khoang sau (xem 7. 2. 2. 7) khi BOD c oxy ha cc khoang trc
. Hin tng xy ra nh trn l do vi sinh t dng ch pht trin mc
ng k khi nng BOD trong nc thp, v d 15 mgBOD/l. S a cn
phi ln cung cp mt din tch cho qu trnh oxy ha c BOD ln
amoni.
Thit k h x l a quay sinh hc mt giai on vi tiu chun thi BOD
< 15 mg/l cn t nht l bn khoang, trong tng khoang c th gn nhiu trc
quay ph thuc vo ti lng chnh ti khoang [5, 6, 7, 10, 11].
K thut phn ng dng linh ng.

Khc vi k thut lc ngp nc qua tng vt liu c nh, k thut dng
linh ng hay lu th (fluidized bed) s dng vt liu mang c kch thc nh,
thng l ct vi kch thc 0,5mm, vt liu ny chuyn ng hn lon trong
nc (xem 7. 2. 2. 6). Nh c din tch b mt ln, vi sinh vt c iu kin
bm dnh v pht trin trn vi mt cao v thc y tc oxy ha
BOD, amoni. So snh vi k thut huyn ph, th tch b phn ng dng linh
ng thp hn nhiu m vn m bo c thi gian lu t bo.
~ 250 ~
K thut tng linh ng cha c s dng rng ri qui m sn xut,
ang c nghin cu pht trin qui m phng th nghim v pilot. Kt qu
nghin cu cho thy trin vng ca k thut trn: tc x l amoni t 3,8
kg NH3-N. m-3.d-1 ti 24oC hoc x l BOD vi tc 3 kg BOD. m-3. d-1 [5].
Trc khi xy dng h thng x l theo k thut tng linh ng cn tin
hnh th nghim pilot l kinh nghim c khuyn co [12, 14].
K thut lc ngp nc.

Lc ngp nc c sc kh l t hp ca cc phng php: sc kh, mng vi
sinh v lc. Vt liu trong tng c nh ng vai tr l cht lc gi cht rn
cng sinh khi v cht mang cho vi sinh bm dnh trn . Kch thc vt liu
lc nm trong khong 2 - 10 mm. K thut lc ngp nc c p dng kh
rng ri t thp k 80 mt s nc ty, bc u v Nht vi qui m t nh
n ln vi cng sut ti 100 ngn m3/ngy. K thut trn c s dng bc
M mun hn v t c a chung hn do cha kinh nghim thit k v
vn hnh h thng [5]. C nhiu phng n cng ngh c th la chn thc
hin mc tiu x l: dng nc vo b lc c th theo chiu chy xui hoc
ngc, kh c th cp t y ca b lc hoc ti mt v tr no dc theo
chiu cao ca tng lc. Vt liu lc thng l cc loi xp hay st nung v
gn y vt liu nha c a chung hn. Lc ngp nc c sc kh c
thc hin theo cc phng thc: chiu chy (dng nc) xui, ngc.
Lc ngp nc c sc kh kiu xui dng c tn l Biocarbone c ngun
gc t cc b lc ct truyn thng. Kh c cp vo b lc khoang cch 0,3
m cao hn gi lp lc, bn di gi c cha mt phn th tch rng cha
nc trc khi ra khi h thng x l nhm gi li mt phn cn trong nc.
Ra tng lc c thc hin vi dng nc bm t di ln nhm chng tc.
u im ca k thut chy xui dng l tng cng qu trnh ha trn oxy vi
nc nhng li d gy tc dng khi tc dng ln hn 5 m3. m-2. h-1 v dn
ti tng tn xut ra ngc.
Chiu ca dng nc v dng kh i t di ln. Kh c cp vo b lc
ngay ti st y. Nc v cc cht rn i qua lp gi v vy cn c lp
thm cc li lc c kch thc nh nhm ngn chn s thm nhp ca cc vt
rn c kch thc ln vo tng lc. Tc dng nc v kh cn ln
tng lc c th dn n, tuy trnh c hin tng tc nhng c th s ra tri
vt liu lc ra khi h thng khi s dng tc cao. Ra tng lc theo phng
~ 251 ~
php cng chiu vi dng lc (t di ln) bng cch tng cng dng kh v
nc.
Mt bin hnh cng ngh khc ca k thut lc ngc l dng Biostyr s
dng vt liu ni: ht xp polystyren. Pha trn ca b lc c lp li ngn
gi cho ht lc khng b tri ra ngoi. Nc v kh u c chiu t di
ln. V tr cp kh c th b tr ti y b lc hoc ti mt v tr nht nh no
bn trn y nhm to ra mt khong thiu kh pha di v tr kh
nitrat. Kh v nc cng chiu gy ra kh nng nn p ht lc v pha trn, cho
php lc vi tc ln m vn gi li c sinh khi.
Do sinh khi hnh thnh v tch ly cht khng tan t ngun nc thi nn
tng lc cn c ra theo chu k bng cch s dng trc tip nc x l
c tch tr pha trn x xung nh p lc ca ct nc: khi x ra cn
ng thi sc kh tng cng hiu qu vi tng ca hai lu lng dng
khong 500 m3. m-2. h-1.
Lc ngp nc c sc kh c th thit k x l BOD, oxy ha amoni hay
kh nitrat v thm ch c th x l c ba thnh phn nu trn.
Thit k lc sinh hc ngp nc phn ln da trn ti lng c cht vi ti
lng ln hn khong mi ln so vi thp lc nh git (lc nh git, s dng
vt liu nha c din tch ln, tng lc cao, xem 7. 2. 2. 5).
Ti lng khi thit k phi da trn tiu chun thi hay hiu qu loi b cn
t c v t xc nh th tch tng lc. Thng s thit k khc l ti
lng thy lc v kh nng tch ly cht rn trong tng lc, hai thng s trn
xc nh chu trnh ra tng lc. Din tch v cao ca tng lc c xc nh
theo cc thng s trn.
i vi x l BOD, tt c cc k thut lc ngp nc u tng t nhau v
c cng phng php tnh ton thit k. X l nc thi sinh hot vi c
trng COD: BOD = 2 - 2,5, COD trt qua lc 50%, p dng k thut lc xui
v ngc vi ti lng hu c khng vt qu 10 kg COD. m-3. d-1 thi BOD
u ra s t di 30 mg/l. S dng vt liu lc ni do hiu qu nn p tng
lc nn c th s dng tc lc cao gp i so vi lc xui.
Thit k h x l nitrat ha da trn bn yu t: ti lng hu c, ti lng
amoni (TKN), cht lng nc sau x l v nhit .
Oxy ha amoni b gim khi ti lng hu c cao hn 2 kg COD. m -3. d-1
mc d qui trnh nitrat ha xy ra ng thi vi oxy ha cht hu c. Vt liu
nha thch hp hn , si cho qu trnh oxy ha amoni c xc nhn qui
~ 252 ~
m th nghim vi qui m tng lc c din tch 90 m2. Tc dng nc v
kh, nng oxy, kim thp s hn ch dng khuych tn trong mng vi sinh
v v vy s lm gim hiu sut x l [15, 16].
9. 1. 2. K thut oxy ha hai giai on.
C phng php huyn ph ln mng vi sinh u c th s dng vo k

thut oxy ha amoni hai giai on: oxy ha hp cht hu c giai on u v
oxy ha amoni giai on sau (hnh 9. 1. b). Oxy ha amoni ring r c tnh
linh hot cao d kim sot hiu qu ca qu trnh. Kh nng gy c i vi h
thng c gim thiu do cc cht hu c c tim nng gy c i vi vi sinh
vt t dng c loi b trc .
Tin hnh oxy ha hai giai on c th thc hin thng qua t hp ca hai
dng k thut phn ng trong mt h thng x l: k thut huyn ph v mng
vi sinh.
Giai on x l u tin nhm gim BOD xung di mc 30 mg/l vi thi
gian lu thy lc thp nht, giai on oxy ha amoni c thit k ph hp
vi c trng nhim v tiu chun thi t ra.
Phng php bn hot tnh.

C hai giai on oxy ha u s dng k thut bn hot tnh, giai on u
c thit k sao cho nng BOD d thp hn 30 mg/l vi thi gian lu
thy lc (th tch b sc kh) l thp nht, khng to iu kin cho vi sinh t
dng pht trin. t c tiu ch trn c th s dng mt s gii php
thit k sau [5]:
- La chn thi gian lu t bo thp : 0,5 ngy (vng m)n 1,5 ngy (vng
lnh).
- Cp lng kh oxy ti a p ng cho h x l cao ti, v d vi mc ti
lng hu c 1,6 kg BOD. m-3. d-1, nu s dng oxy nguyn cht c th
nng ti lng hu c ti 4 kg BOD. m-3. d-1.
- Cp lng kh oxy vi mc 1,2 kg/kg BOD sao cho nng oxy ha tan
khng bao gi di 1 mg/l v trung bnh l 4 mg/l.
- B lng th cp c thit k sao cho ti lng b mt trung bnh t 24 33
m3. m-2. d-1, ti thi im dao ng lu lng cao nht cng vn nm trong
~ 253 ~
3 -2 -1
khong 49 65 m . m . d nhm tch trit sinh khi t giai on oxy ha
u tin.
- Mt sinh khi thit k ph thuc vo thi gian lu ca b lng th cp v
tc lng ca chnh n. Vi ti lng b mt ca b lng l 24 m3. m-2. d-1
th mt sinh khi thch hp l 2000 2500 mg/l.
Giai on oxy ha amoni c thit k tng t nh trng hp oxy ha
mt giai on.
Thi gian lu t bo c la chn tng t nh h x l mt giai on.
kim cn thit cng c tnh tng t nhng c th mc thp hn do
mt phn hp cht nit c thi loi di dng sinh khi giai on trc.
i vi qu trnh oxy ha amoni ring bit, m hnh ng hc thng t ra
t thch hp khi s dng tnh ton do t l vi sinh Nitrifier trong tng sinh
khi rt kh xc nh chnh xc, v vy s liu t th nghim trc tip c tin
cy cao hn.
Gi tr thi gian lu t bo l thng s quan trng dng tnh ton thit k
h thng oxy ha amoni, gi tr trn c tnh t cc thng s ng hc
[phng trnh (8-10)] vi mt h s an ton no . Thi gian lu t bo ch
yu ph thuc vo nhit , v vy trong nhiu trng hp c th tra c gi
tr ca n theo nhit t cc th cho sn [5, 6], v d trong hnh 9. 2.
Trong trng hp khng c s liu tin cy thit k c th s dng cc
phng php tnh ton theo kinh nghim xc nh th tch b phn ng, v
d tnh theo thi gian lu t bo (xem 7. 2. 1. 5):
c .Q.S o .Y
V= (9-1)
X
Cc gi tr thng s thit k c trng c ghi trong bng 7. 2.
~ 254 ~
20
Thi gian lu t bo ti thiu, ngy 15 USEPA
10 Downing (DO = 4 mg/l, pH = 6,5)
c (ATV)
5
0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
c (ATV)
Nhit , oC
Hnh 9. 2. Thi gian lu t bo ti thiu ph thuc vo nhit .

a) theo tiu chun ATV (c)
b) theo USEPA v c) Downing.
Khi thit k h x l hai gia on cn ch ti tnh hung l hiu qu x l

BOD giai on u t rt cao, v d BOD d cn 5 - 10 mg/l v b lng th
cp ca giai on u hot ng rt tt, mt sinh khi ra khi b lng rt
thp, khi mt sinh khi ti b oxy ha amoni nh, khng duy tr c
thi gian lu t bo ln nitrat ha. khc phc ngi ta s dng mt
phn nc thi cha c oxy ha a thng vo b x l sau so cho duy tr
c nng BOD (tan v khng tan) mc 50 mg/l. Mt bin php khc
cng c s dng l a mt phn bn thi ca b lng th cp th nht v
b nitrat ha cng cho hiu qu tng ng.
Ti mt s ni (Tampa, Florida; Gurnee, Illinois; Waukan Illinois) mt s
h thng c thit k c th vn hnh theo c hai phng thc: mt hoc hai
giai on nhm tn dng li th ca tng k thut v ph hp vi cc iu
kin bin ng ca dng thi v iu kin ngoi cnh.
H x l thit k vn hnh linh hot c trnh by trong hnh 9. 3.
A. B phn ng oxy ha giai on 1, oxy ha giai on 2
~ 255 ~
a b c
B. B lng th cp
a b c
Hnh 9. 3. H oxy ha vn hnh linh hot theo c hai ch :
hai giai on (a, b) v mt giai on c.
H x l linh hot gm hai h thng: b phn ng A v b lng th cp B.

B phn ng c chia thnh su ngn ni tip nhau vi 3 t hp : 6 (c), 3 : 3
(b), 2 : 4 (a). B lng cng c tch theo t l (th tch v din tch) tng
ng.
Trong trng hp s dng phng thc vn hnh mt giai on (c) b phn
ng v b lng c s dng ton b th tch. Khi vn hnh theo phng thc
hai giai on, c b phn ng ln b lng c tch ra lm hai phn thng qua
ng van tng ng vi thi gian lu thy lc theo t l 2:4 v 3:3 i vi
qu trnh oxy ha BOD so vi nitrat ha.
H thit k trn c u th l c th vn hnh theo phng thc mt giai
on vo ma h v hai giai on v ma ng vi th tch b phn ng v
lng s cp ti thiu. Ngoi ra, nhng ngn b u c th s dng lm ngn
thiu kh. Tit din lng ca b lng th cp tng ng k khi vn hnh theo
phng thc mt giai on vo cc thi im tng t bin v lu lng (tri
ma).
Oxy ha hai giai on c li th rt ln l mt sinh khi Nitrifier cao
giai on sau do t l BOD: TKN thp, do tc nitrat ha cao hn nhiu
so vi oxy ho mt giai on. Tc oxy ha amoni cao ng ngha vi gim
th tch ca khi phn ng. Nu so snh tng th tch b phn ng ca x l
mt v hai giai on, cho thy: cng t c hiu sut oxy ha amoni, vi
nc thi c nhim thp (c amoni ln BOD) th th tch b phn ng mt
~ 256 ~
giai on thp hn nhng khi mc nhim amoni cao th th tch b phn
ng hai giai on thp hn.
Oxy ha hai giai on cn c mt s li th v duy tr iu kin thiu kh
trong h khi tin hnh kh nitrat, tng cng x l photpho, tit kim nng
lng v d n nh vn hnh [5].
Lc nh git hai giai on.

K thut lc nh git c th p dng vo h x l hai giai on, c ghp
ni vi h bn hot tnh (trc) hoc thng dng hn l ghp ni tip hai h
lc nh git.
Thp lc nh git s dng cho nitrat ha thng dng vt liu nha c din
tch ln v c lp t h thi kh b xung.
Hiu qu oxy ha amoni gim khi ti lng b mt tng v nhit gim.
m bo cho b mt nha t, ti thy lc (k c lu lng nc
quay vng) cn cao hn mc 47 m3. m-2. d-1- [5, 6] v chiu cao ca tng nha
t 6 n 12 m. Tc oxy ha amoni i vi nc thi sinh hot t 1,2 - 1,8
g NH4+ - N. m-3. d-1 vi iu kin BOD nh hn 20 mg/l. Kh b xung c
cp vi mc 50 ln ln hn so vi nhu cu (tnh theo l thuyt), tc l 50
kg oxy trn 1 kg oxy p ng cho nhu cu phn ng oxy ha, tng ng vi
hiu qu hp th oxy l 2%.
Mc tiu hao kim cho phn ng nitrat ha thp hn so vi gi tr tnh l
thuyt, vi ti trng amoni thp lng kim tiu th 6,7 g/g v khi ti lng
cao mc tiu th ch cn 4,6 g/g [6]. iu c th c nguyn nhn l xy ra
ng thi qu trnh kh nitrat bn trong mng vi sinh.
a quay sinh hc hai giai on.

a quay sinh hc hai giai on c s dng ch yu nitrat ha. Nc
x l sau giai on u t cc k thut bn hot tnh, lc nh git hoc a
quay sinh hc c lng tch sinh khi trc khi x l tip theo bng a
quay sinh hc. h vi sinh Nitrifier pht trin tt th BOD dng khng tan
(rn) c th c php cao hn 15 mg/l nhng nng BOD tan khng c
ln hn nng amoni. Nng BOD khng tan cao s lm gim din tch
ca a quay cho mc ch nitrat ha. Biu c xy dng t th nghim
thng c s dng thit k oxy ha hai giai on bng phng php a
quay sinh hc v lc nh git [5, 6, 8].
~ 257 ~
pH ca nc thi cn duy tr trong khong 7,2 8,6, hiu qu nitrat ha b
suy gim khi pH < 7,2. Nng oxy ha tan cn duy tr mc ln hn 1,5
mg/l [8]. Li th v nhc im ca tng phng php c trnh by trong
bng 8. 4.
9. 2. Thit k h thng kh nitrat.
Kh nitrat bng phng php sinh hc c th thc hin theo cc dng k

thut phn ng: huyn ph, lc ngp nc qua tng c nh vi sinh v dng lu
th (hnh 8. 3). Tuy c nhng c th khi s dng tng k thut phn ng trn
nhng qu trnh kh nitrat c mt s nt chung l b c ch bi nhit thp,
bi mt lot hp cht hu c. nh hng ca nhit c th bao qut c
khi tnh ton thit k. nh hng ca pH khng qu mnh xung quanh im
trung ha (6,5 - 7,5). Qu trnh kh nitrat sinh ra kim, lng kim sinh ra c
tc dng lm tng pH.
9. 2. 1. Thit k h x l dng huyn ph.
V tng th, h x l kh nitrat dng huyn ph ging nh h x l bn

hot tnh. im khc so vi h bn hot tnh l c b xung thm ngun carbon
(metanol), khi phn ng c khuy trn c hc v c mt khoang nh c
sc kh trc b lng th cp vi thi gian lu thy lc l 5 - 10 pht. B sc
kh c tc dng tch kh nit hnh thnh t phn ng cn tn ti trong hn hp,
trnh hin tng ni bn trong b lng th cp.
C dng k thut phn ng dng y l tng v khuy trn u c th c
s dng thc hin qu trnh kh nitrat. Khi s dng k thut khuy trn
u, b kh nitrat c th chia lm nhiu ngn m phng phng thc dng l
tng, tn dng u im ca phng thc .
Tc khuy trn c duy tr sao cho lng sinh khi tn ti trng thi
huyn ph, khng b lng, tip xc tt gia sinh khi vi cc cu t tham gia
phn ng v hn ch s thm nhp ca oxy t kh quyn vo khi phn ng.
Nng lng tiu hao cho khuy trn c hc nm trong khong 4 - 10 W/m3
[5].
Cng tng t nh khi thit k h x l bn hot tnh, phng php thit k
h thng kh nitrat cng c tin hnh trn c s m hnh ng hc hoc trn
~ 258 ~
c s kinh nghim hay s liu t thc nghim pilot. Cc thng s thit k
chnh bao gm: thi gian lu t bo, thi gian lu thy lc, tc kh nitrat,
nhu cu cht hu c (metanol).
Thit k h kh nitrat dng huyn ph c th xut pht t thi gian lu t
bo hoc t tc kh nitrat, chia ra lm ba phng n v u c gi tr s
dng [5]:
- S dng thng s thi gian lu t bo, cc thng s ng hc trn i tng
nitrat. Mc tiu th c cht ca vi sinh Denitrifier vi iu kin khng b
hn ch cht hu c c s dng cho tnh ton.
- S dng tc kh nitrat l phng php c p dng kh rng ri trc
y. Phng php thit k ny tng i n gin nhng cn c s liu v
tc kh nitrat. Tc kh nitrat vi cht hu c l metanol trong ti liu
bin ng trong khong rng: 0,1 1,2 g NO3 N/g sinh khi do nh hng
ca yu t nhit v bn cht ca cht hu c.
- S dng thi gian lu t bo v cc thng s ng hc trn i tng cht
hu c c th coi l phng php tin li nht. Phng n trn xem cht hu
c l yu t khng ch qu trnh kh nitrat v hng s bn bo ha ca nitrat
rt nh, 0,1 mg/l, khng th l yu t quyt nh tc kh nitrat trong thc
t x l nc thi.
V hnh thc, phng n u v cui tng t nhau. Trnh t v cch thc
tnh ton cho phng n u (i tng l nitrat):
1) S dng cc thng s ng hc qu trnh kh nitrat (bng 9. 3) v
phng trnh (6-7) tnh k; (8-10) tnh c, t cho qu trnh kh nitrat. Cc
h s ng hc cn c iu chnh theo nhit thc hin. nh hng ca
nhit ln thng s ng hc c tnh:
P = 0,25. T2 (9-2)
o o
P l h s (=1) ti 20 C, T l nhit tnh theo C
Bng 9. 3. Thng s ng hc ca qu trnh kh nitrat (ti 20oC)[8].
Thng s n v Gi tr
Khong c trng
m d-1 0,3 0,9 0,3
KS NO3-N, mg/l 0,06 0,20 0,1
Y NO3-N, mgSK/mg 0,4 0,9 0,8
~ 259 ~
-1
kp d 0,04 0,08 0,04
2) Xc nh thi gian lu t bo c dng cho thit k bng cch ly c,t nhn

vi h s an ton [phng trnh (7-63)].
3) S dng thi gian lu t bo c va tnh c v phng trnh (7-53)
xc nh tc tiu th c cht ring U.
4) T gi tr U xc nh c, s dng biu thc (7-58) xc nh nng
nitrat (S) khi ra khi h thng x l.
5) Xc nh thi gian lu thy lc (th tch b phn ng) t phng trnh
(7-52).
6) Xc nh lng sinh khi d cn thi b.
Thit k h x l theo m hnh ng hc trn c s i tng l cht hu
c cho qu trnh nitrat ha rt a dng, i khi l mt hn hp khng nh r
tnh danh, v d ngun COD, BOD t ngun nc thi hay t qu trnh phn
hy ni sinh. Vi cc cht hu c khc nhau, cc gi tr ng hc c trng
cho qu trnh kh nitrat cng khc nhau. Gi tr cc thng s ng hc cho qu
trnh kh nitrat vi metanol c ghi trong bng 9. 4 [5].
Bng 9. 4. Gi tr hng s ng hc cho kh nitrat vi metanol.
Thng s n v Gi tr
20oC 10oC
Hiu sut sinh khi, Y gSKHH/g COD 0,18 0,17
-1
H s phn hy ni sinh, kp d 0,04 0,05
Tc tiu th c cht ring gCOD/gSKHH.d 10,3 3,1
cc i Um
Hng s bn bo ha KS g COD/m3 9,1 12,6
Tnh ton thit k qu trnh kh nitrat dng huyn ph theo k thut khuy
trn u theo m hnh ng hc vi i tng l cht hu c c thc hin
nh sau [5]:
1) T gi tr tc tiu th c cht ring cc i Um (bng 9. 4) tm c
gi tr U theo mi quan h:
S
U Um. (9-3)
S KS
~ 260 ~
S l nng COD ti u ra (trong khi phn ng). KS l hng s bn bo
ha. Tc kh nitrat ph thuc vo nhit , mi quan h gia tc tiu
th c cht ring ti nhit T (oC) UT, so vi chnh n ti 20oC, U20 l:
UT = U20. T-20 (9-4)
l h s c gi tr t 1,08 n 1,16.
2) Thi gian lu t bo ti thiu c, t c tnh theo phng trnh (8-10):
1
Y .U k p (9-5)
c ,t
3) Hiu sut sinh khi thc Y [xem biu thc (7-51)] c tnh:
Y
Y ' (9-6)
1 k p . c
(c tnh t c, t vi mt h s an ton no ).
Lng bn thi c xc nh t Y.
4) Nng COD tnh t metanol trong khi phn ng thiu kh cn phi
duy tr mc m bo khng nh hng n tc kh nitrat nhng cng
phi d dng loi b (oxy ha) giai on sc kh b xung tip theo giai on
thiu kh. Nng metanol c xem l thch hp trong khong 3 5 mg
COD/l. Tc kh nitrat c tng cng vi nng metanol cao hn trong
cc b phn ng nh. Tuy vy vic la chn ch vn hnh vi nng
metanol cao cn c cn nhc gia gim th tch b (do tc tng) vi chi
ph ha cht.
5) Thi gian lu thy lc ca h (th tch b phn ng) c tnh [biu
thc (7-49)]:
c .Y .( S o S )
.X (9-7)
1 k p . c
X: nng sinh khi Denitrifier, So, S l COD ti u vo v ra.

6) Tc tiu th c cht ring i vi nitrat [biu thc (7-52)] UN c
tnh:
No N
UN (9-8)
X .
No, N l nng nitrat ti u vo v ra khi h thng.
~ 261 ~
Khi kh nitrit, phng php thit k tng t, gi tr cc hng s ng hc
khc so vi kh nitrat cng nh khi s dng cc cht hu c khng phi l
metanol [6, 17, 18, 19].
Thit k h thng kh nitrat khng ch l tnh ton th tch b phn ng m
cn phi ch ti cc iu kin c th ca qu trnh nh t l carbon/nit, s
c mt ca oxy, mc khuy trn, mc tit kim oxy do phn ng ca
nitrat vi ngun carbon t nc thi (oxy ha cht hu c), mc to ra
kim ca phn ng v k c sn phm sinh ra l kh nit (xem 8. 2).
Trong qu trnh kh nitrat, c nitrat v cht hu c u b tiu th. Mc
tiu th cht hu c c th hin qua t l N/C, NO3-N /COD hoc theo
BOD. Tnh ton nhu cu cht hu c cho qu trnh kh nitrat ch c tnh cht
ch mc no i vi k thut kh nitrat ring bit, v t nht mt lng
cht hu c c ngun gc t phn hy ni sinh tham gia phn ng. Khi s
dng ngun carbon t nc thi (k thut x l cng h bn) th vic xc nh
nhu cu carbon s phc tp hn [20, 21, 22, 23].
Trong mt h thng kh nitrat, cht hu c b tiu hao vo cc qu trnh:
chuyn ha nitrat, nitrit thnh kh N2, xy dng t ba vi sinh v oxy ha vi
oxy ha tan. Cung cp va lng cht hu c cho cc qu trnh trn ch c
th tnh ton gn ng v vy cn c theo di v iu chnh khi vn hnh h
thng x l.
Phng php tnh ton nhu cu cht hu c c trnh by chi tit trong ti
liu [6], tuy vy c th p dng cng thc tng i n gin tnh, v d
[5]: Lng cht hu c cn kh nitrat l 2,86 gCOD/g NO3-. Lng cht
hu c tng tiu th cho c ba cht oxy ha: nitrat, nitrit v oxy tnh theo COD
ca cht hu c c dng (khng tnh cho tng hp t bo):
ms = 2,86 [1,0 NO3-N + 0,6 NO2-N + 0,35 O2] (9-9)
Nng nitrat, nitrit tnh theo nit trong thnh phn ca chng. Lng cht
hu c tiu th cho c tng hp t bo c th qui v cho qu trnh kh nitrat
vi mt t l tng nht nh no :
ms, t = 2,86. C. NO3-N (9-10)
C l h s (C >1) c gi tr bin ng ty thuc vo bn cht ca cht hu

c v hiu sut sinh khi ca qu trnh.
~ 262 ~
Phng trnh tnh nhu cu cht hu c (9-9) cho qu trnh kh nitrat vi s
c mt ng thi ba cht oxy ha: nitrat, nitrit v oxy c thnh lp trn c
s phn tch sau:
kh 14 g nit trong hp cht nitrat t ha tr +5 v 0 cn 5 mol in t,
mi mol in t v vy s kh c 2,8 g NO3-N. Cc cht hu c c s oxy
ha khng c nh, ph thuc vo t l C/N/H trong phn t, tuy nhin kh
nng cho in t ca chng c th nh gi qua c trng COD, c 8 g tnh
theo COD s nhng 1 mol in t (phn t lng ca oxy l 32 khi chuyn
v O2- th nhn 4 mol in t). Vy kh 14 g NO3-N cn mt lng COD
tng ng l 40 g (325/4). T l tiu hao cht hu c kh nit trong nitrat
l 40/14 = 2,86.
Tng t nh vy, kh 14 g nit trong hp cht nitrit cn 3 mol in t,
tng ng vi 4,67 g NO2-N/mol in t hoc 4,67 g NO2-N/8 g COD.
Cht hu c tnh theo COD kh oxy s tng ng l 1/1.
Trong phn ng oxy ha kh gia cht hu c (cht kh) vi cht oxy ha
c mt trong nc thi (O2, NO3-, NO2-), s ng lng in t (tnh theo
mol) m cc cht oxy ha thu nhn c t cht hu c nhng cho l n.
Mi quan h gia khi lng m ca cc cht oxy ha (g) vi s ng lng
in t (n) l:
n = m/ng lng gam.
S ng lng in t m cht kh cn cung cp l:
m m m
n n
n NO2 N n O2
NO3 N
m( NO3 N ) m( NO2 N ) m(O2 )

=
2,86 4,67 8
=
1
2,86
m( NO3 N ) 0,6.m( NO2 N ) 0,35m(O2 )

= 0,357. m( NO3 N ) 0,6.m( NO2 N ) 0,35m(O2 )
Nu tnh lng cht hu c theo khi lng (g) th s c gi tr l n
ng lng gam ca cht hu c, v d nu cht hu c tnh theo COD th
ng lng gam ca n l 8 g O2/ng lng gam v v vy kh 1 g
NO3N cn 80,357 = 2,86 g COD v kh cho 1 g oxy cn 0,35780,35 = 1
g COD.
~ 263 ~
S c mt ca oxy trong khi phn ng s km hm qu trnh kh nitrat,
duy tr c trng thi huyn ph ca khi phn ng v to iu kin tip xc
gia sinh khi v cc cu t tham gia phn ng th khi phn ng cn c
khuy trn u vi mc trnh oxy t khng kh thm vo. S c mt ca
oxy nh hng n qu trnh kh nitrat c nh hng nh sau: 1 mol oxy
(32g) nhn 4 ng lng in t t cht hu c, tc l 8 g oxy nhn 1 mol
in t t cht hu c. Tng t nh vy 14 g NO3-N (1 mol nitrat, 62 g
nitrat) tng ng vi 5 ng lng gam in t do chuyn t nit +5 (NO3-)
v 0 (N2), tc l 2,8 g NO3-N (14/5) s nhn 1 mol in t. V vy s c mt
ca oxy s nh hng (suy gim) n qu trnh kh nitrat:
2,8 gNO3 N / dl
0,35 gNO3 N / gO2 (9-11)
8 gO2 / dl
Gi tr 0,35 trong biu thc (9-9) chnh l gi tr trn. (l l ng lng

gam). Biu thc (9-11) mang ngha l 1g oxy tiu th mt lng cht hu c
tng ng vi 0,35 g NO3--N.
Phn ln nc sau giai on oxy ha amoni u cha oxy ha tan nn khi
tnh ton cht hu c cho qu trnh kh nitrat cn ti yu t ny.
Khi nng nitrat ra khi b phn ng sang b lng nm trong khong 5 -
10 g NO3--N/m3 vi nhit cao hn 20oC v vi thi gian lu t bo cao th
qu trnh kh nitrat s tip din, kh nit sinh ra s bm vo bn, gy ra hin
tng bn ni trong h lng [6]. khc phc hin tng trn, sau qu trnh
kh nitrat cn lp ghp thm giai on x l hiu kh vi thi gian lu thy
lc ngn (khng qu 1 gi) nhm: y ht kh nit sinh ra trc , oxy ha
nt phn cht hu c d, tng thm lng oxy trong nc km hm qu
trnh kh nitrat xy ra trong b lng cng nh vn hnh theo ch thi gian
lu t bo thp.
Trong khi tin hnh oxy ha amoni, nu mt lng kim b tiu hao (7,14
g/g NH4 tnh theo CaCO3) th qu trnh kh nitrat sn sinh ra mt lng kim
3,57 g/g NO3--N. Lng kim sinh ra hoc mt i lm thay i pH ca mi
trng phn ng v t nh hng n tc phn ng (vng pH ti u).
Lng kim cao trong nc km hm s thay i t ngt (nhanh) pH ca mi
trng do tnh cht m ca n. Nc sau khi x l cng cn cha mt
lng kim nht nh trc khi thi ra mi trng.
V d sau y trnh by phng php tnh ton thit k cho h x l nitrat
theo k thut huyn ph khuy trn u.
~ 264 ~
Tnh ton h kh nitrat cho mt ngun thi c cc c trng:
- Lu lng: 500 m3/ngy.
- Nng nitrat tnh theo nit: NO3--N = 20 g/m3.
- Tiu chun thi i vi nitrat l 3 g/m3 NO3--N.
- Oxy ha tan: 2 g/m3.
- Nhit x l: 20oC.
- Cc hng s tc phn ng c tra t bng 9. 4 ti 20oC.
- Y = 0,18 g SKHH/g COD.
- kp = 0,04.
- KS = 9,1 g/m3.
- Um = 10,3.
- Mt sinh khi tng: 2000 mg/l.
- T l mt sinh khi hu hiu/mt sinh khi tng, SKHH/SK = 0,75.
- H s [biu thc (9-4)] c gi tr 1,12.
- S dng cht kh l metanol.
Li gii:
1) Lng nitrat cn x l: 20 3 = 17 g NO3--N/m3.
2) Nng metanol d sau qu trnh kh nitrat c qui nh l 5 mg/l
tnh theo COD, v 1 g metanol tng ng vi 1,5 g COD nn lng
metanol d s l 3,3 g COD/m3.
3) Tnh tc tiu th c cht ring [phng trnh (9-3)]:
5
U 10,3 3,65 gCOD / gSKHH
9,1 5
4) Tnh thi gian lu t bo ti thiu [biu thc (9-5)]:
1/c, t = 0,18 3,65 0,04 = 0,617.
c, t = 1,62 ngy.
Nu ly h s an ton bng 2 th c thit k l 3,24 ngy.
5) Tnh nhu cu cht hu c theo COD.
Nhu cu COD = 2,817 + 21 = 49,6 g COD/m3.
Nu tnh theo lng metanol th c gi tr l 49,6: 1,5 = 33,1 g/m3 v 1
g metanol tng ng vi 1,5 g COD.
6) Tnh thi gian lu thy lc [phng trnh (9-7)]
~ 265 ~
V 3,24.0,18.(49,6 5,0)
0,0153 ngy = 0,368 gi.
Q (1 0,04.3,24).2000.0,75
V = Q. = 5000,0153 = 7,65 m3.
7) Tnh lng sinh khi (bn) cn thi [phng trnh (9-6)].
0,18
Y ' 0,159 gSKHH / gCOD.
1 0,04.3,24
hoc 0,159/0,75 = 0,212 g SK/gCOD.
Tng sinh khi phi thi hng ngy:
50049.60,212 = 5258 g/ngy.
9. 2. 2. Thit k h kh nitrat bng k thut lc sinh hc.
Kh nitrat ring r cng c th thc hin theo k thut mng vi sinh, trn
i tng nc thi v nc sinh hot.
X l nitrat trong ngun nc sinh hot c t ra cho cc nc Chu u
l do qui nh mi v tiu chun nc n ung, t 90 mg/l xung 50 mg/l v
do cc ngun nc mt cng nh nc ngm cho sinh hot b nhim kh
nng bi tp cht trn [24]. Nhiu ngun nc ngm Vit Nam, c bit
vng ng bng sng Hng b nhim amoni, sau qu trnh oxy ha amoni
(hon ton), hm lng nitrat vn cao hn tiu chun cho php i vi nc
n ung cng cn c x l cho t tiu chun qui nh [25]. K thut kh
nitrat trong nc thi v nc sinh hot nhn chung l ging nhau tr mt s
chi tit hay gp nh s dng cht hu c lm ngun kh.
Cc cng ngh c nh hnh kh nitrat pht trin rt nhanh trong
khong hai chc nm tr li y, v d cng ngh mang cc tn: Neusser,
Denipor, Permapor, Nitrazur, Deni - tec, Nebio, Deniplant. Cc cng ngh trn
c s dng vi qui m sn xut 25 - 450 m3/gi, u s dng cng ngh lc
ngp nc [24].
Kh nitrat i vi nc thi theo phng php mng vi sinh c th thc
hin theo cc dng k thut: lc qua tng tnh, dng linh ng hoc a quay
sinh hc. Trong k thut dng linh ng nc thi c a t di ln vi
mt vn tc ln sao cho vt liu mang (ct mn) c duy tr trng thi l
lng. Vt liu mang kch thc nh c din tch b mt ln, to iu kin duy
tr mt sinh khi cao trong vng th tch phn ng nh. Thit k h x l
theo k thut tng linh ng thng da trn c s s liu thc nghim.
~ 266 ~
K thut a quay sinh hc c s dng ging nh trong trng hp x l
hiu kh vi iu kin khc bit l ton b a quay c t v tr chm
trong nc. Sau khi x l nc cn c tip tc lng tch loi sinh khi
bong ra t a quay.
Lc qua tng c nh l k thut thng dng kh nitrat. K thut lc qua
tng c nh c chia lm hai loi: tng lc cha kh v tng lc cha nc
(lc ngp nc). Tng lc cha kh l mt h phn ng kn cch ly vi khng
kh, kh trong tng ch yu cha nit to iu kin cho vi sinh vt
Denitrifier pht trin. Nc thi c phn phi u trn vt liu mang c
chiu t trn xung ging nh qu trnh lc nh git. Do mng vi sinh lun
bong ra khi vt liu mang, tri theo nc ra ngoi nn sau phn ng nc cn
c lng.
Lc ngp nc cng c chia lm hai dng: tng lc c xp cao v
xp thp. Tng lc c xp cao c vn hnh theo chiu ngc, chy t
di ln hoc chy ngang. Do lun phi loi b sinh khi d nn h x l cng
cn ti b lng th cp v chng tc phi cn ti giai on sc ra. Tng lc
c xp thp thng hot ng theo phng thc dng chy t trn xung,
cng do vt liu c kch thc nh nn tng lc cn ng vai tr lc trong
ngoi chc nng cht mang cho vi sinh vt. Do vt liu c kch thc nh nn
chng cng gi c kh nit hnh thnh nn nh k cn phi sc ra lm
thng thong tng lc.
Thng dng v c hiu qu kinh t l qu trnh kh nitrat theo k thut
dng xui chiu va c tc dng lc trong nc v c nh vi sinh vi xp
ca tng lc thp [5, 26, 27].
Thit k h lc ngp nc chy xui dng, thm chc nng lc trong c
mt s c th: khng cn n h thng thu nc bng ng y v d dn
n tc, nhim bn. Vt liu lc vi kch thc hiu dng 1,8 - 2,3 mm hoc
vt liu hnh cu c kch thc 0,8 - 0,9 mm c th s dng, cn thit k h
sc ra (nc, kh) kh nng lm v sinh, h thng phn phi nc u vo
cn u, t khuy trn gim thiu lng oxy ha tan thm vo t khng kh.
Thng s s dng thit k b lc kh nitrat l ti lng nitrat hoc thi
gian lu thy lc hoc thi gian tip xc.
Thit k theo ti lng nitrat l phng php tng i n gin, trn c s
mc chu ti nitrat trn mt n v th tch ca b lc sinh hc, phng
php c s dng khi khng c cc s liu ng hc ca qu trnh. Ti
~ 267 ~
lng nitrat thit k nm trong mt khong rt rng, t 240 g n 3200 g NO3-
- N. m-3. d-1 ty thuc vo vt liu mang v nhit [5].
Phng php tip xc da trn nguyn tc l hiu qu kh nitrat tng khi
thi gian tip xc di, hiu qu x l tng n mt mc nht nh, tim cn
mt gi tr no khi tip tc tng thi gian tip xc. Cc thng s thit k
thng c rt ra t cc nghin cu pilot tng hp vi iu kin x l.
Tnh ton ct lc sinh hc cho qu trnh kh nitrat theo m hnh ng hc t
c s dng, tuy vy n cng l mt phng php dng thit k khi c
s liu [6].
9. 3. Thit k h x l kt hp oxy ha - kh.
Kt hp hai qu trnh: oxy ha amoni v kh nitrat trong mt h c hiu

l h c cng chung sinh khi v ch c mt h lng duy nht. K thut kt
hp hai qu trnh trn thng l phng n c la chn bi cc l do: hiu
qu x l cao, vn hnh n nh, d kim sot qu trnh, gi thnh vn hnh
hp l, din tch xy dng thp.
H x l kt hp c th thc hin theo nhiu phng thc khc nhau:
Kh nitrat c t v tr trc hoc sau oxy ha amoni, s dng mng
oxy ha thng qua duy tr mc oxy ha cc vng khc nhau trong mng
(xem 8. 3) hoc s dng k thut m k tip giai on thng qua duy tr cc
pha hiu kh, thiu kh theo thi gian.
So snh tc oxy ha amoni v kh nitrat cho thy tc oxy ha amoni
chm hn nhiu so vi kh nitrat, ng ngha vi thi gian lu t bo v thi
gian lu thy lc cho giai on oxy ha di hn. iu kin thc hin oxy
ha amoni l phi duy tr nng oxy ha tan mt mc no v kh
nitrat th ngoi nhu cu cht hu c, oxy ha tan khng c c mt trong
khi phn ng. Vng pH ti u cho hai qu trnh trn cng khc nhau.
Kt hp hai qu trnh: oxy ha amoni v kh nitrat c iu kin s dng
ngun cht hu c t nc thi v t qu trnh phn hy ni sinh kh nitrat
nhm tit kim gi thnh vn hnh.
Tc kh nitrat trong h x l t hp ch t ti a mc 0,075 - 0,115 g
NO3-- N/g SK ti 20oC ngn thiu kh vi iu kin khng b hn ch v
ngun cung cp cht hu c, tc l ch bng khong 50% so vi h kh nitrat
ring r. Nu s dng cht hu c t phn hy ni sinh, tc kh nitrat ch
~ 268 ~
-
t 0,017 - 0,048 g NO3 - N/g SK, tc l ch 20 - 30% so vi tc kh khi h
c cung cp cht hu c. Tc kh nitrat s chm li khi thi gian lu
t bo cao.
Trong k thut bn hot tnh, trnh t b tr cc ngn phn ng hiu kh v
thiu kh c th l: thiu kh trc hiu kh, hiu kh trc thiu kh hay b tr
lin tip hai cp thiu kh - hiu kh (qu trnh Bardenpho bn giai on, nh
m t trong hnh 9. 4.
Gn y, k thut m k tip giai on c s dng rt c hiu qu v
tng i n gin v mt b tr h thng nhm mc ch x l hp cht nit
v photpho [28, 29, 30, 31].
Thiu kh Hiu kh
a)
Hiu kh Thiu kh
b)
Thiu Hiu Thiu Hiu

kh kh kh kh
c)
Hnh 9. 4. S phi hp h x l hp cht nit.
a) thiu kh t trc; b) hiu kh t trc.
c) qu trnh Bardenpho bn giai on
~ 269 ~
9. 3. 1. H x l kh nitrat t trc.
H x l hp cht nit c chung h bn vi giai on kh nitrat c b tr

trc giai on oxy ha c trnh by trong hnh 9. 4. a (predenitrification
system). Nt c th ca h thng l c hai dng hi lu: hi lu bn nh
trong h bn hot tnh thng dng v hi lu hn hp bn - nc (cha tch
sinh khi) t giai on x l hiu kh trn vi dng u vo.
Dng hi lu hn hp bn - nc nhm cung cp nitrat, nitrit cho phn ng
thiu kh, thng vi lu lng ln (200 400%) so vi dng vo. Dng hi
lu bn t b lng th cp nhm mc ch duy tr mt bn cho x l thiu
kh v hiu kh. Ngun cht hu c kh nitrat l ngun t nc thi cha
x l (dng vo) v mt phn t phn hy ni sinh nhm tit kim gi thnh
vn hnh. Trong trng hp hai ngun cht hu c trn khng p ng cho
qu trnh kh nitrat th c th b xung thm cho b phn ng thiu kh.
Kiu b tr h thng x l nh trn cn c tc dng tit kim oxy cho giai
on x l hiu kh sau , v mt lng hp cht hu c ti nc u vo
c tiu th cho phn ng kh nitrat.
Cc thng s s dng thit k h x l hp cht nit (nitrat t trc, sau
hoc theo cp kh nitrat/oxy ha) c trnh by trong bng 9.5.
Bng 9. 5. Thng s c trng cho h kh hp cht nit theo cc phng n
khc nhau [5].
Thng s Kh nitrat Kh nitrat T hp cp
trc sau kh/oxy ha
c c h (ngy) 6-30 6-30 8-40
c h (gi)
+ Thiu kh 1 2-5 - 2-5
+ Hiu kh 1 4-12 4-12 4-12
+ Thiu kh 2 - 2-5 2-5
+ Hiu kh 2 - - 0,5-1,0
Sinh khi (mg/l) 1500-4000 1500-4000 2000-5000
Hi lu nc bn (%) 200-400 - 400-600
Hi lu bn (%) n 100 n 100 n 100
~ 270 ~
Oxy ha tan (mg/l)
+ Thiu kh 0 0 0
+ Hiu kh 1-2 1-2 1-2
Nng lng khuy (W.m-3)
+ Thiu kh 4-10 4-10 3-13
+ Hiu kh 20-40 20-40 20-40
+ Tng ng vi cp 10-30 10-30 10-40
kh (l.m-3.min-1)
Th tch b x l thiu kh ph thuc vo hm lng nitrat hnh thnh v

tc kh nitrat, i vi nc thi sinh hot th tch phn ng ca giai on
kh nitrat chim 20 - 40% tng th tch phn ng (khng bao gm th tch
lng). Khuy trn cho khi phn ng thiu kh mc sao cho vi sinh khng
b lng v oxy thm t khng kh vo mc ti thiu. Lng nc - bn hi
lu t b hiu kh rt ln nn cn b tr bm v tr sao cho hn ch oxy ha
tan vo b thiu kh.
C th s dng hai phng php tnh ton th tch b phn ng ca h
x l hp cht nit. Trong c hai trng hp cch tnh cho b hiu kh l ging
nhau, ch khc nhau i vi x l thiu kh, tc l tnh ton trn c s nitrat
hoc cht hu c [xem (9. 3. 1)].
Cc phng php tnh trc y thng b qua yu t thnh phn cht rn
tr c mt trong khi phn ng, yu t ny nh hng kh mnh n ln
cn thit ca b phn ng (c thiu kh ln hiu kh). Trong mt s ti liu
thit k, hm lng cht rn tr c gi thit l 60 mg/l i vi nc thi
sinh hot.
Thit k h x l hp cht nit theo phng n b tr giai on kh nitrat
trc c thc hin theo trnh t sau y [5]:
Tnh ton giai on oxy ha.
1) Chn cc thng s nhit , pH, oxy ha tan ti thiu c duy tr khi
vn hnh.
2) Tnh tc pht trin cc i ca vi sinh Nitrosomonas ph thuc vo
cc iu kin pH, oxy ha tan (DO) v nhit theo phng trnh (9. 12):
~ 271 ~
DO
m 0,47.e 0,098(T 15) . .1 0,0833(7,2 pH ) (9-12)
DO K DO
[Xem 8. 1, phng trnh (8-5), (8-6), (8-7), (8-8), (8-9)].

KDO c chp nhn vi gi tr l 1,0 mg O2/l.
3) T gi tr m tnh tc pht trin thc ca Nitrosomonas (ch ti yu
t nng amoni ban u v phn hy ni sinh) v tnh thi gian lu t bo
ti thiu [xem (8-10)]:
1 m .N o
kp (9-13)
c ,t K N No
No l nng amoni hoc TKN trong nc thi.

4) Tnh ton thi gian lu t bo thit k hm cha hai yu t: h s an ton
A [biu thc (7-63)] v yu t dao ng mc nhim P.
c = c,t . A . P (9-14)
Gi tr ca A thng nm trong khong 1,2 n 2,0 v ca P t 1,1 n 1,2.

5) c tnh thi gian lu t bo ca c h s (ca hai giai on hiu kh v
thiu kh).
s = c . F (9-15)
F l h s c trng do s ng gp ca giai on x l thiu kh, n lm

tng thi gian lu t bo ca h x l. i vi phn ln h x l dinh dng, F
c gi tr nm trong khong 1,4 n 2,0. H s F c tnh:
1
F (9-16)
1 Z
Z l phn th tch (t l) ca b thiu kh trong khi phn ng tng th ca
h.
6) T cc hng s ng hc c trng cho vi sinh d dng (bng 9.6) tnh
nng cht hu c S (BOD) khi ra khi h x l hiu kh:
S

K S 1 k p , S . s
s (YS .k S k p , S ) 1 (9-17)
Cc hng s ng hc trong biu thc (9-17) c trng cho loi vi sinh d

dng, c nhim v oxy ha cht hu c [xem phng trnh (7-50)]. Do qu
trnh x l hp cht hu c xy ra c hai giai on: hiu kh v thiu kh nn
~ 272 ~
thi gian lu t bo tng ng l s (ca c h). Ch s s ca cc hng s
ch qu trnh d dng.
7) T cc s liu hng s ng hc c trng cho vi sinh t dng (bng 9.
6) tnh c nng amoni d sau x l hiu kh:
K N (1 k p , N . c )
N
c (YN .k N k p , N ) 1 (9-18)
Biu thc (9-18) tng t (9-17) c trng cho qu trnh oxy ha amoni bi
cc loi vi sinh t dng, k hiu tng ng vi ch s N. Do qu trnh oxy
ha amoni ch xy ra trong b hiu kh nn gi tr thi gian lu t bo l c.
8) Xc nh lng hp cht nit cn c oxy ha NO:
NO = TKN N Nsk (9-19)
TKN l hp cht nit xc nh theo phng php Kjehdahl (amoni v nit

trong hp cht hu c) ca dng vo. N l nng nit trong amoni sau x l;
Nsk l lng nit c sinh khi hp thu to thnh t bo.
Lng nit do vi sinh hp thu ch tnh cho loi vi sinh d dng, b qua loi
t dng v t l ca chng trong tng sinh khi thp.
YS ( S o S ).FN
N SK X e .FN (9-20)
1 k p , s . s
Xe l nng sinh khi hu hiu sau lng.

FN l t l hm lng nit trong sinh khi hu hiu (5 - 12%).
9) Tnh th tch b x l hiu kh nhm p ng qu trnh oxy ha amoni ti
iu kin pH, oxy ha tan v nhit c la chn (b qua tng hp t bo
ca vi sinh t dng).
Q. c Ys ( S o S )
VH . XL (9-21)
X 1 k p , s . c
VH: th tch b hiu kh, Q l lu lng (cng sut) cn x l; X l mt

vi sinh tng; XL l nng cht rn tr; So, S l nng cht hu c trc v
sau khi x l.
Tnh ton giai on kh nitrat.

1) Tnh ton nng nitrat sau khi x l v tc quay vng hn hp bn -
nc v bn v b x l thiu kh.
~ 273 ~
NO.Q
NO3-- N = (9-22)
(Q Q1 Q2 )
NO3-- N l nng nitrat ti u ra; Q1, Q2 l tc quay vng ca bn v

hn hp bn - nc v b thiu kh. gim nng nitrat ti u ra cn tng
cng tc Q1 v Q2, c bit thch hp l Q2.
2) Tnh ton hm lng nitrat cn loi b trong giai on x l thiu kh.
Bc tnh ton gm ba giai on:
- Tnh lng oxy ha tan (DO) tng ng vi nitrat t dng quay vng hn
hp bn nc.
(NO3-- N)t = 0,35. DO. Q2 (9-23)
DO l nng oxy ha tan trong b hiu kh. Q2 l tc quay vng hn

hp bn nc [xem phng trnh (9-9) v (9-11)].
- Tnh lng nitrat cn kh M (NO3-- N) trong b thiu kh:
M (NO3-- N) = (Q1 + Q2). [(NO3-- N)] (9-24)
- Tnh khi lng nitrat cn tch loi ti b thiu kh: lng nitrat quay vng
t hai dng hi lu v lng oxy tng ng nitrat t dng hn hp bn
nc.
TM (NO3-- N) = M (NO3-- N) + (NO3-- N)t (9-25)
M (NO3-- N) l tng lng nitrat cn x l.

3) Tnh th tch b thiu kh VT p ng kh nitrat v oxy ha tan
TM ( NO3 N ) 0,03.S o .Q.1,06T 20

VT (9-26)
0,29. X .1,06T 20
4) Lng bn thi c tnh trn c s vi sinh d dng:
Y (S S )
P(x) = s o X L .Q (9-27)
1 k p , s . s
5) Tnh ton thi gian lu t bo s,t so snh vi thi gian lu t bo gi

thit s [phng trnh (9-15)]. Nu s,t khc xa so vi s (qu 5 10%) th cn
phi tnh ton li.
X VH VT
s,t = (9-28)
P(x)
~ 274 ~
Tnh ton nhu cu oxy.
Lng oxy cn thit p ng oxy ha amoni v cht hu c (BOD) trong b
hiu kh c tnh:
O2 = CBOD + NOD DOC (9-29)
CBOD = Q.[(1-1,42. Ys). (So S)] + 1,42 kp,s.X. VH (9-30)

NOD = 4,57. NO. Q (9-31)
DOC = Q. [2,86. (NO - NO3-Ne)] (9-32)

CBOD l nhu cu oxy oxy ha BOD (xem 7. 2. 1).
NOD l nhu cu oxy ha amoni, NO3--Ne l nng nitrat sau x l (xem
8. 1).
DOC l lng oxy tit kim c do phn cht hu c s dng kh
nitrat. Thnh phn ny c th b qua khi tnh ton thit k [biu thc (9.11)].
Nhu cu v lng kim.

Trong khi x l, mt lng kim b tiu hao cho phn ng oxy ha amoni,
mt phn kim sinh ra (tr li) t phn ng kh nitrat. duy tr cho qu trnh
x l xy ra thun li, pH khng b gim qu mnh cn phi duy tr mt lng
kim d trong nc sau x l, thng dng l 50 100 mg CaCO3/l. kim
d c tnh theo:
Kd = Ko 7,14. NO + 3,57 [NO NO3-N] (9-33)
Kd, Ko l kim d v ban u ca nc thi.
Bng 9. 6. Thng s ng hc ca h vi sinh t dng v d dng.
Hng s ng hc vi sinh d dng ti 20oC

Ys = 0,6 gSKHH/gBOD kp,s = 0,06 d-1
ks = 5 d-1 KS = 60 mg/l BOD
Hng s ng hc vi sinh t dng ti 20oC
YN = 0,15 g SKHH/g NH4+-N kp, N = 0,05 d-1
kN = 3,0 d-1 KN = 100,051T - 1,148 = 0,74 mg/l
Hng s ng hc vi sinh d dng ti 15oC
Ys = 0,6 gSKHH/gBOD kp,s = 0,05 d-1
~ 275 ~
-1
ks = 3,2 d KS = 39 mg/l BOD
Hng s ng hc vi sinh t dng ti 15oC
YN = 0,15 g SKHH/g NH4+-N kp, N = 0,04 d-1
kN = 1,95 d-1 KN = 100,051T - 1,148 = 0,41 mg/l
V d tnh ton thit k h x l nc thi cha hp cht nit vi k thut

kh nitrat t trc. Cc thng s dng cho thit k c trnh by trong bng
9. 6.
Thng s dng thit k h x l hp cht nit.

Dng vo Hn hp bn nc
Q = 2000 m3.d-1 DO = 2 mg/l
pH = 7,5 Mt bn tng (SK) = 2000 mg/l
T = 25oC Mt bn hu hiu (SKHH)
Kim = 250 mg CaCO3/l =0,75 bn tng = 1500 mg/l
BOD = 300 mg/l KDO = 1 mg O2/l
Cht rn tr = 60 mg/l
Nng amoni = 50 mg/l
Li gii.
Hng s ng hc vi sinh d dng ti 20oC (Bng 9. 6).
Ys = 0,6 g SKHH/g BOD
ks = 5 d-1; ks(T) = ks(20oC). 1,09T-20
kp,s = 0,06 d-1; kp,s = kp,s(20oC). 1,04T-20
Ks = 60 mg/l; Ks(T) = Ks(20oC). 1,09T-20
Hng s ng hc vi sinh t dng ti 20oC (Bng 9. 6).
YN = 0,15 g SKHH/g NH4+-N.
kN = 3 d-1
kp,N = 0,05 d-1
KN = 0,74 mg/l; KN(T) = 100,051.T 1,148
- Tnh tc pht trin cc i ca vi sinh Nitrosomonas:
~ 276 ~
DO
m 0,47.e 0,098.(T 15) . 1 0,833.(7,2 pH )
DO K DO
.1 0,833.(7,2 7,5) 1,04d 1
2
0,47.e 0,098.10 .
2 1
- Tnh hng s ng hc ti 25oC:
Vi sinh t dng
kp,N(25oC) = kp,N(20oC). 1,045 = 0,05. 1,217 = 0,06 d-1
KN(25oC) = 100,051.25 1,148 =1,34 mg/l
kN(25oC) = kN(20oC). 1,095 = 3. 1,54 = 4,62 d-1
Vi sinh d dng
kp,s(25oC) = kp,s(20oC). 1,045 = 0,06. 1,22 = 0,07 d-1
Ks(25oC) = Ks(20oC). 1,095 = 60. 1,54 = 92,4 mg/l
ks(25oC) = ks(20oC). 1,095 = 5. 1,54 = 7,7 d-1
- Tnh thi gian lu ti thiu cho qu trnh oxy ha (hiu kh):
1 m .N o 1,04.50
k p, N 0,06 0,95d 1
c ,t K N No 50 1,34
c,t = 1,05 d.
- Xc nh thi gian lu t bo thit k vi h s an ton l 2 v h s dao
ng l 1,5:
c = c,t. 20. 1,5 = 1,05. 3 = 3,15 d.
- Tnh thi gian lu t bo ca c h (hiu kh + thiu kh).
Gi thit l th tch b thiu kh chim 15% ca th tch phn ng:
1
F 1,12
1 0,15
s = F. c = 1,12. 3,15 = 3,53 d.
- Tnh nng BOD tan sau khi x l:
S

K s 1 k p , s . s
92,41 0,07.3,53
7,6 mg/l
s (Ys .k s k p ,s ) 1 3,530,6.7,7 0,07 1
- Tnh nng amoni sau x l vi gi thit l ton b TKN ca u vo u
c kh nng c oxy ha thnh nitrat:
K N 1 k p , N . c 1,341 0,06.3,15
N 1,6 mg/l
c YN .k N k p , N 1 3,150,15.4,62 0,06 1
~ 277 ~
- Tnh nng amoni do vi sinh (d dng) tiu th tng hp t bo, gi
thit l hm lng nit trong t bo chim 12%:
Ys ( S o S ).FN 0,6.300 7,6.0,12
N sk X e .FN 0,75.0,12.50
1 k p ,s . s 1 0,07.3,53
= 21,3 mg/l.
Xe l mt vi sinh sau khi lng (50 mg/l). Nng vi sinh hu hiu chim
75% ca tng.
- Xc nh nng amoni cn oxy ha thnh nitrat:
NO = 50 21,3 1,6 = 27,1 mg/l.
- Tnh ton th tch b x l hiu kh p ng oxy ho amoni:
Q. c Ys ( S o S ) 1000.3,15 0,8(300 7,6)

VH XL 60 = 395 m3
X 1 k p , s . c 2000 1 0,07.3,15
Ys = 0,6 : 0,75 = 0,8 do gi tr 0,6 tnh theo sinh khi hu hiu.
- Tnh nng nitrat quay v b thiu kh t cc dng hi lu: hn hp bn
nc (3Q) v bn (Q) [biu thc (9-22)]:
NO.Q 27,1
NO3 N 5,4 mg/l.
5Q 5
- Tnh lng oxy tng ng vi nitrat t dng quay vng hn hp bn nc
vi gi thit l nng oxy ha tan l 2 mg/l, nng oxy t vng quay bn
b qua:
(NO3-N)t = DO. 0,35. O2 = 2. 0,35. 3000 = 2100 g. d-1.
- Tnh lng nitrat t dng hi lu bn nc v bn v b x l thiu kh:
M(NO3-N) = (Q1 + Q2). [NO3-N] = 4000. 5,4 = 21600 g. d-1.
Nng nitrat sau x l chnh bng nng nitrat quay vng v b hiu
kh (5,4 mg/l).
Lng nitrat cn x l chnh l tng ca lng nitrat v oxy tng ng
nitrat:
TM(NO3-N) = 21600 + 2100 = 23700 g. d-1.
- Tnh th tch b x l thiu kh:
TM ( NO3 N ) 0,03.S o .Q.1,06 T 20
VT
0,029. X .1,06 T 20
23700 0,03.300.1,06 5.1000
5
150m 3
0,029.2000.1,06
~ 278 ~
- Tnh lng bn sinh ra cn thi:
Y S S 0,8300 7,6
P x s o X L .Q 60.1000
1 k p , s . s 1 0,07.3,53
= 247,5 kg. d-1
- Kim tra li thi gian lu t bo ca c h, s,t t lng bn thi hng
ngy:
X VH VT 2000(395 150)
s ,t 4,4d
P( x) 247500
Nhn xt: gi tr s,t tnh c t tui bn (4,4 ngy) cao hn gi tr gi
thit (3,53 ngy) ti trn 20%. Cc bc tnh ton cn c lp li vi cc
thng s c, s, mt bn v cc thng s vn hnh khc sao cho mc lch
khng qu 10%.
- Tnh nhu cu oxy cho qu trnh hiu kh:
O2 = CBOD + NOD DOC.
CBOD = Q. [(1-1,42. Ys). (So-S)] = 1,42 kp,s. X. VH
= 1000. [(1-1,42. 0,6). (300 7,6)] + 1,42. 0,07. 2000. 395. 0,75 = 102, 2
kg O2. d-1
NOD = 4,57. 1000. 27,1 = 123,8 kg O2. d-1
DOC = Q. [2,86.(NO- NO3-N)] = 1000. [2,86. (27,1 5,4)]
= 62,1 kg. d-1
O2 = 102,2 + 123,8 62,1 = 163,9 kg O2. d-1
Nu b qua DOC th nhu cu oxy l 226 kg O2. d-1
- Tnh kim d ca nc thi sau x l:
Kd = Ko 7,14. NO + 3,57. [NO (NO3-N)]
= 250 7,14. 27,1 + 3,57. (27,1 5,4) = 134 mg CaCO3/l.
kim d cho phn ng xy ha (tnh m).
Mt s h thng x l nc thi ang hot ng c th sa cha nhm mc

tiu loi b thm hp cht nit bng cch xy dng thm h kh nitrat t
trc h oxy ha c sn. H x l hot ng theo dng dng l tng c th
ci to n gin hn bng cch a mt on (15 - 20% th tch) ca b phn
ng pha u vo sang ch thiu kh (khuy) v tng cng dng hi lu
~ 279 ~
nc - bn t cui b hiu kh v u b. Hiu sut kh nitrat ph thuc vo
lng nc - bn quay vng.
9. 3. 2. H x l nitrat t sau.
H x l hp cht nit vn hnh theo phng n oxy ha trc v kh

nitrat sau vi cng h bn c mt s c trng:
- Oxy ha cht hu c v amoni c thc hin trong giai on x l hiu
kh. Ngun cht hu c v kim ca nc mc thp nht khi ra khi
vng hiu kh.
- Ngun cht hu c kh nitrat t phn hy ni sinh, a t ngoi vo
(metanol, axetat...) hoc t ngun nc thi. Liu lng cht hu c s dng
ph thuc vo nhit , nng nitrat cn kh, lng oxy ha tan. Lng
metanol s dng khong 3 kg/kg nitrat.
- Vn hnh h x l ch vi mt dng hi lu t b lng th cp.
- Tc kh nitrat chm hn so vi k thut kh nitrat t trc ko theo th
tch b phn ng ln hn trng hp kia.
- Gi thnh vn hnh v bo dng cao lin quan n ngun cung cp cht hu
c t ngoi vo.
Tnh ton thit k h x l hp cht nit theo k thut kh nitrat sau c
thc hin theo cc bc sau:
Thng s thi gian lu t bo c s dng lm im xut pht thit k.
Tnh ton giai on oxy ha.
Phng php tnh ton cc thng s cho giai on x l hiu kh c
trnh by trong phn 9. 3. 1.
Tnh ton giai on kh nitrat.
1) Xc nh khi lng oxy tng ng nitrat cn kh trong b thiu kh:
(NO3-- N)t = 0,35. DO. (Q + Q1) (9-34)

DO: Nng oxy ha tan trong khi phn ng hiu kh.
Q, Q1: Lu lng dng vo v dng bn hi lu.
2) Tnh khi lng nitrat cn kh trong b thiu kh, l lng nitrat hnh
thnh t oxy ha amoni (NO) tr i lng nitrat ca nc u ra sau x l:
M(NO3-- N) = Q. [NO - (NO3-- N)e] (9-35)
~ 280 ~
3) Khi lng nitrat v oxy tng ng cn phi kh trong b thiu kh:
TM(NO3-- N) = M(NO3-- N) + (NO3-- N)t (9-36)
4) Tc kh nitrat ring trong iu kin thiu kh vk c tnh:
vk = 0,12. s-0,706. 1,02T-20 (9-37)
vk c n v l d-1. T l nhit (oC).

5) Th tch b thiu kh c tnh:
TM ( NO3 N )
VT (9-38)
X .v k
6) Tnh lng bn thi:
Y .( S o S )
P( x) X L .Q (9-39)
1 k p , s . S
Lng bn thi ch tnh cho vi sinh d dng v cht rn tr (XL) b qua

sinh khi Nitrifier.
7) Thi gian lu t bo cho c h (hiu kh + thiu kh) c tnh:
X VH VT
s ,t (9-40)
P( x)
Nhu cu oxy.
Lng oxy cn cho x l hiu kh c tnh ging nh cho trng hp
trong mc 9. 4. 1 [phng trnh (9-29), (9-30), (9-31)] tuy nhin khng xut
hin i lng DOC do thnh phn cht hu c ca u vo b oxy ha hon
ton do oxy ch khng phi do nitrat.
Nhu cu kim.
kim cn thit cho h c tnh t biu thc (9-31), tuy vy kim
sinh ra do qu trnh kh nitrat khng c s dng, nng kim d chnh l
nng kim sau x l thiu kh. Nu giai on x l hiu kh m bo
c kim cho phn ng xy ra th khng cn b xung thm, v vy cn
kim tra kim sau b hiu kh.
V d: tnh ton thit k h x l hp cht nit theo s cng ngh kh

nitrat t sau.
~ 281 ~
Bi ton v cc thng s ng hc c trnh by trong 9. 3. 1 v bng 9.
6. Cc bc tnh ton cho giai on hiu kh khng c nhc li m ch s
dng kt qu tnh tip cho cc bc sau.
- S dng thi gian lu t bo thit k (hiu kh) c = 3,15 d. Gi thit l th
tch b thiu kh chim 20% tng th tch khi phn ng. S dng phng
trnh (9-16) tnh F.
1
F 1,25
1 0,2
- Thi gian lu t bo ca c h:
s = c. F = 3,15. 1,25 = 3,94 d.
- Tnh nng cht hu c (BOD) sau x l:
K s .1 k p ,s . s 92,4.1 0,07.3,94
S 7,0 mg/l
s .Ys .k s k p ,s 1 3,94.0,6.7,7 0,07 1
- Tnh nng amoni sau x l [phng trnh (9- 20)]: Do qu trnh x l
hiu kh khng thay i (c = 3,15) nn nng amoni sau x l ging vi
trng hp trc y v c gi tr l 1,6 mg/l.
- Tnh lng amoni gim trong nc thi do qu trnh tng hp t bo. S
dng phng trnh (9. 20):
Ys .S o S .FN
N sk X e .FN
1 k p , s . s
0,6.300 7,0 0,12
50.0,75.0,12 21,0mg / l
1 0,07.3,94
- Nng amoni cn c oxy ha:
NO = No N Nsk = 50 21,0 1,6 = 27,4 mg/l.
- Tnh th tch b hiu kh [phng trnh (9-21)]:
Q. c Ys .S o S 1000.3,15 0,8.300 7,0
VH XL . 60 = 397 m3
X 1 k p , s . c 2000 1 0,07.3,15
- Tnh lng oxy tng ng vi nitrat cn kh trong b thiu kh [phng
trnh (9-34)]. Nng oxy ha tan chnh l nng oxy trong b hiu kh
vi lu lng bng tng ca dng vo v dng hi lu. Gi thit dng hi
lu bn bng dng vo, lu lng cn phi kh nitrat l 2Q. Nng oxy
gi thit l 2 mg/l.
(NO3-N)t = 0,35. 2. 2000 = 1400 g. d-1
~ 282 ~
- Tnh nng nitrat sau x l:
Q.NO 1000.27,4
(NO3-N)e = 13,7 mg/l.
Q Q1 1000 100
Mun gim nng nitrat ti u ra cn tng cng lu lng ca dng
hi lu bn (Q1).
lng nitrat dng u ra:
M(NO3--N) = Q. [NO - (NO3-N)e] =1000.(27,4-13,7) = 13700 g. d-1
- Tng lng nitrat cn x l (nitrat + oxy):
TM(NO3--N) = 1400 + 13700 = 15100 g. d-1.
- Tnh tc kh nitrat ring ti 25oC:
vk = 0,12. s-0,706.1,02T-20 = 0,12. 3,94-0,706. 1,025 = 0,05 d-1.
- Tnh th tch b x l thiu kh:
TM (NO3- N ) 15100
VT 151 m3.
X .vk 2000.0,05
- Tng th tch b phn ng:
151 m3 + 397 m3 = 548 m3.
- Tnh lng bn thi [phng trnh (9-27)]:
Y (S S ) 0,8.300 7,0
P(x) = s o X L .Q 60.1000
1 k p , s . s 1 0,07.3,94
= 243727 g. d-1.
- Tnh thi gian lu t bo t lng bn thi s, t:
X .VH VT 2000.397 151
s ,t 4,5 d.
P x 243727
So vi gi tr gi thit (3,94), s t cao hn khong 12%, v vy cn tnh ton
li bng cch la chn cc thng s vn hnh thch hp.
- Tnh nhu cu oxy.
O2 = CBOD + NOD
CBOD = Q. [(1-1,42.Y). (So-S)] + 1,42 kp,s. X. VH
= 1000(1-1,42. 0,6). (300-7,0) + 1,42. 0,07. 2000. 0,75. 397
= 102556 g. d-1.
NOD = Q. 4,57. NO = 1000. 4,57. 27,4 = 125218 g. d-1.
~ 283 ~
-1
O2 = 227774 g. d .
- Kim tra kim d.
Kd = Ko 7,14. NO + 3,57 [NO - (NO3--N)e]
= 250 7,14. 27,4 + 3,57. [27,413,7] = 250 196 + 50 = 104 mg/l.
Theo cch tnh ton trn th kim trong b hiu kh c gi tr 250 196
= 54 mg/l. Tht ra n cn c b xung thm t dng quay vng bn, v d
dng quay vng l 100 % th nng kim tht s trong b hiu kh s l:
0,5. 54 + 0,5. 104 = 79 mg CaCO3/l.
9. 3. 3. H t hp Bardenpho.
H x l t hp lp ghp hai cp ni tip ca k thut kh nitrat t trc
(hnh 9. 4. c) c tn gi l qu trnh Bardenpho 4 giai on. Ti b thiu kh
u tin hiu qu kh nitrat t 60 - 75%. B hiu kh th nht t tip sau b
thiu kh u c thit k sao cho p ng hon ton qu trnh oxy ha cht
hu c v amoni. B thiu kh th hai c nhim v tng cng hiu qu kh
nitrat t ti tiu chun thi t ra. B hiu kh th hai vi thi gian lu
ngn (30 - 60 pht) nhm ngn nga qu trnh kh nitrat trong b lng th cp
v ui kh nit bm vo sinh khi cng nh chuyn ha nt lng cht hu
c, amoni d t cc giai on trc. Hn hp bn - nc t b hiu kh u
c quay vng v b thiu kh u. kh nitrat b thiu kh sau c th s
dng cht hu c a t ngoi vo (metanol, axetat) hoc t chnh ngun nc
thi.
Thng thng tng th tch b x l thiu kh chim 30 - 50% th tch khi
phn ng. Lu lng quay vng hn hp bn - nc t b hiu kh u v b
thiu kh th nht l t 4 n 6 ln lu lng x l.
Phng php tnh ton thit k h t hp Bardenpho 4 giai on cng
tng t vi cc h xl kh nitrat t trc hoc sau.
Cc bc tnh ton c thc hin theo trnh t sau [5]:
X l hiu kh cho giai on u.
1) Tnh thi gian lu t bothit k c

2) Tnh thi gian lu t bo cho c h s.
s = c. F (9-41)
~ 284 ~
H s F c trng cho s ng gp ca cc khi phn ng khc vo thi
gian lu t bo ca h. Gi Z1, Z2, Z3 l t l th tch ca b thiu kh 1, 2 v
b hiu kh 2 so vi ton b th tch khi phn ng th gi tr F c tnh:
1
F (9-42)
1 Z1 . 1 Z 2 . 1 Z 3
F c gi tr nm trong khong 1,4 n 2,0.
3) Tnh nng cht hu c sau x l t cc s liu ng hc ca vi sinh d
dng:
S

K s 1 k p , s . s
s .Ys .k k p , s 1
(9-43)
4) Tnh nng amoni sau x l t cc s liu ng hc c trng ca vi

sinh t dng:
K N .1 k p , N . c
N
c .YN .k N k p , N 1
(9-44)
5) Xc nh nng amoni cn c oxy ha:

NO = TKN N - Nsk (9-45)
Lng nit do sinh khi hp thu ch c tnh cho loi vi sinh d dng:
Ys .S o S .FN
N sk X e .FN (9-46)
1 k p , s . s
6) Tnh th tch b hiu kh th nht nhm p ng oxy ha amoni:
Q. c Ys .S o S
VH ,1 XL (9-47)
X 1 k p , s . c
X l thiu kh.
1) Tnh nng nitrat trong dng hi lu hn hp bn - nc v b thiu
kh u tin:
Q.NO
NO3--N = (9-48)
Q Q1 Q2
Q1, Q2 l tc hi lu bn v hn hp bn - nc.
~ 285 ~
2) Tnh lng oxy tng ng vi nitrat v b thiu kh u t dng hi
lu hn hp bn - nc:
(NO3--N)t, 1 = 0,35. DO. Q2 (9-49)

3) Tnh lng nitrat cn kh M1(NO3--N) trong b thiu kh u:
M1 (NO3--N) = Q1 (NO3--N)e, 1 + Q2. NO3--N (9-50)

(NO3--N)e, 1 l nng nitrat sau x l (ti b lng th cp).
4) Tnh tng lng nitrat (nitrat + oxy) cn x l ti b thiu kh th nht:
TM1(NO3--N) = M1(NO3--N) + (NO3--N)t (9-51)
TM1 l khi lng nitrat cn kh b thiu kh 1.

5) Tnh th tch b thiu kh th nht gm cc bc sau:
- Tnh tc kh nitrat ring trong b thiu kh 1 ph thuc vo th tch b
thiu kh VT,1:
vk ,1 (20 o C )

TM 1 . NO3 N (9-52)
VT ,1 . X
- Hiu chnh vk,1 theo nhit :

vk,1(T) = [0,03.(F:M)+0,029]. 1,06T-20 (9-53)
F:M l t l gia thc n v vi sinh (food/microorganisms ratio).
Q.S o
F/M (9-54)
X .VT ,1
Th tch b thiu kh 1 c tnh t hai phng trnh (9-53) v (9-54):
VT ,1

TM 1 . NO3 N 0,03.Q.S o .1,06T 20
(9-55)
0,29 X .1,06T 20
6) Tnh khi lng nitrat cn kh trong b thiu kh 2:

M2 (NO3--N) = Q. [NO (NO3--N)e] M1(NO3--N) (9-56)
- Lng oxy tng ng nitrat trong b thiu kh 2 c tnh:

(NO3--N)t,2 = (Q + Q1). DO. 0,35 (9-57)
- Tng lng nitrat cn kh trong b thiu kh 2:

TM2 (NO3--N) = M2 (NO3--N) + (NO3--N)t, 2 (9-58)
~ 286 ~
7) Tc kh nitrat ring ti b thiu kh 2 c tnh:
vk, 2 = 0,12. s-0,706. 1,02T-20 (9-59)
(n v ca vk, 1, vk, 2 l d-1).

8) Th tch ca b thiu kh 2 c tnh:
VT , 2

TM 2 . NO3 N (9-60)
X .v k , 2
X l hiu kh giai on 2
Th tch b hiu kh th hai ph thuc vo thi gian lu thy lc. B
thng c thit k vi thi gian lu thy lc t 30 n 60 pht.
VH, 2 = . Q (9-61)
l thi gian lu thy lc.
Kim tra s liu thit k.

Trn c s tng th tch ca khi phn ng v thi gian lu t bo ca c h
so snh vi thi gian lu gi thit khi thit k. Nu hai gi tr st nhau (lch
t hn 10%) th bc tnh ton c chp nhn khi sai lch ln th cn gi
thit li v tnh li.
1) Tng th tch khi phn ng:
V = VH, 1 + VH, 2 + VT, 1 + VT, 2 (9-59)
2) Tnh lng bn thi:
Y (S S )
P(x) = s o X L .Q (9-60)
1 k p , s . s
X .V
s,t = (9-61)
P( x)
So snh gi tr s v s, t!
Tnh nhu cu oxy v kim theo cch trnh by cc phn trc!
V d: Tnh ton cc thng s thit k cho h x l nc thi vi cc thng

s u vo c trnh by trong 9. 3. 1, cc thng s ng hc trong bng
9. 6 theo s t hp cp thiu kh hiu kh ni tip nhau.
Li gii.
~ 287 ~
- Gi thit th tch b thiu kh 1, thiu kh 2 v hiu kh 2 chim 15%, 20% v
5% ca th tch khi phn ng.
- T cc thng s ng hc ca vi sinh vt t dng, thi gian lu t bo thit
k cho b hiu kh u tin c c gi tr 3,15 d.
- Tnh gi tr F t phng trnh (9-42):
1
F 1,55
1 0,15. 1 0,20. 1 0,05
- Tnh gi tr thi gian lu t bo cho c h s:
s = c. F = 3,15. 1,55 = 4,88 d.
- Tnh nng cht hu c sau x l:
K s .1 k p , s . s 1,34.1 0,06.3,15
S 1,6 mg/l
s .Ys .k s k p , N 1 3,15.0,15.4,62 0,06 1
- Tnh nng amoni gim do qu trnh tng hp t bo:

Ys .S o S .FN 0,6.300 5,8.0,12
N sk X e .FN 50.0,75.0,12
1 k p , s . s 1 0,07.4,88
=20,3 mg/l.
- Nng amoni cn c oxy ha:
NO = No N Nsk = 50 20,3 1,6 = 28,1 mg/l.
- Tnh th tch b hiu kh u tin p ng qu trnh oxy ha amoni:
Q. c Ys .S o S 1000.3,15 0,8.300 5,8

VH ,1 . XL . 60
X 1 k p , s . c 2000 1 0,07.3,15
=398 m3.
- Tnh nng nitrat quay v b thiu kh u tin t dng hi lu hn hp
bn nc v bn vi gi thit Q1= Q, Q2 = 4Q [phng trnh 9 48)]:
NO.Q 28,1
NO3--N = 4,7mg / l .
6Q 6
- Tnh lng oxy tng ng vi nitrat quay v b thiu kh u tin vi gi
thit nng oxy t dng hi lu bn khng ng k, nng oxy tan trong
dng hn hp bn nc (hiu kh 1) l 2 mg/l.
(NO3--N)t, 1 = Q2. DO. 0,35 = 4. 1000. 2. 0,35 = 2800 g. d-1.
~ 288 ~
- Tnh lng nitrat cn kh trong b thiu kh u vi gi thit l nng
nitrat sau khi ra khi h x l (ti b lng th cp) l 2 mg/l [phng trnh
(9-50)]:
M1(NO3--N)= Q1(NO3--N)e + Q2. NO3--N = 1000. 2 + 4000. 4,7
= 20800 g. d-1.
- Tng lng nitrat cn kh trong b thiu kh u (nitrat + oxy):
TM1(NO3--N)= 20800 + 2800 = 23600 g. d-1.
- Tnh th tch b x l thiu kh th nht:
TM 1 ( NO3 N ) 0,03Q.S o .1,06 T 20
VT ,1
0,029.2000.1,06 T 20
23600 0,03.1000.300.1,06 5
5
149m 3 .
0,029.2000.1,06
- Tnh khi lng nitrat cn x l ti b thiu kh th hai:
M2(NO3--N)= Q [NO - (NO3--N)e] M1(NO3--N)
= 1000. (28,1 2,0) 20800 = 5300 g. d-1.
- Khi lng oxy tng ng nitrat ti b thiu kh 2 [phng trnh (9-57)]
c tnh vi DO = 2 mg/l, Q1 = Q:
(NO3--N)t, 2 = (Q + Q1).DO.0,35 = 2000. 2. 0,35 = 1400 g. d-1.
- Tng khi lng nitrat cn x l trong b thiu kh 2:
TM2 (NO3--N) = 5300 + 1400 = 6700 g. d-1.
- Tnh tc kh nitrat ring ti b thiu kh 2 [phng trnh (9-59)]:
vk, 2 = 0,12. s-0,706. 1,02T-20 = 0,12. 4,88-0,706. 1,025 = 0,04 d-1.
- Th tch b thiu kh th 2:
TM 2 ( NO3 N ) 6700
VT, 2 = 84 m3.
X .vk , 2 2000.0,04
- Tnh th tch b hiu kh 2 vi thi gian lu thy lc l 45 pht:
1000.45
V 31m3.
60.24
Kim tra thng s thit k.
- Tng th tch khi phn ng.
V = 398 + 149 + 84 + 31 = 662 m3.
- Tnh lng bn thi:
~ 289 ~
Y .( S S ) 0,8.300 5,8
P(x) = s o X L .Q 60.1000
1 k p , s . s 1 0,07.4,88
= 23432 g. d-1
- Tnh thi gian lu t bo t lng bn thi:
V . X 662.2000
s,t = 5,6d .
P( x) 23432
s v s,t lch nhau ti 15% nn qu trnh tnh cn c lp li vi cc
thng s la chn khc ca c, F.
- Nhu cu oxy v kim c tnh nh trnh by phn 9. 3. 1, 9. 3. 2.
9. 4. Thit k h x l photpho.
Ngoi phng php kt ta photphat bng bin php ha hc (trnh by ti
4. 2) c th x l hp cht photpho bng bin php sinh hc. So vi bin php
ha hc, phng php sinh hc c nhng li th:
- Gim hoc khng s dng ha cht kt ta (Al3+, Fe3+, Ca2+) v ha cht ph
tr dng trong qu trnh kt ta (kim).
- Gim thiu s pht trin ca v sinh dng si to iu kin tt cho qu trnh
lng th cp.
- Tit kim mt phn nng lng sc kh do mt phn cht hu c tiu hao
cho x l photpho.
- To iu kin thun li cho qu trnh oxy ha amoni do cht hu c gim
trong giai on ym kh.
- Nng cp cc h x l nc thi ang hot ng mt cch d dng v vi gi
thnh hp l.
Nhc im ca phng php gm:
- Din bin ca qu trnh vi sinh phc tp, vn tch loi photpho c quan
tm cha lu nn cc thng s k thut dng trong thit k cng nh cc yu
t nh hng tn mn v gi tr v thm ch tri ngc v kt qu [32, 33]
dn n vic tnh ton d gp sai st th hin khu vn hnh.
- Kim sot iu kin vn hnh cn cht ch sao cho trong vng ym kh
khng tn ti oxy ha tan v nitrat.
Mt h thng x l nc thi c th hot ng theo cc phng thc: ch
x l hp cht nit hoc ch x l photpho hoc kt hp c hai qu trnh trn
~ 290 ~
rt c hiu qu nh cc qu trnh ang c s dng: A2/O, Bardenpho nm
giai on, UCT hoc VIP vi iu kin thit k v vn hnh ng.
Hin tng v c ch tch loi photpho bng phng php vi sinh c
trnh by ti phn 8. 4. X l ym kh l mt b phn phi c x l photpho
c trnh by ti 7. 3.
Mt s nt chnh cn c nhc li gm:
- Qu trnh x l cht hu c trong iu kin ym kh xy ra theo cc bc k
tip nhau: thy phn cc phn t hu c ln, cc cht hu c dng khng tan
thnh cc phn t hu c tan c khi lng nh, axit ha cc cht hu c tan
to ra cc axit bo d bay hi (VFA) v bc cui cng l to ra kh metan
(xem s 7. 14).
- Mt s chng loi vi sinh d dng, ch yu l Acinetobacter c kh nng
hp thu photpho nhiu hn lng cn thit xy dng t bo trong iu
kin hiu kh (bn hot tnh) v gii phng lng photpho d ra ngoi mi
trng trong iu kin ym kh khi chng hp thu cht hu c. Cht hu c
khi hp thu vo trong c th vi sinh s c polyme ha.
- Mt h thng x l photpho bng bin php sinh hc v vy l mt h thng
bao gm hai giai on k tip nhau: ym kh v hiu kh. Trong mi trng
hiu kh vi sinh vt tch ly photpho, trong mi trng ym kh vi sinh vt
thi photphat v tch ly cht hu c. Nhng nghin cu gn y cho thy c
mt s loi vi sinh vt kh nitrat (Denitrifier) cng c kh nng tch loi
photpho trong iu kin thiu kh [34, 35].
- Tch loi photpho ra khi h x l nc thi c th thc hin theo hai cch:
tng cng loi b bn (sinh khi) t b lng th cp, tc l tch photpho
di dng sinh khi ngay sau giai on x l hiu kh c gi l phng
php trc tip t dng chnh (mainstream) hoc tch photphat tan trong nc
bng bin php kt ta ha hc sau x l ym kh bng cch ghp thm h
x l ha hc. Phng php sau cn c ghp thm h thng ph tr v
c gi l phng php dng ph (sidestream).
Do tnh cht ca qu trnh x l photpho l thc y v to iu kin vi
sinh c kh nng tch ly photpho pht trin nn phng php c tn tng
cng loi b photpho bng phng php vi sinh (enhanced biological
phosphorus removal, EBPR).
9. 4. 1. c th ca qu trnh x l photpho.
~ 291 ~
H x l photpho c cu trc n gin: x l ym kh t trc x l hiu
kh, c hai h x l c chung h bn. Dng bn quay vng cng vi nc thi
c a v b x l ym kh. Sinh khi c vn chuyn lin tc v k tip
nhau qua mi trng ym kh v hiu kh. Trong mi trng ym kh, ni giu
cht hu c nht trong h x l, vi sinh vt c iu kin hp thu cht hu c v
gii phng photpho di dng photphat n, trong mi trng hiu kh chng
tch ly photphat tan trong nc thi. Do thay i v iu kin c cht t vng
ym kh sang hiu kh nn b ym kh cn ng vai tr ca b chn lc vi
sinh: thc y s pht trin ca vi sinh tch ly photpho v hn ch vi sinh
dng si pht trin, to iu kin lng bn tt hn trong b lng th cp (xem
7. 2. 1. 5) [36].
Thng thng thi gian lu thy lc trong b ym kh c nh hng khng
ln lm n qu trnh gii phng photpho, qu trnh ny ch yu ph thuc
vo c trng ca nc thi v cc thng s vn hnh: bn cht v nng
cht hu c, oxy ha tan, nitrat, pH, nhit . V l do , thit k h x l
photpho t hiu qu cao l vic khng d dng. Trong thit k cng phi m
bo cho yu t v iu kin vn hnh sao cho iu kin ym kh c duy tr,
v d gim lng oxy ha tan t dng vo v t dng hi lu bn. Qu trnh
gii phng photpho cng xy ra trong b lng v cng cn c hn ch khi
quay vng bn [37]. Do bin ng ca nhiu yu t nn h x l c thit k
rt cn yu t linh hot trong vn hnh, chnh l h thit k ng, ti u.
Mc ch ca h x l photpho l tch loi photpho v cht hu c trong
dng thi ra vi mt mc cht lng no v to iu kin bn lng tt
nhm gim thiu mt sinh khi trong dng thi. H x l photpho c th l
h mi xy dng hoc c ci to t cc h x l ang hot ng nhm p
ng tiu chun thi hin hnh, v vy vic thit k i hi gn, t thay i c
cu ca h c. V d vi h x l bn hot tnh theo k thut dng l tng khi
chuyn i mt phn th tch b sang ch hot ng ym kh th c th xy
dng vch ngn tch ring hai vng, ngn chn s lu thng ngc li t
vng hiu kh sang ym kh. Tt nhin, ngay trong vng ym kh cng cn
c khuy trn to iu kin cho sinh khi trng thi l lng. H c
b tr nh vy km thm cc iu kin khc nh cp y cht hu c thch
hp, kim sot c oxy ha tan, nitrat, nitrit th h s hot ng c hiu qu.
Mt s m hnh c th s dng tnh ton thit k h x l photpho:
ASM2, ASM2d (IWA 1994, 2000) [38, 39, 40] hoc EAWAG Bio - P module
(phin bn ca ASM3) [41, 42], m hnh kinh nghim [43].
~ 292 ~
c th thit k hiu qu mt h thng x l photpho, yu t cc k quan
trng l nh gi y cc c trng ca nc thi cn x l, c bit l
ngun cht hu c trong m vi sinh vt c th hp thu trong mi trng
ym kh [42, 43, 45].
h x l photpho hot ng c hiu qu cn p ng cc iu kin:
- iu kin mi trng ym kh, hiu kh k tip nhau.
- lng cht hu c m vi sinh vt tch ly photpho (PAO) c th hp thu.
- Lng photpho trong nc thi cao hn mc nhu cu tng hp t bo vi sinh.
- hm lng kali v magie.
- Vng pH thch hp.
l cc iu kin vi sinh vt PAO pht trin trong mi trng ym kh,
tt nhin t ti mc n nh v mt vi sinh vt cn c thi gian.
Dng hi lu bn t b lng th cp v b ym kh cn c ha trn lin tc
vi dng u vo. Sau mt thi gian nht nh, mt vi sinh PAO pht trin
t mc cc i.
S bin ng ca tp on vi sinh tch ly photpho.

Trong sinh khi ca h x l tn ti nhiu tp on vi sinh vt, loi c mt
(t l) cao nht trong sinh khi l loi c tc pht trin nhanh nht trong
iu kin vn hnh ca h. Di iu kin hiu kh, vi sinh vt PAO khng
pht trin, mt thp v v vy h x l bn hot tnh thng dng khng c
kh nng tng cng x l photpho. Vi sinh vt PAO khi gp iu kin ym
kh v cht hu c s s dng nng lng tch tr trong lin kt photphat
(Adenosin triphotphat, xem 5. 2. 1) c lp (bt gi) v polyme ha mt s
cc loi cht hu c, to ra cc phn t polyme (polyhydroxybutyrate, PHB,
polyhydroxyvalerate hoc gi chung l polyhydroxyalkanoate) v tch ly
chng trong t bo. Loi vi sinh vt khc trong sinh khi khng c kh nng
tch ly cht hu c nn khng th pht trin trong iu kin . T l vi sinh
PAO trong sinh khi t l thun vi lng cht hu c c hp th theo c
ch trn v v vy tr thnh yu t kim sot mt vi sinh PAO cng vi
photpho.
T l vi sinh PAO trong sinh khi ph thuc vo t l gia cht hu c v
photphat trong mi trng ym kh, t l trn cng ln th s pht trin ca
PAO cng thun li. Cht hu c d hp th i vi vi sinh PAO l h cht
axit bo d bay hi (VFA), h cht trung gian ca qu trnh ln men ym kh.
~ 293 ~
C cht trong mi trng ym kh.
Yu t quan trng nht nh hng ti hiu qu x l photpho l lng cht
hu c m vi sinh vt PAO c kh nng hp th. Nng cht hu c trc
ht phi p ng cho qu trnh kh oxy (t dng vo v hi lu bn) cng
nh cc cht oxy ha khc c mt nh NO3-, NO2- v vi sinh vt a s dng c
cht chuyn ha thnh nng lng hn l tch ly, ng ngha vi tc
chuyn ha c cht sn xut nng lng xy ra nhanh hn, phn cht hu
c d sau mi c vi sinh PAO s dng cho mc ch tch ly. Bn cht
ca cht hu c cng c vai tr quan trng, khc vi phn ln cc chng loi
vi sinh khc, cht hu c sau khi c hp th cn c chuyn ha thnh
polyme v vy cht hu c khng nhng cn phi c tnh nng hp th c
m cn phi c c trng d polyme ha. Hp cht axit bo d bay hi c
mch carbon t 2 - 5 nguyn t c coi l thch hp vi sinh PAO hp th,
tuy nhin hiu sut hp thu v gii phng photphat ca tng cu t l khc
nhau. Bng 9. 7 trnh by hiu qu hp thu photpho trong giai on hiu kh
R(P/COD) v t l COD s dng loi b photpho R (COD/P) trong c h.
Ph thuc vo bn cht ca cht hu c (tnh theo COD) trong iu kin: thi
gian lu t bo l 13 ngy, x l hiu kh vi nng oxy tan cao, COD sau
x l rt thp [5]:
Bng 9. 7. nh hng ca bn cht c cht ln hiu qu x l photpho.
C cht R (P/COD), g/g R (COD/P), g/g

Axit formic 0
Axit axetic 0,37 16,8
Axit propionic 0,10 24,4
Axit butyric 0,12 27,5
Axit isobutyric 0,14 29,1
Axit valeric 0,15 66,1
Axit isovaleric 0,24 18,8
Nc thi sinh hot 0,05 102
Axit formic tuy d hp th nhng kh polyme ha nn khng c tc dng

tch ly trong vi sinh PAO, loi axit c t 2 5 nguyn t carbon t ra thch
~ 294 ~
hp, trong axit axetic c hiu qu cao nht v rt may mn li l thnh phn
ch yu ca qu trnh ln men ym kh cht hu c. Tht ra cc thnh phn
cht hu c trong bng 9. 7 u l sn phm ca qu trnh ln men, t l ca
tng hp cht ph thuc vo ngun hu c nguyn liu. T s liu ca bng 9.
7 cho thy ch c axit valeric trong s cc VFA l c t l s dng cao, tc l
hiu sut gii phng photpho thp: 68 g axit valeric tnh theo COD gii
phng 1 g photpho, cng l s liu thng thy i vi cc h x l nc
thi (50 : 1) sinh hot.
S hnh thnh cc axit bo d bay hi xy ra khng nhng ti cc b x l
ym kh m cn xy ra ti cc cng rnh thu gom nc thi, c bit l nc
thi th vi thi gian lu tng i di min l khng (t) c mt ca oxy
ha tan v nitrat. l iu kin thun li tit kim chi ph xy dng (th
tch) b x l ym kh. Qu trnh ln men ym kh v hm lng VFA hnh
thnh ph thuc vo t l BOD/COD, trong thnh phn COD bao gm c COD
khng tan c ngun gc t cn hu c khng tan trong nc thi.
S liu thng c chp nhn l lng cht hu c trong b x l ym kh
phi ln hn 25 mg/l tnh theo VFA mi c kh nng duy tr qu trnh hot
ng ca vi sinh PAO. Khi ngun hu c cao hn gi tr trn s tng cng
hiu qu gii phng photpho v tch ly cht hu c trong mi trng ym kh
v tch tr photpho trong mi trng hiu kh sau , hiu qu tip tc tng
n mt gi tr nht nh i vi mt t l VFA/P, gi tr VFA/P ti u ph
thuc vo thnh phn ca VFA. Trn mc VFA/P ti u, kh nng tch ly
photpho ca vi sinh khng tng tip tc v BOD ca dng ra khi b ym kh
tng theo. BOD vo b hiu kh cao s thc y s pht trin ca loi vi sinh d
dng khng c kh nng tch ly photpho, lm gim mt (t l) ca vi
sinh PAO trong sinh khi, ko theo hm lng photphat trong b hiu kh
gim. Tuy vy c nhng trng hp cho thy: khi nng axit axetic cao hn
400 mg/l th hiu qu x l photpho ca h gim.
Lng photpho d.
Thiu photpho cng c nh hng tiu cc nh thiu cht hu c. Thc t
vn hnh cho thy lun thiu mt trong hai yu t trn. Tt nhin h ch hot
ng khi hm lng photpho d so vi nhu cu tng hp t bo, v trong
trng hp thiu hay va photpho th h x l photpho l khng cn thit.
Magie v kali.
~ 295 ~
Hai loi nguyn t vi lng quan trng i vi vi sinh PAO l magie v
kali. Hai loi nguyn t trn thng p ng nhu cu cho vi sinh trong nc
thi sinh hot, ch phi b xung i vi mt s loi nc thi cng nghip hoc
hn hp nc thi cng nghip v sinh hot. Canxi khng phi l yu t c
bit i vi vi sinh PAO. T l Mg/K cn thit bin i trong khong rng, rt
c th chng thay th c ln cho nhau. H x l photpho s khng hot
ng khi vng mt hai yu t trn hoc c mt nhng vi nng thp. T l
gia [K]: [P] 0,356 v [Mg]: [P] 0,25 (tnh theo mol) c th l thch hp
[5].
Khong pH hot ng.

Nghin cu nh hng ca pH ln qu trnh x l photpho cho thy, h
khng hot ng khi pH < 5,4. Cc nghin cu trong vng pH cao khng c
thc hin, tuy nhin h c th hot ng trong vng pH = 8,5 9,0, tt nhin
trong vng pH photphat d b kt ta lm gim nng photphat tan.
9. 4. 2. nh hng ca cc yu t ln hiu qu x l.
Hiu qu hot ng ca h x l photpho ph thuc kh nhiu vo yu t

thit k cng nh vn hnh: cht hu c, t l cht hu c/photpho, thi gian
lu t bo, thi gian lu thy lc ca giai on ym kh, nhit .
T l photpho: cht hu c ca dng vo.

c s trao i cht gia photpho v cht hu c ca vi sinh PAO trong
h x l photpho th cn c iu kin: cht hu c v photphat trong dng vo.
T l gia cht hu c v photpho c kh nng hp th bi vi sinh s quyt
nh t trng cc loi vi sinh trong sinh khi v t l trn nh hng trc tip
n hiu qu x l photpho ca h. Nng photpho ca dng ra ph thuc
vo t l cht hu c/photpho ca dng vo. T l ln th nng photpho ca
dng ra thp v tim cn mt gi tr no . Cht hu c m vi sinh c th hp
th tt l axit bo d bay hi, VFA, v thc t cho thy c th chng mc no
c trng qua nng BOD. Hm lng photpho ti u vo l photpho
tng (dng tan v khng tan), v cc thnh phn photpho khng tan s b thy
phn trong qu trnh x l vi sinh ym kh cng nh hiu kh [35, 45, 46, 47],
v vy t l trn c th c c trng qua VFA/TP hoc BOD/TP.
~ 296 ~
Kt qu nh gi t nhiu h thng x l v nghin cu pilot cho thy:
nng photphat ti u ra ph thuc vo t l BOD/TP ti u vo ca giai
on x l ym kh, c th vi BOD/TP 20 th nng photpho ti u ra s
t c mc 1,0 mg/l hay thp hn.
Gi tr BOD ca nc thi bin ng ln hn so vi gi tr COD (gi tr
COD c tnh lp cao hn BOD) v vy t l COD tng (tan v khng tan)
TCOD/TP c s dng c trng s thun li hn. Khi t l TCOD/TP
45 th nng photpho ti u ra thng t gi tr thp hn hoc bng 1,0
mg/l.
Hn ch photpho v cht hu c.
Thnh phn ca nc thi dng vo s xc nh tc gii phng photpho
v tch ly cht hu c trong giai on ym kh v hiu qu x l photpho ca
c h. Khi cht hu c thch hp, tc chuyn ha nhanh, thi gian lu
thy lc v th tch b x l nh (ym kh). Tuy vy tc ca c qu trnh
(ym kh, hiu kh) th li b rng buc bi c hai thnh phn: cht hu c v
photpho, vy nn c h s b thiu (khng ch) bi mt trong hai thnh phn
trn: khi dng vo t photpho th lng cht hu c t b tiu hao trong mi
trng ym kh, lm tng nng hu c giai on hiu kh; khi dng vo
thiu cht hu c th qu trnh gii phng photpho km, ko theo l qu trnh
tch ly photpho trong mi trng hiu kh gim, cht lng nc thi ti u
ra km.
Thiu cht hu c c th do hai nguyn nhn: tng lng cht hu c trong
dng vo so vi t l tng photpho thp (nh gi qua TCOD, BOD) hoc do
cht hu c trong dng vo khng chuyn ha kp thnh sn phm m vi sinh
PAO c th s dng (VFA) cho qu trnh hp th v polyme ha. Nguyn
nhn sau thng xy ra, c bit i vi nc thi sinh hot nu so snh gia
COD/TP vi BOD/TP. Nu thnh phn COD c th sinh hy/TP trong nc
thi sinh hot lun cao hn 40 th t l BOD/TP phn ln l thp hn 20. V l
do , h x l photpho thng c thit k h ln men s b b xung
VFA cho qu trnh x l (vi cc ni c iu kin kh hu nng m, tc
thy phn v ln men s nhanh hn nhiu so vi cc vng kh hu lnh, vn
cha c nghin cu k cng) hoc ko di thi gian x l ym kh c
lng VFA cn thit.
Hm lng photpho trong sinh khi.
~ 297 ~
Photphat ch c tch loi ra khi h thng x l thng qua sinh khi, v
vy hiu qu tch loi photpho ph thuc vo lng bn thi (tui bn) v
hm lng photpho trong . Hm lng photpho trong sinh khi ph thuc
vo yu t hu c hoc photpho trong nc thi u vo: t cht hu c th t
l vi sinh PAO v hm lng photpho trong chng cao, tuy vy hm lng
photpho d trong nc dng ra cng s cao. Ngc li nu hm lng photpho
trong dng vo thp s khng xy ra qu trnh gii phng photpho trong b
ym kh. Lng cht hu c d to iu kin cc loi vi sinh d dng
khng thuc h PAO pht trin, lm gim t l ca vi sinh PAO trong sinh
khi, ko theo l hm lng photpho trong sinh khi thp (ch 4 - 6% chng
hn).
Trong thc t cng thng nhn thy hin tng: khi hm lng photpho
trong sinh khi cao th nng photpho trong dng ra cng cao v khi nng
photpho trong sinh khi thp th nng photpho sau x l cng thp theo
nu thit k v vn hnh h x l ng. Nguyn nhn ca hin tng trn l do
t l COD/P trong dng vo mi trng ym kh quyt nh c hm lng
photpho trong sinh khi v nng photpho trong dng thi, c hai thng s
trn t l nghch vi t l COD/P.
nh hng ca thi gian lu t bo.

Do mt ca vi sinh PAO thay i theo t l COD/P nn hiu qu x l
photpho ca h x l tng cng t ph thuc vo thi gian lu t bo trong
mt khong rng: 2 - 40 ngy. Hin tng xy ra do c s ng gp mt phn
ca qu trnh phn hy ni sinh vi sinh vt PAO l 0,05 d-1 so vi 0,24 d-1 ca
vi sinh d dng hiu kh tnh theo COD. iu c ngha l vi tui bn
ln th t l vi sinh PAO tng ln trong sinh khi v v vy hm lng photpho
trong sinh khi cng tng theo.
Kinh nghim thc t ch ra rng, h x l photpho hot ng c hiu qu
vi thi gian lu t bo nm trong khong 3 - 68 ngy. H cng c th hot
ng vi tui bn thp hn 3 ngy nhng khi tnh n nh ca h thp,
dng ra d b c, khi cn phi p dng thm cc bin php lm trong nc
nh keo t hoc lc v ng thi lm gim thm c hm lng photpho (c
rn v tan) trong dng ra. Vi thi gian lu t bo thp, 4 ngy h hot ng
n nh hn nhiu, tuy nhin vi nhit cao hn 15oC, thi gian lu t bo l
6 ngy th qu trnh nitrat ha xy ra ng k nn cn phi b xung thm giai
on x l thiu kh kh nitrat.
~ 298 ~
Tng thi gian lu t bo s lm tng hm lng photpho trong sinh khi
do t l ca vi sinh PAO trong tng (hm lng photpho c th ln n
32%), do vy c th tin hnh x l theo hai giai on vi tui bn ca tng
giai on l 4 n 5 ngy. Tt nhin vn hnh nh vy s tng lng bn thi,
l iu khng mong mun. Tuy nhin nu tng tui bn th d xy ra qu trnh
nitrat ha tng phn hoc hon ton v khi cn phi thm giai on kh
nitrat. H x l theo qu trnh UCT, VIP hot ng theo nguyn tc trn: nitrat
trong dng hi lu bn c kh trc khi c x l ym kh. Cng c th
p dng cc s cng ngh khc: tch mt phn th tch b ym kh kh
nitrat t dng bn hi lu, s dng mt phn nc u vo (5 - 20%) trn vi
bn hi lu nhm cung cp cht hu c cho qu trnh kh nitrat, phn nc
vo cn li dn vo ngn ym kh (ngn thiu kh c ni tip vi ngn ym
kh). Phng n trn c hiu qu hn so vi qu trnh UCT, VIP do chi ph
xy dng thp hn, qu trnh kh nitrat hiu qu hn nh mt vi sinh cao.
T cc phn tch trn cho thy, h x l photpho thch hp l h x l ym
kh c kch thc d thay i bng cch xy dng nhiu ngn ni tip nhau,
trong tng ngn u c lp t h thng khuy trn nhm p ng s bin
ng ca cht lng nc thi v iu kin vn hnh. Tt nhin nu h x l
photpho c trang b thm h ln men s b (prefermentation) th hiu qu
x l photpho hiu qu v n nh hn nhiu trong khi ch cn th tch mi
trng ym kh rt nh (5% so vi th tch khi phn ng) do tc phn ng
ca VFA rt nhanh (tt nhin l phi ).
Thi gian lu thy lc ca giai on ym kh.

Thi gian lu thy lc ca giai on ym kh cng c nh hng n hiu
qu x l photpho ca h, tuy nhin chu nh hng bi t l COD/P. Khi
TCOD/TP nm trong khong 42 - 68 (hn ch lng photpho) th tc ng ca
thi gian lu thy lc tng i nh, khi t l trn thp, vi gi tr 20 - 43 (hn
ch cht hu c) th hiu qu x l photpho ca h tng khi tng thi gian lu
thy lc.
nh hng ca nhit .
T l TCOD/TP cng tc ng ln nh hng ca nhit n hiu qu x
l photpho ca h: khi thiu COD th nh hng ca nhit ti hm lng
photpho trong sinh khi mnh hn so vi khi thiu photpho. H x l photpho
~ 299 ~
khng hot ng khi thi gian lu t bo l 5 ngy, nhit 10oC, thiu COD
v iu ny khng xy ra khi h thiu photpho.
9. 4. 3. nh hng ca qu trnh lng s cp v x l bn.
Do t l TCOD/TP l yu t quan trng nh hng ti hiu qu x l

photpho ca h, hai yu t trn li ph thuc nhiu vo cc giai on x l
khc nn vic xem xt cc qu trnh khng trc tip khc cng l cn thit,
trc ht l qu trnh lng s cp v x l bn (sinh khi).
Lng s cp c s dng tch loi cc thnh phn ch yu l hu c
khng tan trong dng vo trc khi x l sinh hc. Tch loi cht rn khng
tan ng ngha vi gim hm lng cht hu c, hp cht nit v photpho
trong nc thi - Bn t b lng s cp v th cp c x l (tch nc, c
c bn, phn hy ym kh, hiu kh) cng to ra nc thi.
Qu trnh lng s cp lm gim c cht hu c ln hp cht nit v
photpho, tuy nhin mc gim cht hu c mnh hn, v d tng BOD gim
gn 30%, tng COD gim khong 40% trong khi tng nit v photpho ch
gim 18%. Kt qu l nc sau lng s cp gim t l TCOD/TP hay
TBOD/TP xung gn mt na. c trng ca nc thi chuyn t thiu
photpho sang thiu cht hu c i vi qu trnh tch ly cht hu c hay gii
phng photpho trong mi trng ym kh.
Trong cng on x l bn cng sn sinh ra mt lng nc, nc sinh ra
c a vo tip tc x l nh nc thi. Cc dng nc tch t bn cng c
t l TCOD/TP thp do mt phn photpho b kt ta trong khi x l bn (to
hp cht photphat kh tan nh canxi photphat, struvite...). Khi c trn ln
vi dng vo t l cht hu c/photpho ca dng hn hp cng b gim.
Trong iu kin TCOD/TP thp, hiu qu x l photpho thp m b xung
thm cht hu c s ko theo tng gi thnh vn hnh.
9. 4. 4. Qu trnh ln men s b.
Trong cc phn trnh by trn cho thy r yu t quan trng ca cht hu c

i vi qu trnh gii phng photpho ca vi sinh PAO trong mi trng ym
kh. qu trnh hot ng c hiu qu cn duy tr t l cht hu c khng
thp hn mt gi tr no so vi photpho tng. Cht hu c thch hp l axit
~ 300 ~
bo d bay hi m tt nht l axit axetic. Ln men s b chnh l nhm mc
ch cung cp cht hu c thch hp cho qu trnh gii phng photpho.
Nh c trnh by trong phn 7. 3. 1, axit bo d bay hi l sn phm
trung gian ca qu trnh x l nc thi (cht hu c) trong iu kin ym kh,
v vy h x l ln men s b (prefermentation) thng c lp ghp vo h
thng x l photpho m bo cho qui trnh x l n nh, nguyn liu dng
cho qu trnh ln men s b l cn cht hu c tch ra t b lng s cp hoc
ln men nc thi th [48, 49, 50].
VFA l sn phm ca qu trnh thy phn cht hu c v c th sn xut
theo cc phng php: vi sinh, ha hc v nhit thy phn.
Thy phn sinh hc l qu trnh cc vi sinh vt ym kh thy phn cc cht
rn hu c hay cc phn t hu c ln qua phn ng xc tc men ngoi bo.
V l sn phm trung gian nn cn phi dng phn ng trc khi VFA chuyn
ha thnh metan l sn phm cui ca qu trnh bng cch la chn thi gian
phn ng thch hp. Sn phm chnh ca qu trnh ln men s b ch yu l
axit axetic cng vi cc VFA khc rt thch hp cho vi sinh PAO. Trong qu
trnh ln men s b c th chuyn ha 10 - 15% COD rn thnh dng tan v
75% dng tan l VFA.
Thy phn ha hc c tin hnh trong mi trng axit (pH = 2) hoc trong
mi trng kim (pH = 14) vi thi gian phn ng khong 4 gi. Hiu sut
phn ng ha hc thy phn ngang vi thy phn sinh hc khi dng xt
(NaOH) iu chnh pH, nhng ch t khong 50% khi dng axit HCl hoc
vi (Ca(OH)2). Thy phn ha hc to ra sn phm cha t VFA.
Thy phn nhit trong iu kin p sut kh cao (6 atm) v nhit 160 oC
trong 2 gi c hiu sut ngang vi thy phn sinh hc nhng sn phm cng
cha t VFA. S dng thm axit sunfuric trong thy phn nhit s tng hiu
sut phn ng, chuyn ha ti 35 - 40% TCOD nhng sn phm cng ngho
VFA.
Kt qu nghin cu cho thy, thy phn sinh hc c u th hn so vi hai
phng php kia.
Ln men s b bng phng php sinh hc.

Tng t qu trnh x l ym kh nc thi, x l cn bn c cng c ch
nhng vi tc phn ng chm hn, v vy iu kin thy phn cn hu c
thch hp l: nhit 20 - 30oC, thi gian lu thy lc 2 - 4 ngy, pH nm
trong khong 5,3 - 6,0.
~ 301 ~
Ln men s b cng c th tin hnh vi nc thi cha x l min l nng
cht hu c trong ln (trn 200 mg/l tnh theo BOD). Nc thi trong
cc cng rnh thu gom cng cha mt lng VFA ng k trong iu kin
dng chy chm, nhit cao, thi gian lu thy lc trong cng rnh di,
chiu su ca rnh ln v chiu rng thp. Tuy vy ch ng trong vn
hnh, xy dng h ln men s b hot ng c lp cung cp VFA cho x
l photpho l phng n an ton. Trong suy ngh ca cc nh cng ngh x l
nc thi, ln men s b ch nn thc hin cc vng c kh hu lnh, v d
vng ty Canada hay bc u. Tuy nhin trong thc t phng n ln men s
b cng c thc hin nhiu ni trn th gii: rt ph bin Australia v
vi mc trong vng kh hu n i v c nhit i [48, 49]. Sn phm ca
qu trnh ln men s b cn c kh nng thc y tc kh nitrat, v d s
dng nc rc th cha VFA (nc rc c tui thp, c xem l sn phm
ca ln men s b) kh nitrat hnh thnh sau giai on x l hiu kh [51,
52].
Hiu qu sn xut VFA cung cp cho h x l photpho ph thuc vo
nguyn liu v iu kin sn xut.
Nguyn liu ch to VFA c th l nc thi c vt ra t bn thi
hoc nc ra cc thit b vt bn, bn thi c ngun gc t b lng s cp.
Trong cc b bn (bn lng s cp v th cp) ym kh lun c mt lng
nc trong pha trn lp bn c thi ra, nc thi ny cng cha VFA
nhng vi hm lng thp. Nc c vt ra t bn ym kh cha nhiu VFA
hn. S dng bn t b lng s cp ln men s b, quay vng bn (vi sinh)
trong h ln men s b vo b lng s cp l gii php c hiu qu sn xut
VFA. Trong phng n trn, mt lp bn ym kh c to ra trong b lng s
cp, lp vi sinh trn chuyn ha cc cht rn trong dng vo. Phng php
trn c tn gi l b lng s cp hot tnh (activated primary sedimentation
tank).
Cc h hot ng ym kh di ngy lun c xu hng to thnh metan nn
thng phi p dng bin php thi bn theo chu k, tn xut thi bn ph
thuc vo iu kin c th ca a phng v theo ma. i vi h hot ng
ln men s b gin on, mc thi bn d kim sot hn, vi mt mc thi
bn ti u nhm to ra nhiu VFA.
~ 302 ~
T kt qu nghin cu cho thy, iu kin ln men s b c hiu qu i
vi cht rn hu c: mt sinh khi 30 - 40.000 mg/l; nng VFA cao t
c trong thi gian 6 - 9 ngy k t khi qu trnh ln men bt u.
Hiu qu ln men ti a t 0,125 kg VFA tnh theo COD trn 1 kg sinh
khi hu hiu (tnh theo COD), hiu qu ch t 0,075 kg/kg vi thi gian lu
thy lc 3 - 4 ngy. T l cc axit d bay hi trong tng VFA c gi tr 1,0:
1,0: 0.08: 0,07 tng ng vi axit axetic, propionic, butyric v axit valeric.
9. 4. 5. La chn cc thng s thit k h x l photpho.
Ngoi yu t cung cp cht hu c cho qu trnh gii phng photpho t

vi sinh PAO vi mc khong 6 g VFA/gP [48], h x l ch hot ng c hiu
qu khi cc yu t khc cng c p ng: kch thc b x l ym kh, mc
oxy cn thit trong giai on hiu kh, iu kin tip xc ca vi sinh vi c
cht (khuy trn) v mt s loi ha cht cn b xung.
Th tch b x l ym kh.
Tc hp thu VFA ca vi sinh PAO rt nhanh vng nhit cao hn
o
14 C theo phn ng bc 1. Do tc hp th nhanh nn th tch b ym kh s
tr nn t quan trng hn so vi thi gian lu t bo (vng ym kh) khi h
c cung cp VFA. Th tch b ym kh ch chim mt t l thp trong
ton b khi phn ng (khong 5%) vi thi gian lu thy lc tng ng nh
hn 1 gi. Phng php ln men s b l gii php ti u cung cp VFA
cho h x l.
Phn ng tiu th VFA l bc mt, v vy c th tnh ton th tch b x l
ym kh theo tc tiu hao VFA. Tc phn ng ph thuc vo nhit ,
yu t hin nay cha tm hiu c k cng. Theo kinh nghim, b ym kh c
th tch 5 - 10% l tha mn. Th tch b ym kh c th tnh ton trn c s
thi gian lu t bo ti thiu vi h s an ton cao (2 n 3).
Th tch b ym kh c nh hng ln hn nhiu i vi hiu qu x l khi
hm lng VFA thp hn so vi photphat. Ph thuc vo bn cht ca cht
hu c, qu trnh ln men to ra VFA trong b x l ym kh c tc chm,
v vy nu tng thi gian lu thy lc hay th tch b ym kh ln n 25% th
tch khi phn ng th lng VFA to thnh s p ng c cho qu trnh
gii phng photpho.
~ 303 ~
S dng h x l ym kh v thiu kh kh nitrat v gii phng photpho
s lm gim nhu cu oxy cho giai on x l hiu kh sau , c th tit kim
c ti 30% so vi h bn hot tnh thng dng.
Trong b x l ym kh cng nh thiu kh, yu t tip xc gia sinh khi
vi c cht c xem l rt quan trng. Khuy trn trong cc h trn nhm
duy tr cho sinh khi tn ti trng thi l lng nhng cng cn trnh xo
ng mnh b mt lp nc gim thiu oxy thm nhp t kh quyn vo
khi phn ng.
Gia cc vng ym kh, thiu kh v hiu kh cn c s cch ly v khng
gian nhm ngn nga cc dng trn ln vi nhau theo chiu ngc, a cc
cht oxy ha (oxy, nitrat, nitrit) t vng hiu kh v. Dng hiu kh quay
ngc v gy thm nguy c thc y vi sinh dng si v vi sinh to bt pht
trin. Ca thng cc ngn nn c tit din nh sao cho tc dng nc ti
thiu 0,3 m/giy (tc dng nc bng lu lng chia cho tit din chy), v
tr ca ca thng ngn nn t cao di mt nc, khng di 0,5 m.
Trong h x l photpho b lng th cp c vai tr rt quan trng. t
c tiu chun thi cao v phng din photpho th cn duy tr lng cn
khng tan (sinh khi) thp ti u ra. Ti lng b mt i vi b lng th cp
trong h x l photpho ch nn bng khong 50% so vi h bn hot tnh
thng dng (12,2 - 16,3 m3. m-2. d-1 so vi 24 - 32 m3. m-2. d-1).
Photpho tip tc c gii phng t sinh khi, c bit y b lng th
cp [38] nn cn p dng cc gii php k thut hn ch, v d bng cch
tng chiu cao ca lp nc trong b lng sao cho nc khng b chy ngc
qua lp bn trong b lng. Ni cch khc photpho tan ra t sinh khi s c
quay v b ym kh theo ng hi lu bn hoc bn thi ch khng theo
nc sau lng ra ngoi mi trng. Chiu cao hp l ca b lng th cp nm
trong khong 4,3 - 5,5 m v tc hi lu bn nm trong khong 0,25 - 1,25
Q.
S dng phi hp vi ha cht kt ta photphat (Al3+, Fe2+, Fe3+) s tng
cng c hiu qu x l photphat (xem 4. 2. 3) m khng nh hng n
qu trnh x l photpho bng phng php sinh hc min l vi liu lng hp
l cht kt ta. S dng phi hp vi cht kt ta c gi thnh thp hn so vi
phng php kt ta n c. S dng qu liu lng cht kt ta gy nguy c
tch loi qu mc vi sinh PAO. C th chm kt ta nhiu v tr khc nhau
nhng tt hn c l trc khi vo b lng th cp.
~ 304 ~
Thit k h x l photpho c tin hnh theo th t cc bc: Tnh ton
th tch b x l ym kh, cn nhc kh nng xy dng h thng ln men s b
v tnh ton thi gian lu t bo. Tip theo l cn nhc vic chia nh khoang
ym kh, ngn nga trn dng, mc khuy trn, thit k hp l b lng th
cp, hn ch qu trnh gii phng photpho trong b lng th cp.
Cc bc chi tit trong thit k gm [5]:
1) Xc nh tiu chun thi i vi nng photpho.
2) Xc nh t l TCOD/TP v TBOD/TP ca dng vo.
3) S dng th Randal (hnh 9. 3) xc nh t l TCOD/TP p ng
tiu chun thi. Nu TCOD/TP > 40 th hiu qu x l photpho s tt khi h
c thit k ng. Nu t l TCOD/TP < 40 hay TBOD/TP < 20 th hiu qu
x l thp v v vy cn cp thm VFA bng bin php ln men s b hoc cc
ha cht tng ng hoc phi p dng thm bin php kt ta ha hc.
4) Xc dnh t l BOD/COD c tnh kh nng ln men v cn ch l
t l trn bin ng theo thi gian, gi tr s dng thit k phi l gi tr thp
nht. Nu TCOD/TP > 40 v BOD/COD > 0,5 th c th t hiu qu x l
photpho tt khi thit k th tch b ym kh ln m khng cn b xung
VFA. Thi gian lu thy lc trong x l ym kh cng di th hiu qu tch
loi photpho cng ln (hnh 9. 4a). Khi TCOD/TP < 40 v BOD/COD < 0,5 th
cn th tch b ym kh ln (hnh 9. 4. b) hoc b xung thm VFA (ln men s
b) hoc dng bin php kt ta ha hc. Nu s dng bin php ln men s
b th th tch b ym kh ch cn 5 - 10% ca tng th tch khi phn ng.
Nu BOD/COD > 0,5 v TCOD/TP > 40 th c th khng phi s dng bin
php ln men s b nhng cn b ym kh c th tch chim khong 15% hoc
thi gian lu thy lc khng thp hn 90 pht.
~ 305 ~
14
Nng photpho tan dng ra, mg/l

12 A
10
8
6
4
2
0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
T l TCOD: TP dng vo
7
B
Nng photpho tng dng ra, mg/l
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
T l TCOD: TP dng vo
Hnh 9. 3. th biu din mi quan h gia photpho dng ra v t l TCOD:

TP dng vo ( th Randal) [5].
Trong trng hp BOD/COD > 0,5 v TCOD/TP < 40 th thit k b ym
kh vi thi gian lu thy lc khng thp hn 90 pht v ph thuc vo yu
cu cht lng thi c th cn phi b xung thm VFA hoc p dng thm
bin php kt ta ha hc.
~ 306 ~
14
(TP vo-P tan ra), mg/l

12
Lng photpho x l
a
10
8
6
4
2
0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3
Thi gian lu thy lc ym kh, gi
14
12
b
(TP vo-P tan ra), mg/l
Lng photpho x l
10
8
6
4
2
0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3
Thi gian lu thy lc ym kh, gi
Hnh 9. 4. nh hng ca thi gian lu thy lc ym kh n lng photpho c

x l (a. TCOD:TP = 42 : 68; b. TCOD:TP = 20-43) [5].
5) Chnh sa gi tr thi gian lu thy lc (ym kh) theo nhit (h s

1,045) khi nhit thp hn 20oC nu TCOD/TP < 40. Khng cn thit phi
chnh sa theo nhit ca thi gian lu thy lc vi h d cht hu c.
6) Chnh sa thi gian lu thy lc theo pH (hnh 9. 5).
~ 307 ~
0.9
0.8
Hng s tc hp th
0.7
mgP/gSKHH.pht
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
5 5.2 5.4 5.6 5.8 6 6.2 6.4 6.6 6.8 7 7.2 7.4 7.6
pH
Hnh 9. 5. nh hng ca pH n hng s tc hp th photphat [5].
7) Xc nh thi gian lu t bo ti thiu cho giai on x l hiu kh t

th Mamais - Jenkin (hnh 9. 6) th hin s ph thuc ca c, t vo nhit . p
dng h s an ton t 2,5 - 3,0 i vi thi gian lu t bo trong thit k, t
tnh th tch b x l hiu kh trn c s n nh mt sinh khi.
8) i vi h x l photpho hai giai on, h c thit k theo kiu dng
y l tng v vng ym kh c chia nh ra thnh t nht ba ngn. Trong
ngn ym kh cui cng c thit b khuy v sc kh u c lp t n c
th hot ng theo ch ym kh hoc hiu kh. i vi h x l dinh dng
ba giai on, th ba ngn ym kh ch cn trang b thit b khuy trn, vi ngn
th ba dnh cho x l thiu kh. Kiu b tr nh vy to iu kin thun li
cho vn hnh.
V d tnh ton cho mt h x l c trnh by chi tit trong ti liu [5].
Nhit , oC
25,5 21 17 13 19
tng trng thc cc i, ngy-1
0,0 1,0
Ln (max thc) = -4366(1/T)+ 14.2
-0,2 1,2
Thi gian lu bn, ngy
nghing = E/R - E = 36,3 kJ/mol

-0,4 1,5
-0,6 1,8
-0,8 ~ 308 ~ 2,2
2,7
Nh my pilot, Mc Clintock
33,50 34,00 34,50 35,00 35,50
1/nhit (x 104) 1/k

Hnh 9. 6. nh hng ca nhit ln qu trnh x l phopho sinh hc ci tin
( th Mamais Jenkin) [5].
9. 4. 6. Cu hnh h x l photpho v hp cht nit.
Nhm mc tiu x l photpho v x l kt hp vi loi b hp cht nit,

nhiu loi h thng x l c pht trin v p dng trong thc tin. Hai
dng cu hnh chnh ca h x l photpho l h dng ph v h dng chnh.
H x l dng ph in hnh l qu trnh PhoStrip (hnh 8. 5) hot ng
theo nguyn tc: Mt phn bn trong dng hi lu c phn hy ym kh,
photphat tan c gii phng khi sinh khi v c kt ta vi ha cht. Qu
trnh PhoStrip l s x l dng ph duy nht hin ang hot ng.
H x l dng chnh lin tc l h hot ng c thm giai on x l ym
kh t trc hiu kh hoc trc thiu kh, in hnh l cc qu trnh c s
A/O (anaerobic/oxic - ym kh/hiu kh, hnh 8. 4) v A2/O
(anaerobic/anoxic/oxic - ym kh/thiu kh/hiu kh) v cc bin hnh cng
ngh khc ca chng nh Bardenpho nm giai on, qu trnh UCT, VIP (hnh
8. 6).
V d v tnh ton mt s h x l trn c trnh by trong ti liu [5].
Phng php bn hot tnh hot ng theo kiu chu k nh mng oxy ha,
BIO - DENITRO/BIO - DENIPHO, Qu trnh Schreiber, Biolac v m k tip
giai on thng c s dng tch loi ng thi hp cht nit, photpho
v rt thch hp i vi x l qui m nh.
Mng oxy ha. Cu hnh v nguyn tc hot ng ca mng oxy ha
c trnh by trong hnh 8. 2. Mng oxy ha c nghin cu v pht trin
ti H Lan vo thp k 50 ti vin nghin cu Public Health Engineering,
c a vo p dng trong thc tin nm 1954, cn M th h mng oxy
ha c s dng ln u vo nm 1963 ti Beaverton, Oregeon [7]. Mng
~ 309 ~
oxy ha l mt bin hnh cng ngh ca k thut phn ng khuy trn u
dng lin tc trong mt mng di. c trng quan trng ca mng oxy ha
l tnh chu k chm ca phng php bn hot tnh (low rate cyclic activated
sludge process) vi t l thc n/vi sinh (F/M ratio) nh hn 0,1 x l hp
cht dinh dng. i vi nc thi sinh hot c hm lng BOD khong 200
mg/l th thi gian lu thy lc ca h thng bng hoc ln hn 20 gi ph
thuc vo t l F/M. T l F/M nm trong khong 0,05 - 0,1 c la chn cho
qu trnh oxy ha v nitrat ha, cn nu thm c mc tiu kh nitrat th t l
trn c chn thp hn: 0,03 - 0,06. Thi gian lu t bo ca h mng oxy
ha nm trong khong 20 - 40 ngy. Do thi gian lu t bo ln nn bn c
nn cht, d lng, ch s bn rt thp (nh hn 80 ml/g).
Ti lng hu c kh thp trong k thut mng oxy ha: 1,4 - 1,6 kg. m-3.
d-1, mt sinh khi nm trong khong 2000 - 8000 mg/l.
Oxy ha (hiu kh), kh nitrat (thiu kh) v x l photpho c thc hin
trong mng oxy ha thng qua iu khin nng oxy khc nhau theo thi
gian hoc theo v tr. Do cc vng hiu kh, thiu kh v ym kh tn ti khng
bit lp hon ton bi qu trnh trn ln nhau nn t hiu qu x l
photpho cao hn ngi ta ghp thm mt ngn x l ym kh ring c lp v
mng oxy ha nh m t trong hnh 9. 7.
quay vng bn
vo
o
ngn ym kh
quay vng bn
Hnh 9. 7. Mng oxy ha x l ng thi hp cht nit v photpho :

ym kh; : thiu kh; : hiu kh.
Qu trnh VT 2 l mt bin hnh cng ngh khc ca k thut mng oxy

ha: ghp ni k tip hai mng oxy ha nhm tng hiu qu x l photpho v
~ 310 ~
hp cht nit. K thut ghp ni nhiu mng oxy ha to ra cc bin hnh
cng ngh khc nh BIO - DENITRO v BIO - DENIPHO.
Qu trnh Schreiber.
Tt c cc qu trnh x l ym kh, thiu kh v hiu kh c thc hin
trong cng mt b. B c cu trc hnh trn trong c lp mt thanh cu
c th xoay quanh tm. Trn cu c lp cc thit b phn tn kh (difuser),
cc u phn tn kh chuyn ng trong nc trong khi cp kh. Trong kh cu
vn quay m ngng cp kh s to ra mi trng thiu kh.
Qu trnh Biolac.
H sinh hc c xy dng trn nn t, gn thit b phn tn kh ngp
trong nc kt hp vi tui bn cao l c trng ca qu trnh Biolac. Thit b
phn tn kh mn dng mng (membrane diffuser) c gn vi thit b sc kh
c th chuyn ng trong ao cp kh cho mi v tr ca ao sinh hc. Thit b
phn tn kh c lp t cch y ao khong 0,3 m, mc cp kh ph
thuc vo mc ch ca qu trnh ti tng thi im. Ao thng c su 2,4 -
4,6 m.
Biolac c th c thit k nhm oxy ha amoni vi thi gian lu t bo 40
- 70 ngy, t l F/M nm trong khong 0,04 - 0,1, mt sinh khi: 1500 -
5000 mg/l. C th tin hnh ng thi qu trnh kh nitrat bng cch p dng
cc chu trnh hiu kh/thiu kh theo thi gian.
Sinh khi d c tch ra khi ao bng cch s dng bm ht (airlift
pump) hoc xy dng thm h lng th cp km theo vi ti lng b mt 16 -
18 m3. m-2. d-1. Mc cp kh tiu chun l 4 m3 kh/1000 m3 nc trong ao.
K thut m k tip giai on.

M k tip giai on (sequencing batch technology) bao hm hai ni dung
l m (batch) vi ngha l sau mt khong thi gian nht nh s thu c
sn phm mt ln, cn k tip (sequencing) mang ngha cc qu trnh (np
liu, sc kh, khuy, lng) xy ra k tip nhau trong cng mt khng gian.
Nguyn tc hot ng ca k thut m k tip giai on c trnh by trong
phn 7. 2. 1. 4. Qu trnh c bn v cc phng php m t ton hc c
trnh by k trong cc ti liu [54, 66].
M k tip giai on l mt bin hnh cng ngh ca qu trnh sc kh gin
on (intermittent decanted extended aeration - IDEA) c pht trin
Australia trong vi chc nm gn y. K thut IDEA v phng din vt l l
~ 311 ~
mt b c dng vo lin tc, khc vi k thut bn hot tnh l khng c b
lng th cp c lp v v vy khng c ng hi lu bn. H hot ng theo
chu k bn gi c chia lm 3 pha: sc kh, lng v gn vi thi gian tng
ng cho cc pha trn l 2,1 v 1 gi.
Qu trnh oxy ha BOD, amoni xy ra trong giai on sc kh, kh nitrat
xy ra trong giai on lng v mt phn trong giai on gn. Tch bn c
thc hin trong giai on sc kh khi sinh khi c phn b u trong th tch
khi phn ng. Bn c lu gi trong mt ao ring tch nc, bn kh c
th s dng lm phn bn hoc chuyn v bi chn rc. H trn c ci tin
tch photpho bng cch ghp thm x l ym kh pha trc ao chnh. H
thch hp cho x l qui m nh.
K thut m k tip giai on l k thut mi c pht trin trong nhng
nm gn y. c im ni bt ca k thut ny l c th p ng tt s bin
ng ca nc thi v mt lu lng v nhim, din tch xy dng thp
do tt c cc giai on u c thc hin trong b, d t ng ha khu vn
hnh [57, 58]. iu kin ym kh, thiu kh v hiu kh trong h c to ra do
vn hnh nn n rt thch hp cho mc ch x l photpho v hp cht nit khi
so snh vi cc phng php truyn thng hot ng kiu lin tc [55, 56, 59,
60].
X l hp cht nit, photpho trong k thut m k tip giai on c
quyt nh bi yu t vn hnh: thay i thi gian tin hnh cc pha (ym kh,
thiu kh, hiu kh) trong mt chu trnh trn c s theo di cc thng s lin
quan v iu khin chng [53, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65].
~ 312 ~
M hnh ha qu trnh x l nc thi.
10
10. 1. Mc ch v lch s pht trin.
M hnh ha qu trnh x l nc thi lun l mt nhu cu v mt lnh vc

khng th thiu trong nghin cu cng ngh x l nc thi vi mc tiu thit
k cc h x l nc thi c hiu qu, t tin cy cao v d p dng. Hai
loi m hnh c s dng rng ri l m hnh vt l v m hnh m phng
(ton hc).
M hnh vt l c s dng rng ri trong thit k h x l nc thi, m
hnh ny s dng phng php thc nghim chuyn qui m t phng th
nghim sang th nghim pilot v ti qui m sn xut. nh gi mt lot cc
yu t nh hng thng qua thc nghim tn km nhiu cng sc v thi gian,
tuy nhin nu c y s liu t cc nghin cu thc nghim th m hnh vt
l hon ton c th tha mn mc ch t ra.
M hnh ton hc bng cch m phng cc qu trnh xy ra trong h v mi
lin quan gia cc qu trnh cho php tit kim cng sc, tin ca v cho
kt qu su sc hn, k c nhng hin tng khng th o m trc tip. M
hnh ton x l dinh dng trong nc thi l m hnh ng c tnh cht tng
qut v m hnh n nh l dng n gin ha ca m hnh ng tng qut
nhm tin li cho s dng.
Nhn thc c tm quan trng ca m hnh ha, nm 1982, t chc
International Association on Water Pollution Research and Control (IAWPRC)
v i sang tn hin nay l International Association on Water Quality
(IAWQ) thnh lp nhm nghin cu v m hnh ha ton hc qu trnh x l
nc thi nhm phc v thit k, vn hnh qu trnh bn hot tnh. Ti thi
im m hnh ha x l nc thi bng phng php bn hot tnh c
nghin cu khong 15 nm trc ti trng i hc Cape Town (Nam Phi)
di s ch o ca gio s G. V. Marais. Cc m hnh thit lp c s dng
rt hn ch do mt phn l tnh thiu hon chnh v mt khc l do hn ch v
kh nng tnh ton nhng bi ton phc tp do m hnh t ra. [1].
Nhim v t ra cho nhm nghin cu m hnh l to ra c mt nn tng
chung pht trin m hnh x l hp cht nit trong tng lai; m hnh cn
phi n gin mc ti a. Kt qu l m hnh u tin vi tn ASM
~ 313 ~
(Activated Sludge Model No. 1) c thit lp, c bn ci ti Seminar nm
1985 ti an Mch v xut bn di dng bo co vo nm 1987. Sau thi
gian 5 nm nghin cu, pht trin v th thch, ASM1 tr thnh mt m hnh
c th s dng. ASM1 khng ch l mt m hnh m n cn l ti liu hng
dn phng php nh gi c trng ca nc thi, thit lp chng trnh tnh,
nhng li d mc phi v cch khc phc. ASM1 p ng kh tt vi t cch
l mt m hnh, tuy vy vn c chnh sa tip ph hp vi thc t ng
dng trong iu kin c th [2, 3].
M hnh ASM1 khng th s dng trc tip tnh ton, n ch l nn tng
cho cc m hnh khc vi s b xung thm cc chi tit c th.
Ti thi im xut bn m hnh ASM1, qu trnh x l photpho bng
phng php tng cng cng c s dng trong thc t x l nc thi
vi mt s lng h hn ch. Mc pht trin v l thuyt ca phng php
cha a vo m hnh ha qu trnh x l phtopho. T gia thp k 80
n gia thp k 90, bn cht ca qu trnh x l photpho c hiu bit
tng tn hn v c trin khai rng ri trong thc tin. Nhng tin b trong
thi gian trn cho php xy dng m hnh ASM2 cha ng ni dung x l
photpho tng cng bng bin php sinh hc. Cng trong thi gian hon thnh
m hnh ASM2, hin tng vi sinh vt Denitrifier c kh nng tch ly
photpho c pht hin v c m hnh ha trong ASM2d.
Trong nm 1998 nhm chuyn gia quyt nh xy dng m hnh x l bn
hot tnh mi l ASM3 cha ng nhiu thng tin hn, trong ni bt l kh
nng tch ly cc thnh phn vt cht ca vi sinh vt c lin quan n qu trnh
trao i cht ca chng.
10. 2. M hnh bn hot tnh ASM1.
X l nc thi c th p dng k thut bn hot tnh hoc mng vi sinh.

Cc m hnh c cc nhm chuyn gia ca IAWQ xy dng l m hnh p
dng k thut bn hot tnh: ASM1, ASM2, ASM2d, ASM3. V c bn cc
m hnh c xy dng theo cng nguyn tc, cc m hnh pht trin sau l
s m rng cc qu trnh xy ra trong h, tc l bao gm thm cc tng tc
mi c m hnh m t. M hnh n gin nht l ASM1 m t cc qu trnh:
oxy ha cht hu c do vi sinh vt d dng hiu kh, oxy ha amoni do vi
~ 314 ~
sinh t dng hiu kh v kh nitrat do vi sinh ty nghi dng d dng. Ni
dung chnh ca ASM1 s c trnh by ti phn tip theo.
10. 2. 1. Phng php trnh by m hnh.
M phng hot ng mt qu trnh xy ra trong h bn hot tnh cn phi

bao qut c phn ng xy ra trong h nh oxy ha cht hu c, nitrat ha v
kh nitrat vi s tham gia ca nhiu thnh phn tham gia phn ng v cc iu
kin cn thit phn ng xy ra. d s dng v mt ton hc v thit thc
cho d bo qu trnh, cc phn ng c la chn cn c tnh i din cho cc
qu trnh c bn xy ra trong h. Mt qu trnh c s dng vi ngha l
mt s kin ring bit tc ng n mt hoc nhiu thnh phn ca h. Hn
th na, m hnh cng cn nh lng c c yu t ng hc (s ph thuc
ca nng vo thi gian) cng nh yu t t lng (mi tng quan v lng
gia cc cu t tham gia phn ng) ca tng qu trnh.
Nhn dng cc qu trnh chnh xy ra trong h, la chn cc m hnh ng
hc m t thch hp v mi quan h v mt t lng chnh l ni dung ca m
hnh ton hc.
Lp trnh v k hiu.
Kh khn gp phi khi thit lp mt m hnh ton hc m t mt h cha
nhiu tng tc nh trong h x l nc thi c khc phc bng cch m t
h thng qua mt ma trn.
Ngoi kh nng m t, phng php ma trn cn cho php rt ra c
nhiu thng tin b ch mt cch ti a.
Khi quan st mt h bn hot tnh n gin nht: vi sinh vt d dng hot
ng trong mi trng c oxy (hiu kh), chng s dng ngun carbon hu c
ha tan xy dng t bo sinh si pht trin v sn xut nng lng
duy tr hot ng, s nhn thy trong h tn ti ng thi hai qu trnh c
bn: tng sinh khi do t bo vi sinh pht trin v gim sinh khi do phn hy
ni sinh. Cc s kin: tiu hao oxy ha tan, suy gim cht hu c trong nc
thi khng c xem l cc qu trnh c bn, chng ch l kt qu ca qu
trnh tng sinh khi v phn hy ni sinh trong mi tng quan v t lng ca
h quan st.
M hnh n gin nht m t h trn cn ti ba yu t (thnh phn): nng
sinh khi, nng cht hu c tan v nng oxy ha tan. Din bin ca
~ 315 ~
ba yu t trn trong hai qu trnh c bn c m t theo phng php ma trn
trong bng 10. 1.
Bng 10. 1. ng hc v tng quan t lng ca qu trnh pht trin vi sinh

vt d dng [1, 4].
Tnh lin tc
Yu t i i =1 i =2 i =3 Tc ca qu
XB Ss So trnh vi [Ml-3. T-1]
J Qu trnh
Cn bng vt cht
1. Pht trin 1 1 1 Y Ss
m. .X B
Y Y K s Ss
2. Phn hy -1 -1 kp. XB
ni sinh
Tc quan ri rij ij vi Thng s ng
st c j i
hc: Tc
[M.l-3. T-1] pht trin cc
Thng s t Sinh khi C cht Oxy i m

lng [M(COD).l-3] [M(COD).l-3] [M(COD).l-3] Hng s bn
Hiu sut bo ha: Ks
sinh khi Hng s phn
thc Y. hy: kp
Bc u tin khi thnh lp ma trn l cn xc nh cc yu t c lin quan

n cc qu trnh xy ra, c th trong trng hp trn l sinh khi X B, c cht
Ss v oxy ha tan So. Cc thnh phn ny c ghi dng u theo k hiu,
tn v n v trong cng ct tng ng pha hng di cng. Theo qui nh
ca IAWPRC (IAWQ) th cc thnh phn khng tan c k hiu l X, thnh
phn tan c k hiu l S. K hiu bn di xc nh c th i tng: B ch
sinh khi (biomass), s ch c cht (substrate), o ch oxy. Ch s i gn cho tng
thnh phn, trong v d trn i ch cc gi tr 1, 2, 3 gn cho sinh khi, c cht
v oxy.
Bc th hai khi thnh lp ma trn l xc nh cc qu trnh sinh hc xy ra
trong h, c th l cc qu trnh chuyn ha v dch chuyn tc ng n cc
~ 316 ~
yu t ghi hng u (i = 1, 2, 3). Trong v d trn ch xy ra c hai qu trnh:
pht trin v phn hy ni sinh ca vi sinh vt. Hai qu trnh trn c ghi
ct pha tri ca ma trn. Ch s j c gn cho hai qu trnh pht trin (j = 1, j
= 2).
Cc qu trnh ng hc tng ng (pht trin, phn hy) c m t qua
cc phng trnh c ghi ct cui pha bn phi ca ma trn. Tc vj
tng ng vi qu trnh j ghi ct bn tri.
V d s dng phng trnh dng Monod (xem 6. 1. 1) th tc pht trin
ca vi sinh vt s c dng c ghi ct v hng tng ng.
Phng trnh Monod trong ma trn cho bit tc pht trin ca vi sinh vt
t l thun vi chnh nng ca n theo bc mt (v1), cn phng trnh
Herbert m t qu trnh phn hy ni sinh cng cho bit tc phn hy ni
sinh (v2 = kp. XB) cng ph thuc tuyn tnh vo nng sinh khi XB. Cc
thng s ng hc (m, Ks, kp) c nh ngha, nm pha gc phi di ca
ma trn.
Cc phn t trong ma trn bao gm c cc h s t lng ij, m t mi
tng quan v lng gia cc thnh phn tham gia trong tng qu trnh c th.
V d tng sinh khi (+1) trn c s tiu hao c cht (-1/Y) v oxy [-(1-Y)/Y].
S dng h s t lng ij s n gin hn nhiu khi m t vi iu kin l n
v s dng cho cc yu t c tnh cht tng hp. C th, tt c nng cc
cht hu c c tnh theo COD v nng oxy c gn cho COD c gi tr
m. Trong ma trn du (+) ch qu trnh sinh ra, du (-) ch qu trnh mt i.
H s t lng c nh ngha, ghi pha gc tri ca ma trn.
Cn bng vt cht.
Trong mt h x l, nng ca mt thnh phn c th b tc ng bi
nhiu qu trnh khc nhau. Phng php ma trn cho php d dng nhn ra
din bin ca mt thnh phn no v v vy gip thnh lp mi tng
quan v cn bng vt cht. iu c th thy bng cch dch chuyn t trn
xung di trong mt ct, v v vy pha tri ma trn c lu bi dng: cn
bng cht.
Phng trnh c bn m t cn bng cht trong mt h c gii hn:
u vo - u ra + phn ng = Tch ly (10-1)
u vo, u ra ca mt h l cc qu trnh chuyn khi, ph thuc vo

dng k thut phn ng. Thnh phn phn ng ca h, ri, chnh l tng ca cc
~ 317 ~
sn phm hnh thnh t h s t lng ij vi tc hnh thnh vj i vi t
yu t i.
ri ij v j (10-2)
j
V d v cc phn ng ha hc trong h di gc cn bng vt cht.

- Tc hnh thnh sinh khi trong h chnh l gi tr pht trin tr i gi tr b
phn hy:
m .S s
rX B .X B k p .X B (10-3)
Ks Ss
- Tc tiu hao c cht:
1 Ss
rSs m. .X B (10-4)
Y K s Ss
- Tc tiu th oxy:
1 Y Ss
rSo m . X B k p .X B (10-5)
Y K s Ss
c th tnh cn bng cht cho mt thnh phn trong mt h xc nh (v

d h khuy trn u), tc chuyn ha ca tng thnh phn c t hp vi
qu trnh chuyn khi i lu xy ra trong h. Chuyn khi do i lu khng
c trnh by trong ma trn v n ph thuc vo cu hnh (k thut phn ng)
ca h x l.
Kim tra tnh lin tc.

T ma trn c th kim tra c tnh lin tc ca mt qu trnh bng cch
dch chuyn ngang (cng dng) ca ma trn khi cc n v s dng l tng
hp, khi tng ca cc h s t lng bng khng. V d i vi qu trnh
phn hy ni sinh, oxy c xem l COD c gi tr m (-), tc l h s ca n
s c nhn vi (-1), lng COD hao ht t sinh khi do phn hy ni sinh
s cn bng vi lng oxy b hao ht cho qu trnh . Tng t nh vy i
vi qu trnh sinh trng: lng COD mt i t dung dch do vi sinh pht trin
tr i lng to thnh t bo mi s bng lng oxy s dng tng hp t
bo.
V d trn trnh by phng php m hnh ha ton hc qu trnh (n gin
nht) l qu trnh x l cht hu c theo k thut bn hot tnh.
~ 318 ~
10. 2. 2. M hnh oxy ha, nitrat ha v kh nitrat.
10. 2. 2. 1. c th ca qu trnh, cch tip cn.
Phn trc trnh by phng php thit lp m hnh x l nc thi

thng qua phng php ma trn cho trng hp n gin nht l oxy ha cht
hu c. i vi mt h x l ng thi c cht hu c v nit th ngoi qu
trnh sinh trng v phn hy ca vi sinh vt d dng hiu kh cn c mt ca
loi vi sinh t dng hiu kh (oxy ha amoni), loi ty nghi thiu kh (kh
nitrat), qu trnh phn hy ni sinh ca vi sinh t dng, d dng, amoni ha
(hnh thnh NH4+) t cc hp cht hu c tan, qu trnh thy phn cht hu c
v hu c c cha nit t cc dng khng tan. S lng qu trnh tham gia
trong h tng ln 8 (j = 8). Cc yu t tham gia vo qu trnh trn khng ch l
cht hu c v oxy (i = 2) m tng ln n 13 (i = 13). Ko theo l cc qu
trnh ng hc tng ln nhanh chng (8) cng vi cc thng s ng hc cho
tng qu trnh (14). Qui m ca ma trn c m rng ng k.
H bn hot tnh x l ng thi cht hu c v hp cht nit c thi gian
lu t bo ln nhm p ng iu kin cho qu trnh oxy ha amoni, v vy
nng cht hu c sau x l thng l thp i vi tt c cc h hot ng
theo cc k thut phn ng khc nhau. Ngc li, mt bn hot tnh v cht
oxy ha (oxy, nitrat) ng vai tr cht nhn in t c nng rt khc nhau
trong cc cu hnh phn ng khc nhau. Do vy vic cung cp tha mn nhu
cu cht nhn in t ph hp c v mt thi gian v khng gian (v tr) cho
cc qu trnh oxy ha l yu cu cn thit. Do vy m hnh m t qu trnh x
l (loi b) cht hu c cn phi th hin kha cnh: loi b cht hu c ph
thuc vo mt sinh khi v nhu cu ca cht nhn in t, hn l d bo
nng ca c cht sau khi x l. V l do , ni dung c quan tm u
tin khi xy dng m hnh l tnh ton c mt sinh khi khi la chn cc
mi quan h v t lng v nh gi nhu cu cht nhn in t trong khi xy
dng cc phng trnh ng hc.
Khi thit lp m hnh ton hc, cc nh nghin cu phi dung ha c hai
yu t: m t mt s lng hn ch cc qu trnh xy ra trong h (v rt nhiu)
nhng vn i din cho qu trnh , ph hp vi nhn thc, hiu bit v kinh
nghim thu c, mt khc phng trnh ton hc t m hnh cng c th
gii c vi nhng phng tin mc hp l. Kh khn khi gii bi ton s
tng ln rt nhiu i vi mt h bao gm nhiu qu trnh v nhiu mi tng
~ 319 ~
tc. Ngoi ra, cc phng trnh ng hc cng m t st thc t li cng kh
gii, v vy ngi lm m hnh ch chn nhng qu trnh c bn (ti thiu)
phn nh c trng ch yu ca h v la chn cc phng trnh ng hc c
th gii c v li gii ca chng c ch li trong ng dng thc tin. Trong
rt nhiu trng hp cc phng trnh ng hc c n gin ha i rt
nhiu. Mc d b n gin ha ng k, cc phng trnh ng hc khng
phn nh c tt cc din bin c th xy ra trong h song vn c th s dng
mc chp nhn c nu chng ti hin c kt qu ca cc s kin.
Khi xy dng m hnh, cc qu trnh ng hc m t chng c la chn
mang tnh i din v phng trnh mc n gin nht ph hp vi tng
qu trnh.
Vn vi mc ch n gin ha v thc dng, cc nh m hnh ha s dng
phng php (hm) ng - m (Switching functions), tc l mt qu trnh
(phng trnh ng hc) s hot ng hay dng li khi thay i iu kin mi
trng. Phng php trn ht sc cn thit i vi cc qu trnh ph thuc vo
s c mt ca cc cht thu in t khc nhau. V d loi vi sinh vt t dng
(oxy ha amoni) ch c th hot ng khi trong h c oxy (hiu kh), tc
pht trin ca chng s gim ti khng khi nng oxy cn kit bt chp s
c mt ca cc thnh phn cht nhn in t khc nh nitrat, nitrit, sunfat.
Hin tng trn c m hnh ha theo phng php ng - m thng qua
phng trnh:
So
(10-6)
K o So
So l nng oxy ha tan, Ko l hng s bn bo ha.

Khi la chn gi tr nh cho Ko th hm s trn c gi tr xp x 1 (m) i
vi mt khong nng oxy no : qu trnh xy ra. Hm trn s tin v gi
tr khng (ng) khi nng oxy gim v khng: qu trnh s dng li. V mt
ton hc, phng php trn cho php m hnh hot ng lin tc trong mt
khong v dng hn li khi vt ra ngoi khong .
Tng t nh vy, i vi mt qu trnh ch xy ra khi khng c mt oxy
(thiu kh, ym kh), hm ng - m c dng:
Ko
(10-7)
So K o
~ 320 ~
Vi mc tiu ca m hnh l tnh ton mt sinh khi v nhu cu ca cc
cht nhn in t khi gi tr ca cc thng s, v d Ko trong phng trnh (10-
6), (10-7), cha trong hm ng - m s nh hng n kt qu tnh ton. V
vy gi tr ca cc thng s c la chn ch mang tnh cht thun li v mt
x l ton hc ch khng phi l tnh thch nghi vi cc qui lut t nhin v v
th cn cn thn khi la chn sao cho m hnh c thit lp khng b mt
mc tiu thc tin.
10. 2. 2. 2. Khi nim tng qut.
Yu t d gy nhm ln v trong chng mc nht nh hn ch s pht trin

ca l thuyt bn hot tnh l phng php xc nh nng cht hu c trong
nc thi. Ba gi tr tng ng vi phng php o c chp nhn v s
dng rng ri l nhu cu oxy sinh ha (BOD), nhu cu oxy ha hc (COD) v
tng lng carbon hu c (TOC - total organic carbon). Trong cc ch s trn
th COD thch hp hn c [5, 6] v bn thn n c mi lin h trc tip gia
ng lng in t (cho) ca cht hu c, vi oxy hoc cc cht nhn in t
khc (nitrit, nitrat, sunfat, xem 9. 2. 1) v sinh khi (sinh khi c tnh theo
COD, xem 5. 2. 3). V vy nng cht hu c, bao gm c sinh khi u
c tnh theo COD trong cc m hnh.
Cht hu c trong nc thi c phn loi theo cc c trng khc nhau,
trc ht da vo kh nng sinh hy ca chng. Cht hu c dng khng sinh
hy l loi tr, khng c bt k s chuyn ha no gy ra bi vi sinh vt v vy
gi nguyn dng trong qu trnh x l bn hot tnh. Dng hu c khng sinh
hy bao gm hai trng thi vt l: tan v khng tan. Cht hu c tr, dng tan
(ph hp vi k hiu Si) c cng nng u vo v ra khi h thng x l.
Cht hu c dng khng tan (k hiu Xi) b bt gi bi sinh khi v thi ra
khi h thng theo bn thi. Do tc thi bn thp hn tc xm nhp ca
cht hu c t dng vo nn chng c tch ly trong h x l.
Cht hu c c kh nng sinh hy cng c phn loi theo hai thnh phn:
phn hy hon ton (d) v phn hy chm. Khi s dng trong xy dng m
hnh, thnh phn sinh hy hon ton c qui cho l dng tan, c k hiu
tng ng l Ss cn loi sinh hy chm th c qui cho l loi khng tan vi
k hiu l Xs. Qui c trn ch l s thun li (gn ng) khi xy dng m
hnh, trong thc t nhiu cht hu c kh sinh hy tn ti dng tan.
~ 321 ~
Tnh cht d sinh hy ca cht hu c thng i lin vi c trng n gin
v cu trc phn t nn vi sinh t dng c th s dng trc tip xy dng
t bo v sn xut nng lng. Nng lng thu c t cht hu c mt phn
c tch ly di dng ni nng trong sinh khi, phn khc b tiu th cho
tng hp t bo. in t (cho t cht hu c v nhn bi cc cht oxy ha)
lin quan n phn nng lng tiu th trn c dch chuyn ti cc cht thu
nhn in t ngoi sinh nh oxy hoc nitrat.
Ngc li, i vi cc cht sinh hy chm, thng l cc cht hu c c
cu trc phc tp, trc khi c vi sinh vt hp thu chng cn phi c
chuyn ha thnh dng d hp thu trc bn ngoi t bo (qu trnh thy
phn). Qu trnh thy phn c gi thit l khng cn s dng nng lng do
qu trnh trao i in t v v vy khng cn ti s c mt ca cc cht nhn
in t.
Tc thy phn ca cc cht hu c chm sinh hy thng l chm hn
so vi tc tiu th c cht d sinh hy, nn qu trnh thy phn s tr thnh
yu t quyt nh c qu trnh pht trin ca vi sinh vt nu trong h ch tn ti
dng cht hu c ny.
Tc thy phn cht hu c trong iu kin hiu kh nhanh hn trong
iu kin thiu kh v chm hn li trong mi trng ym kh.
Vic phn chia cht hu c thnh hai dng nhm mc ch nh gi kh
nng tiu th cht nhn in t trong h theo thi gian v khng gian.
Trong mt h x l hp cht hu c v nit ch tn ti hai mi trng l
hiu kh v thiu kh (s c thm mi trng ym kh nu x l thm
photpho), v vy loi vi sinh d dng (oxy ha cht hu c trong iu kin
hiu kh, kh nitrat trong mi trng thiu kh) s pht trin trn c s tiu hao
c cht trong mi trng hiu kh v thiu kh.
Sinh khi trong h suy gim lin quan n mt lot c ch: phn hy ni
sinh, cht, n tht ln nhau v phn hy. Tt c cc qu trnh trn trong khi xy
dng m hnh u c qui cho qu trnh chuyn ha sinh khi thnh dng
cht hu c chm sinh hy, khng tan vi k hiu l Xp, tr i vi cc tc
ng vi sinh tip theo. Qu trnh lm gim vi sinh vt c kh nng hot ng
c qui v cho l qu trnh phn hy v gi thit l tc phn hy khng
ph thuc vo s c mt ca cc cht nhn in t, tuy vy qu trnh chuyn
ha t cc cht chm sinh hy thnh dng c th hp th c (to ra sinh
khi mi) th li chu nh hng ca bn cht ca cht nhn in t.
~ 322 ~
Hp cht cha nit trong nc thi cng c phn loi theo hai c trng:
sinh hy v khng sinh hy. Mi loi li c phn chia theo cc tnh cht
ring.
Thnh phn khng sinh hy lin quan mt thit n thnh phn hu c
(COD) dng khng tan, thnh phn tan khng sinh hy c nng nh nn
khng c xem xt n trong m hnh. Thnh phn hp cht nit c kh nng
sinh hy c phn loi thnh amoniac (c hai dng NH4+ v NH3) vi k hiu
l SNH, cht hu c cha nit tan, SND v cht hu c cha nit khng tan,
XND.
Cht hu c cha nit dng khng tan b thy phn thnh dng tan xy ra
ng thi vi qu trnh thy phn cht hu c chm sinh hy.
Cht hu c cha nit dng tan c chuyn ha thnh amoniac bi vi sinh
vt d dng. Ammoniac hnh thnh ng vai tr cung cp nit (dinh dng)
cho vi sinh vt (t dng, d dng, ch yu l loi d dng v mt ca
chng ln hn) trong qu trnh tng hp t bo v cho qu trnh sn xut nng
lng ca vi sinh vt t dng (xem 8. 1). Trong qu trnh oxy ha amoniac
sn xut nng lng, phn ng xy ra theo hai bc k tip nhau: to thnh
nitrit v nitrat, tuy vy trong m hnh ch c xem l mt giai on: trc tip
v nitrat khi oxy ha vi oxy. Nitrat hnh thnh l cht nhn in t cui cng
i vi vi sinh d dng trong mi trng thiu kh to thnh kh nit. S
phn hy t bo ca c vi sinh t dng v d dng trong qu trnh kh nitrat
v oxy ha amoniac to ra cc hp cht cha nit dng khng tan li tham gia
cc chu trnh nu trn.
T l vi sinh t dng v d dng trong tng sinh khi rt kh nh gi, v
vy khng c cp n khi xy dng m hnh m ch i hi s c mt
ca chng iu kin cn c thit lp phng trnh cn bng cht.
10. 2. 2. 3. Cc phn t trong m hnh ton.
Cc phn t tham gia m hnh ton m t qu trnh x l nc thi ASM 1

c lit k trong dng u (s th t, k hiu) v dng cui ca bng 10. 2.
Cht hu c tan tr Si v cht hu c tr dng khng tan khng c mt
trong m hnh, tc l chng khng tham gia vo bt c qu trnh no xy ra
trong h thng x l nc thi v v vy cc ct tng ng dnh cho chng
khng cha bt k mt h s t lng no (khng cha cc phn t ca ma
~ 323 ~
trn). S c mt ca chng mang ngha l chng c tc ng n hiu qu
hot ng ca h x l: Cht hu c tr dng tan ng gp vo cht lng
COD ca nc thi sau x l, cht hu c tr dng khng tan l mt phn ca
sinh khi hu hiu, d bay hi khi nung 550oC ca bn hot tnh. Tt c cc
thnh phn cht hu c, k c loi khng tan u c nh lng qua c
trng COD.
Dc theo ct th hai (i = 2) cho thy cht hu c c kh nng sinh hy, Ss,
b tiu hao cho cc qu trnh: tng hp vi sinh d dng trong iu kin hiu
kh, thiu kh v c to ra bi qu trnh thy phn hp cht hu c khng
tan b bt gi trong bn hot tnh (j = 7).
Ct th t, i = 4 cho bit cc cht hu c chm sinh hy, Xs, b mt i do
qu trnh thy phn v c sinh ra bi qu trnh phn hy ca c vi sinh d
dng ln t dng, ni cch khc l vi sinh
~ 324 ~
Bng 10. 2. Ma trn m t qu trnh oxy ha cht hu c, nitrat ha v kh nitrat [1]

Thnh phn i 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 Tc ca qu trnh
vi [M.L-3. T-1]
Si Ss Xi Xs XBH XBA Xp So SNO SNH SND XND Salk
j Qu trnh
1 Hiu kh, d dng 1 1 1 YH -iXB i XB Ss So
mH . . . X BH
YH YH 14 K s S s K o So
2 Thiu kh, d 1 1 1 YH -iXB 1 YH i Ss K S NO

XB mH . . OH . g .X BH
dng YH 2,86.YH 14.2,86YH 14 K s S s K OH S o K NO S NO
3 Hiu kh, t 1 4,57 YA 1 1 S NH So

dng
i XB mA . . . X BA
YA YA YA K NH S NH K oA S o
4 Phn hy d dng 1-fP -1 fP iXB-fp-iXp kpH. XBH
5 Phn hy t 1-fP -1 fP iXB-fp-iXp kpA. XBA
dng
6 amoni ha cht hu 1 -1 ka. SND. XBH
c tan cha nit
7 Thy phn cht 1 -1 k H . X s / X BH So
.[
hu c khng tan K x ( X s / X BH ) K oH S o
K OH S NO
H . ]. X BH
K OH S o . K NO S NO
~ 337 ~
ha [M. L-3. T-1]
Thnh phn
dng khng tan
8 Thy phn cht
hu c cha nit
Tng tc chuyn
1
2
Cht hu c d sinh hy [M(COD). L-3]

3
Cht hu c tr dang tan [M(COD). L-3]

4
Cht hu c chm phn hy [M(COD). L-3]

5
Sinh khi d dng hu hiu[M(COD). L-3]

6
Sinh khi t dng hu hiu [M(COD). L-3]

j
Sn phm khng tan t phn hy vi sinh [M(COD). L-3]

8
ri ij .v j
Oxy ha tan (COD gi tr m) [M(- COD). L-3]
~ 338 ~
9
Nit trong nitrit, nitrat [M(N). L-3]

1
Nit trong amoni, amoniac [M(N). L-3]

10
-1
Hp cht hu c tan cha nit [M(N). L-3]

11
kim tnh theo nng mol

12
13
BH . X ND / X S
Thng s t Thng s ng hc:

lng: -Sinh trng v phn hy
Hiu sut sinh vi sinh d dng:
khi mH, KS, KOH, KNO, kpH
Cht hu c tr dang tan [M(COD). L-3]

d dng: YH -Sinh trng v phn hy
vi sinh t dng:
t dng: YA
mA, KNH, KOA, kpA
T l sinh khi
H s hiu chnh vi sinh
to sn phm
ty nghi: g
khng tan: fp.
- amoni ha: ka
T l khi lng
- thy phn: kH, H
N/COD trong
- thy phn hp cht hu
sinh khi: iXB.
c cha nit dng khng
T l khi lng
tan: HN
N/COD trong sn
phm phn hy
t sinh khi iXp
~ 339 ~
~ 340 ~
vt chuyn t dng sng sang dng cht hu c khng tan kh

sinh hy.
Ct 5 v 6 m t din bin sinh khi trong h vi k hiu XBH c
trng cho sinh khi d dng (heterotrophic) v XBA c trng cho
sinh khi t dng (autotrophic). Dc theo ct i = 5 cho thy vi sinh
d dng c hnh thnh trong qu trnh hiu kh (j = 1), thiu kh (j
= 2) v mt do qu trnh phn hy (j = 4). Trong khi , vi sinh t
dng (i = 6) ch pht trin trong mi trng hiu kh (j = 3) v mt
i do phn hy (j = 5).
Ct th 7, i = 7, m t sn phm hu c dng khng tan, Xp, hnh
thnh t qu trnh phn hy vi sinh. Ph hp vi qu trnh ng hc
v tng quan t l c gi thit, thnh phn ny c hnh thnh t
qu trnh phn hy ca vi sinh d dng (j = 4) v t dng (j = 5),
khng b suy gim bi phn hy vi sinh. Trong thc t, thnh phn
ny cng c th b chuyn ha bi vi sinh vt, tuy vy vi tc
chm nn c th cho rng n thuc dng tr so vi thi gian lu t
bo thng dng trong cc h thng x l nc thi. S c mt ca
thnh phn ny khi tham gia m hnh l ch hin tng: khng
phi tt c sinh khi (lng bn hu hiu, VSS) u c hot tnh sinh
hc. Nng cht rn hu hiu (bay hi, VSS) th hin qua gi tr
COD trong bn hot tnh l tng ca nm thnh phn hu c khng
tan: Xs (i = 4), XBH (i = 5), XBA (i = 6), Xp (i = 7) v Xi (i = 3).
Ct th 8 (i = 8) cha thng tin v oxy ha tan, vi k hiu l S o.
Oxy b tiu th bi hai qu trnh hiu kh t dng v d dng (j =
1, 3), n khng h c sinh ra bi bt c qu trnh no. c th
m phng v s bin ng nng oxy cn phi s dng ti cc
phng trnh ton hc m t qu trnh chuyn khi ca n trong tnh
ton cn bng cht, ct i = 8 khng cha yu t trn, tuy vy n p
ng c tnh ton nhu cu oxy cn ph cp cho qu trnh sinh hc.
Dc theo ct l cc qu trnh c s dng oxy lin quan n qu trnh
~ 339 ~
vi sinh d dng (i = 1) v t dng (i = 3), khng c mi lin h vi

qu trnh phn hy vi sinh. iu ny khc vi nhn thc truyn
thng: qu trnh phn hy vi sinh to ra cc sn phm c kh nng
sinh hy chm, chuyn ha thnh dng tan v tham gia li vo chu
trnh chuyn ha sinh hc, to ra t bo mi, tc l oxy c s dng
trc tip cho qu trnh tng hp t bo t ngun c cht c ngun
gc t phn hy ni sinh. S hao ht sinh khi thc s do phn hy
c qui v cho hiu sut sinh khi thc (sinh ra tr lng phn
hy), v vy n bao hm yu t trn. Gi tr 4,57 trong h s t
lng (j = 3) l h s s dng oxy ca vi sinh t dng khi oxy ha
mt n v nit trong amoniac thnh nitrat.
Cht nhn in t khc c mt trong m hnh l nitrat, SNO, l sn
phm ca hot ng vi sinh hiu kh t dng v b tiu hao bi loi
vi sinh t dng ty nghi (thiu kh). S din bin ca SNO c th
hin trong ct i = 9. Mc d nitrit l sn phm trung gian ca qu
trnh oxy ha amoni thnh nitrat, nhng n gin ha n khng c
mt trong m hnh. H s 2,86 trong quan h t lng trong x l
thiu kh chnh l h s tng ng vi oxy ca nitrat tnh theo
ng lng in t [phng trnh (9-9), (9-10)] duy tr tnh ng
nht v n v s dng. Qu trnh kh nitrat vi cht hu c t phn
hy ni sinh xy ra trong mi trng thiu kh, tuy vy n khng
c cp n trong m hnh m c coi l tham gia trong chu
trnh ca vi sinh.
Ct i = 10 cha cc thng tin v amoniac, SNH, l tng ca hai
dng phn li (NH4+) v trung ha (NH3), nhng tht ra trong vng
gn trung ha ch tn ti dng phn li: amoni. Dc theo ct i = 10 cho
thy amoni c hnh thnh t qu trnh amoni ha cc cht hu c
cha nit dng tan (j = 6) v b tiu hao bi qu trnh vi sinh t
dng hiu kh (j = 3), hiu kh d dng (j = 1) v d dng ty nghi
(j = 2). Ngun tiu th amoni ln nht l qu trnh sn xut nng
~ 340 ~
lng ca vi sinh hiu kh t dng (- 1/YA) v mt phn tham gia

vo xy dng t bo - iXB ca vi sinh d dng v t dng.
Ct i = 11 cha ng cc thng tin v cht hu c cha nit dng
tan, SND, c hnh thnh t qu trnh thy phn cht hu c khng
tan cha nit (j = 8) v chuyn thnh amoni qua qu trnh amon ha
(j = 6).
Hp cht hu c cha nit dng khng tan (i = 12) c k hiu l
XND, chng c to thnh t cc qu trnh phn hy vi sinh t
dng, d dng (j = 4, 5), iXB, tr i thnh phn tr khng tan fpXip
v b mt i do qu trnh thy phn (j = 8). Mc d cng l dng
khng tan nhng thnh phn XND khng c tnh vo cht rn bay
hi trong bn hot tnh v chnh n l sn phm sinh ra sau t bn
hot tnh, tc l trong bn hot tnh cha n.
Ba dng hu c cha nit khc cng tn ti trong h thng x l:
thnh phn nit trong t bo ca sinh khi XNB, trong cc sn phm
khng tan, XNP, v trong cht hu c tr dng khng tan, XNi.
Nng nit trong cc hp cht trn c th tnh c bng cch
ly nng ca cc dng trn nhn vi mt h s no , XB. iXB,
Xp.iXp, Xi. iXi. V d hm lng nit trong sinh khi chim 12% [xem
phn 9. 3. 1, phng trnh (9-20)]. Cc thnh phn trn khng xut
hin trong ma trn l do khi xy ra qu trnh kh nitrat xut hin kh
nit cng khng c mt trong ma trn, theo di tnh lin tc ca qu
trnh khng th thc hin, v vy s c mt ca chng l khng cn
thit. Tuy vy, nu mun nh gi kh nng lng ca bn trong b
lng th cp do nh hng ca nit to thnh th m hnh c th ghp
thm qu trnh hnh thnh kh nit, khi ba thnh phn cha nit
trn s c mt trong m hnh.
Mi hai thnh phn (i = 12) nu trn l s lng ti thiu d xy
dng m hnh x l bn hot tnh nhm x l hp cht hu c, nitrat
ha v kh nitrat. M hnh v vy s bao gm 12 phng trnh thng
~ 341 ~
bng cht. Tt nhin nu hn ch mc tiu (v d b qu trnh kh

nitrat) th h phng trnh m t s gim theo.
Ct i = 13 xem xt din bin ca kim. S c mt ca yu t
kim trong m hnh khng phi l thit yu, tuy vy n cung cp
thng tin v pH ca mi trng phn ng, v ngoi chc nng cung
cp ngun carbon xy dng t bo cho vi sinh t dng, kim
cn ng vai tr cht m cho h, tc l km hm mc tng hoc
gim pH khi c mt ca kim. pH l yu t kh nhy cm vi s pht
trin, c ch i vi nhiu loi vi sinh vt (xem 8. 2, 8. 3).
Tt nhin, danh mc cc thnh phn tham gia v cc qu trnh xy
ra c th c m rng m t chi tit hn cho mt h x l nc
thi.
V d s thnh phn tham gia qu trnh l 17 (i = 17) v s lng
qu trnh xy ra trong h cng l 17 (j = 17), s phng trnh ng
hc v t lng v vy cng tng ln theo [4]. Tuy vy phng php
m t bng ma trn c hnh nh tng t.
10. 2. 2. 4. Cc qu trnh trong m hnh.
Cc qu trnh c s c ghi ct u bn tri ca ma trn (bng

10. 1, 10. 2), tc ca cc qu trnh c ghi ct cui bn
phi. Cc qu trnh nn tng m t trong m hnh gm: sinh trng
v phn hy ca vi sinh vt, amoni ha ca hp cht hu c cha
nit v thy phn cc hp cht hu c khng tan b bt gi trong sinh
khi. tin li cho m hnh ha, cc cht hu c d sinh hy c
xem l ngun c cht duy nht cho qu trnh tng hp t bo ca vi
sinh d dng. Cht hu c chm sinh hy c tch loi khi nc
c xem l tc thi do b cun gi vo sinh khi v t sinh ra
cc cht d sinh hy do cc phn ng khc nhau, cc phn ng ha
hc to ra sn phm d sinh hy t loi chm sinh hy c gi
~ 342 ~
chung l phn ng thy phn trong khi xy dng m hnh mc du

trong thc t qu trnh xy ra rt phc tp. S c mt ca chng trong
m hnh nhm m t hin tng s dng oxy tr (chm) ca vi sinh
vt pht trin nh vo ngun c cht ny.
Qu trnh phn hy vi sinh xy ra do nhiu c ch khc nhau v
c qui cho l s chuyn ha vi sinh hu hiu (c kh nng hot
ng) thnh dng sn phm tr, khng tan, tip tc tham gia vo chu
trnh thy phn, pht trin sinh khi. Gi thit trn cho php d dng
hn trong vic xy dng cc biu thc ton hc m t s phn hy vi
sinh di cc iu kin mi trng bin ng trong h x l c cng
chung h bn hot tnh.
Trc ht s quan st qu trnh pht trin ca vi sinh hiu kh d
dng (j = 1) dc theo hng 1 trong bng 10. 2. Vi sinh hiu kh d
dng pht trin trn c s tiu hao c cht tan Ss (i = 2) v to ra
sinh khi XBH (i = 5). Khi pht trin chng cn ti oxy ha tan, So
(i = 8). V nng ca c sinh khi ln c cht tan u tnh theo
COD v oxy tnh theo gi tr m (-) ca COD nn c trng v tnh
lin tc i hi: lng oxy cn thit phi bng lng COD thc c
tch ra khi h thng x l (COD thc l hiu s ca COD ca c
cht tan Ss tr i COD to ra sinh khi).
Ammoniac c tch ra khi nc tng hp t bo vi sinh hiu
kh d dng. Qu trnh ng hc pht trin vi sinh hiu kh d dng
c gi thit l ph thuc ng thi vo hai yu t l c cht v oxy
ha tan (dng ng hc Monod). Vai tr ca oxy trong m hnh trc
ht tc dng ng - m ca n. Qu trnh s dng li nu nng
oxy thp v v vy gi tr KOH nh. Mc loi b c cht d sinh
hy ph thuc tuyn tnh vo tc pht trin ca vi sinh vt, hon
ton khng a hin tng tch ly cht hu c trong c th ca vi
sinh vo m hnh, mc d hin tng loi b cht hu c khng lin
quan trc tip ti s pht trin ca vi sinh c ghi nhn rng ri.
~ 343 ~
Hin tng trn c quan st chung vi qu trnh cc cht hu c b

cun gi bi sinh khi.
Dng hai m t din bin ca qu trnh pht trin vi sinh d dng
trong iu kin thiu kh, chng s dng nitrat lm cht nhn in t
sn xut nng lng. Ging vi loi vi sinh hiu kh d dng,
sinh khi pht trin trn c s tiu hao c cht d sinh hy, Ss. Nitrat
c s dng v mc tiu hao t l thun vi lng hu c b mt
i v lng tng sinh khi. Amoniac c vi sinh vt hp th tng
hp t bo. Phng trnh m t tc sinh trng ca vi sinh c
dng tng t nh i vi loi vi sinh hiu kh d dng nhng vi
tc nh hn l do gi tr mH nh hn di iu kin thiu kh
hoc ch c mt phn trong tng sinh khi c kh nng hp thu nitrat
sn xut nng lng. Hai nguyn nhn trn rt kh nhn bit mt
cch ring r, v vy trong m hnh a thm h s hiu chnh g vo
phng trnh ng hc, l thng s kinh nghim v c gi tr lun
nh hn 1 (g < 1). Tc pht trin ca vi sinh ty nghi ph thuc
vo nng nitrat cng ging nh oxy trong trng hp ca vi sinh
hiu kh d dng v b c ch bi s c mt ca oxy ha tan c
th hin qua biu thc KOH/(KOH + So). H s KOH c cng gi tr
nh trong trng hp ca vi sinh hiu kh d dng, tc l c tc
ng ngc chiu: loi ny tng th loi kia gim. Biu thc trn
ng vai tr ca hm ng - m.
Dng th ba trnh by din bin qu trnh pht trin ca vi sinh vt
t dng. Ammoniac c s dng sn xut nng lng v xy
dng t bo ca vi sinh Nitrifier v sn phm to ra l nitrat. Lng
amoniac dng xy dng t bo (iXB) nh hn so vi lng sn
xut nng lng (1/YA) (ct 10). Lng oxy s dng t l thun vi
lng amoniac c oxy ha. Phng trnh ng hc m t c dng
Monod kp, c hai yu t l oxy v amoniac u l yu t km hm
~ 344 ~
s pht trin ca vi sinh t dng, trong biu thc cha oxy m

nhn vai tr ca hm ng - m.
C hai gi tr KNH v KOA u nh. Mc d tc pht trin ca vi
sinh t dng ph thuc vo pH [xem 8. 1, phng trnh (8-8), (8-
9)], nhng m hnh khng bao qut c yu t ny m c kim
sot thng qua kim.
Hiu sut sinh khi thc (quan st c) gim khi thi gian lu t
bo tng do nhiu nguyn nhn: phn hy ni sinh, phn hy, n tht
ln nhau. Mc d c nhiu cch th hin trong m hnh, nhng thng
dng hn c l qui v phng trnh m t tc c dng bc 1 theo
nng ca vi sinh, s hao ht ca sinh khi do phn hy tnh theo
COD tng ng vi lng oxy b tiu hao nh m t trong bng 10.
1. S dng yu t oxy m t qu trnh phn hy vi sinh l gii
php tt i vi h ch oxy ha cht hu c v amoniac, cn nu h
cha c nitrat vi t cch l cht oxy ha th s ny sinh thm nhiu
vn nan gii: trong mi trng thiu kh vi sinh vt cc loi hoc
t nht l loi Denitrifier cng b phn hy hoc trong mi trng
ym kh th vi sinh Denitrifier c b phn hy hay khng?
Nhiu nghin cu cho thy, c ch phn hy vi sinh l do qu
trnh ln men v v vy khng xy ra hin tng hao ht COD (xem
5. 2. 2). V vy, nu ghp qu trnh phn hy vi sinh vi s dng cht
nhn in t th phi thm vo m hnh t nht 4 hm s ng -
m: phn hy vi sinh hiu kh d dng trong mi trng hiu kh,
vi sinh ty nghi Denitrifier trong mi trng thiu kh, phn hy vi
sinh d dng di iu kin thiu kh ca vi sinh khng c kh nng
kh nitrat v phn hy trong iu kin ym kh.
Khi h phng trnh m t s tr nn rt phc tp v hin c
rt t thng tin c bn v cc qu trnh .
Trong m hnh, phng php s dng m t qu trnh phn hy
vi sinh c trnh by trn hng 4 (j = 4) trong bng 10. 2 da trn
~ 345 ~
khi nim sinh ra - cht i ca vi sinh vt. Phng trnh ng hc m

t c dng bc 1 theo nng vi sinh d dng. H s phn hy kpH,
kpA khc c v mt khi nim ln gi tr so vi hng s phn hy ni
sinh kp s dng trong cc chng trc y. Trong m hnh, qu
trnh phn hy c kt hp vi s hnh thnh cc sn phm khng
tan v chm sinh hy, khng gy ra s hao ht COD, khng c s
tham gia ca cc thnh phn nhn in t v v vy xy ra m khng
ph thuc vo iu kin ym kh, thiu kh hay hiu kh ca mi
trng, tc l kpH, kpA khng ph thuc vo dng v nng ca cc
cht thu nhn in t.
Cc cht chm sinh hy hnh thnh b thy phn sau , din bin
qu trinh thy phn c trnh by trong hng 7. Sn phm ca qu
trnh thy phn l cc cht hu c c cu trc n gin, d sinh hy.
Trong mi trng hiu kh, cc cht hu c d sinh hy va to ra
c vi sinh vt s dng cng vi oxy tng hp nn t bo mi.
Trong iu kin thiu kh, cht hu c c vi sinh vt Denitrifier s
dng kh nitrat. Trong mi trng khng c oxy v nitrat (ym
kh) th cc cht hu c tham gia cc phn ng ln men.
Do tnh cht quay vng hoc ti s dng, h s phn hy trong m
hnh c gi tr khc vi cc gi tr s dng cc phn trc. Thng
dng th khi phn hy mt n v COD ca t bo s ko theo s tiu
th ca mt n v oxy tr i lng COD ca cht rn tr hnh thnh.
Trong m hnh th khi phn hy mt n v COD ca t bo s sinh
ra mt n v COD ca hp cht d sinh hy tr i lng COD ca
cht rn tr c to thnh. Trong trng hp cht d sinh hy c
s dng tng hp t bo th ch cn mt phn n v oxy b tiu
th m thi. T bo mi hnh thnh li tham gia vo qu trnh phn
hy tip theo trc khi c mt n v oxy c tiu th ht. V l do
, tiu th ht mt n v oxy trong mt n v thi gian cho qu
trnh phn hy, h s phn hy phi c gi tr ln hn, ng ngha
~ 346 ~
vi tc quay vng cao, tc pht trin ca vi sinh ln vi cng

thi gian lu t bo.
Phng php m t nh trn mang tnh thc dng nhiu hn l
phn nh c ch din bin ca qu trnh phn hy trnh c s
phin toi thm khi xut hin yu t cc cht nhn in t trong h.
Qu trnh phn hy vi sinh t dng cng c m t nh i vi
loi d dng (dng 5). S khc bit gia hai loi vi sinh trn trong
trng hp mt vi sinh t dng cao l do chng n tht ln nhau
v t phn hy, sn phm phn hy li ch yu c vi sinh d
dng s dng tng hp t bo v v vy gi tr ca kpA s nh
hn kpH.
Trong qu trnh phn hy vi sinh vt s to ra amoniac, amoniac
to thnh li tham gia vo chu trnh tng hp t bo vi sinh. Qu
trnh chuyn ha t sinh khi thnh cc cht hu c chm sinh hy
v tip theo thnh cc cht d sinh hy xy ra ng thi vi qu trnh
hnh thnh amoniac t cc hp cht hu c cha nit. Phn ng hnh
thnh amoniac trn c cng c ch nh trong trng hp ca hp
cht hu c tan c m t dng 6 ca bng 10. 2. Phng trnh
ng hc m t c dng bc 1 mang tnh cht kinh nghim v t
c mc c th chp nhn nu c lin kt vi qu trnh thy
phn cc hp cht khng tan cha nit b bt gi trong sinh khi.
Dng 7 v 8 m t qu trnh thy phn cc cht hu c c v
khng cha nit dng chm sinh hy. Cc qu trnh ny rt quan
trng i vi tnh thit thc ca m hnh bn hot tnh v n l tn
hiu ban u ca s tiu hao cc cht nhn in t theo thi gian v
v tr trong h x l. V vai tr quan trng ca qu trnh thy phn
trn, nhm nghin cu m hnh tp trung kh nhiu cng sc
c c nhiu thng tin hn v bn cht ca qu trnh [5, 6, 7, 8]. C
nhiu bng chng cho thy, tc thy phn ph thuc vo mt vi
sinh v nng cht hu c khng tan nm trong sinh khi nhng rt
~ 347 ~
nhiu yu t tc ng n qu trnh ny cha c lm sng t. T

m t dng 7 cho thy qu trnh thy phn s dng li khi h khng
c mt ca oxy hay nitrat. Cht hu c khng tan cha nit c gi
thit l phn b u trong cht hu c khng tan, v vy tc thy
phn ca chng t l thun vi tc thy phn cht hu c dng
khng tan.
10. 2. 2. 5. nh gi v xc nh thng s c trng ca nc thi.
Mc ch khi xy dng m hnh l thit k v vn hnh mt h

thng x l nc thi, v vy cc thng s c s dng cn phi c
tnh cht i din cho ngun nc thi cn x l v cn xc nh
nng ca chng. T bng 10. 2 cho thy, s lng thng s s
dng l 13, tr thng s Xp (i = 7), 12 thng s cn li u l cc c
trng lin quan n dng u vo. Trong bng 10. 2 cn cha 19
thng s, trong 14 thng s c trng qu trnh ng hc, 5 thng
s khc l cc h s t lng. nh gi cc thng s c trng ca
ngun thi v cc thng s qu trnh (t lng, ng hc) l mt
trong nhng bc cn thit khi xy dng v s dng m hnh.
c trng nc thi v xc nh mi quan h t lng.

Yu cu quan trng i vi m hnh x l nc thi l phi tin
on c s thay i ca cc cht nhn in t theo thi gian,
khng gian v nhu cu ca chng i vi h x l. L do l cc hp
cht hu c (cho in t) nm hai dng: d v chm sinh hy. V
phng din vn hnh h thng th khng nht thit phi phn chia
theo c trng l tnh ca n, v d dng tan hoc khng tan. nh
gi c trng ca nc thi, v vy cn c tin hnh theo mt
phng thc no m bo c cho m hnh c th tin on
~ 348 ~
v nhu cu s dng cht nhn in t, tc l thnh phn cht hu c

d sinh hy.
Yu cu quan trng khc khi thit k h x l l kh nng tin
on s pht trin ca sinh khi v n l yu t lin quan trc tip
n n v cng ngh x l bn thi d. C hai yu cu trn c th d
dng p ng i vi mt h x l ang trng thi hot ng n
nh thng qua th nghim i vi mt loi nc thi c th v t s
liu nh gi cc h s t lng.
Tng COD c mt trong nc thi sau lng s cp (u vo) bao
gm:
TCOD = Ss1 + Xs1 + Xi1 + Si1 (10-8)
Ss1: cht hu c d sinh hy.

Xs1: cht hu c dng chm sinh hy.
Xi1: cht hu c tr dng khng tan.
Si1: cht hu c tr dng tan.
TCOD: tng COD ca nc thi u vo sau lng s cp.
Thnh phn cht hu c tr dng tan Si c th d dng xc nh t
cc th nghim dng m qui m nh: theo di th nghim x l hiu
kh vi thi gian lu t bo ln hn 10 ngy; xc nh COD ca th
nghim theo thi gian, lng COD d sau th nghim chnh l S i. Th
nghim trn cng ng thi cho php xc nh thnh phn cht hu
c d sinh hy - l nng COD gim trong qu trnh x l, COD.
Hiu sut sinh khi YH cng c xc nh t th nghim trn. Th
nghim c tin hnh theo cc bc: trc khi tin hnh x l vi
sinh, nc thi cn c lng v lc loi b cc thnh phn khng
tan. S dng loi vi sinh vt thch nghi vi mi trng nc thi
x l nc qua lc vi mt vi sinh thp. Ly mu t b x
l theo chu k thi gian xc nh nng vi sinh v COD tnh
hiu sut sinh khi:
~ 349 ~
COD (sinh khi) = COD (ban u) - COD d (tan) (10-9)
COD(sinh khi)
YH (10-10)
COD(tan)
Th nghim cn c lp li nhiu ln thu nhn kt qu i

din. Sau khi c gi tr YH v Ss c th xc nh tc tiu th oxy
(oxygen utilization rate, OUR) bng cch thc hin phn ng trong
mt b khuy trn u vi thi gian lu t bo khong 2 ngy theo
chu trnh cp v dng cng khong thi gian (cp dng vo 12 gi,
v dng cp 12 gi). Trong thi gian cp nc thi lin tc 12 gi
mc tiu th oxy s tr nn n nh sau mt thi gian nht nh
(v d sau 4 gi). Khi dng cp nc, nhu cu v oxy gim t ngt
do cc cht hu c d sinh hy c tiu th, nhng mc tiu
th oxy khng gim n gi tr khng do cc cht chm sinh hy vn
cn c tch ly trong h tip tc b phn hy. Mc suy gim t
ngt tc tiu th oxy ch lin quan trc tip ti thnh phn hu c
d phn hy (hnh 10. 1).
~ 350 ~
50
bt u sc kh dng sc kh
Tc tiu th oxy, mgO2. l-1. h-1 40
OUR
30
20
10
0
0 4 8 12 16 20 24
Thi gian, gi
Hnh 10. 1. Xc nh nng COD d sinh hy trong thit b khuy

trn u.
Trn c s mc suy gim tc tiu th oxy, OUR, c th xc

nh nng cht hu c d sinh hy:
OUR V
Ss (10-11)
Q.(1 YH )
OUR l mc suy gim tc tiu th oxy khi dng sc kh.

V: Th tch b phn ng. Q: Tc dng nc thi u vo trc
khi ngng cp kh.
Sau khi xc nh c tng COD, COD d sinh hy th hiu s
ca hai loi COD k trn s l loi hu c khng tan hoc loi chm
sinh hy. Dng cht hu c khng tan c s dng khi tnh ton th
tch b hiu kh [16].
~ 351 ~
Bn (sinh khi) hnh thnh t qu trnh x l hiu kh c ngun

gc t: sinh khi loi d dng t cht hu c d sinh hy (Ss, Xs),
dng khng tan t qu trnh phn hy ni sinh, tch ly thnh phn
hu c khng tan t dng vo v tch ly thnh phn hu c chm
phn hy. Sinh khi loi t dng cng tn ti trong bn hot tnh
nhng vi t l thp trong phn ln cc qu trnh bn hot tnh. Tc
tng trng sinh khi loi d dng YH t l thun vi lng cht
hu c sinh hy tiu hao. Tc phn hy ni sinh ca loi d dng
c c trng bi hng s tc kp, cn khng tan t nc ng
gp vo bn l fp, l thnh phn cht rn tr.
Nu vit phng trnh bo ton cht di dng tin on c v
nh hng ca thi gian lu t bo ln tc hnh thnh bn ca mt
h bn hot tnh c khuy trn u trong trng thi n nh th cn
thiu cc yu t: Xi1 (hu c tr khng tan), Xs1 (hu c chm sinh
hy, fp, kp, Ss (cht hu c d sinh hy), kH (thy phn) v KX (hng
s bn bo ha thy phn). Gi tr ca fp t bin ng trong cc loi
nc thi khc nhau v n c trng cho sinh khi. i vi m hnh
ASM No.1, fp c gn cho gi tr l 0,08 g COD (gCOD)-1, cn
hng s tc phn hy tng ng, kp, c xc nh ring. Trong
mt h bn hot tnh khuy trn u, trong trng thi vn hnh n
nh v vi mt bn khng i, ti lng thy lc khng i, thi
gian lu t bo di hn 5 ngy th nng ca c hai dng cht hu
c Ss, Xs trong b phn ng s thp hn (khng ng k) so vi nng
trong dng vo. T hin tng trn cho thy c th b qua c
cc thng s c trng cho thy phn (KX, kH) v Ss trong phng
trnh. Nng cht hu c chm phn hy dng vo Xs1 c tnh
t COD tng ca dng vo t phng trnh (10. 8). Cc gi tr cn
thit khc: YH, fp, kH c xc nh ring r.
Trong cc m hnh bn hot tnh, mt sinh khi ca dng vo
thng l nh so vi mt trong b phn ng nn thng c b
~ 352 ~
qua. Bng 10. 2 cn cho thy m hnh cn cha thm cc yu t nng

tan ca oxy, nitrat, nitrit, amoniac, kim. Nng ca cc
thnh phn trn trong dng vo c th xc nh bng cc phng
php phn tch tng ng.
V mc ch ca m hnh l tin on hiu qu hot ng ca mt
h bn hot tnh v kh nng x l carbon, nitrat ha v kh nitrat
nn qu trnh chuyn ha hp cht nit cng ng vai tr quan
trng.
Hp cht nit dng kh (c th oxy ha) c th tn ti nm dng
khc nhau: amoniac (SNH), dng tan tr (SNi), dng khng tan tr
(XNi), dng hu c d sinh hy (SND), dng hu c chm sinh hy
(XND). Nng amoniac c xc nh i vi mu c lc.
Nng cht hu c tan tr c xc nh theo phng php
Kjeldahl t mu s dng xc nh COD tr dng tan. Phng
php Kjeldahl cng c th s dng xc nh tng nng hp
cht hu c cha nit tan trong dng vo. Ly gi tr nng tng
Kjeldahl tr i dng tr chnh l gi tr cho loi d sinh hy, SND1.
Nu hp cht nit d sinh hy v chm sinh hy dng vo c gi
thit l c cng t l nh gia loi d v chm sinh hy ca COD
trong dng vo th c th xc nh nng hp cht hu c cha
nit chm sinh hy t mi quan h:
S ND1 S s1
(10-12)
X ND1 S ND1 X s1 S s1
XND1 xc nh t (10-12) v bit c ba thng s khc, khi

khng cn thit phi xc nh dng nit khng tan, tr t dng vo.
Ngoi ra, cn phi bit ba thng s t lng khc m m hnh i
hi l hiu sut sinh khi t dng YA, t l khi lng ca nit trong
t bo ixB, t l khi lng ca nit trong hp cht COD trong thnh
phn khng tan iXp.
~ 353 ~
Gi tr hiu sut sinh khi t dng (YA) bin i khng nhiu

trong cc h x l bn hot tnh nn c th tham kho t ti liu, v
d 0,24 g t bo/g N c oxy ha. T l khi lng nit trong t bo
c th tnh t cng thc ha hc gn ng ca t bo (C5H7O2N), c
gi tr 0,086 g N/g COD. T l khi lng ca nit trong cc dng
hp cht khng tan iXp c tham kho t ti liu, c gi tr thng
gp l 0,06 g N. (g COD)-1.
Xc nh thng s ng hc.
Hai thng s ng hc: hng s bn bo ha ca oxy i vi qu
trnh x l hiu kh d dng KOH v thiu kh KNO c s dng
ng s pht trin ca vi sinh d dng hiu kh v bt u giai
on x l thiu kh khi nng oxy ha tan gim. Cng tng t
nh vy, thng s ng hc KOA c s dng dng qu trnh
nitrat ha. Gi tr ca cc thng s trn c la chn mt cch ch
ng.
Nhng thng s ng hc tc ng mnh hn n m hnh l cc
thng s c trng cho tc pht trin vi sinh t dng mA- hng
s tc pht trin ring ti a. Thng s ny b nh hng mnh
bi cc thnh phn ha hc ca nc thi hn so vi thng s bn
bo ha SNH v n quyt nh thi gian lu t bo ca h x l.
Chnh v l do , nhiu c gng c thc hin nhm xc nh
gi tr ca thng s mA. Phng php xc nh mA thng c
tin hnh di iu kin dng chy trong h phn ng khuy trn
u trong cc th nghim xc nh cc thng s c trng cho qu
trnh vi sinh d dng. iu kin xc nh mA l vi sinh vt trong
h l loi t dng v nng oxy cao, khi gi tr thu c s
t c tin cy.
Khi bt u tin hnh th nghim xc nh mA, mc thi bn
nn thp hn mc thi gian lu t bo thc y nhanh qu trnh
~ 354 ~
nitrat ha. Theo di mc tng ca nng nitrat trong khi phn

ng theo thi gian cng l ch s tng mt vi sinh t dng trong
h x l v hai i lng trn c mi quan h thun chiu vi nhau.
S dng s bin ng ca nng nitrat c th xc nh c mA.
Nu biu din nng nitrat dng log theo thi gian th dc ca
ng th lg[NO3-N] - t s tng ng vi gi tr mA - 1/c - kpA,
trong c l thi gian lu t bo mi (ko di hn do gim lng
thi bn), kpA l hng s tc phn hy ni sinh ca vi sinh vt t
dng.
Hng s tc phn hy ni sinh o c t thc nghim nm
trong khong 0,05 - 0,15 ngy-1 (d-1), v vy nn c th chn gi tr
trong khong trn.
Hng s bn bo ha ca amoniac trong qu trnh nitrat ha K NH
cng c th xc nh t thc nghim theo phng php ca
Williamson Mc Carty [9]. Phng php xc nh c th tm tt nh
sau: S dng sinh khi t dng t h x l khuy trn u thc
hin qu trnh nitrat ha theo phng thc dng lin tc vi ti lng
amoniac thp hn kh nng chuyn ha ca vi sinh vt. S dng
nc thi c b xung thm amoniac, gim lu lng x l s to ra
iu kin gi n nh cho qu trnh phn ng. Kt qu kho st s
cho bit thng tin v mi tng quan gia tc nitrat ha v nng
amoniac trng thi gi n nh, t xc nh hng s KNH.
Tc nitrat ha ph thuc vo cc yu t mi trng phn ng
nh pH, DO, nhit , v vy cc yu t trn cn c duy tr n nh
khi kho st. Hm lng oxy ha tan c vai tr ln i vi nitrat ho,
v vy trong th nghim cn duy tr n nng cao cho tha s
So/(KoA + So) c gi tr gn bng mt n v.
Hng s tc phn hy ni sinh ca vi sinh d dng, kpH, c
nh hng quan trng n s hnh thnh sinh khi v nhu cu v oxy
nn n cn c xc nh. S dng sinh khi t mt h khuy trn
~ 355 ~
u, tin hnh th nghim theo phng php gin on, xc nh tc

tiu th oxy (OUR) theo thi gian (nhiu ngy). T s ph thuc
ca gi tr tc tiu th oxy dng log vo thi gian c th xc nh
hng s phn hy ni sinh ( dc ca th) [10]. Qu trnh nitrat
ha c th b c ch trong khi kho st nu b xung thm cho h 20
mg/l thioure v duy tr pH khong trung tnh.
Hai thng s quan trng nh hng n qu trnh kh nitrat l h
s hiu chnh vi sinh ty nghi (g) v h s hiu chnh i vi qu
trnh thy phn di iu kin thiu kh (H). Thng s g nhm hiu
chnh s thay i ca tc pht trin vi sinh ty nghi d dng lin
quan ti iu kin thiu kh hoc ti t l ca loi vi sinh kh nitrat
ha trong sinh khi tng. Thng s H hiu chnh tc thy phn
ca cc cht hu c chm phn hy hn so vi trong iu kin hiu
kh. Gi tr ca hai thng s trn l khc nhau, H c gi tr thp hn.
Gi tr ca hai thng s trn ph thuc vo nhiu yu t: t l vi sinh
vt cc loi ti dng vo c kh nng kh nitrat, cu hnh ca h
phn ng. Gi tr g c th chp nhn (gn ng) bng t l ca nitrat
tiu hao v lng oxy tiu hao trn c s tnh ton t lng sinh khi
hnh thnh t dng vo [11].
H, g cng c th xc nh t cc th nghim nh hoc th nghim
pilot bng cch s dng trc tip sinh khi t cc th nghim trn.
H, g c o ng thi t th nghim nh gi mc tiu th
oxy v nitrat trong hai bnh phn ng gin on c thc hin ging
nhau v mi phng din ngoi s khc bit v cht nhn in t
(oxy trong phn ng hiu kh v nitrat trong phn ng thiu kh).
Ngay sau khi tip xc gia nc thi v sinh khi trong k thut gin
on, vi sinh vt t dng s pht trin v hot ng trn c s c
cht d sinh hy v sau vi cht chm phn hy sinh ra do thy
phn.
~ 356 ~
Yu t nh hng i vi qu trnh l t l thc n/sinh khi (F/M)

ca h. Nu t l F/M qu thp th thi gian tiu th c cht ngn, gi
tr tiu th oxy v nitrat khng chnh xc, ngc li th s khc bit
gia hai tc s khng r rng [10].
Phng php xc nh cc thng s ng hc khc c trnh by
chi tit trong cc ti liu [1, 10, 11].
10. 3. Gi tr c trng ca cc thng s v tc ng

ca mi trng.
Nhiu thng s thng c chp nhn thay v phi tnh ton

trong tng trng hp c th khi s dng tnh m hnh, cc thng
s c ghi trong bng 10. 3.
Bng 10. 3. Cc thng s chp nhn khi tnh ton m hnh [1].
K hiu Tn
YA Hiu sut sinh khi t dng
kpA H s phn hy ni sinh loi t dng
fp T l sinh khi to sn phm khng tan
iXB T l khi lng N/COD trong sinh khi
iXp T l khi lng N/COD trong sn phm phn hy t sinh khi
KOH Hng s bn bo ha oxy i vi vi sinh d dng
KNO Hng s bn bo ha nitrat i vi vi sinh ty nghi d dng
~ 357 ~
KOA Hng s bn bo ha oxy i vi vi sinh t dng
Hiu sut sinh khi t dng l gi tr ca hai loi vi sinh:

Nitrosomonas v Nitrobacter. Gi tr YA trong cc ti liu nm trong
khong kh rng: 0,07 - 0,28 g t bo (COD) trn 1 g NH4+-N tiu
hao. Gi tr trn tnh t l thuyt tng ng vi mc tiu hao oxy
l 4,33 g O2/g NH4-N l 0,24 g COD/g NH4-N.
Gi tr h s phn hy ni sinh t dng nm trong khong 0,05 -
0,15 d-1.
H s fp c trng cho t l to ra sn phm khng tan t sinh khi
do phn hy ni sinh thng chim 20%, v vy gi tr c thng
thng l 0,2. Cn ch rng gi tr fp = 0,2 c s dng i vi
phng thc vn hnh theo chu trnh: tng hp t bo - ti ha tan
ca sinh khi.
Mi quan h gia fp vi mt sinh khi hu hiu (MLVSS)
trong tng chu trnh s thp hn 20% do qu trnh hnh thnh sinh
khi, v vy nn gi tr fp s dng trong m hnh l 0,08.
Hai thng s t lng trong bng 10. 3 l t l khi lng ca nit
trong t bo iXB v trong sn phm phn hy Xip. T cng thc ha
hc ca t bo (C5H7O2N), XiB c tnh vi gi tr 0,086 g N/g
COD ca t bo. So vi XiB, gi tr Xip thp hn, nm xung quanh
0,06 g N/g COD.
Gi tr hng s bn bo ha ca oxy c s dng ng - m
cho qu trnh hiu kh - thiu kh trn c s gi tr nng ca cht
nhn in t (oxy, nitrat). Hng s bn bo ha i vi oxy, KOH,
bin ng trong khong rng i vi cc chng loi vi sinh vt khc
nhau, v d theo Lau gi tr ca KOH l 0,15 g O2. m-3 i vi loi vi
khun c kh nng lng, nhng ch l 0,01 g O2. m-3 i vi vi khun
dng si [12].
~ 358 ~
Gi tr KNO c vai tr quan trng i vi kh nitrat nn n c

nghin cu kh k. Kt qu kho st cho thy, KNO c gi tr thp, v
vy phn ln cc qu trnh kh nitrat tun theo qui lut ng hc bc
khng (0) theo nng nitrat. Gi tr ca KNO nm trong khong
0,1 - 0,2 g NO3-N / m3.
nh hng ca nng oxy ha tan ln qu trnh kh nitrat l rt
ng k, n c tc dng km hm mnh khi nng trn
1,3 g O2. m-3, khong gi tr quan st c t cc nghin cu khc
nhau l 0,5 - 2,0 g O2. m-3.
Cc thng s cn c nh gi i vi tng loi nc thi c th
c lit k trong bng 10. 4.
Gi tr hiu sut sinh khi d dng ph thuc vo bn cht ca c
cht cng nh chng loi vi khun. Vi cc loi vi khun thun
chng, nhiu loi c cht khc nhau, gi tr YH bin ng trong
khong 0,46 - 0,69 g t bo tnh theo COD/g COD tiu hao. Gi tr
YH i vi h hn hp chng vi sinh v c cht cng nm trong
khong trn. Nu trong dng u vo cha mt s lng ng k vi
sinh vt th s lm thay i khong gi tr ca YH.
Bng 10. 4. Cc thng s cn c nh gi khi s dng m hnh [1].
K hiu tn Cn bit trc

SNO1 Nng nitrat trong dng vo
SNH1 Nng amoniac trong dng vo
Si1 COD tan, tr trong dng vo
SNH Hp cht hu c cha nit trong dng
vo
SND1 Hp cht hu c cha nit tan, d sinh SNH1
hy trong dng vo
~ 359 ~
YH Hiu sut sinh khi d dng

Ss1 COD d sinh hy trong dng vo YH
mA Tc sinh trng cc i ca vi sinh kpA
t dng
KNH Hng s bn bo ha ca amoniac i
vi vi sinh t dng
kpH Hng s phn hy ni sinh d dng YH, fp
Xi1 Nng hu c khng tan trong dng vo fp, kpH, Ss1, SH
Xs1 COD chm sinh hy trong dng vo XH, Ss1, SH
XND1 Nng hu c cha nit chm sinh Ss1, Xs1, SH
hy trong dng vo
g H s hiu chnh i vi H di iu
kin thiu kh
H s hiu chnh tc thy phn
di iu kin thiu kh
mH Tc sinh trng cc i ca vi sinh YH, Xs1, Xi1, Ss1, fp
t dng
Ks Hng s bn bo ha ca c cht i YH, Xs1, Xi1, Ss1, fp
vi vi sinh d dng
kH Hng s tc thy phn cc i
KX Hng s thy phn bn bo ha i
vi c cht chm sinh hy
ka Tc to thnh amoniac
Thng s mA c trng cho tc pht trin cao nht ca vi sinh
t dng c vai tr c bit quan trng trong vic tnh ton thi gian
lu t bo. Trong m hnh, qu trnh nitrat ha c xem l qu trnh
~ 360 ~
mt giai on v loi vi sinh Nitrobacter (oxy ha nitrit thnh nitrat)

c tc pht trin nhanh hn loi Nitrosomonas, v vy gi tr mA
c s dng trong m hnh l gi tr ca loi vi sinh Nitrosomonas.
Gi tr mA t cc ti liu nm trong khong 0,34 - 0,65 d-1 i vi vi
sinh hn hp trong cc iu kin th nghim ti u. Do mA ph
thuc vo nhiu yu t mi trng (pH, To) nn tt hn c l n c
xc nh trong tng trng hp c th.
Gi tr ca hng s phn hy ni sinh ca vi sinh d dng, kpH
cng quan trng v n nh hng n s tin on v mt sinh
khi tng ng vi mt gi tr ca thi gian lu t bo. iu cn ch
l gi tr trn s dng trong m hnh khc vi gi tr truyn thng
trong ti liu. Trong cc ti liu truyn thng, gi tr ca kpH thu c
trong iu kin khng quay vng c cht t phn hy ni sinh nh
trong m hnh, v vy s kh so snh trong hai trng hp. Gi tr kpH
truyn thng bin ng trong khong rng: t 0,05 d-1 i vi nc
thi sinh hot n 1,6 d-1 i vi mt s loi nc thi ch bin thc
phm. V l do , gi tr trn cn c xc nh trong tng trng
hp c th.
H s hiu chnh qu trnh kh nitrat, g, cng cn c quan tm
thch ng do tc x l cht hu c trong iu kin thiu kh
chm hn so vi trong iu kin hiu kh v do khng phi tt c cc
loi vi sinh vt d dng c kh nng s dng nitrat lm cht thu
nhn in t. Gi tr trn khng c cng b nhiu trong ti liu, t
cc s liu cng b cho thy gi tr ca n nm trong khong 0,6 -
1,0. Gi tr thp c th lin quan n loi nc thi tri qua giai
on ym kh (mt phn), gi tr cao c th lin quan n loi nc
thi tn ti trong mi trng hiu kh.
Gi tr hng s tc pht trin cc i ca vi sinh d dng mH
v hng s bn bo ha ca c cht Ks cng ph thuc nhiu vo loi
hnh nc thi v vi mt mc nht nh ph thuc vo cu hnh
~ 361 ~
ca h phn ng. Gi tr t ti liu i vi mH nm trong khong 3,0

n 13,2 d-1 v ca Ks l 10 - 180 g. m-3.
Thng s v qu trnh thy phn cc hp cht chm phn hy, kH,
KX v ka l nhng i lng kh mi so vi cc nghin cu truyn
thng, v vy cc thng tin v chng cn c theo di v tra cu
thm t cc cng trnh nghin cu gn y [13, 14].
Thng s H c s dng m t suy gim ca qu trnh
thy phn trong iu kin thiu kh. Mc d thng tin t ti liu v
n khng nhiu nhng c th chp nhn gi tr cho n l 0,4.
Nhm xy dng m hnh s dng cc thng s vi cc gi tr ti
10 v 20oC, c ghi trong bng 10. 5. Bng 10. 6 ghi cc s liu
nng ca nc thi sinh hot sau khi lng c thng bo t cc
nc khc nhau.
Bng 10. 5. Gi tr c trng ti vng pH trung tnh [1].
K hiu n v Gi tr
20oC 10oC
Thng s t lng
YA g t bo COD/g N tiu hao 0,24 0,24
YH g t bo COD/g COD tiu hao 0,67 0,67
fp khng n v 0,08 0,08
iXB g N(g COD)-1 trong sinh khi 0,086 0,086
iXp g N (g COD)-1 trong bn sau phn hy 0,06 0,06
Thng s ng hc
mH ngy-1 (d)-1 6,0 3,0
KS g COD. m-3 20 20
~ 362 ~
KOH g O2. m-3 0,2 0,2
KNO g NO3-N. m-3 0,5 0,5
kpH d-1 0,62 0,20
g khng n v 0,8 0,8
H khng n v 0,4 0,4
kH g COD chm sinh hy (g t bo COD. d)-1 3,0 1,0
KX g COD chm sinh hy (g t bo)-1 0,03 0,01
mA d-1 0,8 0,3
KNH g NH3-N. m-3 1,0 1,0
KOA g O2. m-3 0,4 0,4
ka m3 COD (g. d)-1 0,08 0,04
Bng 10. 6. Nng c trng ca nc thi sinh hot sau lng [1].
K hiu n v an Mch Thy S Hungary

Ss g COD. m-3 125 70 100
Si g COD. m-3 40 25 30
Xs g COD. m-3 250 100 150
Xi g COD. m-3 100 25 70
SND g N. m-3 8 5 10
XND g N. m-3 10 10 15
SNH g NH3-N. m-3 30 10 30
SNi g NH3-N. m-3 2 2 3
SNO g NO3-N. m-3 0,5 1,0 1,0
Phng php nh gi nng tp cht cc dng khc nhau lun

c ci tin v c p dng cc nc ty thuc vo qui nh
ring [14, 15].
~ 363 ~
Cc yu t mi trng cng c tc ng ng k n qu trnh x

l nc thi, hai yu t c trng nht l pH v nhit . Nhiu tp
cht trong nc thi, cc sn phm trung gian cng c tc dng thc
y hay km hm qu trnh x l [xem (8. 2)].
pH l yu t tc ng mnh n qu trnh oxy ha amoniac v kh
nitrat, ion H+ b tiu hao (nitrat ha) v sinh ra trong cc phn ng
trn. pH cn l yu t qui nh h cn bng gia NH4+ - NH3, HNO2 -
NO2-, thnh phn NH3, HNO2 l yu t gy c cho vi sinh vt. pH
cng nh hng n qu trnh ng hc ca vi sinh d dng nhng
mc hn ch hn. Gi tr ca cc thng s s dng trong m
hnh l cc gi tr vng trung tnh, v vy cn duy tr m cho
mi trng nc thi.
Nhit c tc ng ln mt s thng s ng hc nh , kp, kH
nh trnh by cc phn trc. Mc tc ng ca nhit ln
cc thng s trn ging vi qui lut Arrhenius. Cc hng s bn bo
ha cng b tc ng bi nhit nhng khng theo qui lut trn v
chng khng phi l thng s ng hc tht s, v vy khi s dng
cn c tham kho t ti liu.
10. 4. Gi thit, hn ch ca m hnh.
c th m hnh ha mt h thng x l nc thi cn phi chp

nhn mt s gi thit v n gin ha v c hai phng din: vt l
v ton hc. Gi thit v n gin ha tht ra l s tha thun ngm
dn n ngi s dng m hnh c khi d dng b qua v c th dn
n sai lm. Nhng gi thit, n gin ha v hn ch ca m hnh
c lit k di y:
- H thng x l nc thi c qui cho l hot ng ti mt nhit
khng i. Phn ln cc qu trnh ng hc c c trng bi hng
~ 364 ~
s tc ph thuc vo nhit . V vy cn theo di s bin ng

nhit ca h theo thi gian.
- Trong m hnh, thng s pH c xem l c gi tr xp x 7,0 v
khng i khi h thng vn hnh. pH c tc ng n nhiu thng s
c s dng trong m hnh, tuy nhin phn ln cc thng s khng
cha yu t pH. S c mt ca kim trong m hnh ch c tc
dng cnh bo v tim nng thng ging ca pH.
- Bn cht ca cht hu c trong cc phn on khc nhau (loi d,
kh, chm sinh hy...) khng c cp ti trong m hnh. Ni
cch khc, cc hng s tc ca cc qu trnh ng hc c coi l
khng i. Chp nhn mang tnh thiu thc t, nht l i vi s
a dng ca ngun thi.
- Tc ng ca s thiu thnh phn nit, photpho, vi lng ln tc
pht trin ca vi sinh vt v hiu qu x l cht hu c trong nc
thi khng c bao qut trong m hnh. S thiu ht cc thnh phn
trn c th dn n hiu qu lng bn thp. V l do yu t y
dinh dng v c cho h x l cn c m bo.
- H s hiu chnh g, H i vi qu trnh kh nitrat c gi thit
l khng i vi mt loi nc thi, tuy nhin cc gi tr trn rt c
kh nng b nh hng bi cu hnh ca h x l.
- Thng s c trng cho qu trnh nitrat ha c gi thit l khng
i v cha ng cc yu t km hm qu trnh. l iu khng
phi lun ng i vi cc h nc thi trong thc t.
- Sinh khi d dng c xem l ng nht, khng bin ng v mt
t lng gia cc chng loi theo thi gian l gi thit c s dng
trong m hnh. Gi thit trn ng ngha vi s khng thay i ca
thng s ng hc c lin quan cng nh s thng ging ca nng
c cht, cu hnh ca h phn ng khng tc ng n hiu qu lng
bn. cng l hn ch ca m hnh.
~ 365 ~
c th s dng m hnh trong thc t, mt s gii hn sau y

cn phi c tn trng do kh khn v phng din ton hc:
- Tc tng trng sinh khi thc hoc thi gian lu t bo cn
c duy tr trong khong nht nh m trong sinh khi c kh
nng to thnh tp hp lng (keo t). V d vi thi gian lu t bo
thp hn 3 ngy th hin tng bn khng lng rt d xy ra do mt
ca chng thp. Mc d yu t lng bn khng c cp n
trong m hnh, nhng m hnh khng th p dng i vi h x l
m bn khng lng. Tui bn ti a i vi h bn hot tnh mt giai
on cn p ng cho m hnh cha c xc lp chc chn, tm
chp nhn l khong 30 ngy.
- Hiu qu lng bn cng ph thuc vo nng sinh khi ti b
lng th cp. V phng din ton hc c th tng nng sinh khi
gim th tch b phn ng, tuy nhin nu duy tr nng sinh khi
qu cao th bn s kh lng v nc u ra khng trong. Nu mt d
bn thp, lp bn to thnh phn di ca b lng th cp khng
hnh thnh th cht lng nc ti u ra cng khng t. Mt
sinh khi trong h c th chp nhn trong khong 750 - 7500 mg/l
ty thuc vo qu trnh tin x l. Nu yu t trn khng em li kt
qu th s phi hiu chnh mt cch hp l.
- phng nga hin tng bn khng lng, phn th tch ca khi
phn ng khng sc kh khng c vt qu 50% ca th tch khi
phn ng.
- Cng khuy trn trong cc b x l hiu kh t l thun vi
nng lng ca my sc kh trn mt n v th tch. Cng
khuy trn thp s lm gim qu trnh chuyn khi gia c cht v vi
sinh vt, nhng nu qu mnh cng s nh hng ti qu trnh lng
bn.
~ 366 ~
10. 5. ng dng.
Din bin cc qu trnh xy ra trong h bn hot tnh vi s tham

gia ca rt nhiu yu t ch c th m t trong mt phng thc thc
hin c th: dng lin tc c khuy trn u, lp ghp giai on hiu
kh, thiu kh.... Mc tiu ca m hnh l m t c din bin ca h
trong trng thi ng. Phng trnh thng bng cht, bao gm cc
qu trnh chuyn khi v chuyn ha, m t trng thi ca h c s
dng mt cch hu ch m hnh ha. S dng cu hnh dng lin
tc c khuy trn u, phng trnh thng bng cht s l mt h
phng trnh vi phn thng phi tuyn v gii chng thng p
dng phng php tch phn s (phng php gn ng).
Phn trnh by ch mang tnh nh hng v cu trc ca m hnh
tnh, phng php tnh ton c th c trnh by trong ti liu [1,
16] hoc phn mm c bn di dng thng phm.
V d v cc sn phm phn mm thng mi ang c cung
cp:
- ASIM (Abt. Ingenieur Wissenschaften. Uberlandstrasse 13, EAWAG,
CH - 8600 Dubendorf, Swizerland).
- Bio Win (Enviro Sim Associates Ltd, 482 Anthony Drive Oakville,
Ontario L6J2K5, Canada).
- EFOR (EFOR, 1. Kruger AS, Gladsaxevej 363, DX - 2860 Soborg,
Demark).
- GPS - X & Sim Works (Hydromantis Inc. 1685 Main St West,
Suite 302, Hamilton, Ontario L 8S 1G5, Canada).
Phng php x l bn hot tnh dng dng lin tc c m t
trong hnh 10. 2 c dng m hnh ha.
Q
Q1 = Q. A1 Q2 = Q. A2 Qn = Q. An
V1. C1 V2. C2 Vn. Cn
KL. a1 KL. a2 KL. an
~ 367 ~
Hnh 10. 2. Cu hnh h x l bn hot tnh dng m hnh.
Cu hnh h x l m t trong hnh 10. 2 bao gm nhiu khi phn

ng, dng vo c th b chia thnh nhiu phn (Q1, Q2... Qn) v c
dng hi lu bn t b lng hoc hi lu ni b dng hn hp bn -
nc (v d trong qu trnh kh nitrat t trc).
Trong tng khoang phn ng, hn hp phn ng c gi thit l
khuy trn u, tng khoang phn ng c c trng:
- Th tch (V1, V2... Vn).
- Lu lng dng vo Q1, Q2... Qn.
- Gi tr ca cc h s chuyn khi KL. a ca cc thit b sc kh
trong iu kin vn hnh. Thay v gi tr chuyn khi, nng oxy
ha tan vi mt gi tr xc nh c th s dng.
Mt s qu trnh bn hot tnh ph hp vi cu hnh c bn m t
hnh 10. 2 c th hin trong hnh 10. 3 v cc tr s ca cc tham
s c ghi pha bn phi.
Xc nh iu kin ban u.
M hnh bn hot tnh bao qut 13 bin c lp (xem bng 10. 2)
trong tng khoang phn ng. S bin trn cn c xc nh gi tr
ban u trc khi c tnh ton tch phn s. Gi tr c lng ban
u i vi cc bin c lp trn thng khng c sn. K thut
c s dng m phng qu trnh ng t trng thi n inh c
~ 368 ~
thit lp bng cch thay i thi gian lu t bo ca tt c cc thnh

phn tham gia vo h x l.
i vi mt h x l nc thi, s bin ng nng tp cht
trong dng vo l iu rt thng xuyn. i vi nc thi sinh hot
v mt s ngun thi cng nghip, nng tp cht c th coi l n
nh trong khong chu k hai gi hoc c th ngn hn.
Phng trnh s dng tin hnh tch phn s thng c dng:
dC
C (t t ) C (t ) .t (10-13)
dt
Trong C l cc bin trng thi c lp, v d nng ca mt

thnh phn no , t l khong bc nhy ca thi gian s dng
tch phn. Phng php tnh t chnh xc cao khi t nh ko theo
thi gian tnh di v ngc li. Khi la chn t qu ln th s xut
hin -(dC/dt). t > C(t) v C(t + t) < 0 l iu khng hp l. Tiu
chun chn t l:
1
dC
t C (t ) (10-14)
dt
i vi h x l tng qut nh m t trong hnh 10. 2, phng

trnh thng bng cht i vi bin trng thi i trong tng khoang
phn ng k c dng:
1 dC ki Fki Oki Pki K ki

. (10-15)
C ki dt Vki .C ki
Trong :
F v O l thng s chuyn khi u vo (F) v u ra (O).
P v K l cc thnh phn hnh thnh (P) v mt i (K).
V l th tch khoang phn ng.
~ 369 ~
H x l M t theo m hnh Tham s ca h

1. H chia S khoang phn ng: 3
Q
dng Q/3 Q/3 Q/3 Th tch: V1, V2, V3
T l A1 = A2 = A3 = 0,333
O2 O2 O2
Gi tr KL. a1 = KL. a2 = KL. a3
= 2 g O2. m-3
Q = 100
quay vng 50
2. H kh S khoang phn ng: 2.
nitrat t Th tch V1, V2.
trc T l: A1 = 1, A2 = 0.
KL. a = 0 O2
Gi tr KL. a1 = 0
KL. a2 = 2g O2. m-3
Q = 100
Quay vng: 300
3. H tip S khoang phn ng: 2.
xc n Th tch V1, V2.
nh T l: A1 = 0, A2 = 1.
O2 O2
~ 363 ~
Gi tr KL. a1 = 2 mg O2/l
KL. a2 = 2 mg O2/l
Q = 100
Quay vng: 50
Hnh 10. 3. V d v h x l s dng m hnh ha.
~ 364 ~
Ngi ta c th chng minh c l khong bc nhy t cn thp hn thi gian lu thy lc
ki ca tng cu t trong tng khoang phn ng:
t < ki (10-16)
Lu trnh tnh ton trn c s phng trnh (10-13) c m t trong hnh 10. 4.
dX FX O X R' X Cho tt c khoang phn ng v thnh

dt V phn khng tan trong thi gian tn+1 - tn
dS Fs Os R' s Cho tt c khoang phn ng v thnh

dt V phn tan trong thi gian ti
Cho tt c cc khoang phn ng
Kim sot C
oxy
Khng
So = gi tr kim sot
dS Cho tt c khoang phn ng v thnh

S So .t 2
dt phn tan
dX Cho tt c cc khoang phn ng v

X Xo .t1
dt thnh phn khng tan
Hnh 10. 4. Lu trnh tnh tch phn (F: u vo, O: u ra, R: phn ng) [1].
Phng php tnh ton i vi trng thi n nh c trnh by trong cc ti liu chuyn
kho [1, 16, 17].
10. 6. Cc m hnh khc.
M hnh x l nc thi c pht trin theo thi gian v nhng l do: m rng cc i tng
cn quan tm do i hi v cht lng mi trng, kt qu nghin cu mi v cc qu trnh xy
ra trong h (v d s tch ly cht hu c ca vi sinh PAO, qu trnh thy phn hoc kh nng
tch ly photpho ca vi sinh denitrifier). Cc m hnh c pht trin tip theo ASM1 c gii
thiu tm tt phn di y.
M hnh ASM 2.
M hnh ASM 2 c xy dng p dng cho h x l hp cht nit, photpho v COD vi
mc ch:
- Nghin cu (nh gi kt qu, tin hnh v ti u ha th nghim).
- Ti u ha qu trnh x l trong thc t, khc phc cc s c xut hin khi vn hnh.
- o to.
- Tr gip thit k h x l.
M hnh ASM 2 cha phi l dng hon ho v cn cha nhiu d kin n gin ha, tuy
nhin n l c s cho s pht trin tip theo, v d m hnh EAWAG Bio - P modul ca nhm
nghin cu ti Thy S tuy b qua qu trnh ln men cc cht hu c tan d sinh hy nhng c
bc hiu chnh cho ngun nc thi c th [18, 19, 20].
M hnh ASM 2 l m hnh m rng ca ASM 1 vi i tng b xung l tch loi photpho.
Do c thm qu trnh x l photpho nn h x l c thm giai on x l ym kh cung cp
cc cht hu c cho vi sinh PAO hp thu v giai on kt ta ha hc vi mui st, nhm.
Phng php m hnh ha c trnh by tng t nh khi thc hin m hnh ASM1.
M hnh ASM 2d.

So vi m hnh ASM 1 th ASM 2 c m rng ng k v phc tp hn do phi bao qut c
qu trnh x l photpho. S thay i ng k l vi sinh PAO c cu trc ni ti lin quan n s
tch ly cht hu c v photpho, ngoi t l ca chng vi sinh PAO trong tng sinh khi. l
yu t tin quyt trong m hnh x l photpho.
M hnh ASM 2d l s m rng ca ASM 2 vi mc thp, hai qu trnh c a thm
vo m t hin tng: vi sinh tch ly photpho (PAO) c th s dng cht hu c tch ly
kh nitrat. Trong khi m hnh ASM 2 gi thit l vi sinh vt PAO ch pht trin trong iu kin
~1~
hiu kh th trong m hnh ASM 2d, loi vi sinh trn tn ti c trong mi trng thiu kh (kh
nitrat).
M hnh ASM 3
Trn c s kinh nghim thu c trn 10 nm s dng m hnh ASM 1, m hnh ASM 1 t ra
c mt s thiu st:
- M hnh ASM 1 khng bao qut c hin tng v mt ng hc khi vi sinh vt d dng
khng c cung cp thnh phn nit v kim.
- M hnh ASM 1 c cha thnh phn hp cht hu c cha nit d sinh hy v dng khng tan.
Hai thnh phn rt kh xc nh v gy nhiu kh khn khi s dng m hnh ASM 1, v vy s
phn bit trn thng b b qua trong nhiu tnh ton khi s dng ASM 1.
- ng hc qu trnh hnh thnh amoniac t hp cht hu c (amoni ha) rt kh nh lng,
hn na qu trnh ny xy ra nhanh nn cng gy kh khn khi tin on s liu ca m hnh.
V vy trong nhiu trng hp qu trnh trn b loi b khi ng dng ASM 1.
- M hnh ASM 1 phn bit cht hu c khng tan dng tr ph thuc vo xut x: t dng vo
v t phn hy ni sinh t bo vi sinh vt. S phn bit trn trong thc t l khng kh thi.
- Trong cu trc ca m hnh ASM 1, qu trnh thy phn ng vai tr ng k khi tin on
mc tiu th oxy v kh nitrat ca vi sinh d dng. Thc ra qu trnh ny i din cho
nhiu qu trnh mang tnh t hp nh thy phn, phn hy ca vi sinh vt v c cht tch ly
trong h. V vy vic nh lng cc thng s ng hc cho qu trnh t hp trn l rt kh.
- Phn hy kt hp vi thy phn v tng trng vi sinh vt c s dng m t hiu ng c
gi ca phn hy ni sinh, v d cc cht tch ly, vi sinh vt cht, n tht ln nhau, ca sinh
khi s gy kh khn cho xc nh thng s ng hc.
- Khi nng c cht d sinh hy cao trong nc thi, trong iu kin hiu kh v thiu kh, vi
sinh vt cng c kh nng tch ly poly hydroxyl alkanoat v i khi c lipit hoc glycogen
ging nh vi sinh PAO trong iu kin ym kh. Hiu ng trn khng c bao qut trong
ASM 1.
- M hnh ASM 1 khng phn bit tc phn hy ca vi sinh t dng nitrifier trong iu kin
hiu v thiu kh. Vi h x l c thi gian lu t bo di v t l khi th tch phn ng thiu
kh ln th vic tin on tc nitrat ha gp kh khn.
- ASM 1 khng tin on s bin ng lin tc ca nng sinh khi.
- Trong cc th nghim v h hp, hiu sut sinh khi nhn c thng thp ngay k c khi s
dng c cht l cc thnh phn rt d sinh hy, v d axetat. S khc bit gia th nghim v
thc t c th xut hin.
~2~
khc phc nhng thiu st nu trn, nhm nghin cu m hnh (1999) xut m hnh
ASM 3 v hy vng n tr thnh nn tng cho vic xy dng tip cc m hnh trong tng lai.
ASM 3 lin kt c cc qu trnh ch yu c trnh by trong ASM 1: tc tiu th
oxy, tc to thnh sinh khi, nitrat ha, kh nitrat trong cc h x l nc thi sinh hot (ch
yu).
ASM 3 c xy dng vi t cch l ct li ca nhiu m hnh khc bao gm cc modul:
modul sinh hc ASM 2, ASM 2d. Cc modul: kt ta ha hc, s pht trin ca vi sinh dng si,
s bin ng ca pH khng nm trong ASM 3, tuy vy c th gn kt kh d dng vo ASM 3.
Hin nay, trong nghin cu khoa hc, ni dung rt c quan tm l m hnh bin ng qun
th, x l photpho bng bin php vi sinh v cu trc sinh khi (tch ly sn phm ca vi sinh).
M hnh ASM 3 c th s l cng c phc v mc tiu trn.
Hn ch ca ASM 3 th hin:
- ASM 3 c xy dng m phng qu trnh x l nc thi sinh hot di iu kin hiu kh
v thiu kh, khng thch hp i vi nc thi cng nghip.
- ASM 3 (v ASM 1) c xy dng trn c s kinh nghim trong vng nhit 8 - 23oC. Ngoi
vng nhit trn, m hnh c th s t ra km hiu qu, thm ch cu trc ca m hnh tr
thnh khng tha mn.
- ASM 3 ( v ASM 1) khng bao qut bt c mt qu trnh no m t hnh trng ca vi sinh vt
trong iu kin ym kh. M phng h cha ng k th tch ym kh s dn n nhiu sai st.
- ASM 3 c xy dng trn c s kinh nghim trong vng pH = 6,5 - 7,5. Nng ca
bicarbonat (kim) cn c b xung duy tr khong pH trn.
- ASM 3 khng bao qut nng nitrit cao.
- ASM 3 khng s dng cho h bn hot tnh vi ti lng cao hoc thi gian lu t bo thp ( <
1 ngy), trong hin tng hp ph cht hu c dng khng tan tr thnh yu t khng ch
qu trnh x l.
- ASM 3 ch cung cp cu trc ca m hnh ch khng a ra gi tr tuyt i ca cc thng s
m hnh. iu ny i hi ngi s dng phi t xc nh nhng thng s cn thit ng
dng v cc c trng ca nc thi.
M hnh x l nc thi h ASM c tip tc pht trin, hon chnh hoc chnh sa p
ng nhu cu ng dng thc tin: b xung thm cc modul vo ASM 3 [18, 19, 21, 22], m rng
m hnh ASM 2 [23, 24].
M hnh x l nc thi ang c ngy mt p dng nhiu hn tr gip thit k nhm
gim chi ph v tit kim v thi gian, v d H Lan c khong 100 cng trnh x l nc
thi c xy dng vi s tr gip ca m hnh h ASM [15].
~3~
H cng ngh t hp vi sinh - lc mng.

11 Trong cc h x l vi sinh, sau khi phn ng kt thc lun cn ti giai on
tch sinh khi ra khi nc trong mt n v cng ngh ring bit: b lng th
cp. B lng th cp ch t hiu qu khi t l vi sinh dng si trong tng sinh khi thp hoc ch
s bn khng cao (< 120 ml/g). Mong mun mt h x l khng cn ti n v cng ngh tch
(lng) bn nhm tit kim chi ph xy dng v vn hnh lun l i tng trn tr ca cc nh
thit k.
Tch cht rn (sinh khi) ra khi nc bng phng php lc mng c p dng kh lu i
vi nc sinh hot. Hiu qu tch cht lng ca mng kh tt, mc lm sch ph thuc vo
kch thc l xp ca mng. p dng cng ngh lc mng cho nc thi vp phi nhng kh
khn:
- Mt cht rn (sinh khi) cao d gy tc mng lc.
- D xy ra cc hin tng nhim bn v h hi mng.
- Gi thnh ca mng kh cao.
V nhng l do trn, cng ngh lc mng cha c iu kin p dng i vi x l nc thi
cho n trc khong nm 2000.
Hai yu t quan trng cho php pht trin cng ngh t hp gia phng php x l vi sinh
kt hp vi lc mng l:
- Nhu cu phc hi v ti s dng nc thi bo v v kim sot nhim ngun nc.
- S pht trin nhanh chng ca cng ngh mng to iu kin hp l v mt gi thnh khi ng
dng lc mng i vi nc thi [1].
S dng kt hp phng php lc mng cho php s dng mt vi sinh cao (ti 20.000 mg/l
so vi 3 - 4000 mg/l trong h lng), ng ngha vi gim th thch khi phn ng trong h dng
lin tc hay gim thi gian vn hnh trong k thut m k tip giai on [2].
Lc mng c p dng cho c k thut hiu kh ln ym kh trong x l nc thi cng
nghip, nc thi sinh hot cho mc ch ti s dng ngun nc. Hot ng ca h x l kt
hp khng b chi phi bi thi gian lu thy lc cng nh kh nng lng ca sinh khi, v vy c
th tch loi hp cht nit thng qua kiu vn hnh ngt on (c v khng c kh) trong mt
khi phn ng duy nht [3].
Vi mc tiu phc hi ngun nc, ti s dng ngun nc, li th ca phng php kt hp
mng lc l tch loi c cc loi vi sinh vt gy bnh ngay t h phn ng m khng cn ti
cc bin php kh trng khc [4].
~4~
t c cng xut x l cao, din tch mng dng ln, lm tng gi thnh ng k so vi
cc phng php truyn thng (lng), tuy vy vi s pht trin nhanh chng ca cng ngh
mng, gi thnh mng lc gim rt nhanh theo thi gian.
Phng php kt hp vi sinh - lc mng c d bo s tr thnh cng ngh x l c trin
vng ph bin rng trong th k 21 [4, 6].
11. 1. Phn loi mng lc.
Mng c xem l mt vch ngn nhm tch cc thnh phn vt cht ca mt h thng qua
qu trnh chuyn khi. Mng c quan tm l dng mng rn, mc d trong nghin cu v trong
k thut mng lng cng c s dng cho nhiu mc ch khc nhau. Trong mt h cn tch
cht bao gm dung mi l nc chim thnh phn chnh v cc tp cht cn tch. Mng c kch
thc l xp khc nhau: nu c dung mi ln tp cht u c th vn chuyn qua l xp ca
mng th c gi l mng thm (u), nu ch c dung mi (kch thc nh) vn chuyn c
qua mng, cc tp cht khc b chn li th c gi l mng bn thm.
ng lc ca qu trnh chuyn khi qua mng gm: chnh lch nng , chnh lch p sut,
chnh lch nhit v in th [7, 8, 9], tuy nhin phn trnh by tip sau ch quan tm n loi
mng lc lin quan n hai loi ng lc u tin.
Tp cht trong nc c kch thc (v d ng knh hiu dng) rt khc nhau, c th phn
chia s b: dng ht th (10-1 - 1 mm) dng ht mn (10-2 - 10-1 mm), ht dng micron (10-3 - 10-2
mm), dng ht keo, polyme (10-5 - 10-3 mm), dng ion, phn t (10-7 - 10-5 mm). Vi cc cht c
kch thc kh ln nh dng th, dng mn c th theo sa lng hay lc qua lp ht (lc nhanh,
lc chm). Cc cht dng keo c th tch bng bin php sa lng, lc sau khi keo t (to thnh
cc tp hp ln c tc sa lng nhanh). Vi sinh vt c kch thc ca ht keo, nm trong vng
c m (1mm = 1000 m) nn vi sinh vt cn c tn l Microbe. Bn thn tng c th vi sinh c
tc lng rt thp nn khng th lng nu khng c keo t thnh tp hp ln. Tp cht dng
keo c th tch vi mng vi lc siu lc hoc ly tm. Tp cht c kch thc nh hn ch c th
tch qua phng php thm thu ngc hoc vi mng nano (nano c ngha l phn t ca m, 10-
9
m).
Kch thc l xp ca mng s quyt nh tnh thm qua ca cc cu t. Cc cu t c kch
thc ln hn l xp ca mng b chn li. Tuy vy, l xp ca mng c kch thc khng u
nhau, c mt di phn b ln nht nh nn vn c mt phn tp cht vn chuyn qua mng.
c trng, nh ngha phn t lng b chn c s dng (molecular weight cut - off): l
phn t lng ca mt loi cht m 90% s lng ca n b chn li, khng vn chuyn c
qua mng. V d gi tr phn t lng b chn ca mt mng lc no l 40.000 c ngha l
~5~
mt cht vi phn t lng 40.000 trong mt dung dch khi chy qua mng th 90% lng cht
trong dung dch b chn li, 10% vn chuyn qua mng. l khi nim tng i, ph thuc c
vo qu trnh hot ng ca mng.
Tc lc qua mng ph thuc vo cc yu t: bn cht mng (kch thc l xp, mt l
xp, vt liu, dy ca lp mng) bn cht ca tp cht cn tch (kch thc tp cht, nng d)
v cc thng s qu trnh hot ng (p sut ng lc, bin php ngn nga tc mng...).
Mng lc c ch to t cc loi vt liu khc nhau: s, kim loi, si v thng dng hn c
l t vt liu polymer. Mng lc cn c phn chia thnh dng ng th hoc d th. m
bo bn c hc, mng cn c mt dy nht nh (50 - 150 m), dy ca mng cng ln
th tr lc lc cng cao, c bit vi mng c l xp nh. Nhm gim tr lc, mng c cu to
hai lp: lp gi (150 m) v lp mng lc gn trn c dy rt nh (1 - 5 m). Mng hai
lp c gi l mng d th hoc bt i xng, gi m bo bn c hc, lp mng lc c
tc dng n tnh chn lc ca mng. Mng mt lp thng l loi c kch thc l ln gi l
mng ng th hoc mng i xng.
tng cng tc lc ca mng, p sut nn (ng lc) thng c s dng, mng c
kch thc l xp nh cn p sut ng lc cao v ngc li.
Mng thng c s dng lc nc, nc thi gm: mng vi lc, mng siu lc, mng
nano v mng thm thu ngc vi nhng c trng ch yu c lit k di y.
Mng vi lc.
- Loi mng: xp, ng th.
- dy ca mng: 10 - 150 m.
- Kch thc l xp: 0,05 - 10 m.
- p sut ng lc: 0,1 - 2,0 bar (1 bar = 0,9869 at).
- Tc lc: > 0,5 - 2,0 m3. m-2. ngy-1. bar-1.
- C ch hot ng: ry, lc.
- Vt liu ch to: polymer, si, gm s.
- ng dng trong kh trng nc sch, ung, nc thi.
Mng siu lc.

- Loi mng: xp, i xng.
- dy: 150 m.
- Kch thc l xp: 10 - 100 nm.
- p sut ng lc: 1 - 10 bar.
~6~
- Tc lc: > 0,1 - 0,5 m3. m-2. ngy-1. bar-1.

- C ch hot ng: ry, lc.
- Vt liu ch to: polymer, si, gm s.
- Vng ng dng : sa, thc phm, luyn kim, dt, dc, tch polymer, keo.
Mng nano
Mng nano c ch to ln u vo nm 1977, l dng ci tin ca mng thm thu ngc,
dng d lm mm nc i vi ngun nc c hm lng mui tan thp. Mng nano cn c tc
dng lc vi khun, virut, mt s cht hu c mang mu [10]
Kch thc l ca mng nano nh hn loi mng siu lc, ln hn ca loi mng thm thu
ngc.Ch s phn t lng b chn l t 200 - 500. p sut ng lc thp hn so vi mng
thm thu ngc. Mng nano vn ang trong qu trnh pht trin, hon thin.
- Loi mng: bt i xng, t hp composit.
- dy ca mng: lp gi 150 m, lp mng 1m.
- Kch thc l xp: < 2 nm.
- p sut ng lc: 15 - 25 bar.
- Tc lc: > 0,05 m3. m-2. ngy-1. bar-1.
- C ch hot ng: ha tan, hp ph, khuych tn.
- Vt liu ch to: polymer.
- Vng ng dng: nc l, lm mm nc, tch loi cht hu c trong nc, nc thi; nc
siu tinh khit, c c dch ung, ng, sa.
Mng thm thu ngc.

Cu trc v c ch hot ng ca mng thm thu ngc tng t nh loi mng nano nhng
kch thc l xp nh hn, mang tnh cht ca mng c. p sut ng lc phi s dng cao hn
p sut thm thu. Ch s phn t b chn l khong 100. Mng thm thu ngc ngn cn s
chuyn dch ca tt c cc tp cht, tr nc. lm ngt nc bin (3,5% NaCl, p sut thm
thu l 25 bar), p sut ng lc s dng nm trong khong 40 - 80 bar.
11. 2. Cu hnh ca mng lc.
i vi qui m ng dng thc tin, din tch mng cn s dng cho mt qu trnh tch cht
cn t vi trm n nhiu ngn m2. To ra cc dng mng khc nhau da trn c s gi thnh v
hiu qu s dng din tch mng ti a. Cc cu hnh (hnh dng) khc nhau ca mng c gi
~7~
l modul. Sn xut cc modul mng vi gi thnh thp c bt u t thp k 60 - 70 ca th k

20.
Mng lc c bn dng: tm phng, ng hnh tr, dng cun v dng si rng. Hai dng u
vn cn ang c s dng nhng do gi thnh kh cao nn ang b thay th bi hai loi sau:
Dng cun
Mng kiu dng cun (hnh 11. 1) gm hai tm mng, tng tm c gn vo mt mt ca
mt tm xp cng din tch. Ba chiu ca mng v gi c gn vi nhau. Tm gi xp c
chc nng thu nc c lc gn vi ng thu nc nm trung tm ca cun mng (chiu
th 4). S vng cun xung quanh trc (ng thu nc tm) t l vi din tch m mt modul cn
c. Chiu lc ca dng nc l hng tm, vo ng thu c khoan nhiu l.
Bn trong modul cha thit b tch p sut.
Modul mng s dng trong phng th nghim thng ch c mt cun vi tit din 0,2 - 1,0
m . Mng s dng trong cng nghip c s cun nhiu hn vi din tch mi cun 1 - 2 m2.
2
Modul nhiu cun hn ch c s tn hao p sut. Nu thit b mng cn din tch ln m ch

s dng mt cun (tng s vng) th qung ng i ca nc ti ng thu trung tm s di gy
tn hao p sut ln. S dng nhiu cun ngn c din tch lc cao th s hao tn p sut trong
tng cun d kim sot.
Hnh 11. 1. Cu trc mng dng cun
Modul mng cng nghip dng tiu chun c kch thc: ng knh 20 cm, chiu di 1m.
Loi ng knh 30 cm, chiu cao ti 1,5 m, tuy hp l v mt gi thnh nhng gp kh khn v
thao tc nn n c s dng khng rng ri. Mt s c trng c bn ca mng dng cun c
chiu cao 1 m dc ghi trong bng 11. 1.
~8~
Bng 11. 1. c trng c bn ca mng cun chiu cao 1 m [9].
ng knh ca modul (cm) 10 15 20 30

S cun 4-6 6 - 10 15 - 30 30 - 40
Din tch mng (m2) 3-6 6 - 12 20 - 40 30 - 60
Thng thng 4 - 6 modul c lp ghp ni tip nhau trong mt bnh (ng) p sut. Thit k
in hnh l trong mt bnh c ng knh 20 cm cha 6 modul ghp ni tip nhau, c tng din
tch mng 100 - 200 m2.
Dng si rng.
Ph thuc vo cch thc thao tc modul, mng si rng c ch to theo hai kiu: nc vo
qua thnh si v qua u si rng (hnh 11. 2, 11. 3). Modul si rng c u vo qua thnh si l
mt chm si ng trong mt thit b tch p. p sut nn thc y nc chy qua thnh si, i
vo trong ng v chy ra ti mt pha ca u ng. Do phi chu mt p lc ng k ln thnh si
nn si c ng knh nh v dy thnh si ln: ng knh trong thng l 50 m, ng
knh ngoi 100 - 200 m.
~9~
Hnh 11. 2. Cu trc mng rng lc qua thnh si.
Modul kiu ny d ch to v c th thit k nhng h cha din tch mng ln.

Modul c nc vo t u si (hnh 11. 3) c thit k h c hai u ca si, nc c
chy trong lng ca si. hn ch tc dng chy trong lng si, ng knh trong ca si c
ch to ln hn so vi trng hp trn.
Hnh 11. 3. Cu trc modul mng rng lc qua u si.
u im ni bt ca mng si rng l kh nng tng cng din tch ln trong mt modul n

l. V d khi so snh vi mng dng cun c chiu cao 1 m, ng knh 20 cm th modul c
din tch mng 20 - 40 m2, vi modul tng ng ca si rng cha si c ng knh 100 m
th din tch mng ca n t ti 600 m2, ln hn 20 - 30 ln.
ng knh ca si cng ln th din tch mng cng gim, din tch mng trn mt n v
chiu di thp: mt modul mng cn 600 m2, cn n chiu di tng cng ca si l 2000 km.
Gi thnh bn mng l yu t rt kh xc nh khi c bn theo dng modul. Nhn chung
modul mng hot ng di p sut cao c gi thnh t hn so vi loi p sut thp hay chn
khng. Gi thnh cn ph thuc vo mc ch s dng v sc cung cp. V d modul mng cun
thm thu ngc dng x l nc l c rt nhiu hng sn xut nn gi thnh thp, trong
khi cng modul nhng s dng cho mc ch siu lc li t hn nhiu. Mng si rng c gi
thp hn ng k so vi mng cun, mng ng tr hoc mng tm tnh theo m2 nhng ch khi sn
xut vi khi lng ln do chi ph sn xut ban u ln.
Gi thnh sn xut cc loi mng c tnh: (USD/m2) mng rng (2 - 10), mng si mao qun
(5 - 50), mng cun (5 - 50) mng phng (50 - 200), mng ng tr (50 - 200). Gi bn thng
cao hn gi sn xut 2 - 5 ln [9].
11. 3. p sut thm thu.
~ 10 ~
Thm thu l mt hin tng xy ra ph bin trong nhiu h: vt l, ha hc, c th ng vt,

thc vt. l hin tng pha long mt dung dch nh dung mi c vn chuyn qua mt lp
mng ngn.
V d vi cu trc ca t bo thc vt, r cy ht c nc l do p sut thm thu gy ra bi
s chnh lch nng mui khong gia c th thc vt vi mi trng m r tn ti trong .
Bo ty l loi thc vt nc ngt, r ht nc cho c th bo c l do nng khong
trong c th bo cao hn trong nc. Trong mi trng nc mn hay l, nng mui khong
cao, p sut thm thu trong nc cao hn trong c th bo v vy n khng ht c nc dn
ti bo b cht ho, kh.
Quan st mt h kn c mt mng ngn h ra lm hai vng: Trong c hai vng u cha
cng dung mi (nc) v c cng cht tan (mui) nhng vi nng cht tan hai vng khc
nhau (mt vng c th ch c dung mi, khng cha cht tan).
Nu mng ngn c kch thc l xp ln m c dung mi ln cht tan u d dng vn chuyn
qua th cht tan trong ngn c nng c s khuych tn qua mng sang vng c nng thp.
Sau mt thi gian no , nng cht tan c hai ngn c gi tr bng nhau.
Nu mng ngn c l xp nh, ch va cho dung mi thm qua, cht tan khng th
khuych tn qua do c kch thc ln hn l xp ca mng (mng c tnh cht trn gi l mng
bn thm), khi th dung mi s thm t ngn long sang ngn c, ch dng khi nng cht
tan ca hai ngn bng nhau. Trong trng hp u xy ra s khuych tn ca cht tan qua mng,
cn trong trng hp sau xy ra s khuych tn ca dung mi qua mng cn bng nng
ca hai vng. S khc bit i vi hai trng hp trn l mc nc ngn c nng c sau
khi c pha long s tng ln. Hin tng trn gi l thm thu. Mc nc tng ln so vi khi
hin tng thm cha xy ra ng vi p sut thy tnh n t c gi l p sut thm thu. Hin
tng trn c nh vt l ngi Php quan st thy vo nm 1748 khi s dng da ng vt lm
mng bn thm.
p sut thm thu , tng ng vi mc nc dng trong khoang cha dung dch c c
tnh theo phng trnh:
R.T .nt
Ct .R.T (11-1)
n.V
n, nt l s mol ca dung mi v cht tan. V l th tch mol ca dung mi; n.V l tng th tch
ca dung mi. i lng Ct = nt/n.V l nng mol ca cht tan trong dung dch. R l hng s
kh, T l nhit .
Phng trnh (11-1) c dng ging phng trnh kh l tng (p.V = n. R.T).
~ 11 ~
Nu biu din Ct theo nng khi lng Cm (khi lng cht tan trong mt n v th tch
ca dung mi, mg/l, g/m3...), i lng thng c s dng trong cng ngh x l nc, nc
thi, mi quan h gia chng l:
n m C
Ct m (11-2)
V M .V V
Cm
v .R.T (11-3)
M
Phng trnh (11-3) cho thy mi tng quan gia p sut thm thu vi nng v phn t
lng ca cht tan.
Nng cht tan l tng ca mi dng cht tan tn ti trong nc, t dng trung ha n phn
li. Mt mui tn ti dng phn li (v d Na, Cl- t NaCl, Ca, Cl- t CaCl2) gy ra p sut thm
thu ca h l do c hai dng ion: m v dng.
Phn t lng ca mt cht tan cng nh th gy ra p sut thm thu cng ln. V d tnh
ton sau cho thy r mi quan h gia p sut thm thu v phn t lng ca cht tan: tnh p
sut thm thu ca ba dung dch khc nhau c cha cc thnh phn cht rn trong vi cng
nng khi lng 3% (30 g/l). Tp cht trong cc dung mi trn gm: mui NaCl, albumin
(phn t lng 65.000), cht huyn ph (khi lng 10-9 g). p sut tnh c cho ba trng hp
trn ln lt l: 25,4 bar, 0,01 bar v 10-12 bar. V d trn cho thy p sut thm thu i vi qu
trnh vi lc, siu lc (tch cc tp cht c kch thc ln) l rt nh c th b qua, trong khi cc
qu trnh mng nano v thm thu ngc (tch cc cht c phn t lng thp) l rt ln.
Nu s dng mt p sut p vo ngn c nng cht tan cao th s xy ra hin tng: dng
chy t ngn long sang ngn c s chm dn li khi tng dn p sut, dng chy ngng hn khi
p sut p t bng p sut thm thu, khi p sut ny ln hn th dng chy s i chiu: i t
ngn c sang ngn long. chnh l nguyn l hot ng ca phng php mng thm thu
ngc. Nng cht tan cao gy p sut thm thu ln, v v vy cn p sut ng lc cao khi
s dng k thut mng thm thu ngc. Trong k thut lm ngt nc t nc bin hay nc
l, p sut thm thu tng t l vi nng mui; gi tr tng khong 0,691. 10-3 at khi mui tng
thm 1 mg/l.
V d vi nc l c nng mui 4000 mg/l th p sut thm thu l 2,76 at, vi nc bin
c nng mui 35.000 mg/l th p sut thm thu l 24,18 at. Tuy nhin p sut thm thu thc
t trong hai trng hp trn s ln hn do cc thnh phn tan khc tn ti trong .
Trong thc t, mng bn thm khng ngn c tt c cc cht tan do c ch chuyn khi ca
cc cht tan trong mng l qu trnh ha tan (hp ph) ca cht tan vo mng v khuych tn ca
~ 12 ~
chng trong mng. Dng cht tan vn chuyn qua mng J t l vi s chnh lch nng gia
hai pha ca mng C1, C2:
J = B (C2 - C1) (11-4)

B l h s thm ca mng th hin tnh nng hp ph v khuych tn ca cht tan trong mng,
tc l ph thuc vo vt liu ch to mng v cu trc xp ca n. Kh nng thm qua mng ca
cht tan t ph thuc vo p sut ng lc.
chn lc ca mng R i vi cht tan c nh ngha l phn b gi li trn mng so vi
lng cht tan ca dng vo:
C1 C 2
R 1 C 2 / C1 (11-5)
C1
chn lc ca mng ph thuc vo loi mng, nng cht tan v ha tr ca cht tan.
chn lc ca mng tng khi tng p sut ng lc.
K thut thm thu ngc cho php loi b cc cht hu c dng trung ha tan trong nc,
ch s phn t lng b chn ca mng cng thp th hiu qu tch loi cng cao. Phn ln cc
tp cht hu c trong nc, nc thi (cht hu c t nhin, axit hu c lignin, cht bo v thc
vt) u c phn t lng ln hn 100 nn c th tch chng bng phng php mng.
Nhng loi mng c ch s phn t lng b chn t 200 - 500 (mng nano) cng c th s
dng lm mm nc v tch loi cht hu c v kh nng chn gi ca mng vi cc i
tng trn kh cao.
Hin tng phn cc v nhim bn mng lc

Trong qu trnh lc, mng d b tc v h hi do hai nguyn nhn chnh l phn cc nng
v mng b nhim bn. C hai hin tng trn u th hin s suy gim tc lc ca mng
theo thi gian. Tc lc ca mng t l nghch vi tr khi, t l thun vi p sut ng lc. p
sut ng lc ca mt thit b mng c thit k d dng kim sot, suy gim tc lc ch
yu l do tr khi ca mng tng. Trong trng hp l tng v mt vn hnh, tr khi lc do
cu trc ca mng quyt nh, hin tng tng tr khi trong vn hnh l do cc nguyn nhn:
- Trong qu trnh lc, nng cht tan, cn tng ln trn b mt (hoc st b mt) lp mng, lp
hnh thnh c mt cht tan, cn cao lm tng tr khi lc, gim tc lc ca mng. Hin
tng gi l phn cc nng . Lp nng i khi to nn cc trc gel (tp hp ht c
lin kt kh bn) vi mt dy nht nh, c bit khi nc c cha thnh phn protein.
- Trong qu trnh lc, mt s cht chui vo mao qun gy tc, lm gim tc lc. Tc nhn gy
nhim bn, tc mng gm nhiu thnh phn: dng ht khng tan (bn), vi sinh vt, hp cht hu
c, du m, cht kt ta hnh thnh trong qu trnh lc qua mng.
~ 13 ~
V sinh mng khi phc li tc lc hoc p dng cc bin php tin x l trnh (mt
phn) l cc gii php thng c s dng.
Tin x l l bin php x l nc nhm loi b cc yu t c kh nng lm bn mng. Nc
bin cha canxi, magie, sunfat v bicarbonat kh cao, khi lc qua mng thm thu ngc, mui
sunfat, carbonat ca canxi va magie c tan thp hnh thnh, gy tc mng lc. S dng
phng php trao i ion tch loi cc thnh phn trn (chi ph khng qu cao) l bin php
tin x l trc khi s dng mng lc lm ngt nc.
Kh trng cho thit b mng cng lun cn thit trnh s pht trin ca vi sinh vt. Tin
hnh kh trng nc u vo bng bin php clo ha l nhm mc ch trn. Vi mng cellulose
axetat, clo ha nc u vo kim sot vi sinh vt. Vi mng polyamid, mng t hp th
khng cn kh trng cho nc v n tr vi vi sinh vt. Bin php kh trng sc theo chu k vi
ha cht formaldehyd, peroxid hay axit peraxetic cng l bin php chng nhim bn do vi sinh
vt.
Khi mng b nhim bn cn tin hnh lm v sinh cho mng. Qui trnh c th lm v sinh
mng ph thuc vo c trng ha hc ca ngun nc cn lc, vo dng v bn cht ca mng
cng nh dng gy nhim bn. Nt c trng chung nht ca k thut lm v sinh mng l quay
vng dung dch ra vi tc ln, tip theo l ngm mng trong dung dch trong mt thi gian
nht nh, tip tc quay vng dung dch ri tip tc cc bc nh trn. Dung dch ra mng l
cc loi: axit, kim, cht ty ra, phc cht chelat, sn phm c pha ch, cht kh trng.
Dung dch axit HCl, H3PO4 hoc citric c tc dng ha tan tt cc thnh phn cn lng
(CaCO3, CaSO4, hydroxit kim loi). Vi mng cellulose axetat, dung dch axit khng c c
pH < 2 trnh qu trnh thy phn mng. Dung dch axit oxalic rt thch hp cho ha tan cn
cha st. Axit citric c hiu qu ha tan thp i vi mui sunfat canxi, magie v bari, phc cht
EDTA c hiu qu hn.
lm sch vi khun, cht bm dnh trn mt mng, dung dch kim kt hp vi cht ty ra
thng c s dng. Thm mt vi loi enzym vo dung dch c tc dng ty ra tt mt s
loi vi sinh v cht nhim bn dng hu c. Cc nh sn xut mng ln thng cung cp km
theo cht ty ra mng, cht ty ra c pha ch theo cng thc c nghin cu ph hp vi
nhiu loi ngun nc v c ch nh s dng cho tng loi mng. Hiu qu ty ra ca cc
dung dch c pha ch thng l cao so vi cc dung dch t pha ch.
11. 4. Qu trnh chuyn khi qua mng.
Tnh cht quan trng nht ca mng l kh nng kim sot tc thm qua mng ca cc cu
t khc nhau. Cho ti nay hai m hnh chuyn khi c s dng m t qu trnh thm qua
~ 14 ~
mng l: dng chy trong mao qun v m hnh ha tan - khuych tn. Hai m hnh trn c
xy dng ph hp vi ln l xp ca mng, m hnh u p dng cho mng c l xp ln, m
hnh sau thch hp cho cc loi mng c l xp nh v mng c.
M hnh ha tan - khuych tn c xy dng trn c s: mt cht thm qua mng trc ht
c ha tan vo mng, sau n khuych tn qua mng theo hng c nng thp. Cc cht
thm qua mng c mc ha tan (hp ph) khc nhau v khuych tn khc nhau l c s
tch chng ra khi hn hp.
M hnh dng chy trong mao qun c xy dng trn c s gi thit c tn ti mt dng
chy ca cht lng trong mao qun ca mng. ng lc ca dng chy cht lng chnh l s
chnh lch p sut to ra s i lu cng bc (qu trnh chuyn khi c bn: khuych tn, i
lu c trnh by trong 7. 2. 1. 1) gia hai u mng.
Dng chy ca cht lng q do p sut c m t qua nh lut Darcy: dng chy trn mt
n v tit din t l thun vi s chnh lch p sut, dp/dx, trn mt n v di dc theo
hng ca dng chy:
q = - K. dp/dx (11-6)
K l hng. du m (-) ch hng dng chy t vng p sut cao xung vng thp. nh lut
Darcy m t v cho php tnh ton lng chy qua mt mi trng no . nh lut Darcy ch
ng dng c cho dng chy phng, tc chm, khng s dng c cho vng chy xoy.
Trong dng chy phng, c ch chuyn ng ca cht lng l qu trnh trt ca lp nc n
trn lp nc kia, th hin l tc dng chy t l nghch vi nht ca cht lng. Ch ti
tnh cht , phng trnh (11-6) c vit thnh:
Ko
q .dp / dx (11-7)

Trong Ko l thm c trng, c n v l bnh phng ca chiu di, tnh theo n v

darcy (1 darcy = 9,87. 10-9cm2). Phng trnh (11-7) c ng dng trong k thut lc trong
c lc mng.
Mt mng lc thng dng thng c mt xp nht nh, l phn th tch rng so vi th
tch tng ca vt liu. Th tch rng c hnh thnh t tp hp th tch ca tng mao qun vi
kch thc (ng knh) hiu dng no . Cht lng chy qua mng lc c xem l tng dng
chy qua tng mao qun. Tc chy ca cht lng trong tng mao qun vi ng knh l d
c m t qua nh lut Poiseuille:
.d 4 dp
Q . (11-8)
128 dx
~ 15 ~
Mi quan h gia thm c trng Ko ca mt mi trng lc vi bn knh ca mao qun d

v xp c m t qua phng trnh Kozeny - Carman:
d 2 . 3
Ko (11-9)
180(1 ) 2
v tng dng chy qua mt mi trng xp c tnh:
d2 3 dp / dx
q . . (11-10)
180 (1 ) 2

M hnh dng chy trong mao qun c th ng dng i vi mng vi lc v siu lc. Vic tnh
ton tc dng chy thng vp phi mt s kh khn sau:
- Tc lc ph thuc rt mnh vo ng knh ca mao qun, ln mao qun ca mt mng
no khng phi l mt gi tr xc nh m phn b trong mt khong no .
- xp ca mng c th thay i dc theo chiu dy ca lp mng.
- Trong mt s loi mng (gm, s, kim loi) tnh cht mao qun khng th hin r, mt khng
gian rng c th b mt phn cht rn chn trc khi thng qua ti pha i din.
M hnh chuyn khi do c ch ha tan - khuych tn c p dng c hiu qu i vi cc
mng c (kch thc mao qun nh). Theo m hnh trn th cc cu t (tan) b hp ph trn vt
liu mng, sau khuych tn dc theo chiu dy ca mng v hng c nng thp. M hnh
trn c p dng cho cc mng thm thu ngc, mng tch kh, tch hi trn vt liu polyme.
Ha tan cc cht cn gi l qu trnh hp thu, kh nng hp thu ca mng i vi mt cht tan
c c trng bi kh nng tng tc ca mng v cht tan. Kh nng tng tc cng cao th
kh nng hp thu ca h cng ln; c c trng bi hng s hp thu Kh c gi tr ln. Khuych
tn ca cht tan trong mng l mt qu trnh khuych tn kch hot, ph thuc vo tng tc ca
h cng nh cu trc xp ca mng.
thm ca mng c P trong m hnh ha tan - khuych tn c nh ngha:
P = Kh D (11-12)
D l h s khuych tn ca cht tan trong mng.

Mt trong nhng ng dng thch hp ca m hnh ha tan - khuych tn l cho trng hp
mng thm thu ngc lm ngt nc hoc tch bt c mt cht tan no . Qu trnh chuyn
khi xy ra trong mng bao gm hai dng: ca nc v ca cht tan. Khi p sut ng lc ln
hn p sut thm thu, nc bt u chy t ni c nng mui cao sang vng c nng thp
v ng thi cng xut hin dng vn chuyn ca mui theo hng .
Dng vn chuyn ca nc JN t l vi hiu s p sut ng lc (p) v p sut thm thu :
~ 16 ~
JN = - A. (p-) (11-13)
A l h s thm ca nc qua mng, c tnh ton t qu trnh hp thu (K N) v khuych tn

(DN) ca nc qua mng [9].
DN .K N
A (11-14)
l.R.T .h
A l h s thm ca nc qua mng.
l: dy ca mng, DN, KN l h s khuych tn v hp thu ca nc i vi mng. h l mt
h s c trng cho nc.
Dng vn chuyn ca mui qua mng JM c tnh:
JM = B (Co - C1) (11-15)
Co, C1 l nng mui ti hai pha ca mng. B l h s thm ca mui c trng cho hp thu
v khuych tn ca mui trong mng:
DM .K M
B (11-16)
l
DM: h s khuych tn ca mui, KM l h s hp thu ca mui trong mng.
Mt mng thm thu ngc c hiu qu cao l mng c gi tr A ln v B nh.
11. 5. ng dng qu trnh lc mng trong x l nc thi.
Lc mng bao gm mt khong rng v cc qu trnh tch cht t vi lc cho ti lc thm thu
ngc, vi kch thc ca mao qun t 10 m (10.000 nm) n 1 nm.
Qu trnh lc ph hp vi kch thc tng i ca i tng lc c trnh by trong hnh
11. 4 [11].
lc thng
dng
vi lc
siu lc
lc thm thu
lc nano
kch thc
0,1 nm 1 nm 10 nm 100 nm 1m 10 m 100 m mao qun
~ 17 ~
Hnh 11.41. Cc qu trnh lc tng ng vi kch thc mao qun.
Vi kch thc ca cc cht cn lc, kch thc mao qun ca mng lc cn c chn la
mt cch tng ng, bng 11. 2 cha thng tin s b v cc mi tng quan trn.
Hiu qu tch cht i vi mt s i tng trong x l nc thi ca cc loi mng khc

nhau c trnh by trong bng 11. 3.
Bng 11. 2. Mi quan h gia cu t cn tch loi vi kch thc ca mng lc.
Cht cn tch Kch thc mao C ch tch cht

qun (nm)
Ion 1-20 Khuych tn, ha tan
Cht hu c tan 5-200 Khuych tn, ha tan
Cht hu c dng keo 200-10.000 Chy qua mao qun
Keo v huyn ph 75.000 Chy qua mao qun
Bng 11. 3. K thut mng ng dng trong x l nc thi [11].
i tng vi lc siu lc lc nano lc thm thu

ngc
Huyn ph rt tt KTT** KTT KTT
Hu c tan K* rt tt rt tt rt tt
Hu c bay hi K km mc kh tt
(VOC)
V c tan K K tt rt tt (90-99%)
p sut thm Khng nh kh cao rt cao
thu
p sut ng lc 1-3 3-7 5-10 15-70
(bar)
Gi thnh 0,04 -0,40 0,04-0,49 0,04-0,40 0,04-0,40
(USD/(lit.ngy))
Gi vn hnh 0,15 - 1,10 0,15-0,80 0,20-0,80 0,25-0,80
~ 18 ~
(USD/m3 u
vo)
Ghi ch: KTT - khng thc t. K - khng ng dng.
Tiu chun thi cao theo qui nh mi ca cc quc gia pht trin v hm lng cn, COD,
BOD v c bit l loi vi sinh gy bnh thc y vic p dng k thut mng vo x l nc
thi vi t cch l mt n v cng ngh trong h thng, ng vai tr tch cc cht trong mt h
lng - rn - kh. Mc ch trc ht ca mng lc l tch cc cht huyn ph, dng keo, cc cht
c phn t lng ln, vi khun.
Mt khc, ti s dng nc thi cng l i hi cp bch i vi nhiu nc. K thut mng
lc cng l phng tin tt tim cn mc tiu trn. Nc thi c th quay vng c nhiu loi
tr loi c cha phn. K thut mng cho php tch loi nhiu tp cht c kch thc khc nhau
nn n khng ch s dng tch cc cht rn m ngay c cc tp cht tan trong nc v v vy
ha hn nhng trin vng x l cc i tng nc thi cha nhiu tp cht hu c tr [12, 13,
14].
Mng c ghp vo h x l vi sinh theo hai phng n: ngay trong khi phn ng v chm
trong (submerged) hoc trong h thng ph nm ngoi khi phn ng (side stream). Mng
chm hot ng vi p sut ng lc thp v do vy tc lc khng cao so vi s dng h
thng ph. Tuy vy, mng chm b nguy c nhim bn v t cn ti cc bin php v sinh
mnh.
H x l vi sinh bao gm cc dng: huyn ph, ct lc sinh hc, dng tng linh ng, dng
lin tc v ngt on trong mi trng hiu kh, thiu kh v ym kh [12, 16, 17, 18].
H t hp x l vi sinh - lc mng ngoi t hiu qu cao v kh nng tch loi cht rn cn
c mt s u im:
- Do khng phi s dng ti qu trnh lng th cp nn c th duy tr mt sinh khi rt cao,
ti 20 - 25 g/l. Mt sinh khi cao cho php gim ng k th tch ca b phn ng do th
tch phn ng t l nghch vi mt sinh khi.
- Mt sinh khi cao cho php tng thi gian lu t bo ca h, thc y loi vi sinh nitrifier
pht trin v cng to iu kin thun li cho qu trnh kh nitrat, tch ly photpho ca vi sinh
vt vi cc cht hu c c ngun gc phn hy ni sinh [13, 16, 17, 18].
- Kh nng tch loi cc cht hu c dng tr trong h t hp c ci thin so vi h x l vi
sinh thng dng do tng cng kh nng hp ph ca bn.
Tuy c rt nhiu u im, h t hp x l vi sinh - lc mng cng i mt vi nhng kh
khn v mt vn hnh v gi thnh.
~ 19 ~
- Giai on cp oxy cho h bn hot tnh thng chim ti 70% nng lng s dng ca h x l
[19] nn nh hng quan trng n gi thnh vn hnh. Mt vi sinh cao trong h x l lm
gim ng k hiu qu hp thu oxy (qu trnh chuyn khi), v d khi tng mt vi sinh t 7 ln
17 g/l th hiu qu hp thu oxy (tnh theo h s ) gim t 0,7 xung cn 0,4.
Do mt vi sinh cao nn qu trnh phn hy ni sinh din ra mnh hn, ko theo l mc
tiu th oxy tng (b li lng bn thi s thp).
C rt nhiu phng n c kho st lm tng hiu sut s dng oxy i vi h t hp vi
sinh - lc mng, thun li hn c l s dng thit b phn phi kh dng cc mn [19, 20, 21].
- Tc lc ca mng gim rt nhanh trong khi vn hnh, t c tc n nh sau mt chu
k. V d vi mng phng polysulphone, kch thc mao qun 0,4 m, tc thm ca mng lc
u l 28 l. m-2. h-1 gim xung cn 8 l. m-2. h-1 sau 76 ngy hot ng. p sut ng lc cng
tc ng n mc suy gim tc lc: tc lc ban u 466 l. m-2. h-1. bar-1 gim xung
n 133 l. m-2. h-1. bar-1 sau 160 chu trnh hot ng. H lc mng s dng p sut ng lc
thp t ra c hiu qu hn v phng din nng lng [12].
V sinh mng theo chu k l thao tc khng th thiu, chu k v sinh mng ph thuc vo
nhiu yu t thuc bn cht ca h x l cng nh vn hnh h thng [22, 23, 24].
Vi nhiu u im ca h t hp vi sinh - lc mng, k thut ny c p dng x l nc
thi sinh hot, nc rc [17, 18], nc thi giu nit, photpho [16, 25, 26, 27], cc loi nc thi
khc nh dt nhum [28] hoc nng cp h thng x l nc thi giy [29].
~ 20 ~
H x l t nhin.
12
Trong mi trng t nhin, cc qu trnh vt l, ha hc, sinh hc xy ra ng thi do tng
tc ca cc yu t: nc, t, thc vt, vi sinh vt, kh quyn.
Cc qu trnh xy ra trong t nhin lin quan hin tng x l cc cht gy nhim
c thit lp v tn ti hng triu nm trc, rt xa trc khi con ngi thc c v ch
ng gii quyt vn .
Cc qu trnh xy ra trong t nhin bao gm nhiu qu trnh c s dng trong cng ngh
x l nc thi nh lng, lc, oxy ha - kh, hp ph, trao i ion, chuyn ha sinh ha v cc
qu trnh c th nh quang hp, oxy ha quang ha v hp thu ca thc vt. c im ni bt l
trong cc h t nhin, tc ca mt qu trnh xy ra chm nhng ng thi ngay trong mt h
sinh thi, khc vi cc h nhn to l phn ln cc qu trnh n l (n v cng ngh) xy ra
ring bit, k tip nhau trong mt vng khng gian gii hn; tc qu trnh c thc y
thng qua tng cng nng lng cho h x l.
Cc nc cng nghip pht trin vi tim nng kinh t hng mnh chi ph ngun tin
khng l x l nc thi trong thi gian vi thp k qua bng cch u t vo xy dng cc
knh dn nc thi, xy dng h thng x l nc thi tp trung, lun u t nng cp cc h
thng ang hot ng nhm p ng tiu chun thi ngy cng c qui nh ngt ngho hn.
Tuy nhin, cc h thng x l c xy dng v nng cp c kh nng x l hp cht nit,
photpho cng khng nhiu, v chnh l l do thng xuyn gy ra hin tng ph dng
trong mi trng nc mt hay s ly nhim trong nc ngm.
Tnh trng nhim cc nc ang pht trin c thu nhp thp, ni khong 90% dn s th
gii ang sng, cn nghim trng hn do thiu tin u t, c s h tng km hon thin, nhn
thc c gii hn m tc th ha li cao. Mt trong nhng gii php c th la chn cho
nhng nc ngho l tn dng cc h t nhin x l nc thi do chi ph khng qu cao v
phn ln c kh hu m p thch hp vi cc qu trnh t nhin.
H x l t nhin cng c cc nc cng nghip s dng kh rng ri x l nc thi,
c bit i vi vng nng thn, cm dn c nh, chnh h l nhng ngi i tin phong trong
lnh vc ny [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]. Chng nhng cc nc pht trin, c cc nc ang chm pht trin
cng rt quan tm n cc h x l t nhin v n gim bt c u t m cn kt hp vi sn
xut sch, to ra cc sn phm hu ch kt hp vi bo v mi trng trn quan im h t hp
(integrated system) [6, 7, 8, 9, 10].
~ 21 ~
H x l t nhin bao gm hai phm tr chnh c lin quan n mi trng t v mi trng

nc hoc kt hp c hai.
Qu trnh x l lin quan n t gm: lc nhanh, lc chm, chy trn. H x l lin quan n
mi trng nc l cc vng nc t nhin hoc nhn to v h thc vt sng trong .
Nhng c trng ch yu lin quan n h x l t nhin c trnh by trong cc phn tip
theo.
12. 1. H x l t nhin v c trng.
H x l t nhin lin quan n x l nc thi bao gm cc qu trnh lc nhanh, lc chm,

chy trn, din bin xy ra trong cc vng t t v hot ng ca vi sinh vt, thc vt trong
cc mi trng . c im rt quan trng l trong mt h sinh thi, cc qu trnh trn xy ra
ng thi, tng tc ln nhau v c th thc y hay hn ch chng thng qua cc tc ng ch
quan ca con ngi.
Trc khi con ngi bit p dng h t nhin phc v mc ch lm sch nc thi th qu
trnh t nhin din ra mt cch t pht do mc ch ti hu l cn bng sinh thi, s
tc ng thm ca con ngi khng phi l s to ra m ch l s thc y thm t nhin
tng tc phc v nhu cu m nguyn nhn do chnh mnh gy ra, v mong mun ch c th
thc hin c khi s hiu bit cn phi khng qu thp so vi din bin thc ti.
X l nc thi trn nn t c ngi M v Chu u vn dng t th k 19 [11]. (M,
Canada, Anh, Php, c...) c h thng ha t gia th k 20 di dng: nc ti cy, nc
canh tc, chuyn thnh nc ngm, ng ngha vi vic ti s dng ngun ti nguyn m s
thiu ht ca n i vi cuc sng lun l mi e da i vi nhiu vng dn c.
H x l nc thi t nhin lin tc tng theo thi gian phc v cc cm dn c nh sng
vng nng thn. H c s dng nhiu v a chung l h x l nhn to phi hp vi cy
trng na ngp na ni hoc thc vt ni.
12. 2. Phng php lc.
Nc thi c s dng ti cho t canh tc nhm hai mc tiu: x l nc thi v cung

cp nc cho cy trng. Nc ti c bc hi hoc thm theo chiu ngang hoc chiu dc qua
tng t. Nc d chy trn thng c thu gom li v tip tc ti. Nc thi c x l khi
thm qua tng t lc. Trong phn ln cc trng hp, nc thm s tip cn n tng nc
ngm, trong mt s trng hp khc s nhp vo ngun nc mt no hoc c thu hi
thng qua h thu nc t pha di hoc cc ging thu nc.
~ 22 ~
Tc ti, chn lc loi cy trng v ch canh tc l cc yu t c s dng thit k

h x l lc.
Thit k h x l lc c tin hnh theo hai bc: s b v chi tit.
Thit k s b c tin hnh khi iu tra c cht lng, c trng ca nc thi v lut
mi trng lin quan. Cc bc thit k quan trng ca qu trnh lc chm cng vi cc qu
trnh khc c lit k v so snh trong bng 12. 1.
nh gi v la chn v tr.
Nhng c trng ca t trong v tr c chn cn c nh gi bao gm: pH, kh nng
trao i ion, dn in, thm, su ca tng nc ngm, dc, mc ch s dng t,
ch thy vn. Trong thm, su ca tng nc ngm, lp t chng thm l nhng
c trng quan trng nht khi la chn v tr. Mc thm theo chiu dc (xung) di iu
kin bo ha ca lp t c thm chm nht l yu t quyt nh mc ti lng ti v
chn la loi cy trng trn cng nh la chn h phn phi nc.
t c thm 5 - 50 mm/gi l mi trng thch hp cho h lc chm do m bo c s
hi ha gia kh nng thot nc v lu gi c tp cht trong nc. Mc thm ca t lin
quan n cu trc xp ca t, t ct c xp ln, t st c thm nh. Mt cch th thin,
t c th chia lm hai loi chnh: t khong ha v t mn. t khong l loi c khi lng
ring kh cao, 1 - 1,8 kg/l, hm lng carbon trong t thp hn 10%. t mn c khi lng
ring thp ( < 0,3 kg/l), hm lng carbon cao (10 - 50%). pH ca t khong nm trong vng t
chua n kim, ca t mn l t chua n trung tnh [12]. t c tnh thm chm lin quan n
thnh phn st trong hoc do lp lt b tng bn di. t c tnh thm nh thch hp cho x
l nc nhng vi nng sut thp v kh chm sc, qun l thc vt sng trn . t c tnh
thm nh thch hp hn cho qu trnh x l kiu chy trn.
Bng 12. 1. Cc bc trong thit k h x l t nhin [11].
Lc chm Lc nhanh Chy trn H nhn to

thc vt ni
1. nh gi, 1. nh gi, 1. nh gi, 1. nh gi,
chn v tr chn v tr chn v tr chn v tr
2. Xc nh mc 2. Xc nh mc 2. Xc nh mc 2. Xc nh mc
tin x l tin x l tin x l tin x l
3. Phng 3. Chn cch 3. Chn cch 3. Chn thc
php thu hoch phn b phn b vt v qun l
~ 23 ~
4. Chn h 4. Xc nh mc 4. Xc nh 4. Xc nh
phn b ti thy lc thng s thit k thng s thit k
5. Xc nh 5. Xc nh chu 5. Xc nh 5. Bin php chng
mc chu ti trnh hot ng nhu cu lu gi truyn nhim
6. Xc nh din 6. Xc nh din 6. Xc nh din 6. Thit k chi
tch t s dng tch t s dng tch t s dng tit h x l
7. Xc nh th 7. Thit k din 7. Xy dng 7. Nhu cu
tch lu tr tch lc cc thnh phn quan trc
ca h
8. Nhu cu v 8. Thit k h 8. La chn
quan trc gom nc thc vt
9. Xc nh 9. Thit k chi
nhu cu lu gi tit h x l
10. Nhu cu 10. Nhu cu
quan trc quan trc
t mn c thm cao cho php ti lng nc ln, kh nng gi m thp v gy kh

khn cho trng trt. Loi t ny thch hp cho qu trnh lc nhanh mc d c mt s loi thc
vt c r di sng c trn . Kh nng x l nc thi ca t xp thp, mun tng cng
kh nng x l th phi hn ch ti lng thy lc trn c s cc thng s thit k ch khng da
trn thm ca t. Tng t ngn cch n tng nc ngm cng cn phi ln c th lu
gi tp cht cn x l trong nc thi, lu gi vi sinh vt v cho r cy pht trin. dy ca
tng t cn ti thiu 0,9 - 1,2 m v cao hn i vi thc vt c r n su. Vi cc tng t khng
dy cn phi b tr h thu nc ngm.
t c gi tr pH thp hoc cao, dn ln s hn ch s pht trin ca thc vt. Nhng vng
t c th ci to hoc chn cc loi cy thch hp trng trn .
dc cho vng t trng trt nn thp hn 15o, nu dc hn nn trng c. khu t dc hn
40o trng cy ly g cng c th ti nc thi bng vi phun.
Vng t thch hp cho lc chm l vng khng b ng ngp v khng nm trong qui hoch
cho mc ch s dng cng cng.
La chn cy trng.
Cy trng c la chn theo cc tiu ch sau: kh nng hp thu dinh dng cao (N, P), kh
nng tch ly nc ln, chu c iu kin m cao trong t, t nhy cm vi cc thnh phn
~ 24 ~
ha hc trong nc thi, tc pht trin nhanh v t cn chm sc. Thc vt p ng c cc

tiu chun trn bao gm mt s loi c lm thc n gia sc, c rm gc, mt s loi cy v cy
trng trt. Cy c thng c s dng l cc loi: cy sy, c ui tru, c la mch, c mch
Italia. Cy thn cng thng dng thng l h trung gian gia loi g cng v g thng nh
cy bng, cy sung dn, ng ng, du en, thng trng, chu chu en. Cy trng trt ch nn
s dng khi vng t c th d tho cn, lp nc ngm nm su hn r cy trng, v d cy ng
cc, i mch, la min hay cy milo. Trong cc tiu ch la chn loi thc vt, tiu ch cn u
tin l kh nng hp thu dinh dng, kh nng tiu th nc v mc chu mn ca cy trng.
Kh nng hp thu dinh dng khng phi l mt gi tr c nh, n ph thuc vo tui cy
trng, loi cy trng v thnh phn ha hc ca sn phm thu hoch cng nh kh hu a
phng. Kh nng tiu th nc c hiu l kh nng thot - bc hi nc, ph thuc vo cc
giai on cy trng pht trin, m ca t, nhit , m ca mi trng. Mc bc hi
tng th cn ph thuc vo mt cy trng.
Nc thi thng c mui ( khong hay dn in do s c mt ca cc ion trong
nc) cao hn trong nc ti tiu. Vng t lc v vy cn c qun l bng cch ra mn
thch hp hoc c trng cc loi cy c kh nng chu c mui.
Bin php chun b.

Lc qua t trng thc vt ch c xem l mt n v cng ngh ca mt h thng x l,
c th t c hiu qu cn phi ghp thm cc giai on x l khc. Tin x l hay cc bc
chun b khc cng phi hng n mc ch bo v cng ng do s c mt ca h x l, x l
mi hi sinh ra, bo v ngun t, ngun nc, ti nguyn ca khu vc xung quanh.
i vi h thng lc khng ti s dng trc tip nc qua x l, bin php chun b t
phc tp: m bo sc khe cng ng, ngn nga mi hi. Gii php ti thiu cho phng n l
lc rc v lng cn trc khi p dng giai on lc chm.
Trong trng hp nc thi sau lc c s dng li trc tip th cc bc chun b cn k
cng v i hi cao hn. V d nc sau x l c s dng ti th cn phi p ng tiu
chun ti c nh nc qui nh. Qui nh ny cc quc gia khc nhau v tng loi cy
trng l khc nhau, v d loi thc phm c th n ti (da chut, c chua...) i hi nc ti
phi m bo tiu chun t mc x l cp hai, cp ba v c kh trng.
Phn b nc.
Phn b nc thi cho qua trnh lc l yu t cn phi tnh ti u tin, c bit khi s dng
nc sau lc ti tiu v n lin quan n lng nc cn s dng. H thng phn b nc c
th tm chia lm ba dng: ti phun, ti nh git, ti theo lung (rnh). Mi phng php c
th s dng nhiu thit b hay dng c khc nhau.
~ 25 ~
Ti phun l k thut thng dng nht i vi h lc chm, thch hp vi nhiu loi t, iu

kin a hnh v nhiu loi cy trng. H thng ti phun c th c t trc tip trn nn t
hoc c gn c nh ti mt v tr no .
H ti bao gm ng ng dn nc v vi phun nc c gn dc theo ng dn, ng dn
nc nhnh c ni vi ng dn chnh. H ti phun thch hp cho c vng t trng v cy
ly g. Tuy c gi thnh khng cao nhng h ti phun d b h hng v phi tho d khi thu
hoch cy trng.
H ti phun c nh c gi thnh cao hn nhng tin li hn khi p dng k thut t ng
ha.
Ti theo lung hoc be b l s dng lp nc nng c gii hn bi cc lung t hoc
b, nc c thm t trn xung.
H ti nh git gm h ng dn nc v cc vi phun nh c gn gn v tr cn ti. Do
l phun nh nn nc ti cn phi cha t cn. H ny t c s dng cho cng ngh lc chm.
Ti lng thy lc.

Ti lng thy lc c nh ngha l th tch nc ti tnh trn n v din tch v thi
gian. n v thi gian c th tnh theo tun, thng hoc theo nm.
Vi h thng x l khng thu hi nc th cc c trng dng tnh ton l kh nng thm
ca t v kh nng hp thu m ca cy trng i vi nc thi sinh hot. i vi nc thi
cng nghip cn phi thm ti cc yu t: hm lng cht hu c, mui v kim loi
nng.
Ti lng thy lc L c tnh da trn tc bc hi qua cy trng (ET - evapotranspiration),
lng ma (P) v tc thm nc W.
L = ET + W - ET (11-1)
Lng nc bc hi tnh trung bnh theo thi gian thng ca mt loi cy trng no . Gi
tr ET c th tra cu t ti liu. Lng ma c th tham kho t ch thy vn ca a phng
c ch n ma ma v ma kh trong nm. Tc thm c la chn l vo khong 2 - 6%
tc thm ca lp t pha trn c chiu cao 2,5 m tnh theo ngy. Thi gian ngh ti nc
dnh cho vic thu hoch cy trng.
Trong trng hp nc sau lc thm nhp vo tng nc ngm s dng cho sinh hot th thit
k h x l s i hi cht lng v phng din hp cht nit trong nc thi phn nhiu c
tch loi thng qua qu trnh hp thu ca thc vt, qu trnh nitrat ha - kh nitrat ng gp
khng nhiu.
Trong trng hp s dng nc ti tiu th lu lng lc s bao gm cc thnh phn: cn
ti, lng nc bc hi ca cy trng c ti, tc thm ca vng t canh tc, ch
~ 26 ~
ma ca a phng. i vi cc vng t kh cn lng nc bc hi kh ln lng nc thm

cao (c th chim 10 - 25% nc ti).
Tnh ton din tch t s dng cho qu trnh lc chm, b tr h thng thu gom v tch tr
nc sau lc, bin php kim sot nc chy trn c trnh by trong cc ti liu chuyn su [11,
13, 14, 15].
Lc nhanh v nguyn tc cng khng khc nhiu so vi lc chm, khc nhau v tc lc v
mt s c trng lin quan n lc nhanh.
Tc lc nhanh kh cao, c thc hin vi lp t lc c tc thm khng thp hn 25
mm/gi. Lp t lc thch hp l ct, t pha ct v t si. Si v ct th t thch hp hn do tc
lc qu nhanh. Tng lc khng nn qu nng, tt nht l dy hn 3 m. Nu tng lc nng hn
th cn b tr h gom nc chu o. B mt lp lc c th trn, nhng tt hn nn trng thc
vt trn , v d cc loi c, cy trnh xi mn t v tng cng hot ng ca tp on vi
sinh vt.
Trc khi tin hnh lc, nc thi cn c x l s b tch mt phn cn khng tan nhm
gim bt qu trnh tc v gy mi hi thi do cht rn phn hy.
Phn phi nc lc theo k thut lc nhanh c th thc hin theo hai phng thc: phun hoc
ph ngp nc. Ti phun ch s dng khi khng th thc hin gii php ph ngp nc do yu
t a hnh hoc do gi thnh xy dng r hn.
Lc nhanh tin hnh theo phng thc ngp nc c thc hin bng cch chia din tch lc
thnh nhng nh c cng cao . Nc c phn b vo cc theo chnh p thy lc hoc
bng h thng ng dn.
Lc nhanh c tin hnh theo chu k, c giai on phi kh nhm phc hi thong kh
ca lp lc v v vy tnh ton ti lng lc theo thi gian cn phi bao qut yu t chu k.
C ch tch loi hp cht nit t nc thi trong k thut lc nhanh ch yu do qu trnh kh
nitrat v mt phn do thc vt hp th.
Cht hu c trong nc thi c x l ch yu qua qu trnh vi sinh hiu kh hot ng trong
tng t lc. Nu nng cht hu c qu cao, vi sinh vt pht trin mnh th s xy ra hin
tng hnh thnh lp mng vi sinh c kh nng gy tc dng lc v xy ra qu trnh phn hy
ym kh cc cht hu c nm su di lp mt lc. V l do , ti lng cht hu c ch hn
ch trong mt khong no , khng vt qu 150 kg. ha-1. d-1 hoc 0,25 m3. m-2 i vi nc
thi sinh hot [16, 17].
Tch loi hp cht photpho t nc thi c thc hin thng qua qu trnh hp ph v kt
ta trong h lc nhanh.
~ 27 ~
12. 3. X l hp cht dinh dng trong h ngp nc.
H ngp nc c nh ngha l din tch lun cha nc tn ti trong t nhin hoc nhn
to: ao, h, vng ngp nng. S dng h ngp nc x l nc thi l k thut x l c gi
thnh thp trong iu kin t nhin ph hp hoc ni t ai c gi thnh thp. H ngp nc s
dng x l nc thi c th cn ng vai tr sinh cnh cho ng vt hoang d v ngun tch
tr nc. Thc vt nui trng trong h ngp nc c tc dng x l nc thi v l ngun sinh
khi c kh nng tn dng cho mt s mc ch khc nhau, v d lm thc n cho vt nui,
nguyn liu si hoc phn bn hu c. H x l ngp nc c th tr thnh mt b phn ca mt
h t hp (integrated system) cho mt ngnh ngh sn xut: nui trng thy sn, vn - ao -
chung, canh tc [18, 19, 20] hoc l h x l tip ca cc qu trnh x l th cp trc nhm
tng cng cht lng ca ngun thi [21, 22]. H x l ngp nc c th phn thnh cc dng
chnh l: ngun nc c nui trng thc vt ni v thc vt chm trong nc, nui loi thc vt
na ni na chm (r bm trong t, thn v l nm trong nc v khng kh).
c trng c bn ca ngun nc l chy t do trn b mt, tc l ngun nc mt, khc vi
h lc l nc thm vo (qua) tng t, tc l tr thnh nc ngm.
Thc vt s dng trong ao h l loi ni trn mt nc nh bo ty, bo hoa du, bo tm; to
cc loi. Mt s loi rong, ru c r bm trong bn, thn v l nm trong nc. Trong mt s
vng nc nng hoc ven b, lau, sy, c c r bm trong bn, mt phn thn nm trong nc v
l trong khng kh. S, vt trong cc vng ngp mn cng c hnh thc tn ti tng t.
Ao, h x l nc thi c th l dng t nhin hoc do xy dng c ch nh. Mc nc trong
ao h x l nm trong khong 0,4 - 2 m, thng gp l khong 1 m.
Tc dng x l dinh dng ca cc vng ngp nc l: hp thu do thy thc vt, hot ng
ca vi sinh vt, mt s phn ng ha hc. Cc c ch x l dinh dng trn c tc ng tng
tc ln nhau v xy ra ng thi trong h nhng vi tc bin ng kh mnh theo chu k thi
gian.
Thy thc vt s dng cn c nhng tiu ch sau la chn:
- Hiu sut sinh khi (sn lng ln).
- Kh nng tch ly dinh dng cao.
- C kh nng vn chuyn oxy t khng kh vo mi trng t v nc.
- D thu hoch.
- Pht trin tt trong cc iu kin thi tit.
Ngoi kh nng hp thu dinh dng t nc thi, cc loi thy thc vt cn ng vai tr cht
mang ca vi sinh vt v nh tng tc gia thc vt vi vi sinh tng cng hiu qu x l cc
cht gy nhim.
~ 28 ~
Trong cc vng ngp nc, hm lng oxy ha tan tng i cao do mt vi sinh vt tiu
th oxy thp, oxy c to ra do qu trnh quang hp ca to v cc loi thy thc vt, do oxy
thm t kh quyn qua qu trnh khuych tn v chuyn khi cng bc (gi, sng). Trong lp
t bn, hm lng oxy thp hn do ngun cung cp b hn ch v do vi sinh vt hot ng
mnh. Trong lp t hnh thnh hai vng r rt theo chiu su: lp trn c nng oxy ln (lp
hiu kh) v lp pha di c t hoc khng c oxy (lp ym kh). Thc vt loi na chm na
ni c nh hng n hnh trng ca lp t ny. Thc vt hp th oxy qua l, vn chuyn n
tng b phn ca cy cho qu trnh h hp ca t bo. Mc vn chuyn oxy trong thn cy
c d dng hn trong cc loi cy c xp cao (cy thn bc). Lng oxy d tha cho h
hp ca t bo r c thi ra mi trng nc i vi thc vt ni v vo lp bn i vi thc
vt na chm na ni to ra vng t hiu kh xung quanh r. iu kin hiu kh trong vng thc
y qu trnh oxy ha cc hp cht ha hc: sunfua hydro, st (II), mangan (II), thc y hot
ng ca vi sinh vt hiu kh (oxy ha cht hu c v amoni).
Thc vt ni vn chuyn oxy qua r vo nc ch c ngha trong trng hp r ca chng
di, v d trong trng hp ca bo ty hoc cy ng tin nc (pennywort) v lp nc st
b mt thng giu oxy hn lp nc su.
Bo ty c kh nng cung cp 55 mg O2/g r trong ngy, ng tin nc cung cp oxy cn ln
hn, ti 112 mg/g r trong ngy. Loi cy na ni na chm c kh nng cp oxy t 4 - 37 mg/g
r trong ngy [23].
Kh nng tch loi dinh dng ca thy thc vt ph thuc vo tc to thnh sinh khi,
thnh phn ca nc thi, su ca lp nc, c trng ca lp t bn, kh nng nh oxy ca
b r, mt nui trng thc vt, chu k thu hoch v thi tit.
Mc tch ly dinh dng trong t bo thc vt c quyt nh bi tc tng trng sinh
khi v thnh phn dinh dng (N, P) trong t bo thc vt. Bng 12. 2 ghi sn lng ca mt s
cy trng, hm lng protein th trong sn phm v sn phm thu hoch tnh theo protein (tnh
theo khi lng kh trn mt n v ha, trong thi gian mt nm).
Bng 12. 2. Sn lng v thnh phn m ca mt s cy trng [6]
Loi cy Sn lng Protein th Sn lng protein

(t/ha/nm) (%) (kg/ha/nm)
Bo tm 17,60 37 6510
u tng 1,59 41,7 660
Ht bng 0,76 24,9 190
Lc 3,12 23,6 380 - 740
~ 29 ~
C Alfalfa 4,37 - 15,69 15,9 - 17,0 690 - 2670
Bng 12. 2 cho thy bo tm l loi thc vt c sn lng cao v thnh phn m trong
cng rt cao, v vy n c th c dng lm thc n cho gia sc, gia cm v mt s loi c. c
trng trn ca bo tm chng t tim nng tch loi dinh dng t nc thi. So snh kh nng
hp thu N, P ca mt s loi thc vt nhiu a phng khc nhau c ghi trong bng 12. 3.
Bng 12. 3. Kh nng hp thu N, P ca mt s loi thy thc vt ni [6] (gi tr trong ngoc l
s liu v ma ng).
a phng loi thc vt Tc hp th (g. m-2/ngy)

N P
Florida USA bo ty 1,30 (0,25) 0,24 (0,05)
Florida USA rau dip nc 0,99 (0,26) 0,22 (0,07)
Florida USA ng tin nc 0,37 (0,37) 0,09 (0,08)
USA Lemna sp (bo tm) 1,67 0,22
n Lemna sp 0,50 - 0,59 0,14 - 0,30
Louisiana USA Bo tm 0,47 0,16
Bangladesh Spirodela (bo tm) 0,26 0,05
Thnh phn nc thi cng nh hng n nng sut cy trng v hm lng protein trong
sn phm (bng 12. 4).
Bng 12. 4. Sn lng bo tm (cc loi) sinh trng trong cc loi nc thi [6].
Loi Mi trng nc Sn lng Protein

(tn kh/ha/nm) th (%)
S. polyrrhiza Nc thi sinh hot 17 - 32 -
L. minor Nc sau x l ym kh 10,7 28,9
L. gibba Nc cng sau tin x l 55 30
L. gibba Nc thi sinh hot 10,9 - 54,8 30 - 40
S. polyrrhiza
~ 30 ~
L. perpusilla Nc thi t b pht 9,2 - 21,4 24 - 28
W. arrhiza
Lemna spp Nc thi sinh hot 27 37
S. polyrrhiza Nc thi sinh hot 17,6 - 31,5 30
Tc pht trin ca cy trng, ngoi iu kin dinh dng (N, P, K, vi lng) cn ph thuc
vo ngun carbon t kh carbonic, kh nng quang hp ca chng vo iu kin nhit . Nhiu
loi cy trng ch sinh trng v pht trin ma h, thm ch li tn v ma ng, s sng ch
tn ti trong b r ri pht trin tr li khi c iu kin p ng.
Thc vt na chm na ni mc kh ph bin ti cc do t ven b ao, h, c nhiu cy
thuc loi lu nin, tc tng trng sinh khi v tch ly dinh dng cao. Loi thc vt na
chm na ni thng s dng x l gm: c ui mo, cy sy, cy c nn [12, 23, 24]. Cc
loi thc vt trn phn b rng cc vng kh hu. V ma ng phn thn trn thng b cht,
phn thn gc v r tch ly nng lng tip tc pht trin khi vo xun.
Thc vt na chm na ni c kh nng sinh trng v pht trin trong nhiu loi t v nc
thi. c trng ca t v nc thi nh hng n thnh phn dinh dng trong t bo thc vt.
Chu k thu hoch sinh khi cng nh hng n hiu qu x l nc thi: thu hoch sm lm
gim hiu qu v thc vt c kch thc ln c kh nng hp thu dinh dng mnh, thu hoch
mun cy s gi, cht, phn hy s tr li dinh dng v cht hu c v mi trng nc v t.
Thc vt thu hi c c th s dng lm thc n cho ng vt, lm phn hu c hay sn xut
kh t.
Ngoi c ch hp thu dinh dng to ra sinh khi, tch loi cc cht nhim cn c
thc hin thng qua mt s c ch khc.
X l cht hu c.
Cht hu c c chuyn ha thng qua cc qu trnh: ym kh, thiu kh v hiu kh.
Vai tr ca thy thc vt l vt mang cho cc loi vi sinh vt, chng phn hy cc cht hu c
theo cc c ch tng ng vi iu kin mi trng. Do c cung cp oxy t thc vt, vi sinh
vt hiu kh c iu kin pht trin tt hn so vi cc vng thiu oxy, khi mt vi sinh cc
loi l khng u nhau trong mi trng nc v t.
X l hp cht nit.
Ngoi kh nng hp thu hp cht nit ca thc vt, cc qu trnh c lin quan n tch loi
hp cht nit gm: nitrat ha, kh nitrat v bay hi amoniac vo kh quyn. Nitrat ha xy ra
trong ao h nui thc vt, ph thuc vo mt ca chng, cc iu kin khc (oxy, kim) l
~ 31 ~
yu t t b hn ch. Nhn chung, mt vi sinh t dng trong diu kin bnh thng khng cao.
Qu trnh kh nitrat xy ra ch trong iu kin thiu oxy, trong lp nc su hoc bn y v cn
phi c lng cht hu c cn thit. Cng trong iu kin thiu oxy, qu trnh ln men ym
kh l ngun cnh tranh cht hu c vi qu trnh kh nitrat.
Cht hu c cha nit b thy phn, to ra amoni vi mc kh nhanh, v vy thnh phn
hp cht nit trong nc tn ti ch yu dng amoni.
Qu trnh bc hi amoniac vo kh quyn ph thuc vo t nht l ba yu t: dng tn ti l
amoniac, nhit cao v ng lc ca qu trnh chuyn khi. Amoniac tn ti trong iu kin
pH cao, ch xy ra khi ao h cha nhiu to, thc vt chm trong nc, trong lc xy ra quang
hp mnh. Trong khi quang hp, thc vt hp th kh CO2 trong nc lm tng pH ca nc,
iu kin trn lm lch cn bng gia amoniac v amoni, to ra t l thnh phn trung ha ln c
kh nng bay hi.
Nhit tng lm gim kh nng ha tan ca amoniac, thc y qu trnh bc hi.
Sng to, gi mnh thc y qu trnh chuyn khi ca amoniac ln b mt nc v qua lp
mng gianh gii gia nc v kh quyn.
X l hp cht photpho.
Trong h x l ngp nc, hp cht photpho c thc vt hp th, vi sinh vt hp thu, hp
ph v lng trong bn, kt ta thnh dng khng tan. Nhn chung hp cht photpho chuyn ha
v tn ti trong h ngp nc theo chu trnh t nhin kn, ch tch ra khi h theo sinh khi c
thu hoch v vy nn c xu hng tch ly cao trong h. Hp cht photpho dng v c c tnh
linh hot cao hn dng hu c nn d xy ra qu trnh trao i gia nc v lp bn y, tc
qu trnh trao i ph thuc vo nng photpho trong lp nc trn v kh nng gi photpho
ca lp bn, tc l ph thuc vo kh nng hp ph, gii hp ca pha bn y v nc.
Nu lp bn y c tnh axit, th hp cht st v nhm trong bn l tc nhn lu gi photpho,
cn nu lp bn y c tnh kim th cc hp cht canxi, magie ng vai tr lu gi photpho.
Kh nng cung cp photpho cho thc vt trong t (bn) c pH hi thp n trung ha tt hn
l loi t c pH cao.
X l kim loi nng.

Kim loi nng l thnh phn ca lp v tri t, phn ln tn ti dng khng tan (khong
vt). Nng ca cc kim loi nng trong mi trng nc t nhin c quyt nh bi cc qu
trnh: ha tan a ha, phong ha hoc vi sinh vt. nhim ngun nc do kim loi nng c
ngun gc t cc ngnh cng nghip khai khong, luyn kim, c kh, thuc da, ha cht.
~ 32 ~
Mc d l thnh phn khng th thiu trong c th sng, nhng kim loi nng c nguy c gy
c cho c th vi sinh vt. c tnh sinh l v c ch gy c ca kim loi nng l do tnh tch
in, kh nng to phc cht v tnh a ha tr ca chng. Tc dng gy c ca kim loi nng l
che chn cc nhm chc ca cc phn t chc nng nh cc enzym hoc cc phn t c chc
nng vn chuyn oxy, dinh dng, cc ion cho t bo ca c th. Tc dng c hi khc l chng
cnh tranh v thay th cc kim loi l thnh phn ca cc phn t chc nng, qua lm bin
dng, mt hoc hn ch hot ng ca cc phn t .
Thc vt v sinh vt bc thp c kh nng tch ly mt s kim loi nng trong t bo, k c
cc loi cn thit cho c th chng v loi khng cn thit.
Do c tnh ca kim loi nng nn tiu chun thi ca chng c kim sot kh ngt ngho
v x l, cc bin php thng c s dng l hp ph, trao i ion, kt ta hoc cc qu
trnh mng thch hp.
Mt s loi vi khun, thc vt, to, nm c kh nng hp thu mt s kim loi t mi trng
theo c ch ha l (hp ph) hoc trao i cht [25]. Mt vi c ch ha l cng c tc ng gin
tip n trao i cht ca cc c th sng, v d cc phc cht ha hc c th to thnh gia cc
nhm chc cha N, S, O ca t bo vi kim loi nng khi t bo cn ang hot ng hoc
cht. Hin tng trn c th xem l s tch ly kim loi trong c th sinh vt.
Kh nng tch ly (x l) kim loi nng ca vi sinh vt ph thuc vo c trng ha l ca h:
pH ca nc, nhit ca mi trng, bn cht (trng thi ha tr) ca kim loi nng v ph
thuc vo mt lot cc c trng sinh ha ca sinh vt nh cc tc ng lm thay i thnh phn
mng t bo, kh nng ng ha hay tc pht trin sinh khi.
Tch ly kim loi nng trong c th sinh vt, ch yu c th phn loi theo hai c ch: hp
ph (trn thnh t bo, trn polysachrid ngoi bo hoc vi cc cht khc t lin quan n qu
trnh trao i cht xy ra trong t bo) v c ch trao i cht. C ch tch ly kim loi sau lin
quan n trao i v vn chuyn cht xy ra trong t bo. Hp ph xy ra thng l nhanh, trn
c th sng hoc cht. C ch trao i v chuyn vn cht ch xy ra trong c th sng v
thng l vi tc chm nhng vi mc tch ly cao mt s c th sinh vt. Vi c th
sinh vt sng, hai c ch tch ly kim loi nng trn c th xy ra ni tip nhau hoc ng thi.
Hp ph kim loi nng bn ngoi t bo tuy nhanh nhng cng sm b bo ha, ngc li vi
qu trnh tch ly do trao i cht v vn chuyn. Khi qu trnh hp ph t mc bo ha c th
xy ra qua trnh gii hp ph kim loi vo mi trng nc hoc bn. Qu trnh trao i cht xy
ra theo thi gian di, kh nng tch ly cao v chm nhit thp. Mt khc cc t bo sng
ch chu ng c nng kim loi nng vng nng thp.
~ 33 ~
Tch kim loi nng ra khi mi trng t hoc nc c th thc hin qua su c ch ch
yu: bay hi, lng ng ngoi bo, to phc cht ngoi bo, tch ly trong t bo v phn ng
oxy ha kh, hp ph trn b mt t bo [25].
Mt s c th vi sinh vt c kh nng to phc cht c - kim (hu c - kim loi) d bay hi
qua phn ng metyl ha kim loi, to ra hp cht metyl kim loi. V d kh quen thuc l s to
thnh selen metyl t selenat hoc selenid, sn phm to thnh d bay hi l dimetyl selenid,
dimetyl diselenid hay dimetyl selenon [26].
Sa lng ngoi bo c hiu l qu trnh lin quan n mt s vi sinh vt, trong qu trnh trao
i cht, thi ra mt s hp cht c kh nng c nh kim loi nng. V d vi sinh vt kh sunfat
to ra hp cht kh sunfua hydro (H2S, S2-), hp cht ny to thnh kim loi nng - sunfua c
tan rt nh hoc trong iu kin nht nh, vi sinh vt gii phng ra hp cht photphat, mui
photphat ca nhiu kim loi nng cng c tan thp.
To phc cht ngoi bo l qu trnh to ra phc cht gia kim loi nng trong mi trng vi
hp cht hu c do c th sinh vt tng hp nh siderophore, polyme ngoi bo. Hp cht tng
hp sinh ha c i lc cao vi nhiu ion kim loi nng, v d cc polyanion (polyme cha nhiu
nhm chc dng m) c kh nng kt hp tt vi cc ion kim loi tch in dng, polyme cha
cc nhm hydroxyl (OH), carboxyl (COO), nhm chc cha N, S, P u c kh nng to phc
cht kh bn vi kim loi nng.
Tch ly kim loi nng trong t bo l mt qu trnh ch ng, ph thuc vo qu trnh trao
i cht ca t bo c lin quan mt thit n mt qu trnh vn chuyn cht c th no hoc
do s bin ng v thm ca mng t bo c nguyn nhn t tc ng bt bnh thng t bn
ngoi.
Vn chuyn kim loi nng trong t bo thng lin quan n qu trnh in ha tn ti trong
t bo, ph thuc vo chnh lch pH, in th v th nng ca mng t bo. Khi c mt trong
t bo, cc ion kim loi nng s c nh v ti mt v tr no , to phc cht vi protein v
th hin c tnh.
Nhiu c th sinh vt c kh nng oxy ha hoc kh cc ion kim loi trong c th chng,
phn ng oxy ha kh lm gim hoc tng kh nng linh ng ca ion kim loi nng.
Hp ph ion kim loi nng trn b mt cng l mt c ch tch ly kim loi ca vi sinh vt.
Qu trnh hp ph xy ra khng ch vi cc kim loi cn thit m c i vi cc kim loi khng
cn thit cho c th sinh vt. Trn b mt t bo c th xy ra hin tng sa lng hoc to ra lin
kt ha hc gia cc nhm chc ca t bo vi ion kim loi nng (trn thnh hoc mng t bo).
Hp ph trn b mt ca t bo ch yu xy ra theo c ch to phc cht.
X l cht hu c lng vt.
~ 34 ~
C ch x l cht hu c lng vt trong cc ao h ngp nc c nui trng thc vt gm:

phn hy quang ha, bc hi, hp thu hay phn hy sinh hc. Cc c ch trn xy ra ng thi,
t trng ng gp ca tng c ch ty thuc vo iu kin c th ca tng h.
X l mm gy bnh.
Cc ngun mm gy bnh trong nc thi bao gm vi khun, vi rt, giun sn. C ch x l
mm gy bnh gm: lc, hp ph, bc x, n tht ln nhau v to mi trng khng thun li.
Ty thuc loi mm bnh, mc loi b ph thuc vo iu kin c th ca h.
12. 4. Mt s h x l thng dng.
X l nc thi ni chung hay dinh dng ni ring trong cc h t nhin hoc nhn to l s
phi hp ng thi nhiu gii php k thut vi mc ch ng kim sot khng c cht ch
nh trong cc h thng x l cng ngh tiu chun. H x l t nhin c th phn loi theo nhiu
cch: nc x l chy ngm di mt t hoc chy trn trn b mt, lc nhanh hoc chm v
lun c s tham gia ca thc vt do ch ng hay khng ch ng nui trng. Nhiu h c
tiu chun ha, c xc lp x l nc thi (thng cho qui m nh) nhiu quc gia.
12. 4. 1. To v h sinh hc.
To l loi thc vt c kch thc nh, t vi m n khong 100 m (1 mm = 1000 m),

chng sng l lng trong nc v mt s c cht kh nng chuyn ng. To c kch thc nh
trn cn c gi l vi to, chng c cu trc n bo, To c phn thnh cc nhm chnh: to
lc (green algae, chlorophyta), to mt (Euglenophyta), to vng nh (chrysophyta), to gip
(pyrrhophyta), to lam (blue green algae, cyanobacteria). Cng nh cc thc vt khc, to s
dng CO2, HCO3- tng hp sinh khi, trong khi tng hp sinh khi chng cn cn dinh dng
(N, P, K) cng cc nguyn t vi lng khc. Thnh phn ha hc ca sinh khi to (bng 12. 5)
phn no th hin kh nng x l hp cht nit, photpho ca chng.
To kh cha ti 50% protein, cha khong 45% carbon, l cc thnh phn chnh. pht
trin bnh thng, to cn ti khong 20 nguyn t xy dng t bo: 12 nguyn t a lng l:
C, H, N, O, P, S, K, Mg, Ca, Na, Cl (ring i vi to ct, diatom th cn thm Si); 8 nguyn t
vi lng: Fe, Mn, Cu, Zn, Bo, Mo, V, Co. Do thnh phn ha hc ca to rt giu m nn
chng c s dng lm thc n kh ph bin.
S nh c ca tp on to xy ra mt cch th ng, v d lan truyn t ngun nc ny
sang ngun khc, do gi mang li hay t ngun bn no . To t ngun bn c vai tr nht
nh v ngay c khi bn c phi kh lu ngy, to bm trn vn khng cht, sng li khi
~ 35 ~
gp iu kin thun li. To cng c th lan truyn thng qua ng vt: cn trng, cc loi chim
nc, thy cm. To lc l loi n bo, kch thc nh, thng xut hin sm nht trong cc ao
h do gi v khng kh mang ti. Do t l gia din tch v th tch ln ca to lc nn kh nng
hp thu thc n v nh sng cao hn cc loi to c kch thc ln, ko theo l tc pht trin
ca chng rt nhanh. Sau giai on u nh c, t l cc loi to ph thuc vo s cnh tranh
ngun nui dng chng. Rt nhiu loi to c kh nng tn ti dai dng trong nhng iu kin
khng thun li cho s pht trin. Chnh chng l ngun to ging cho cc h nc sau mt thi
gian b phi kh.
Bng 12. 5. Thnh phn dinh dng ca mt s loi to tnh theo khi lng kh (spirulina
platensis VN sn xut ti Vit Nam) [27, 28].
Thnh phn Chlorella Spirulina Spirulina Spirulina Scenedes
maxima platensis platensis acutus
VN
Protein tng (%) 40 - 60 67 67 66 50 - 55 50-56
Gluxit (%) 25 - 35 - - - - -
Lipit (%) 10 - 15 11,5 13 5 12 - 19 12-14
Carbonhydrat - 15,3 14,5 12,5 10 - 15 10-17
(%)
Axit nucleic (%) 6 4,2 4,5 4,3 4-6 4-6
X (%) - 0,1 0,9 - 10 - 12 3-7
Tro (%) 10 - 34 6 7,6 10,3 6-8 6 - 10
Sterol (%) 0,1 - 0,2 - - - - -
Sterin (%) 0,1 - 0,5 - - - - -
B-caroten (%) 0,16 - - - - -
Xanthophyll (%) 3,3 - 3,6 - - - - -
Chlorophyll a (%) 2,2 - - - - -
Chlorophyll b (%) 0,58 - - - - -
Vi tamin -
B1 (mg/g) 18 - - - - -
C (mg/g) 0,3 - 0,6 - - - - -
K (mg/g) 6 - - - - -
B6 (mg/g) 2,3 - - - - -
~ 36 ~
B12 (mg/g) 7-9 - - - - -

B2 (mg/g) 3,5 - - - - -
nh sng c vai tr quan trng cho to pht trin. Nng lng nh sng cn cho to pht trin
l loi nh sng nhn thy c bc sng nm trong vng 400 - 700 nm. Cng nh sng c
nh ngha l dng nng lng ca nh sng chiu trn 1 m2 din tch trong mt giy (Em-2. s-1).
V nh sng s tt dn khi xuyn qua lp nc cho nn cng di su cng nh sng
cng nh. Trong di nh sng nhn thy tn ti nhiu loi nh sng c mu khc nhau. nh sng
mu (bc sng ln, nng lng thp) b nc hp th mnh nn tt nhanh, nh sng mu
vng, lc, lam t b nc hp th nn c kh nng xuyn thu su hn trong nc. Sc t mu
hp th nh sng ca to ch yu l hp cht chlorophyll, cht ny hp th mnh nh sng mu
v mu lc. V vy nhng loi to su trong nc l loi c sc t quang hp ph hp vi
kh nng hp th nh sng c kh nng truyn qua, tc l loi nh sng t b nc hp th.
Cng nh sng cn thit to pht trin nm trong khong 5 - 20 E/(m2. s), ph thuc
vo loi to, tnh trng dinh dng, nhit v cc yu t khc. c mt s hnh dung th
thin v cng nh sng c th dn ra s liu sau: bui tra ngay ti v tr st mt nc cc
vng nhit i, cng nh sng t 200 n1600 E/(m2. s) ty thuc vo thi tit. So snh th
thin cc s liu trn cho thy: pht trin to ch cn khong 1% nh sng t nhin vo bui
tra cc vng nhit i. su ca lp nc m nh sng xuyn ti c 1% gi l im cn
bng, ti qu trnh quang hp (sinh ra cht hu c, quang hp tng th) ngang bng vi qu
trnh h hp (cht hu c b tiu hao do h hp). S pht trin tht s ca to l tc sinh ra
cht hu c, chnh l hiu s ca qu trnh quang hp tng th v s tiu hao do h hp, lp
nc trn im cn bng gi l lp thu quang, trong lp c s pht trin tht s ca to.
Khi ngun nc b c hay c mu, to pht trin chm v ch xy ra vi cm ca lp nc
trn b mt.
Do phi sng di nc nn b my quang hp ca to phi thch hp vi iu kin thiu
nh sng v cng v l do chng s b c ch khi nh sng qu mnh. V d chng b c ch
mt phn khi cng nh sng t 200 - 800 E/(m2. s) v hon ton ngng quang hp khi
cng nh sng vt 1400 E/(m2. s).
S c mt ca to trong ao h t chng cng iu ha v mc nh sng trong nc. V d
khi mt to cao s che chn bt nh sng v hm li s pht trin tip theo ca to, qu trnh
quang hp km i, t sinh ra oxy. Qu trnh c gi l to ra bng mt. Qu trnh to bng
mt cng nh hng n thnh phn loi to trong ao h. V d, di iu kin bng mt loi
to lam pht trin c di iu kin thiu nh sng v vy t trng ca chng tng ln. Mt s
loi to khi b thiu nh sng s tm cch ni ln trn mt nc bng cch lm gim khi lng
ring ca t bo thu c nhiu nh sng.
~ 37 ~
Nh trnh by trn, pht trin to cn ti 12 nguyn t a lng v 8 nguyn t vi

lng. Tt c cc nguyn t trn c to hp thu t mi trng nc (cn gi l s ng ha).
Nhng cht cn thit ny tn ti trong nc vi nng rt khc nhau, bin ng lin tc v t l
gia chng cng thay i v v vy t l gia cc loi to trong mt ao h cng thay i theo thi
gian. Gi s trong mt ao h no c y mi cht cn thit tr mt cht no th khi a
thm cht thiu vo to s pht trin nhanh, tuy vy nu vt qu nhu cu th c th c tc
dng gy c. S pht trin ca to ch thch hp trong mt khong nht nh no , ging nh
trong trng hp ca cng nh sng.
To l loi thc vt d thch nghi vi nhit . Mt s loi c th tn ti v pht trin trong
bng tuyt, mt s c th tn ti nhit ti 70oC. Nhit ti u cho to pht trin ph thuc
vo tng loi c th, ph thuc vo iu kin nh sng v tnh trng dinh dng. i vi phn
ln cc loi to, trong khong nhit 5 - 25oC, tc tng trng ca to tng 1,8 - 3,0 ln khi
nhit tng thm 10oC. Ring i vi to lam, nhit nng m km hm tc pht trin, khi
chng kh cnh tranh vi cc loi to khc.
Trong cc ngun nc giu dinh dng (N, P) to pht trin mnh, mt to cao v ma
nng, gim v ma ng. To l ngun thc n giu dinh dng cho nhiu loi thy ng vt
sng cc tng nc khc nhau k c cc loi ng vt ph du. Nu mc tiu th to thp
hn mc sinh trng ca chng th s to ra trng thi mt cn bng, mt to tng cao. Khi
mt to ln, ban ngy (tri nng) qu trnh quang hp ca to xy ra mnh ko theo tng pH
v hm lng oxy ha tan trong nc. Vo lc gn tt nng pH ca mt s ao h nhiu to c th
ln hn 10, nng oxy ha tan (tc thi) t n 20 mg/l [29].
Vo ban m hoc tri khng nng, qu trnh h hp ca to vt tri so vi quang hp nn
oxy ha tan b tiu th mnh, nng kh CO2 tng ko theo pH gim. l cc iu kin rt
bt li i vi i sng ca cc loi thy ng vt. Thi gian sng ca to khng di, sau mt
chu k chng s cht, xc lng xung y ao h v b phn hy (ym kh), sinh ra cc tp cht c
tnh kh cao (CH4, CO2, H2S...) v thi ra amoniac, photphat t c th chng, xp x bng lng
chng hp thu trc .
Trong cc ao h giu dinh dng, hin tng to pht trin rt mnh trong mt thi gian ngn
- hin tng to bng n hay cn gi l nc n hoa (nc c cc vt mu khc nhau do s c
mt ca to). Hin tng nc n hoa thng i km sau l hin tng to cht hng lot,
trong mt vi trng hp c bit, to c th cht hon ton trong 1 - 2 ngy.
Mt trong nhng loi to ng quan tm trong ngun nc ngt l loi to lam
(Cyanobacteria, blue - green algae) v n thng chim t l cao trong tng sinh khi v ng
gp vo hin tng nc n hoa.
~ 38 ~
Tc dng x l dinh dng ca to l kh nng hp thu to sinh khi. S dng to x l

dinh dng i hi cc bin php kim sot c mt ca to trong mi trng cn x l, tc
l ch ng trong vic tch to ra khi h thng.
H sinh hc c s dng x l nc thi thng l h c thit k trn nn t c
su khc nhau ty thuc vo mc tiu qui nh.
H sinh hc c phn chia da trn tnh trng oxy ha tan trong nc ca h: hiu kh, ty
nghi, ym kh hoc sc kh b xung.
H sinh hc hiu kh thng rt nng, to iu kin cho nh sng xuyn thu ti y, chiu
su ca lp nc nm trong khong 0,3 - 0,6 m. H hiu kh c chiu sng sut ct nc to
iu kin cho to pht trin thun li. H sinh hc c thit k to iu kin ti a cho to pht
trin c gi l h sinh hc cao ti. Khi nim cao ti c s dng ch mc to ra oxy
trong nc do qu trnh quang hp ca to ch khng c trng cho qu trnh trao i cht ca
h. Vi sinh vt hiu kh s dng ngun oxy trn oxy ha cht hu c, amoniac. Do s hot
ng ca to nn mc thng ging pH, nng oxy ha tan trong h hiu kh kh mnh. Thi
gian lu thy lc ca h hiu kh thng l ngn, thng l 5 ngy. Hnh thc x l trn thng
p dng ni c nhiu nng, kh hu m.
H sinh hc ty nghi l loi thng dng v kh linh hot vi su ca lp nc 1,5 - 2,5 m,
cn c gi l h oxy ha hay h n nh. Vi sinh vt hiu kh hot ng lp nc trn, vi
sinh vt ty nghi v ym kh hot ng lp nc su ph thuc vo kh nng khuy o nc
ca gi.
Cc cht rn c lng xung y h. lp nc trn, oxy c cung cp do thm t khng
kh v do to quang hp. H n nh c s dng kim sot nc thi hoc tch tr nc cho
mc ch ti tiu.
H c sc kh b xung thng c chiu su ln hn x l nc thi c nhim cao
hn. Oxy c cp b xung bng cc thit b t ni trn mt nc hay bm ht kh chm.
su ca h nm trong khong 2 - 6 m, thi gian lu thy lc t 3 - 20 ngy. Li th ca loi h
c sc kh b xung l t tn din tch.
H sinh hc ym kh c s dng x l loi nc thi c nhim cao, ch yu l nc
thi cng nghip xa vng dn c. H loi ny khng c vng hiu kh, su nm trong
khong 5 - 10 m, thi gian lu thy lc t 20 - 50 ngy.
Phng php thit k, vn hnh v cc yu t k thut lin quan v h sinh hc c trnh by
trong ti liu [3, 4, 5, 13, 35].
S dng h sinh hc x l nc thi c cc li ch sau:

- Chi ph xy dng thp.
~ 39 ~
- Chi ph vn hnh thp, k nng vn hnh i hi khng cao.

- Mc thi bn thp, chu k thi t 10 - 20 nm.
- D kt hp vi cc loi hnh cng ngh x l khc.
Nhc im ca h sinh hc:
- Tn nhiu din tch.
- Mt to c th cao, kh kim sot nh hng n vic x thi ra ngun nc mt.
- H ym kh thng khng c kh nng m bo tiu chun thi.
- nh hng tiu cc n ngun nc ngm.
- Thit k khng hp l s gy mi [30, 31].
Trong h sinh hc xy ra ng thi v kt hp mt s qu trnh x l tp cht trong nc thi:
hp thu dinh dng ca thc vt (to), bay hi, quang ha v vi sinh vt.
H sinh hc c s dng x l nc thi vi nhiu cp cht lng khc nhau, t x l
s b (ym kh), x l t tiu chun bc hai, bc ba (hiu kh, ty nghi), x l dinh dng thng
qua s pht trin, kim sot to (tch) ti nhiu ni trn th gii, k c cc vng c kh hu n
ha v kt hp ci cc k thut khc [4, 5, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36].
12. 4. 2. H x l nui bo ty.
Thc vt ni dng cho x l nc thi ch yu l bo ty, bo tm, bo hoa du v ng tin

nc.
Bo ty l loi thc vt sng nc ngt, ph bin rng ri trn th gii. Bo ty c s phn
bit r rng gia l, hoa, thn v r cy. Phn gc v r nm trong nc, thn cy bo rt xp v
thng cha mt b phn phnh to ra ng vai tr ca mt phao ni, l bo kh dy. Bo ty n
hoa theo v.
Kch thc ca bo khc nhau, ty thuc vo iu kin kh hu v dinh dng. di ca
bo k t hoa n phn cui r nm trong khong 30 cm n 1,5 m. Bo ty sinh sn theo kiu
nhnh hoc c th gy ging t ht bo. Bo ty a kh hu nng m, thng t chu c khi
nhit xung thp hn 10oC. Tc pht trin ca bo ty rt nhanh, c lit vo mi loi
thc vt c tc pht trin nhanh nht. Tc pht trin ca bo ph thuc vo iu kin: nh
sng, dinh dng trong nc thi, cch nui v yu t mi trng sng.
Tc pht trin ca bo c nh gi theo hai cch: tc che ph mt nc theo thi
gian hoc tng trng khi lng t theo thi gian v din tch. Do nh nn mt khi lng
bo tnh theo din tch thp (10 kg/m2) trong iu kin bnh thng, tuy nhin, c th nui bo
vi mt ti 80 kg/m2. Do c b r di v kh rm, bo ty ng vai tr h tr cho cc loi vi
~ 40 ~
sinh vt pht trin vi t cch l cht mang v r bo ng thm vai tr cht lc lm trong nc.
Vi thn xp, r di, bo c kh nng vn chuyn oxy t l, qua thn n r v vo mi trng
nc rt hiu qu, to iu kin cho vi sinh vt hiu kh tng nc su hot ng.
Kh nng thm oxy t kh quyn trong cc ao bo c mt nui trng cao b hn ch do b
che chn bi l v thn bo.
Tc dng loi b dinh dng ca bo da trn hai c trng chnh l tc tng sinh khi v
hm lng protein cao trong sinh khi ca bo (15 - 22%). V l do , tc thu hoch bo s
nh hng trc tip n kh nng x l dinh dng ca h [37, 38, 39].
Bo ty l loi thy thc vt c s dng rng ri nht trong cc ao h x l nc thi. Ao
h cha bo dng x l c th chia ra lm ba loi da trn c trng tnh trng oxy ha tan
trong nc: hiu kh t nhin, hiu kh c b xung thm oxy v loi ty nghi.
H hiu kh t nhin c kh nng x l nc thi t mc cp hai hoc x l hp cht nit
ph thuc vo mc nhim hu c ca nc thi, l loi thng dng nht hin nay. u
im ca loi ao hiu kh t nhin l t sinh ra rui mui, cn trng, t gy mi hi.
Vi cc ao h c v tr khng qu nhy cm vi mi, h nui bo c th sc kh b xung x
l cc dng thi c mc nhim hu c cao v tit kim din tch.
Loi h nui bo ty nghi c hiu qu x l cao, chu c loi nc thi c nhim ln.
Nhc im chnh ca n l gy mi v hp dn mui, cn trng.
Bo c tc dng hn ch hay ngn chn to pht trin do che chn nh sng t trn b mt
hoc kt hp vi h sinh hc cao ti tch loi to nhm tn dng kh nng x l dinh dng
ca to [32, 39].
Thng s k thut dng thit k ao h nui bo gm: thi gian lu thy lc, su ca lp
nc, cu hnh ca ao h, ti lng hu c v ti lng thy lc.
Thi gian lu thy lc ph thuc vo ti lng hu c, ti lng thy lc v chiu su ca lp
nc. Ti lng hu c l yu t quan trng nht.
su ca lp nc l yu t kim sot mc trn nc theo chiu dc, lp nc cng su
kh nng trn cng km. su ca lp nc cn m bo sao cho nc thi c c iu kin
tip xc vi r ca bo, ni m vi sinh vt bm trn . Chiu su ca lp nc c thit k
theo mc ch cht lng thi hay i tng cn x l, gi tr c trng c ghi trong bng 12.
6.
H x l bao gm nhiu ngn ni tip nhau, su ca cc ngn cui thng c thit k
ln hn do r bo c xu hng pht trin hn v chiu di khi kh nng cp dinh dng gim.
thch nghi vi iu kin bin ng ca thy vn a phng, h nui bo cn c thit k
u x c kh nng iu chnh c mc nc trong h.
~ 41 ~
Bng 12. 6. Thng s k thut c trng thit k h nui bo ty, bo tm v hiu qu k vng
[11].
Thng s Dng ao h nui bo

Hiu kh Hiu kh b Ty nghi Bo tm
t nhin xung oxy x l N, P
Nc u vo Tch rc Tch rc Sau x l Sau h sinh
hay cn hay cn bc 2 hc ty nghi
BOD vo, mg/l 130-180 130-180 30 40
Ti lng BOD, 45-90 170-340 12-45 22-35
kg. ha-1. d-1
Chiu su lp 0,5-1,0 1,0-1,3 0,6-0,9 1,3-2,0
nc, m
Thi gian lu 10-36 4-8 6-18 20-25
thy lc, d
Ti thy lc, 0,02-0,06 0,09-0,27 0,04-0,16 0,06-0,09
m3. m-2. d-1
Nhit , oC >10 > 10 > 10 >7
Chu k thu theo nm 2 ln/thng 2 ln/thng 1 ln/thng hoc
hoch hay ma 1 ln/tun cho x
l dinh dng
Cht lng nc sau x l (k vng)
BOD, mg/l < 20 < 15 < 10 < 30
Cn, mg/l < 20 < 15 < 10 < 30
TN, mg/l < 15 < 15 <5 < 15
TP, mg/l <6 <1-2 <2-4 <6
Cu hnh ca ao nui bo ty thng s dng l hnh ch nht ni tip nhau. Quay vng nc
v phn phi nc vo theo kiu chia dng vo cc ao c s dng nhm gim nng tp
cht hu c ti vng xung quanh r bo, tng cng qu trnh chuyn khi n r bo, gim mc
gy mi.
Ti lng hu c p dng cho ao nui bo ty nm trong khong rng, t 10 - 300 kg. ha-1
trong ngy. Nu ao khng c sc kh b xung, mi s xut hin vi ti lng 160 kg. ha -
1
/ngy. Mi hi cng xut hin ngay c vi ti lng thp hn nu trong nc thi c cha
~ 42 ~
sunfat vi nng cao hn 50 mg/l. Vi ao nui bo t nhin, ti lng khng nn vt qu 100

- 110 kg. ha-1/ngy.
Ti thy lc p dng cho ao nui bo ty nm trong khong rt rng: t 240 n 3600 m 3. ha-
1
/ngy i vi nc thi sinh hot. t cht lng thi bc hai trong ao bo c sc kh b
xung, ti lng c th p dng l 1000 m3. ha-1/ngy. Tuy vy, ti lng hu c quyt nh ti
lng thy lc.
Nc phn b ti u vo v ra khi ao c b tr sao cho u, tn dng c ti a din
tch mt nc, trnh cc gc cht do dng nc lun c xu hng i tt. Nc u vo c th
phn b di mt lp nc, phn b gia cc ao ni tip nhau c th phn b hoc trn hoc
di mt nc. Ni thu nc c t v tr cch xa nht so vi ni nc vo.
Trn din tch ao bo d xy ra s t tp v sinh sn ca mui v cc loi cn trng, chnh
l mt trong cc iu kin quyt nh chn la v tr xy dng. Kim sot mt mui nhm
ngn chn lan truyn bnh tt bng cch p dng cc gii php.
- Nui cc loi c n mui.
- S dng cc bin php tin x l gim bt ti lng hu c cho ao bo nhm duy tr c
iu kin hiu kh ca ao.
- Phn b u vo theo kiu chia dng hoc hi lu nc gim ti lng hu c.
- Rt ngn chu k thu hoch bo.
- Phun nc vo bui ti ln l bo.
- S dng ha cht dit mui.
- B xung thm oxy cho ao bng cch sc kh.
- S dng tc nhn sinh hc dit mui.
C bt mui c th cht trong iu kin nc thiu oxy (ym kh) trong cc ao bo chu ti
lng hu c cao. Ao c mt bo cao l iu kin thun li cho mui pht trin.
Tn xut thu hoch bo ph thuc vo cht lng nc i hi sau x l, tc pht trin ca
bo. Thu hoch bo to iu kin cho chng pht trin tip, tc l tng cng x l dinh dng
do qu trnh nitrat ha v kh nitrat ch ng gp mt phn khng ln vo qu trnh loi b hp
cht nit [38, 39, 41].
Tch loi photpho ch yu nh vo tch loi sinh khi ca bo. Chu k thu hi bo c th hp
l l 3 - 4 tun/ln.
Bo thu hoch thng c phi kh hoc lm phn hu c, tuy nhin do lng nc trong
bo ln nn cn phi kh trc khi trnh nc (cha dinh dng) tit ra t bo.
Kh nng tch kim loi nng trong ao bo trc ht l do hp ph trn cc cn khng tan v
thn cy v r bo. Kh nng hp thu kim loi nng ca bo khng cao, hm lng kim loi nng
~ 43 ~
trong t bo ca bo thp. Kim loi nng c th c tit ra t cn sa lng khi mi trng thay
i th oxy ha kh.
12. 4. 3. H x l nui bo tm.
Bo ty c s dng rng ri x l nc thi do kh nng hp thu ln cc cht dinh

dng (bng 12. 3), tuy vy hiu qu kinh t ca sn phm nui trng khng c hp dn, t
thy hiu qu khc ngoi tc dng lm phn bn hu c.
Bo tm (duckweeds, lemonacaea) l loi thc vt ni, kch thc nh, phn b rng nhiu
vng trn th gii, sng trong nc ngt. H bo tm gm 4 ging: wolffiella, wolffia, lemna,
spirodela v c th phn lp c t nht l 37 loi [6]. Kch thc ca bo tm kh nh: l c
chiu rng 1 - 3 mm, r ngn hn 10 mm, khng c s phn bit r gia l v thn. Tc pht
trin ca bo tm cao hn bo ty (30%), mc che ph din tch mt nc c th tng gp i
trong thi gian 4 ngy trong iu kin thng thng.
Do r ngn nn bo tm khng hoc t ng gp vo vic cp oxy cho nc, mt khc do tc
lan ph mt nc nhanh nn ao bo tm thng nm trong tnh trng thiu oxy. Do ni v
nh, bo tm d b gi thi tt vo ven b hoc b tn mt khi mt bo thp. So vi bo ty,
bo tm chu lnh tt hn, n c th tn ti v pht trin nhit ln hn 7oC.
Cc ging bo tm khc nhau c hm lng nit (protein) khc nhau (bng 12. 4), bng 12. 7
so snh hm lng protein gia cc bo tm v bo ty c nui trong nc thi (quan h gia
protein v nit: 1 g N = 6,25 g protein).
Tc pht trin ca bo tm b nh hng bi cc yu t: nh sng, nhit , pH v iu
kin dinh dng. Trong nc thi nng amoniac v hydro sunfua cao cng nh hng n tc
pht trin ca bo. Cc yu t nu trn nh hng khc nhau ln tng loi bo, v vy khi
chn loi bo nui, tt nht l s dng ging sn c a phng, loi thch nghi vi iu
kin sn c.
Bng 12. 7. Hm lng nit v protein trung bnh trong bo ty, bo tm [13].
Thnh phn Khi lng kh %

Bo ty Bo tm
Protein th 18,1 38,7
Hm lng N 2,9 5,9
Photpho (P) 0,6 0,6
~ 44 ~
Do khng c s phn bit r rng gia l v thn bo nn phn ln t bo ca bo tm tch

cc tham gia vo qu trnh quang hp. Do cc iu kin sinh trng khc nhau nn sn lng
bo ti cc a phng cng khc nhau, t 11 - 50 tn/ha bo kh. Sn lng bo thng thy
nm trong khong 15 - 30 tn/ha.
Hm lng protein trong bo khng nhng ph thuc vo ging bo m cn ph thuc vo
iu kin v tc sinh trng.
Trong ngun nc t nhin, hm lng protein th trong bo nm trong khong gi tr 14 -
26%, nui trong nc thi th hm lng protein cao hn, t 29 n 41% khi lng kh. So
snh vi phn ln cc cy trng khc (bng 12. 2), bo tm l ngun sn xut m rt c tim
nng, v vy n c quan tm v mt dinh dng, v phng din thc n cho ng vt.
Ging bo tm Wolffia arrhiza thm ch cn c s dng lm thc n cho ngi ti
Myanma, Lo v min bc Thi Lan [6]. Loi bo ny cho thu hoch 2000 kg/ha vi phng
php nui trng rt n gin trong ao h, khng cn cung cp thm phn bn.
Trong cc h sinh thi kt hp, bo tm c s dng lm thc n cho mt s loi c nc
ngt: r phi, trm c v mt s loi c khc. Bo tm c th cho c n ti hoc kt hp vi thc
n khc trong cc ao nui thm canh. Bo cng c th sy kh v to vin lm thc n cho c
hoc phi trn trong thnh phn thc n tng hp.
S dng bo tm x l nc thi c cc u im [6]:
- Bo tm c kh nng hp thu dinh dng cao, tc pht trin nhanh nn hiu qu x l hp
cht nit v photpho ln. Tc pht trin ca bo t nhy cm bi nhit , mc nhim
ca nc thi, dao ng ca pH; t b nhim bnh.
- Bo tm c kh nng chu ng vi nng kh cao ca cht ty ra trong nc thi sinh hot.
- Bo tm c kh nng hp thu, tch ly v phn hy mt s cht hu c kh sinh hy, k c mt
s kim loi nng. Tch ly kim loi nng l yu t bt li nu chng c s dng lm thc n
cho gia sc, gia cm hay cho cc ng vt khc.
- Do c hm lng protein cao, t x nn c th s dng lm ngun thc n giu dinh dng v
d tiu ha i vi phn ln cc vt nui: ln, ng vt nhai li, g, vt, c.
- Thu hoch bo tm kh n gin so vi cc loi thy thc vt khc.
- H nc c ph kn bo tm c tc dng ngn cn s pht trin ca to, to ra iu kin tnh
gip thc y qu trnh lng ca cc cht rn l lng, lm trong nc.
- Ao c ph bo hn ch s pht trin ca mui v hn ch mi pht sinh.
- Trong cc vng thiu nc, thm bo tm c tc dng ngn chn mt phn nc bc hi nhm
tch tr nc cho mc ch ti tiu.
~ 45 ~
Vi cc u im trn, bo tm c s dng x l nc thi vi hiu qu kh tt M,

Trung Quc, Bangladesh.
Ao bo tm c s dng x l cc loi nc thi: sinh hot, ch bin sa, x l bc ba t
nc thi x l th cp, t cc h sinh hc n nh v nc nui thy sn [32, 35, 36 38, 40].
Tc dng x l cht hu c sinh hy (BOD), cn khng tan trong ao nui bo tm da trn
hot ng ca vi sinh vt, tng t nh trong h sinh hc ty nghi. Do b che chn bi bo v
bo khng c kh nng cp oxy cho nc nn cc loi vi sinh hiu kh hot ng km v mt
to cng rt thp li cng hn ch kh nng pht trin ca vi sinh hiu kh. Kh nng x l BOD
ca ao bo tm b hn ch.
Trong ao bo tm, qu trnh kh nitrat thun li, qu trnh nitrat ha b hn ch do thiu oxy.
Bo tm c kh nng hp thu tt amoniac nn hiu qu x l ph thuc ch yu vo tc thu
hi sinh khi.
Kh nng x l photpho ca ao bo da trn kh nng hp thu v thu hoch sinh khi.
X l kim loi nng trong ao bo tm da trn c ch hp thu ca thc vt, hp ph v kt
ta.
X l vi sinh gy bnh trn c s: cht t nhin, lng, n tht ln nhau, hp ph v phi nhim
tia cc tm.
Do kh nng x l BOD ca ao bo tm khng cao nn mun t c tiu chun thi th
cp, ao bo tm cn c x l kt hp vi h sinh hc hiu kh hoc ty nghi.
Ao bo tm c kh nng rt tt v phng din lm trong nc do cc thm bo duy tr c
trng thi nc lng v ngn cn s pht trin ca to. Khi c bo che ph, to ch c th tn
ti thm c 6 - 10 ngy th cht v lng xung y ao.
Hiu qu x l dinh dng ca bo tm ph thuc vo tc thu hi v pht trin: mt
nui thch hp l 1,2 - 3,6 kg/m2 v tc pht trin ti u l khong 0,5 kg. m-2/ngy. Gi thit
l sn lng bo thu hoch c l 20 tn/ha/nm, hm lng nit trong bo l 60%, vy lng
nit tch loi c l 1200 kg. ha-1/nm, lng photpho tch c s l 120 kg. ha-1/nm do tch
sinh khi ra khi ao.
Bo tm c kh nng hp thu mt s kim loi nng: 27 g Zn, 10g Pb, 5,5 g Ni/1g khi
nng ca cc kim loi trn l 10 mg/l.
Thng s thit k ao bo tm c trnh by trong bng 12. 7. khi s dng x l ngun
nc thi t h sinh hc ty nghi.
Thit k ao bo tm tng t nh ao bo ty, tuy vy cn phi s dng cc khoang chn (ni)
hn ch s tn mn ca bo do gi thi.
~ 46 ~
Do kh nng x l BOD ca ao bo tm khng cao, kh nng hp thu dinh dng ca bo tm

tt nn c th kt hp x l nc thi gia phng php ym kh v bo tm tn dng c
th mnh ca hai phng php, gim gi thnh x l. Kt hp x l ym kh v nui bo rt
thch hp cho vng c kh hu nng m. Li th ca t hp hai k thut trn l [6]:
- Thit k ao bo tm da trn qu trnh tch loi dinh dng, khng cn ch ti ti lng hu
c s lm gim ng k thi gian lu thy lc ca h - gim din tch ao nui bo.
- Thnh phn cht hu c c phn hy trc trong giai on x l ym kh thc y kh
nng hp thu dinh dng ca bo.
- Trong qu trnh x l ym kh, thnh phn dinh dng trong cht thi rn c gii phng vo
nc cung cp cho bo.
- C k thut ym kh ln nui bo u d thit k cho qui m x l khng tp trung vng nng
thn v cc khu dn c nh.
Vi cc loi nc c mc nhim cao t cc qu trnh ch bin nng sn hay hot ng
cng nghip: ung, git m, sa, chn nui, sau x l ym kh cn cha hm lng cht dinh
dng cao, s dng ao bo tm x l tip c th coi l bin php thu hi gin tip cc cht dinh
dng t nc thi.
Bo tm l mt khu quan trng trong h tng hp. H tng hp c nh ngha l s t hp
cc qu trnh v vn hnh chng vi mc tiu s dng ti u cc ngun li ti nguyn thng qua
ti s dng cht thi: thu hi, ti s dng nng lng v cc sn phm c ch khc. Cc qu trnh
chuyn ha cc ngun thi khc nhau c thc hin sao cho t phi s dng thm nng lng,
nguyn liu, h thng tng hp t ti kh nng t tha mn. vng nng thn ca chu , rt
nhiu m hnh tng hp c thc hin trong sn xut nng nghip t nhiu i nay, v d m
hnh vn - ao - chung Vit Nam c p dng kh ph bin t vi chc nm trc. H tng
hp kh thc hin i vi cc vng c mt dn c cao, v d trong cc thnh ph, do mc
tiu th v thi ln, trng thi cn bng kh thit lp.
Ao bo c th ng vai tr trong h tng hp v phng din ti s dng cht thi. V d mt
h tng hp s dng ao bo tm hot ng theo s : cht thi t chn nui, b pht c
ym kh sn xut biogas, nc thi t x l ym kh c s dng nui bo tm, bo tm
c s dng nui gia sc, gia cm v c, nc nui c c s dng ti cho cy trng;
gia sc, cy trng, c thu hoch c l ngun thc n nui cng ng dn c.
Mt h t hp nh trn c trin khai thc hin x l nc thi ti n , Colombia,
Brazil.
Ngun nc ngy cng tr nn thiu i vi sn xut v cuc sng, ti s dng nc thi s
tr thnh vn cp thit nhm b p cho nhu cu ngy cng tng, c bit i vi cc vng
kh cn. Nng nghip l ngnh sn xut s dng ti 90% nc, 10% cn li c s dng cho
~ 47 ~
hot ng cng nghip v i sng. Nc s dng trong sn xut nng nghip dng cho mc
ch ti tiu. Ti s dng nc thi s b p c mt phn nhu cu s dng trong sn xut
nng nghip.
Ao bo tm c tc dng n nh nc thi cho mc ch ti tiu v n c kh nng loi b
c nhiu yu t gy nh hng bt li cho cc cy trng khc nh gim mui, cc khong
cht tan, gim bt s pht trin ca to.
Mc d bo tm c kh nng hp thu dinh dng, cnh tranh vi cc cy trng khc, tuy vy
nhu cu dinh dng ca cc cy trng ph thuc vo thi k pht trin nn vic b xung thm
dinh dng vo nc thi sau khi x l vi bo tm cng khng kh khn. Nc thi sau x l
vi bo tm cha nng dinh dng thp (N, P) l yu t c li i vi thy ng vt v gim
thiu nhim cho nc ngm.
12. 4. 4. H x l trng thm lau sy.
Vo thp k 70 v 80, Seidel v Kickuth pht hin kh nng x l nc thi ca h cy lau,

sy khi nc c lc qua thm thc vt trn. Loi thc vt trn c kh nng x l ng thi
nhiu thnh phn cht gy nhim: cht hu c d phn hy, kh phn hy, hp cht nit,
photpho, kim loi nng. Nc thi c nhim hu c rt khc nhau, t loi nh (BOD < 45),
loi trung bnh (BOD: 45 - 300), loi nng (BOD: 300 - 3000, rt nng (BOD > 3000) u c th
x l vi thm lau, sy [42].
Thc vt c s dng cho mc ch trn gm cy sy (Phragmites australis), cy c nn
(Typha latifolia), c hng b (Schoenoplectus lacustris) (hnh 12. 1. 12. 2, 12. 3).
c im ni bt ca cc loi thc vt k trn l phn thn cy c xp ln, b r mc kiu
chm cha nhiu si rt nh. Vi cu trc nh vy, vic vn chuyn oxy t l qua thn n r rt
thun li, t r oxy thm nhp vo mi trng t, nc xung quanh n. Mi trng t quanh r
cha nhiu oxy to iu kin tt cho vi sinh vt hiu kh pht trin, vng t xa r t oxy l iu
kin cho vi sinh vt ym kh tn ti. Kt qu l vng t trng loi thc vt trn tn ti ng thi
cc iu kin mi trng: hiu kh, thiu kh v ym kh, trong mi trng cc qu trnh x l
hp cht hu c, nit, photpho xy ra. R cy pht trin to iu kin tng thm nc ca t.
Pha trn mt t, mt cy rt ln, ti 500/m2, ng vai tr lp lc khi nc chy qua v ng
vai tr cht mang cho vi sinh vt.
~ 48 ~
Hnh 12.1. Cy sy
Hnh 12. 2. Cy c nn
~ 49 ~
Hnh 12. 3. Cy c hng b.
Mt vi sinh vt trong cc h x l trng cc loi thc vt trn cao hn nhiu so vi vng

khng c cy trng, trn r cao hn so vi lp gi (si) m cy mc trn (bng 12. 8).
Bng 12. 8. So snh mt vi sinh vt trn gi v vng r ca thc vt trong h x l nc

chy ngm [42].
Mi trng Vi khun Actinomycet Nm

Si khng trng cy a) 0.6. 106 3,1. 104 1,0. 103
Si trng c nn a) 1,6. 106 1,4. 105 4,0. 103
R c nn b) 3,5. 106 2,5. 106 2,8. 104
Si trng cy sy a) 1,2. 107 2,8. 105 1,1. 105
R cy sy b) 6,6. 109 1,3. 106 1,6. 106
Ghi ch: a) n v cfug-1 khi lng kh, b) cfug-1 khi lng t.
S liu ca bng 12. 8 cho thy, mt vi sinh vt r cy sy hay c nn cao hn trn si

khng trng cy t 103 - 104; chng t vai tr ca thc vt trong h, vi sinh vt trong ch yu
l vi khun. Mc d mt vi khun cao nhng hot tnh enzym ca n i vi c cht khng
cao nn chng ch c th phn hy cht hu c c cu trc n gin. Ngc li, nm v
actinomycetes c kh nng thy phn cht hu c cao, chng c kh nng tit ra cc loi enzym:
amylase, proteasa, chitinasa, xylanasa v cellulase.
~ 50 ~
Vi nhng c im nu, h thm thc vt h sy c tc dng x l nc thi trn nhiu

phng din, k c tch loi cc vi khun gy bnh thng qua cc c ch xy ra trong h (bng
12. 9).
Do nhiu c ch tc dng ng thi v trong thc t c th s dng ba dng k thut thc hin
l chy ngm, lc xui v chy trn trn b mt thm thc vt, h lau sy c th s dng cho cc
i tng nc thi khc nhau. K thut chy ngang di lp thc vt, nc thi tip xc vi
vng r cy, c s dng x l nc thi bc ba (sau x l bc hai). K thut lc xui qua
nhiu tng c p dng x l nc thi c nhim cao. K thut chy trn b mt c
s dng x l nc thi cha kim loi nng, n nh pH (nc thi khai thc m).
Bng 12. 9. C ch x l cc thnh phn nhim trong nc thi ca h thc vt lau, sy

[42].
Thnh phn tp C ch x l
cht
Cn khng tan Lng, lc, hp ph
BOD Lng, lc, phn hy to ra sn phm CO2,
H2O, NH3 do cc vi sinh vt bm trn cy, r
v lp m.
Hp cht nit Ch yu do nitrat ha - kh nitrat.
Oxy ha amoniac bi vi sinh trong vng hiu
kh. Kh nitrat, nitrit trong vng thiu kh.
Mt phn nh c thc vt hp th.
Hp cht photpho Hp ph, to phc, kt ta trong lp m do
mui Al, Fe, Ca v st. Mt phn nh do thc
vt hp th
Kim loi nng Kt ta do thay i pH; lng v hp ph trn
mng vi sinh bm trn cy v r.
Vi khun gy bnh Lng, lc, cht, tiu dit ln nhau. Cht khng
sinh tit ra t r v thn cy cht.
Do tng cng kh nng thm nc nh b r cy v mi trng hiu kh xung quanh r nn

h x l trn cng c s dng c c bn, x l bn thi.
~ 51 ~
Trong thc t, cy sy c dng ph bin nht chu u [43, 44, 45], cy c nn c s

dng nhiu M v Anh vi k thut chy trn x l kim loi. C hai loi thc vt trn u
t ra c hiu qu i vi nc thi c nhim khc nhau, t mc nhim nh n mc
nng. Vi nc thi c nhim rt cao, h lau sy cha c s dng nh gi hiu qu v
kh nng p ng ca chng, tuy vy c th cho rng k thut n gin trn kh t hiu qu tt
nu khng c b xung thm oxy.
12. 4. 4. 1. Thm lau sy lc ngang.
K thut lc ngang (cn gi l lc ngm, subsurface flow) bao gm mt tng lc si hoc t,

lau sy c trng trn tng lc . Si, t trong tng lc c gi ngp trong nc thi vi
mc nc thp hn 5 cm so vi mt lp lc. S h lc ngang c trnh by trong hnh 12. 4.
si, vng
nc vo
thu nc
si, vng
ra ao phn b
nc
Tng lc
ng thu nc iu Hng ca dng nc

chnh c cao
Hnh 12. 4. S h lc ngang (lc ngm) trn thm lau sy.
Di lp t, lc c xy dng mt lp khng thm nc. Ti u vo v u thu nc

cn b tr mt khoang cha (tt nht l vi vi kch thc hp l 3 - 5 cm) nhm mc ch
phn b u nc. ng thu nc cn b tr iu chnh mc nc trong h lc.
Ph thuc vo mc ch x l, mc nhim ca dng thi, thng s thit k h x l c
p dng khc nhau. p dng h x l nc thi bc ba hay nc thi c nhim thp,
chiu di ca lp lc cn 5 - 10 m, x l nc thi t bc hai vi mc nhim ca dng vo,
BOD > 300 mg/l cn chiu di ca lp lc ti 70 m, thm lc c th c chia ra lm nhiu
on. Thi gian lu thy lc ca h c th ti nhiu ngy.
Din tch ca thm lc l thng s u tay ca h lc v c tnh t phng trnh theo
xut ca Kickuth [42]:
~ 52 ~
Q(ln Co ln Ce )
A (12-1)
k
A: din tch ca thm lc (m2), Q: lu lng lc hng ngy (m3/ngy), Co: BOD trung bnh
ca dng vo, Ce: nng BOD sau x l (mg/l), k: hng s tc (m/ngy).
Gi tr ca k ph thuc vo tnh sinh hy ca tp cht hu c trong nc thi v tnh nng ca
vt liu lc. Nhiu cng trnh nghin cu x l nc thi sinh hot xut gi tr k, theo din
tch lc cn thit cho mt ngi tng ng (person equivalent - 200 lit nc sinh hot/u
ngi) l t 3 - 5 m2/ngi [43, 44, 45, 46].
Tit din lc (chiu rng chiu su) ca tng lc c tnh trn c s nh lut thm ca
Darcy:
Q
AL (12-2)
k L .dH / dS
A: Tit din lc (m2); Q: Lu lng lc (m3. s-1), kL: Tc thm ca tng lc (m3. m-2. s-1 =
m. s-1); dH/dS: chnh lch thy lc (5%). Anh, gi tr k L c s dng l 10-3m. s-1. Theo
Kickuth th gi tr kL < 10-4m. s-1 nhm trnh s cun tri ca tng lc v duy tr c cc iu
kin hiu kh, thiu kh v ym kh trong tng lc. Mt cy trng dy s tng c hiu qu
x l.
Ph thuc vo iu kin c th, cc tiu chun thit k h lc ngang ca tng vng c thit
lp v p dng, v d tiu chun thit k h x l dng lau sy ca c (Abwassertechnische
Vereinigung eV. (ATV) nm 1998) hng dn thit k nhm mc ch x l BOD, i vi qui
m ti 1000 ngi tng ng c trnh by trong bng 12. 10.
Thng s thit k h x l ch c gi tr trong tng trng hp c th, chng thay i trong
khong rng khi mc tiu x l t ra khc nhau (v d x l nit, photpho, x l bn), iu kin
thc hin khc nhau (nng m, thi k kh hay ma, t hp vi cc phng php x l khc [48,
49, 50]. Vi cc thng s thit k ghi trong bng 12. 10, nc thi sau x l t: BOD 40 mg/l,
COD 150 mg/l.
Hiu qu x l ca h cao i vi BOD, P, tuy nhin kh nng x l hp cht nit b hn ch,
c bit v ma lnh [43, 45].
Tng t trng trt v c trng ca n cng nh hng n hiu qu x l ca h. Vt liu
c th s dng l si nh, ct hoc hn hp ca c hai, i khi mt lng nh t st (5%) c
b xung thm tng kh nng hp ph photpho. Lc ngang cn chiu su ( 80 cm) v vy din
tch lc trong trng hp cn thp hn (2,5 m2 so vi 5 m2). Tng lc xui ch cha khng
qu 2% st nhm m bo thm ca lp lc.
~ 53 ~
Bng 12. 10. Tiu chun thit k h x l trng lau sy theo ATV, A 262, 1998 i vi nc
thi sinh hot [45].
Thng s H lc lau sy
Chiu lc Lc ngang Lc xui
X l s b (lng s cp) C C
Vt liu lc Ct, si nh Ct, si nh
Tc thm kL (m. s-1) 10-3-10-4 10-3-10-4
Chiu cao lp lc (cm) 50 80
Din tch lc (m2/ngi) 5 2,5
Ti lng thy lc ti a (mm/ngy) 40 60
Thc vt Cy sy Cy sy
trnh gy tc tng lc, nc thi trc khi x l cn c tch khi thnh phn cht rn v
cn c kim tra trong khi vn hnh. Nhm tng cng hiu qu x l i vi c cc thnh
phn tp cht khc, cc bin php vn hnh c th p dng l: ngt on, thay i lu lng, b
xung thm kh, hn ch ngun nc ma vo h hoc phi hp thm vi cc k thut x l khc
[44, 49].
12. 4. 4. 2. Thm lau sy lc xui.
H x l lc xui c b tr tng t nh mt b lc trng lc thng dng, iu khc bit

duy nht l thc vt c trng trn lp lc, r cy nm trong lp lc. Vt liu lc s dng cng
tng t nh trong trng hp lc ngang (xem bng 12. 10).
Ngun oxy cp cho h lc t khng kh khuych tn vo tng lc qua cc ng dn c l cm
su trong tng lc, qua vn chuyn t l cy qua thn n r. Ty thuc vo mc nhim ca
nc thi, h lc xui c th b tr theo kiu lc mt, hai hay ba giai on, mi giai on bao
gm nhiu tng lc ging nhau, c th su tng lc giai on mt, bn giai on hai v ba
giai on th ba [42]. H lc xui thng hot ng ngt qung, c chen gia thi gian ngng.
Trong thi gian hot ng, mt lp lc dn b tc bi cc cht rn trong nc thi, dn n tc
qu trnh lc. Trong thi gian dng hot ng khong mt tun, cht rn hu c tch t trn lp
lc b phn hy v tr li tnh lc cho tng lc. So vi lc ngang, kh nng cp oxy ca tng lc
xui tt hn. Cho ti nay, thng s s dng thit k ch yu l yu t ti thy lc, vic thit
~ 54 ~
k c hiu qu cn phi da vo kinh nghim hoc cc tiu chun c xy dng t cc cng

trnh nghin cu cng phu (bng 12. 10) [43, 45, 51, 52].
Trng i hc Birmingham (Anh) nghin cu hiu qu x l ca gn 200 h vi gi tr BOD
nm trong khong 125 - 5075 mg/l, kt qu thu c cho thy: gim BOD t 5000 mg/l
xung di 50 mg/l cn ti h thng x l su giai on, hiu qu loi b hp cht nit cng
ng k.
So snh gia hai k thut lc ngang v lc xui v mt hiu qu x l nc thi sinh hot ti
nhiu h thng hot ng chu u cho thy: h hc ngang c kh nng x l 80 - 90% BOD,
nng BOD u ra t 20 mg/l, hiu qu tch loi nit t 20 - 30%, tch loi photpho t 30 -
40%. Hiu qu x l theo phng php lc xui hai giai on i vi BOD t 93%, cht rn
khng tan 90%, amoniac 75% v photphat n t 37% [42].
Hai k thut trn c th phi hp x l nc thi, v d hng Aquafin (B) thit lp h x
l gm hai h ni tip lc xui v lc ngang k tip nhau [43]. Hiu qu x l nc thi sinh
hot rt cao (COD: 89%, BOD: 98%). Tch loi cht hu c ch yu xy ra giai on lc xui
(COD: 85%, BOD: 96%). Hiu qu x l cht hu c khng suy gim ma ng. Hiu qu x
l BOD gim khi b mt lp lc b tc. Tc b mt lc c lin quan ch yu n h lc xui, gy
ra bi cc nguyn nhn: s lng, cu trc ca tng lc v chu k hot ng - dng ngh.
Hiu qu x l photpho ca h rt cao, trong giai on khi ng t ti 100%, sau 7 thng
hot ng hiu qu x l gim, dao ng quanh 71%. Mc gim hiu qu x l photpho l do
nguyn nhn cc trung tm hp ph photpho trong tng lc bo ha, kh nng tch loi
photpho sau l do thc vt hp th v kt ta ha hc. Suy gim photpho trc ht xy ra h
lc xui, tip theo trong h l lc ngang.
Hiu qu tch hp cht nit t trung bnh 53% (nc u vo 15,8 10 mg TN/l). Trong ma
h, qu trnh nitrat ha xy ra kh trit ti b lc xui v gim hn vo ma ng. Qu trnh
kh nitrat trong h lc ngang xy ra chm nh hng n hiu qu tch loi hp cht nit ca c
h. Nguyn nhn l phn ln BOD b phn hy giai on lc xui.
H phi hp hai k thut trn t ra thch hp cho x l nc thi qui m nh.
H lau sy c p dng x l bn. Bn tch ly trn b mt tng lc c tip tc phn
hy. Nc tch ra t bn c lc qua v phn hy trong tng lc. R cy trong tng lc to iu
kin cho nc thm qua tng. Thng s thit k cho h x l bn ch yu l thi gian lu ca
bn trong h [44, 50, 53].
K thut chy trn qua thm lau sy c s dng tch b kim loi nng nh s thay i
pH v oxy ha. Kim loi kt ta dng tan c hp ph ln vi sinh vt bm trn cy hoc lng
trn b mt lp t trng. V d nc thi t m ch, km chy qua thm c nn c kh nng
gim 99% c, 95% ch v 80% km [42].
~ 55 ~
K thut x l lc qua thm lau sy c xem l gii php x l r tin, thch hp vi qui m
nh, c bit c hiu qu trong vng c kh hu nng m. K thut thm lau sy c s dng
x l nhiu loi hnh nc thi dng c lp hoc phi hp vi cc k thut khc nhm t
c cc mc tiu t ra: nc thi sinh hot, nc thi b pht, nc thi chung tri, nc rc,
nc khai thc m, nc thuc da, ch bin sa... [42, 54, 55, 56].
K thut x l nc thi vi thm lau sy cng bt u c cc nc pht trin nghin cu
v p dng nhm lm gim gi thnh x l [42, 52].
~ 56 ~
X l nc rc.
13
Nc rc - ngun nc thi hnh thnh t cc bi chn lp rc sinh hot
l mt loi hnh nc thi c c th ring do tnh dang d v mt phn hy. Bi chn lp rc
l mt l vi sinh ym kh t nhin, tp cht nhim trong nc rc l kt qu tc ng ca mt
lot cc qu trnh t nhin ca vi sinh, ha hc, quang ha, thi tit cng nh cc tc ng ch
quan ca con ngi nh tp qun sinh hot, kh nng phn loi rc, k thut xy dng v vn
hnh bi rc.
Mi tnh, thnh ph u c t nht mt bi chn lp rc tp trung, nhiu th trn, th t cng
xy dng cc bi chn lp rc qui m nh. nhim mi trng t cc bi rc c qui m rng,
thng xuyn, i vi khng kh, t ai, nc mt v nc ngm. Mc nh hng ngy
cng tng khi kinh t v mc th ha (tp trung) pht trin. X l c hiu qu nc rc l
cng vic cn thit hin nay Vit Nam.
13. 1. c im ca cc bi chn lp rc.
Rc thi l cht rn khng cn s dng c vo mc ch no nn c thi b. Rc thi

c phn loi theo hai i tng chnh l rc thi cng nghip v rc thi sinh hot. Rc thi
cng nghip c xem l loi rc thi c mc c hi cao, thng c chn lp ring hoc
c x l, qun l theo mt phng thc ph hp no .
Rc thi sinh hot ch yu t cc vng dn c sng tp trung cc thnh ph, th x, th trn,
l cc cht rn khng s dng c na cho cc mc ch sinh hot hng ngy.
Rc thi sinh hot phn ln l cc cht hu c: rau, c, qu, c, l cy, rm r, thc n d
tha, lng g, vt, sc vt, gia cm cht, k c mt s ph thi di dng rn ca ngi v gia
sc. Mt lng khng nh l cc loi bao b, nilng, nha, giy vn l thnh phn ca rc thi.
Thnh phn vt cht v c trong rc thi in hnh: thu tinh, snh s, gm, tro x (than), ct
, vt liu xy dng. T trng ca loi vt liu trn ph thuc vo iu kin sinh hot v tnh
trng pht trin th ca khu vc thi rc.
Lng rc thi tnh theo u ngi ph thuc vo mc sng v tp qun sinh hot ca ngi
dn trong vng .
Mc sng cao ca ngi dn i km vi lng rc thi ln: Ti cc thnh ph ln nh thnh
ph H Ch Minh, H Ni lng rc thi bnh qun u ngi l 0,7 - 0,9 kg/ngi/ngy. Ti cc
~ 57 ~
thnh ph nh hn: Vit Tr, Thi Nguyn, Hu, Hi Phng lng thi t hn: 0,5 - 0,7
kg/ngi/ngy [1].
Tp qun sinh hot cng nh hng nhiu n lng rc thi. iu ny c th nhn bit r
thng qua tp qun n ung ca ngi dn: Lng rc thi ln khi thc n c ch bin ch yu
t ngun th: rau, c, qu ti, t git m gia cm (g, vt), thu sn (tm, c, s, trai, hn, cua),
lng rc thi thp khi s dng thc n qua ch bin (hoc ch bin tng phn) nh hp,
thc n s ch t cc c s sn xut nh thc n lm sn: g, vt, c, cua git m cha qua
nu nng.
cc ni i sng kinh t cha cao, lng rc thi t bao b, giy vn, chai l, hp cng t
hn do lng t v c thu hi kh trit , s dng cho cc mc ch khc.
Lng rc v thnh phn rc cng thay i theo ma, vo ma cy c pht trin mnh lng
l cy, c, hoa qu thi ra (thu nht t cc khu vc cng cng) thng thp hn so vi ma l
rng, kh hn.
Mt nguyn nhn ng k khc nh hng n lng rc chn lp l kh nng thu gom rc
thi ca cc n v thc hin dch v trn - Cng ty mi trng th (URENCO) v lng rc
thi thu hi c ch chim 70 -80% lng thi hng ngy.
Ti H Ni, lng rc thi thu gom tng dn theo tng nm: 1200 - 1400 tn/ngy trong giai
on 2000 - 2002, v hin nay khong 1500 tn/ngy. Lng rc thu gom ch yu c em
chn lp ti khu lin hip x l cht thi ti Nam Sn, Sc Sn, H Ni cch trung tm khong
50 km.
Nhm tn dng cc thnh phn c ch trong rc thi v gim thiu ti a khi lng rc phi
chn lp, gii php phn loi rc ngay ti ni ngun thi c thc hin nghim tc cc nc
pht trin v ang c hng dn thc hin cc nc ang pht trin.
Thnh phn thi d thu hi c gi tr s dng li nh v chai, v hp, st thp vn, giy bo
c nhn chung c thu hi kh trit theo nhiu phng thc khc nhau. cc nc pht trin
cng nh H Ni, chai l (chai nha, thu tinh) c th tr li cho ni bn hng, giy bo c,
giy vn c mua li di dng ng nt ti ch. Mnh vn nylong, nha, mt s loi bao b
c thu nht ti bi chn lp rc.
Lng rc thi em chn ct v vy ch yu l cc cht hu c, cc vt liu v c c kch
thc khng ln lm v mt phn cc loi ph liu khng c gi tr s dng: xm lp c, mnh
vn nha, giy. Th tch chim ch trong bi chn lp ca thnh phn rc hu c chim trn
90%.
Ti cc nc tin tin, rc thi ti gia nh c phn loi cn thn thnh 4 - 5 loi: giy bo
c, v chai l, v c vn, ph thi (snh, s, thy tinh v), rc thi hu c. Khi tr tin cho
dch v thu gom rc, ch nh ch phi tr cho mt s i tng c th: ti mt s vng c,
~ 58 ~
ngi dn ch phi tr tin cho lng rc v c vn, h c nhn tin t rc thi hu c vi t

cch l ngi cung cp nguyn liu sn xut phn bn hu c.
nc ta hin nay, xu hng sn xut phn hu c t rc thi ang c thc hin: c s sn
xut phn hu c ti Cu Din, H Ni hot ng c vi nm nay tuy vi cng sut ch
bin khng ln. Ti mt s tnh khc nh Thi Bnh, Nam nh, Hi Dng, Ninh Bnh cng
c hoc ang xy dng cc c s sn xut phn hu c nhm tn dng rc thi sn xut thm
cc sn phm hu ch v gim lng rc thi cn chn ct.
Khi lng ring ca rc sinh hot thp, chim th tch rt cao trong trng thi khng b nn
p, v vy cc bi chn lp cn din tch kh ln.
Rc thng c chn lp ti cc h c su nht nh tu thuc vo c im a cht,
thu vn ca vng , nhng vng t c nc ngm (v d bi rc Kiu K, H Ni, bi rc
Nam nh) th khng th chn su.
ngn chn tnh trng nhim ngun nc ngm v t ai vng xung quanh, mt bi chn
lp rc hp v sinh c qui nh lt lp vi chng thm nc y. iu ny ang c thc
hin nc ta ti cc bi chn lp mi c xy dng. T cc bi chn lp, nc rc c tch
khi h chn lp nhm lm tng th tch chn lp (cng vi bin php m nn) v c x l
trc khi thi ra mi trng.
Sau khi h c chn lp y, t c ph kn ln lp rc, sau mt thi gian ngn, lp t
ph c trng cy xanh.
S dng k thut chn lp rc, ngay k c hp tiu chun v sinh cng gy nhim mi
trng khng kh, nc, t ai.
nhim do cht kh.
Bi chn lp rc c th xem l mt b vi sinh khng l trong iu kin t nhin, trong
din ra nhiu qu trnh chuyn ha sinh ho, ho hc, sinh hc trong iu kin khng c hoc rt
thiu oxy phn t. ng ch nht l qu trnh phn hu hp cht hu c to ra kh metan
(CH4), monoxit carbon (CO), kh carbonic (CO2), cc hp cht axit bo d bay hi, phn hu
mui sunfat (SO42-) thnh hp cht mui sunfua (S2-) hoc hydro sunfua (H2S). Cc cht kh hnh
thnh di iu kin ym kh u c tnh kh (ho hc) cao v phn ln u c mi thi, kh
chu. Ngoi ra, mt s loi kh nh metan, carbonic cn c tc hi khc l gy ra hiu ng nh
knh, l nguyn nhn tng nhit ca tri t.
nhim do nc rc.
Thnh phn tp cht trong nc thi a dng hn: cht hu c khng tan, dng keo c kch
thc khng ln lm (c m, 10-4cm) nh cc mnh vn hu c, vi khun (ang sng hoc
cht), cc cht hu c c phn t lng ln nh axit humic, fulvic, lignin vi phn t lng t
vi vn n vi triu n v (Dalton). Cc cht thi hu c dng khng tan hoc c phn t lng
~ 59 ~
cao s tip tc c phn hu (c bit l xc vi sinh vt) trong mi trng nc nhn hoc gy
c, gy mu hn ch s pht trin ca cc loi thu thc vt v thu ng vt sng trong nc.
Thnh phn cht hu c tan trong nc rc rt phong ph vi cc t l nng rt khc nhau:
cc cht hu c kh thng dng (COD, BOD) lng ln vi nng t vi chc ti vi chc
ngn mg/l, n cc cht hu c vi lng (di g/l, phn t) c tc hi rt ln n mi trng,
c bit i vi cc loi thu sinh nh kh nng gy t bin gien, lm ri lon chc nng t bo.
Ngoi cc thnh phn cht hu c, nc rc cn cha mt lot cc mui v c c hm lng
ln: clorua, bicarbonat (HCO3-), sunfat, natri, canxi, magie v mt lot cc kim loi nng ch yu
nm dng phc vi cht hu c c nng thng l thp.
nhim do cht rn.
Rc thi cha kh nhiu cc thnh phn kh phn hu: nylon, nha, cao su, cht lng kh
phn hu, du m khong (du bin th, diesel). Khi c chn ct ln vi rc hu c, cc thnh
phn trn kh phn hu bi vi sinh vt do tnh tr ca chng, thi gian phn hu ca chng c
th ko di ti 40 - 50 nm.
Cc thnh phn gy nhim i vi mi trng nu trn mang tnh cht ph qut. Hm
lng, t l v tng lng nhim t mt bi rc ph thuc vo cc yu t chnh sau:
- c trng ca rc c chn lp.
- Phn loi rc.
- Qui m ca bi chn lp.
- K thut chn lp, qun l v vn hnh bi rc.
- Cng ngh v trnh kim sot nhim pht sinh t bi rc.
S hnh thnh nc rc.
Nc rc hnh thnh t nm ngun chnh sau: [2]
- Nc mt chy trn.
- Thm t ngun nc ngm.
- Thm t nc ma.
- m trong rc.
- Nc hnh thnh t cc phn ng trong ng rc.
Trong bn ngun u l chnh, ngun sau nh hon ton c th b qua.
Lng nc rc hnh thnh ti mt khu vc trc ht ph thuc vo din tch bi chn lp:
tit din nc ma thm xung hoc cc dng chy b mt (do ma) chy trn qua. Lng
nc bc hi cng t l thun vi din tch bi chn lp nhng do lp t ph b mt v chiu
su kh cao nn tc bay hi chm.
~ 60 ~
Lng nc rc hnh thnh ch yu t nc ma (thm v chy trn) chim trn 70% v t

m ca rc chim di 30% [2]. T cc s liu trn cho thy c th gim thiu ng k lng
nc rc sinh ra khi thit k ng v vn hnh bi chn lp rc mt cch hp l [1, 3].
Nc ma l ngun chnh hnh thnh nc rc, ti mt vng nht nh lng ma thay i
theo ma. Vi lng ma trung bnh ca H Ni l 1600 mm/nm, 70 - 80% lng ma tp
trung vo bn thng gia nm (6, 7, 8, 9) phn cn li phn b vo cc thng khc trong nm. V
vy s dao ng lng nc rc theo ma l rt ln.
Bi rc Nam Sn, Sc Sn, H Ni c din tch tng cng 83 ha. Rc c chn ct ln lt
vo cc h rc c din tch khong 3 - 5 ha. Thng thng mi h s c ph mt lp t ln b
mt sau khi lp y. Nc ca mt trn ma ri u trn din tch ca mt h chn lp ang
s dng cng thm vi lng ma trn qua v thm t cc bi lp (vn cn tch tr trong)
cng vi cc din tch ph tr khc chy v cc h thu gom ( Nam Sn c ba h thu gom vi
tng din tch l 3 ha) chnh l lng nc rc sau mt cn ma.
V d mt trn ma vi lng ma 100 mm, mt bi chn lp ang hot ng c din tch 3
ha cng vi khong 3,5 ha ph tr khc th lng nc rc hnh thnh t trn ma l 5 - 6
ngn m3.
Lu lng nc rc bin ng theo ma: nhiu v ma ma, t v ma kh, mc chnh
lch gia cc ma c th lch nhau ti trn 300%. Ti bi rc Nam Sn, H Ni, lu lng trung
bnh v ma kh l 300 - 400 m3/ngy, v ma ma 1000 - 1400 m3/ngy (thi im 2003 -
2005). Qua ba nm theo di v lu lng ti bi rc Nam Sn cho thy, lu lng trung bnh
hng nm vo khong 200 - 250 ngn m3.
Lu lng nc rc ti thnh ph H Ch Minh vo khong 1 - 1,2 triu m3/nm. Cc thnh
ph khc nh Hi Phng, Nng, Qung Ninh c lu lng nc rc thi bng 20 - 30% ca
H Ni.
13. 2. c trng nhim ca nc rc.
Thnh phn ho hc trong nc thi thm ra t bi rc sinh hot (ch yu l rc hu c) ph

thuc vo mc phn hu ca rc: iu kin thi tit, m v tui ca bi rc.
Bi chn rc l l vi sinh ym kh, trong mt tp on vi sinh vt hot ng phn hu
mt phn cht hu c trong cht rn. Tc phn hu cht hu c ca chng trc ht ph
thuc vo nhit v m ca bi chn rc [4].
Qu trnh phn hu cht hu c ca vi sinh ym kh gm c ba giai on ni tip nhau. Thu
phn (b gy) cc phn t hu c ln nh polyme, lipit, protein, hydrat carbon thnh cc phn t
nh nh monosacharid, axit amin, chng l nhng nguyn liu thch hp cho qu trnh tng hp
~ 61 ~
t bo v trao i cht ca loi vi sinh to axit thuc nhm acidogens giai on th hai. Giai
on th hai l giai on chuyn ho cc sn phm thu phn thnh axit (loi vi sinh
acidogens nh Clotridium spp, Peptococus anaerobus, Difidobacterium spp, Desulphovibrio
spp...). Sn phm chnh c to ra l axit axetic v mt lot axit khc nh crotonic, adipic,
pyruvic, phthalic, fumaric, lactic, succinic, mallonic, gallic, aconitic, oxaclic v kh hydro.
Giai on to kh metan v carbon dioxit c thc hin bi nhm vi sinh methanogens (to
ra metan). Loi vi sinh ng quan tm nht l loi s dng axit axetic v hydro, chng c tc
pht trin chm v vy giai on hnh thnh kh metan l bc chm nht. Ngoi axit axetic, loi
vi sinh to metan ch c kh nng s dng mt s loi hn ch cc c cht khc nh format,
acetat methanol, methylamin. Chng vi sinh to metan v axit c chung li ch (syntrophic) v
tn ti, nng ta nhau trong th cn bng ng. duy tr trng thi ng ti u cn c cc
iu kin thch hp v pH, nhit , kim, hm lng axit d bay hi, thnh phn dinh dng.
Trng thi ng ti u gip cho kh nng phn hu cht hu c c hiu qu cao.
Thnh phn ho hc ca nc rc trc ht ph thuc vo mc phn hu ca rc (nhit ,
m, tui, iu kin mi trng), chng khc nhau rt r rt i vi tng bi c th. Nc thi
t cc bi rc vi mc phn hu thp (mi, ma kh, lnh) ang trong giai on axit ho th
80-90% cht hu c trong l cc axit hu c d bay hi c kh nng sinh hu cao. Ngc li
nc thi t bi rc c phn hu su (giai on to kh metan ang v sp kt thc) th cc
cht hu c trong ch yu l cc cht tr, kh sinh hu nh axit humic, fulvic, tannin, lignin
v amoni vi hm lng rt cao [5, 6].
Rc thi hu c c thnh phn ho hc c trng nh sau: 25,2% nc, 25,5% carbon, 3,4%
hydro, 20,3% oxy, 0,5% nit, 0,2% lu hunh, 0,5% clorua v 24,4% cht v c khc (tnh theo
khi lng) [7]. Theo t l trn, t l gia C/N trong rc thi l 50 : 1, tuy vy t l ny trong nc
thi rc l nh hn do nhiu hp cht giu carbon khng phn hu c trong iu kin ym kh,
v d cc dng polyme ca g nh lignin, chng c th chim ti 6,8% ca khi lng rc. Gi
tr C/N v vy nm trong khong 22 : 1 n 33,5 : 1.
Thnh phn hu c cha nit trong rc ch yu l protein v mt lng nh hn cc hp cht
axit nucleic, chitin, ure, phospholipit, cc sn phm phn hu t thc n, xc ng vt.
Trong qu trnh phn hu ym kh, protein v cc hp cht cha nit b thu phn bi enzym
do vi sinh ym kh v mt phn hiu kh to ra axit amin, tip tc thnh amoni v carbon dioxit
cng vi axit d bay hi. Mt lng khng ln axit amin, amoni c vi sinh vt s dng cu
to t bo, lng cn d li tn ti trong nc rc. Sau mt chu k hot ng, cc vi sinh ym
kh cht v b phn hu nh xc ng vt.
~ 62 ~
Theo Robinson v Gronow [8] th nng amoni trong nc rc nm trong khong 194 -
3610 mg/l khi rc phn hu trong giai on axit ho v 283 - 2040 mg/l trong giai on metan
ho.
Nc rc c tch ra khi bi chn, thng c gom v cc h cha trc khi c x l
v thi ra mi trng. S bin ng v nng cht hu c (BOD, COD) v hp cht nit trong
nc thi di s tng tc ca vi sinh vt, iu kin vt l (gi, ma, kh, hanh, nng, lnh) v
thc vt l i tng ng quan tm khi nh gi c trng ca nc rc.
S bin ng nng cht hu c
Nng cht hu c c c trng bi cc ch s nh BOD, COD, tng carbon hu c
(TOC) hoc cc ch s khc nhng thng dng hn c l BOD v COD.
T l COD v BOD ph thuc vo mc phn hu ca rc v nc rc, phn hu cng
cao th t l ny cng ln.
Nng cht hu c trong nc rc trc ht ph thuc vo lng nc pha long trong
ng rc . Ma ma nc thm nhiu, nng thp v ngc li v ma kh, chng khc nhau
ti c chc ln [4].
Khi c cha trong h, ph thuc vo iu kin nng oxy trong nc (th oxy ho kh)
s xy ra cc din bin sau:
Trong cc h ym kh (mt thong nh, lp nc su) lng oxy ho tan thp, gi tr th oxy
ho kh thp (<- 300mV) th ch c loi vi sinh ym kh hot ng. S thay i nng cht hu
c trong nc l do hot ng ca vi sinh ym kh nh trong ng rc nhng thun li hn do
kh nng tip xc gia vi sinh vt vi cht gy nhim tt hn nhiu so vi trong ng rc.
Ngun cht hu c gim i do to thnh sinh khi (10%) v do trao i cht (to nng lng)
(90%). Nu sinh khi khng c tch ra th chng s cht, lng xung y h v tip tc phn
hu to ra ngun cht hu c mi. T l BOD/ COD ca nc thi (v nng axit d bay hi)
rt thp. Hm lng cht hu c d ch yu l loi tr, kh phn hu. Tc ng ca cc iu
kin vt l ln bin ng nng cht hu c khng nhiu ngoi tr hiu ng pha long (ma)
v c c (bc hi).
Trong cc h tu nghi, ni ng thi tn ti c dng vi sinh hiu kh, ym kh cng hot ng
v to c iu kin pht trin th s tng tc gia chng c nh hng rt ln ti s bin ng
nng cht hu c. lp nc su vi sinh vt ym kh hot ng ging nh trong cc h ym
kh. lp nc tng trn s din ra tng tc gia cc vi sinh hiu kh v to.
To l loi thc vt n hoc a bo, c kch thc t vi chc ti mt trm m vi bn
nhm to chnh l to lc, to mt, to vng v to lam. To l loi thc vt t dng (dng
ngun carbon v c) v nng lng quang ho. Chng pht trin theo ma v c th t ti
200mg/l v mt .
~ 63 ~
Kh nng pht trin ca to ph thuc vo ngun dinh dng (N, P), c cht (carbon v c,
CO2, HCO3-) nh sng v nhit . Trong qu trnh quang hp chng nh ra oxy v OH - (lm
tng pH ), khi h hp chng li nh ra kh CO2. Ngun nh sng l nng lng m chng hp thu
trc ht ph thuc vo trong ca nc. Vi sinh hiu kh tng tc cng sinh vi to: sn
phm thi ca qu trnh vi sinh hiu kh (CO2) l nguyn liu to pht trin, kh oxy sinh ra do
qu trnh quang hp l iu kin cn thit vi sinh hot ng. Do hiu sut to sinh khi ca vi
sinh hiu kh cao (1kg BOD to ra khong 0,4kg sinh khi, phn cn li chuyn ho thnh CO 2
v nc) nn s suy gim COD cng v sau cng chm do s phn hu tip theo ca vi sinh hiu
kh v to trong iu kin ym kh tng y.
Trong h hiu kh, hot ng ca to v vi sinh hiu kh xy ra mnh hn so vi h tu nghi,
nng oxy ho tan rt ln, thng l trn mc bo ho v pH cao. Cht hu c d trong ch
yu l loi tr, kh sinh hu (BOD thp )
S bin ng nng ca hp cht nit.
Hp cht nit trong cc h cha gm: cht hu c cha nit, amoni, nitrit, nitrat, hp cht
trong cu trc t bo ca vi sinh v to.
Trong h ym kh, hp cht nit tn ti ch yu dng amoni, mt phn nm trong t bo ca
vi sinh ym kh. Do khng tch c sinh khi ra khi nc nn khi phn hu, amoni c tr
li hu nh trn vn vo mi trng nc.
Trong h tu nghi mc d vi s c mt thm ca vi sinh hiu kh v to, s din bin v
nng hp cht nit cng c hnh nh tng t nhng vi tc gim amoni nhanh hn trong
giai on u v tng nhanh trong giai on phn hu. Trong h hiu kh qu trnh chuyn ho
cc hp cht nit phc tp hn do vi sinh d dng (oxy ho cht hu c) trong iu kin c oxy
do to nh ra, do hot ng ca loi vi sinh t dng (oxy ho amoni thnh nitrit v nitrat) v
kh nitrat do loi vi sinh d dng trong iu kin thiu kh.
Trn lp nc b mt, ni hot ng ca to v do oxy thm t khng kh vi sinh vt t
dng c iu kin pht trin rt tt do mt vi sinh d dng khi ny thp (BOD thp). Suy
gim nng amoni l do vi sinh v to hp thu. Nitrit v nitrat hnh thnh tng trn khuych
tn su xung di y c vi sinh d dng kh thnh kh nit vi s c mt ca cht hu c
phn hu t xc vi sinh v to y. tng y, nng oxy khng ln do thiu s hot ng
ca to v do s phn hu to v vi sinh. S suy gim nng hp cht nit trong h hiu kh l
do qu trnh nitrat v kh nitrat ca cc tp on vi sinh vt.
Do cc c im trnh by trn, khi nh gi v c trng nhim ca nc rc, cn ch ti
tnh bin ng ca n v mt thi gian, khng gian v s chuyn ha ca cc tp cht xy ra
trong qu trnh rc cng nh ti cc h thu gom nc rc.
~ 64 ~
Nghin cu c trng nhim ca cc bi rc Nam Sn (H Ni), Qung Ninh, Nam nh v

Trng Ct (Hi Phng ) trong thi gian 7 - 2003 n thng 12 - 2004 [9] cho thy mt s nt
chnh sau:
c trng pH.
Gi tr pH nm trong khong 7,0 - 9,5, gi tr thng gp nm trong vng 7,6 - 8,6, thin v
tnh kim. Nc rc tui cao c gi tr pH ln, v ma kh gi tr pH cao hn so vi ma ma.
pH cao ca nc rc l do cc nguyn nhn: kim cao, qu trnh phn hy ym kh su v do
hot ng ca to cc h tr nc rc.
c trng ca kim.
kim ca nc rc gy ra ch yu bi mui bicarbonat (pH < 8,2), mt phn do CO32- v
OH- v khi pH > 8,2. Kt qu nh gi kim ca cc bi rc trong thi gian di cho thy: s
khc nhau r rt gia cc bi rc: cao nht l ti bi rc Nam Sn, gi tr dao ng t 1250 n
3400 mg CaCO3/l, tip theo l bi rc Trng Ct (890 - 2580), ti bi rc Nam nh (750 - 1540).
Nc rc ti Qung Ninh c kim thp nht, thng nm trong khong 400 - 700, cc gi tr
cao hn 1000 rt t gp.
S bin ng ca kim theo v tr khng gian khng theo qui lut nht nh khi so snh
gia cc bi rc vi nhau, do s hot ng ca vi sinh vt mc khc nhau cng vi qu trnh
kt ta ha hc xy ra to thnh CaCO3. kim c xu hng gim v ma kh, c bit l
nhng h cha nc rc c b mt thong cao, rt c th do qu trnh thot kh CO2 t nc thi.
Cn khng tan.
Nhn chung lng cn khng tan trong nc rc khng ln, thng nm trong khong 100 -
200 mg/l. Thnh phn cn khng tan ch yu l cht hu c: xc vi sinh vt v to. Tuy hm
lng cn khng cao (khi lng ring ca cht hu c thp) nhng n gy c ln v chng
thng c mu sm. Khi khng c x l m thi ra mi trng, cc loi cn khng tan ny c
kh nng che chn nh sng cao, gy bt li cho qu trnh quang hp ca thy thc vt.
Do nh nn kh nng t lng ca chng km v do bn cht l cc h keo a nc nn kh
nng keo t vi cc cht in ly khng tt, iu i hi khi keo t chng cn phi hp nhiu
loi cht keo t v tr keo t khc nhau v thng l vi liu lng cao hn nhiu so vi h keo
v c k nc (nc sng).
Axit hu c d bay hi (VFA).

Axit hu c d bay hi l sn phm trung gian ca qu trnh phn hy ym kh. Chng l cc
axit bo c phn t lng thp (C1 - C6) nn d bay hi. Axit hu c d bay hi hnh thnh trong
qu trnh axit ha, do loi vi sinh vt ym kh acidogens, t cc sn phm ca giai on thy
phn trc . Giai on tip theo l s hnh thnh kh metan t cc loi axit trn vi kh hydro.
~ 65 ~
Axit hu c d bay hi v vy c th coi l thnh phn COD d sinh hy, gn ging vi gi tr

BOD. Xc nh BOD rt tn km thi gian v kt qu thng t n nh do ph thuc vo nhiu
yu t, c bit i vi nc rc l loi b phn hy d dang. Gi tr VFA c tnh quy v
axit axetic, 1 n v VFA gn tng ng 1 n v COD. (1 g VFA = 1,06 g COD). Trong
nhng nghin cu gn y, hi nghin cu v nc quc t IWA khuyn co khng nn s dng
c trng BOD m nn s dng c trng COD, trong phn ra loi COD d v kh (khng)
sinh hy [10]. Nhn chung, gi tr VFA trong nc rc, t cc bi khc nhau kh thp, gi tr hay
gp nht l 30 - 70 mg/l. Mc dao ng v gi tr VFA rt ln, mc dao ng khc nhau
tng bi rc, tng v tr trong bi rc v theo thi gian. Ti bi rc Nam Sn, gi tr VFA cao
nht ti 2700 mg/l v rt nhiu gi tr thp hn 10 mg/l. Ti bi rc Hi Phng, gi tr VFA dao
ng trong khong hp hn, c th ti 600 mg/l, thp nht c th ti 20 mg/l. Mc dao ng
cao v gi tr VFA ti bi rc Qung Ninh v Nam nh cng tng t, chng ph thuc vo tui
ca bi rc (tui ca bi rc khng r rng do phng thc chn lp, trong mt h chn lp c
ng thi rc c v mi) v v tr, thi im ly mu.
Nhu cu oxy ha hc, oxy ha.

Nhu cu oxy ha hc l i lng th hin nng cht hu c c th oxy ha c trong
iu kin phn ng c th. Gi tr COD thng dng nhn c t qu trnh oxy ha cht hu c
vi dicromat (mi trng axit c, c xc tc, 150oC, 2 gi) c th coi l tng lng hu c. Nu
s dng cht oxy ha l kali permanganat - loi cht oxy ha km mnh hn v iu kin phn
ng t khc nghit hn (100oC, 10 pht) th gi tr nhn c s thp hn, c trng cho thnh
phn cht hu c d phn hy hn. Gi tr nhn c t phng php oxy ha vi permanganat
gi l oxy ha hay COD (Mn); gi tr ny lun nh hn COD. Mi trng phn ng vi kali
permanganat c th l kim hay axit, tuy giai on u ca phn ng khc nhau (kh Mn7+
xung Mn2+ trong mi trng axit v xung Mn4+ trong mi trng kim) nhng bc kh tip
theo vi axit oxalic th Mn4+ s c tip tc chuyn ha v Mn2+. V nguyn tc, kt qu xc
nh oxy ha trong mi trng kim v axit l ging nhau nu khng c cc yu t gy nhiu
[11]. Tuy nhin, trong nc rc hm lng mui clorua kh cao (325 - 4100 mg/l), khi tin hnh
oxy ha vi permanganat trong mi trng axit s xy ra qu trnh oxy ha Cl- thnh Cl+, gi tr
thu c s khng phn nh ng m cao hn gi tr thc. Oxy ha trong mi trng kim s
loi b c yu t gy nhiu trn [12]. S c mt ca clorua trong nc rc khng ch nh
hng n xc nh oxy ha m nh hng c n xc nh COD, chng gy sai s dng i
vi kt qu th nghim.
i vi tp hp s liu hu c trong nc rc th COD > oxy ha (axit) > oxy ha
(kim) > VFA.
~ 66 ~
Khc rt xa so vi s liu t nc ngoi (chu u, bc M) v s liu (tn mn) t thnh ph

H Ch Minh, hm lng cht hu c trong nc rc ti cc ni nh gi c gi tr thp hn
nhiu.
Nng cht hu c trong nc rc ti bi rc H Ni, Nam nh c gi tr khng cao, COD
nm trong khong 250 - 5060 mg/l, khong thng gp l 500 - 1000 mg/l. Gi tr COD gim
khi cng cch xa ngun, c xu hng tng v ma kh. Gi tr COD ti cc bi rc Qung Ninh,
Hi Phng cao hn so vi hai bi rc kia, gi tr hay gp nm trong khong 1000 - 2000 mg/l.
oxy ha trong c mi trng axit v kim cng din bin tng t nh c trng COD ti
cc bi rc khc nhau, chng t l vi COD ca tng mu kho st cng nh vi gi tr VFA.
oxy ha trong mi trng axit nm trong khong rng, t 14 n 1820 mg/l, gi tr gp vi xc
sut cao nm trong khong 200 - 600 mg/l. oxy ha trong mi trng kim thp hn so vi
trong axit t vi chc n 150 mg/l. Tuy nhin, c th nhn thy, COD, oxy ha hay VFA xc
nh c khng hn ch t ngun nc rc m cn do s phn hy ca to cht hoc xc vi sinh
vt cht lng xung y ao h cha, cc h cha khng c thi bn thng xuyn. Nhn
chung, mc nhim cht hu c (COD, VFA, oxy ha) trong nc rc khng cao, ti cc
bi rc c h thng thu gom nc hp l (Nam nh, H Ni) hm lng cc hp cht hu c
ch cao hn cht t so vi COD trong nc thi sinh hot ca nc ngoi. Nguyn nhn l do qu
trnh phn hy ym kh t nhin t c hiu qu cao, tc l t ti mc phn hy su.
Mt phn cht hu c trong nc rc c tnh tr rt cao, l cc hp cht hu c c phn t ln
nh axit humic, fulvic, lignin. Cc cht ny khng c kh nng sinh hy vi hm lng 250 -
400 mg/l, chnh l lng cht hu c d sau qu trnh x l sinh hc trit .
Hp cht nit.
Trong nc rc, hp cht nit c th tn ti cc dng khc nhau, l thnh phn trong hp
cht hu c (protein, axit amin), dng amoniac/amoni, nitrit, nitrat. Ngoi cc dng chnh nu
trn, mt s dng khc c th tn ti trong nc rc nh NO, N2O, N2 (tan), trong mt cht
khng tan nh to, vi sinh vt, cc dng keo hu c khc.
Do phng php xc nh thnh phn hp cht nit trong nc thi l tch cc thnh phn tan
v khng tan trc khi phn tch, nn thnh phn tan trong nc rc c th xc nh c l hp
cht hu c cha nit v amoniac c gp chung li l tng nit Kjeldahl, nitrat v nitrit c
gi chung l hp cht nit dng oxy ha. Tng nit Kjeldhl l tng ca hai thnh phn chuyn
ha theo chiu: thy phn hp cht hu c cha nit thnh amoniac do qu trnh thy phn ha
hc hoc sinh hc, chuyn ha amoni thnh hp cht hu c c thc hin ch yu bng
phng php tng hp sinh ha. Nc rc phn hy cng su th t l amoniac/nit Kjeldahl cng
cao. Trc khi p dng cng ngh x l th hm lng nitrat, nitrit trong nc rc thp.
~ 67 ~
Chu trnh bin i ca cc hp cht nit trong nc rc gm: thy phn cc phn t hu c
ln (protein) thnh cc axit amin v tip tc thnh amoni. Mt phn amoni hnh thnh t thy
phn c vi sinh vt v thy thc vt (to) s dng tng hp t bo. Trong cc ao h cha
nc thi c iu kin th xy ra qu trnh oxy ha amoni thnh nitrit, nitrat v kh nitrat,
nitrit v kh nit (kh vi cht hu c hoc vi amoni, tc l qu trnh kh ANAMOX). Trong
qu trnh phn hy xc vi sinh vt hoc to cht ti y h, qu trnh tip din cng nh trn.
Khc vi chu trnh carbon, mt phn ln cht hu c c tch loi ra khi mi trng nc
thi trong chn lp v thu gom nc, hp cht nit trong nc rc t c iu kin thot ra
khi mi trng nc rc do s hnh thnh kh N2 trong chu trnh khng thun li.
Hm lng amoniac cng nh tng nit kjeldahl trong nc rc cc bi rc khc nhau u
c chung c im l khong dao ng rt ln: t 20 - 1900 mg/l ti bi rc Hi Phng, t 12 -
598 mg/l ti bi rc Nam nh, t 31 - 852 mg/l ti bi rc Nam Sn, H Ni v t 55 - 1094
mg/l ti bi rc Qung Ninh. So vi tng nit kjeldahl, hm lng amoniac chim 60 - 80%.
S bin i nng amoniac trong nc rc ph thuc vo cc iu kin: mc pha long
do ma, mc phn hy (tui ca nc rc, iu kin phn hy) cng cao th hm lng
amoniac cng ln v t l gia amoniac v nit kjeldahl cng cao.
Nng nitrit, nitrat trong nc rc thp (< 0,1 mg/l) do qu trnh oxy ha khng c iu
kin thun li xy ra.
Hp cht photpho.
Photpho tng trong nc rc bao gm cc thnh phn: photphat n (ortho), photphat trng
ngng v photpho nm trong hp cht hu c. Hp cht photpho trong thnh phn rc sau khi
thy phn to ra photphat trng ngng v photphat n. Photphat n hnh thnh c vi sinh
ym kh s dng mt phn tng hp t bo, mt phn to ra cht ha hc c kh nng kt ta
nh canxi photphat.
Hm lng photphat trong nc rc khng cao, ngang vi mc ca nc thi sinh hot.
Nng photphat tnh theo P ca cc mu kho st nm trong khong 0,5 - 31,6 mg/l, s liu
nm mc di tiu chun cho php thi (TCVN 5945 - 1995, B).
Thnh phn v c.
Trong qu trnh rc hnh thnh mt lot cc thnh phn v c cng nh chit tch mt s
cc cht v c bm dnh trn rc thi. Cc cht v c c nh hng ng k n cng ngh x l
nc rc gm: Ca, Mg, Cl-, SO42-, HCO3-.
Canxi, magie l sn phm khong ha cc hp cht hu c, n l thnh phn ha hc ca cc
cht trong rc thi. Mt phn canxi c ngun gc t vi c s dng trong khu thao tc v vn
hnh bi rc. Khc vi mt s d on, hm lng canxi trong nc rc khng cao, nm trong
khong 32 - 232 mg/l, gi tr thng gp 30 - 80 mg/l. Nng canxi trong nc rc thp c th
~ 68 ~
t nguyn nhn: kt ta vi photphat hoc vi bicarbonat ti pH cao. Hm lng canxi trong

nc rc c xu hng gim v ma kh c l do pH tng vo thi im .
Nng magie trong nc rc kh cao, nm trong khong 10 - 209 mg/l, gi tr thng gp l
90 - 160 mg/l. T l Mg/Ca trong nc rc cao hn hn so vi cc ngun nc t nhin (nc
ngm, nc mt), gn hn vi c trng ca nc mn.
Hm lng clorua trong nc rc, yu t c nh hng n qu trnh phn tch mt s ch tiu
v cng ngh x l (vi sinh) cng kh ln, nm trong khong 150 - 4100 mg/l, s liu thng
gp nm trong vng 800 - 1600 mg/l. Ngun gc ca Cl- l t cc thnh phn tp cht trong rc,
mt phn nh l thnh phn ha hc ca rc.
Sunfat c ngun gc t qu trnh phn hy rc, tan t mt s hp cht v c, c nng nm
trong khong 12 - 1850 mg/l, s liu thng gp 300 - 800 mg/l. Trong qu trnh x l ym kh
nc rc, sunfat c th chuyn ha thnh kh H2S, tc nhn gy c i vi vi sinh vt.
Cc thnh phn v c tan to ra tng cht tan (ch yu) ca nc rc, quyt nh dn in
v mui ca nc rc. Hm lng cht tan trong nc rc nm trong khong 6000 - 12000
mg/l, nu so snh th m c ca n ngang vi nc l loi trung bnh. Nc c mui cao
c p sut thm thu cao, khng ph hp cho mc ch ti tiu do p sut thm thu trong thc
vt thp hn so vi nc thi. Hu ht cc loi thc vt (bo ty, bo tm bo hoa du, ru,
dong) u khng th sng trong mi trng nc rc. Khi tn ti trong , nc t thc vt b
ht ra khi t bo thc vt lm cho thc vt kh ho, cht.
Mt vi loi to c th tn ti trong mi trng nc rc do p sut thm thu ca chng cao
hn so vi nc rc.
T cc s liu thu c khi nh gi nhim nc rc ti mt vi ni min bc cho thy:
- Trong iu kin nng m v vi cch thc chn lp rc hin nay, nc rc hnh thnh giai
on phn hy kh su. Mc phn hy su c th hin nng cht hu c (COD)
khng cao, nng VFA thp. Trong thnh phn cht hu c, phn khng c kh nng sinh
hy chim 250 - 400 mg/l.
- Mc dao ng hm lng cht hu c t cc bi rc khng qu cao nhng rt mnh trong
tng bi rc, s dao ng ph thuc vo v tr, thi gian v pha long do nc ma. Mc
dao ng c th ti 10 - 15 ln.
- Trong nc rc, qu trnh oxy ha amoni thnh nitrit v nitrat hu nh khng hoc rt t xy ra.
Thnh phn nit trong nc rc ch yu l amoni v nit trong hp cht hu c. Amoni hnh
thnh qua giai on thy phn cc hp cht hu c. Qu trnh thy phn xy ra cng su th t
l gia amoni/nit Kjeldahl cng st gi tr 1.
~ 69 ~
- So snh vi nc thi sinh hot, c nng amoni trung bnh l 22 mg/l [13] th tr s ca n
trong nc rc cao hn 10 - 20 ln. T l gia COD/tng nit trong nc rc rt thp, v vy
p ng c tiu chun thi cn phi p dng cng ngh x l bc ba.
- Hm lng photpho trong nc thi thp, khng t p ng cho x l vi sinh.
- Cc thnh phn tp cht v c tan trong nc rc c th tc ng tiu cc hay tch cc n tng
qu trnh cng ngh trong h x l nhng chc chn l mi trng khng thun li cho thc
vt pht trin.
- Hm lng cn khng tan trong nc rc thp, ch yu l cc cht hu c k nc, chng c
tc lng thp.
Nhng c trng nu trn l yu t rt quan trng khi thit k h thng x l nc rc [14].
13. 3. Nghin cu qui trnh cng ngh x l nc rc.
Mt h thng x l nc rc ni ring v nc thi ni chung bao gm nhiu qu trnh c

thc hin trong cc n v cng ngh. Trong mt n v cng ngh c th xy ra ng thi nhiu
qu trnh (v d keo t, kt ta, lng trong b lng s cp, oxy ha ng thi cht hu c v
amoni v c kh nitrit, nitrat mt phn trong b x l hiu kh). Tuy vy, thc hin mt qu
trnh no c th s dng nhiu n v cng ngh bit lp vi nhau (tch loi cht hu c trong
x l ym kh, thiu kh hay hiu kh).
V l do nu trn, khi xy dng mt cng ngh x l nc thi cn phi bit t m tng qu
trnh xy ra v quan trng hn c l s tng tc gia cc thnh phn trong nc thi vi nhau
v vi cc iu kin cng ngh, t la chn s cng ngh v phi hp cc n v cng
ngh vi nhau.
T cc s liu nh gi c trng nhim trong nc rc cho thy i tng trung tm cn x
l l hp cht nit vi mc dao ng c th ti 20 ln. Thnh phn hu c sinh hy c hm
lng khng cao, thng l thiu cho nhu cu kh nitrat. Thnh phn hu c tr kh cao (250 -
400 mg/l) tuy khng gy c hi nhiu cho mi trng nc nhn nhng gy mu cho nc thi
sau x l cng cn c tch loi.
Nghin cu cng ngh x l nc rc tp trung vo qu trnh keo t (tch cn khng tan), oxy
ha ha hc, x l vi sinh ym kh, thiu v hiu kh. Kt qu nghin cu trong phng th
nghim v pilot c trnh by trong cc phn tip sau.
13. 3. 1. Keo t.
~ 70 ~
Nc rc ban u c c cao, ti mu, tuy hm lng cn khng tan (SS) khng ln lm, t
khi vt qu 300 mg/l. Cn khng tan trong nc rc ch yu l thnh phn hu c: xc vi sinh
vt, to. c im ca cn khng tan hu c l n c lp v hydrat dy do tnh a nc ca
chng v bn keo ca chng chnh l nh vo lp v ny, khc vi tnh bn ca dng v c
(k nc) l nh lp in tch kp (hay khuych tn) xung quanh ht keo. C ch keo t cc ht
keo hu c v vy ch yu khng phi l trung ho in tch m theo c ch: ph v lp v
hydrat, qut kt ta v to cu ni [15]. V l do c th d on l liu lng cht keo t cn
s dng s cao hn nhiu so vi keo t cc h keo k nc - nc sng chng hn v cn s
dng cht tr keo t gim gi thnh vn hnh cng nh tng hiu qu lng.
Cht keo t dng thng phm ang c lu hnh rng ri trn th trng hin nay thuc h
nhm vi hai loi sn phm ch yu l phn n (nhm sunfat) v poly nhm clorua.
Nhm sunfat Al2(SO4)3. 18 H2O l cht keo t truyn thng c s dng rng ri. Khng
phi tt c cc thnh phn ho hc trong cht keo t u c tc dng, ch c thnh phn nhm c
tc dng keo t, thng c tnh theo % Al2O3 v l mt trong nhng ch tiu cht lng hng
u ca mt cht keo t. Phn n loi tiu chun (nhm sunfat) c hm lng nhm tnh theo
Al2O3 l 15,5% (8,1% Al3+). Khi s dng phn nhm, mui nhm b thu phn v to ra axit,
mi ion Al3+ to ra 3 ion H+, tc l 1 kg nhm sunfat to ra 9 mol H+, tng ng vi 0,75 l axit
clohydric c (36%). Axit sinh ra s lm gim kim ca nc (1 mol H+ tiu hao 61 g HCO3-)
v lm gim pH. Mc gim pH ph thuc vo kim ca nc, pH gim mnh khi kim
thp v ngc li do kim ng vai tr cht m ca h. Do sau khi keo t, nc c tip tc
x l vi sinh oxy ho amoni v cht hu c vi vng pH ti u ca n l khong 8 - 9, qu
trnh cn mt lng kim kh ln, v vy ch keo t cng cn m bo hi ho cc yu t
trn.
Poly nhm clorua (poly aluminum chloride - PAC) l loi polyme v c cha cc thnh phn
nhm, oxy, hydroxyl v clorua. N c sn xut t mui nhm vi cc cht kim. Cng thc
ho hc c dng [AlClx(OH)3-x]n, x = 1-2. PAC c phn t lng 7000 - 35000 c di ca
mch ti trn 350 Ao [15].
Do c trung ho vi kim trc trong qu trnh sn xut nn kh nng sinh ra axit ca
chng thp v do mch phn t kh ln nn qu trnh keo t xy ra vi tc nhanh hn so
vi phn.
Sn phm PAC lu hnh kh rng ri hin nay l nhp t Trung Quc vi hm lng nhm
oxit khong 30%. Gi c trung bnh ca chng cao hn khong 2,5 ln so vi phn n.
Tr keo t l cc loi polyme hu c tan trong nc, c c kh nng tan trc ht chng
phi c mch thng (cu trc mt chiu) v mch polyme cha nhiu nhm chc phn cc a
nc. Cht tr keo t thng dng (thng phm) thuc h polyarylamid v cc copolyme ca
chng.
~ 71 ~
Cc loi cht tr keo t trc ht khc nhau v mt in tch. Trong trng thi tan, polyme
tch in dng (do trong mng cha nit ho tr +4) gi l cht keo t dng (loi C - cationic
flocculant), polyme tch in m (thu phn mt phn nhm amid) l loi A (anionic) hoc loi
trung tnh N (cha nhm C=O v NH2). C ch gy keo t ca cht tr keo t l lm trung ho
in tch ca ht keo v lm cu ni rng buc cc ht keo li thnh cc cm ht.
Trong tng h cht tr keo t chng cn khc nhau v cc c trng:
- di hay phn t lng. Cht keo t A v N c phn t lng kh cao, thng l 8 n 16
triu n v, cht tr keo t C c phn t lng thp hn, t 2 n 8 triu n v.
- Khc nhau v nht ca dung dch.
- Mt in tch (nhm chc) khc nhau.
T nhng c trng nu trn, vic tm ra c mt loi ti u hay liu lng ti u ch c th
thng qua nhng th nghim so snh (Jar test), vic d on ch gip c mt phn m thi.
Ngoi c im v hiu qu tr keo t, cc yu t thao tc: d ho tan, nng tan ti a, bo
qun cng c cn nhc. Mt khc gi thnh ca cc cht tr keo t cng c quan tm ti,
thng thng loi C t hn hai loi kia khong 20 - 30%.
Ni dung nghin cu v keo t bao gm:

- Chn loi cht keo t (phn nhm v PAC).
- Xc nh liu lng cht keo t khi c v khng s dng cht tr keo t.
- Chn cht tr keo t v xc nh liu lng ti u.
- nh gi hiu qu loi b cn khng tan, COD, mu cng nh s suy gim pH, kim
sau keo t.
- Do bc x l sau l oxy ho amoni nn mi trng cn c gi tr pH cao, vic gim pH cn
c hn ch thng qua vic la chn cht keo t thch hp.
La chn cht keo t v tr keo t.

Nhng th nghim s b ban u cho thy, lng cht keo t cn s dng rt ln, so vi nc
sng c th ln gp ti gn trm ln. V d keo t nc sng Hng vi hm lng cn 300 -
500 mg/l cn liu lng PAC khong 7 - 10 g/m3, trong khi keo t nc rc cn s dng liu
lng 400 - 700 g/m3. So snh tnh nng keo t gia phn nhm v PAC cho kt qu: Hiu qu
keo t ca PAC (tnh theo liu lng) cao hn 3 - 4 ln so vi phn nhm mc d hm lng
Al2O3 trong phn nhm bng khong 50% so vi PAC (bng 13. 1). S dng lng phn nhm
hoc PAC ln keo t s lm gim kim ca nc sau keo t, iu khng thun li cho giai
on oxy ho amoni sau . Mc gim kim khi s dng PAC t hn so vi phn nhm.
Bng 13. 1. nh hng ca iu kin keo t (loi, liu lng) ln mt s c trng ca nc.
~ 72 ~
Phn nhm PAC
Liu pH Cn Liu pH mu Cn
lng mu khng kim lng (Pt/Co) khng kim
(mg/l) (Pt/Co) tan (mg/l) (mg/l) tan (mg/l)
(mg/l) (mg/l)
0 9,01 1520 600 3150 0 9,01 1520 600 3150
600 8,20 590 347 2600 100 8,83 755 447 3000
800 7,99 545 331 2525 200 8,76 740 357 2700
1000 7,79 525 277 2375 300 8,65 720 262 2575
1200 7,64 498 230 2250 400 8,61 620 251 2500
1400 7,52 413 223 2175 500 8,54 590 183 2400
1600 7,39 335 144 2075 600 8,46 488 166 2300
1800 7,31 300 119 1950 700 8,38 481 147 2250
2000 7,23 263 99 1875 800 8,36 400 118 2150
Do s dng phn nhm vi liu lng cao lm mt nhiu kim nn nghin cu tip theo ch
s dng PAC lm cht keo t.
Trong cc loi cht tr keo t, dng C c hiu qu tt hn cht t so vi loi A v N, tuy nhin
v phng din gi c v thao tc (d pha, d tan) loi A c la chn, trong cht tr keo t
A 101 (phn t lng 13 triu n v, mc in tch trung bnh, d tan trong nc) c s
dng vi liu lng 2 g/m3 trong tt c cc th nghim. A 101 c a vo h sau khi ho
trn cht keo t, tc to bng do A 101 tng ln 10 ln so vi h keo t khi khng c n v n
lm gim c lng keo t (30 - 40%) vi cng hiu qu keo t ca PAC (bng 13. 2).
Bng 13. 2. Keo t phi hp gia PAC v A 101.

Liu lng Cn Hiu qu COD Hiu qu
PAC (mg/l) (mg/l) tch cn (mgO2/l) tch COD
(%) (%)
0 371 670
~ 73 ~
100 243 35 537 20
200 172 54 512 24
300 125 66 474 29
400 69 81 427 36
500 51 86 408 39
600 48 87 398 40
Ghi ch: liu lng cht tr keo t trong tt c cc th nghim trn l 2 mg/l
Mt s hiu qu khc ca qu trnh keo t.

Keo t khng nhng tch c thnh phn cn khng tan m cn lm gim bt c COD v
mu do nhm hydroxit hnh thnh c kh nng hp ph mt phn no cc thnh phn trn
(bng 13. 3, 13. 4, 13. 5). Kh nng loi mu v COD ca h thng c hiu qu hn trong vng
pH thp nn loi keo t c s dng l phn nhm, c v khng chnh pH vi axit trc khi keo
t.
Bng 13. 3. Kh nng loi mu v COD ca qu trnh keo t vi nc rc sau khi chnh pH
v 7,5 (720 g H2SO4/m3).
Lng mu Hiu qu COD Hiu qu
phn (Pt/Co) loi mu (mgO2/l) loi COD
(mg/l) (%) (%)
0 2105 0 623 0
800 665 68 399 36
1000 438 79 402 36
1200 435 80 368 41
1400 343 83 370 41
1600 287 86 321 48
1800 - - 329 48
2000 296 86 322 48
~ 74 ~
Bng 13. 4. Kh nng loi mu v COD ca qu trnh keo t vi phn nhm sau khi chnh pH
v 7,0 (1,2 kg H2SO4/m3).
Lng mu Hiu qu COD Hiu qu
phn (Pt/Co) loi mu (mgO2/l) loi COD kim
(mg/l) (%) (%) (mg/l)
0 2105 623 -
800 424 79 389 37 1300
1000 349 83 352 43 1220
1200 315 85 336 46 1150
1400 277 87 324 48 960
1600 235 89 319 47 940
1800 223 89 308 50 780
2000 185 91 304 51 630
3000 143 93 263 58 420
Khi gi nguyn liu lng phn (1000 mg/l) v chnh pH trc khi keo t v cc gi tr khc
nhau, kh nng x l mu v COD tng khi pH gim (bng 13. 5).
Bng 13. 5. nh hng ca pH ban u ln kh nng x l mu v COD.

pH 9,15 8,02 7,52 7,02
Liu lng phn (mg/l) 0 1000 1000 1000
mu (Pt/Co) 2150 520 401 385
COD (mg/l) 623 372 371 370
Keo t vi mui nhm, PAC lm gim nng photphat trong nc thi, mc suy gim t
l thun vi hm lng cht keo t (bng 13. 6).
Bng 13. 6. S suy gim P trong qu trnh keo t vi PAC.

Lng PAC 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 2000
(mg/l)
T-P (mg P/l) 16,35 9,34 9,23 8,70 7,85 6,85 5,85 5,19 4,54 3,30
~ 75 ~
Nhn xt:
- Liu lng cht keo t s dng i vi nc rc ln hn nhiu ln (c th gp gn 100 ln) so
vi nc b mt thng dng (nc sng vi cng lng cn khng tan). Nguyn nhn l cn
khng tan trong nc rc ch yu l thnh phn hu c, c ch keo t ch yu l ph v lp v
hydrat v to cu ni.
- So vi keo t PAC, lng phn nhm cn s dng phi cao hn ti 3 ln mi c th t cng
hiu qu, vi tc keo t rt chm v ko theo l tiu hao mt lng kim ln, khng c
li cho giai on oxy ho amoni v sau. Lng bn sinh ra ln (nhm hydroxit) v tng thm
nhiu lng khong ho tan (gc sunfat t phn). V vy s dng PAC s c li hn v nhiu
phng din, k c v mt gi thnh v cng vn chuyn.
- Phn ln cc cht tr keo t (A, C, N) u cho hiu qu bng t ln vi liu lng 2 - 3 g/m3.
Xt v kha cnh gi thnh v thun li trong thao tc th loi A 101 c tnh nng p ng tt.
S dng thm cht tr keo t cho php gim cht keo t (PAC) c 30 - 40% (gi thnh 1 g
A 101 ngang vi 10 g PAC) mang li ch kinh t v do tc keo t rt ln nn c th thu gn
nhiu ln qui m ca b lng khi thit k xy dng h thng x l.
- Xt v nhiu kha cnh khi keo t nc rc, nn s dng liu lng PAC l 300 - 400 g/m3
cng vi 2 g/m3 tr keo t A 101. Trong qu trnh keo t d gp hin tng bn ni do nguyn
nhn to kh CO2 (axit ca PAC vi bicarbonat trong nc, pH cng thp kh nng to CO2
cng ln) v c th do oxy sinh ra t qu trnh quang hp ca to. khc phc hin tng
trn c th s dng dng kh khuy trn khi keo t nhm ui cc kh sinh ra ra khi
nc.
- Qu trnh keo t lm gim c mt phn COD v mu ca nc rc, n ch t ti mt
mc gii hn khi tip tc tng liu lng cht keo t. Hiu qu tch loi COD v mu (c l
ch yu do c ch hp ph) tng khi pH ca h gim (gim pH ca nc rc rt tn km axit
do kim ln). iu m ra kh nng s dng phng php keo t nh bng nc
giai on cui cng nh l mt gii php thay th cho hp ph trn than hot tnh tuy vi hiu
qu khng cao nhng c li v gi thnh.
- Do s bin ng rt ln ca nc rc ti cc bi v theo thi gian trong tng bi, qu trnh keo
t cng khng n nh, v vy cn c nh gi chi tit cho tng trng hp v theo di iu
chnh kp thi trong khi vn hnh.
- Trong qu trnh keo t vi phn nhm, mt phn photpho b mt i trong khi lng photpho
thng l thiu cho nhu cu x l vi sinh sau , v th cn ht sc hn ch s hao ht. Tnh
ton lng photpho cn b xung trong khi vn hnh ch c th da trn s liu ca nc rc
sau keo t (xem bng 13. 6).
~ 76 ~
13. 3. 2. Qu trnh oxy ho ho hc.
Oxy ho ho hc l loi phn ng gia mt cht oxy ho v mt cht kh, trong cht oxy
ho ng vai tr cht nhn in t (gim ho tr) v cht kh ng vai tr cht nhng in t
(tng ho tr).
Trong nc rc, cc cht hu c ng vai tr cht kh (nguyn t carbon tng t ho tr m
ln dng) v c oxy ho v nhiu dng hp cht trung gian khc nhau, sn phm cui cng l
kh carbonic. Amoni cng l mt cht kh (nguyn t nit c ho tr -3) nhng khng th oxy
ho (v d v dng nitrit, nitrat) trong iu kin thng thng ca phn ng pha lng vi hu ht
cc cht oxy ho (tr trng hp phn ng vi clo hot ng to ra kh nit c ho tr khng).
Hiu qu ca mt phn ng oxy ho trc ht ph thuc vo s chnh lch gia th nng oxy
ho ca cht oxy ho (v d ozon c th oxy ho chun l +2,07 V trong mi trng axit v l
1,24 V trong mi trng kim) v th kh ca cht kh (v d khi kh nitrit v nitrat trong mi
trng kim th kh l -0,01 V). S chnh lch gia mt cht oxy ho thng dng vi cht kh
v c (H2S, Mn2+, Fe2+, As3+, NO2-) thng kh ln, dn ti phn ng tng i trit . Phn
ng oxy ho cc cht hu c kh xy ra hn v phng din cn bng v phn ng xy ra nhiu
bc ni tip nhau. Thng thng nhng cht hu c c phn t lng thp d b oxy ho hn
loi c phn t lng cao. Cc phn t cht hu c gy mu cng thng d b oxy ho, chuyn
ho thnh cc cht khng mu m khng nht thit ti sn phm cui cng l kh carbonic.
Nhng cht oxy ho thng dng dng trong x l nc v nc thi l: kh oxy, hydro
peroxit, kali permanganat, ozon, clo hot ng, Fenton (H2O2+ Fe2+).
Kh oxy c th oxy ho thp, thng c s dng oxy ho cc cht v c trong nc sinh
hot v trong nc thi nh Fe2+, H2S, Mn2+ (trong iu kin pH cao). Kh nng oxy ho cht
hu c ca oxy khng cao, tr trng hp tin hnh di iu kin p sut, nhit cao v c s
dng xc tc.
Clo hot tnh: Clo c ho tr +1 l cht oxy ho kh mnh, ty vo hp cht c th v mi
trng (axit, kim) th oxy ho ca n thng ln hn 1V. Cc dng clo hot ng: kh clo,
dung dch Javen (NaOCl), canxi hypoclorua (Ca(OCl)2), cloamin, sau phn ng oxy ho nguyn
t clo chuyn v ho tr -1.
Clo c s dng ch yu lm cht kh trng do gi thnh thp v kh nng kh trng rt
cao. Tuy nhin do n d phn ng (th) vi cc tp cht hu c trong nc nn to ra cc sn
phm ph c c tnh (gy ung th). V l do nn xu hng hin nay ti cc nc cng
nghip l ht sc hn ch dng clo kh trng. Clo dioxit (ClO2) t gy c hn nhng do tnh
n nn phi ch to ti ch, v vy vic ng dng cng khng c thun li.
Clo hot tnh c th oxy ho hu ht cc tp cht v c trong nc thi nh nitrit, xianua, st
(II), mangan (II) vi hiu qu cao. oxy ho cht hu c (COD) trong nc thi cn phi dng
~ 77 ~
liu lng rt cao: vi nc thi qua lng s cp cn 0,5 - 2,5 kg/kg BOD (thng l 1,75
kg/kg BOD), vi nc sau qu trnh x l vi sinh, liu lng thng dng l 2 kg/kg BOD [16].
Vi liu lng clo cao nh vy kh nng hnh thnh cc tp cht mi c - clo l rt ln v
thng l lm tng mu ca nc.
V nguyn tc th c th loi b amoni khi oxy ho vi clo. Phn ng gia clo v amoni xy
ra theo nhiu bc, ph thuc vo t l clo/amoni. Khi t l ny nh hn 4 (g/g) sn phm hnh
thnh ch yu l monocloamin (NH2Cl), khi tng t l clo/amoni, tip tc hnh thnh dicloamin
(NHCl2) hoc tricloamin (NCl3). Vi t l clo/amoni = 7,6 tnh theo phn ng s xy ra qu trnh
oxy ho amoni (nit ho tr -3) v dng kh nit (N2 - ho tr khng). Trong thc tin xy ra
qu trnh trn, t l clo/amoni 10. Do nc rc cha nhiu cht hu c v amoni nn phng n
s dng clo x l tr nn rt t tnh kh thi (xem 4. 1. 2).
Kali permanganat (KMnO4- thuc tm) l mt cht oxy ho kh mnh c th oxy ho l 1,68
V trong mi trng axit v 0,58 V trong mi trng kim. N c kh nng oxy ho nhiu loi
cht hu c, v c trong nc v nc thi. Sn phm to thnh l dioxit mangan (MnO2), l
dng rn khng tan trong iu kin pH thng dng v vy c th tch ra c bng phng php
lc hoc lng. Mangan dioxit cng c kh nng hp ph Mn2+ nn gp phn gim bt lng
permanganat cn thit oxy ho Mn2+ ln MnO2.
Permanganat c dng trong x l nc thi v nc loi b xianua, oxy ho phenol, x
l mi, mu, v ca nc nhng ch c kh nng hn ch i vi cc loi cht hu c gy mu,
mi, v c tnh bn oxy ho cao nh loi trong nc rc [17].
Ozon l loi kh khng bn c ch to ti ch v l mt cht oxy ho mnh: th oxy ho
kh trong mi trng axit l 2,07 V, trong mi trng kim l 1,24 V. Chnh hot tnh cao ca
ozon hn ch kh nng ng dng ca n trong cng ngh x l nc, nc thi v ngoi phn
ng vi cc tp cht trong nc n cn t phn hu. Phn hu ozon l mt qu trnh phn hu
dy chuyn theo c ch hnh thnh cc loi gc t do, c khi mo bi rt nhiu loi tp cht
trong nc, v d hydroxyl (OH-, gi tr pH cao), cc hp cht hu c t nhin, Fe (II). Phn ng
oxy ho cht hu c xy ra c l do cc gc t do to thnh. Thi gian tn ti ca ozon trong
nc ph thuc nhiu vo cc yu t nh pH, nhit , cht hu c v bicarbonat. S c mt ca
bicarbonat ( kim) gip ko di thi gian tn ti ca ozon trong nc. ng vai tr tht s cho
phn ng oxy ho cht hu c trong nc, nc thi l gc t do OH. sinh ra trong qu trnh
phn hu ozon trong nc, nhm ny hnh thnh thun li trong mi trng pH cao, v vy tc
oxy ho tng ng k trong vng . Trong nc c kim cao (nh nc rc) th tc
oxy ho s b chm li khi pH tng do s hnh thnh ca ion carbonat t bicarbonat, ion carbonat
l tc nhn bt gi gc OH.. Ngoi gc OH. sinh ra do phn hu ozon, bn thn ozon cng l
mt cht oxy ho mnh. Trong khi gc OH. c tc dng oxy ho mnh trong mi trng kim th
ozon c hot tnh oxy ho cao trong mi trng axit [18].
~ 78 ~
Phn ng oxy ho cht hu c trong nc thi, xy ra kh thun li: x l 1 kg COD cn

khong 3 kg Ozon i vi nc s lng v cn ti 6 kg Ozon i vi nc thi sau khi x
l vi sinh [16, 19]. Tuy c hiu qu nhng thit b pht ozon rt t tin (60 triu cho my pht
cng sut 5 g/gi, 90 triu cho my pht cng sut 10 g/gi), v cng v l do ozon thng
ch c s dng kh trng cho nc sinh hot vi liu lng t khi vt qu 0,5 g/m3.
Hp cht Fenton: Oxy ho cht hu c vi gc t do OH. cng c th tin hnh vi hp cht
Fenton, tc l i t mt ngun gc phn ng khc vi ozon. Hp cht Fenton l hn hp ca
Fe2+/H2O2.
Hp cht Fenton c tc dng oxy ho mnh c nhn bit t rt sm (1894) v hot tnh
ca n c qui cho nhm gc OH. sinh ra do phn ng:
Fe2+ + H2O2 Fe(OH)2+ + OH. (13-1)
Tuy vy, gn y (1998) Bossmann th cho rng tc dng oxy ho ca Fenton l do s hnh
thnh ca phc Fe (IV), v d [Fe(OH)2(H2O)4]2+ cng vi gc OH. [18]. Fenton c hot tnh cao
trong mi trng axit, pH = 2 - 4, ti u ti pH 3. Trong vng pH cao, Fe (III) b kt ta. Hot
tnh ca Fenton gim khi pH > 4 c th do nguyn nhn l s phn hu nhanh ca H2O2 thnh
H2O v O2, oxy ho Fe (II) vi cc cht oxy ho khc (v d oxy ho tan) ch khng phi vi
H2O2 v phn ng gia H2O2 vi Fe (II) khng to ra nhm OH. trong vng pH cao.
H Fenton ci tin mi c nghin cu gn y l h gm: tia UV - Fe (II) oxalat v H2O2.
S c mt ca tia UV v oxalat gy ra 3 hiu ng chnh sau [18, 19]:
- Phn ng ca phc Fe (II) oxalat vi H2O2 nhanh hn so vi phn ng ca Fe (II) vi H2O2.
- Kh Fe (III) v Fe (II) vi tia UV t phc Fe (III) oxalat nhanh hn qu trnh kh Fe (III) v Fe
(II) trong phn ng Fenton chun.
- S c mt ca phi t oxalat trong phc st lm tng tan ca st, gim qu trnh kt ta.
Trong thnh phn ca cht Fenton, t l gia Fe (II)/H2O2 c th bin ng trong khong rng
m vic xc nh chng c da trn hiu qu ca tng h c th thng qua cc th nghim. St
(II) c mt trong thnh phn Fenton hoc c xem l vai tr xc tc hoc cht tham gia phn
ng. St (II) c xem l cht xc tc do qu trnh ti sinh li chnh n (kh Fe (III) v Fe (II)
vi cc phn ng thch hp) v khi t l Fe (II)/H2O2 << 1. Trong trng hp t l Fe
(II)/H2O2 1 th nhiu kh nng l st (II) ng vai tr cht tham gia phn ng.
C ch phn ng ca Fenton vi cht hu c l to ra cc gc hu c c hot tnh cao nh vo
phn ng ca cht hu c vi gc OH.. C hai kh nng thc hin phn ng to gc hu c:
- Phn ng cng hp nhm OH. vi cht hu c, hp cht to thnh l sn phm cng hp ca
hai nhm nn mang gc t do. Phn ng thng xy ra vi cc hp cht hu c cha bo ho
ho tr (thuc nhum, hp cht thm, thm a vng, phenol, thuc tr su).
~ 79 ~
- Phn ng tch hydro ca cht hu c vi gc OH. vi sn phm to thnh l mt gc t do (R.)

v nc, cc phn ng din ra tip tc theo mt lot cc bc ni tip nhau ph thuc vo hot
tnh ho hc ca cht hu c.
Tc phn ng ca cht Fenton vi hp cht hu c rt khc nhau, c th t vi chc pht
ti 24 gi th t ti trng thi cn bng, tc ph thuc vo bn cht (cu trc ho hc) ca
cht hu c v nng gc OH. trong mi trng phn ng.
Th nghim oxy ho cht hu c trong nc rc c tp trung vo phn ng vi cht Fenton
vi mc tiu nh gi kh nng x l COD v x l mu ca nc rc.
Th nghim c tin hnh nh sau:
Nc rc s dng cho th nghim c ly t bi rc Trng Ct, Hi Phng.
Trc khi tin hnh oxy ho, nc rc c keo t, tch phn cn l lng.
Hp cht Fenton:
- Dung dch Fe2+ c pha t mui FeSO4.7 H2O vi nng l 4%, pha trong axit H2SO4 1N.
Nng Fe2+ trong dung dch l 8 g/l.
- Dung dch H2O2 cng nghip c nng ban u l 547,4 g/l c pha long gp 10 ln, tc l
dung dch s dng c nng l 54,7 g/l.
- Dung dch iu chnh pH l H2SO4 10%.
Th nghim oxy ho vi Fenton nhm xc nh: nng thch hp i vi Fe (II) v H 2O2
cng nh t l Fe2+/H2O2. Th nghim xc nh nng cn thit ca hydro peroxid c tin
hnh vi cc iu kin: t l (mol) gia Fe (II) v H2O2 nm trong khong 1:18 n 1:223, nng
ca st nm trong vng t 0 - 24 mg/l, nng H2O2 t 270 - 1090 mg/l. Kt qu kho st
c ghi li trong bng 13. 7.
Bng13. 7. nh hng ca nng hydro peroxid ln kh nng x l mu v COD vi cc t l

Fe2+/H2O2 khc nhau. Mu ban u : mu 715 (Pt/Co), COD 933 mg/l, pH 8,79. Thi gian
phn ng 3,5 gi. Khi phn ng kt thc nng pH to keo t. Trong mt s th nghim c b
sung thm H2SO4 10% pH t gi tr 3.
T l Fe 2+ H2O2 Mu Hiu qu COD Hiu qu
Fe2+/H2O2 (mg/l) (mg/l) (Pt/Co) (%) (mg/l) (%)
- 0 273 690 4 839 10
1:55 8 273 107 84 663 24
1:28 16 273 160 76 684 21
1:18 24 273 257 62 609 30
- 0 547 445 34 828 5
1:110 8 547 45 93 617 29
~ 80 ~
1:55 16 547 93 86 589 33

1:37 24 547 - - 538 38
- 0 1094 51 92 794 9
1:223 8 1094 30 95 549 37
1:110 16 1094 17 97 514 41
1:75 24 1094 21 97 480 45
T s liu ca bng 13. 7 cho thy ch ring H2O2 c kh nng kh mu vi hiu qu 4%,
34%, 92% tng ng vi nng s dng l 273, 547 v 1094 mg/l. Kh nng x l COD ca
ring H2O2 thp, khng vt qu 10%.
Khi c mt ca Fe2+, hiu qu x l mu tng r rt, c bit vi vng s dng nng H2O2
thp, kh nng x l COD cng tng ng k khi c mt ca Fe2+ v nhn chung khi nng st
tng, hiu qu x l COD cng tng theo, tuy nhin trong trng hp tt nht hiu qu x l
cng khng t c ti 50%. Hiu qu x l mu v COD tng chm khi tip tc tng nng
H2O2.
Nhm tip tc nh gi vai tr ca st vi t cch l cht tham gia phn ng, th nghim c
tin hnh vi nng H2O2 n nh (1094 mg/l) v thay i nng st vi nng cao. Kt
qu c ghi li trong bng 13. 8.
Bng 13. 8. nh hng ca nng st ln kh nng x l mu, COD ca cht Fenton.

T l Fe2+ H2O2 Mu Hiu COD Hiu H2O2 d
Fe2+/H2O2 (mg/l) (mg/l) (Pt/Co) qu (%) (mg/l) qu (%) (mg/l)
1:56 32 1094 72 90 623 33 240
1:37 48 1094 73 90 481 48 112
1:32 56 1094 75 90 500 46 64
1:25 72 1094 68 90 462 50 64
T kt qu ca bng 13. 8 cho thy khi tng nng st, kh nng x l mu khng ci thin
hn, rt c th l t mc ti a. Kh nng x l COD cng tng khng nhiu, phn tng
thm rt c th do lng st (III) hydroxit kt ta c tc dng hp ph mt phn cht hu c. Sau
thi gian phn ng, nng H2O2 d trong nc c xc nh, lng d cn li kh cao khi
nng st thp. iu cng chng t rng cc cht hu c trong nc rc thuc loi kh
phn ng.
Gi t l Fe2+/H2O2 v gim c nng st v H2O2 50%. Kt qu thu c ghi li trong bng
13. 9.
~ 81 ~
T kt qu ca bng 13. 9 cho thy kh nng x l mu ca h trn khng gim nhiu so vi

h c nng st v H2O2 cao gp i v kh nng x l COD c gim nhng khng t l vi
nng ca st cng nh H2O2. Mt khc lng H2O2 d cng kh ln, ngang vi h kho st
trn. V vy c th cho rng trong h thiu lng st (II) cho phn ng sinh ra gc OH .. S thiu
ht ny do hoc l lng a vo khng hoc qu trnh ti sinh chm do bn cht ca h phn
ng. iu ng ngha vi trong qu trnh x l COD, st (II) ng vai tr cht tham gia
phn ng, ch khng ch ng vai tr cht xc tc.
Bng 13. 9. Kh nng x l mu v COD ca h Fenton.

2+
T l Fe H2O2 Mu Hiu COD Hiu H2O2 d
2+
Fe /H2O2 (mg/l) (mg/l) (Pt/Co) qu (%) (mg/l) qu (%) (mg/l)
1:56 16 547 123 83 599 36 105
1:37 24 547 105 85 584 37 85
1:32 29 547 88 88 600 37 88
1:25 32 547 103 86 594 36 86
Th nghim tip tc nng cao nng st vi nng H2O2 cao (1094 mg/l) nhm kim tra
gi thit trn, c tin hnh v kt qu c ghi li trong bng 13. 10. Mu ban u c: mu
374 Pt/Co, COD = 500 mg/l, pH = 8,87, c b xung axit a mi trng v pH 3.
Bng 13. 10. Phn ng Fenton vi t l Fe2+/H2O2 khc nhau, thi gian phn ng 1 gi v 4
gi.
T l Fe2+ H2O2 Mu Hiu COD Hiu H2O2 d
Fe2+/H2O2 (mg/l) (mg/l) (Pt/Co) qu (%) (mg/l) qu (%) (mg/l)
Sau 1 gi
1:55 32 1094 27 93 255 49 182
1:28 64 1094 11 97 193 61 118
1:18 96 1094 12 97 157 68 73
1:14 129 1094 9 98 192 62 51
1:11 161 1094 16 96 157 62 18
1:5,5 322 1094 27 93 133 73 29
Sau 4 gi
1:55 32 1094 11 97 176 65 176
1:28 64 1094 8 98 194 61 25
~ 82 ~
1:18 96 1094 20 95 140 72 29

1:14 129 1094 23 95 163 67 32
1:11 161 1094 24 94 144 71 35
1:5,5 322 1094 25 94 136 73 29
T bng 13. 10 cho thy vi nng st v H2O2 ln, hiu qu x l COD tng ln r rt v
lng d H2O2 cng gim nhiu. Tc phn ng trong iu kin trn nhanh, hiu qu x l sau
1 gi v 4 gi khc nhau khng nhiu. iu chng t vai tr cht tham gia phn ng ca st
(II) trong qu trnh x l COD.
Nhn xt:
T kt qu kho st v phn ng oxy ho nc rc cho thy:
- Do thnh phn ca nc rc phc tp, vi nng amoni, kim cao, COD khng ln, thuc
loi tr v mt s cht oxy ho t (ozon, clo dioxit) nn kh nng la chn cht oxy ho
khng nhiu. Cht oxy ho c la chn nh gi v vy ch l cht Fenton.
- Cht Fenton c kh nng x l mu cao, c th x l trn 90% mu. Kh nng x l COD thp
hn, trong nhng iu kin c bit kh nng x l c th t ti 70%.
- Trong qu trnh x l mu, st ng vai tr xc tc nn lng st (II) s dng thp. Trong qu
trnh x l COD, ngoi vai tr xc tc, st (II) cn ng vai tr cht tham gia phn ng, v vy
cn s dng lng st ln, tc l t l Fe2+/H2O2 cao.
- Phn ng oxy ho COD vi Fenton kh trit , tc l sn phm cui cng cha phi l CO2,
m l nhng hp cht hu c c phn t lng thp hn. Cc sn phm trung gian ny c tnh
sinh hu cao hn thch hp cho x l vi sinh tip theo [19]. Vic xc nh cc hp cht trung
gian chng ti khng c iu kin kho st.
- Mt trong nhng hn ch ln nht ca phng php oxy ho ni chung v vi cht Fenton ni
ring l yu t v gi thnh khi x l nc rc. phn ng xy ra c hiu qu, vng pH cho
phn ng xp x 3. kim (HCO3-) ca nc rc rt cao (c th ti 3000 mg/l), trung ho
c kim ny v a pH xung 3 cn khong 1,6 - 1,8 kg H2SO4/m3 i vi nc cha
kim 1000 mg/l, sau li phi dng xt a pH ca mi trng phn ng v 7 kt ta
v ph hp vi tiu chun thi. Nu qu trnh oxy ho li c tin hnh trc khi x l vi sinh
th s li phi b xung kim thc hin phn ng oxy ho amoni (oxy ho 1 g amoni cn 7,2 g
kim). oxy ho t hiu qu chp nhn c, loi b 300 - 600 mg COD/l cn liu lng
Fenton kh ln: 1 kg H2O2 + 1,2 kg FeSO4.7H2O vi thi gian phn ng khong 1 gi.
- T cc kt qu nghin cu v cc iu kin thc thi cng ngh trong thc tin c th cho rng:
phn ng oxy ho ho hc t c tnh kh thi trong iu kin ca chng ta i vi nc rc.
Trong chng mc nht nh, phn ng Fenton c th s dng kh mu sau giai on x l vi
~ 83 ~
sinh vi t l Fe2+/H2O2 thp (vi gi thnh cng khng thp, c tnh chi ph ho cht khong
8 - 10.000 /m3), tc l p dng cho giai on nh bng nc.
13. 3. 3. X l vi sinh ym kh.
Hot ng ca vi sinh ym kh to ra kh metan v carbon dioxit. Khc vi phn ng d ho

(to ra nng lng) ca cc loi vi sinh hiu kh hoc tu nghi l do phn ng oxy ho kh (trao
i electron), phn ng d ho ca vi sinh ym kh l qu trnh ln men (fermentative
catabolism), trong s oxy ha ca nguyn t carbon khng thay i trong sn phm (CH 4) so
vi cht hu c ban u. V l do nn nng lng nhn c ca vi sinh ym kh hot
ng thp hn nhiu so vi vi sinh hiu kh (ch khong 0,3 kcal/g COD so vi khong 3,3 kcal/g
COD), phn nng lng cn li nm trong dng nng lng ho hc ca sn phm metan (sinh ra
khi t). V vy lng vi sinh ym kh hnh thnh (sinh trng) rt thp, 0,05 - 0,15 kg SKHH/kg
COD trong khi loi hiu kh c hiu sut hnh thnh 0,3 - 0,4 kg SKHH/kg COD (SKHH: sinh
khi hu hiu). Do khong 97% COD c s dng to kh metan, nng lng ny d tha
cung cp cho qu trnh sc kh oxy x l mt lng COD tng ng [20]. Lng bn
sinh ra thp, khng cn cung cp nng lng, hot tnh duy tr trong thi gian di (vi thng ti
c nm trong iu kin khng c b sung thc n, trong khi loi hiu kh ch tn ti c 2 - 3
tun), ph hp vi iu kin nng m chnh l li th ca phng php x l ym kh. Nhng
c im thun li nu mi ch l d liu ban u thun li ch cha phi l iu kin i vi
hiu qu x l ym kh i vi mt loi nc thi c th no trong mt h thng x l.
Khi mt h thng x l c thit k ng - tc l cc tp on vi sinh ym kh pht trin
tng hp vi cng sut x l v mc chu ti nhim th hiu qu x l i vi mt cht hu
c c kh nng sinh hu ph thuc vo cc yu t sau [20]:
1) Bn cht ho hc ca cht hu c cn x l.
2) Yu t mi trng nh hng n hiu qu (pH, ORP, nhit ...).
3) Mt vi khun c tc dng x l.
4) Mc tip xc gia vi sinh vt vi cht hu c.
5) Cu hnh ca h thng x l (v d ghp ni lin tip nhiu ngn).
6) Thi gian lu thu lc ca nc thi.
Yu t cui cng tht ra l mt thng s ph thuc vo c nm yu t trn, nm yu t u
quyt nh mi trng pht trin ca vi sinh v iu kin vn hnh h thng. iu kin th nht
v th nh do c trng nc thi v iu kin ngoi cnh xc nh. Yu t 3, 4, 5 lin quan n
cng ngh (ch ng) ca h thng. Mt h x l ym kh c tc nhanh l iu kin u tin
gim gi thnh xy dng.
~ 84 ~
Trong qu trnh x l ym kh, mt lot cc bc xy ra k tip nhau: thu phn, to ra axit,

metan. Mi bc c thc hin bi cc chng loi vi sinh khc nhau.
Thy phn: qu trnh b gy, cht nh cc phn t hu c ln hoc khng tan thnh cc
dng tan nh cc men xut pht t chng vi sinh. Protein s phn hu thnh polypeptid, peptid
v axit amin, amoni. Hydrat carbon (tinh bt) phn hu thnh cc loi ng tan (mono,
disacharid), lipid c chuyn ho thnh axit bo v glycerin. Qu trnh thu phn i khi cng
chm, c bit l thu phn lipid nhit thp.
To axit: cc cht c phn t lng thp tan trong nc c vi sinh hp thu v thi ra di
dng axit bo d bay hi (VFA), ru, axit lactic v mt s cht v c: dioxit carbon, amoni,
hydro sunfua (H2S). Chng vi sinh ny c th b u c bi oxy ho tan.
To metan: Trc khi to thnh metan, cc sn phm ca qu trnh to axit c chuyn ho
thnh axetat, hydro v dioxit carbon. Giai on to metan thng thng l chm nht.
V tc phn hu ym kh. Tc phn hu cc cht hu c c kh nng sinh hu trc
ht ph thuc vo mt vi sinh. Mt vi sinh tng cng vi lng cht hu c b phn hu v
gim do qu trnh phn hu ni sinh. Qu trnh tng vi sinh hu nh khng ph thuc vo nng
cht hu c khi nng cht hu c ln (phn ng bc khng) v t l vi nng cht hu
c khi nng cht hu c thp (phn ng bc 1) do tnh cht ca kiu ng hc Monod. Qu
trnh phn hu ni sinh t l thun vi mt vi sinh ti thi im .
Yu t mi trng.
Yu t mi trng tc ng mnh ln qu trnh x l ym kh gm : nhit , pH, cc cht
dinh dng (N, P, vi lng) v iu kin ym kh (khng cha oxy ho tan).
Chng vi sinh ym kh c nhiu loi hot ng cc khong nhit khc nhau, t 30 - 55oC.
Thng thng nhit ti u 30 - 40oC, di khong ti u tc x l gim, c th tnh ton
theo biu thc kinh nghim [21]:
rt= r30. (1,11)(t-30) (13-1)
o o o
t: tnh theo C, rt, r30 l tc phn hu ti t C v 30 C.
Gi tr pH v tnh n nh ca pH c ngha quan trng i vi hiu qu x l v qu trnh
metan ho (thng l chm nht) ti u trong vng trung ho. pH < 3 v pH >7,8 s lm gim
tc phn hu. Qu trnh axit ho t b nhy cm i vi pH, nu qu trnh xy ra nhanh s gy
hin tng b chua.
Mt s cc cht gy c cho qu trnh x l ym kh ngay nng thp: kim loi nng, hp
cht hu c - clo. Cht gy c thng gp nht l sunfua (S2-) v oxy tan trong nc. Oxy thm
nhp vo h thng qua u vo hoc cc v tr khng kn ca h. Sunfua c th hnh thnh qua
qu trnh kh sunfat, hm lng sunfat trong nc rc l khng thp.
Tht ra x l ym kh c s dng kh lu trong i sng hng ngy nhng ch mi c
ti pht hin v s dng rng ri gn y, c bit nh vo k thut tin hnh chy ngc qua
~ 85 ~
lp bn ym kh (Up flow anaerobic sludge blanket, UASB) v do cuc khng hong du la

1973.
K thut UASB c Lettinga v cng s pht trin vo nhng nm 70 (trng Wageningen,
H Lan). Cho ti nay, y l kiu k thut t hiu qu cao v ph bin rng ri nht. Nhiu h
thng ln c xy dng v vn hnh ti cc vng c kh hu nhit i, mt s trm pilot
c xy dng nh gi ti cc vng n i.
c trng quan trng ca h UASB l vng tch pha: Nc thi c dn vo y, phn b
u chy ngc ln trn qua mt lp bn ( chim 50 -70% chiu cao ), tc l chng vi sinh ym
kh, ti phn trn cng bn c lng, kh tch ra khi h thng.
Hiu qu x l ca k thut UASB trc ht l do s tip xc c hiu qu ca cc cht gy
nhim vi tp on vi sinh vt ym kh (lp bn), v duy tr c s tip xc, cc thng s
cng ngh: tc dng nc, kh nng lng ca bn, kh nng sinh kh trong thit b, phn phi
u dng vo, chng bn trn ra ngoi cn c tnh ton chu o. Khi cc thng s nu trn
c kim sot th hiu qu x l ph thuc vo: bn cht ca cht nhim, mt vi sinh cng
vi mt s cc thng s v iu kin vn hnh (pH, nhit ...).
13. 3. 3. 1. Hiu qu x l cht hu c.
Nghin cu x l ym kh nc rc c thc hin trn thit b UASB (hnh 13. 1).
~ 86 ~
c th theo di c tc
phn hu, thit b UASB c cc
im ly mu khc nhau, tng Nc
ng vi thi gian lu thu lc thi ra
khc nhau.
Tc dng nc c duy tr im
(0,6 - 0,9 m/gi) thng qua iu ly mu
chnh tc th tch ca bm nh
lng. Mt vi sinh vt c
duy tr 4 g v 8 g/l. Vi sinh ym
kh c ngun gc t x l nc
thi thu sn, nc git m gia sc
v nc rc ( c thun chng
gn 2 nm, giai on lm quen vi
nc rc l 4 thng).
Nc rc c nghin cu l Nc thi
nc rc ly trc tip t ngun vo
(chn h chn lp) v h vi sinh
Hnh 13. 1. S ct UASB s
s 1 (Nam Sn, H Ni) v ti hai
dng trong th nghim.
v tr COD cn tng i cao
hn so vi cc v tr khc. Nc
rc ngun v h 1 c th nghim
khng iu chnh pH v c iu
chnh pH t nc ngun.
Ngoi ra, nh gi hot tnh ca tp on vi sinh v so snh vi kh nng phn hu so vi
cc cht hu c khc th nghim c tin hnh c b xung thm ng vi nng 2g/l (
COD l 2000 mgO2/l). Tt c cc th nghim i vi h UASB c thi gian lu thu lc l 8 gi.
Cc thng s phn tch theo di qu trnh phn hu ym kh gm: pH, COD, NH4+, axit hu c
bay hi VFA, kim, T - P. Mi th nghim u c lp li nm ln trong cng iu kin.
Kt qu th nghim c ghi li trong bng 13. 11, 13. 12,13. 13, 13. 14.
Bng 13. 11. X l ym kh: nc rc h 1, khng iu chnh pH, thi gian lu thy lc 8 gi. S
dng ng thi hai ct ym kh vi nng vi sinh 4 v 8 g/l.
S th t th nghim Trung Hiu
Ch tiu 1 2 3 4 5 bnh min max sut,%
~ 87 ~
Vo 590 528 581 799 907 670,4 528 907 -

COD Ra (4 g/l) 581 516 579 770 889 656,7 516 889 2,1
(mgO2/l) Ra (8 g/l) 569 521 571 759 871 648,4 521 871 3,3
Vo 302,5 402,5 425 320 267 331,9 267 425 -
NH3 Ra (4 g/l) 298,5 405,2 419 330 274 331,8 274 419 -
(mgN/l) Ra (8 g/l) 297,2 411,8 421 334 271 333,6 271 421 -
Vo 33,7 26,9 22,4 14,5 11,2 20,37 11,2 33,7 -
VFA
(mg Ra (4 g/l) 16,8 14,8 11,2 49,4 31,4 22,46 11,2 49,4 -
CH3COOH/l) Ra (8 g/l) 18,2 16,8 11,2 22,4 22,4 17,24 11,2 22,4 -
Vo 2750 2750 2250 2770 2660 2571 2070 2770 -
Kim Ra (4 g/l) 2910 2680 2195 2740 2670 2576 2125 2910 -
(mg CaCO3/l)Ra (8 g/l) 3030 2795 2215 2735 2665 2598 2050 3030 -
Vo 5,04 4,58 5,25 4,66 5,74 5,27 4,6 6,4 -
T-P Ra (4 g/l) 4,23 4,19 4,95 3,86 4,98 4,63 3,9 5,2 12,1
(mg/l) Ra (8 g/l) 4,51 4,32 5,15 3,58 5,02 4,75 3,6 5,8 9,8
Vo 8,43 8,16 7,78 8,57 8,96 8,39 7,8 9,0 -
pH Ra (4 g/l) 8,26 8,17 7,81 8,45 8,76 8,37 7,8 8,8 -
Ra (8 g/l) 8,15 8,16 7,69 8,5 8,89 8,35 7,7 8,9 -
S liu ca bng 13. 11 cho thy: vi nc rc c nng COD t 528 n 907 mgO 2/l hiu
qu x l rt thp, ch t 2 - 3%. Vi nc rc ngay t ngun thi c nhim cao hn (COD
t 1650 - 1906 mgO2/l) vi thi gian lu thu lc l 8 gi, mt vi sinh 8 g/l hiu qu x l
ym kh cng t cha ti 4% (bng 13. 12). Hiu qu x l photpho t kh hn, xp x 10%.
Bng 13. 12. X l ym kh: Nc rc ngun khng iu chnh pH, mt vi sinh 8 g/l.
S th t th nghim Trung min max Hiu
Ch tiu 1 2 3 4 bnh sut, %
COD Vo 1735 1821 1650 1906 1778 1650 1906 -

(mgO2/l Ra 1685 1740 1588 1836 1712 1588 1836 3,7
NH3 Vo 645 661 622 685 653 622 685 -
(mg N/l) Ra 643 658 623 681 651 623 681 -
VFA (mg Vo 62,9 44,8 40,5 66,7 53,7 40,5 66,7 -

CH3COOH/l) Ra 22,4 22,4 15,7 29,2 22,4 15,7 29,2 -
~ 88 ~
Kim Vo 5000 4890 4910 4990 4948 4890 5000 -

(mg CaCO3/l) Ra 4860 4820 4820 4860 4840 4820 4860 -
T-P Vo 6,84 7,1 6,75 6,98 6,92 6,75 7,1 -
(mg/l) Ra 5,85 6,91 6,12 5,78 6,17 5,78 6,91 10,8
pH Vo 8,26 8,23 8,29 8,18 8,24 8,18 8,29
Ra 8,09 8,17 8,16 8,11 8,13 8,09 8,17
Hiu qu x l COD thp c th do nhng nguyn nhn: COD tr kh phn hu, hot ca
vi sinh thp, vng pH khng thch hp, nh hng bt li ca ion clorua v sunfat trong nc
rc.
kim tra cc yu t trn, trc ht th nghim tin hnh vi nc rc ngun c nhim
COD t 1625 - 1796 mgO2/l, thi gian lu thu lc l 8 gi, mt sinh khi 8 g/l v iu chnh
pH trc khi vo h UASB v vng ti u (7,46 - 7,52). Kt qu thu c v hiu sut x l
COD cng vn ch t c khong 4% (bng 13. 13).
Nhm kim tra hot vi sinh v tnh kh (d) sinh hu cht hu c trong nc rc, th
nghim c thc hin trn nn nc rc ca h 1 v b xung thm 2 g/l ng, tng ng vi
COD 2000 mgO2/l, trong iu kin khng chnh pH. Vi thi gian lu thu lc 8gi, hiu qu
x l COD t c 27% v 48% tng ng vi mt vi sinh l 4 v 8 g/l. Hiu sut x l
COD l kh tt, tuy nhin s t cao hn nu tng thm thi gian lu thu lc v gi tr VFA cn
kh cao trong c hai thit b c mt vi sinh khc nhau v cao hn trong ct c mt vi sinh
thp (bng 13. 14), trong khi hm lng VFA trong cc th nghim trc c gi tr rt thp
(bng 13. 11, 13. 12, 13. 13). iu kin ym kh (tnh kh ORP) ca mi trng trong tt c cc
th nghim u m bo, u thp hn - 300 mV, iu chng t mi trng khng cha oxy
ho tan.
Bng 13. 13. X l ym kh: Nc rc ngun c iu chnh pH, mt vi sinh 8 g/l.

S th t th nghim trung min max Hiu
ch tiu 1 2 3 4 bnh sut, %
COD Vo 1728 1695 1625 1796 1711 1625 1796 -

(mgO2/l) Ra 1650 1620 1550 1720 1635 1550 1720 4,4
NH3 Vo 645 672 629 685 658 629 685 -
(mg N/l) Ra 629 685 625 683 656 625 685 -
VFA (mg Vo 27,8 22,4 11,8 36,7 24,7 11,8 36,7 -

CH3COOH/l) Ra 22,4 11,2 11,2 22,4 16,8 11,2 22,4 -
~ 89 ~
Kim Vo 4740 4680 4625 4795 4710 4625 4795 -

(mg CaCO3/l) Ra 4620 4705 4595 4730 4663 4595 4730 -
T-P Vo 6,89 7,1 6,85 6,45 6,82 6,45 7,1 -
(mg/l) Ra 6,01 6,87 6,45 5,78 6,28 5,78 6,87 7,9
pH Vo 7,46 7,52 7,5 7,48 7,49 7,46 7,52 -
Ra 7,51 7,23 7,42 7,31 7,37 7,23 7,51 -
13. 3. 3. 2. nh hng ca sunfat.
Nc rc thng cha sunfat v clorua vi hm lng ng k so vi nc sinh hot, cc yu

t ny c th tham gia hoc nh hng n qu trnh x l COD ym kh.
Bng 13. 14. X l ym kh: Nc rc h 1 c b sung 2g ng /l. S dng hai ct vi mt

vi sinh 4 v 8 g/l.
S th t th nghim
Trung min max Hiu
Ch tiu 1 2 3 4 bnh sut, %
Vo 8,74 9,11 8,34 8,64 8,71 8,34 9,11 -

pH
Ra (4 g/l) 7,66 7,9 7,48 7,6 7,66 7,48 7,9 -
Ra (8 g/l) 7,63 7,65 7,38 7,9 7,64 7,38 7,9 -
Vo 2060 2140 1500 1500 1800 1500 2140 -

Kim
(mgCaCO3/l) Ra (4 g/l) 2080 2120 1640 1590 1858 1590 2120 -
Ra (8 g/l) 2120 2150 1680 1600 1888 1600 2150 -
Vo 3155 3235 2750 2270 2853 2270 3235 -

COD
(mgO2/l) Ra (4 g/l) 2303 2355 2010 1650 2080 1650 2355 27,1
Ra (8 g/l) 1700 1855 1180 1185 1480 1180 1855 48,1
NH4+ Vo 272 207 150 162 198 150 272 -
(mgN/l) Ra (4 g/l) 242 183 147 163 184 147 242 -
Ra (8 g/l) 273 208 167 175 206 167 273 -
Vo 58,7 62,3 81,0 86,0 72,0 58,7 86,0 -

SO42-
(mgS/l) Ra (4 g/l) 29,3 41,3 65,3 64,0 50,0 29,3 65,3 -
Ra (8 g/l) 32,3 28,3 37,7 55,7 38,3 28,3 55,7 -
~ 90 ~
Cl- (mg/l) Vo 1575 1500 1575 1280 1483 1280 1575 -
H2S Ra (4 g/l) 3,5 1,9 7 13,9 6,6 1,9 13,9 -

(mgS/l) Ra (8 g/l) 4,25 1,6 14,2 18,3 9,6 1,6 18,3 -
Vo 22,4 22,4 22,4 22,4 22,4 22,4 22,4 -

VFA (mg
CH3COOH/l) Ra (4 g/l) 292 314 500 287 348,3 287 500 -
Ra (8 g/l) 146 166 224 157 173,3 146 224 -
Vo 90 98 115 146 112,3 90 146 -

ORP
(mV) Ra (4 g/l) -349 -350 -350 -320 -342,3 -350 -320 -
Ra (8 g/l) -358 -349 -328 -364 -349,8 -364 -328 -

i vi qu trnh d ha do phn ng ho hc (oxidative catabolism, sinh ra nng lng) cht
hu c c th b oxy ho vi cc cht oxy ho khc nhau: oxy ho tan (hiu kh) hoc vi nitrit,
nitrat, sunfat (tu nghi, d dng). Cht oxy ho ng vai tr cht thu nhn in t t cht hu
c, khi nhn, ho tr ca oxy gim t 0 ti -2, nit trong nitrat t +5 xung 0, nit trong nitrit t
+3 xung 0 (N2) v lu hunh t +6 (SO42-) xung -2 (trong S2-). Tnh theo khi lng th c 8g
O2, (1/4 mol), 2,8g nit trong nitrat (1/5 mol), 4,6g nit trong nitrit (1/3 mol) hoc 4g S trong
sunfat (1/8 mol) s tip nhn c 1 mol in t t cht hu c. V 1g COD s c oxy ho bi
1g oxy tnh theo t lng ( theo nh ngha ) nn oxy ho 1g hp cht hu c theo COD s ht
0,35g nit trong nitrit [21].
Trong qu trnh x l ym kh, mt phn sunfat chuyn ho thnh sunfua (S2-) vi hiu sut
kh cao (30 - 60%). Suy gim COD trong qu trnh x l ym kh do tc nhn sunfat ng gp
khng nhiu lm v c gim c 100g lu hunh trong sunfat (300g sunfat) th mi gim c
50g COD, loi c kh nng sinh hu. Lng sunfua hnh thnh thng thp hn nhiu so vi
lng sunfat mt i (xem cc bng 13. 15, 13. 16, 13. 17, 13. 18, 13. 19), s hao ht ch yu l
do bay hi, b cun theo kh metan v dioxit carbon hnh thnh trong thit b ym kh UASB.
Phn ng xy ra kh thun v iu kin th oxy ho kh rt thp ( nh hn -300mV) v cht hu
c COD d sinh hu ( ng).
Tip tc nghin cu nh hng ca nng sunfat ln hiu qu x l COD ym kh, th
nghim c tin hnh c b xung thm ng (2g/l) v sunfat vi cc mc nng khc nhau,
nng sunfat cao nht t ti 900mg/l (1g sunfua tng ng vi 3g sunfat). Kt qu nhn c
(bng 13. 15 - 13. 19) cho thy hiu sut kh sunfat c tng khi nng sunfat ban u cao, tuy
vy s thay i hiu qu x l COD khng thay i nhiu, lch nhau khng qu 7% (xem hnh
13. 2) khi nng sunfat dao ng trong khong 100 n 900mg/l. Thc t, hm lng sunfat
cao hn nc thi sinh hot nhiu ln nhng c l cng t c kh nng cao hn 600mg/l nn c
th cho rng s c mt ca sunfat nh hng khng nhiu n hiu qu x l COD ym kh. Tuy
~ 91 ~
vy, trong x l ym kh xy ra qu trnh kh sunfat thnh sunfua vi mc kh cao. S to

thnh sunfua c li ch s x l c hu ht cc kim loi nng trong nc (nu c) nhng nu
chng khng thot c ra khi h thng th c th s gy c i vi vi sinh vt. iu ny cn
lu khi xy dng h thng x l ym kh.
Bng 13. 15. nh hng ca sunfat ln hiu qu x l ym kh khng b sung

sunfat, mt vi sinh 8 g/l.
STT th nghim 1 2 3 4 TBnh min max Hiu

sut
Vo 8,74 9,11 8,49 9,06 8,85 8,49 9,11
pH Ra 7,63 7,65 7,67 7,95 7,73 7,63 7,95
Vo 2060 2140 2160 2240 2150 2060 2240

Kim
mgCaCO3/l Ra 2120 2150 2050 2250 2143 2050 2250
Vo 3155 3235 2510 2800 2925 2510 3235 42,2

COD
mgO2/l) Ra 1700 1855 1360 1845 1690 1360 1855
Vo 272 207 278 287 261 207 287

NH4+
(mgN/l) Ra 273 208 267 250 250 208 273
Vo 58,5 62,3 45,3 51,7 54,4 45,3 62,3

SO42-
mgS/l) Ra 32,3 28,3 38,3 18,3 29,3 18,3 38,3
Cl- (mg/l) Vo 1575 1500 1550 1675 1575 1500 1675
H2S (mgS/l) Ra 4,3 1,6 16,8 13,0 8,9 1,6 16,8
Vo 22,4 22,4 22,4 22,4 22,4 22,4 22,4

VFA (mg
CH3COOH/l) Ra 146 166 139 128 145 128 166
Vo 90 98 111 62 90 62 111
ORP
(mV) Ra -358 -349 -348 -347 -351 -358 -347
~ 92 ~
Bng 13. 16. nh hng ca sunfat ln hiu qu x l ym kh (vng nng

2-
sunfat 243 - 295 mg/l, 1mg SO4 /l = 3mg S/l), mt vi sinh 8 g/l.
STT th nghim 1 2 3 4 5 TB min max H sut
Vo 8,34 8,64 8,74 8,16 9,08 8,59 8,16 9,08
pH Ra 7,38 7,90 8,41 7,55 7,83 7,81 7,38 8,41
Vo 1500 1500 2380 2550 2400 2066 1500 2550

Kim
mgCaCO3/l Ra 1680 1600 2440 2650 2590 2192 1600 2650
Vo 2750 2270 3155 2100 2330 2521 2100 3155 41,3

COD
mgO2/l) Ra 1180 1185 2140 1285 1615 1481 1180 2140
Vo 150 162 340 415 368 287 150 415

NH4+
(mgN/l) Ra 207 175 302 371 391 289 175 391
Vo 81,0 86,0 88,7 93,7 98,3 89,5 81,0 98,3

SO42-
mgS/l) Ra 37,5 55,7 50,7 61,7 65,0 54,1 37,5 65,0
Cl- (mg/l) Vo 1575 1280 1675 1650 1666 1569 1280 1675
H2S (mgS/l) Ra 14,2 18,3 18,5 36,3 34,8 24,4 14,2 36,3
Vo 22,4 22,4 22,4 22,4 22,4 22,4 22,4 22,4

VFA (mg
CH3COOH/l) Ra 224 157 190 162 182 183 157 224
Vo 115 146 56 91 83 98 56 146

ORP
(mV) Ra -328 -364 -377 -386 -380 -367 -386 -328

sunfat 400 - 500 mg/l, 1mg SO42-/l = 3mg S/l), mt vi sinh 8 g/l.
~ 93 ~
STT th nghim 1 2 3 4 5 6 TB min max H sut
Vo 8,95 8,82 8,92 8,53 9,08 8,82 8,85 8,53 9,08
pH Ra 7,83 7,74 7,51 7,7 7,37 7,64 7,63 7,37 7,83
Vo 2830 1940 1780 2480 1380 2800 2202 1380 2830

Kim
mgCaCO3/l Ra 2800 2440 1980 2530 1800 2800 2392 1800 2800
Vo 2830 2240 2390 2755 2340 3100 2609 2240 3100 35,3
COD
mgO2/l) Ra 1965 1600 1605 1820 1115 2020 1688 1115 2020
NH4+(mgN/l) Vo 426 244 164 337 136 391 283 136 426
Vo 167 133 133 143 133 155 144 133 167

SO42-
mgS/l) Ra 143 100 127 87 114 112 114 87 143
Cl- (mg/l) Vo 1631 1524 1418 1700 1418 1595 1548 1418 1700
H2S (mgS/l) Ra 20,0 19,8 12,5 - 24,8 19,3 19,3 12,5 24,8
Vo 22,4 22,4 22,4 22,4 22,4 22,4 22,4 22,4 22,4

VFA (mg
CH3COOH/l) Ra 408 431 336 247 381 345 358 247 431
ORP (mV) Vo 62 132 120 89 118 95 103 62 132
Ra -377 -369 -366 -376 -370 -367 -371 -377 -366

2-
~ 94 ~
STT th nghim 1 2 3 4 TB min max Hiu sut
Vo 8,76 8,52 8,97 9,03 8,82 8,52 9,03
pH Ra 7,75 7,46 7,53 7,67 7,60 7,46 7,75
Vo 2340 2410 2460 2500 2428 2340 2500

Kim
mgCaCO3/l Ra 2580 2580 2400 1760 2330 1760 2580
Vo 2205 2575 3300 3305 2846 2205 3305 35,3

COD
mgO2/l) Ra 1025 1580 2445 2320 1843 1025 2445
NH4+ (mgN/l) Vo 326 390 373 485 394 326 485
Vo 198,3 204,2 228,7 181,7 203,2 181,7 228,7

SO42-
mgS/l) Ra 134,7 166,7 183,0 161,7 161,5 134,7 183,0
Cl- (mg/l) Vo 1702 1861 1773 1932 1817 1702 1932
H2S (mgS/l) Ra 39,5 29,0 23,0 18,3 27,5 18,3 39,5
Vo 22,4 22,4 22,4 22,4 22,4 22,4 22,4

VFA (mg
CH3COOH/l) Ra 123 202 247 404 244 123 404
Vo 101 77 58 98 84 58 101
ORP
(mV) Ra -382 -374 -358 -360 -369 -382 -358

2-
~ 95 ~
STT th nghim 1 2 3 4 5 6 TB min max HS
Vo 8,61 9,11 8,63 9,30 9,28 8,90 8,97 8,61 9,30
pH Ra 7,78 7,66 7,92 8,17 7,71 7,28 7,75 7,28 8,17
Vo 2140 1990 1850 2200 2150 2050 2063 1850 2200

Kim
mgCaCO3/l Ra 2240 2000 1950 2250 2200 2075 2119 1950 2250
Vo 2885 2735 2860 2245 2785 2725 2706 2245 2885 40,6
COD
mgO2/l) Ra 1580 1640 1770 1240 1755 1660 1608 1240 1770
NH4+ (mgN/l) Vo 301 256 235 210 216 201 237 201 301
Vo 237 293 285 253 265 296 272 237 296

SO42-
mgS/l) Ra 185 277 253 217 213 253 233 185 277
Cl- (mg/l) Vo 1471 1700 1850 1350 1400 1400 1529 1350 1850
H2S (mgS/l) Ra 25,5 15,5 9,0 32,5 22,8 21,0 21,1 9,0 32,5
Vo 22,4 22,4 22,4 22,4 22,4 22,4 22,4 22,4 22,4

VFA (mg
CH3COOH/l) Ra 224 258 471 274 397 819 407 224 819
Vo 77 137 112 103 105 108 107 77 137

ORP
(mV) Ra -374 -162 -149 -340 -336 -302 -277 -374 -149
~ 96 ~
50
Hiu sut x l COD, %

40
30
20
10
0
0 200 400 600 800 1000
SO4 2-, mg/l
Hnh 13. 2. nh hng ca nng sunfat ln hiu sut x l COD
13. 3. 3. 3. nh hng ca clorua.
Clorua l tp cht c nng kh cao trong nc rc, s c mt ca n c th nh hng ti

hot tnh ca vi sinh vt, chng khng c kh nng chuyn ho v phng din ho hc.
Th nghim nh gi nh hng ca clorua c tin hnh trn nn nc rc, c b sung thm
ng (2g/l) vi ct UASB c mt vi sinh 4g/l. Vi nng clorua ban u l khong
1500mg/l, nc rc c b xung clorua (NaCl ) cho ti nng cao nht l khong 12000mg/l.
Kt qu th nghim c ghi trong cc bng 13. 20 - 13. 24.
Hiu qu x l COD gim dn khi tng nng clorua trong nc thi v gim rt nhanh khi
nng clorua cao hn 10.000 mg/l (hnh 13. 3). Vi nng clorua ban u c trong nc rc
(1500mg/l) hiu qu x l t 27%, gim dn xung 23,8%, 18,8% v 7,5% vi cc nng
clorua tng ng 4000, 8000, 10.000 v 12.000 mg/l.
iu kin ca mi trng, ORP < -300mV l yu t m bo cho s hot ng ca vi sinh
ym kh, suy gim kh nng x l COD v vy c th l do s c ch ca yu t nng clorua
ln hot tnh vi sinh trong h, v d theo c ch tng p sut thm thu ca mng t bo.
Bng 13. 20. nh hng ca Cl- ln hiu qu x l ym kh, khng b sung Cl-, mt vi sinh 4
g/l.
STT th nghim 1 2 3 4 TB min max H sut
pH Vo 8,74 9,11 8,34 8,64 8,71 8,34 9,11
~ 97 ~
Ra 7,66 7,90 7,48 7,60 7,66 7,48 7,90
Vo 2060 2140 1500 1500 1800 1500 2140

Kim
mgCaCO3/l Ra 2080 2120 1640 1590 1858 1590 2120
Vo 3155 3235 2750 2270 2853 2270 3235 27,1

COD
(mgO2/l) Ra 2303 2355 2010 1650 2080 1650 2355
NH4+(mgN/l) Vo 272 207 150 162 198 150 272
Vo 58,5 62,3 81,0 86,0 72,0 58,5 86,0

SO42-
mgS/l) Ra 29,3 41,3 65,3 64,0 50,0 29,3 65,3
Cl- (mg/l) Vo 1575 1500 1575 1280 1483 1280 1575
H2S (mgS/l) Ra 3,5 1,9 7,0 13,9 6,6 1,9 13,9
Vo 22,4 22,4 22,4 22,4 22,4 22,4 22,4

VFA (mg
CH3COOH/l) Ra 292 314 500 287 348 287 500
Vo 90 98 111 62 90 62 111
ORP
(mV) Ra -349 -350 -350 -320 -342 -350 -320
Bng13. 21. nh hng ca Cl- ln hiu qu x l ym kh (vng nng

Cl- 3175 - 4575), mt vi sinh 4 g/l.
STT th nghim 1 2 3 4 5 6 TB min max HS
Vo 8,5 8,77 8,72 8,65 8,15 9,05 8,64 8,15 9,05
pH Ra 7,26 7,75 7,98 7,48 7,39 7,62 7,58 7,26 7,98
~ 98 ~
Vo 2260 2440 2500 2490 2520 2400 2435 2260 2520

Kim
mgCaCO3/l Ra 2140 2340 2440 2430 2500 2480 2388 2140 2500
COD Vo 3005 3035 2910 3355 2395 2460 2860 2395 3355 23,8
mgO2/l) Ra 2230 2300 2220 2610 1975 1740 2179 1740 2610
Vo 320 317 305 325 351 364 330 305 364

NH4+
(mgN/l) Ra 287 291 334 328 363 381 331 287 381
SO42- Vo 77,3 116,7 94,0 140,0 76,7 77,7 97,1 76,7 140,0
mgS/l) Ra 62,0 65,3 56,3 86,0 54,7 43,3 61,3 43,3 86,0
Cl- (mg/l) Vo 3175 4100 4200 4575 3175 3545 3795 3175 4575
H2S (mgS/l) Ra 26,3 19,8 23,5 29,0 27,0 25,1 19,8 29,0
Vo 22,4 22,4 22,4 22,4 22,4 22,4 22,4 22,4 22,4

VFA (mg
CH3COOH/l) Ra 357 386 325 460 357 377 325 460
Vo 98 81 76 92 73 74 82 73 98
ORP
(mV) Ra -369 -367 -369 -380 -372 -365 -370 -380 -365
Bng 13. 22. nh hng ca Cl- ln hiu qu x l ym kh (vng nng

Cl- 7834 - 8933), mt vi sinh 4 g/l.
Vo 8,97 8,55 8,78 8,67 8,74 8,55 8,97
pH Ra 7,60 7,25 7,74 7,57 7,54 7,25 7,74
Kim Vo 2140 2500 2880 2800 2580 2140 2880
~ 99 ~
mgCaCO3/l
Ra 2500 2480 2780 2840 2650 2480 2840
Vo 3215 3610 3075 2970 3218 2970 3610 18,8

COD
(mgO2/l) Ra 2510 2895 2540 2505 2613 2505 2895
NH4+ (mgN/l) Vo 292 373 420 392 369 292 420
SO42- Vo 297,7 278,3 273,3 267,3 279,2 267,3 297,7
mgS/l) Ra 218,3 223,3 260,0 243,3 236,3 218,3 260,0
Cl- (mg/l) Vo 8189 8933 8650 7834 8402 7834 8933
H2S (mgS/l) Ra 16 30 21,5 18,3 21,4 16 30
Vo 22,4 22,4 22,4 22,4 22,4 22,4 22,4

VFA (mg
CH3COOH/l) Ra 552 621 505 481 540 481 621
Vo 125 70 57 112 91 57 125

ORP
(mV) Ra -371 -368 -372 -365 -369 -372 -365
Bng 13. 23. nh hng ca Cl- ln hiu qu x l ym kh

(vng nng Cl- 9.926 - 10.209), mt vi sinh 4 g/l.
Vo 8,37 8,71 8,64 8,63 8,588 8,37 8,71

pH
Ra 7,45 7,37 7,27 7,18 7,318 7,18 7,45
Kim Vo 2130 2430 1940 2030 2133 1940 2430
~ 100 ~
mgCaCO3/l
Ra 2170 2400 2440 2050 2265 2050 2440
Vo 3340 3915 2630 2170 3014 2170 3915 16,1

COD
mgO2/l) Ra 2780 3315 2165 1850 2528 1850 3315
NH4+ (mgN/l) Vo 298 391 264 249 300,5 249 391
SO42- Vo 1015 1100 1015 845 993,8 845 1100
mgS/l) Ra 855 820 865 800 835 800 865
Cl- (mg/l) Vo 9926 10103 10209 10068 10077 9926 10209
H2S (mgS/l) Ra 23,3 44,5 43,25 32 35,76 23,3 44,5
Vo 22,4 22,4 22,4 22,4 22,4 22,4 22,4

VFA (mg
CH3COOH/l) Ra 471 759 698 792 680 471 792
Vo 86 48 133 152 104,8 48 152

ORP
(mV) Ra -362 -363 -367 -359 -363 -367 -359
Bng 13. 24. nh hng ca Cl- ln hiu qu x l ym kh

(vng nng Cl- 11273 - 12690). Mt vi sinh 4 g/l.
STT th nghim 1 2 3 4 5 TBnh min max H sut
Vo 8,62 8,82 8,42 9,02 8,47 8,67 8,42 9,02
pH Ra 7,38 7,29 7,38 7,51 6,95 7,3 6,95 7,51
Kim Vo 1960 2500 1875 2225 2050 2122 1875 2500
~ 101 ~
mgCaCO3/l
Ra 1980 1760 1900 2150 2100 1978 1760 2150
Vo 2805 3320 2840 2190 2630 2757 2190 3320

COD
(mgO2/l) Ra 2690 3035 2540 2030 2450 2549 2030 3035 7,5
NH4+ (mgN/l) Vo 236 465 249 210 213 275 210 465
Vo 1065 1230 1155 880 1120 1090 880 1230

SO42-
mgS/l) Ra 1000 880 1035 795 965 935 795 1035
Cl- (mg/l) Vo 11273 126911240011300 12300 11993 11273 12691
H2S (mgS/l) Ra 9,8 44,3 12,3 23,3 19,5 21,8 9,8 44,3
Vo 22,4 22,4 22,4 22,4 22,4 22,4 22,4 22,4

VFA (mg
CH3COOH/l) Ra 471 740 613 931 1185 788 471 1185
Vo 180 121 125 106 107 128 106 180

ORP
(mV) Ra -358 -369 -316 -344 -341 -346 -369 -316
30
Hiu sut x l COD, %
20
10
0
0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 12000
Nng Cl-, mg/l
Hnh 13. 3. nh hng ca
nng clorua ln hiu sut x l COD.
~ 102 ~
Nhn xt v qu trnh x l ym kh.

Vi nhng kt qu thu c trong qu trnh x l ym kh c th rt ra mt s nhn xt
sau:
- Cc loi nc rc kho st u c nng COD khng cao lm v bn cht ca cc cht hu
c c tr cao, khng ph hp cho qu trnh ln men ym kh. Vi nng COD ban u t
500 -1900mg/l, thi gian lu thu lc 8 gi, mt sinh khi 8g/l, trong khong nhit 28 -
34oC hiu qu x l ch t ti khong 4%. Vi hiu qu thp nh vy vic p dng cng ngh
x l ym kh s t ra t thch hp i vi nc rc. Nguyn nhn bao trm nht c l l : trong
iu kin chn lp rc nc ta, vi nhit v m cao, qu trnh phn hu ym kh rc
xy ra rt mnh lit v su, nhng thnh phn cht hu c c kh nng sinh hu c phn
hu, phn COD cn li trong nc thi kh b phn hu tip trong iu kin ym kh. C l
l mt c trng ring rt khc bit vi cc vng c kh hu lnh (bc, ty u), ni thng a
ra cc s liu kh cao v COD v c kh nng sinh hu ym kh kh d hn.
- Trong qu trnh x l ym kh, lng photpho trong nc thi gim khong 10%, ch yu l do
tham gia vo cu to t bo ca vi sinh vt v kt ta. Tuy vy, s suy gim photpho l iu
khng c li cho phng php x l vi sinh tip theo v trong nc rc t l photpho/nit
thng l rt thp, chng cn c b xung thm khi x l hiu kh hay thiu kh sau .
- So vi nc thi sinh hot, nng sunfat trong nc rc cao hn nhiu ln, s c mt ca
sunfat vi nng ti 800 mg/l t nh hng n hiu qu x l COD, tuy nhin trong qu
trnh x l ym kh chng b kh v dng sunfua, dng gy c i vi vi sinh vt nn cn phi
gii phng chng ra khi h.
- Clorua trong nc rc kh cao, c th ti 2000 mg/l, mc d khng c s chuyn ho nhng l
yu t c ch qu trnh x l vi sinh ym kh, c bit khi nng ca n cao hn 10.000 mg/l.
l yu t cn lu vi cc bi chn lp rc d tip xc vi nc bin hoc nc l.
13. 3. 4. X l hiu kh.
T cc kt qu phn tch cho thy yu t cn c quan tm x l trong nc rc chnh l

thnh phn cht hu c (COD) v hp cht nit (ch yu l amoni).
Khc vi x l amoni, x l COD (phn c kh nng sinh hu) c thc hin ch qua mt
bc l ti sn phm bn (H2O, CO2) bi chng loi vi sinh d dng c tc pht trin cao do
qu trnh oxy ho cht hu c vi oxy ho tan sn sinh ra nhiu nng lng.
X l amoni hay hp cht hu c cha nit (thm giai on thu phn, xy ra kh nhanh)
bng phng php vi sinh tri qua nhiu giai on: oxy ho amoni thnh nitrit, nitrat vi oxy do
chng vi sinh Nitrosomonas v Nitrobacter tin hnh ni tip nhau. Giai on tip theo l kh
~ 103 ~
nitrit v nitrat v dng kh nit do chng vi sinh tu nghi d dng. X l hp cht nit so vi
COD trong nc thi kh khn v tn km hn rt nhiu do phi thc hin qua nhiu giai on
v iu kin thc hin trong tng giai on cng phc tp hn.
Thc hin oxy ho cht hu c trong qu trnh hiu kh i hi cc iu kin: lng oxy ho
tan mc 2 - 3 g/m3, mt vi sinh 2 - 4 g/l, thi gian lu t bo thp hn 10 ngy, khong pH
cho phn ng rng, 1 g COD (loi sinh hu) tiu th khong 1,2 g oxy. Hiu sut to thnh sinh
khi khong 0,4 g sinh khi/g COD. [21].
Oxy ho amoni thnh nitrit do chng vi sinh Nitrosomonas thc hin:
4 NH4+ + 3 O2 2 NO2- + 2 H2O + 4 H+ (13-2)
Bc oxy ho tip theo thnh nitrat do vi sinh Nitrobacter thc hin:
2 NO2- + O2 2 NO3- (13-3)
iu kin duy tr phn ng (13-2), (13-3) gm:

- pH ti u nm trong khong 7,6 - 8,6.
- 1g NH4+ tiu th ht 7,2 g kim HCO3-.
- Hiu sut to sinh khi t dng khong 0,15 g/g NH4+.
- Do tc pht trin vi sinh t dng chm nn thi gian lu t bo ln, thng dng c th 30 -
40 ngy (thi gian lu t bo t l nghch vi hot ca vi sinh vt)
Theo ti liu, i vi nc thi sinh hot, vi nng amoni khng qu cao (thng l
khong 30 mg/l) v vi kim khng ln (150 - 300 mg/l) phn ng (13. 3) xy ra vi tc
nhanh hn nhiu so vi phn ng (13. 2), iu c ngha l nng nitrit trong sut giai on
phn ng lun lun nh, thng l di 0,5 mg/l [22]. Theo mt s ti liu khc [23, 24, 25] th
trong mt s iu kin nht nh nh t oxy ho tan, nng amoni ban u ln, kim cao
hoc thi gian lu t bo thp (thi gian lu t bo bng thi gian thu lc) th qu trnh oxy ho
n trng thi trung gian l nitrit c u tin hn, tc l nng nitrit trong nc thi s khng
nh. Hiu ng ny ang c nghin cu k v tn dng h gi thnh vn hnh h thng v
nu ch oxy ho n nitrit th lng oxy cn thit s t hn (66% so vi oxy ho n nitrat),
tn tht lng oxy tiu hao oxy ho cht hu c trong giai on tng ng vi qu trnh
chuyn ho ca nitrit thnh nitrat. Mt khc qu trnh kh nitrit v kh nit cng thun li hn v
nhiu phng din do nitrit li l hp cht trung gian ca qu trnh kh nitrat (xem 8. 1).
Trong mt h cha ng thi c cht hu c sinh hu (COD) v amoni th s xy ra cnh
tranh cc yu t cng tham gia vo hai qu trnh trn, v d oxy ho tan. Vi cc nc thi thng
dng nh nc thi sinh hot, phn thua nghing hn v pha loi vi sinh t dng do mt
ca chng thng qu thp trong tng sinh khi [16]. Mun thc y s pht trin ca loi
nitrifier cn duy tr cc iu kin thch hp i vi loi ny. Khng nhng km v mt m tc
~ 104 ~
oxy ho amoni ca vi sinh t dng (lng amoni oxy ho c trn mt n v thi gian v
sinh khi) nh hn nhiu so vi loi vi sinh d dng oxy ho COD (ch bng 40 - 50%), iu
c ngha l qui m v thit b oxy ho amoni s ln hn t nht l gp i so vi qu trnh oxy
ho COD vi cng ti lng.
Sau qu trnh oxy ho amoni, nitrit, nitrat c tip tc kh v dng kh nit do cc loi vi
sinh d dng tu nghi thc hin, trong giai on ny cht hu c c vi sinh vt s dng vi
vai tr l cht cho in t.
T cc c trng thu nhn c ca nc rc t cc bi rc khc nhau v COD, amoni,
tng nit Kjeldahl v t qu trnh nghin cu phn hu ym kh cho thy:
- T l gia C/N ca hu ht cc nc rc u rt thp so vi t l ti u cho qu trnh pht trin
vi sinh l C/N 20. Trong thnh phn carbon, lng c th sinh hu cng chim phn nh
(bng chng l khi x l vi sinh ym kh, hiu qu ch t khong 3 - 4%). V thc cht t l
C/N s cn nh hn nhiu trong khi x l so vi cc gi tr rt ra t kt qu phn tch.
- pH v kim ca nc rc cao, rt ph hp vi qu trnh oxy ho amoni. Lng kim p
ng y cho phn ng m khng cn b xung thm.
- Hm lng photpho trong nc rc thp so vi amoni i vi s pht trin hi ho ca vi sinh
vt.
T cc nhn xt trn dn n i tng v mc tiu nghin cu ca qu trnh x l hiu kh:
- i tng cn nghin cu l qu trnh oxy ho amoni, oxy ho COD ch l yu t ph. Gii
quyt c qu trnh oxy ho amoni th qu trnh oxy ho COD t ng c gii quyt.
- C gng trnh lm mt COD (loi sinh hy) trong qu trnh x l hiu kh m dnh n cho
qu trnh kh nitrat, nitrit giai on sau. Tuy vy vic mt mt COD trong qu trnh x l l
kh trnh khi v c COD ln amoni tn ti ng thi vi nhau.
- Kim sot c qu trnh oxy ha ch n trng thi trung gian l nitrit nhm tit kim v gi
thnh xy dng h thng cng nh vn hnh.
- nh gi cc yu t nh hng n qu trnh oxy ho cnh tranh gia COD v amoni.
T cc mc tiu nu trn ni dung cn c kho st gm:
- nh gi tc oxy ho amoni di s nh hng ca nng amoni ban u, t l C/N,
kim trong nc rc cn x l.
- Kh nng kim sot t l nitrit/nitrat trong c cu sn phm hnh thnh ca phn ng oxy ho
amoni.
Th nghim oxy ho amoni c tin hnh theo m vi nng amoni ban u khc nhau t
ngun nc rc vi COD c kh nng sinh hu nm trong mt khong nht nh nhm nh gi
nh hng ca nng amoni ti u vo. Cc th nghim tip theo nh gi nh hng ca qu
trnh oxy ho cnh tranh gia amoni vi COD c nng amoni v COD khc nhau. Do t l
phn tr ca COD trong nc rc kh cao nn t l C/N trong cc th nghim oxy ho cnh tranh
~ 105 ~
c iu chnh bng cch b xung thm ng (1g ng tng ng vi 1,06 g COD c kh

nng sinh hu) vo nn nc rc.
Trong cc th nghim trn nc rc khng cn iu chnh pH, kim. Lng photpho c
b xung khi cn thit nhm duy tr s hot ng tt cho vi sinh vt. Chng loi vi sinh c s
dng trong cc th nghim c ly t trm x l vi sinh, ti Nam Sn, Sc Sn, H Ni. H
thng x l hot ng c trn hai nm nn c th cho rng chng c lm quen vi
mi trng nc rc. Mt n nh l 3 g/l (VSS = 1,8 g/l).
Tt c cc th nghim u c tin hnh vi nc rc hoc nn nc rc ly ti cc v tr
khc nhau ca bi rc Nam Sn, H Ni.
Nhit trong qu trnh x l l nhit phng nm trong khong 28-30oC
Lng oxy ho tan trong cc th nghim oxy ho thng thng c duy tr trong khong 3 -
5 g/m3, trong cc th nghim nhm kim sot t l nitrit/nitrat c iu chnh theo mc tiu ca
th nghim.
Cc s liu ng hc ca qu trnh oxy ho amoni (nng amoni theo thi gian) c x l
theo phn ng ng hc bc 1, tc l tc phn ng ph thuc tuyn tnh vi nng amoni
ti thi im .
dC
kC (13-4)
dt
Gi thit qu trnh oxy ho amoni l phn ng bc 1 tht ra l mt s n gin ho nhiu so
vi bn cht ca h phn ng: trong h xy ra ng thi phn ng oxy ho ca amoni v cht
hu c, c amoni v cht hu c u phn ng vi tc nhn oxy ho tan, c hai phn ng oxy
ho trn khng trc tip (tip xc, va chm) chuyn ho m l mt qu trnh sinh ho xy ra
trong t bo ca vi sinh vt. Tuy vy qu trnh oxy ho amoni v COD c thc hin bi hai
chng loi vi sinh khc nhau nn c th coi l chng c lp i vi nhau hoc t nh hng trc
tip. Tc nhn tham gia vo phn ng oxy ho l oxy ho tan v mt vi sinh t dng c th
xem l khng i trong thi gian xy ra phn ng nn c th coi l chng c cha trong hng
s tc phn ng k. V vy phn ng oxy ho amoni c coi l phn ng gi bc mt v c
x l nh phn ng bc mt nhm nh gi tc phn ng thng qua hng s k.
x l s liu thc nghim, biu thc (13-4) c tch phn v vit di dng tng minh:
C = Co. exp(-kt) (13-5)
Trong : Co, C l nng amoni ban u (t = 0) v ti thi im t. Gi tr ca k th hin tc
ca phn ng, tc ln ng vi k ln v ngc li.
Sau y l kt qu nghin cu thu c t thc nghim:
~ 106 ~
13. 3. 4. 1. nh hng ca nng amoni ban u.
Kt qu th nghim ng hc oxy ho amoni c ghi trong bng 13. 25 v biu din trn
hnh 13. 4 vi nng amoni ban u khc nhau.
S liu ng hc oxy ho amoni c x l theo phng trnh (13. 5) v thu c cc gi tr
hng s tc k, hng s k c cc gi tr ln lt l 0,3525, 0,2111 v 0,1352 tng ng vi
nng amoni ban u l 112, 153 v 357 mg NH4-N/l. H s tng quan ca phng trnh hi
quy cao nht (tng hp tt) l 0,994 v thp nht l 0,955 chng t cc s liu ng hc c th
m t (v mt hnh thc) qua phng trnh phn ng bc 1 nh gi thit phn trn.
Khi nng amoni tng th hng s tc gim. So snh mc gim ca hng s tc
theo chiu hng tng nng c th tin hnh nh sau: tnh t l gia cc nng amoni ti
u vo (ly tr s nh nht bng 1) v so snh vi t l gia cc hng s tng ng (tr s ln
nht bng 1), nhn c mi quan h: 1,00 : 1,36 : 3,18 vi 1,00 : 0,60 : 0,38. Vi nng ban
u t 112 tng n 357 mg/l th hng s tc gim t 100% xung ti 38%. Quan h t l
nghch ny tuy khng tuyn tnh nhng l mi quan h nghch rt r rng. Mi tng quan y c
th do nguyn nhn sau: xem mt vi sinh t dng l ngun tiu th thc n v amoni l thc
n ca chng (t l F/M = Food/Microorganism) th mt vi sinh trong cc th nghim trn l
khng thay i, ngun thc n th thay i, tc l t l F/M tng ln cc th nghim c nng
amoni ln, ngun cung cp thc n tng, ngun tiu th n nh nn ngun thc n gim chm -
hng s tc phn ng nh.
Bng 13. 25. S bin thin thnh phn ca nc rc trong b hiu kh theo thi gian
Thng s Vo 1h 2h 3h 4h 5h 6h 7h 8h
pH 1 8,3 8,4 8,4 8,4 8,4 8,4 8,3 8,3 8,2
2 8,1 8,1 8,3 8,3 8,2 8,3 8,2 8,2 8,1
3 8,1 8,3 8,3 8,3 8,2 8,3 8,1 8,0 7,9
Kim 1 1377 1287 1213 1160 1046 950 903 817 767
(mgCaCO3/l) 2 1810 1723 1650 1613 1517 1407 1323 1227 1083
3 1863 1763 1653 1527 1390 1247 1030 867 700
NH4+ 1 112 95 73 57 45 29 21 12 5,9
(mgN/l) 2 153 131 110 92 72 58 47 38 28
3 357 323 295 257 231 204 171 147 118
NO2- 1 2,26 4,69 9,62 15,8 23,5 35,9 40,5 43,3 54,3
(mgN/l) 2 6,9 9,81 14,8 19,8 34,1 36,5 41,6 48,4 62,5
~ 107 ~
3 7,45 13,4 22,8 33,7 52,5 57,5 76,4 97,5 118

-
NO3 1 1,79 5,17 6,5 10,5 16,8 24,9 32,1 37,2 41,5
(mgN/l) 2 4,35 5,2 10 12,5 16,4 24,9 31,7 41,9 47,5
3 2,21 4,62 7,1 17,4 24,3 34,3 38,3 49,8 57,5
COD 1 371 343 345 321 307 282 269 249 231
(mgO2/l) 2 506 433 398 383 349 309 293 281 279
3 556 510 504 472 433 403 373 358 325
TKN 1 123 - - - - - - - 11
(mgN/l) 2 168 - - - - - - - 35
3 393 - - - - - - - 125
400
y3 = 378,32e-0,1352x
R2 = 0,9842 amoni vo =112 mgN/l
amoni vo =153 mgN/l
Nng amoni, mgN/l
300
amoni vo =357mgN/l
-0,2111x
200 y2 = 163,76e
2 R = 0,9941
100
y1 = 144,72e-0,3525x
R2 = 0,9554
0
0 2 4 6 8 10
Thi gian, gi
Hnh 13. 4. S
bin thin nng amoni theo thi gian.
iu ny c ngha thc tin khi xy dng h thng x l, v amoni trong ngun thi cc
bi rc khc nhau v tng bi rc ti cc thi im trong nm bin ng ln, tiu chun thi l
mt tr s c nh nn mt h thng x l n nh v lu lng, th tch b x l (thi gian lu
thu lc) n nh v d nhin mt sinh khi cng khng th d dng thay i s l mt h
thng khng n nh c v mt cht lng nc thi sau x l.
Mt h thng x l linh hot mi c kh nng n nh cht lng khi nhim trong nc
rc dao ng ln. Trong mt h thng x l, c yu t ch c th b tr c nh nh th tch b
phn ng, mt s yu t c th thay i trong chng mc nht nh (theo bc) nh cng sut x
l (lu lng), lng kh cp (oxy) bng cch b tr nhiu thit b cng sut nh c th chy song
song. Thay i mt sinh khi din ra rt chm do hot tnh ca vi sinh t dng thp v s
~ 108 ~
ko theo nhiu hin tng bt li nh bn khng lng do vi sinh dng si filamentous pht trin
hoc bn ni trong thi tit nng.
Mt trong nhng h thng c tnh linh hot cao c th p ng c s dao ng v
nhim l k thut m k tip giai on, tc l ch thay i thng s thi gian. minh ho chng
ta ly v d trn ch ra tin ch ca phng php ny.
T biu thc (13. 5) vit thnh:
t = ln(Co/C) / k (13-6)
t c tiu chun thi C = 1 mg/l ng vi nng ban u Co l 112, 153, 357 mg/l v
k tng ng l 0,3525, 0,2111, 0,1352 cn thi gian sc kh cho mi trng hp l: 13,5; 23,8;
43,5 gi. Mt khc nu ly tiu chun thi ca M l C = 35 mg/l th thi gian sc kh tng ng
3,2; 6,9; 17,1 gi.
Vi nng bin ng v s dng k thut m k tip giai on ch cn thay i thi gian
oxy ho l c th kim sot c cht lng thi. Nc rc khng nhng bin ng v mc
nhim m cn bin ng mnh v lu lng: ma ma lng cn x l ln, ma kh lu
lng thp v mc nhim th ngc li. l hiu ng thun li cho qui trnh cng ngh x
l nc rc vi k thut m k tip [14].
13. 3. 4. 2. nh hng ca cht hu c - oxy ho cnh tranh.
Oxy ho amoni v COD xy ra trong cng iu kin hiu kh do hai chng loi vi sinh vt t
dng v d dng thc hin. Trong tng bi rc khc nhau hoc ti tng thi im khc nhau t
l gia COD v NH4 l khc nhau v v vy chng nh hng ti qu trnh x l.
Kho st hiu qu x l v tc oxy ho amoni trong nc rc vi cc mu c t l COD/N
khc nhau nhm nh gi qu trnh cnh tranh gia hai qu trnh trn.
Th nghim c tin hnh vi nc rc c nng amoni ban u l khong 300 v 200
mgN/l c b xung thm COD (ng) sao cho t l COD/N t cc gi tr khc nhau. Th nghim
c tin hnh trong iu kin: thi gian 7 gi, mt sinh khi 3 g/l, nng oxy ha tan 3 - 5
g/l. Kt qu th nghim c ghi trong bng 13. 25, 13. 26 v trn cc hnh 13. 5, 13. 6.
T bng 13. 25, vi nng amoni ban u khong 200 mg/l cho thy: vi thi gian x l 7
gi hiu qu x l amoni t 76,8%, 60,8% v 50,5% vi t l COD/N tng ng l 3:1, 5:1 v
7:1. Vi nng amoni ban u l 300 mg/l v vi t l COD/N l 3:1, 4:1, 5:1 hiu qu x l
amoni tng ng l 64,4%, 45,4% v 35,6% (bng 13. 26).
Bng 13. 25. Bin thin thnh phn nc rc theo thi gian khi nng amoni xp x 200 mgN/l
(V = u vo)
~ 109 ~
COD/N Thi pH Kim NH4+ NO2- NO3- TKN COD

gian (h) (mgAkl/l) (mgN/l) (mgN/l) (mgN/l) (mgN/l) (mgO2/l)
V 8,3 1595 203 1,4 1,9 214 622
1 8,3 1455 177 6,3 5,5 - 578
2 8,4 1320 159 12,9 9,8 - 556
3 8,5 1150 126 17,1 14,8 - 547
3:1
4 8,5 995 105 26,5 21,4 - 531
5 8,5 860 83 33,9 29,3 - 510
6 8,6 700 61 42,6 35,9 - 497
7 8,6 580 47 54,5 44,8 137 486
Hiu sut (%) 76,8 21,9
V 8,1 1575 204 1,8 1,9 319 1032
1 8,1 1495 184 3,8 3,4 - 915
2 8,2 1385 163 7,0 6,6 - 838
3 8,2 1270 145 12,4 12,0 - 760
5:1
4 8,2 1140 127 20,2 18,6 - 689
5 8,3 1026 109 26,4 24,9 - 640
6 8,3 905 95 33,2 32,1 - 604
7 8,4 805 80 43,2 39,6 164 576
Hiu sut (%) 60,8 44,2
V 8,1 1580 196 2,4 2,5 207 1387
1 8,1 1510 186 4,3 4,2 - 1250
2 8,2 1430 174 7,3 7,6 - 1122
3 8,2 1330 156 11,5 11,0 - 994
7:1
4 8,2 1235 141 17,2 14,7 - 875
5 8,2 1130 127 22,6 18,7 - 736
6 8,3 1025 113 27,5 21,1 - 670
7 8,3 895 97 36,7 27,3 171 602
Hiu sut (%) 50,5 56,6
~ 110 ~
COD/N=3:1
250 COD/N=5:1
Nng amoni (mgN/l)
200 y = 210.81e-0.1333x COD/N=7:1

R2 = 0.9948
150
100 y = 224.99e-0.2107x
y = 207.01e-0.1016x
R2 = 0.9793
50 R2 = 0.9853
0 a
0 2 4 6 8
Thi gian (h)
Hnh 13. 5. nh hng ca COD ln oxy ho amoni.
350 COD/N=3:1
-0.0626x
300 y = 306.8e COD/N=4:1
Nng amoni (mg N/l)
R2 = 0.9843 COD/N=5:1
250
200
y = 318.6e-0.1452x
150 y = 315.06e-0.0848x
R2 = 0.9805
R2 = 0.9689
100
50
0
0 2 4 6 8
Thi gian, (h)
Hnh 13. 6. Bin thin nng amoni theo thi gian vi cc t l COD/N
~ 111 ~
Bng 13. 26. Bin thin thnh phn nc rc theo thi gian khi nng amoni khong 300
mgN/l. (V = u vo).
COD/N Thi pH Kim NH4+ NO2- NO3- TKN COD
gian (h) (mgAkl/l) (mgN/l) (mgN/l) (mgN/l) (mgN/l) (mgO2/l)
V 8,4 2120 298 0,9 1,1 312 901
1 8,4 1995 273 8,9 4,4 - 837
2 8,5 1820 245 15,1 9,0 - 757
3 8,5 1675 215 21,4 14,8 - 653
3:1
4 8,5 1530 187 29,2 21,9 - 576
5 8,6 1370 159 34,4 28,3 - 544
6 8,6 1225 135 38,9 33,8 - 536
7 8,6 1110 106 46,9 40 207 518
Hiu sut (%) 64,4 42,5
V 8,5 2115 302 0,9 1,3 306 1260
1 8,6 2050 285 1,8 2,6 - 1172
2 8,6 1980 268 3,7 4,5 - 1020
3 8,6 1915 255 9,5 7,6 - 875
4:1
4 8,6 1820 236 16,9 11,8 - 736
5 8,7 1720 210 24,4 16,3 - 676
6 8,7 1630 188 31,1 21,2 - 608
7 8,7 1530 165 37,8 26,9 232 554
Hiu sut (%) 45,4 56,0
V 8,5 2120 296 0,5 1,4 301 1590
1 8,6 2075 288 3,4 3,9 - 1365
2 8,6 2010 275 8,1 5,7 - 1135
3 8,6 1955 259 12,3 8,6 - 975
5:1
4 8,7 1870 241 17,1 12,7 - 860
5 8,7 1785 227 21,4 14,8 - 775
6 8,7 1695 212 25,2 17,2 - 655
7 8,8 1610 192 29,8 19,9 243 602
Hiu sut (%) 35.6 62,1
~ 112 ~
R rng l khi nng amoni v t l COD/N tng th hiu qu x l amoni gim rt r rt

ngay c trong iu kin oxy ho tan d tha (3-5 mg/l). T ng ng hc (hnh 13. 5, 13. 6)
tnh ra c hng s tc phn ng k (h-1):
- Vi nng amoni ban u l 200 mg/l thu c cc gi tr ca k l 0,2107, 0,1333, 0,1016
tng ng vi t l COD/N l 3/1, 5/1 v 7/1.
- Vi nng amoni ban u l 300 mg/l thu c cc gi tr ca k l 0,145, 0,0901, 0,0624
tng ng vi t l COD/N l 3/1, 4/1 v 5/1.
V nguyn tc hai qu trnh oxy ho amoni v COD xy ra c lp vi nhau, trong trng hp
lng oxy c tho mn cho c hai phn ng trn th chng s t ph thuc vo nhau. Tuy nhin
nng oxy o c l lng tan trong mi trng nc, khng phi l lng oxy trc tip
tham gia phn ng. Vi sinh vt trong h tn ti trng thi huyn ph, tc l mt tp hp ht c
kch thc xc nh (c mm). Vi sinh vt t dng hay d dng pha ngoi ca ht nhn c
nhiu oxy hn pha trong do tc khuych tn ca oxy trong cc ht huyn ph c gii hn
m s lng vi sinh vt nm mt ngoi ca ht huyn ph ch chim phn nh so vi trong c
ht (Hin tng phn hu thiu kh thng quan st thy trong qu trnh hiu kh c cng nguyn
nhn nh trn). So vi oxy th c COD ln amoni c dng khuch tn ln hn nhiu do c nng
(s chnh lch) ln hn. V l do c th cho rng v thc cht s suy gim hiu qu x l
amoni khi t l COD/N tng l do s cnh tranh oxy trong lng ht huyn ph, ni tp trung cc
loi vi sinh. S suy gim ny chc s gim i nu tip tc tng nng oxy ho tan, tc l lm
tng dng khuych tn, tuy vy bin php ny ch mang li kt qu hn ch do khuch tn trong
ht thng rt chm v vic tng oxy ho tan dn ti chi ph vn hnh cao [26].
13. 3. 4. 3.Kh nng oxy ho cht hu c.
Nhn chung qu trnh oxy ho COD thun li hn so vi oxy ho amoni, tt nhin l i vi

COD c kh nng sinh hu, do vi sinh d dng c tc pht trin cao, nng lng do phn
ng sinh ho to ra ln v lng oxy cn thit thp (trn cng mt n v, v d g). X l COD
khng nhng c th thc hin thng qua x l hiu kh m cn x l c qua qu trnh ym kh
v thiu kh. Trong qu trnh x l thiu kh cn mt lng cht hu c nht nh kh nitrat
v nitrit. kh c mt n v nit cn khong 3 n v COD; theo t l th lng COD
trong nc rc s khng kh nitrit, nitrat, v vy trong qu trnh x l cn hn ch s hao
ht COD, iu lun xy ra trong tt c cc cng on x l ca mt h thng x l nc thi.
Cng ging nh tc oxy ho amoni, oxy ho COD c tc chm dn theo thi gian v
lng COD d (kh phn hu) kh cao (200- 300mg/l, xem bng 13. 25). Tc oxy ho COD,
ngoi ph thuc vo cc yu t thng dng: mt sinh khi, lng oxy ho tan, nhit nh
~ 113 ~
trong cc loi nc thi thng dng khc th trong nc rc n cn ph thuc vo nng amoni
trong nc thi. Th nghim xc nhn yu t trn c thc hin vi nc rc c t l COD/N
khc nhau (COD b sung thm thuc loi d phn hu). Kt qu th nghim trong cc bng 13.
25,13. 26 v cc hnh 13. 7,13. 8 cho thy: vi nng amoni ban u khong 200mg/l v t l
COD/N l 3/1, 5/1, 7/1 th hiu qu x l COD tng t 21,9% ti 44,2% v 56,6%. Tng t nh
vy vi nng amoni ban u l 300mg/l (bng 13. 26) v t l COD/N l 3/1, 4/1, 5/1 hiu qu
x l COD tng ng l 42,5, 56,0 v 62,1%.
1400
COD/N=3:1
1200
Nng COD (mgO 2/l)
COD/N=5:1
1000 COD/N=7:1
800
600
400
200
0
0 2 4 6 8
Thi gian (h)
Hnh 13. 7. S thay i
COD ca nc rc theo thi gian khi nng amoni khong 200 mg/l
1600
Nng COD (mgO2/l)
1400 COD/N=3:1
1200 COD/N=4:1
1000 COD/N=5:1
800
600
400
200
0
0 2 4 6 8
Thi gian (h)
Hnh 13. 8. S thay i
COD theo thi gian khi nng amoni u vo xp x 300 mg/l.
~ 114 ~
Tc oxy ho COD (hnh 13. 7, 13. 8) th hin dc ca ng ng hc cng cho thy

c xu hng chm dn theo thi gian v tc cao cc th nghim c t l COD/N ln.
Nguyn nhn ca hin tng trn c th cng ging nh trong trng hp ca oxy ho cnh
tranh gia amoni v COD, tc l cnh tranh oxy trong ht huyn ph do dng khuch tn ca
oxy t nc vo lng ht c gii hn.
Hiu ng cnh tranh ny v phng din oxy ho th bt li nhng li thun li cho qu trnh
kh nitrat v trong nc rc t l COD/N thng rt thp, ngun cht hu c cho qu trnh kh
nitrat thiu v v vy c th tit kim c mt phn gi thnh vn hnh.
13. 3. 4. 4. S hnh thnh nitrit v nitrat.
Oxy ho amoni trong iu kin hiu kh tri qua hai giai on k tip nhau: n hp cht
trung gian l nitrit v tip theo ti nitrat do hai chng loi vi sinh khc nhau l Nitrosomonas v
Nitrobacter thc hin. Khi thc hin qu trnh kh nitrat th nitrit cng li l hp cht trung gian
ca qu trnh chuyn ho nitrat v kh nit.
Oxy ho amoni v phng din ho hc xy ra theo hai giai on k tip nhau:
NH4+ + 1,5 O2 NO2- + H2O + 2 H+ (13-7)
NO2- + 0,5 O2 NO3- (13-8)
oxy ho amoni (nguyn t nit c ho tr -3) thnh nitrit (ho tr ca nit l +3) th mi
nguyn t nit cn nhng ti 6 in t v thnh nitrat (nit ho tr +5) th phi nhng ti 8
in t. S dng oxy phn t (O2) lm cht nhn in t th lng oxy cn thit tng ng l
3,4g v 4,6 g O2 cho 1 g amoni (tnh theo N) oxy ho ti nitrit v nitrat.
Nitrat cha phi l hp cht cui cng (bn trong mi trng) trong qu trnh x l, n cn
c tip tc chuyn ho v dng kh nit (N2, ho tr 0). Qu trnh chuyn ho nitrat v dng
kh nit l qu trnh kh nitrat (chuyn nit ho tr +5 v ho tr khng), tc l n cn nhn in
t (nitrat trong trng hp ny ng vai tr cht oxy ho) t mt cht kh no (cht cho in
t). S dng cht hu c (COD) lm cht kh cho nitrat tng ng vi qu trnh x l vi sinh
thiu kh (mi trng khng c oxy), qu trnh kh nitrat xy ra theo nhiu giai on k tip
nhau, trong ho tr ca nit gim dn t 5 3 2 1 v v 0.
NO3- NO2- NO N2O N2 (13-9)
Lng cht hu c s dng cho cc bc kh trn tng ng vi mc gim ho tr (+5 0)

ca hp cht nit ho tr dng. Nitrit l hp cht trung gian ca c hai qu trnh oxy ho v kh
v vy nu bc oxy ho m dng li sn phm nitrit v bc kh xut pht t nitrit th s tit
~ 115 ~
kim c oxy v cht hu c (cht hu c trong nc rc c kh nng sinh hu, BOD, rt

ngho, phi b xung t ngun ngoi vo, v d s dng methanol, ethanol, ng...).
Nu ch oxy ho n nitrit th nng lng cp kh ch bng khong 75% so vi oxy ho n
nitrat v nu tin hnh kh nitrit v kh nit th lng cht hu c cn cho phn ng ch bng
60% so vi kh nitrat v kh nit [24].
V cc l do nu trn, nu tin hnh oxy ho amoni ch ti nitrit v kh nitrit v kh nit s
gim c gi thnh vn hnh. Mt s cng trnh nghin cu hin ang c tin hnh tn
dng hiu ng trn [27, 28, 29, 30, 31].
iu kin thun li cho s hnh thnh n nitrit gm:
- Thiu oxy cng nh nng amoni cao [23].
- kim ln trong nc thi do qu trnh oxy ho n nitrit tiu hao kim mnh, qu trnh oxy
ho nitrit n nitrat khng tiu hao kim [32].
- Duy tr thi gian lu t bo thp trong khu vn hnh [24].
Khc vi nc thi sinh hot c nghin cu k trong nhiu nm qua, trong lng
amoni v lng kim khng cao nn vic hnh thnh nitrat thun li hn, v th hm lng nitrit
trong nc thi trong sut qu trnh x l lun thp [22].
Tuy nhin c th s dng iu kin thi gian lu t bo thp hn ch qu trnh oxy ho n
nitrat nh trong SHARON- process (Single reactor system for High activity Amonia Removal
Over Nitrit). K thut SHARON c xem l cng ngh c gi vn hnh thp do khng to bn
ca cc qu trnh ho hc, lng bn sinh hc thp, tn nng lng v cht hu c (c bt
i vi ngun nc thi ngho COD nh trong nc rc). Nc rc c kim v hm lng
nit cao, COD thp l i tng c th x l thng qua hp cht trung gian l nitrit.
Nghin cu tip theo nhm mc ch kim sot s hnh thnh nitrit v nitrat (t l gia chng)
ph thuc vo cc thng s: oxy, kim, pH trong khi thc hin qu trnh x l.
Th nghim c tin hnh vi mu nc rc Nam Sn, Sc Sn, H Ni, s dng k thut
m k tip gin on, th tch thit b phn ng hu hiu l 3 lit, mt vi sinh 3 g/l, thi gian
phn ng cho tt c cc th nghim l 7 gi.
nh hng ca nng oxy.

Th nghim nh gi nh hng ca nng oxy ln kh nng hnh thnh nitrit v nitrat c
tin hnh vi iu kin: nng amoni l 200 mg/l, kim 1800 mg/l tnh theo CaCO3, nng
COD c sn trong nc rc l 356 mg/l (ch yu tr t b phn hu). Nng oxy kho st l
1, 2 v 4 mg/l.
Kt qu kho st v mc phn hu amoni, COD, kim, s hnh thnh nitrit, nitrat v t
l ca chng c trnh by trong bng 13. 27 v hnh 13. 9.
~ 116 ~
Bng 13. 27: Din bin x l amoni trong iu kin cc nng oxy khc nhau.
DO = 1mg/l
pH Kim NH3-N NO2-N NO3-N COD NO2/NO3
vo 8,0 1800 201 0,53 0,25 356 2,1
1h 8,0 1740 194 2,9 0,8 - 3,6
2h 7,9 1650 185 4,5 1,5 - 3,0
3h 7,9 1580 178 5,8 2,4 - 2,4
4h 7,9 1500 167 7,4 3,4 - 2,2
5h 7,8 1440 159 8,7 4,7 - 1,9
6h 7,8 1400 151 10,2 5,6 - 1,8
7h 7,8 1360 146 10,8 6,3 341 1,7
DO = 2mg/l
vo 8,2 1800 201 0,53 0,25 356 2,1
1h 8,2 1680 184 9,8 4 - 2,5
2h 8,2 1520 161 23,7 10,2 - 2,3
3h 8,1 1410 139 34,6 16,8 - 2,1
4h 8,1 1280 114 47,5 25,1 - 1,9
5h 8,0 1200 93 57,3 34,2 - 1,7
6h 8,0 1050 79 62,7 39,2 - 1,6
7h 7,9 950 65 67,4 44,2 312 1,5
DO = 4mg/l
vo 8,2 1800 201 0,53 0,25 356 2,1
1h 8,2 1660 181 11,7 4,8 - 2,4
2h 8,2 1500 162 23,9 10,4 - 2,3
3h 8,1 1320 136 37,2 19,9 - 1,9
4h 8,1 1020 105 51,9 31,5 - 1,6
5h 8,0 900 79 60,2 44,4 - 1,4
6h 7,9 740 64 65,6 56,8 - 1,2
~ 117 ~
7h 7,9 580 51 69,5 64,6 311 1,1

NH4, DO=1 NO2, DO=1
NO3, DO=1 NH4, DO=2
220 NO2, DO=2 NO3, DO=2
200 NH4, DO=4 NO2, DO=4
180
NH4+, NO2-, NO3-, mg N/l
NO3, DO=4
160
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Thi gian, gi
Hnh 13. 9. S bin thin
+ - -
NH4 , NO2 , NO3 theo thi gian vi cc DO khc nhau.
NO2/NO3, DO=1
4
T l NO2-/NO3-
3.5 NO2/NO3, DO=2

3 NO2/NO3, DO=4
2.5
2
1.5
1
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Thi gian, gi
Hnh 13. 10. S bin thin t
- -
l NO2 /NO3 theo thi gian vi cc DO khc nhau.
T kt qu ca bng 13. 27 v hnh 13. 9 cho php nhn xt:
Trong iu kin nng oxy thp, kh nng oxy ho amoni thp, tng dn v chm li khi
nng oxy tip tc tng, tc l tc oxy ho amoni c tnh cht tim cn khi tng hm lng
oxy. C th trong iu kin nng oxy l 1, 2, 4 mg/l, trong thi gian 7 gi, hiu qu oxy ho
amoni t c tng ng l 37%, 68% v 75%.
~ 118 ~
Mc oxy ho cht hu c rt thp: 5 n 10% khi tng nng oxy t 1 ln 4 mg/l. Hiu
qu x l COD ti nng oxy ha tan 2 v 4 mg/l khng khc nhau.
Tng nng oxy to thun li cho qu trnh oxy ho amoni l iu khng cn bn ci, tuy
nhin nu duy tr nng cao s ng ngha vi gi thnh vn hnh cao m mc x l tng
khng ng k.
Nng oxy cng tc ng ln s hnh thnh nitrit, nitrat v t l gia chng.
Sau thi gian phn ng 7 gi, c nitrit v nitrat u tng trong iu kin nng oxy khc
nhau. T l nitrit/nitrat l 1,7; 1,5 v 1,1 tng ng vi iu kin nng oxy 1, 2 v 4 mg/l.
Trong iu kin nng oxy cao, t l nitrit/nitrat nh, iu ny khng ch ng vi thi im
kt thc th nghim (7 gi) m cn ng vi mi thi im trong qu trnh x l.
Trong thi gian phn ng, gi tr t l nitrit/nitrat t gi tr cc i, thi im xut hin im
(vng) cc tr ph thuc vo tc phn ng thnh phn ca qu trnh tng th.
Mt iu ng ch khc l s suy gim nit tng trong qu trnh x l hiu kh. Vi gi
thit l amoni t b bc hi do qu trnh sc kh (ti pH 8, amoni tn ti ch yu dng tch
in dng - dng khng bay hi).
Mc suy gim c nh gi thng qua hiu s ca tng nit ban u (NH4+, NO2-, NO3-)
v cui th nghim.
Mc suy gim nit tng trong iu kin nng oxy khc nhau cng khc nhau: nng
oxy thp th mc suy gim cao v ngc li. C th ti nng oxy 1, 2 v 4 mg/l mc suy
gim tng ng l 36,7; 25,2; 16,7 mg/l.
S suy gim nit tng nu trn c th do nguyn nhn ca qu trnh kh nitrat, nitrit xy ra
trong tp hp vi sinh trong iu kin thiu kh. Mi trng t oxy thc y qu trnh kh.
nh hng ca nng amoni.
Th nghim c tin hnh vi cc thng s: nng oxy 2 mg/l, nng amoni ban u dao
ng trong khong 100 n 300 mg/l. Kt qu th nghim c trnh by trong bng 13. 28 v
hnh 13. 11.
Bng 13. 28: Din bin x l amoni vi cc nng khc nhau.
NH4+ = 100 mg N/l:
Vo 8,0 1100 102 0,47 0,5 237 0,9
1h 8,0 980 85 11,4 4,1 - 2,8
~ 119 ~
2h 7,9 860 68 22,5 9,7 - 2,3
3h 7,9 752 51 30,2 16,8 - 1,8
4h 7,8 678 47,5 35,5 21,5 - 1,7
5h 7,8 583 32,1 40,2 29,2 - 1,4
6h 7,8 498 19 45,3 35,9 - 1,3
7h 7,8 400 5 49,4 44,5 211 1,1
NH4+ = 200 mg N/l:
Vo 8,2 1610 197 0,47 0,5 334 0,9
1h 8,2 1520 179 11 3,9 - 2,8
2h 8,1 1360 158 22,6 9,5 - 2,4
3h 8,1 1200 135 33,8 18,2 - 1,9
4h 8,2 1040 112 44,5 28 - 1,6
5h 8,1 880 93 52,7 37,5 - 1,4
6h 8,0 800 73 59,8 46,9 - 1,3
7h 8,0 710 56 65,5 55,7 302 1,2
NH4+ = 300 mg N/l:

Vo 8,2 2540 289 0,47 0,5 442 0,9
1h 8,2 2440 274 9,6 3,2 - 3,0
2h 8,2 2300 253 21,5 9,1 - 2,4
3h 8,1 2220 227 34,7 17,5 - 2,0
4h 8,1 2000 205 46,7 25,2 - 1,9
5h 8,0 1980 187 54,9 31 - 1,8
6h 8,0 1840 168 63,1 40,6 - 1,6
~ 120 ~
7h 8,0 1720 151 67,8 48,7 415 1,4
NH4+, NH4+= 100 mg N/l NO2-,NH4+ = 100 mg N/l
NO3-, NH4+ = 100 mg N/l NH4+, NH4+ = 200 mg N/l
NO2-, NH4+ = 200 mg N/l NO3-, NH4+ = 200 mg N/l
NH4+, NH4+ = 300 mg N/l NO2-, NH4+ = 300 mg N/l

300 NO3-, NH4+ = 300 mg N/l
250
200
150 .
100
50
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Thi gian, gi
Hnh 13. 11. S bin thin NH4+, NO2-, NO3- theo thi gian vi cc NH4+ u vo khc nhau.
Hiu sut x l amoni t 95%, 72% v 48% tng ng vi nng ban u l 102, 197 v
289 mg/l sau thi gian 7 gi. Hiu sut x l gim ng k khi nng amoni tng l do ngun
cung tng trong khi ngun tiu th khng thay i. Mt khc nng amoni cao cng c
xem l yu t km hm vi sinh t dng v mt hot tnh [30].
Trong iu kin th nghim trn, nng ca nitrit hnh thnh lun cao hn nng nitrat,
nhn chung t l nitrit/nitrat cao khi nng amoni ban u ln. im cc i thng xut hin
kh sm v gim dn theo thi gian x l.
Mc suy gim nit tng cng xy ra, mc gim c th l 4,0; 20,8 v 22,5 mg/l tng ng
vi nng amoni ban u l 102, 197 v 289 mg/l. S suy gim nit tng tng ln khi nng
amoni ban u ln rt c th l do iu kin thiu oxy trm trng hn trong cc tp hp vi sinh,
cc loi vi sinh d dng oxy ho amoni mnh hn pha bn ngoi ca tp hp ht.
nh hng ca kim.
~ 121 ~
Nhm nh gi nh hng ca kim ln kh nng hnh thnh nitrit v nitrat, th nghim

c tin hnh vi cc iu kin: nng oxy 2 mg/l, nng amoni ban u 212 mg/l, t l
gia kim/amoni nm trong khong t 4 n 10. Kt qu th nghim c trnh by trong
bng 13. 29 v hnh 13. 12.
Bng 13. 29: Din bin qu trnh vi cc nng kim khc nhau.
T l kim/amoni bng 4/1:

Vo 8,2 910 212 0,43 0,22 222 2,0
1h 8,2 800 197 8,8 3,2 - 2,8
2h 8,1 710 185 15,8 5,1 - 3,1
3h 8,1 620 171 22,6 9,3 - 2,4
4h 8,0 540 158 26,5 13,2 - 2,0
5h 8,0 480 149 29,5 16,8 - 1,8
6h 7,9 420 141 31,7 21,2 - 1,5
7h 7,9 360 135 32,8 26,5 205 1,2
T l kim/amoni l 7/1:
Vo 8,2 1500 212 0,43 0,22 222 2,0
1h 8,2 1380 197 9,1 3,2 - 2,8
2h 8,2 1200 176 19,3 8,2 - 2,4
3h 8,1 1040 152 29,6 16,8 - 1,8
4h 8,1 880 132 37,4 25,3 - 1,5
5h 8,0 780 109 47,2 35,4 - 1,3
6h 8,0 600 91 54,1 42,8 - 1,3
7h 8,0 460 74 60,3 50,6 202 1,2
T l kim/ amoni l 10/1:
Vo 8,2 2020 212 0,43 0,22 222 2,0
~ 122 ~
1h 8,2 1920 197 10,2 4,6 - 2,2

2h 8,2 1760 175 21,7 11,2 - 1,9
3h 8,1 1620 151 32,9 20,1 - 1,6
4h 8,1 1420 134 40,6 28,6 - 1,4
5h 8,0 1240 112 49,2 35,7 - 1,4
6h 8,0 1100 93 56,5 41,9 - 1,3
7h 8,0 980 78 63,2 48,7 198 1,3
Hiu qu x l amoni trong thi gian 7 gi trong iu kin t l kim/amoni l 4, 7 v 10 t

36%, 65% v 63%. V mt l thuyt th lng kim tiu hao l khong 7,2 g kim/1g amoni, vi
iu kin th nghim trn, theo l thiu, va v d tha. Mc tiu hao kim trong cc
th nghim trn l 7,14; 7,53 v 7,76 mg kim/mg amoni. S liu trn xp x gi tr tnh theo l
thuyt.
Tuy nhin, sau thi gian x l 7 gi nng amoni vn cn kh cao, lng kim d cn li
cng kh ln, tc l lng kim vn cn p ng cho qu trnh x l, vy ti sao hiu qu x
l ch t cha ti 60% so vi hiu qu trong iu kin v d kim.
225
200
175
150
NH4+, kim/NH4+=4/1
NO2-, kim/NH4+=4/1
125
NO3-, kim/NH4+=4/1
NH4+, kim/NH4+ =7/1
100
NO2-, kim/NH4+ =7/1
NO3-, kim/NH4+ =7/1
75
NH4+, kim/NH4+ = 10/1
NO2-, kim/NH4+ = 10/1
50
NO3-, kim/NH4+ = 10/1
25
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Thi gian, gi
~ 123 ~
Hnh 13. 12. S bin thin NH4+, NO2-, NO3- theo thi gian vi cc t l kim/NH4+ u vo
khc nhau.
Mt khc khi kim d, hiu qu x l amoni cng khng cao hn so vi trng hp ch

kim.
Kim (bicarbonat) ng hai vai tr trong qu trnh oxy ho amoni: cung cp carbon cho tng
hp t bo v trung ho lng axit sinh ra t phn ng oxy ho thnh nitrit. Trong thi gian phn
ng (7 gi) nhu cu v kim cho tng hp t bo l rt t, vy vai tr chnh ca kim l trung ho
axit. Tc ng khng thun li ca kim thp ln hiu qu oxy ho amoni cn l mt vn
cn c lm sng t.
Nhn xt.
thun li cho qu trnh kh nitrat trong giai on x l thiu kh i vi nc rc, vic
khng ch phn ng sao cho sn phm hnh thnh ch n dng nitrit l tt nht. Mc ch ca
iu khin qu trnh trn l tit kim nng lng (cp oxy) cho giai on oxy ho v cht hu c
cho c giai on oxy ho v kh nitrat. Gii php cng c ngha i vi nc rc: nc rt
ngho cht hu c so vi hp cht nit.
khng ch t l nitrat/nitrit, tc ng ca cc yu t oxy ho tan, nng amoni ban u v
kim c kho st. Kt qu thu c cho thy:
- Nng oxy thp to iu kin hnh thnh nitrit v ko theo l tc v hiu sut oxy ho
amoni thp.
- Cng do iu kin oxy thp qu trnh kh nitrit, nitrat xy ra thun li hn nn s suy gim nit
tng ln hn.
- Nng amoni ban u nh hng n t l nitrit/nitrat hnh thnh: nng amoniac cao thc
y s hnh thnh nitrit mnh hn so vi nitrat trong cng iu kin khc v mc suy gim
nit tng ln hn.
- Hiu qu v tc x l amoni thp trong iu kin nng amoni cao do t l gia ngun tiu
th (vi sinh) v lng thc n (amoni) thp v rt c th amoni chnh l yu t u c vi sinh
t dng.
- kim thp km hm ng k tc oxy ho amoni, tuy vy tng kim cao hn mc nhu
cu cn thit khng thc y tc phn ng.
- T l nitrit/nitrat khng b tc ng nhiu bi nng kim. Mc suy gim nit tng trong
mi tng quan vi kim cng khng r rng.
13. 3. 5. X l thiu kh.
~ 124 ~
Trong qu trnh x l hiu kh (oxy ho) cc thnh phn hu c sinh hu chuyn ho thnh
hp cht bn nh H2O v CO2 cng mt phn chuyn ho thnh t bo vi sinh vt.
Hp cht nit, phn ln nm di dng amoni (hnh thnh t qu trnh thu phn hp cht
nit vi tc kh nhanh) c vi sinh vt s dng mt phn nh (khng qu 10 mg/l) xy
dng t bo v ch yu chuyn ho thnh nitrit v nitrat. T l nitrit/nitrat c quyt nh bi
iu kin phn hu hiu kh v bn cht ca nc thi. Vi nng amoni ban u cao nh
trong nc rc, nitrit chim mt t l cao trong c cu sn phm sau qu trnh x l hiu kh. Hp
cht nit dng oxy ho (nit c ho tr dng) cha phi l dng bn trong mi trng, v th
chng cn c x l tip v trng thi nit dng kh c ho tr khng, N2, l dng bn, khng
c vi mi trng.
Qu trnh chuyn ho hp cht nit t ho tr dng (NO3-, NO2-, NO, N2O tng ng vi
ho tr +5, +3, +2 v +1) v ho tr khng (N2) v bn cht ho hc l qu trnh kh (gim ho tr
t dng v khng), trong cc hp cht nit ho tr dng ng vai tr cht oxy ho (nhn
in t). c th kh cc hp cht nit cn phi c cc cht c kh nng cho in t. Cc cht
c kh nng cho in t (cht kh) c kh nhiu: cht hu c, sunfua hydro,... hoc cc cht v
c c ho tr thp nh Fe2+, Mn2+..., tuy nhin thng dng v thun li nht l cc cht hu c.
Trong h x l tn ti cht hu c (cht kh, cho in t) v cht nhn in t (hp cht nit ho
tr dng), ch xy ra phn ng oxy ho kh nu trong khng c oxy (cht oxy ho - nhn
in t) v oxy d phn ng vi cht hu c hn so vi phn ng ca cht hu c vi hp cht
nit ho tr dng, do nng lng oxy ho gia cht hu c vi oxy cao hn. V vy iu kin
kh hp cht nit ho tr dng vi cht hu c l mi trng khng c oxy - mi trng thiu
kh (anoxic).
Mi trng thiu kh c th quan st thng qua nng oxy hoc th oxy ho kh (ORP -
oxidation - reduction potential), trong mi trng thiu oxy gi tr ORP thp.
c trng quan trng nht v phng din ho hc l qu trnh kh xy ra theo giai on ni
tip nhau, t ho tr cao (ca N) xung thp dn v t ti gi tr cui cng l khng:
NO3- NO2- NO N2O N2 (13-10)
Qu trnh trn ngc vi qu trnh oxy ho amoni trong x l hiu kh l tng dn ho tr t
amoni (-3) n nitrit (+3) v n nitrat (+5).
Trong giai on oxy ho amoni, nu ch oxy ho n nitrit th lng oxy ch cn 75% so vi
oxy ho n nitrat. Thm vo , khi cp thm 25% oxy cho oxy ho nitrit thnh nitrat, lng
oxy cng mt thm cho qu trnh oxy ho cht hu c xy ra ng thi trong x l hiu kh.
Nc rc nhn chung cha rt t hp cht hu c d sinh hu c c trng bi hm lng
axit hu c d bay hi VFA hay oxy ho trong mi trng kim.
~ 125 ~
kh 1g nitrat cn mt lng cht hu c t 3 - 10 g tnh theo COD [22], v kh 1 g nitrit

cn khong 60% cht hu c so vi kh nitrat.
Ngun cht hu c s dng kh nitrat, nitrit t : b xung t ngun ngoi nh methanol,
ethanol, ng, t cht hu c sn c trong ngun nc thi v t cht hu c sinh ra trong qu
trnh phn hu ni sinh ca vi sinh vt (gi, yu).
B xung cht hu c t ngoi vo to iu kin thun li cho kim sot, t ng ho qu trnh
x l thiu kh, tuy vy n lm tng gi thnh x l. Cht hu c c a vo h x l sau giai
on x l hiu kh (kh nitrat sau - postdenitrification).
S dng cht hu c t ngun nc thi c li th l tit kim (hoc tit kim mt phn) gi
thnh vn hnh (do cht hu c). Ngoi ra, do lng cht hu c c s dng kh nitrat,
nn ng thi cng s tit kim c lng oxy oxy ha chnh lng cht hu c trong x
l hiu kh. V mt k thut vn hnh h thng, giai on (n v cng ngh) x l thiu kh
c ghp trc giai on x l hiu kh (kh nitrat trc - predenitrification), mt lng nc
v bn (vi sinh vt) c tun hon (quay vng) vi lu lng rt ln (c th ti 400% cng sut
x l) t h x l hiu kh v h x l thiu kh, h x l thiu kh cn phi nhn thm lu lng
nc thi t ngun tng ng vi cng sut ca h thng x l.
Kim sot vn hnh i vi h thng x l ni tip thiu kh- hiu kh phc tp hn h thng
trc, c bit khi lng cht hu c ca nc ngun khng p ng cho qu trnh kh nitrat
hoc s dao ng v mc nhim ln nh trong trng hp nc rc.
Phn hy ni sinh thc cht l s phn hy t bo vi sinh vt, trong khi phn hy c hnh
thnh mt lot cc cht hu c, cc cht hu c ny li ng vai tr ca c cht nh trong ngun
nc thi tc l li tham gia vo tng hp t bo v cc phn ng sinh ha trong h. Phn hy
ni sinh xy ra trong tt c cc iu kin: ym kh, thiu kh v hiu kh. Tc phn hy ni
sinh ph thuc vo mt vi sinh, nhit v iu kin mi trng (trong iu kin hiu kh tc
phn hy nhanh hn so vi cc iu kin kia). Cc cht hu c hnh thnh qua phn hy ni
sinh c cc loi vi sinh t dng s dng kh nitrat.
Qu trnh thiu kh xy ra ng thi vi qu trnh hiu kh. Trong k thut x l dng huyn
ph (vi sinh vt phn b u trong ton b th tch), vi sinh vt co cm (keo t) li thnh cc tp
hp ht c kch thc nht nh (c mm). Pha ngoi ht c nng oxy cao hn (x l hiu kh)
so vi bn trong ht do tc khuych tn oxy trong ht c gii hn v lin tc b tiu th do cc
phn ng sinh ha dc theo chiu khuych tn t ngoi vo. V l do nn trong lng ht (tp
hp vi sinh) thng c t oxy to nn iu kin thiu kh v v vy xy ra qu trnh kh nitrat.
Trong k thut mng vi sinh - vi sinh vt tp trung bm trn cc vt mang, ta cng c hnh
nh tng t: lp mng c dy nht nh nn pha ngoi s c nhiu oxy hn so vi pha bn
trong ca mng.
~ 126 ~
Do nhng c th nu trn, nghin cu kh nitrat tp trung vo vic nh gi kh nng kh

nitrat v nitrit ring bit vi mc tiu rt ra c nhng yu t thit k v vn hnh i vi h
thng x l nc rc.
Th nghim kh nitrat c tin hnh theo phng php m k tip giai on (SBR), th tch
hu hiu ca thit b l 3 l, mt vi sinh 3g/l (ging vi sinh c ly t h thng x l nc rc
ti Nam Sn, Sc Sn, H Ni). Thit b phn ng c khuy trn to iu kin tip xc gia vi
sinh v cc cht tham gia phn ng.
Th nghim kh nitrat c tin hnh nh sau: Ngun nc rc s dng l nc ly t h s
2 ti bi rc Nam Sn, Sc Sn, H Ni. Trc khi th nghim, nc rc c lm trong vi cht
keo t PAC v polyme.
Th nghim kh nitrat: Nc rc t h s 2 sau keo t c sc kh chuyn ton b hp
cht nit (amoni) v dng nitrat (khng cn nitrit). Sau b xung ng (cht hu c) tin
hnh kh nitrat.
Th nghim kh nitrit: Nc rc sau khi kh ht amoni (hiu kh) v nitrat (thiu kh) c b
xung nitrit v ng tin hnh kh nitrit.
Din bin ca qu trnh kh nitrat, nitrit c nh gi thng qua cc thng s pH, kim,
COD, ORP, nitrit, nitrat v tng ca nitrat, nitrit (NOx). Nng ca cc hp cht nit c
nh gi trn cng n v l N.
Kh nitrat.
Kt qu nh gi kh nitrat c ghi li trong bng 13. 30 v th hin trong hnh 13. 13, 13.
14. (S liu ghi trong bng l s liu trung bnh ca nhiu ln th nghim - vi cc nng ban
u ca nitrat, nitrit khc nhau nm trong mt khong no ).
Bng 13. 30: S bin thin ca cc thng s trong qu trnh kh nitrat NO3-.
Khong nng Thi pH Kim N-NO2-N-NO3- N-NOx COD ORP
NO3- th gian th mgCaCO3/l mgN/l mgN/l mgN/l mgO2/l mV
nghim nghim
u vo 9,23 783 1,10 90,6 91,7 2578 207
1 gi 8,65 830 35,1 41,0 76,1 2302 203

80 - 100
2 gi 8,43 913 55,0 14,8 69,8 2008 189
mgN/l
3 gi 8,43 993 40,6 10,3 50,9 1713 175
4 gi 8,35 1090 9,90 5,20 15,1 1545 166
~ 127 ~
5 gi 8,41 1120 0,10 0,70 0,80 1372 154
u vo 9,20 680 0,60 179,0 179,6 2310 212
1 gi 8,46 838 28,3 146,1 174,4 1740 154
2 gi 8,46 890 37,8 95,2 133,0 1555 153

170 - 180
3 gi 8,22 963 42,0 52,6 94,6 1350 158
mgN/l
4 gi 8,09 1098 53,9 30,9 84,8 1055 165
5 gi 8,26 1185 45,0 14,2 59,2 695 193
6 gi 8,31 1248 10,1 1,10 11,2 446 134
7 gi 8,32 1265 0,30 0,20 0,50 330 115
T iu kin th nghim v kt qu ca bng 13. 30 cho thy, lng cht hu c (ng) c

duy tr mc d tha n khng phi l yu t nh hng n tc v hiu qu x l
nitrat. Lng cht hu c tiu hao cho phn ng kh nitrat l 13,3 v 11,1 g COD/g NO 3- tnh
theo N i vi trng hp cho vng nng thp v cao hn.
N-NO2- mgN/l
140
N-NO3- mgN/l
120 N-NOx mgN/l
100 COD/20 mgO2/l
Nng
80
60
40
20
0
0 1 2 3 4 5
Thi gian, gi
Hnh 13. 13. Qu trnh kh nitrat nng 80 - 100 mg N/l
~ 128 ~
250 N-NO2- mgN/l
N-NO3- mgN/l
200
N-NOx mgN/l
Nng
150
COD/10 mgO2/l
100
50
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Thi gian, gi
Hnh 13. 14. Qu trnh kh nitrat nng 170 - 180 mg N/l.
Ngc li vi qu trnh oxy ha, trong kim b tiu hao vi mc 7,2 g/g nitrat, kim
c sinh ra (tr li) mt phn t qu trnh kh nitrat vi mc xp x 40% ca lng kim tiu
hao, tc l khong 4,3 g kim/g nitrat b kh. S liu t bng 13. 30 cho thy lng kim sinh ra
t qu trnh kh nm trong khong 3,2 n 3,7 g kim/g nitrat b kh.
Khc vi bin ng v gi tr nitrat v tng ca nitrat, nitrit (NOx) trong thi gian phn ng l
gim lin tc, nng nitrit (ban u xp x bng khng) tng dn trc khi gim theo thi gian
v t cc tr ti mt thi im no (hnh 13. 13, 13. 14). S hnh thnh nitrit vi im cc
i chng t c ch kh ca nitrat c giai on (sn phm) trung gian l s hnh thnh nitrit.
Nitrit c hnh thnh t nitrat v b mt i do phn ng tip theo to thnh cc hp cht nit c
ha tr thp hn +3 (NO, N2O, N2). Do hai phn ng tri chiu nhau (sinh ra v mt i) nn nng
nitrit t ti mt gi tr cc i ti mt thi im no . Thi im t ti cc i cng ngn
khi phn ng sinh ra n cng nhanh so vi phn ng m n ng vai tr l nguyn liu (b tiu
th). T hnh 13. 13, 13. 14 v bng 13. 30 cho thy: thi im t cc i ca vng nng
nitrit sm hn vng nng nitrat ban u thp: sau khong 2 gi khi nng nitrat nm trong
khong 80 - 100 mg N/l v sau 4 - 5 gi cho khong nng nitrat ban u 170 - 180 mg N/l. T
kt qu trn cng cho php nhn nh: t l tc hnh thnh v tiu hao nitrit cao hn vng
nng nitrat ban u thp so vi vng nng nitrat ban u cao.
Sau khi t gi tr cc i, nng nitrit (v c nitrat) gim u v kh nhanh, tc l tr v
trng thi n nh ca c hai phn ng.
Tc kh nitrat, nitrit (NOx) trung bnh trong vng nng thp nh hn so vi tc
trong vng nng cao: t 18,34 mg N/(l.h) trong vng nng ban u l 91,7 mg N/l so vi
25,65 mg N/(l.h) trong vng nng ban u l 179,6 mg N/l. iu ny ph hp vi qui lut
~ 129 ~
phn ng l tc chm dn theo thi gian phn ng. Trong giai on u ca phn ng, mc
suy gim NOx ch yu do qu trnh kh nitrat v nitrit, trong giai on sau l do kh nitrit v
cc hp cht c ha tr thp hn.
Kh nitrit.
Kt qu th nghim kh nitrit vng nng thp (70 - 80 mg N/l) v trong vng cao (170 -
180 mg N/l) c trnh by trong bng 13. 31 v hnh 13. 15, 13. 16. S liu trong bng l gi tr
trung bnh ca nhiu th nghim lp li (khng di 3 th nghim).
Lng kim sinh ra trong qu trnh kh nitrit nm trong khong 3,2 - 3,3 g/g N. Gi tr ny
khng khc vi trng hp kh nitrat do qu trnh sinh ra kim l bc kh nitrit.
Bng 13. 31: S bin thin ca cc thng s trong qu trnh kh nitrit NO2-.
Khong nng Thi pH Kim N-NO2- N-NO3- N-NOx COD ORP
NO2- th gian th mgCaCO3/l mgN/l mgN/l mgN/l mgO2/l mV
nghim nghim
u vo 8,26 785 74,3 3,20 77,5 1305 141
70 - 80 1 gi 8,31 970 38,8 1,28 40,8 1100 81
mgN/l 2 gi 8,39 1020 6,26 0,64 6,9 714 115
3 gi 8,21 1040 0,40 0,20 0,6 648 34
u vo 8,52 940 174,6 7,64 182,2 3263 133
1 gi 8,56 1225 138,6 6,12 144,7 2949 113
170 - 180 2 gi 8,72 1333 96,7 4,70 101,4 2735 117
mgN/l 3 gi 8,87 1425 51,5 2,44 54,0 2528 118
4 gi 9,00 1485 13,4 1,30 14,7 2204 90
5 gi 8,73 1520 0,4 0,70 1,1 2019 97
~ 130 ~
N-NO2- mgN/l
140
N-NO3- mgN/l
120
N-NOx mgN/l
100
COD/10 mgO2/l
Nng
80
60
40
20
0
0 1 2 3 4
Thi gian, gi
Hnh 13. 15. Qu trnh kh nitrit nng 70 - 80 mgN/l.
Lng cht hu c (COD) tiu hao cho phn ng kh trong c hai vng nng l t 6,84
n 8,54 g/g so vi qu trnh kh nitrat l 11,1 - 11,3 g/g, tc l qu trnh kh nitrit cn mt
lng cht hu c bng 61,9 v 64,2% so vi lng dng kh nitrat (tnh theo l thuyt l
60%).
N-NO2- mgN/l
200
180 N-NO3- mgN/l
160 N-NOx mgN/l
140
COD/20 mgO2/l
Nng
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
Thi gian, gi
Hnh 13. 16. Qu trnh kh nitrit nng 170 - 180 mg N/l.
S liu thu c cng cho thy cht hu c c ngun gc t phn hu ni sinh cha ng gp
c cho qu trnh kh, c l do cht hu c b xung vo (ng) c tnh sinh hu cao, d tham
gia phn ng v trong iu kin thiu kh qu trnh phn hu ni sinh xy ra chm.
Khc vi trng hp kh i t nitrat, nng nitrit gim u theo thi gian trong sut qu
trnh phn ng. So snh tc kh ca nitrit v nitrat thng qua NOx cho thy: Tc kh nitrit
trong vng nng thp t 25,8 mg N/(l.h), trong vng nng cao t 36,4 mg N/l, nhanh
~ 131 ~
hn qu trnh kh t nitrat khong 40%. Tng t nh trng hp kh nitrat, tc kh trung

bnh i vi nitrit vng nng thp chm hn.
Nhn xt:
Do c trng ca nc rc, qu trnh x l hiu kh to ra nitrit vi hm lng cao, nn qu
trnh kho st x l thiu kh tp trung vo phn ng kh nitrit v nitrat ring l nhm tm ra cc
iu kin hp l.
So snh kh nitrit v nitrat trong cng cc iu kin th nghim cho thy:
- Lng cht hu c cn thit kh nitrit ch bng khong 61% so vi lng cn cho kh nitrat.
- Lng kim sinh ra trong qu trnh kh nitrat v nitrit l ngang nhau.
- Tc kh nitrit nhanh hn khong 40% so vi tc kh nitrat trong cng iu kin.
- Tc kh nitrat v nitrit chm dn khi nng ca chng gim.
- Trong iu kin thiu kh v cc iu kin ca th nghim vai tr ca cht hu c do qu trnh
phn hu ni sinh cha th hin r.
13. 4. X l hp cht nit bng k thut m k tip giai on.
13. 4. 1. X l hp cht nit khng b xung cht hu c.
T cc c trng ca nc rc v cc kt qu nghin cu thu c t cc qu trnh n l

(oxy ho, keo t, ym kh, thiu kh, hiu kh) k thut m k tip giai on c chn thc
hin qu trnh x l nit dng t hp ca nitrat ho (oxy ho amoni) v kh nitrat, thc hin k
tip cc bc hiu kh v thiu kh trong cng mt thit b phn ng.
Trong x l hiu kh, ngoi cc thng s nh hng thng dng nh kim, DO, hm lng
amoni ban u, mt vi sinh, s c mt ca cht hu c cng c tc ng n tin trnh phn
ng do oxy ho cnh tranh.
Kh nitrat xy ra theo cc bc k tip nhau m cc sn phm ca hp cht nit bin i t
ho tr +5 xung 0. Ngun cht hu c cho phn ng kh c th ly t ngun nc thi, t phn
hu ni sinh hoc c a ch ng t ngoi vo.
Do c trng ca nc rc, lng nitrit hnh thnh trong qu trnh x l hiu kh lun cao hn
nitrat, v vy qu trnh kh nitrit s thun li hn v phng din tit kim oxy v cht hu c.
Th nghim kh hp cht nit bng k thut m k tip giai on c thc hin trong bnh
c th tch hu hiu l 3 lit, c gn my sc kh v thit b khuy trn. Nc rc c t l
COD/N khc nhau c ly t cc v tr khc nhau trong cc h cha nc rc ca bi rc Nam
Sn, Sc Sn, H Ni. Do s bin ng rt mnh ca nc rc v mc nhim nn s ln th
~ 132 ~
nghim i vi tng t l COD/N l t 5 - 8 ln. Cc s liu nhn c v vy l s liu trung

bnh ca cc ln th nghim. T l COD/N ca ba mu nc rc c kho st l 2,5; 3,0 v 5,6.
Mt sinh khi trong cc th nghim l 3 g/l. Nng oxy c duy tr trong khong 2 - 3
mg/l trong giai on hiu kh v nh hn 0,3 mg/l trong giai on thiu kh.
Cc thng s theo di qu trnh gm: pH, kim, amoni, nitrit, nitrat, nit Kjeldahl v COD.
Th nghim c tin hnh theo hai phng thc vn hnh: t l thi gian sc kh/khuy trn,
tng ng vi iu kin hiu kh/thiu kh v vi cc t l COD/N khc nhau c ghi trong
bng 13. 32, 13. 33.
Bng 13. 32. S thay i thnh phn nc thi trong iu kin hiu kh/ thiu kh theo thi gian
(2:1).
T l Thi pH Kim N-NH3 N-NO2- N-NO3- TKN* TN COD
COD/ N gian (mg (mgN/l) (mgN/l) (mgN/l) (mgN/l) (mgN/l) (mg
(gi) CaCO3/l) O2/l)
0 8,2 2149 208 0,87 2,43 229 211 523

2 8,5 1988 173 9,95 10,3 - 193 492
COD/ N 3 8,5 1972 171 5,76 6,35 - 183 429
= 2,5 5 8,5 1734 140 15,9 15,1 - 171 413
6 8,5 1728 139 8,58 10,1 - 157 392
8 8,5 1544 112 19,5 17,8 121 149 371
H sut 46% 47% 29% 29%
0 8,3 2432 270 0,55 0,78 297 271 813
2 8,7 2224 223 5,62 4,14 - 233 462
3 8,7 2200 214 3,18 2,51 - 220 444
COD/ N 5 8,9 2096 191 7,33 4,74 - 203 406
= 3,0 6 8,9 2096 187 4,53 3,04 - 195 402
8 8,9 1965 161 9,78 5,11 177 176 377
H sut 40,4% 40,5% 35% 53,6%
0 8,2 2010 192 2,26 1,21 212 196 1073
2 8,4 1840 149 12,1 4,78 - 166 607
3 8,4 1847 144 6,27 2,84 - 153 529
COD/ N 5 8,4 1588 96 28,3 17,3 - 142 506
= 5,6 6 8,4 1593 94 16,9 10,9 - 122 476
8 8,3 1220 25 57,2 29,7 32 112 454
H sut 86,9% 84,9% 42,9% 57,7%
~ 133 ~
Bng 13. 33. S thay i thnh phn nc thi trong iu kin hiu kh/ thiu kh theo thi
gian (3:1)
T l Thi pH Kim N-NH3 N-NO2- N-NO3- TKN* TN COD
COD/ N gian (mg (mgN/l) (mgN/l) (mgN/l) (mgN/l) (mgN/l) (mg
(gi) CaCO3/l) O2/l)
0 8,2 2149 208 0,87 2,43 229 211 523

3 8,6 1956 163 12,8 11,4 - 187 479
COD/ N 4 8,5 1996 162 7,5 7,61 - 177 427
= 2,5
7 8,6 1726 121 19,9 16,44 - 157 397
8 8,5 1726 120 13,6 11,5 129 145 376
Hiu 42,3% 44% 31,3% 28%
sut
0 8,3 2432 270 0,55 0,78 297 271 813
3 8,9 2136 199 5,09 4,96 - 209 402
4 8,8 2184 200 2,89 3,19 - 206 394
COD/ N
7 9,0 2004 175 11,2 4,36 - 191 386
= 3,0
8 9,0 1993 179 7,83 2,94 196 190 369
Hiu 33,7% 34% 29,9% 54,6%
sut
0 8,2 2010 192 2,26 1,21 212 196 1073
3 8,4 1775 131 16,6 4,35 - 152 477
4 8,5 1783 127 9,12 2,61 - 139 462
COD/ N
7 8,4 1380 56,9 45,1 23,7 - 126 451
= 5,6
8 8,4 1335 56,6 29,6 15,8 65 102 439
Hiu. 70,5% 69,3% 48% 59,1%
sut
Kh nng x l COD
Mc suy gim COD theo thi gian c th hin trong bng 13. 32, 13. 33, v trn cc
hnh 13. 17, 13. 18, 13. 19. Hnh 13.17, 13. 18, 13. 19 biu din kh nng loi b COD trong
trng hp t l COD/ N l: 2,5; 3,0; 5,6 vi thi gian ca chu k hiu kh/ thiu kh l 2 : 1 v 3
: 1.
~ 134 ~
600
500
COD, mgO2/l 400

sc:khuy = 2:1
300
sc:khuy = 3:1
200 Chu k hiu kh
100 Chu k thiu kh
0
0 2 4 6 8
Thi gian, gi
Hnh 13. 17. Hiu qu x l COD ph thuc vo t l thi gian ca chu k hiu kh/ thiu kh (2 :
1, 3 : 1) vi t l COD : N = 2,5.
900 sc:khuy Chu

= 2:1k hiu kh
800
700 Chu
sc:khuy = 3:1k thiu kh
COD, mg O2/l
600
500
400
300
200
100
0
0 2 4 6 8
Thi gian, gi
1, 3 : 1) vi t l COD : N = 3,0.
~ 135 ~
1200 sc:khuy Chu

= 2:1k hiu kh
1000 sc:khuy Chu
= 3:1k thiu kh
COD, mgO2/l
800
600
400
200
0
0 2 4 6 8
Thi gian, gi
1, 3 : 1) vi t l COD : N = 5,6.
COD gim do hai qu trnh: oxy ho do vi sinh d dng trong giai on hiu kh v tiu hao
trong giai on thiu kh. Tc suy gim COD khng u nhau, gim nhanh giai on u,
sau chm dn. T l thi gian sc kh/ khuy khc nhau (2 : 1, 3 : 1) t nh hng n kt qu
cui cng (sau thi gian tng cng l 8 gi) do thi gian sc kh tng cng ca c hai phng n
u nh nhau (6 gi). Trong giai on thiu kh COD cng gim nhng vi tc chm dn
cc chu k sau, rt c th do cc thnh phn hu c cng v sau cng kh sinh hu. Hiu qu x
l COD rt ph thuc vo t l COD/ N, trong c hai phng n, khi t l COD/ N = 2,5; 3,0; 5,6
th hiu qu x l tng ng l 28%, 54% v 58%
Do nng oxy mc kh cao (2 - 3mg/l), hon ton p ng c cho cc loi vi sinh hiu
kh nn hiu qu x l COD tng khi t l COD/ N tng c l ch yu do t l thnh phn hu c
d sinh hu trong cc mu khc nhau.
Kh nng oxy ho amoni
T bng s liu 13. 32, 13. 33 v cc hnh hnh 13. 20, 13. 21, 13. 22 cho thy hiu qu qu
trnh oxy ho amoni hoc TKN (tng nit Kjeldahl) ph thuc ch yu vo nng ban u ch
t ph thuc vo t l COD/ N. T l thi gian sc kh/ khuy 2 : 1 cho hiu qu oxy ho amoni
cao hn.
~ 136 ~
250
200
NH4+, mg N/l
150
100
sc:khuy = 2:1
Chu k hiu kh
50 sc:khuy = Chu
3:1 k thiu kh
0
0 2 4 6 8
Thi gian, gi
Hnh 13. 20. Oxy ho amoni trong iu kin t l thi gian ca chu k
hiu kh/ thiu kh 2 : 1, 3 : 1 vi t l COD : N = 2,5.
300
250
NH4+, mg N/l
200
150
sc:khuy = Chu
2:1 k hiu kh
100
sc:khuy = Chu
3:1 k thiu kh
50
0
0 2 4 6 8
Thi gian, gi
hiu kh/ thiu kh 2 : 1, 3 : 1 vi t l COD : N = 3,0
~ 137 ~
200
Chu k hiu kh
175
150 Chu k thiu kh
NH4+, mg N/l
125
100
75
sc:khuy = 2:1
50
25 sc:khuy = 3:1
0
0 2 4 6 8
Thi gian, gi
hiu kh/ thiu kh 2 : 1, 3 : 1 vi t l COD : N = 5,6.
Trong thi gian x l thiu kh, nng amoni trong nc hu nh khng suy gim. Tc
oxy ho amoni ph thuc vo nng ban u rt c th do nguyn nhn l: do chu k th
nghim ngn, lng oxy ho tan y , s cnh tranh phn hu COD v amoni do cc chng vi
sinh khc nhau khng mnh m yu t quan trng hn l mt sinh khi ca tng loi trong .
Khi t l gia ngun thc n v vi sinh (t l F/M, food- micro organism ratio) ng vai tr
quan trng hn.
S hnh thnh nitrit, nitrat
Nitrit v nitrat to thnh k tip nhau trong giai on hiu kh, kh nitrit v nitrat v dng kh
xy ra trong giai on thiu kh cng theo kiu k tip nhau t ho tr +5 v ho tr khng. Theo
ti liu [12, 33] trong qu trnh hiu kh, nng nitrit thng rt thp (nh hn 0,1mg/l) tr
trng hp do b hn ch v nng oxy ho tan. Hin tng trn thng c quan st i vi
nc thi sinh hot c hm lng amoni khng cao. Cng c tc gi cho rng kim cao trong
nc thi l yu t thun li duy tr nng nitrit cao [32].
Vi cc mu nc rc, khi x l hiu kh vi nng oxy d tha (4 - 5mg/l), kim rt cao
(khi kt thc lng kim d u cao hn 1000mg/l) nng nitrit lun lun cao hn nitrat (bng
13. 34).
Bng 13. 34. T l gia NO3-/ NO2- trong giai on x l hiu kh.
T l thi gian T l COD/ N
sc
2,5 3,0 5,6
~ 138 ~
kh / khuy NO2- NO3- T l NO2- NO3- T l NO2- NO3- T l

(gi/ gi) NO3-/ NO3-/ NO3-/
NO2- NO2- NO2-
2 : 1 0 - 2h 9,08 7,87 0,87 5,07 3,36 0,66 9,48 3,57 0,38

3 - 5h 10,14 8,75 0,86 4,15 2,23 0,54 22,03 14,5 0,67
6 - 8h 10,92 7,7 0,71 5,25 2,07 0,39 40,3 18,8 0,47
3 : 1 0 - 3h 11,89 8,97 0,75 4,54 4,18 0,92 13,98 3,14 0,22
4 -7h 12,4 8,83 0,71 8,31 1,17 0,14 35,98 21,1 0,59
Vi chu k hiu kh l 2gi, 3gi, t l COD/ N = 2,5 ; 3,0 ; 5,6, t l gia NO3-/ NO2- khc
nhau: cc chu k u t l NO3-/ NO2- cao v gim dn cc chu k sau, tc l cng giai
on sau nng nitrit cng cao hn so vi nitrat. T l NO3-/ NO2- cng ph thuc vo thi gian
sc kh ca chu k, thi gian sc kh di hn (3gi so vi 2gi) thng cho t l NO3-/ NO2- thp
hn.
Trong iu kin th nghim trnh by, yu t thc y c qu trnh to thnh nitrit (
kim) v to nitrat (oxy ho tan) u c tho mn, tuy vy nng nitrit vn cao hn nitrat v
cc chu k sau nng amoni thp hn cc chu k trc, trong khi tc oxy ho amoni
hay hiu qu loi tng nit TN khng xy ra hin tng t bin. Hin tng ny c th l do t
l vi sinh Nitrosomonas (oxy ho amoni thnh nitrit) cao hn loi Nitrobacter (oxy ho nitrit
thnh nitrat) trong iu kin c th ca th nghim.
Hiu qu x l tng nit
Trong tt c cc iu kin th nghim, hiu qu loi b nit (TN) t t 29% n 48%, hiu
qu tng khi t l COD/ N tng. Mi tng quan gia hiu qu x l tng nit v hiu qu x l
COD trong bng 13. 35 (N l hiu s ca TN, COD l hiu s ca COD gia gi tr u v
cui ca qu trnh x l trong 8 gi) cho thy, t l COD/N tng khi t l COD/ N tng v lch
nhau khng nhiu vi cng t l COD/ N.
Bng 13. 35. T l COD/N trong cc iu kin th nghim khc nhau.

T l Thi gian sc kh/ khuy
COD/ N 2:1 3:1
N COD COD/N N COD COD/N
(mg/l) (mg/l) (mg/l) (mg/l)
2,5 62 152 2,45 66 147 2,22
~ 139 ~
3,0 95 436 4,45 81 444 5,48

5,6 84 619 7,35 94 634 6,7
250
200
T-N, mg N/l
150
100 sc:khuy = 2:1

Chu k hiu kh
sc:khuy = 3:1
50 Chu k thiu kh
0
0 2 4 6 8
Thi gian, gi
Hnh 13. 23. Hiu qu x l tng nit ph thuc vo t l thi gian ca chu k hiu kh/ thiu kh
2 : 1, 3 : 1 vi t l COD : N = 2,5.
S suy gim T-N trong h do ba nguyn nhn: chuyn ho thnh kh nit, gii hp th amoni
v tham gia cu to t bo ca vi sinh mi to thnh, trong nguyn nhn u c vai tr quan
trng hn c. Hp cht nit (ch yu l amoni) cng hnh thnh trong qu trnh phn hu ni
sinh (endogenous decay).
Suy gim COD l do cc nguyn nhn: to thnh c cht ca cc chng vi sinh d dng, oxy
ho thnh cc hp cht bn (CO2, H2O) v ng vai tr cht cho in t trong qu trnh thiu kh.
Qu trnh phn hu ni sinh lm tng COD tan. S suy gim TN v COD trong h l mt qu
trnh lin quan n nhiu yu t v rt kh d on v tng th.
~ 140 ~
300
250
200
T-N, mg N/l
150
sc:khuy = 2:1
100
Chu k hiu kh
sc:khuy = 3:1
50
Chu k thiu kh
0
0 2 4 6 8
Thi gian, gi
2 : 1, 3 : 1 vi t l COD : N = 3,0.
200
175
150
T-N, mg N/l
125
100
Chu k hiu kh
75 sc:khuy = 2:1
Chu k thiu kh
50 sc:khuy = 3:1
25
0
0 2 4 6 8
Thi gian, gi
2 : 1, 3 : 1 vi t l COD : N = 5,6.
13. 4. 2. X l hp cht nit c b xung cht hu c.
Mc ch ca th nghim l s dng thit b hot ng m k tip giai on loi b nit da

vo ngun carbon c b sung t bn ngoi vo u giai on khuy trn (giai on thiu kh).
Dng carbon c s dng b sung l ng (1g ng tng ng vi khong 1g COD).
Qu trnh loi b nit c thc hin qua hai giai on: sc kh (iu kin hiu kh) v khuy
trn (iu kin thiu kh).
~ 141 ~
Trong iu kin hiu kh vi y oxy ho tan, amoni b oxy ho thnh nitrit v nitrat.
Trong iu kin thiu kh, da vo ngun carbon c b sung, nitrit v nitrat s b kh v kh
nit (N2).
Kt qu th nghim thu c t x l nc rc theo ch sc kh gin on vi t l thi
gian sc kh/ khuy trn (2 : 1, 3 : 1) trong 360 pht c ghi li trong bng 13. 36 v 13. 37.
Bng 13. 36. S thay i thnh phn nc rc trong iu kin hiu kh/ thiu kh c b sung
thm cht hu c theo thi gian (2:1)
Thi pH Kim (mg NH4+-N N-NO2- N-NO3- COD COD B NKT TN
gian TN CaCO3/l) (mgN/l) (mgN/l) (mgN/l) (mgO2/l) sung (mgN/l) (mgN/l)
u vo 8,2 2022 122 0,49 1,60 493 136,6 124
60 pht 8,5 1936 106 5,67 1,96 396 319,6 114
90 pht 8,4 1958 108 1,07 1,67 481 110
150 pht 8,5 1864 88 4,60 1,72 422 302,6 94
180 pht 8,4 1874 85 0,50 1,48 486 87
240 pht 8,5 1822 67 4,42 2,22 461 195,8 74
270 pht 8,5 1814 69 0,09 1,13 471 70
330 pht 8,5 1754 49 5,20 1,93 425 203,4 56
360 pht 8,4 1776 50 1,34 1,10 440 56 52
Hiu sut 59,1% 59,0% 57,8%
Bng 13. 37. S thay i thnh phn nc rc trong iu kin hiu kh/ thiu kh c b sung cht
hu c theo thi gian (t l sc kh/ khuy l 3:1).
Thi pH Kim (mg NH4+-N N-NO2- N-NO3- COD COD B NKT TN
gian TN CaCO3/l) (mgN/l) (mgN/l) (mgN/l) (mgO2/l) sung (mgN/l) (mgN/l)
u vo 8,2 2022 122,0 0,49 1,60 493 136,6 124,2

90 pht 8,5 1868 96,2 8,88 1,96 432 319 107
120 pht 8,5 1878 92,8 0,73 1,22 468 94,8
210 pht 8,5 1778 72,5 6,76 3,10 427 187 82,4
~ 142 ~
240 pht 8,5 1808 70,3 0,21 1,23 444 71,8

330 pht 8,6 1724 46,8 8,85 2,54 403 283 58,2
360 pht 8,5 1728 46,2 0,40 1,41 467 50,6 47,8
Hiu sut 62,1% 63,0% 61,5%
T kt qu bng 13. 36, 13. 37 cho thy, sau 360 pht, hiu qu ca qu trnh oxy ho amoni
thnh nitrit, nitrat c hai thit b hot ng gin on l: gi tr amoni cc thit b gim t 122
mgN/l xung 43, 48 mgN/l. thit b hot ng vi t l thi gian sc kh/ khuy 3 : 1 cho hiu
qu oxy ho amoni cao hn (62,1% so vi 59,1%).
140
Chu k hiu kh
120
NH4+, mg N/l
100 Chu k thiu kh

80
60
40 sc:khuy = 2:1
20 sc:khuy = 3:1
0
0 60 120 180 240 300 360
Thi gian, pht
hiu kh/ thiu kh 2 : 1, 3 : 1 c b sung cht hu c.
140
Chu k hiu kh
120
Chu k thiu kh
100
T- N, mg N/l
80
60
40 sc:khuy = 2:1
20 sc:khuy = 3:1
0
0 60 120 180 240 300 360
Thi gian, pht
~ 143 ~
2 : 1, 3 : 1 c b sung cht hu c.
T hnh hnh 13. 26, 13. 27 cho thy: tc oxy ho amoni c hai thit b u c xu hng
gim, chm dn cc chu k hiu kh sau. Nguyn nhn c th l do ngun cht hu c c b
sung vo u giai on khuy (thiu kh) sau khi kt thc vn cn d do vy n giai on hiu
kh s xy ra s cnh tranh gia vi sinh d dng oxy ho COD v vi sinh t dng oxy ho
amoni. iu cng l nguyn nhn lm gim lng NO2- v NO3- hnh thnh cc giai on
sc kh sau. Trong thi gian x l thiu kh, nng amoni trong nc hu nh khng suy gim.
Hiu sut kh nitrit v nitrat trong giai on thiu kh
Trong giai on thiu kh, xy ra qu trnh kh nitrit v nitrat cn c cht hu c (1g NO 3--
N cn 3g cht hu c). V COD trong nc rc sau giai on hiu kh cn li l nhng cht tr
kh phn hu nn ng c s dng lm ngun cung cp COD kh nitrit v nitrat trong
giai on thiu kh. Hiu sut kh nitrit v nitrat c th hin trong bng 13. 38, 13. 39.
Bng 13. 38. S thay i thnh phn nc thi trong iu kin hiu kh/ thiu kh l 2 : 1
theo thi gian trong 360 pht.
Thng s T. gian ln th nghim
(pht) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
pH 0 8,6 7,9 8,1 8,1 8,3 8,6 8,4
60 8,7 8,3 8,4 8,4 8,6 8,6 8,5
90 8,6 8,3 8,3 8,3 8,6 8,7 8,5
150 8,6 8,4 8,4 8,4 8,6 8,7 8,5
180 8,6 8,2 8,2 8,3 8,5 8,7 8,5
240 8,6 8,3 8,3 8,5 8,6 8,7 8,6
270 8,6 8,3 8,4 8,4 8,6 8,7 8,6
330 8,6 8,3 8,5 8,5 8,7 8,7 8,5
360 8,6 8,3 8,4 8,3 8,6 8,7 8,5
Kim 0 1750 1960 2200 2160 2040 2120 1960
(mgCaCO3/l) 60 1700 1910 2110 2040 1920 2040 1900
90 1800 1880 2100 2040 1970 2000 1900
150 1650 1800 2030 1990 1850 1850 1840
~ 144 ~
180 1690 1820 2030 1980 1850 1900 1850

240 1700 1760 1950 1900 1800 1800 1760
270 1700 1760 1950 1900 1760 1850 1750
330 1600 1720 1910 1830 1710 1800 1690
360 1680 1720 1920 1840 1720 1850 1700
N-NH4+ 0 97 122 126 142 123 129 108
(mgN/l) 60 80 115 113 119 103 113 87,5
90 82 112 119 122 105 109 85,0
150 63 88,0 99,0 104 85,0 85,0 67,5
180 62 89,0 93,0 98,0 81,0 81,0 68,0
240 49,8 68,0 75,0 78,8 64,0 65,0 43,8
270 48,8 69,0 81,0 80,0 65,0 59,0 46,7
330 28,8 56,0 53,0 62,0 44,0 38,0 37,0
360 27,5 59,0 56,0 63,0 44,0 39,0 43,0
N-NO2- 0 0,93 0,34 0,21 0,27 0,72 0,23 0,36

(mgN/l) 60 3,43 4,57 5,82 7,15 7,38 3,92 5,33
90 4,92 0,11 0,08 0,09 0,15 0,09 0,11
150 5,97 3,50 3,42 3,81 6,32 3,77 4,21
180 1,30 0,34 0,39 0,02 0,46 0,09 0,11
240 4,76 2,89 4,15 3,65 6,66 5,14 5,48
270 0,08 0,08 0,12 0,06 0,09 0,12 0,15
330 4,07 5,33 5,14 4,36 7,08 4,26 4,72
360 2,16 0,15 0,09 0,51 3,81 0,17 0,09
- 0 3,00 1,60 1,04 1,25 1,10 0,95 1,12
N-NO3
(mgN/l) 60 3,25 1,80 1,65 1,60 1,50 1,15 1,10
90 3,80 1,00 1,15 1,20 1,20 1,00 1,05
150 2,00 1,38 1,50 1,80 1,90 2,15 1,35
180 2,90 0,96 1,12 1,35 1,05 1,20 1,15
240 2,70 1,30 2,65 2,50 1,95 2,15 1,80
270 1,05 1,10 1,30 1,10 1,10 0,90 1,00
330 2,79 1,30 1,90 1,95 1,70 2,55 2,75
360 0,85 0,95 1,20 1,40 1,10 1,00 1,07
~ 145 ~
NKT 0 112 135 142 157 137 145 123

(mgN/l) 60 - - - - - - -
90 - - - - - - -
150 - - - - - - -
180 - - - - - - -
240 - - - - - - -
270 - - - - - - -
330 - - - - - - -
360 32 67 63 69 49 43 47
TN 0 101 124 127 144 125 130 109
(mgN/l) 60 87,0 121 120 128 112 118 94,0
90 90,7 113 119 123 106 110 86,0
150 71,0 93,0 104 110 93,0 91,0 73,0
180 66,0 90,0 95,0 99,0 83,0 82,0 69,0
240 57,0 72,0 82,0 85,0 73,0 72,0 51,0
270 50,0 70,0 82,0 81,0 66,0 60,0 49,0
330 36,0 63,0 60,0 68,0 53,0 45,0 45,0
360 31,0 60,0 57,0 65,0 49,0 40,0 44,0
COD 0 466 507 508 497 489 514 480
(mgO2/l) 60 278 407 440 424 431 444 447
90 348 509 601 493 455 518 575
150 344 407 429 444 486 437 478
180 576 453 465 503 433 514 561
240 464 455 456 466 463 490 434
270 426 527 442 485 477 486 490
330 453 406 453 411 404 457 400
360 426 474 441 464 394 527 427
COD b 0
sung 60 + 290 + 358 + 406 + 353 + 191 + 227 + 221
(mgO2/l) 90
150 + 514 + 231 + 173 + 392 + 203 + 190 + 213
180
240 + 163 + 165 + 300 + 193 + 158 + 90 + 302
270
~ 146 ~
330 + 225 + 209 + 98 + 283 + 202 216 + 258

360
Bng 13. 39. S thay i thnh phn nc thi trong iu kin hiu kh/ thiu kh l 3 : 1
theo thi gian trong 360 pht.
Thng s T. gian ln th nghim
(pht) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
pH 0 8,6 7,9 8,1 8,1 8,3 8,6 8,4
90 8,7 8,4 8,4 8,5 8,7 8,7 8,6
120 8,7 8,3 8,3 8,4 8,6 8,7 8,5
210 8,6 8,4 8,5 8,5 8,7 8,7 8,6
240 8,6 8,3 8,5 8,4 8,6 8,7 8,4
330 8,6 8,4 8,5 8,5 8,8 8,7 8,6
360 8,6 8,2 8,4 8,5 8,6 8,7 8,5
Kim 0 1750 1960 2200 2160 2040 2120 1960
(mgCaCO3/l) 90 1720 1820 1990 1950 1860 1900 1800
120 1740 1820 2010 1950 1870 1940 1820
210 1650 1720 1920 1850 1750 1890 1750
240 1650 1760 1940 1900 1790 1900 1780
330 1650 1640 1860 1800 1670 1800 1650
360 1650 1680 1860 1800 1650 1800 1690
N-NH4+ 0 97,0 122 126 142 123 129 108
(mgN/l) 90 77,0 103 108 109 84,0 105 86,0
120 76,0 101 102 103 82,0 98,5 88,0
210 59,5 78,0 81,0 85,0 59,0 74,0 64,0
240 59,0 72,0 78,3 81,3 61,0 75,0 61,0
330 39,0 52,0 52,0 55,0 36,0 52,5 42,0
360 39,2 49,0 51,5 53,5 38,0 43,7 46,0
N-NO2- 0 0,93 0,34 0,21 0,27 0,72 0,23 0,36
(mgN/l) 90 6,02 9,51 10,7 10,7 7,46 6,54 5,02
120 1,07 1,14 0,68 0,03 0,73 0,75 0,08
210 4,26 5,52 6,89 5,93 11,2 9,43 4,57
240 0,08 0,23 0,17 0,15 0,43 0,09 0,09
330 7,91 9,13 10,3 5,33 11,6 7,91 5,63
360 0,02 1,09 0,15 0,12 0,61 0,11 0,08
~ 147 ~
N-NO3- 0 3,00 1,60 1,04 1,25 1,10 0,95 1,12

(mgN/l) 90 3,80 1,90 1,50 1,40 1,20 3,25 2,75
120 1,90 0,88 1,12 1,20 1,00 1,70 1,05
210 2,35 2,40 3,80 2,70 4,25 2,85 2,35
240 1,15 1,10 1,45 1,30 1,15 1,25 1,00
330 2,10 2,30 2,60 2,60 3,10 1,60 2,57
360 1,80 1,20 1,08 1,35 1,60 1,00 1,03
NKT 0 112 135 142 157 137 145 123
(mgN/l) 90 - - - - - - -
120 - - - - - - -
210 - - - - - - -
240 - - - - - - -
330 - - - - - - -
360 42,0 53 57 59 42 58 52
TN (mgN/l) 0 101 124 127 144 125 130 109
90 87,0 114 120 121 93,0 115 93,8
120 79,0 103 104 104 84,0 101 89,0
210 66,0 86,0 92,0 94,0 74,0 86,0 70,9
240 60,0 73,0 80,0 83,0 63,0 76,0 62,0
330 49,0 63,0 65,0 63,0 51,0 62,0 50,0
360 41,0 51,0 52,0 55,0 40,0 55,0 47,0
COD 0 466 507 508 497 489 514 480
(mgO2/l) 90 379 437 423 454 465 480 477
120 525 444 447 512 411 494 509
210 325 479 426 464 440 404 428
240 357 424 494 526 419 527 466
330 363 410 424 406 410 474 377
360 600 426 420 512 376 620 371
COD b 0
sung 90 + 459 + 282 + 269 + 380 + 204 + 170 + 172
(mgO2/l) 120
210 + 345 + 159 + 140 + 138 + 154 + 318 + 270
240
~ 148 ~
330 + 448 + 204 + 233 + 320 + 211 + 255 + 141

360
Nhn xt:
- Trong giai on x l hiu kh xy ra s cnh tranh oxy ho gia cht hu c v amoni. T l
COD/N cng cao th tc v hiu qu oxy ho amoni chm.
- T l NO2/NO3 lun cao v c xu hng cao hn vo giai on cui ca chu k, t l ny cng
ph thuc vo t l COD/N ca nc thi.
- Qu trnh kh nitrat c xy ra trong giai on x l hiu kh vi hiu sut thp.
- Trong giai on x l thiu kh, s c mt ca cht hu c thc y mnh qu trnh kh nitrat.
- Tc kh nitrit nhanh hn so vi tc kh nitrat.
13. 5. Th nghim ti hin trng.
Kt qu thu c trong nghin cu ti phng th nghim i vi nhiu loi nc rc cho thy:

- Keo t nc rc c hiu qu khi s dng phn nhm, poly nhm clorua hoc hn hp ca
chng phi hp vi cht tr keo t (polymer) dng tch in m.
- Oxy ho nc rc em li hiu qu loi b COD rt thp, gi thnh cao. Trong chng mc no
c th s dng hp cht Fenton ci thin mu ca nc vi t l st (II)/hydro peroxit
thp.
- Hiu qu x l ym kh t thp, hiu qu x l COD khng vt qu 5%.
- i tng cn c quan tm ch yu l hp cht nit, phn ln tn ti dng amoni
(amoniac).
- Trong qu trnh oxy ho (x l hiu kh) t l gia nitrit v nitrat rt cao, nitrit thng c nng
cao hn nitrat. Oxy ho amoni ti sn phm trung gian l nitrit s thun li hn, gim c
lng oxy tiu th ti 25%.
- Kh nitrit thun li hn kh nitrat do tc kh nitrit nhanh hn khong 40% so vi tc
kh nitrat v lng cht hu c tiu th ch bng khong 60%. iu ny rt ph hp vi nc
rc c hm lng cht hu c sinh hu thp so vi hm lng hp cht nit.
- Nc rc c c trng bin ng rt ln v lu lng v mc nhim.
Nhm kim tra kt qu thu c t nghin cu trong phng th nghim vi qui m thit b ln
hn v tng hp vi iu kin trong thc t, phng n th nghim dng pilot c thc
hin. H thng pilot c xy dng ti khu lin hip x l cht thi Nam Sn, Sc Sn, H Ni.
Th nghim pilot c thc hin vo thi gian t thng 9 - 2004 n thng 2- 2005.
~ 149 ~
13. 5. 1. H thng thit b pilot v k hoch thc hin.
Th nghim pilot ch tp trung vo qu trnh x l sinh hc hiu kh v thiu kh. Cc qu trnh

x l ym kh v oxy ho ho hc khng c tin hnh do hiu qu thp trong x l nc rc
nh trong nghin cu ti phng th nghim ch ra.
H th nghim pilot bao gm hai n v cng ngh ring bit: keo t v x l vi sinh.
Nc rc c ly t h s 3 ca bi rc Nam Sn, Sc Sn, H Ni v keo t vi PAC cng
vi cht tr keo t A 101.
H x l vi sinh hot ng theo phng thc m k tip giai on gm hai bnh phn ng hnh
tr. Th tch hu hiu ca mi bnh l 2 m3, t l gia chiu cao ca ct nc v ng knh ca
bnh l 2,2.
Trong tng bnh phn ng, mt thit b sc kh dng bm ht (jet aerator) c lp st y
bnh. Thit b sc kh hot ng theo nguyn tc: bm nm trong nc, ht v y mt lu lng
nc rt ln to ra mt vng p sut m. Vng khng gian c p sut m c ni thng vi
khng kh qua ng ng v khng kh thm nhp vo. Khng kh c ho trn vi nc di
dng phn tn cao v c dng nc trn u trong ton b th tch phn ng.
Khi tin hnh x l thiu kh, ng ng thng vi khng kh c y li khng cho khng
kh thm nhp vo, khi bm ch cn tc dng khuy trn khi phn ng.
K thut phn ng m k tip giai on (sequencing batch reactor SBR) l k thut mi so vi
k thut dng lin tc. N c pht trin lc ban u Australia vo gia thp k 80 ca th k
trc, sau c tip tc hon thin M, Php, Anh v c, Nht. Hin ti n c s dng
vi tc pht trin nhanh x l cho hu ht mi loi nc thi. [34, 35, 36, 37].
c trng quan trng nht ca k thut SBR l tin hnh tt c cc giai on cng ngh trong
cng mt thit b: tip nguyn liu, sc kh (hiu kh), khuy (ym kh, thiu kh), lng, gn. Cc
giai on ny ni tip nhau v kt thc sau mt m.
Tnh linh hot ca k thut SBR cao hn so vi h thng dng lin tc do h c iu khin
theo thi gian, rt thch hp cho cc loi nc thi c nhim dao ng mnh. V d, vi
nc thi c nhim cao th ko di giai on sc kh tng cng hiu qu loi b COD
hay oxy ho amoniac. Kh nitrat c th thc hin s hiu kh trc hoc sau thiu kh bng
cch thay i th t giai on sc kh v khuy trn (khng cn thc hin hi lu hn hp bn
v nc). Thi bn d v iu chnh mt bn khng cn tin hnh trong mt m m c tin
hnh theo tng t nn n gin hn trong khu vn hnh.
Sinh khi c ly t h x l nc rc t ti khu lin hp ch bin rc thi.
Trong qu trnh vn hnh, mt s thng s c o ti hin trng nh pH, DO, kim,
ORP, amoni, NO2-, mt s thng s khc nh nitrat v COD c nh gi ti phng th nghim.
~ 150 ~
Mc tiu ca th nghim pilot l nhm kim tra kt qu thu c t nghin cu trong phng
th nghim trong iu kin thc t: nh gi nh hng ca nng oxy ho tan DO, nh hng
ca nng amoni ban u, nh hng ca mt vi sinh vt, kh nitrat, nitrit vi cht hu c
t qu trnh phn hu ni sinh v kt hp qu trnh nitrat ho v kh nitrat bng cch thay i
theo chu k thi gian.
13. 5. 2. nh hng ca nng oxy ho tan ln qu trnh oxy ho amoni.
Yu t u tin lin quan n vn hnh x l nc thi l nng oxy tan trong nc. Oxy
ho tan c s dng cho cc qu trnh: oxy ho cht hu c, amoni, phn hu t bo vi sinh vt.
Th nghim ti hin trng c duy tr nng oxy tan mc 1, 2, 3, 4 mg/l thng qua van
cp kh. Trong qu trnh oxy ho, cc yu t bin ng v lin quan c theo di l amoni,
COD, pH, kim, nitrit, nitrat, ORP. Mc bin ng ca cc yu t nu trn c theo di
theo thi gian. Kt qu theo di c ghi trong bng 13. 40 v th hin trn hnh 13. 28.
Bng 13. 40. nh hng ca nng oxy ho tan n tc x l hiu kh vi mt vi sinh

2g/l.
Vi DO = 1mg/l
Th gian pH Kim NH4+-N NO2--N NO3--N COD ORP NO2/NO3
pht mg CaCO3/l mg N/l mg N/l mg N/l mgO2/l mV
0 7,42 2100 216 28,8 13,2 350 -41 1,55
45 7,60 1820 197,4 46 17,5 -56 2,18
90 7,63 1720 181,8 57,6 22,1 -56 2,63
135 7,60 1610 164,6 60,5 28,5 333 -50 2,61
180 7,54 1500 148,7 73,5 32 -50 2,12
225 7,54 1420 125,8 88,4 37,9 -39 2,30
270 7,53 1280 109,1 102 42,7 -39 2,33
315 7,37 1150 92,4 114 49,1 -38 2,39
360 7,35 1010 72,2 122 61,8 306 -30 1,97
405 7,30 890 52,4 131 68,3 -27 1,92
450 7,27 790 35,3 140 76,9 295 -17 1,82
Vi DO = 2mg/l
~ 151 ~

0 7,48 1950 208,0 28,7 11,6 324 -50 2,47
45 7,40 1790 186,0 36,2 23,2 -44 1,56
90 7,32 1650 159,8 55,7 34,4 -38 1,62
135 7,31 1480 129,0 74,4 48,6 323 -30 1,53
180 7,28 1240 104,3 91,4 61,4 -23 1,49
225 7,14 1100 79,1 103,0 72,7 -19 1,42
270 7,10 940 49,0 126,0 80,0 -17 1,58
315 7,02 700 18,8 154,0 90,8 276 -6 1,70
360 7,00 540 4,0 159,0 102,7 273 1 1,55
Vi DO = 3mg/l
0 7,40 1750 176,0 4,6 19,2 426 -65 0,24
45 7,30 1450 143,0 33,6 27,4 -61 1,23
90 7,29 1100 116,0 45,4 44,0 -57 1,03
135 7,17 900 78,2 74,1 64,7 406 -52 1,15
180 7,10 680 45,0 88,9 71,9 394 -48 1,24
225 7,25 520 10,4 119,0 86,3 -42 1,38
270 7,24 410 0 143,0 93,1 382 -35 1,54
Vi DO = 4 mg/l
0 7,43 1890 234,0 2,2 17,0 389 -65 0,13
45 7,41 1680 182,2 32,2 29,3 -61 1,10
90 7,40 1320 125,3 52,7 42,7 -52 1,23
135 7,33 1010 75,5 96,4 59,6 385 -44 1,62
180 7,29 760 28,2 138,0 63,2 367 -34 2,18
225 7,25 540 1,0 175,0 71,8 362 -15 2,44
~ 152 ~
250
DO=1 y = -0.4033x + 217.62
R = 0.9991
200 y = -0.5886x + 210.16

DO=2
R = 0.9977
NH4+, mg N/l
150 y = -0.6859x + 173.82

DO=3
R = 0.99
100 DO=4 y = -1.0646x + 227.47

R = 0.9905
50
0
0 200 400 600
Thi gian, pht
Hnh 13. 28. S bin thin amoni theo thi gian vi cc DO khc nhau.
Nhn xt:
- Mc tiu hao kim dao ng t 5,79 n 7,61 mg/mg NH4+ b oxy ho, gi tr trung bnh l
6,88 mg/g (tnh theo phng trnh ho hc l 7,14 mg/g), thp hn khong 4% so vi l thuyt.
Sai s trn c ngun gc t s liu th nghim nhng mt khc cng c th l do lng kim
c b li mt phn t qu trnh kh nitrat xy ra ng thi vi qu trnh nitrat ho. kim
ca nc rc kh cao, lng d kh ln nn qu trnh oxy ho khng cn b xung kim.
- Oxy ho amoni ti hin trng cng cho kt qu c xu hng gn tng t vi kt qu nghin
cu trong phng th nghim, tuy nhin vi tc cao hn.
Tc oxy ho tng nhanh khi tng nng oxy. Nu x l s liu theo quan h tuyn tnh
(suy gim amoni theo thi gian - phn ng bc khng) th h s ca bin s x c th coi l tc
oxy ho amoni trong iu kin ca th nghim. Hng s tc c gi tr 0,40; 0,59; 0,69 v 1,06
tng ng vi nng oxy tan l 1, 2, 3, 4 mg/l. Duy tr nng oxy cao tuy vy dn n tiu
hao nng lng sc kh rt ln.
- Oxy ho cht hu c: Trong qu trnh x l hiu kh, mt lng nh cht hu c cng c
phn hu, hiu qu x l COD thp, nm trong khong 7 - 14%. Hiu qu x l COD thp c
nguyn nhn quan trng nht l tnh kh phn hu ca cht hu c c trong nc rc, ni cch
khc l phn cht hu c d sinh hu thp. iu ny cng ph hp vi kt qu nhn c trong
phng th nghim.
~ 153 ~
- S hnh thnh nitrit v nitrat trong qu trnh x l hiu kh l nt rt c trng i vi nc rc,

trong nng nitrit thng l cao. Nguyn nhn ca hin tng nng nitrit cao trong qu
trnh x l hiu kh l: kim ln, nng amoni ban u cao v tui bn thp. iu ny
khc hn vi nc thi sinh hot l trong qu trnh x l hiu kh nng nitrit t khi vt qu
0,5 mg/l.
iu kin th nghim hin trng rt thun li cho s hnh thnh nitrit: kim ln, amoni
cao, pH cao.
nh gi ti hin trng cng cho thy, trong sut thi gian phn ng, vi nng oxy tan
thay i t 1 n 4 mg/l, nng nitrit bao gi cng cao hn nng nitrat. Trong vng nng
oxy thp, t l NO2-/NO3- c xu hng gim v giai on cui v trong vng nng oxy cao th
ngc li. Hin tng trn c th do nguyn nhn tc oxy ho n nitrit cao trong iu kin
y oxy v tc oxy ho t nitrit n nitrat t bin ng.
Theo di qu trnh x l ti hin trng ch c th s dng mt s thng s rt hn ch trong
x l nc thi: pH, dn in, mt sinh khi, oxy ho tan v th oxy ho kh ORP (Eh).
Mi trng cc loi vi sinh hiu kh hot ng l lng oxy ho tan trong nc nn yu t
ny lun c quan trc.
Nng oxy thng c duy tr mc 2 - 3 mg/l trong iu kin x l hiu kh, y l mt
khong o kh hp, kh cho bit thng tin v tnh trng din bin ca qu trnh. Thng s oxy
ho kh, ORP c khong o rng hn (phn ln cc thit b o c khong o t - 999 mV n
+999 mV) nh thng tin phn nh qu trnh s chi tit hn.
Trong h x l nc thi vi k thut hiu kh tn ti nhiu phn ng oxy ho kh - qu trnh
cho - nhn in t gia cc cht tham gia phn ng. Gi tr ORP o c th hin chiu hng
thun li hay kh khn cho qu trnh cho hay nhn in t. Mt h c gi tr ORP ln (gi tr
dng) s thun li cho qu trnh oxy ho, tc l cht oxy ho d nhn in t, ngc li ORP c
gi tr m cng nh th qu trnh kh xy ra thun li. Gi tr ORP m t th cn bng ca tt c
cc cp phn ng oxy ho kh xy ra trong h, iu ny th hin rt r trong cc h phn ng
n c v mt ho hc. Trong mt h x l vi sinh hiu kh, c trng ca ORP b chi phi bi
nhiu yu t hn: tn ti nhiu cp oxy ho kh hu c, v c, kim loi, sinh khi v rt nhiu
cc qu trnh sinh ho ng thi xy ra. V vy c trng ORP trong mt h nc thi ch phn
nh tnh trng oxy ho kh ca h ti thi im .
Tuy vy, s dng thng s ORP cho php theo di (trong chng mc no ph thuc vo
kinh nghim vn hnh) din bin (suy gim COD, nng amoni, nitrat, nitrit...) ca qu trnh,
t a ra cc quyt nh v mt vn hnh [38, 39], c bit i vi k thut x l m k tip
gian on [40, 41, 42, 43].
~ 154 ~
S bin ng ca gi tr ORP quan st c ti hin trng trong bng 13. 40 cho thy, gi tr
ORP tng dn trong qu trnh hiu kh nhng khng t ti gi tr dng trong hu ht cc
trng hp k c khi lng amoniac oxy ho kh trit v lng oxy tan cao.
Kt qu quan trc c khc vi cc kt qu cng b trong ti liu l qu trnh hiu kh xy ra
trong khong nng oxy 2 - 3 mg/l th ORP bin ng t -140 mV n 140 mV v qu trnh
phn hu hiu kh trit khi ORP t + 350 mV, cn qu trnh kh nitrat xy ra thun li khi
ORP < - 350 mV [38, 39]. c trng nc rc khc so vi nc sinh hot, v vy kt qu nhn
c cng c th khc nhau.
13. 5. 3. nh hng ca nng amoni t nc ngun.
Nng amoni trong nc rc khc nhau i vi tng khu vc v bin ng ln theo ma. S
khc bit v nng amoni c th chnh nhau ti trn chc ln vo cc thi im khc nhau
trong nm. Xu hng chung l thp v ma ma v cao v ma kh. h thng x l vn hnh
n nh v m bo c tiu chun u ra cn phi nh gi c tc ng ca hm lng
amoni ti nc ngun. Do nng amoni trong nc ngun trong thi gian tin hnh th nghim
dao ng khng mnh nn nng cao nht c th s dng l khong 200 mg/l, vi th nghim
nng thp hn s dng k thut pha long ti ch bng cch gi li lng nc ca m trc
vi mt mc thch hp.
Th nghim c thc hin vi DO 2 mg/l, mt vi sinh 2 g/l, nng amoni l 200, 150
v 100 mg/l. Kt qu thu c trnh by trong bng 13. 41 v hnh 13. 29.
Bng 13. 41. nh hng ca nng amoni u vo ln hiu qu oxy ho, tc oxy ho v t l
NO2-/NO3- hnh thnh.
NH4+ = 200 mg N/l

0 7,48 1950 208,0 28,7 11,6 324 -50 2,47
45 7,40 1790 186,0 36,2 23,2 -44 1,56
90 7,32 1650 159,8 55,7 34,4 -38 1,62
135 7,31 1480 129,0 74,4 48,6 323 -30 1,53
180 7,28 1240 104,3 91,4 61,4 -23 1,49
~ 155 ~
225 7,14 1100 79,1 103,0 72,7 -19 1,42
270 7,10 940 49,0 126,0 80,0 -17 1,58
315 7,02 700 18,8 154,0 90,8 276 -6 1,70
360 7,00 540 4,0 159,0 102,7 273 1 1,55
NH4+ = 150 mg N/l

0 7,19 1600 156,0 3,9 8,3 248 -37 0,47
45 7,08 1360 121,0 19,8 27,1 -21 0,73
90 6,93 1150 97,7 42,5 28,1 -10 1,51
135 6,91 980 70,5 67,2 30,2 246 -9 2,2
180 6,9 820 42,3 84,4 37,3 -7 2,3
225 6,87 690 20,2 105,7 39,5 -5 2,7
270 6,85 480 1,5 115,9 49,5 243 -4 2.34
NH4+ = 100 mg N/l

0 7,58 1375 115,0 5,6 9,7 224 -20 0,58
45 7,54 1215 92,7 21,9 15,4 -14 1,42
90 7,52 1040 68,1 41,5 19,7 -9 2,1,
135 7,39 821 37,5 63,2 28,3 -8 2,23
180 7,31 624 9,5 88,4 32,0 221 -2 2,76
~ 156 ~
250
NH4=200 y = -0.5886x + 210.16
R = 0.9977
200
NH4=150 y = -0.5718x + 149.94
NH4+, mg N/l
R = 0.994
150
NH4=100 y = -0.5916x + 117.8
R = 0.9963
100
50
0
0 100 200 300 400
Thi gian, pht
Hnh 13. 29. S bin thin nng amoni theo thi gian vi cc nng amoni ban u khc
nhau.
Nhn xt
Kt qu thu c cho thy, vi nng amoni ban u khc nhau th tc oxy ho amoni l
xp x nhau th hin tr s ca phng trnh hi qui tuyn tnh l - 0,5886, - 0,5718 v -
0,5916, on ct trc tung ca hnh tng ng vi nng ban u 200, 150 v 100 mg/l l 210,
150 v 118.
Tc oxy ho amoni cc nng ban u khc nhau c gi tr xp x nhau th hin cc
ng ng hc chy gn song song vi nhau. iu th hin l cc iu kin cho qu trnh
oxy ho (oxy tan, kim) p ng y .
T phng trnh hi quy nu trn c th tnh thi gian (t) oxy ho amoni c mt gi tr ban
u nht nh t ti mt gi tr tiu chun no .
T cc s liu th nghim trn c th xy dng c mt cng thc tnh gn ng cho nng
amoni ti thi im t no :
Nng amoni ban u - nng amoni ti thi im t

t=
hng s tc
Biu thc trn c dng ging li gii ca mt phn ng ho hc bc khng.

V d ly trng hp nng amoni ban u l 200 mg/l, nng cn li l 104, 49 v 4 mg/l
th thi gian tng ng vi cc nng s l 163, 256 v 332 pht.
Gi tr t thc nghim l 180, 270 v 360 pht.
~ 157 ~
Kim tra tng t khi nng amoni ban u l 150 mg/l ti cc thi im 90, 180, 270 pht
cho gi tr tng ng l 91, 188 v 259 pht.
Sai s t gi tr hi qui so vi thc nghim l khng ln, khng vt qu 9%, mt kt qu
hon ton c th chp nhn trong thc tin x l nc thi.
T s liu trn cng ngoi suy c thi gian x l hiu kh t ti mt gi tr amoni d
no (trong nghin cu ti phng th nghim, s liu ng hc ca qu trnh trn c x l
theo phng trnh bc 1 t ra thch hp hn).
T l gia nitrit/nitrat ti cng thi im c xu hng cao i vi lng amoni ban u cao.
Mc tng nng nitrit v nitrat kh u khng nhn thy vng cc i ca nitrit nh
thng thy trong nghin cu ti phng th nghim.
13. 5. 4. nh hng ca mt vi sinh.
Th nghim ti hin trng v nh hng ca mt vi sinh c thc hin vi cc iu kin:

nng oxy ho tan l 2 mg/l, nng amoni ban u nm trong khong 208 - 227 mg/l. Kt
qu thu c ghi trong bng 13. 42 v hnh 13. 30.
Bng 13. 42. nh hng ca mt vi sinh vt. Th nghim vi DO = 2 mg/l, mt VSV = 2 v

3 g/l.
Mt VSV = 2 g/l.
0 7,48 1950 208,0 28,7 11,6 324 -50 2,47
45 7,40 1790 186,0 36,2 23,2 -44 1,56
90 7,32 1650 159,8 55,7 34,4 -38 1,62
135 7,31 1480 129,0 74,4 48,6 323 -30 1,53
180 7,28 1240 104,3 91,4 61,4 -23 1,49
225 7,14 1100 79,1 103,0 72,7 -19 1,42
270 7,10 940 49,0 126,0 80,0 -17 1,58
315 7,02 700 18,8 154,0 90,8 276 -6 1,70
360 7,00 540 4,0 159,0 102,7 273 1 1,55
~ 158 ~
Mt VSV = 3 g/l.
0 6,92 1850 227,0 10,5 13,2 334 -36 0,8
45 7,04 1500 163,5 28,1 24,4 -33 1,15
90 6,97 1240 106,3 66,3 41,1 -31 1,61
135 6,89 1005 78,6 109,9 51,4 -29 2,14
180 6,85 660 18,7 144,1 69,9 312 4 2,06
250
200 2g/l y = -0.5886x + 210.16

R = 0.9977
NH4+, mg N/l
150
3g/l y = -1.1144x + 219.12
R = 0.9864
100
50
0
0 100 200 300 400
Thi gian, pht
Hnh 13. 30. S bin thin nng amoni theo thi gian vi cc mt vi sinh vt khc nhau.
Tc oxy ho amoni trong iu kin mt vi sinh cao ln hn so vi trng hp mt

thp khi qui theo mt sinh khi. Do th nghim ko di nhiu ngy (th nghim lp li ba ln,
v th nghim vi mt vi sinh thp c tin hnh trc) nn rt c th t l loi vi sinh vt t
dng cao hn trong cc th nghim c mt vi sinh cao.
T l nitrit/nitrat c xu hng cao hn trong trng hp mt vi sinh ln. Hin tng trn c
nguyn nhn l qu trnh oxy ho amoni xy ra c bn trong cc tp hp (ht) vi sinh vt,
trong nng oxy tan thp hn gi tr bn ngoi nc (gi tr o c).
Trong tt c cc th nghim thc hin, lng nit tng (NH4+, NO2-, NO3-) hu nh khng
thay i, iu ng ngha vi qu trnh kh nitrat xy ra l khng ng k.
13. 5. 5. Kh nitrat trn c s phn hu ni sinh.
~ 159 ~
Kh nitrat cn c cc iu kin: ngun cht hu c ng vai tr cht cho in t (cht kh) v

khng c mt oxy trong h. Cht hu c c th s dng t ba ngun: trc tip t nc thi, t
qu trnh phn hu ni sinh t bo vi sinh vt hoc ch ng cp t ngoi vo.
Cht hu c cp t ngoi vo (di dng ru, ng hay g ng) d thc hin v d kim
sot qu trnh, tuy nhin n lm tng gi thnh vn hnh.
Lng cht hu c trong nc thi, COD, thng c gi tr thp, phn ln khng p ng
cho qu trnh kh nitrat (3 - 10 g COD/g NO3-- N), mt khc thnh phn hu c c tnh bn
cao, tr vi vi sinh vt. Thnh phn d sinh hu th hin qua axit hu c d bay hi, VFA,
oxy ho, chng chim t l thp trong thnh phn cht hu c.
Qu trnh phn hu ni sinh t bo din ra trong iu kin ym kh, thiu kh v hiu kh,
mnh nht trong iu kin hiu kh (chnh l qu trnh phn hu bn vi sinh trong cc h x l
nc thi). Phn hu ni sinh din ra ph thuc vo nhit mi trng, mnh nhit cao.
V vy lng cht hu c t qu trnh trn ph thuc vo cc iu kin: nhit , mt vi sinh
v iu kin oxy ho - kh (ORP) ca mi trng.
Kh nitrat trn c s cht hu c t phn hu ni sinh c tin hnh di iu kin: mt
vi sinh l 2 v 3 g/l, khng c mt ca oxy (ch khuy trn), sau khi oxy ho hon ton amoni.
Kt qu kh nitrat, nitrit c ghi trong bng 13. 43 v hnh 13. 31.
Bng13. 43. Kh NO2 v NO3 bng phn hu ni sinh khng b sung thm COD.
Kh ni sinh 2g/l
Thi gian, gi 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
pH 6,67 6,74 6,78 6,81 6,84 6,87 6,89
Kim 540 545 550 560 565 580 585
NO2- - N 96,1 95,7 95,6 95,4 95,2 93,1 90,3
NO3--N 54,6 54,1 53,2 52,5 52,1 51,9 51,3
ORP, mV +6 -2 -17 -19 -23 -28 -29
COD, mgO2/l 268 256
Kh ni sinh 3g/l
Th gian, gi 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
pH 7,27 7,3 7,41 7,51 7,66 7,67 7,69 7,72 7,78
~ 160 ~
Kim 450 460 480 510 520 530 550 550 560
NO2N 148 147,5 146,8 146,1 145,4 144,8 144,1 143,5 143
NO3--N 54,6 54,1 53,6 53,1 52,5 52,2 51,6 50 49,5
COD, mgO2/l 352 314
ORP, mV -3 -15 -57 -81 -93 -85 -65 -57 -51
160
NO2-2g/l y = -0.8214x + 96.95
140 R = 0.7236
NO2- , NO3- , mg N/l
NO3-2g/l y = -0.55x + 54.464

120 R = 0.9704
100 NO2-3g/l y = -0.645x + 148.05

R = 0.9985
80
NO3-3g/l y = -0.6267x + 54.862
R = 0.9617
60
40
0 2 4 6 8 10
Thi gian, gi
- -
NO2 , NO3 trong qu trnh kh ni sinh khng b sung cht hu c vi mt vi sinh vt khc
nhau.
Nng oxy ho tan c duy tr mc thp nht c th, tuy nhin khng th ngn cn c
qu trnh thm oxy t khng kh. Trong qu trnh khuy trn (8 gi) gi tr ORP gim t +6
xung - 29 mV v t - 3 xung - 51 mV tng ng vi mt vi sinh l 2 v 3 g/l.
pH v kim u c xu hng tng trong qu trnh kh nitrat, do mt phn kim (khong
40% lng kim tiu hao trc do oxy ho amoni) c sinh ra v v vy ko theo tng pH.
Mc tng ca kim khng nhiu, ch l 45 v 150 mg/l, lng kim ny mt phn c ngun
gc t kh CO2 hnh thnh t phn ng phn hu kt hp vi ion hydroxyl (pH cao) ca mi
trng.
Hiu qu kh c xc nh qua mc suy gim ca tng gi tr nitrat, nitrit trong sut thi
gian tin hnh x l. Sau thi gian 8 gi hiu qu x l ch t 5 - 6%. C nitrat ln nitrit u
gim dn trong thi gian x l, khc vi kt qu thu c t phng th nghim l din bin nng
~ 161 ~
nitrit theo thi gian c vng cc i (xem hnh 13. 13, 13. 14). Nguyn nhn c th l phn
ng b khng ch bi tc nhn thiu cht hu c.
Nhn xt: nh hng ca mt vi sinh ln tc v hiu qu kh nitrat khng r rng nh
mong i ngay k c trong trng hp lng cht tham gia phn ng (tng nitrat, nitrit) thp v
mt vi sinh vt cao (3 g/l) cng nh th oxy ho kh thun li hn i vi phn ng.
13. 5. 6. Kh nitrat c s dng cht hu c t ngun thi.
S dng ngun hu c t nc thi cha x l hoc nc thi c x l ym kh l mt

gii php nhm tit kim gi thnh vn hnh [33, 44]. Lng cht hu c khng nhng phi p
ng c cho qu trnh kh nitrat m cn phi tho mn cho phn ng kh oxy ho tan (oxy ho
cht hu c) lun c mt vi mt nng nht nh no , phn ng gia cht hu c vi oxy
thun li hn so vi nitrat, nitrit [22].
Th nghim kh nitrat vi cht hu c t ngun nc rc c tin hnh nh sau: Sau khi kt
thc giai on x l hiu kh, lng 30 pht, gn 50% nc trong v b xung thm 50% nc
rc cha x l vo v thc hin qu trnh kh nitrat. COD l gi tr ca h khi c ho trn
thm 50% nc cha x l. Mt vi sinh l 2 v 3 g/l.
Kt qu kh nitrat vi cht hu c t ngun thi c trnh by trong bng 13. 44 v hnh 13.
32.
~ 162 ~
Bng 13. 44. Kh NO2-, NO3- bng COD ca nc rc
Mt vi sinh 2 g/l c b sung thm 50% nc rc mi

Th gian, gi 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
pH 6,77 6,78 6,78 6,79 6,81 6,82 6,82
Kim 1400 1405 1410 1415 1415 1420 1430
NO2- - N 99,4 99,1 98,6 98,1 97,5 96,8 95,9
NO3--N 44,1 43,6 43,1 42,7 41,9 41,2 40,5
ORP, mV -55 -40 -36 -44 -47 -51 -53
COD, mgO2/l 345 321
Mt vi sinh 3g/l c b sung thm 50% nc rc mi

Th gian, gi 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
pH 6,81 6,74 6,78 6,82 6,81 6,84 6,87 6,89 6,89
Kim 1300 1310 1340 1345 1350 1360 1365 1365 1370
NO2- - N 79,8 79,3 78,7 78,1 77,6 77,1 76,5 76 75.5
NO3--N 47,5 46,9 46,1 45,2 44,5 43,7 42,6 41,8 41,1
ORP, mV -61 -65 -64 -65 -61 -69 -71 -74 -75
COD, mgO2/l 410 394
120 NO2-2g/l y = -0.5786x + 99.65

NO2-, NO3-, mg N/l
R = 0.9775
90 NO3-2g/l y = -0.5417x + 79.789

R = 0.9994
60 NO2-3g/l y = -0.6x + 44.243

R = 0.9885
30 NO3-3g/l y = -0.8233x + 47.671

R = 0.9975
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Thi gian, gi
- -
NO2 , NO3 theo thi gian trong qu trnh kh nitrat bng COD ca nc rc.
~ 163 ~
Hiu qu x l ca nitrat v nitrit trong iu kin mt vi sinh 2 g/l t 4,9%, trong iu

kin 3 g/l t 8,4%. Hiu qu x l COD ch t 7,1% v 9,6% trong hai trng hp trn sau thi
gian tng ng vi tng trng hp.
So snh vi qu trnh phn hu ni sinh, hiu qu x l c cao hn nhng khng ng k.
Cng cn phi ch rng trong khi s dng cht hu c t ngun th qu trnh kh vi cht hu
c do phn hu ni sinh cng ng thi din ra. T cc s liu trn cho thy, cht hu c (COD)
trong nc rc l loi kh tr v phng din vi sinh, vi sinh vt ch s dng c mt phn rt
nh cho qu trnh kh nitrat.
13. 5. 7. Kh hp cht nit theo chu k thi gian.
K thut x l m k tip giai on c li th rt ln i vi loi nc thi bin ng mnh v

lu lng v mc nhim, th hin tnh linh hot trong khi vn hnh: thng qua yu t thi
gian, v d tng thi gian sc kh khi nng cht hu c cao v ngc li. Mt khc, trong cng
mt thit b phn ng c th thay i mi trng: ym kh, thiu kh hoc hiu kh bng cch sc
kh, khuy trn. Kh nng sau cho php loi b nit v photpho trong nc thi khi p dng cc
s vn hnh thch hp.
p dng s vn hnh hiu kh - thiu kh (tng ng vi sc kh - khuy trn) k tip nhau
c kh nng loi b hp cht nit. Hiu qu loi b nit ph thuc vo c trng ca nc thi,
ch yu l t l N/C v ch vn hnh thch hp: t l thi gian gia cc giai on hiu kh -
thiu kh. Khc vi cc th nghim tin hnh qu trnh kh nitrat sau khi oxy ho hon ton
amoniac trong nc thi, khi lng cht hu c cn kit v vi c trng ca nc rc, sn
phm hnh thnh cng dch chuyn v pha sn phm nitrat.
Nc rc c xem l ngun nc ngho cht hu c c kh nng sinh hu so vi lng nit
cn c x l, v vy tit kim gi thnh vn hnh cn tn dng ti a lng cht hu c c
sn trong ngun thi.
Kt hp x l hiu kh - thiu kh theo chu k s p ng c cc tiu ch: tit kim nng
lng v cht hu c.
Tit kim nng lng thc hin c nh: gim thi gian sc kh (lng oxy) cn oxy ho
cht hu c v oxy ho t nitrit thnh nitrat. Nng lng dng cho sc kh tn hn so vi nng
lng khuy trn trong giai on thiu kh.
Tit kim cht hu c l do nguyn nhn: cht hu c s dng kh nitrit ch bng 60% so
vi kh nitrat.
Tng hp tt c cc yu t nu trn vi mc tiu gim gi thnh vn hnh, th nghim ti hin
trng c b tr: thc hin oxy ho mc nht nh v tin hnh kh nitrit, nitrat mi hnh
thnh vi cht hu c cn d ca h v cht hu c do phn hu ni sinh.
~ 164 ~
Vi mc ch trn th nghim c tin hnh vi mt vi sinh 2,5; 3,0 v 5,0 g/l, thi gian
ca chu k hiu kh/thiu kh thay i t 1:1 n 1:2.
nh gi v t l gia thi gian sc kh: khuy trn cho mt chu k c cng thi gian (7 gi)
l 1:1 v 1:2, mt vi sinh l 3 g/l. Cc thng s c theo di gm: pH, kim, amoni, NO2-,
NO3-, TN (tng NO2-, NO3-, NH4+) v COD.
Kt qu c trnh by trong bng 13. 45 v hnh 13. 33.
Bng13. 45. Kh hp cht nit theo chu k thi gian (t l sc kh/khuy trn), mt vi sinh 3
g/l
T l sc kh: khuy trn = 1gi/1gi

Thi gian, gi pH Kim NH4+-N NO2--N NO3--N TN COD
mg CaCO3/l mg N/l mg N/l mg N/l mg N/l mgO2/l
0 8,2 2087 153 0,6 2,1 155,7 506
1 8,4 1937 128 9,7 3,7 141,4 489
2 8,4 1910 126 6,9 1,4 134,3 454
3 8,5 1810 108 12,8 5,9 126,7 393
4 8,5 1823 106 8,2 3,2 117,4 331
5 8,5 1710 92 17,1 10,0 119,1 332
6 8,5 1693 89 10,9 7,3 107,2 328
7 8,5 1560 69 20,7 14,1 103,8 324
Hiu sut, % 54,9 33,5 35,9

T l sc kh: khuy trn = 1gi/2gi
Thi gian, gi pH Kim NH4+-N NO2--N NO3--N TN COD
mg CaCO3/l mg N/l mg N/l mg N/l mg N/l mgO2/l
0 8,2 2087 153 0,6 2,1 155,7 506
1 8,4 1916 125 10,2 4,5 139,7 469
3 8,4 1893 123 7,36 1,7 132,0 347
4 8,5 1878 98,5 14,6 5,9 119,0 330
6 8,4 1757 97 10,5 3,9 111,4 327
~ 165 ~
7 8,5 1657 72 16,3 8,5 96,8 323
Hiu sut, % 52,9 37,8 36,2
160
S bin thin NH4, NO2, NO3, mg N/l
140
120
NH4 1h:1h
100 NO2 1h:1h
NO3 1h:1h
80 NH4 1h: 2h
NO2 1h: 2h
60 Sc kh
NO3 1h: 2h
40 TN 1h:1h
Khuy trn
TN 1h: 2h
20
0
0 2 4 6 8
Thi gian, gi
Hnh 13. 33. Hiu qu loi b hp cht nit ph thuc vo t l thi gian sc kh/khuy trn
Trong sut qu trnh phn ng, kim gim, cho trng hp t l sc khuy 1:1 v 1:2 l 6,1
v 5,3 g/g amoni b oxy ho.
Mc suy gim trong trng hp c thi gian khuy lu hn tiu hao t kim hn l hp l v
trong thi gian lng kim c tr li mt phn do phn ng kh nitrat.
Trong 7 gi tin hnh phn ng, thi gian sc kh trong trng hp u l 4 gi, trng hp
sau l 3 gi, hiu qu x l amoni t 54,9 v 52,9%. Mc chnh lch gia hai trng hp
khng ln. Tng t nh vy hiu qu x l COD ca hai trng hp cng t xp x nhau: 35,9
v 36,2%.
S bin ng ca nitrit, nitrat theo thi gian c tnh chu k: tng sau giai on sc kh v gim
sau giai on khuy trn.
Tng nit trong h (nitrit, nitrat, amoni) nhn chung gim u theo thi gian: gim amoni
trong giai on sc kh, gim nitrit v nitrat trong giai on khuy trn, hiu qu x l sau 7 gi
t 33,5% v 37,8% trong mi trng hp.
~ 166 ~
C th cho rng, suy gim nng tng nit l do sn phm kh nit hnh thnh, qu trnh bay
hi amoniac nu c th ch ng gp mt phn nh do nhit vo thi im th nghim khng
cao v lu lng kh khng ln.
Mc chnh lch hiu qu x l nit gia hai s vn hnh khng ln, tuy nhin s
vn hnh sc kh/khuy trn theo t l 1:2 t ra thun li hn v mt tit kim nng lng.
So vi cc qu trnh kh nitrat thng dng (vi cc nc thi loi khc nh nc thi sinh
hot, git m gia sc, nc thi thu sn) kh nitrat trong nc rc xy ra chm hn, ch yu l
do mc kh sinh hu ca cc thnh phn hu c trong nc rc [33, 45]. iu ny cng th
hin r l mc suy gim tng nitrat v nitrit cc giai on khuy trn v cui nh hn nhiu
so vi giai on ban u, c l ch yu do phn ng vi cht hu c t phn hu ni sinh.
nh gi v vai tr ca mt vi sinh trong s vn hnh theo chu k, th nghim c
tin hnh hai mc mt vi sinh l 2,5 v 5,0 g/l, tng thi gian phn ng l 8 gi, t l thi
gian sc kh/khuy trn l 1,5 gi/0,5 gi.
Kt qu c trnh by trong bng 13. 46 v hnh 13. 34.
Bng 13. 46. X l theo chu k vi mt vi sinh khc nhau, t l thi gian sc kh : khuy
trn = 1,5 gi/ 0,5 gi.
Mt VSV 2,5 g/l

Th gian, pht pH Kim NH4+-N NO2--N NO3--N TN COD
mg CaCO3/l mg N/l mg N/l mg N/l mg N/l mg O2/l
0 8,3 1600 219 1,77 2,0 222,7 469
90 8,7 1435 191 10,9 3,2 205,1 434
120 8,7 1438 187 10,5 2,5 200,0 426
210 8,7 1299 157 20,9 7,3 185,2 412
240 8,7 1306 154 21,3 6,4 181,7 403
330 8,7 1121 130 38,8 17,5 186,3 402
360 8,6 1122 129 37,9 16,2 183,1 398
450 8,6 946 100 51,5 26,0 177,5 395
480 8,6 947 98 50,7 24,5 173,2 386
Hiu sut, % 55,2 22,2 17,7
Mt VSV 5 g/l
~ 167 ~
Th gian, pht pH Kim NH4+-N NO2--N NO3--N TN COD

mg CaCO3/l mg N/l mg N/l mg N/l mg N/l mg O2/l
0 8,2 1435 203 0.9 1.3 204,4 432
90 8,7 1220 167 9.3 2.7 189,0 411
120 8,6 1250 164 5.7 2.0 171,7 405
210 8,7 1103 135 17.9 5.4 158,3 401
240 8,7 1138 133 13.9 4.0 150,9 392
330 8,7 927 106 29.6 13.4 149,0 387
360 8,6 956 103 24.1 9.2 136,3 377
450 8,6 783 78 41.9 19.1 139,0 379
480 8,6 826 76 36 15.0 117,0 373
Hiu sut, % 62,6 42,6 13,6
~ 168 ~
NH4 - 2.5 g/l NO2 - 2.5 g/l

NO3 - 2.5 g/l NH4 - 5 g/l
250 NO2 - 5 g/l NO3 - 5 g/l
TN - 2.5 g/l TN - 5g/l
200
NH4, NO2, NO3, mg N/l
150
Sc kh
100
Khuy trn
50
0
0 100 200 300 400 500
Thi gian, pht
Hnh 13. 34. nh hng ca mt vi sinh vt n hiu qu oxy ho amoni v kh nitrit,

nitrat.
Do thi gian sc kh lu hn (tng cng l 6 gi) so vi thi gian khuy trn (2 gi) nn hiu
qu x l amoni t 55,2 v 62,6% tng ng vi mt vi sinh l 2,5 v 5,0 g/l trong khi hiu
qu x l COD t thp, t 13,6 - 17,7%.
Hiu qu x l tng nit t thp hn so vi hiu qu x l amoni, t 22,2% v 42,6% trong
hai trng hp, hiu sut x l tng nit cao gn gp i trong trng hp mt vi sinh 5,0 g/l
(22,2 v 42,6%) trong khi hiu qu x l amoni ch tng khong 6% (55,2 v 62,6%). Kt qu
nhn c chng t mt phn vai tr ca cht hu c do phn hu ni sinh ca vi sinh vt. Ti
mi thi im tng ca nitrat v nitrit u thp hn h c mt vi sinh cao.
13. 5. 8. Kh hp cht nit c b xung thm cht hu c.
~ 169 ~
Mc d ko di thi gian x l thiu kh nhng nng nitrit, nitrat d cn kh cao, c

bit l vo giai on v sau. iu c nguyn nhn trc tip l thiu ngun hu c (d sinh
hu) cho phn ng kh nitrit, nitrat.
Th nghim tip theo c tin hnh vi t l thi gian sc kh/khuy trn cao hn, c th l
vi t l 2:1 v 3:1 trong ton b chu k l 360 pht.
iu kin th nghim: DO = 3 mg/l, mt vi sinh 2 g/l, cht hu c b xung l ng (1 g
ng 1 g COD) c b xung vo u mi giai on thiu kh.
Kt qu c trnh by trong bng 13. 47, 13. 48 v trong hnh 13. 35, 13. 36.
Bng 13. 47. S thay i thnh phn nc rc trong iu kin hiu kh/ thiu kh c b sung
thm cht hu c theo thi gian (2:1)
Thi gian pH Kim (mg NH4+-N N-NO2- N-NO3- COD COD NKT TN
TN CaCO3/l) (mgN/l) (mgN/l) (mgN/l) (mgO2/l) B sung (mgN/l) (mgN/l)
u vo 8,3 2027 121 0,44 1,44 494 135 123

60 pht 8,5 1946 104 5,37 1,72 410 + 292 - 112
90 pht 8,5 1956 105 0,22 1,49 499 - 107
150 pht 8,5 1859 84,5 4,68 1,73 432 + 274 - 91
180 pht 8,4 1874 82 0,39 1,39 501 - 84
240 pht 8,5 1810 63,5 4,43 2,15 461 + 196 - 72,3
270 pht 8,5 1810 64 0,1 1,08 476 - 65,2
330 pht 8,5 1751 46 4,54 2,13 426 + 213 - 55,2
360 pht 8,5 1776 43 0,79 0,94 450 55 44,9
Hiu sut 64,5% 59,3% 63,5%
Bng 68. S thay i thnh phn nc rc trong iu kin hiu kh/ thiu kh c b sung cht
hu c theo thi gian
(t l sc kh/ khuy l 3:1).
Thi gian pH Kim (mg NH4+-N N-NO2- N-NO3- COD COD NKT TN
TN CaCO3/l) (mgN/l) (mgN/l) (mgN/l) (mgO2/l) B sung (mgN/l) (mgN/l)
u vo 8,3 2027 121 0,44 1,44 494 135 123

90 pht 8,6 1863 96 7,99 2,26 445 + 278 - 106,3
120 pht 8,5 1879 93 0,64 1,26 477 - 94,9
210 pht 8,6 1790 72 6,83 2,96 424 + 217 - 83,8
240 pht 8,5 1817 69,6 0,18 1,2 459 - 70,9
~ 170 ~
330 pht 8,5 1724 47 8,26 3,14 409 + 259 - 59,4

360 pht 8,5 1733 48 0,31 1,29 475 57 49,8
Hiu sut 60,3% 57,8% 59,5%
140
Chu k hiu kh
120
Chu k thiu kh
100
NH4+, mg N/l
80
60
40 sc:khuy = 2:1
sc:khuy = 3:1
20
0
0 60 120 180 240 300 360
Thi gian, pht
Hnh 13. 35. Oxy ho amoni trong iu kin t l thi gian ca chu k hiu kh/ thiu kh 2 : 1, 3 :
1 c b sung cht hu c.
140 Chu k hiu kh

120 Chu k thiu kh
100
T- N, mg N/l
80
60
40 sc:khuy = 2:1
20 sc:khuy = 3:1
0
0 60 120 180 240 300 360
Thi gian, pht
~ 171 ~
Hnh 13.36. Hiu qu x l tng nit ph thuc vo t l thi gian ca chu k hiu kh/ thiu kh
2 : 1, 3 : 1 c b sung cht hu c.
c im r rt nht c th nhn thy l nng nitrit v nitrat trong h sau x l thiu kh

cn rt thp, nng nitrit di 1 mg/l, nitrat di 1,5 mg/l.
V vy hiu qu x l tng nit ca h xp x vi hiu qu x l amoni v t khong 60%.
Hiu sut x l amoni t 64,5% v 60,3% trong hai trng hp v hiu qu x l tng nit
tng ng t 63,5% v 59,5%. Hiu qu x l amoni v ko theo l ca tng nit chm dn
cc giai on cui ca chu k do nng ca amoni khi thp, mt khc lng cht hu c
(ng) b xung cng cn d li mt phn v do lng nitrat, nitrit hnh thnh cng thp
theo.
Mt vn cng rt ng c quan tm l hiu qu kh nitrat v nitrit trong giai on thiu
kh. Qu trnh kh nitrat thnh kh nit tri qua giai on trung gian l nitrit. Trong qu trnh x
l hiu kh nng nitrit lun cao hn nng nitrat, cng l iu kin thun li. gim gi
thnh vn hnh (tit kim oxy v cht hu c). Hiu qu kh nitrat v nitrit khi c b xung
y cht hu c sau cc giai on x l hiu kh c trnh by trong bng 13. 49.
Bng 13. 49. Hiu sut kh nitrit, nitrat
T l thi gian sc kh/ khuy l 2 : 1 T l thi gian sc kh/ khuy l 3 : 1
Giai on Hiu sut kh (%) Giai on Hiu sut kh (%)
thiu kh NO2- NO3- thiu kh NO2- NO3-
Pha 1: 30 pht 95,9 13,4 Pha 1: 30 pht 92 44,2
Pha 2: 30 pht 91,7 19,6 Pha 2: 30 pht 97,4 59,5
Pha 3: 30 pht 97,7 49,8 Pha 3: 30 pht 96,2 46,5
Pha 4: 30 pht 82,5 55,9
T bng 13. 49 cho thy khi c y cht hu c v trong iu kin khng c mt oxy th
hiu sut kh nitrit rt cao v cao hn hiu sut kh nitrat. Trong thi gian 30 pht ca chu k
thiu kh, hiu sut kh nitrit c hai h khng khc nhau nhiu, hiu qu kh nitrit t t 82,5 -
97,7% th nghim vi t l 2 : 1 v t 92 - 97,4% th nghim vi t l 3 : 1, trong khi hiu qu
kh nitrat t cao nht l 59,5%. iu chng t qu trnh kh nitrit xy ra nhanh hn so vi
kh nitrat. l yu t c li v phng din vn hnh, tn oxy cp cho qu trnh oxy ho
nitrit thnh nitrat v lng cht hu c kh nitrat v nitrit.
Nhn xt.
~ 172 ~
Do s bin ng ln v lu lng v mc nhim nc rc theo thi gian nn cng ngh

c la chn x l nc rc l k thut m k tip giai on (Sequencing batch reactor
SBR).
H th nghim pilot theo k thut SBR c xy dng v vn hnh vo ma kh, nng cht
gy nhim mc trung bnh, nhit mi trng nm khong thp nht trong nm.
Ni dung th nghim pilot bao gm:
- nh gi hiu qu x l hiu kh ph thuc vo cc yu t: nng oxy ho tan, nng tp
cht ban u v mt vi sinh vt (tp trung vo qu trnh vi sinh t dng.
- nh gi qu trnh kh nitrat sau khi oxy ho hon ton amoni v oxy ho tng phn
(theo chu k hiu kh, thiu kh k tip) bng cch s dng ngun cht hu c t nc ngun,
t phn hu ni sinh v ngun hu c b xung t ngoi vo.
- Tng t vi kt qu nghin cu trong phng th nghim nh hng ca cc yu t: oxy ho
tan, mt vi sinh, nng ban u u c nh hng ln tc v hiu qu chuyn ho
amoni, t l nitrat/nitrit hnh thnh.
- iu khc bit ng k so vi nghin cu trong th nghim l: s liu thu c v qu trnh
ng hc oxy ho amoni ph hp vi loi phn ng bc khng, trong khi cc s liu t phng
th nghim ph hp hn vi phn ng bc 1.
- Cht hu c t phn hu ni sinh hoc t nc ngun ch p ng c phn rt nh cho qu
trnh kh nitrat. Hiu qu x l nitrat tng rt nhanh khi s dng ngun hu c b xung t
ngoi vo.
- X l theo chu k t hiu qu cao: tit kim nng lng v cht hu c do tn dng c
bc kh tt t nitrit. Kh nitrit c tc v hiu sut cao hn nhiu so vi kh t nitrat.
- T l v thi gian gia x l hiu kh v thiu kh ch c th xc nh c trong iu kin theo
di vn hnh trc tip ch khng th a ra mt s chung.
- Tc v hiu qu x l nit chm dn vo thi gian cui ca chu trnh x l.
- K thut x l m k tip giai on t ra thch hp vi i tng l nc rc thng qua s
vn hnh thch hp c thit lp ti hin trng.
13. 6. Kim sot v x l nc rc ti cc nc pht trin.
13. 6. 1. Nhng vn chung.
Kim sot cht lng nc rc c xc nh trc ht t chnh sch ca chnh quyn a

phng trn nn tng chnh sch tng th ca nh nc. V vy cng ngh x l nc rc mang
~ 173 ~
tnh c th ring ca tng vng, ni cch khc, trn c s rt phong ph ca cc phng php
x l hin c cn phi la chn mt s cng ngh t hp (kt hp nhiu phng php x l
khc nhau) nhm p ng cc tiu ch:
- Qui nh thi ca ngun nc nhn (sng, ao, h vi mc ch ti tiu, du lch, nui trng
thu sn...)
- Hm lng d ca cc cht nhim sau x l (c bit l cc cht c c hi cao, hm
lng thp rt nhy cm vi mt s a phng, v d thu ngn Nht).
- Gi thnh xy dng v vn hnh h thng ph hp vi iu kin kinh t, k thut, x hi, dn
tr ca a phng.
- Tng hp vi lch s hnh thnh ca nc rc trc khi p dng cng ngh x l.
Ngun nc nhn l ngun cha nc rc sau khi x l. c im ca ngun nhn bao gm:
dung tch tng cha, v tr so vi vng dn c tp trung, kh nng thm ca t ai, nguy c chy
trn, h sinh thi thu ng vt, lu lng nc (dng chy) vo v ra khi ngun nhn.
Da vo cc yu t trn, qui nh c th v cht lng thi vo mt ngun nhn c th s
c a phng thit lp trn c s lut mi trng ca quc gia.
Tiu chun thi ca nc rc thng khng qui nh mt cch cng nhc m trc ht phi
trn nn tng kh thi ca tiu chun theo a phng (ngho, giu, ng hoc t dn c) ngay
trong mt quc gia. Tng quc gia thit lp tiu chun ring (bng 13. 50) v thng c xem
xt li sau mt thi gian vi xu hng ngy cng tr nn ngt ngho hn ph hp vi s pht
trin ca kinh t v cng ngh.
Bng 13. 50: Mt s tiu chun quc gia p dng cho nc rc [62].
Thng s n v M Nht Anh c Thu S c
Sng Bin
BOD mg O2/l 100 160 - 60 20 20 25
COD (Mn) mg O2/l - - 160 - - - -
COD (Cr) mg O2/l - - - - 200 - 90
SS mg/l - 200 200 100 20 20 30
NH3-N mg/l 35 - - 80 50 - -
NO2--N mg/l - - - - 10 0,3 1,5
Nm - 1979 1989 1988 1981
~ 174 ~
Ngoi cc qui nh chung v tiu chun thi, do c th sinh hot v sn xut ca vng mt s
ni cn qui nh c th v tiu chun thi i vi mt s i tng nhy cm: mt s kim loi
nng, hp cht carbon a trng ngng (PAH), polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB), ho cht bo v
thc vt, hp cht hu c cha clo (clo-hu c).
Hai ngun chi ph trc tip hot ng mt h thng x l nc rc l: chi ph xy dng h
thng (xy dng c bn, thit b, my mc, phng tin quan trc, iu khin, khu hao,...) v
chi ph vn hnh (nng lng, ho cht, nhn cng). Hai loi chi ph trn lin quan cht ch vi
nhau. V d mt h x l bng phng php hp ph trn than hot tnh c gi thnh xy dng
ban u thp nhng chi ph vn hnh rt cao km theo l chi ph x l than hot tnh sau khi n
bo ho hp ph. Tnh trng tng t cng xy ra i vi phn ln cc phng php oxy ho.
Phng php lc mng (cc loi) t hiu qu x l cao nhng gi thnh vn hnh v bo dng
(duy tr hot ng) rt t. S dng s cng ngh cn phi cn i c v mt tng gi thnh
v c ti u c th.
c trng ca nc rc l s bin ng rt ln v lu lng thi v nhim m cng ngh
x l ch l mt khu trong hot ng ca mt bi rc. Lu lng thi v c trng nhim nc
rc l sn phm trung gian v b chi phi bi cc thao tc c thc hin trc . Mi ngun
nc rc u c tnh c th ring, cc s liu ch th hin cho chnh ni dung c nh gi.
Lu lng nc rc b chi phi ch yu bi lng nc ma (70 - 80%) v m ca rc thi
(di 30%) v vy n ph thuc vo ch ma ca vng, kt cu ca bi chn lp rc v thao
tc chn lp [46, 47, 48]. V d nhiu bi rc din tch chn lp trong ngy lp tc c nn
v ph t trn b mt, thao tc hn ch ng k s hnh thnh nc rc.
c trng nhim nc rc cng b chi phi bi cc thao tc trc : phn loi rc, gim
lng cht hu c d phn hu, hn ch mc nhim, rc t (sn xut nng lng) thi ra
cht nhim ch yu dng v c v cc cht hu c c dng vi lng (dioxin).
Thi gian phn hu rc v iu kin thi tit s to ra nc rc c nhim rt khc nhau:
nhim nh, trung bnh hoc nng.
Ti nhiu bi chn lp rc, thc y qu trnh phn hu rc ngi ta thc hin kh nhiu
bin php, trong c s dng nc rc phun tr li vo ng rc. ng tc trn lm thay i
kh r c trng nhim ca nc rc [49, 50, 57].
13. 6. 2. Cng ngh x l nc rc.
Nc rc l mt loi nc thi. Cng ngh x l nc thi rt phong ph vi c vi chc bin

hnh cng ngh ang c s dng trong thc tin trn nn ca cc qu trnh cng ngh c bn
theo tng cp.
~ 175 ~
Hai phng php x l c bn p dng trong x l nc rc l phng php ho hc v vi

sinh.
Phng php ho hc, ho l gm: keo t, hp ph, trao i ion, oxy ho, kt ta v phng
php mng lc, lng.
Phng php sinh hc: x l vi sinh ym kh, hiu kh, thiu kh v cc t hp ca chng.
Mi phng php nhm mt mc tiu x l cho mt i tng, nhng mt phng php cng
c th p dng x l ng thi cho nhiu i tng v x l mt i tng cng c th s
dng nhiu phng php khc nhau. Tuy nhin trong thc t mt phng php hay mt t hp
thng ch nhm vo mt i tng chnh, cc i tng khc ch c xem l cng thm.
Trc ht cn im qua cc phng php - cn gi l cc n v cng ngh ca mt h thng
x l vi cc chc nng chnh ca chng.
Keo t: S dng cc loi ho cht keo t (phn nhm, phn st, poly nhm clorua) kt hp
vi cc cht tr keo t (polyme hu c tch in m, dng hay trung ho c dng mch thng)
tch loi cc cht cn khng tan trong nc. Trong qu trnh keo t nc rc, cc cn khng
tan ch yu l thnh phn hu c, v vy keo t s lm gim COD dng khng tan. Oxit -
hydroxit nhm, st to thnh qua phn ng thy phn c kh nng hp ph trong chng mc no
i vi cht hu c tan v vy cng loi b thm c mt phn nh thnh phn COD trong
nc rc, ch yu l cc cht hu c c phn t lng cao (> 5000) v mt vi hp cht gy mu
[51].
Qu trnh keo t lm gim lng photphat trong nc rc (hm lng photphat thp) do to
thnh mui nhm, st photphat kh tan, lm gim kim v pH ca nc rc.
Hp ph: Cht hp ph s dng trong x l nc thi ch yu l than hot tnh hoc mt s
loi nha tng hp c tnh cht b mt l k nc. Than hot tnh dng ht hoc bt c sn
xut t nhiu ngun nguyn liu khc nhau vi s loi ln ti trn 400 nhn hiu thng phm.
Do cu trc xp ca tng loi than rt khc nhau nn khi s dng cn chn la c loi than c
kch thc l xp thch hp. Loi than c din tch b mt ln hn 1000 m2/g khng thch hp
i vi x l nc rc do l xp nh.
Than hot tnh ch c kh nng hp ph cht hu c tan c phn t lng thp v c kh nng
hp ph mu cao khi chn c loi thch hp.
Trao i ion: t c s dng trong x l nc rc tr trng hp cn thu hi mt s ion i
vi nc rc sau qu trnh thiu t.
Lc mng: Gii php k thut gn y c s dng ngy cng tng cc nc cng nghip.
Loi mng s dng thng l mng siu lc (ultrafitration) hoc mng nano. Cc loi mng trn
ngoi tc dng tch lc cn khng tan cn c kh nng tch c mt phn cht tan. Mng lc d
~ 176 ~
b tc, b h hng v phn cc trong mi trng nc rc, chu k hot ng thp nn gi thnh
vn hnh v bo dng cao [52, 53].
Oxy ho: S dng mt s cht oxy ho nh clo hot ng, ozon, hp cht Fenton phn hu
cht hu c v mu trong nc rc. Phng php oxy ho t c s dng tr khi cn phi x l
mt s dng cht hu c c bit.
X l vi sinh ym kh: Phng php x l vi sinh ym kh ch c tc dng lm gim BOD, n
thch hp vi nc rc c BOD cao (nhm tit kim nng lng) trong iu kin m nng.
X l vi sinh hiu kh: Phng php hiu kh ch x l c BOD v oxy ho amoni thnh
nitrit v nitrat.
X l vi sinh thiu kh: Phng php thiu kh c s dng kh nitrat v x l mt phn
BOD trong nc rc.
iu rt ng ch v x l nc rc ti cc nc cng nghip l: chnh quyn ch qui nh
v kim sot cht lng thi, vic la chn cng ngh x l sao cho thch hp l quyn ca cc
cng ty m nhn cng vic x l v khng bao gi t chc hi ng thm nh cng ngh hay
thm nh thit k. Vic la chn cng ngh v thit k l cng vic ca cc nh t vn chu
trch nhim trc nh u t.
Nghin cu cng ngh x l nc rc (tng th hoc mt cng on no ) l da trn c s
nhu cu thc t hoc ci thin mt khu no . Kt qu ch c p dng trong thc t bi
cc cng ty (mua bn quyn) vi m bo khi p dng s mang li hiu qu kinh t cho chnh
cng ty .
13. 6. 3. Cng ngh x l nc rc cc nc tin tin.
Tuy c nhng nt chung l s dng cc phng php ho hc, ho l, vi sinh x l nc

rc cc nc tin tin vi trnh k thut cao, thit b hin i, lun ci tin, nng cao v
hon thin cc h thng ang hot ng v cc h mi xy dng, nt c th ring v cng ngh
x l nc rc l ph bin.
xy dng h thng x l nc rc, cng ty DEQ (M) thc hin [9]:
- nh gi lu lng nc thi sinh ra t bi rc.
- nh gi c trng nhim ca nc rc, s dng phng php ngoi suy d bo din bin
nhim theo thi gian c tham kho s liu ca bi rc gn nht ang hot ng. i v cc
bi rc cha vn hnh s thu thp cc s liu ca cc bi rc gn nht v so snh vi iu kin
kh hu, thi tit, cng ngh chn lp rc ca tng bi chn lp.
~ 177 ~
- Xc nh tnh trng ca ngun nc nhn, gi thnh x l, hu qu i vi mi trng, kh

khn v phng din k thut, tiu chun thi, tnh tng hp vi cc thnh phn thit b v
vn hnh ca bi chn lp rc.
- Xc nh cc ch tiu thi chung v c th.
- Xc nh gi thnh xy dng v vn hnh h x l nc rc.
- La chn phng php x l tng th (nc, bn...) ti u trn c s gi thnh xy dng v vn
hnh h thng.
Trn c s c trng ca ngun nc nhn s tin hnh cc gii php cng ngh khc nhau, v
d ho trn ln vi h nc thi sinh hot, s dng ti tiu, x l ti ch v x vo ngun
nc mt hoc mt phng thc no khc.
Ho trn ln vi ngun nc sinh hot khng i hi bt k mt giai on x l hoc tin x
l no khc v cc mi trng M khng i hi [55].
Phng php ho trn vi ngun nc sinh hot c thc hin kh ph bin vng ty bc
nc M ti cc bi rc: St. Johnson (Oregon), Cedar Hills (Washington), Cathcart Snobomish
County (Washington), Kent Highland (Kent Washington).
Khi s dng vo mc ch ti tiu, nc rc ch cn c x l s b theo tiu chun
Standard for leachate spray irrigation managent October 28, 1992.
X l s b c thc hin ph bin Oregon (M) ti cc bi rc: Coffin Sutte (Corvallis
Oregen), Riverbend (Yamhill County).
X l nc rc ti ch v x vo ngun nc mt c thc hin bng cch phi hp cc
cng ngh thch hp nhm t tiu chun thi do National Pollutant Discharge Elimination
System (NPDES) qui nh v cc tiu chun c th khc ca vng (v d phi s dng thm
cng ngh mng tch loi phc cht nickel ti mt s bi rc min ty nc M [53]).
Khng ch s dng cc cng ngh hin i, thit b t tin x l nc rc m cn tn dng
mi kh nng c t mc tiu.
H thng x l nc rc ti ng cao tc 101 (Canada) c xy dng vo nm 1988 vi
gi thnh 4,2 triu la (Canada). Do cha p ng c tiu chun thi mi ban hnh nn cn
c hon thin thm. H thng ci thin c HRM Solid Waste Department hon thin vo
nm 1992 vi gii php cng ngh: s dng h thng x l ngp nc v ao h sinh hc. Nc
rc vi lu lng 130 m3/ngy, COD: 30.000 mg O2/l, BOD: 25.000 mg O2/l.
Nc rc th c iu chnh pH v 9,5 nhm kt ta cc kim loi nng sau c x l
ym kh (h cao ti) nhm gim 60 -70% COD, BOD. Nc sau khi ra khi h thng ym kh
c dn vo hai h hiu kh nhm x l tip tc BOD, COD. Nc c tip tc lng trong h
ri chy qua vng nc ngp c nui trng thc vt x l nt phn COD, BOD d ng thi
~ 178 ~
vi x l hp cht nit. H thng trn s dng mt din tch 5 ha t. Loi hnh cng ngh trn
c s dng kh ph bin Canada v bc M [56].
Khng nhng hon thin v mt cng ngh x l nc rc m cc vn nghin cu c bn
cng c tip tc nhm cung cp cho cc nh k thut, sn xut, phng tin, kin thc tt v
hon chnh hn cng ngh x l nc rc ngy mt tt hn [23, 33, 58, 59].
V d cc nh nghin cu v x l nc rc ca trng i hc Lund (Thu in) cho thy:
t c hiu qu x l mc chp nhn c, h thng x l s l t hp ca phng php
ho hc, ho l v sinh hc. Nu khng s dng t hp th phng php sinh hc ch x l c
20 - 30% COD v gim c ng k lng c t. Ngc li nu s dng t hp cng ngh:
nitrat ho vi hp ph trn than hot tnh hoc vi oxy ho hp cht Fenton s gim c
khong 80% COD nhng khng loi b c mt s cht hu c c nh phthalat.
T hp cng ngh: nitrat ho, kt ta vi st (III) clorua v hp ph trn than hot tnh t
hiu qu x l ti 96% theo lng carbon tng (TOC).
Khng ch nghin cu mt h thng x l nc rc tng th m tng cng on (n v cng
ngh ca h thng), cng c nghin cu hon thin. Kh khn nht ca cng ngh lc qua
mng cc loi l b mt mng b nhim bn gy tc dng chy v dn ti mng khng th hot
ng. S dng cng ngh rung cao tn, hng VSEP ch to c thit b khc phc c yu
im trn khi s dng x l nc rc.
Cng ngh x l nc rc ca Nht c c th ring so vi cc nc tin tin khc.
T nm 1965 trong chng trnh hnh ng khn cp v ci thin iu kin mi trng sng
(Emergency Establishment Act for Improvement Facilities) qui nh: lng rc thi sinh hot
c x l bng phng php t. Nc rc thm t tro t v cha c t hu c hnh thnh
trong qu trnh t (hp cht hu c cha clo v dioxin). Cho n nm 1988, lng rc c t
Nht khng thp hn 78% (240 triu tn rc/nm). Do lng dioxin sinh ra kh cao nn nm
1997 hnh thnh iu lut: hnh ng kim sot dioxin (dioxin control act) [60].
Nc rc thm t tro cha hm lng mui v c rt cao, hm lng cht hu c v hp cht
nit thp.
c th nhim nc rc trn quyt nh cng ngh x l nc rc ca cc hng trn c s
th mnh ca mnh.
Cng ngh x l nc rc ca hng Tsukishima Kikai (TSK) [61].
Cng ngh tch ion canxi.
Cng ngh x l vi sinh s dng cc thit b: tip xc sinh hc, a quay sinh hc, tm sc kh.
Cc thit b x l sinh hc trn thch hp cho nc thi long, tit kim nng lng, khng x
l hp cht nit (v khng c).
~ 179 ~
Tch loi mui: s dng k thut thm thu ngc hoc in thm tch.
K thut ngng t v kt ta (bc hi chn khng, kt tinh thu hi mui, ly tm, sy bc hi).
Hng Kubota Corporation pht trin cng ngh:
Cng ngh chng kt ta cc cht lng ng t nc rc trong ng ng hoc trong ngun
nc nhn.
Cng ngh x l sinh hc (tip xc sinh hc, a quay sinh hc x l cht hu c c nng
thp).
Kh nitrat nu cn thit (khi t hp cht nit chuyn ho thnh nitrat).
Tch loi cht hu c: s dng bin php keo t vi st (III) clorua tch mt phn cht hu
c, mu, lm gim ti cho giai on hp ph trn than hot tnh ghp ni sau .
Cng ngh thun li cho giai on vn hnh, bo tr, tit kim nng lng.
Phn hu dioxin.
l nhng nt chung nht ca cng ngh x l nc rc ti Nht v l nt ring so vi cc
nc tin tin khc.
Nhn xt.
- Cng ngh x l nc rc cc quc gia cng nghip pht trin b chi phi trc ht qui nh
v tiu chun thi ca quc gia v c th ho a phng nn c tnh c th rt cao v mt
cng ngh ti tng bi rc [20, 21, 22].
- Lch s hnh thnh nc rc do cc cng on trc: phn loi rc, k thut xy dng, vn hnh
bi rc l cc yu t trc tip nh hng n lu lng v mc nhim ca nc rc. Cc
yu t khch quan khc nh iu kin kh hu, lng ma, tui bi rc l nhng yu t xc
nh lu lng v mc nhim ca nc rc.
- Do mc bin ng ln v lu lng v nhim theo thi gian ti tng bi chn lp nn
trc khi thit k h thng x l cn phi c y s liu nh gi tng th vi tin cy cao
v i din.
- Trn nn ca mt s loi hnh cng ngh c bn v vi sinh v ho hc (khng vt qu 10
phng php) mt h thng x l nc rc c thit k da trn ti u cc tiu ch: ph hp
vi i hi ca ngun nc nhn, m bo cc tiu chun thi c th (ca nc ngun nu c,
v d dioxin), gi thnh xy dng, vn hnh, bo dng, p ng tnh bin ng, kh nng nng
cp (p ng tiu chun mi kht khe). T hp h thng x l nc rc ni ring, nc thi ni
chung i hi chuyn gia khng nhng c trnh cao m cn phi c kinh nghim thc tin.
~ 180 ~
- Tip tc nghin cu s cng ngh x l mi, hon thin tng n v cng ngh, pht minh
v hon thin cc thit b phc v x l nc rc nhm t ti hiu qu tng th cao hn l i
tng nghin cu c bn vn ang c tip tc thc hin.
- C quan qun l ca nh nc c trch nhim xy dng lut v kim tra vic thc thi i vi
ch s hu h thng x l nc rc.
- Pht trin cng ngh v trin khai cng ngh trong thc t l i tng thc hin ca cc doanh
nghip, h phi chu trch nhim trc nh u t (s hu) ch khng chu trch nhim trc
chnh quyn. hon thnh v c kh nng cnh tranh tt vi cc doanh nghip khc t h
phi bit lm vic th no, vi ai. i vi mt vi vic c qui m ln (v d x l ph thi ca
vng khai thc qung phng x c) cc doanh nghip c th nhn c mt s u tin hn
nhm thc y tin cng vic.
~ 181 ~
X l nc thi ch bin thy sn.

14 Nui trng, nh bt v ch bin thy sn l mt ngnh kinh t quan trng
ca Vit Nam. Sn phm ch yu c dnh cho xut khu, kim ngch xut
khu tng theo thi gian.
Mt trong nhng iu kin cn xut khu, cc nh my ch bin thy sn cn phi c h
thng x l nc thi ph hp vi tiu chun m cc nc nhp khu yu cu.
Song song vi vic p dng cng ngh sn xut sch, gim thiu nhim ngay t cc cng
on sn xut, x l nc thi trc khi x ra mi trng l vic lm khng th n trnh, nhm
trnh gy nhim mi trng, ng thi cng l bo v ngun ti nguyn thy sn chung.
Cc nh my ch bin thy sn Vit Nam thuc qui m va v nh, nhn chung nng sut
lao ng khng cao, trc x l nc thi khng c xem l mt khu gn vi sn xut, v
vy vic xy dng thm h thng x l nc thi s gy thm kh khn cho c s sn xut
khng ch v mt kinh ph m cn kh khn v mt bng cn s dng mt s nh my.
Ngoi c trng sn xut nh, sn phm ch bin ca cc c s sn xut rt a dng, mang
tnh thi v v phn ln cc nh my ch bin hin c thng nm khu vc ng dn c. Cc
c trng nu trn l cc yu t gy thm kh khn cho vic x l nc thi ch bin thy sn.
Tn dng mi iu kin ch quan, khch quan x l nc thi vi gi thnh h l mc tiu
cn c c bit quan tm.
14. 1. c trng nhim.
Da trn cc sn phm tiu th, ch bin thy sn c th phn loi:

- Sn xut hng ng lnh.
- Sn xut hp.
- Sn xut hng kh, p, tm gia v.
- Sn xut hng t dng xay nhuyn.
- Ch bin thc n gia sc.
Nc thi c ngun gc t: s ch nguyn liu, git m, luc, tm, hp, v sinh dng c, din
tch nh xng.
Nc thi t khu s ch nguyn liu l nc thi t khu r ng (tan p), ra nguyn
liu, thng, bao b ng nguyn liu. Ty thuc vo dng nguyn liu (tm, c, c mc, bch
tuc, cua, nghu, s), kch c ca nguyn liu, thi gian bo qun, mc s dng nc v sinh,
nc thi c nhim khc nhau v bin ng: BOD nm trong khong 1000 - 10.000 mg/l,
~ 182 ~
oxy ha (CODMn) bng khong 30% ca BOD [1]. Nc thi c nhim cao v hm
lng cn khng tan, protein, du m c dng phn tn v mu.
Nc thi t qu trnh luc, hp, tm p gia v l qu trnh tip theo qui trnh s ch. Nc
sau luc cha protit, cht bo, mui khong vi hm lng cao. Nc thi thng c thu hi
sn xut bt c (sy kh cng vi bt c).
Nc thi t cng on git m: lm vy, tch xng (phi l), moi lng, b chn, cng, ru
tm, bc v c mc nhim ph thuc vo sn phm ch bin: nc thi ch bin tm, mc,
bch tuc c mc nhim cao hn so vi ch bin c ng lnh.
Vi cng loi sn phm th nguyn liu c kch thc ln t gy nhim hn loi c kch
thc b. Hin nay rt nhiu c s ng dng cng ngh sn xut sch, tit kim nc. Lng
nc s dng t nhng mc nhim ca nc thi cao.
Nc v sinh nh xng c mc nhim khng cao so vi cc dng thi khc nhng vi
lu lng ln, tp trung vo cui cc ca lm vic.
Lu lng thi ca mt c s ch bin thy sn xp x 90% lng nc cp hng ngy vi
iu kin tch trit ngun nc ma.
Nh trnh by, mc nhim dng nc thi ch bin thy sn bin ng rt mnh ph
thuc vo sn phm ch bin, sn phm ch bin thay i theo ma, v v thm ch ngay trong
ngy lm vic.
c trng nhim nc thi ch bin thy sn dao ng mnh v c c trng bi cc
khong gi tr th hin trn bng 14. 1.
Lng m trong nc thi khng cao khi ch bin sn phm hi sn, ch ng k khi ch bin
thy sn nc ngt.
Bng 14. 1. c trng nhim nc thi ch bin thy sn [2].

Thng s Khong gi tr
BOD (mg/l) 300 - 2000 (1000)
COD (mg/l) 500 - 3000 (1500)
Cn khng tan (mg/l) 200 - 1000 (500)
T N (mg/l) 50 - 200 (100)
TP 10 - 100 (30)
14. 2. Nghin cu cng ngh x l.
~ 183 ~
Mt h thng x l nc thi ch bin thy sn in hnh bao gm cc n v cng ngh: tch

loi cht rn, x l ym kh, hiu kh v x l bn thi. Ty thuc vo iu kin t nhin v tiu
chun thi cn t, h c th ghp thm x l thiu kh, khng tin hnh x l ym kh, ghp
thm giai on x l vi thy thc vt.
14. 2. 1. Tch loi cht rn.
Cht rn trong dng thi l cc loi vy c, xng c, vn tht, chn cng, ru tm, cc cht
rn t d dy, rut. Khi lng ring ca cht rn rt khc nhau: loi nng, d chm nh xng,
vy, vy, trng c, ru tm, chn cua; loi nh kh chm nh bong bng, da c.
Cc loi li chn rc thng dng hot ng t hiu qu, d gy tc dng chy do chng d
bm dnh vo mt li.
Tc lng ca cc cht khng tan kh nhanh. B lng s cp vi thi gian lu thy lc 10 -
15 pht, ti trng b mt 2 m3. m-2. h-1 m bo lng kh trit . Tuy nhin kh khn nht l
tch phn lng y ra khi b lng. Cc thit b ht bn, x bn t ra t hiu qu do linh
ng ca cn lng khng cao. V vy khi s dng bin php lng th cp nn tin hnh tch cn
nng (xng, vy, vy) kiu by lng ct. Tuy c th khc phc mt s kh khn nhng vic tch
cn nng cng khng th tin hnh theo phng php lin tc, ch c th theo mt chu k no ,
dn n gy nhim thm cho dng nc thi v cc cht rn b phn hy tip tc khi ngm
trong nc.
Tch cn t nc thi ch bin thy sn khng nht thit phi s dng cht keo t (phn
nhm, PAC) m ch cn cht tr keo t l . Cc loi polyme tch in m, dng, trung ha
u c tnh nng keo t tt, trong polyme dng c phn t lng 4 - 8 triu n v (Dalton),
mt in tch thp cho kt qu tt nht. S dng liu lng polyme 10 - 20 g/m3 cn cho php
gim 10 - 17% hm lng protein trong nc thi. Do lng v keo t kh kim sot trong thc
tin sn xut, nn k thut lc t ra thch hp hn. Thit b lc c th s dng l cc loi: trng
quay (rotary drum), li cong (tangential screen) hay bng lc (filter band) vi kch thc mt
lc cng nh th hiu qu tch cht cng cao. Trong cc dng thit b k trn th dng trng quay
l ph hp vi iu kin sn xut nh. Thit b trng quay (hnh 14. 1) hot ng theo nguyn
tc: nc thi cha cht rn c dn vo trong lng trng, chy qua thnh trng ra ngoi. Thnh
trng c gn li lc c kch thc ty chn (v d 0,1 - 1,0 mm). Trng c quay lin tc
theo trc xuyn tm, mt li c ra bng cc tia nc nh, mnh theo chu k (5 - 10
pht/ln). Cc cht rn c li vt, y vo mng gn dc theo trng va i theo nc ra
ngoi. Loi thit b ny c nhng u im:
~ 184 ~
- Hiu qu tch cht rn ch ph thuc vo kch thc ca mt li lc. Vt rn c kch thc ln

hn mt li u c vt trit .
- Cht rn c tch khi dng thi hu nh tc thi, trnh c qu trnh tit thm cht nhim
t cht rn vo nc thi. Vt rn c vt ra tc thi gi c cht lng khi s dng sn
xut ph phm (thc n gia sc, thc n tng hp nui c, tm).
- Do thit b quay v c xi ra nn khng xy ra hin tng tc.
- Thit b nh gn, chim t din tch v khng gian.
Trc tnh hnh thc t l nhiu c s sn xut cha c iu kin kinh ph xy dng v
vn hnh mt h thng x l nc thi hon chnh, khi s dng thit b trng quay tch
cht rn t dng nc thi c ngha gim thiu nhim, thu hi nguyn liu sn xut ph
phm v n chnh l mt n v cng ngh c tip tc s dng i vi mt h hon chnh.
Trng quay l thit b lc tiu chun lu hnh rng ri trn th trng vi gi thnh kh cao.
Nhm mc ch m rng din ng dng, cng ty c phn k thut cng trnh Vit Nam (2T)
thit k v ch to thit b lc trng quay vi nhiu loi cng sut khc nhau (Hnh 14. 1). Thit
b trn c s dng ti cc h x l nc thi ti: cng ty ch bin thy sn Hi Nam (Phan
Thit), cng ty xut khu thy sn Thanh Ha (Khu cng nghip L Mn), Cng ty c phn xut
khu thy sn Qung Ninh trong giai on 2001 - 2002.
Hnh 14. 1 a. Thit b lc dng trng quay (Cng ty c phn k thut cng trnh Vit Nam 2T).
~ 185 ~
Hnh 14. 1 b. Thit b lc trng quay lp t ti cng ty xut nhp khu thy sn Qung Ninh.
14. 2. 2. X l ym kh.
nh gi hiu qu x l ym kh nc thi ch bin thy sn c thc hin theo k thut

chy ngc qua lp bn ym kh (UASB). Mc ch l nghin cu nh hng ca mt vi
sinh, thi gian lu thy lc ln hiu qu x l thng qua cc thng s: COD, amoni, nit
Kjeldahl, tng photpho, axit bo d bay hi, kim v pH.
Qu trnh x l theo k thut chy ngc qua lp bn ym kh c nghin cu vi hai
phng thc vn hnh.
- X l nc thi trong bn ct phn ng ring r vi mt vi sinh khc nhau: 3, 5, 7, 9 g/l.
- X l nc thi qua h thng hai ct ni tip nhau. H th nht c mt vi sinh l 3 g/l, h
th hai c mt vi sinh l 5 g/l. Mc tiu ca th nghim l theo di din bin qu trnh phn
hy giai on cui ca qu trnh phn hy ym kh.
nh hng ca mt vi sinh v thi gian lu thy lc.

Vi sinh vt ym kh c ly t gc x l ym kh nc ma ng, c nui v pht trin
trong nc thi thy sn trong thi gian hai thng (giai on thch nghi vi mi trng). Nhit
tin hnh nm trong khong 28 - 31oC; tc dng nc l 0,9 m/gi. nh hng ca mt vi
sinh, thi gian lu thy lc n hiu qu x l ym kh thng qua cc thng s COD, amoni,
tng photpho, axit bo d bay hi (VFA) v kim c trnh by trong bng 14. 2. S liu ghi
trong bng l gi tr trung bnh ca nhiu th nghim lp li trong cng iu kin.
~ 186 ~
T kt qu trong bng 14. 2 cho thy, c mt vi sinh v thi gian lu thy lc u c tc

ng n hiu qu x l ym kh. Hiu qu tng khi tng mt sinh khi v thi gian lu thy
lc. Kt qu so snh c ghi trong bng 14. 3.
S liu trn cho thy, mt vi sinh c tc ng mnh hn n hiu qu x l so vi thi gian
lu thy lc. Vi mt vi sinh 3 g/l v thi gian lu 8 gi, hiu qu x l t 47%, trong khi
ch vi thi gian 2 gi v mt vi sinh 9 g/l th hiu qu x l t ti 52%.
Trong sut qu trnh x l ym kh, pH lun nm trong khong 6,0 - 6,8 l iu kin thun li
to thnh kh metan, v vy hm lng axit bo d bay hi mc khng cao (nh hn 250
mg/l tnh theo axit axetic).
Bng 14. 2. nh hng ca thi gian lu thu lc v mt vi sinh n kh nng phn hu nc

thi thu sn.
Thng s Thi Gi tr u Gi tr u ra
gian vo
Ct 1 (3g/l) Ct 2 (5g/l) Ct 3 (7g/l) Ct 4 (9g/l)
lu
(gi)
COD 2 1940 1270 1240 1035 925
mgO2/l 3 1375 852 790 683 605

4 1412 (1126-1670) 849 (651-1218) 761 (566-1127) 665 (357-1050) 590 (317-993)
6 1114 (700-1560) 641 (306-1095) 567 (292-1015) 422 (222-630) 340 (153-600)
8 1093 (464-1850) 509 (272-674) 428 (262-629) 348 (242-549) 277 (94-449)
NH3 2 12,1 134,6 132,0 133,3 149,9

3 7,01 90,8 86,1 97,6 105,9
mg/l
4 6,2 (5,0-7,9) 77,6 (70,4-84,4) 94,7 (76,6-110) 71,9 (47,3-117) 106 (58,3-140)
6 6,8 (1,5-13,6) 77,5 (39,9-125) 69,1 (42,9-105) 76 (58,9-88,6) 84 (59,1-115,4)
8 5,6 (2,1-11,2) 65,2 (30-110,5) 68 (28,7-115,3) 71,5 (29,3-113) 76 (28-118)
T-N 2 167,9 146,1 137,1 139,7 157,6

3 119,0 102,1 96,2 105,4 114,5
mg NH3/l
4 122 (97,4-144) 102 (78,2-137) 118 (95,4-135) 108 (64,4-139) 110 (64,9-143)
6 96,4 (60,6-135) 89,3 (45,8-132) 86,7 (47,6-112) 86,1 (59-108,9) 90,8 (60-120)
8 94,6 (40,2-160) 93,3 (39,5-160) 89,2 (35,7-148) 87,9 (34,4-142) 87 (38,2-131)
T-P 2 14,4 14,1 14,0 13,3 11,2

3 8,7 8,2 6,9 8,1 7,9
4 8,7 (5,9-12,5) 8,0 (5,2-12,4) 7,9 (5,4-11,1) 8,3 (5,7-12,4) 7,8 (5,3-11,4)
6 8,2 (5,7-11,9 6,5 (5,8-8,5) 6,6 (4,7-8,5) 6,7 (5,3-8,0) 6,1 (4,8-7,2)
8 7,9 (5,0-13,7) 6,1 (4,5-7,3) 6,7 (3,5-9,4) 6,8 (3,2-12,6) 6,6 (2,6-9,7)
Axit bo 2 30 238 225 227 213
bay hi, 3 48 229 103 182 96,5

mg 4 27,2 (22,5-30,0) 160 67,3-264) 158,8 (85-218) 168,6 (99-216) 115 (65,1-179)
~ 187 ~
CH3COOH/l 6 13,5 (0,0-22,5) 136,4 (45-229) 135,8 (34-278) 124,5 (38-265) 60,7 (22,5-108)
8 26,9 (15-35) 125,3 (44-223) 111,6 (56-179) 113,1 (85-153) 63,9 (31,4-87,3)
2 328 334 384 372 372

3 224 266 350 344 388
Kim
mgCaCO3/l 4 197 (116-334) 237 (190-330) 271 (170-440) 256 (140-488) 317(216-494)
6 158 (100-226) 230 (180-282) 242 (182-278) 233 (180-272) 272 (208-316)
8 157 (116-213) 202 (150-244) 216 (166-288) 233 (170-354) 254 (190-358)
pH 2 6,01 6,23 6,74 6,56 6,76

3 - - - - -
4 6,62 6,23-7,03) 6,67 (6,42-7,01) 6,87 (6,7-7,1) 6,73 (6,5-6,9) 7,0 6,73-7,34)
6 6,9 (6,70-7,10) 7,19 (7,17-7,20) 7,23 (7,2-7,4) 7,15 (7,1-7,2) 7,29 (7,2-7,4)
8 - - - - -
Bng 14. 3. nh hng ca thi gian lu v mt vi sinh ln hiu sut x l COD.
Thi Hiu sut x l COD trung bnh ca ct c mt vi

gian lu sinh vt (%)
(h) 3 g/l 5 g/l 7 g/l 9g/l
2 35 36 47 52
3 38 43 50 55
4 39 45 51 57
6 45 51 62 71
8 47 57 65 75
Nc thi sau x l c kim tng trung bnh l 75 mg CaCO3/l, kim tng l yu t

thun li cho giai on oxy ha amoni trong giai on x l hiu kh tip theo.
Cng t s liu ca bng 14. 2 cho thy, x l ym kh t tc dng loi b hp cht nit v
photpho, ch chuyn ha chng t dng hp cht hu c v dng v c qua qu trnh thy phn.
Qu trnh thy phn xy ra kh nhanh, vi thi gian lu khc nhau gi tr ca amoni rt gn vi
gi tr nit Kjeldahl. Hiu qu loi b TN trung bnh ca h c mt vi sinh 3 g/l: 8,8%; 5 g/l:
8,5%; 7 g/l: 10,1% v 9 g/l: 6,8%. Hiu qu loi b photpho ch t 12 - 16%.
Hiu qu x l ni tip giai on.

Qu trnh x l ym kh xy ra theo nhiu giai on ni tip nhau, sn phm ca giai on
trc ng vai tr nguyn liu cho giai on tip, v vy nu tch ring c cc giai on th c
th tng cng c hiu qu x l, nht l i vi h cha cc cht hu c c cu trc phc tp
[3, 4].
~ 188 ~
Kt qu kho st hai giai on ni tip (ct 1 ni vi 2, ct 3 ni vi 4) c ghi trong bng

14. 4.
Hiu qu x l COD h thng hai ct ghp ni tip cao hn x l mt giai on vi cng
thi gian lu thy lc: vi cng thi gian lu thy lc l 4 gi, mt sinh khi 5 g/l, hiu qu
x l COD qua mt ct t 45%, cn h ni tip t 67%. Vi mt vi sinh 3 g/l, hiu qu x
l COD t 66% vi thi gian lu 5,2 gi, trong khi hiu qu x l mt giai on t 45% trong
6 gi. Kt qu trn tng hp vi k thut x l chy ngc qua nhiu ngn ym kh (anaerobic
baffled reactor) m nguyn nhn c qui cho l do thc y tnh cn bng ng ca cc chng
loi vi sinh trong h [5, 6].
Bng 14. 4. Kt qu x l trong h ghp ni tip hai ct.

Thng Lu Gi tr u Gi tr u ra
s lng vo
Ct 1 Ct 2 Ct 3 Ct 4
(l/h)
COD 3 1177 (481-2340) 330 (164-596) 212 (89-456) 344 (153-558) 191 (81-331)
4 1216 (768-1875) 432 (306-618) 297 (199-447) 605 (471-935) 348 (239-536)
5 1180 (683-1980) 459 (249-596) 356 (210-437) 622 (448-769) 364 (230-475)
NH3 3 2,3 (1,4-3,3) 44 (14,0-115,4) 52,5 (21-122,6) 41,8 (19,5-92) 52,5 (24,7-104)
4 4,0 (2,6-6,7) 49 (29,9-84,7) 55,1 (34-91,1) 48,7 (23,3-88) 57,7 (34,9-101)
5 3,1 (1,8-3,8) 46 (23,0-71,2) 60,4 (28,6-95) 49,7 (35,6-65) 58,1 (38,3-79,6)
T-N 3 80,5 (32,9-160) 64(24,3-129,5) 59,4 (23,3-123) 65,6 (25-134) 60 (23,9-124,9)

4 83,1 (52,5(128) 69 (40,4-113,2) 66,1 (41-106,4) 71,8 (45-115) 64 (39,2-102,8)
5 80,6 (46,7-135) 71 (42,4-118) 65,7 (40,7-107) 73 (41-127,1) 70 (38,8-121,3)
T-P 3 7,2 (6,1-8,3) 5,9 (4,1-8,1) 5,8 (4,6-8,0) 5,7(4,3-7,2) 5,2 (4,1-6,3)
4 9,15 (7,1-11,6) 7,1 (5,6-9,1) 6,5 (5,9-7,5) 7,3(4,6-9,9) 6,4 (4,4-8,1)
5 7,8 (5,7-8,7) 6,6 (5,3-7,5) 6,8 (4,5-8,4) 6,5(5,2-7,8) 6,5 (5,2-8,2)
Axit 3 38 (14-56) 168 (31-588) 139 (20-341) 216(85-404) 105 (22-330)

4 51 (34-63) 140 (63-292) 101 (43-191) 282(224-361) 144 (76-325)
5 52(27-76) 216 (135-260) 258 (128-310) 165(126-280) 204(54-355)
Kim 3 95 (70-120) 159 (124-210) 194 (152-270) 165 (126-280) 201 (158-298)
4 122 (82-160) 222 (192-262) 257 (200-292) 181 (144-204) 235 (196-294)
5 100 (78-120) 230 (186-270) 281 (240-310) 234 (198-280) 284 (216-323)
Cng t bng 14. 4 cho thy: hiu sut x l COD ct th nht trong h thng ni tip bao
gi cng cao hn so vi ct th hai. Cng tng t nh vy, trong on u ca tng ct qu
trnh phn hy COD v thy phn thnh amoni nhanh hn nhiu so vi giai on sau. Nguyn
~ 189 ~
nhn ca hin tng trn l do nc thi cha cc cht hu c c tnh sinh hy khc nhau, thnh
phn d phn hy chuyn ha nhanh giai on u, cc cht kh sinh hy hn s c phn
hy sau vi tc chm hn.
Trong thi gian kho st 6 thng, mt vi khun ym kh tng t 0,3. 103 ln 4,5. 107 t
bo/ml, ban u tng kh nhanh v chm dn giai on sau, c th do qu trnh phn hy ni
sinh tng cng vi mt sinh khi. Tuy vy, mi tng quan t l thun gia hiu qu phn hy
COD vi mt sinh khi khng quan st thy mt cch r rng, rt c th t l gia cc
chng loi vi khun (thy phn, to axit, to metan) v yu t ng hc (chuyn khi) c vai tr
ln hn.
T nhng kt qu kho st qu trnh phn hy ym kh nc thi ch bin thy sn cho php
rt ra mt s nhn xt:
- Hiu qu x l (COD) ym kh i vi nc thi thy sn t 70 - 80% vi thi gian lu thy
lc 8 gi, mt sinh khi 7 - 9 g/l. Yu t nh hng n hiu qu x l l mt vi sinh, kh
nng tip xc (ng hc) v thi gian lu, trong hai yu t u tin c tc ng mnh hn.
- Trong thnh phn COD c cha mt lng tp cht kh phn hy trong iu kin ym kh.
phn hy thnh phn trn (20 - 30%) cn thi gian di, ko theo gi thnh xy dng tng.
- Hiu sut hnh thnh kh metan thp, ch t 0,2 - 0,3 m3/kg COD c phn hy (t kt qu
nghin cu x l tnh).
- Trong qu trnh phn hy, pH ca h dao ng khng ln, hm lng axit bo thp.
- Hp cht nit v photpho ch gim mc khng ng k, ch mt phn tham gia vo tng hp
sinh khi. Hp cht nit, photpho d b thy phn, chuyn thnh dng v c.
T nhn xt trn c th a ra mt vi khuyn co c th ng dng trong thit k h x l:
- Phn hy ym kh nn c s dng x l s b nc thi thy sn nhm gim thiu COD
(70 - 80%).
- gim gi thnh xy dng, thi gian lu thy lc (th tch b x l) khng cn ko qu di,
quan trng hn l tng cng mt vi sinh v qu trnh chuyn khi ca h.
- H x l t hiu qu cao l h ni tip, v d loi k thut chy ngc qua nhiu ngn ym
kh.
- Khng cn thit phi b xung ha cht hay iu chnh pH ca h thng x l.
- Thu hi kh metan s t c hiu qu kinh t.
- Phng php x l ym kh n c khng c kh nng loi b hp cht nit, photpho.
14. 2. 3. X l hiu kh.
~ 190 ~
i tng kho st trong qu trnh phn hu hiu kh gm:

- Phn hu COD.
- Thu phn hp cht nit thnh amoni, oxy ho amoni thnh nitrit v nitrat.
- S bin ng ca hp cht photpho.
- Qu trnh phn hu theo phng thc mt v hai giai on.
Phng php bn hot tnh l k thut vi sinh hiu kh thng dng nht trong cng ngh x l
nc thi. Chng c s dng nh gi qu trnh phn hu cht gy nhim trong nc thi
thu sn. Trong qu trnh x l hiu kh, nc thi giu hp cht nit, hai qu trnh oxy ho xy
ra ng thi: oxy ho cht hu c to ra sn phm l nc v carbon dioxit, oxy ho amoni (hnh
thnh t qu trnh thu phn cc hp cht hu c c cha nit vi tc kh nhanh) thnh cc
sn phm l nitrit (do chng vi sinh Nitrosomonas) v tip theo thnh nitrat (do chng vi sinh
Nitrobacter). Oxy ho cht hu c do chng vi sinh d dng c tc cao do mc pht trin
sinh khi ca chng rt ln. Qu trnh oxy ho cht hu c xy ra thun li do mc tiu th
oxy thp (khong 1,2kg oxy/ 1kg BOD) v nng lng sinh ra duy tr hot ng ca vi sinh
cao.
Chng vi sinh t dng (lng carbon xy dng t bo ly t ngun carbon v c, HCO 3-)
c tc pht trin chm hn nhiu so vi loi d dng (ch khong 25%), c chc nng oxy
ho amoni thnh nitrit v nitrat, cn mt lng oxy gp khong 4 ln so vi loi d dng oxy
ho cng mt khi lng amoni so vi hp cht hu c.
Trong nc thi thu sn, hm lng COD v nit u cao th s hot ng ca chng vi sinh
t dng s b cnh tranh quyt lit ca loi d dng, dn ti kh nng x l cc hp cht cha
nit tr nn kh khn. Phn ln cc thit b s dng trong thc tin u hot ng theo kiu trn
u tc thi (complete mixing) nn t l vi sinh t dng v d dng ph thuc vo t l COD
v tng nit. Nu tin hnh oxy ho nc thi theo nhiu giai on th giai on sau vic oxy
ho cc hp cht nit s thun li hn do COD d b oxy ho gim ng k cc giai on
trc.
Nghin cu din bin phn hu COD v hp cht nit theo phng thc mt v hai giai on
l i tng chnh ca phn x l hiu kh.
kho st s cnh tranh phn hu cc cht nhim, v thc cht l t l ca hai loi vi sinh
d dng v t dng, th nghim c tin hnh song song trong hai thit b c cng dung tch,
cng mt sinh khi v hm lng oxy ho tan.
B hiu kh mt giai on gm c ngn sc kh v ngn lng. B hiu kh hai giai on gm
bn ngn ni tip nhau ca cc ngn sc kh- lng- sc kh- lng. S v thng s ca cc b
phn ng c th hin hnh 14. 2 v bng 14. 5.
~ 191 ~
Hnh 14. 2. S b tr b hiu kh
vo
Ra
B hai giai on (II)
B mt giai on (I)
Bng 14. 5. Thng s b x l hiu kh.

B mt giai on B hai giai on
Th tch ngn 1 (lt) Th tch ngn 2 (lt)
Th tch phn Th tch Th tch phn Th tch Th tch phn Th tch
sc kh phn lng sc kh phn lng sc kh phn lng
12 (lt) 4 (lt) 3 (lt) 1 (lt) 9 (lt) 3 (lt)
Tng th tch: 16 (lt) Tng th tch: 16 (lt)
Thng s hot ng ca qu trnh bn hot tnh: mt vi sinh 3g/l, oxy ho tan nm trong
khong 2-3 mg/l, thi gian lu thu lc l 4 v 8 gi.
Din bin ca qu trnh hiu kh c nh gi thng qua cc thng s: pH, kim tng,
COD, amoni, nitrit, nitrat, nit Kjeldahl v tng photpho.
Th nghim c tin hnh song song i vi hai qu trnh: mt v hai giai on trong thi
gian lin tc 24 ngy. S liu c o c trong ngy. Cc gi tr xc nh c ca mi ngy l
khc nhau, nm trong mt khong no , cc gi tr dng nh gi qu trnh l s liu trung
bnh ca 24 b s liu tng ng.
Kt qu th nghim ca x l hiu kh mt v hai giai on c ghi trong bng 14. 6.
Bng 14. 6. S liu x l hiu kh mt v hai giai on

Thng Thi Gi tr u vo Gi tr u ra
s gian I II1 II2
lu
pH 4 gi 6,79 (6,46 - 7,24) 7,41 (7,11 - 7,67) 7,21 (6,89 - 7,40) 7,36 (7,06 - 7,61)
8 gi 6,91 (6,71 -7,15) 7,37 (6,89 - 7,73) 7,22 (6,93 -7,66 ) 7,32 (6,88 - 7,67)
~ 192 ~
4 gi 139 (104 - 170) 134 (98 - 158) 133 (90 - 160) 110 (80 - 150)
kim 8 gi 116 (96 - 134) 94 (48 - 130) 130 (100 - 170) 93 (30 - 158)
COD 4 gi 1047 (606 - 1730) 141 (59 - 412) 407 (217 - 760) 183 (73 - 584)
8 gi 1221 (641 - 1880) 73 (41 - 114) 301 (137 - 466) 94 (52 - 138)
NH3-N 4 gi 3,8 (1,0 - 5,8) 13,0 (4,8 - 20,5) 16,5 (7,9 - 24,9) 11,0 (4,0 - 23,5)
8 gi 2,9 (1,2 4,8) 9,7 (3,5 - 16,9) 15,8 (7,2 - 32,0) 9,1 (2,4 - 19,4)
NO2--N 4 gi 0 0,76 (0,03 - 3,10) 0,01 (0 - 0,01) 0,76 (0,03 - 3,04)
8 gi 0 0,45 (0,12 - 1,07) 0,04 (0,01 - 0,13) 0,43 (0,15 - 1,80)
NO3--N 4 gi 0 3,04 (0,08 - 9,32) 0,37 (0,01 - 1,02) 4,24 (0,16 - 12,6)
8 gi 0 12,6 (1,12 - 18,3) 1,05 (0,24 - 3,03) 14,2 (1,32 - 19,9)
TKN 4 gi 32,9 (24,3 - 45,8) 25,2 (14,4 - 39,1) 30,3 (20,9 - 42,2) 22,6 (12,4 - 32,3)
8 gi 35,2 (25,4 - 46,5) 20,3 (5,8 - 35,7) 31,6 (23,5 - 38,5) 18,5 (4,9 - 31,7)
T-P 4 gi 7,14 (5,38 - 8,95) 5,56 (3,9 - 7,45) 5,95 (4,0 -7,9) 4,73 (2,8 - 6,2)
8 gi 6,56 (3,94 - 9,8) 4,99 (2,8 - 7,3) 5,78 (3,8 - 7,35) 4,37 (2,15 - 6,35)
Bng 14. 7. nh hng ca thi gian lu ln hiu sut x l COD.

Thi gian lu Hiu sut x l COD trung bnh (%)
(gi) I II1 II2
4 85,5 (71,992,5) 59,4 (42,674,9) 84,3 (66,2 90,6)
8 91,4 (76,296,5) 72,4 (56,187,3) 90,5 (66,297,2)
Hiu qu x l COD.
Bng 14. 6 v hnh 14. 3 th hin kt qu x l COD ca h th nghim mt v hai giai on.
Hiu qu x l COD ca h hiu kh rt cao, t khong 85% sau 4 gi v t trn 90% sau 8 gi
c hai h th nghim. Hiu qu hot ng ca c hai h khc nhau khng ng k v khi ko
di thi gian lu n mt giai on no th tc phn hu cht gy nhim chm li ng
k. Trong thi gian 4 gi giai on sau, hiu qu x l ch t 5-6% so vi cng thi gian
giai on u t trn 80%. Trong thit b hai giai on, th tch ca ngn u chim 25%
(4/16 lit) th hiu qu x l sau 1 gi (ngn u) t khong 59% v tip sau 3 gi (ngn 2) cng
ch ln ti 84%. Trong thi gian lu tng l 8 gi th sau ngn u (tng ng 2 gi lu) hiu
sut loi b COD cng t ti khong 72%, ko di thm 6 gi cng ch tng thm khong 21%.
~ 193 ~
2100 Vo II1
COD, mgO2/l
1800 II2 I
1500
1200
900
600
300
0
Th t th nghim, t
Hnh 14. 3. th din bin COD ca nc thi
Kt qu trn cho php nhn xt: thnh phn gy nhim c trng bi COD l mt hn hp
cht hu c c kh nng sinh hu rt khc nhau. Thnh phn d sinh hu c vi sinh tiu th
trc, cc thnh phn kh sinh hu c phn hu sau, phi qua nhiu giai on. iu ny cng
ph hp vi kt qu l hm lng COD d sau khi x l nh hn rt nhiu so vi hiu s ca
COD v BOD ca nc thi ngun.
Hiu qu x l COD theo phng thc mt hay hai giai on v tng th khng c s khc
bit.
Hiu qu x l hp cht nit.

Suy gim hp cht nit l do qu trnh tham gia vo cu to t bo. Trong qu trnh x l hiu
kh, hp cht nit hu c chuyn ho thnh amoni qua qu trnh thu phn, tip tc oxy ho ti
nitrit v nitrat. Ngoi tr mt phn khng ln (nh hn 10mg/l) tham gia xy dng t bo vi sinh
vt, hm lng nit tng s khng thay i sut trong qu trnh x l hiu kh, chng ch chuyn
ho t dng ny sang dng khc, ti dng bn nht l nitrat.
So snh gia cc gi tr TKN (nit Kjeldahl l nit nm trong hp cht hu c v trong
amoni) cho thy: trong iu kin hiu kh, qu trnh thu phn hp cht nit cng chm dn theo
thi gian: sau 1, 4, 8 gi, hiu sut thu phn t tng ng l 53%, 61% v 78% tng ng vi
s phn hu COD v tng ng vi s hnh thnh amoni (hnh 14. 3). Qu trnh oxy ho t nitrit
n nitrat xy ra kh nhanh nn nng nitrit trong nc thp, trung bnh khng vt qu
0,5mg/l. Nng nitrit trong h x l 4 gi thi gian lu lun cao hn trong h vi thi gian lu
l 8 gi.
T s liu bng 14. 6 v hnh 14. 4, 14. 5, 14. 6 cho thy tc hnh thnh nitrat hay mc
suy gim amoni xy ra chm v tc hnh thnh c xu hng tng theo thi gian: sau 1,2,4,8
gi, nng nitrat c gi tr tng ng l 0,37; 1,05; 4,24 v 14,2 mg/l trong b hiu kh hai giai
~ 194 ~
on v cao hn th nghim mt giai on t 12-39%.
50 Vo
45 II1
NKT, mgN/l
40 II2
35 I
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
Hnh 14. 4. Bin thin

ca nit Kjeldahl trong qu trnh x l.
35 vo
II1
30
II2
NH3, mgN/l
25 I
20
15
10
Th t th nghim, t
Hnh 14. 5. Bin thin ca
amoni trong qu trnh hiu kh
~ 195 ~
25
NO3-, mgN/l
II1
20 II2
I
15
10
Th t th nghim, t
Hnh 14. 6. S hnh thnh
nitrat trong qu trnh hiu kh
Trong mi kho st, mc hnh thnh nitrat b hai giai on lun cao hn th nghim mt
giai on. Trong th nghim hai giai on, tc hnh thnh nitrat giai on sau cao hn nhiu
so vi n ngn th nht. Th tch ca ngn mt chim 25%, ca ngn 2 l 75%, tng ng vi
thi gian lu l 1:3. Vi thi gian lu l 4 gi, tc hnh thnh nitrat (nitrat hnh thnh trn mt
n v thi gian v th tch) ngn sau cao hn 3,8 ln so vi trong ngn th nht v vi thi
gian lu 8 gi n cao hn 4,17 ln. (bng 14. 6, hnh 14. 4, 14. 5, 14. 6)
Kt qu rt d c chp nhn bi l ngn sau, hm lng COD thp, lng amoni cao
to iu kin cho chng vi sinh vt t dng pht trin mnh, thc y nhanh qu trnh oxy ho
amoni thnh nitrat.
Kt qu xc nh vi khun nitrat ho cng kh ph hp vi kt qu trn: trong 19 t ly mu
ko di hn 4 thng, mt vi khun nitrat ho trong cc ngn dao ng t 10 2 n 106 t
bo/ml, mt tng i n nh khong 104 t bo/ml. Mt vi khun Nitrosomonas cao
hn vi khun Nitrobacter v ngn sau mt cao hn ngn trc.
Trong h kho st, qu trnh kh nitrat thnh kh nit xy ra trong lng cc ht huyn ph
(sinh khi) do iu kin thiu kh l khng ng k, s chnh lch gia chng c th coi l phn
tham gia vo thnh phn t bo ca vi sinh vt.
Hiu qu x l photpho.
Cng nh trong qu trnh x l ym kh ring r, x l hiu kh n thun cng khng c kh
nng loi b hp cht photpho, ngoi tr mt phn nh (1-2mg/l) tham gia vo cu to t bo vi
sinh.
~ 196 ~
Kt qu nh gi v photpho tng trong sut qu trnh x l hiu kh ch r nhn nh trn.

X l photpho bng phng php vi sinh ch c th s dng k thut t hp gia ym kh vi
hiu kh, photpho c loi b cng vi sinh khi trong qu trnh thi bn d, iu ny rt kh
nh gi trong cc th nghim qui m nh.
Trong vic tin hnh nghin cu ti hin trng, loi b photpho c thc hin bng cch
kt ta vi mui nhm (cht keo t poly nhm clorua, PAC). Mui nhm di dng dung dch
c a vo u b lng th cp vi mc tiu th mui nhm 3-4 gAl/ g PO43-. Hiu qu
loi b photpho rt cao (gn 100%) v thc hin kh n gin.
T kt qu x l hiu kh cho php rt ra mt s nhn xt:
- Hiu kh l k thut x l c hiu qu i vi nc thi ch bin thu sn. Hiu qu x l COD
t ti 90% vi thi gian lu khong 8 gi trong khong nhit rng v vi mt vi sinh l
3g/l. Hiu qu x l COD trong thit b mt giai on hoc ni tip hai giai on khc nhau
khng ng k. Tc phn hu COD chm dn theo thi gian nn c c tiu chun thi
cao phi ko di ng k thi gian lu thu lc.
- Trong iu kin hiu kh, qu trnh thu phn cc hp cht nit thnh amoni khng nhanh, n
c tnh tng hp tt vi qu trnh oxy ho amoni (chm) sau .
- So vi phn hu COD, oxy ho amoni thnh nitrat c tc chm hn nhiu, iu ch ra
rng: vi nc thi ch bin thu sn vic tnh ton thit k h thng x l cn coi thnh
phn nit l i tng chnh.
- Trong iu kin c th ca cc kho st tin hnh, nng nitrit trong nc thi thp, chng
t qu trnh oxy ho nitrit thnh nitrat xy ra nhanh hn qu trnh oxy ho amoni thnh nitrit.
- Ngc li vi qu trnh phn hu COD, tc hnh thnh nitrat hay oxy ho amoni tng ln
theo thi gian v hiu sut x l trong thit b mc ni tip t kt qu cao hn so vi qu trnh
mt giai on.
- Thnh phn nit trong nc thi ch bin thu sn lun d so vi nhu cu to thnh t bo,
mun c cht lng nc thi cao cn c thm bc x l thiu kh do qu trnh kh nitrat
trong h hiu kh xy ra khng ng k.
- X l hiu kh ring r khng c kh nng loi b hp cht photpho. Kt ta photphat vi mui
nhm trong b lng th cp l phng n thun li v kh n gin.
14. 2. 4. X l thiu kh qu trnh kh nitrat.
Trong qu trnh x l hiu kh, song song vi qu trnh oxy ho cht hu c, amoni cng
c oxy ho thnh nitrit v nitrat. Tr mt phn nh tham gia vo s hnh thnh t bo, tng
nit (nit trong hp cht hu c, amoni, nitrit v nitrat) trong h x l hiu kh l khng thay i.
~ 197 ~
Qu trnh hnh thnh nitrat (oxy ho amoni) xy ra trong giai on hiu kh v l k tip hai
giai on: hnh thnh nitrit v t nitrit hnh thnh nitrat. Qu trnh kh nitrat, nitrit (v cc hp
cht nit c ho tr dng) v kh nit (ho tr khng) xy ra di iu kin thiu oxy (anoxic)
v cn ngun carbon hu c (1g NO3-N cn khong 3g COD), v vy giai on x l thiu kh
thng c lp t trc giai on hiu kh (predenitrification) nhm tn dng ngun cht hu
c t nc thi cha qua x l hiu kh hoc nu lp t sau giai on hiu kh (post-
denitrification) th phi b xung thm ngun carbon (v d ru metanol).
H thng lp ni tip nhiu cp hiu kh thiu kh ngoi li th s dng cht hu c ca
ngun thi cn tn dng c iu kin kh nitrit (hp cht trung gian ca qu trnh oxy ho
amoni thnh nitrat) v dng kh nit, tc l tit kim c oxy cho qu trnh oxy ho nitrit v
nitrat v cho lng cht hu c phn hu trong thi gian tng ng. Nhiu cng trnh nghin
cu ch ra rng nc thi qua x l hiu kh nhn chung c hm lng nitrit thp (nh hn 0,1
mg/l) [7], song cng c nhiu loi cha hm lng nitrit rt cao trong qu trnh x l hiu kh,
vi nc thi cha nhiu nitrit th h lp ghp nhiu cp hiu kh thiu kh s c hiu qu cao
hn cc h thng thng.
d p dng kt qu t phng th nghim vo thc t x l nc thi ch bin thy sn, qu
trnh x l ng thi COD v hp cht nit c nghin cu theo phng php m k tip giai
on trong cng thit b ( Sequence Batch Reactor SBR technology), chng c tnh tng ng
nh s lp ghp nhiu cp hiu kh - thiu kh.
Tn dng s oxy ho cha trit (ch n nitrit) kh COD v hp cht nit l ni dung
kho st ca phn hu thiu kh.
Thit b phn ng tin hnh theo k thut bn hot tnh, p dng ch sc kh gin on gi
l thit b hot ng gin on. Qu trnh din ra trong thit b hot ng gin on cng tng
t nh trong thit b sc kh vi bn hot tnh bn c phn b u trong thit b. Mt im
khc bit ca thit b hot ng gin on l c s xen k gia cc giai on sc kh (cung cp
oxy ho tan) v khuy trn (khng cung cp oxy ho tan, to mi trng thiu kh). Thit b trn
c s dng nh gi kh nng loi b cc tp cht trong nc thi, c bit l kh nng loi
b nit cng vi carbon.
Th nghim c tin hnh song song trong hai thit b phn ng c cng th tch l 10 lt,
cng mt sinh khi 4 g/l v thi gian thc hin trong 360 pht. Khng kh c cp vo thit
b phn ng nh my thi kh, giai on khuy trn c thc hin bng my khuy. Hai thit b
c thc hin vi hai t l thi gian sc kh v khuy trn khc nhau, c th l 2:1 v 3:1.
Din bin ca cc qu trnh hiu kh (giai on sc kh) v thiu kh (giai on khuy trn)
c nh gi thng qua cc thng s: pH, kim tng, amoni, nitrit, nitrat, nit Kjeldahl v
DO.
~ 198 ~
S liu o c c tin hnh trong tng ngy v cc gi tr dng so snh l cc gi tr

trung bnh ca cc ngy th nghim.
Kt qu th nghim thu c t x l nc thi theo ch sc kh gin on vi t l thi
gian sc kh v khuy trn khc nhau c ghi trong bng 14. 8 v 14. 9.
T bng kt qu cho php nhn xt hiu qu x l vi ch hot ng hiu kh, thiu kh
khc nhau.
Hiu qu x l COD
Bng kt qu 14. 8, 14. 9, 14. 10 v hnh 14. 7, 14. 8 cho thy kt qu x l COD ca qu
trnh x l k tip giai on hiu kh thiu kh.
Bng 14. 8. S thay i thnh phn nc thi trong iu kin hiu kh : thiu kh l 2:1 theo thi
gian trong 360 pht
Thng pH Kim COD N-NH3 N-NO2- N-NO3- TKN Oxy ho
s (mg (mgO2/l) (mgN/l) (mgN/l) (mgN/l) (mgN/l) tan
Thi CaCO3/l)
(mg/l)
gian TN
u vo 6,9 244 876 21,3 - - 41,7 -
(6,4- 7,2) (196 - 360) (567 - 1730) (9,4 - 37,5) (33 -72)
60pht 7,4 254 594 26,9 0,72 4,6 - 2,24

(7,3 - 7,6) (210 - 412) (240 - 946) (17,7 - 46,9) (0,21 - 1,28) (2,55 - 7,1) (0,7 - 3,85)
90pht 7,3 257 469 26,8 0,29 3,3 - 0,16

(7,1 - 7,4) (212 - 418) (222 - 865) (18,3 - 47,7) (0,08 - 0,7) (2,4 - 4,6) (0,13 - 0,2)
150pht 7,5 242 298 25,9 1,46 5,1 - 3,48

(7,3 - 7,6) (200 - 414) (107 - 639) (17,0 - 46,4) (0,23 - 2,89) (2,3 - 11,6) (1,2 - 5,3)
180pht 7,5 253 280 25,5 0,32 3,5 - 0,12

(7,3 - 7,6) (204 - 424) (105 - 574) (16,3 - 46,8) (0,12 - 0,85) (1,8 - 7,2) (0,1 - 0,14)
240pht 7,6 224 153 20,5 2,33 5,49 - 5,48

(7,4 - 7,7) (160 - 388) (70 - 295) (11,3 - 40,4) (1,18 - 4,57) (2,1 - 10,2) (3,5 - 6,3)
270pht 7,5 235 146 20,3 0,89 3,49 - 0,14

(7,4 - 7,7) (168 - 396) (63 - 284) (11,7 - 40,7) (0,12 - 3,59) (1,7 - 6,8) (0,11 - 0,19)
330pht 7,6 214 99 15,5 3,04 6,14 21,1 5,68

(7,5 - 7,7) (162 - 380) (50 - 218) (9,2 - 33,8) (0,88 - 6,15) (2,0 - 12,4) (14 - 38) (4,9 - 6,5)
360pht 7,6 223 93 15,4 1,39 3,73 - 0,14

(7,4 - 7,7) (172 - 370) (41 - 216) (9,3 - 34,0) (0,15 - 3,7) (0,8 - 8,7) (0,1 - 0,18)
~ 199 ~
Bng14. 9: S thay i thnh phn nc thi trong iu kin hiu kh : thiu kh l 3:1 theo thi
gian trong 360 pht.
Thng pH Kim COD N-NH3 N-NO2- N-NO3- TKN Oxy ho
s (mg (mgO2/l) (mgN/l) (mgN/l) (mgN/l) (mgN/l) tan
Thi CaCO3/l)
(mg/l)
gian TN
u vo 6,9 244 876 21,3 - - 42 -
(6,4 - 7,2) (196 - 360) (567 - 1730) (9,4 - 37,5) (33 -72)
90pht 7,5 254 416 27,0 1,25 5,36 - 3,48

(7,4 - 7,7) (218 - 408) (195 - 781) (19,7 - 47,8) (0,33 - 1,98) (2,75 - 8,7) (0,8 - 5,3)
120pht 7,5 258 398 27,0 0,24 3,72 - 0,14

(7,3 - 7,8) (214 - 420) (183 - 751) (19,1 - 48,2) (0,08 - 0,5) (2,45 - 4,8) (0,12 - 0,18)
210pht 7,5 236 186 23,9 1,74 5,03 - 4,6

(7,4 - 7,7) (198 - 410) (63 - 318) (12,2 - 45,9) (0,23 - 2,74) (2,0 - 10,6) (2,3 - 6,2)
240pht 7,5 347 175 23,5 0,52 3,24 - 0,16

(7,3 - 7,7) (192 - 420) (61 - 308) (14,4 - 43,6) (0,08 - 1,46) (1,9 - 5,8) (0,12 - 0,2)
330pht 7,6 211 102 15,7 2,61 5,36 21 5,29

(7,4 - 7,7) (156 - 372) (43 - 202) (9,2 - 34,6) (1,11 - 4,72) (2,5 - 9,8) (14 - 35) (3,85 - 6,7)
360pht 7,5 217 97 15,7 1,53 3,56 - 0,15

(7,5 - 7,7) (160 - 370) (34 - 201) (9,4 - 33,9) (0,08 - 4,11) (1,0 - 7,5) (0,11 - 0,21)
Hiu qu x l COD ca c hai phng thc x l l rt cao, t trn 90% (93,8 v 94,8%)
sau 360 pht th nghim. Hiu qu x l COD hai thit b sau 360 pht khng khc nhau.
giai on u ca sc kh, thit b hot ng vi t l thi gian 3:1 c hiu sut x l COD cao
v t 52,5% sau 90 pht, cn thit b hot ng vi t l thi gian 2:1 t 43,5% sau 60 pht.
Khi thi gian hot ng ko di th hiu qu x l ca c hai thit b u tng ln, nhng tc
phn hu cht hu c ca hai thit b cng gim dn. Trong thit b hot ng vi t l thi gian
3:1, sau 90 pht hiu qu t 52,5% nhng sau thi gian 210 v 330 pht ch tng ln tng ng
26% v 9,8%. Trong thit b hot ng vi t l thi gian 2:1, sau thi gian 60, 150, 240, 330
pht hiu sut x l COD tng tng ng l 43,5%, 22,5%, 16,5% v 6,2% (bng 14. 10).
T bng s liu 14. 8, 14. 9 cho thy, trong giai on thiu kh COD ca nc thi cng
gim. Vi th nghim c t l thi gian sc kh : khuy trn l 2:1 th trong 30 pht cc pha
khuy khc nhau COD gim 5,3%, 6,0%, 4,6% v 6,1%, vi th nghim c t l thi gian sc kh
: khuy trn l 3:1 cc gi tr tng ng l 4,3%, 5,9% v 4,9%. Giai on thiu kh ng gp
22% trong th nghim vi t l 2:1 v 15,1% trong th nghim vi t l 3:1 ca khong 90% hiu
qu loi b COD ca c qu trnh.
Bng 14. 10: Hiu qu x l COD (%) theo thi gian trong giai on hiu kh v thiu kh.
~ 200 ~
T l thi gian sc kh v T l thi gian sc kh v khuy

khuy l 2:1 l 3:1
Thi gian Hiu sut x l COD Thi gian Hiu sut x l COD
th nghim trung bnh (%) th nghim trung bnh (%)
60pht 43,5 90pht 52,5
90pht 48,8 120pht 56,8
150pht 66,0 210pht 78,8
180pht 72,0 240pht 84,7
240pht 82,5 330pht 88,9
270pht 87,1 360pht 93,8
330pht 88,7
360pht 94,8
2000 u vo
COD, mgO2/l
1800 Sau 60 pht

1600 Sau 150 pht
1400
Sau 240 pht
1200
1000 Sau 330 pht
800
600
400
200
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Th t th nghim, t
Hnh 14. 7. S bin thin COD ca nc thi trong th nghim
vi t l thi gian sc kh v khuy l 2:1
~ 201 ~
Phn COD gim i trong giai on khuy trn (giai on thiu kh) chnh l phn COD tham
gia vo phn ng kh nitrit, nitrat. Trong th nghim vi t l 2:1 hiu qu x l COD cao hn
cht t so vi th nghim kia.
2000 u vo
1800 Sau 90 pht
COD, mgO2/l
1600 Sau 210 pht

1400
Sau 330 pht
1200
1000
800
600
400
200
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Th t th nghim, t
Hnh 14. 8. S bin thin COD ca nc thi trong th nghim

vi t l thi gian sc kh v khuy l 3:1.
Hiu qu x l hp cht nit

Mc ch ca th nghim s dng thit b hot ng gin on loi b nit, da vo
ngun carbon sn c trong nc thi. Qu trnh loi b nit c thc hin qua hai giai on: sc
kh (iu kin hiu kh) v khuy trn (iu kin thiu kh).
Trong iu kin hiu kh vi y oxy ho tan, hai chng vi sinh d dng (x l cht
hu c, COD) v vi sinh t dng (chuyn ho amoni thnh nitrat) cng tn ti trong thit b. T
l gia hai chng vi sinh ny ph thuc nhiu vo t l gia hp cht hu c vi hp cht cha
nit (COD/NKT) [8]. Trong giai on ny, cht hu c v amoni u c oxy ho, amoni
chuyn thnh nitrit, nitrat. Trong iu kin thiu kh, vi sinh kh nitrat (denitrifier) s pht trin
v da vo ngun cacbon trong nc thi, chng chuyn ho nitrit, nitrat thnh kh nit. Yu t
oxy ho tan c mt trong nc thi giai on ny s c ch kh nng hot ng ca chng.
So snh cc gi tr amoni v TKN (tng nit Kjeldahl l nit nm trong cc hp cht hu c
v trong amoni) sau 360 pht, cho thy rng qu trnh chuyn ho cc hp cht nit c hai thit
b hot ng gin on l gn tng t nhau (hnh 14. 9). Sau 360 pht th nghim, gi tr amoni
cc thit b gim khng nhiu, t 21,3 xung 15,5 15,7 mgN/l, nhng hiu sut loi b TKN
t ti 50% (gim t 41,7 xung 20,5 21,1 mgN/l). iu ny chng t cc hp cht cha nit
~ 202 ~
c thu phn thnh amoni, mt phn amoni chuyn ho thnh nitrit, nitrat v tham gia vo cu
to t bo vi sinh.
cc giai on sc kh, s hnh thnh nitrit, nitrat u c xu hng tng ln theo thi gian v
theo s gim nng cht hu c (bng 14. 8 v 14. 9). iu ny xy ra l do sau khi loi b
c phn ln COD, vi sinh vt t dng oxy ho amoni c iu kin pht trin khng b cnh
tranh bi vi sinh vt d dng.
80
u vo
70
Sau 330 pht vi t l 2:1
60
TKN, mgN/l
50 Sau 330 pht vi t l 3:1
40
30
20
10
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Th t th nghim, t
Hnh 14. 9. S bin thin TKN ca nc thi trong th nghim

vi t l thi gian sc kh : khuy l 2:1 v 3:1.
Trong giai on thiu kh, xy ra c qu trnh kh, nitrit v nitrat cn c cht hu c.

T s liu bng 14. 11 cho thy hiu sut kh nitrit l tng i cao v hn hiu sut kh nitrat.
Trong thi gian 30 pht ca chu k thiu kh, hiu qu kh nitrit t t 54,3% n 78,1% th
nghim vi t l 2:1 v t 41,4% n 80,8% th nghim vi t l 3:1 (hnh 14. 10 v 14. 11),
trong khi hiu qu kh nitrat ch t cao nht l 39,3%. iu chng t qu trnh kh nitrit xy
ra nhanh hn so vi nitrat. l yu t c li v phng din vn hnh: tn oxy cp cho qu
trnh oxy ho nitrit thnh nitrat v lng cht hu c tng ng.
Bng 14. 11 Hiu sut kh nitrit, nitrat

T l thi gian sc kh v khuy T l thi gian sc kh v khuy l
l 2:1 3:1
Giai on Hiu sut kh trung Giai on thiu Hiu sut kh trung
thiu kh bnh (%) kh bnh (%)
NO2- NO3- NO2- NO3-
~ 203 ~
Pha 1: 30pht 59,7 28,2 Pha 1: 30pht 80,8 35,6

Pha 2: 30pht 78,1 31,5 Pha 2: 30pht 70,1 35,6
Pha 3: 30pht 61,8 36,4 Pha 3: 30pht 41,4 33,8
Pha 4: 30pht 54,3 39,3
7 Sau 60 pht
Sau 90 pht
NO2-, mgN/l
6
Sau 150 pht
5 Sau 180 pht
Sau 240 pht

4
Sau 270 pht
3 Sau 330 pht
Sau 360 pht

2
0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Th t th nghim, t
Hnh 14. 10. S bin thin NO2- ca nc thi trong th nghim

vi t l thi gian sc kh v khuy l 2:1
~ 204 ~
5 Sau 90 pht
NO2-, mgN/l
Sau 120 pht

4
Sau 210 pht

3
Sau 240 pht
2
Sau 330 pht
1 Sau 360 pht
0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
-1
Th t th nghim, t
Hnh 14. 11: S bin thin NO2- ca nc thi trong th nghim

vi t l thi gian sc kh v khuy l 3:1.
T kt qu nh gi qu trnh phn hu thiu kh (trc hoc sau thiu kh) c thc hin
thng qua k thut gin on cho thy:
- Qu trnh kh nitrat c tc nhanh hn nhiu (khong 3 ln) so vi qu trnh oxy ho amoni.
- Hp cht trung gian ca qu trnh oxy ho amoni l nitrit trong nhiu trng hp c nng
kh cao v qu trnh kh n v dng kh nit xy ra vi tc cao hn so vi nitrat.
- Kh nitrit v kh nit s thun li hn v phng din cp kh t hn cho qu trnh hiu kh (
oxy ho nitrit thnh nitrat v lng cht hu c tng ng trong giai on ) v cn t lng
cht hu c cho qu trnh kh do ho tr ca nit trong nitrit l +3 v trong nitrat l +5.
- x l hp cht nit, h thng lp ghp ni tip cc cp hiu kh- thiu kh s mang li hiu
qu cao hn c v phng din cht lng v gi thnh vn hnh.
14. 3. Hiu qu x l dinh dng ca thy thc vt.
Thc vt nc c vai tr rt quan trng trong x l nhim nc thi. Trong khi vi sinh vt
tham gia trc tip vo qu trnh phn hu cht hu c v to ra cc cht v c (nit, photpho,
cc cht khong khc...) cho thc vt s dng th nhiu loi thc vt nc c th cung cp O 2
tng cng qu trnh phn hu hiu kh cc cht hu c. tng trng, thc vt nc hp th
~ 205 ~
tch cc v ng ho cc hp cht v c dng NO3-, NH4+, PO43-... y chnh l mt trong

nhng c ch quan trng khi s dng thu thc vt lm sch nc thi.
Cn ni thm l bn cnh cc phng php ho-l v phng php sinh hc s dng vi sinh
vt x l nc thi, thc vt nc hin nay ang l i tng c quan tm do c nhng u
im chnh sau y:
- Tng trng nhanh nn hp th cc cht khong nhanh,
- S dng thc vt nc l phng php thn thin mi trng,
- Gi thnh x l thp,
- Sinh khi sau x l c th tn dng cho chn nui, sn xut kh metan, protein, lm phn bn.
14. 3. 1. i tng v phng php nghin cu.
* Ngun thi: Nc thi thu sn sau cng on x l ym kh (UASB) c nng NH4+ di

100 mg/L. Th nghim ngng chu NH4+ ca rau mung v bo tm c tin hnh trn nn
nc thi ny vi vic b sung thm NH4+ di dng mui NH4Cl.
* Thc vt nc
+ Bo Tm: Lemna minor L. thuc h Bo tm - Lemnaceae. Bo tm thuc loi thu sinh
mc ni. Thn l tn hnh thu knh li rng 4-5 mm, mang mt r v mc chi thnh thn khc.
Thng c hai hoa c vi 2 nh v 1 hoa ci vi 1 bu.
Bo tm mc ph bin khp th gii trong cc ao, m. y l loi thc vt c hoa nh nht.
Bo tm l i tng tt cho nghin cu sinh ho, sinh hc pht trin, quang hp v kh nng
chng chu c t. V tc sinh trng rt nhanh v hm lng protein th c th t ti 40- 43
% nn bo tm l loi thc n rt tt cho gia sc, gia cm.
+ Rau mung. Ipomoea aquatica Forsk. thuc h bm bm- Convolvulaceae. Cy mc b
nc hay trn cn. Thn rng, dy, c nhng t, mt ngoi nhn, l hnh ba cnh, u nhn,
nhng cng c khi hp v di. Hoa to mu trng hay tm. Qu hnh cu, ng knh 7-9 mm.
Hoa n vo ma thu.
Rau mung phn b rng ti Vit Nam. Rau mung c dng lm rau cho ngi v cho gia
sc, gia cm. Thnh phn ho hc ca rau mung bao gm 92% nc, hn 3% protit, 2,5%
gluxit, 1 % xenluloza, 1-2 % hp cht v c. Rau cha nhiu Fe, P v Ca v mt vi vitamin C,
B, PP, B2.
* Cc phng php nghin cu
Cc phng php sau y c s dng tin hnh nghin cu:
- Xc nh nng NH4- bng phng php Nessler.
~ 206 ~
- Xc nh nng NO3- bng phng php Brucine.

- Xc nh nng P tng.
- Xc nh COD.
- Xc nh tc tng trng: cn trc tip sinh khi ti bng cn k thut
- Tnh ton thi gian nhn i sinh khi:
tg = ln2 / R m R = lnW-lnW0 / T
Trong W l sinh khi ban u; W0 - sinh khi sau thi gian sinh trng T (ngy).
- Xc nh DO.
- o cng nh sng bng my Luximeter YU-116, Nga
Th nghim trng cy c tin hnh trong cc chu nha 10 l hoc chu s 6 l. Trc khi ly
mu phn tch, dung dch nui trong chu c b sung nc my n vch xc nh nhm
thay th lng nc bc hi. Cc s liu o c l trung bnh ca 3 ln lp li.
Trong thi gian kho st, nhit mi trng nm trong khong 27 - 34oC, cng nh
sng nm trong vng 3500 - 8500 lux.
nh gi ngng chu nng amoni ca thy thc vt.

Mi loi thc vt ch c kh nng tn ti v pht trin trong mi trng c nng cht dinh
dng nht nh. Nng dinh dng qu cao gy bt li cho cy trng, thm ch git cht
chng, th hin sm nht l hin tng chy (kh) l.
Bo tm c nui trng trong mi trng nc c nng amoni t 50 - 350 mg/l. Kt qu
nhn c t th nghim cho thy: trong vng nng amoni 200 - 350 mg/l bo tm ch tn ti
c ba ngy, cht hon ton sau by ngy k t khi nui.
Khc vi bo tm, rau mung c kh nng chu ng v pht trin bnh thng trong vng
nng amoni t 50 - 350 mg/l. Tc tng trng ca rau mung khc nhau khng nhiu
trong vng nng kho st.
14. 3. 2. nh gi hiu qu x l dinh dng ca thy thc vt.
Nc thi thy sn sau x l ym kh c nng amoni l 20,6 mg NH4 -N/l v tng photpho
l 3,6 mg P/l. Bo tm c nui trng trong mi trng nc trn. Theo di s bin i cc
thng s amoni, nitrat, photpho v COD ca nc trong thi gian 10 ngy cng nh mc tng
trng sinh khi ca h nghin cu. Kt qu c trnh by trong bng 14. 12.
~ 207 ~
Bng 14. 12. nh gi kh nng loi b nit v P ca bo tm

Thi gian th Tng trng NH4+ NO3- P tng COD
nghim (ngy) (gr ti) ( mg/l) (mg/l) (mg/l) (mg/l)
0 40,0 20,6 0,1 3,6 60,0
3 71,2 18,7 0,2 3,1 46,0
5 99,3 13,5 0,3 2,5 44,6
7 138,0 11,7 0,3 2,5 37,2
10 160,3 1,1 0,5 1,2 30,7
Cng vi th nghim tng t nhng vi nng amoni ban u ln hn (88 mg/l) v thi
gian kho st di hn (14 ngy), kt qu c trnh by trong bng 14.13.
Mt s kt qu v nhn xt:
- Vi mi trng c nng amoni nh hn 150 mg/l, bo tm c th tn ti v pht trin.
- Bo tm pht trin nhanh, t thi gian th h trong 5 - 7 ngy.
- pH v oxy ha tan dao ng khng nhiu, ni cch khc s c mt ca bo tm t gy nh
hng n oxy ha tan v pH ca mi trng.
- Kh nng x l NO3 v P ca bo tm khng cao.
- COD gim kh nhiu nhng nguyn nhn trc tip c l khng phi do bo tm.
Bng 14. 13. nh gi kh nng loi b N v P ca bo tm

0 30 88,0 0,3 3,1 183
2 37 62,5 0,1 0,7 79
5 50 44,3 0,8 0,5 77
7 70 35,6 0,8 1,0 65
9 90 11,3 2,0 0,2 64
14 129 0,25 0,2 0,1 40
Th nghim vi rau mung cng c tin hnh tng t nh i vi bo tm, kt qu c

trnh by trong bng 14. 14, 14. 15.
~ 208 ~
Bng 14. 14. nh gi kh nng loi b N v P ca rau mung (t 1).

0 150 20,8 0,1 3,2 55,0
3 - 13,5 0,2 2,9 45,0
5 - 2,3 0,3 3,8 43,5
7 - 1,8 0,3 3,1 42,4
10 170,5 0,8 0,2 3,1 34,6
So vi bo tm kh nng x l dinh dng ca rau mung khc vi bo tm c im:

- Kh nng hp thu NO3-, P ca rau mung thp.
- Tc tng trng sinh khi ca bo tm chm hn nhiu (thi gian tng trng gp i trong
t 1 l 53 ngy, t hai l 27,9 ngy).
- Kh nng loi b COD thp.
Bng 14. 15. nh gi kh nng loi b nit v P ca rau mung (t 2).

0 200 88,0 0,3 3,1 183
2 - 52,0 0,2 1,5 92
5 - 39,5 0,7 0,5 84
7 - 27,9 1,3 0,3 52
9 - 2,1 1,1 0,4 34
14 282,7 0,7 0,2 0,2 32
T cc kt qu thu c cho php nhn xt: vi cc c s sn xut nh, iu kin a hnh

rng ri, nc thi c th x l bng cch kt hp x l ym kh v nui thy thc vt.
14. 4. Mt vi nhn xt t kt qu nghin cu.
~ 209 ~
Phi hp kt qu nghin cu t phng th nghim cng vi kinh nghim thu c t xy

dng, vn hnh cc h thng x l nc thi ti Nng (F 10), Phan Thit (Hi Nam), Qung
Ninh v Thanh Ha c th rt ra mt s nhn xt sau:
Tch loi cht rn.

Hm lng cht rn trong nc thi thu sn kh ln, kch thc rt khc nhau, hon ton c
th s dng lm nguyn liu sn xut cc sn phm ph (thc n gia sc). Chng rt d b
phn hu v tit ra cht gy nhim vo dng nc thi, gp 60 70% ti lng nhim tng.
Tch chng ra khi dng nc thi sm l mc tiu t ra.
Qua kho st ti hin trng v nghin cu cho thy: bin php dng li, song chn rc t
hiu qu thp do nhiu thnh phn trong c bm dnh cao, gy tc dng chy, cng vic v
sinh li chn rc kh vt v.
Phng php lng s cp vi thi gian lu thu lc 10 15 pht v vi ti trng b mt 2
m .m-2.h-1 c hiu qu tch kh tt nhng giai on tch bn lng kh khn do linh ng ca
3
cc cht rn thp (xng, vy c), do khng th tch bn lin tc nn chng b ngm lu trong
nc, tit ra cht gy nhim. Do ngm lu trong nc cht lng ca chng gim khi s dng
lm nguyn liu sn xut ph phm.
K thut tch cht thi rn v vy c tp trung vo thit b lc dng tang trng quay. N p
ng c cc tiu ch: khng gy tc dng, loi b nhanh cht rn ra khi dng thi, kch thc
ca cc phn t rn c th vt c ch ph thuc vo kch thc ca mt li lc, d c kh ho
nhm gim thiu lao ng nng nhc.
X l vi sinh ym kh.
Kt qu kho st phn hy nc thi ch bin thy sn trong iu kin ym kh cho thy:
- Hiu qu x l ca k thut ym kh i vi COD ca nc thi thu sn t 70 80% vi thi
gian lu thu lc l 8 gi.
- Yu t nh hng n hiu qu x l COD l mt vi sinh, kh nng tip xc (chuyn khi)
v thi gian lu, trong hai yu t u c tc ng mnh hn.
- X l ym kh theo phng thc ni tip cho hiu qu cao hn so vi phng thc mt giai
on vi cng cc thng s k thut (thi gian lu thu lc, mt vi sinh).
- Hiu sut hnh thnh kh metan thp nn vic thu hi chng cc c s sn xut qui m nh c
li ch kinh t khng ln.
- Kh nng loi b hp cht nit, photpho trong h x l ym kh n c khng cao, s suy
gim ca cc thnh phn trn ch l phn tham gia vo thnh phn cu to t bo.
- Trong thnh phn cht gy nhim, c mt t l cht rt kh phn hu di iu kin ym kh,
chng chim 20 30% ca COD dng tan.
~ 210 ~
X l vi sinh hiu kh.

Phng php bn hot tnh hot ng theo phng thc mt v hai giai on ni tip c s
dng nh gi hiu qu ca qu trnh x l. c trng c quan tm kho st l s cnh
tranh gia hai tp on vi sinh d dng (x l BOD, COD) v loi t dng (oxy ho amoni
thnh nitrit v nitrat). Kt qu nhn c cho thy:
- Phng php bn hot tnh l k thut x l rt c hiu qu i vi nc thi ch bin thu sn.
Hiu qu x l t ti 90% vi thi gian lu khong 8 gi trong khong nhit rng v vi
mt vi sinh l 3 g/l. Hiu qu x l COD trong phng thc mt hoc ni tip hai giai on
khc nhau khng ng k. Tc phn hu COD chm dn theo thi gian nn c c
sch su ca nc sau x l cn phi ko di thi gian lu thu lc.
- Trong iu kin hiu kh, qu trnh thu phn hp cht nit thnh amoni khng nhanh, n c
tnh tng hp tt vi qu trnh oxy ho amoni (chm sau ).
- So vi phn hu COD, oxy ho amoni thnh nitrat c tc chm hn nhiu, tc oxy ho
amoni, ngc li vi phn hu COD tng ln theo thi gian v hiu sut oxy ho amoni trong
thit b mc ni tip t kt qu cao hn so vi qu trnh mt giai on.
- Thnh phn nit trong nc thi thu sn lun d so vi nhu cu to thnh t bo ca vi sinh
vt. Mun t cht lng cao v ch tiu nit cn c thm x l thiu kh hay cc bin php b
sung khc do qu trnh kh nitrat trong qu trnh x l hiu kh xy ra khng ng k.
- X l hiu kh ring r khng c kh nng loi b trit photpho. Kt ta photphat vi mui
nhm trong b lng th cp l phng n thun li v kh n gin.
Loi b hp cht nit theo s t hp hiu kh thiu kh.

d p dng kt qu t phng th nghim vo thc t x l nc thi ch bin thu sn, qu
trnh x l ng thi COD v hp cht nit c nh gi theo phng php m k tip giai
on. Kt qu nhn c cho thy:
- Qu trnh kh nitrat c tc nhanh hn khong 3 ln so vi tc oxy ho amoni.
- S suy gim COD trong giai on thiu kh ng gp khong 20% vo hiu qu x l COD
tng th ca h.
- Hp cht trung gian ca qu trnh oxy ho amoni l nitrit c kh v nit c tc nhanh hn
so vi tc kh nitrat v nit.
- Kh nitrit v kh nit s thun li hn do tit kim c oxy oxy ho nitrit v nitrat v oxy
ho lng cht hu c trong giai on . T kt qu ny dn ti vic s dng cu hnh lp
ghp ni tip cc cp hiu kh thiu kh s mang li hiu qu cao hn cc s khc trong
nhng iu kin c th.
Kh nng x l ca thu thc vt.
~ 211 ~
Bo tm v rau mung c chn lm i tng nghin cu. Kt qu nh gi cho thy:

- C bo tm v rau mung u c tc dng x l COD, amoni, kh nng x l photpho khng
cao.
- Kh nng thch ng ca bo tm v rau mung i vi nng amoni l khc nhau. Bo tm
sinh trng tt vng nng amoni nh hn 150 mg/l, trong khi rau mung sinh trng, pht
trin tt khong nng 50 350 mg/l.
- Hiu qu x l amoni v COD ca bo tm ln hn ca rau mung do tc tng trng sinh
khi ln hn, do hm lng nit trong sinh khi cao hn.
- Kh nng x l hp cht nit dng nitrat ca c bo tm v rau mung khng cao.
~ 212 ~
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1. Cm nang k thut cho ngnh ch bin hi sn. Chuyn kim sot nhim cng
nghip. Jun Takeda/ cng ty TNHH t vn v mi trng Nht Bn. Takayuki
Suzuki/cng ty EBARA. 11/1995.
2. X l nc thi trong ngnh ch bin thy sn. Cng ty NIRAS (an Mch), H Ni 9 -
2001.
3. B. Demirel, O. Yenigun. Two phase anaerobic digestion process: a review. J. Chem.
Technol. Biotechnol. Vol. 77, 743 - 755.
4. D. P. Kunte, T. Y. Yeole. Two - stage anaerobic degesition process for complete
inactivation of enteric bacterial pathogens in human night soil. Wat. Sci. Technol. Vol.
50, No. 6, 103 - 108 (2004).
5. W. H. Harber, D. C. Stucky. The use of anaerobic baffled reactor (ABR) for wastewater
treatment. A review. Wat. Res. Vol. 33, No. 7, 1599 - 1578 (1999).
6. P. Dama, J. Bell. Pilot - scale study of an anaerobic baffled reactor for the treatment of
domestic wastewater. Wat. Sci. Technol. Vol. 46, No. 9, 263 - 270 (2002).
7. M. H. Christensen, P. Harremos. Biological denitrification of sewage. A literature review.
Progr. Wat. Sci. Technol. Vol. 8, 509 - 521 (1977).
8. C. P. L. Grady, H. C. Lim. Biological wastewater treatment. Theory and application.
Marcel Dekker, New York 1980.
Bng k hiu v vit tt
BOD: Nhu cu oxy sinh ha (biological oxygen demand)
COD: Nhu cu oxy ha hc (chemical oxygen demand)

d: n v thi gian: ngy (day).
F/M: T l thc n/vi sinh vt (food/microorganisms ratio)

h: n v thi gian: gi (hour)
k: H s tiu th c cht ring cc i (m/Y, maximum rate of substrate utilisation)
kp: Hng s phn hy ni sinh (endogenous decay coeficient)
~ 241 ~
KS: Hng s bn bo ha (half velocity constant), S (substrat) c thay th bi bt

k mt dng c cht no , v d oxy (KDO), nit (KN)...
SK: Sinh khi

SKHH: Sinh khi hu hiu, t l hao ht sinh khi khi t chy ti 550oC (volatile
suspended solid)
SS: Cht rn khng tan, kch thc ln hn 0,45 m (suspended solid)
SVI: Ch s bn - th tch 1 g bn chim ch trng thi lng (sludge volume index)

TKN: Tng nit Kjehdahl, nit trong amoni/amoniac v hp cht hu c (total
Kjehdahl nitrogen)
TN: Tng nit (total nitrogen)
TOC: Tng carbon hu c (total organic carbon)

TP: Tng photpho (total phosphorus)
U: Tc tiu th c cht ring - tc tiu th c cht tnh theo n v khi lng

vi sinh (specific substrate utilization rate)
VFA: Axit bo d bay hi (volatile fatty acid)

Y: Hiu sut sinh khi (t l to thnh sinh khi trn c s lng c cht tiu hao
(biological yield coeficient)
Y: Hiu sut sinh khi thc - lng sinh khi hnh thnh tr i lng hao ht do
phn hy ni sinh (observed, net yield coefficient)
: Thi gian lu thy lc (hydraulic retention time)
c: Thi gian lu t bo (cell retention time, sludge age, solid retention time)
~ 242 ~

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L Vn Ct

X l nc thi giu hp cht nit v photpho

NH XUT BN KHOA HC T NHIN V CNG NGH

Chin lc kim sot nhim hp cht nit,

Bng 1. 1. Tiu chun thi i vi cht dinh dng ca EU theo mc gim

Cht nhim Nng thi Mc gim thiu t nht

Ngoi vn kim sot dinh dng trong nc thi, trong hot ng sn

Bng 1. 3. Tiu chun ho h thng cng ngh x l qui m ln.

Qui m phc BOD/COD/SS/N/P BOD/N Cng ngh

Bng 1. 4. Tiu chun ho cng ngh h x l qui m nh.

Vng vnh Chesapeake bc M nm gia cc bang Maryland,

Nguyn t nit l thnh phn lun c mt trong c th ng, thc vt sng

Bng 2. 1. Trng thi ho tr ca nguyn t nit trong hp cht ha hc.

Hp cht Cng thc ha hc Ha tr

Dinit oxit N2O +1

Nit dioxit NO2 +4

Trong mi trng nc t nhin, cc hp cht amoniac, hp cht hu c

2. 1. 1. Ngun nc thi sinh hot.

Thnh phn nit trong thc n ca ngi v ng vt ni chung ch c

Thng s m (g/ngi/ngy) C(x) (mg/l) C(R) (mg/l)

BOD 85 450 187

COD 198 1050 436

Cn khng tan 95 503 209

NH3-N 7,8 41,2 17,2

TKN-N 13,3 70,4 29,3

P-Hu c 1,23 6,5 2,7

P-V c 2,05 10,8 4,5

P-tng 3,28 17,3 7,2

Mc nhim nit v photpho trong nc thi t bp nu n v t cc

Bng 2. 3. c trng nhim nc thi sinh hot [1].

2. 1. 2. Ngun nc thi cng nghip.

nhim do hp cht nit, photpho t sn xut cng nghip lin quan ch

Bng 2. 4. Nng nit tng trong nc thi cng nghip[7, 8, 9].

Ngun Nng nit tng (mg/l) (khong)

2. 1. 3. Ngun thi t nng nghip, chn nui.

Canh tc nng nghip v nguyn tc phi bn phn m v ln cho cy

Bng 2. 5. Thnh phn chnh trong phn ti ca mt s loi nui (gi tr

Phn loi nui m (%) N (%) P2O5 (%) K2O (%)

B tht 85 0,5 0,2 0,5

B sa 85 0,7 0,5 0,5

Gia cm 72 1,2 1,3 0,6

Ln 82 0,5 0,3 0,4

D, cu 77 1,4 0,5 0,2

mt s nc, c bit l ng nam v Vit Nam c ngh nui thu

Bng 2. 6. Mc nhim trung bnh v khong nhim trong ao nui c da

Bng 2. 7. Mc nhim trong ao nui tm ph thuc vo mt nui

Thng s Mt nui (con/m2)

Rc thi sinh hot t cc th, thnh ph c khi lng kh ln. Ti cc

2. 2. Chu trnh trong t nhin.

Hin tng ph dng l mt khi nim dng ch mt ngun nc, trong

Chu trnh hiu kh.

Cht trong thc Sn phm trung gian

Hnh 2. 1. Chu trnh hiu kh.

Chu trnh ym kh.

Cht trong thc Sn phm trung gian

Hnh 2. 2. Chu trnh ym kh.

Amoniac To sinh T bo nit T bo

Hnh 2. 3. Chu trnh nit.

Phn bn Photpho hu c P trong thc n Khng kh

P n P trong to P-hu c P-hu Nc

P-Ca Ca, Al, Fe P (Al, Fe)

Hnh 2. 4. Chu trnh photpho.

Trc khi trnh by chi tit v cc qu trnh x l hp cht nit,