Ang parusang kamatayan, pangunahing parusa, o parusang

kapital, ay isang pagbitay, o pagsasagawa ng parusang

kamatayan ng isang pamahalaan bilang parusa para sa isang
krimen kadalasang tinatawag na isang opensang kapital o isang
krimeng kapital. Sa kasaysayan, ginagamit ang pagbitay sa mga
kriminal at mga kalaban sa politika ng halos lahat ng mga lipunan
sa pamamagitan ng prosesong hudisyal o sa adhikaing
pampolitika katulad ng pagsupil ng pampolitika na pagtutol. Sa
mga demokratikong mga bansa sa buong mundo, karamihan ang
mga Europeo at Latino Amerikanong bansa ang nagtanggal ng
parusang kamatayan (maliban sa Estados Unidos, Guatemala at
ng Karibe), habang pinapanatili ito ng mga demokrasya sa Asya
at Aprika. Sa mga hindi demokratikong mga bansa, karaniwan
ang paggamit ng parusang kamatayan. Panahon ng Kastila (1521-
1898) Ilan sa paraan ng parusang kamatayan na ginamit ng
mga Kastila ay pagsunog, pagpugot ng ulo, paglunod, garote,
pagbitay, pagbaril, pagsaksak at iba pa. Sa Codigo Penal ng
1848, ipinataw ang sentensyang kamatayan sa mga Pilipinong
tutol sa pamamahala ng mga Kastila. Panahon ng Amerikano
(1989-1934) Ginamit ang parusang bitay sa kampanyang
pacification ng mga Amerikano at upang supilin ang
mithiing pagsasarili ng mga Pilipino. Ipinasa ang Sedition Law,
Brigandage Act, Reconcentration Act at Flag Law upang
pagtibayin ang marahas na parusa, kabilang na ang death
penalty, sa mga makabayang Pilipino. Nang rebisahin ang
Codigo Penal noong 1932, idinagdag sa lista ng capital offense
(mga krimeng mapaparusahan ng bitay) ang treason, parisidyo,
pamimirata, kidnapping, murder, panggagahasa at robbery with
homicide. Japanese Occupation (1941-1945) Walang
nakatalang nabitay sa panahong ito dahil laganap naman ang
extrajudicial na pagpatay. Pagkatapos ng Ikalawang Digma
Idinagdag ang espionage sa mga krimeng may parusang bitay. Sa
ilalim ng Anti- Subversion Law, ang mga lider Komunista ay
papatawan ng parusang kamatayan. Presidente Marcos (1965-
1986) Nadagdagan at naging 24 ang mga krimeng may
parusang kamatayan, kabilang na ang subersyon, arson,
hijacking, illegal fishing, cattle rustling, unlawful possession of
firearms, atbp. Deterrence ang naging opisyal na
kadahilanan sa pagpataw ng death penalty. Ito rin ang gagawing
batayan sa pagpataw ng Batas Militar noong 1972. Presidente
Corazon Aquino (1986-1992) Sa ilalim ng 1987 Saligang
Batas, inabolish ang parusang kamatayan. Lahat ng sentensyang
kamatayan ay ibinaba sa reclusion perpetua. Ngunit noong 1988,
nagsimulang mag-lobby ang militari na ibalik ang parusang bitay
para sa mga krimeng kaugnay ng insurgency. Presidente Fidel
Ramos (1993-1998) Bilang reaksyon sa mga krimeng
high-profile, nagkarooon ng sapantahang tumataas ang
karumal-dumal na krimen. Ipinasa ang RA 7659 noong
Disyembre 1993 diumano upang masugpo ang sinasabing
tumataas na kriminalidad. 46 na krimen ang nakalista sa RA
7659 na maaring patawan ng kamatayan. Lethal injection
ang magiging paraan ng sentensyang kamatayan. Presidente
Joseph Estrada (1998-2001) Sa harap ng malawakang
kampanya laban sa death penalty, itinuloy ang pagpataw ng
parusa kay Leo Echegaray noong Pebrero 1999. Anim pang iba
ang sumunod kay Echegaray. Noong 1999, kung kailan
naganap ang karamihan sa execution, tumaas naman ang bilang
ng krimen sa bansa ng 15.3% kumpara sa nakaraang taon.
Nag-isyu ng de facto moratorium sa pagbitay si Presidente
Estrada kaalinsabay sa pagdaos ng Jubilee Year. Presidente Gloria
Arroyo (2001-2010) Sinabi ni Arroyo na hindi siya pabor sa
parusang kamatayan. Dala ng tumataas na bilang ng krimeng
may kaugnayan sa droga at kidnapping, inanunsyo ni Arroyo na
ibabalik niya ang pagbitay para matakot ang mga kriminal.
Noong Disyembre 5, 2003, tinanggal ni Arroyo ang moratorium sa
bitay. Noong Hunyo 2006, nilagdaan ni Arroyo ang batas na
nagpapawalang-bisa sa parusang kamatayan. Noong
Septyembre 2006 naman, nilagdaan ng Pilipinas ang Second
Optional Protocol sa International Covenant on Civil and Political
Rights (ICCPR). Kinikilala ng kasunduang ito ang karapatan ng
isang tao laban sa parusang kamatayan. Ipinagbabawal ng
Protocol ang pagpataw ng parusang kamatayan sa sinumang
mamamayan ng isang bansang lumagda sa nasabing protocol.
Tahasang ipinagbabawal din ang muling pagpapataw ng death
penalty. Dapat Isabatas Ang Parusang Kamatayan Ang bilang ng
mga kriminal sa Pilippinas ay lalong lumalaki. Tuwing tayo ay
nanunuod ng balita madalas nababalitaan natin na may
namamatay o may pinatay. Karapatan nating mga Pilipino na
protektahan ang ating bayan, sa pamamagitan ng pagbibigay
disiplina sa mga kriminal. Yung ibang tao ay aksidenteng
nakakapatay pero yung iba pumapatay para lang malibang sila.
Para sa akin dapat ipagpatuloy ang parusang kamatayan o ang
tinatawag na Death Penalty sa mga criminal para
mabawasan ang mga banta sa ating bayan. Hindi lahat ng mga
kriminal ay dapat hatulan ng parusang kamatayan pero yung iba
kailangan talaga tulad ng mga serial killers. Catherine
Abrahamson I am a fifth year doctoral student in the program.
Prior to attending UH, I received my bachelor s degree from
Wellesley College. I then taught history in Virginia for three years.
Wanting to combine my interests in education and psychology, I
obtained my masters degree in school psychology from
Teachers College, Columbia University. For my LSSP license, I
completed practicums in NYC and my internship with Ft. Worth
Independent School District. I am currently a practicum student at
the University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston. I have
previously completed practicums at the University of Houston
Speech, Language, and Hearing Clinic, Texas Children s
Hospital, and MHMRA. My research interests include children with
chronic health conditions, early intervention, parent knowledge of
child development, and developmental assessment with children
born preterm. I have participated in research labs at the
University of Houston and the University of Texas Health Science
Center. Please feel free to contact me with any questions about
my experience as a student in the program. cwisenberg@uh.edu
Manju Elizabeth Alexander (Eliza) Manju Elizabeth Alexander
(Eliza) I am a third year doctoral student in the School Psychology
Program. My pre-doctoral educational training and professional
experience have both been in India. I have a Bachelor s degree
in Psychology, and a Masters degree in Applied Psychology
(Counseling and Psychotherapy). Following my Master s I
worked for 5 years as a School Counselor. I have completed
school psychology practicum at Deer Park Independent School
District. Currently my practicum is at Psychological Services,
Houston Independent School District. My research interests
include Multicultural School Psychology, as well as training and
supervision in School Psychology. Post completion of doctoral
training, I would like to be a part of shaping policy, training and
practice that promotes competent delivery of educational and
psychological services to culturally and linguistically diverse
student populations. elizabethmanju@gmail.com Elizabeth Allain
Elizabeth Allain I am currently a 4th year graduate student in the
program. I have a Bachelor of Arts degree in Psychology from the
University of New Orleans and a Master s degree in Clinical
Mental Health Counseling from Loyola University in New Orleans. I
have experience working as a Psychometrician and Therapist in
clinical and rehabilitation settings. I am currently an advanced
practicum student in the Child Neuropsychology Program at Texas
Childrens Hospital in which I am receiving training in
comprehensive neuropsychological child and adolescent
assessment. Formerly, I completed practicums at the University of
Texas Health Science Center in Houston and Katy Independent
School District. For the past two years, I have been involved in a
double-blind randomized control trial in a study investigating
mental and behavioral health problems that are common among
children born preterm and their mothers. My main research
interests include pediatric school psychology and studying the
interaction effects among neurodevelopmental disorders of
children born preterm, maternal psychological well-being, and
child outcomes. Feel free to contact me at
allainelizabeth@gmail.com if you have any questions about the
program! Jacqueline Anderson I am a first year student in the UH
School Psychology program. I have my Master s degree in
Psychology from Cal State University, Fullerton. My primary
research interests are well-being, quantitative methods, positive
psychology, and program development. In the future, I would like
to work in academia, conduct research, and consult for program
evaluations. Outside of my academic interests, I like to work out
and cook. Also, I love trying new things and being outdoors. From
my experience so far at UH, I would have to say I love the
different opportunities available to us and that everyone is willing
to help! jacqranderson@gmail.com Sonia Babu Sonia Babu I am a
third year in the School Psychology PhD Program at the University
of Houston. I received a Bachelor's of Science in Psychology from
the University of Houston with a minor in Chemistry. My research
interests revolve around bilingualism and early childhood
development, in regards to cognitive implications, learning, and
academic achievement. Being at the University of Houston for
undergrad and grad school makes me feel like I know the campus
like the back of my hand. Please don't hesitate to ask me
directions or where the good study spots are. I enjoy arts and
crafts, having fun with my cohort, and spending time with my
family. soniababu@gmail.com Katherine Bergez I am a native
Houstonian, and recently earned my undergraduate degree from
Santa Clara University in California where I received my B.S. in
Psychology with a minor in Urban Education. My research
interests, stemming from an internship at a pediatric occupational
therapy clinic, revolve around the early detection and intervention
of autism spectrum disorders. I also have an interest in children
with chronic health conditions. My undergraduate research
experience includes three years as a research assistant and
project coordinator on a project, the Middle School Diversity
Project, examining the psychosocial benefits of ethnic diversity in
the classroom. I am currently completing my pre-practicum
rotation at a variety of diverse sites around the Houston area. In
my free time, I enjoy baking, running, and enjoying everything
Houston has to offer! katherinebergez@gmail.com Aaron Boyce
Hi. My name is Aaron Boyce and I started the program in 2010. I
am currently completing my APA accredited internship at the
Munroe Meyer Institute in Omaha, Nebraska in the Center for
Autism Spectrum Disorders. I had multiple excellent clinical
training opportunities while at the University of Houston including
Sheldon ISD, the Monarch School, MHMRA of Harris County, and
HealthBridge Children's Hospital. I am interested in interventions
for children with developmental disabilities and, more specifically,
pediatric feeding disorders. I currently have one peer-reviewed
publication and two professional newsletter publications. I have
presented fifteen total seminars, posters, and papers at various
local, national, and international conferences. Prior to my
graduate work at the University of Houston, I obtained a masters
in counseling from Stephen F. Austin and a Bachelors of Science
from Texas A&M. I enjoy talking to prospective students so feel
free to email me. aaron.boyce@yahoo.com Christie Brewton My
name is Christie Brewton and I am currently a fourth year student.
Before I started the program, I worked for three years as a
research coordinator for the Simons Simplex Collection project, a
nationwide genetic study for families with autism; I was also a
student ABA therapist for two years. While at UH, I have
completed my school practicum with Katy ISD and my first
advanced practicum with MHMRA - autism and ID services unit.
Currently, I am at the Harris County Juvenile Probation
Department (HCJPD). While a majority of my experiences so far
has been with youth and adults with ASD, I have recently
developed an interest in working with youth with other serious
psychological issues as well. I hope to develop that interest and
gain experience with that population at HCJPD this year and I am
simultaneously maintaining my interest in working with families
with ASD through involvement with the *Sparc (School Psychology
Autism Research Collaboration) research team led by Dr. Sarah
Mire. My conference experience includes attending and
presenting at local, national, and international conferences (i.e.,
TASP, NASP, APA, IMFAR) and I would strongly suggest to new
students to attend and present as often as you can. Please feel
free to contact me (cmbrewto@gmail.com) for ANY reason :)
Wishing everyone well this year! cmbrewto@gmail.com Natashia
Comeaux Greetings all! My name is Tasha and I d like to first
thank you for your interest in our School Psychology PhD
Program! I entered the program in the fall of 2009 and have been
falling in love with this program ever since! I am actually from
Houston and graduated from U of H with a B.S. in Human
Development and Family Studies and a minor in Psychology in
2008. Currently, I am interested in working with children
diagnosed with emotional and behavioral disorders and I have
also developed an emerging interest in the over-identification of
Black males in special education. I have completed my candidacy
research project and am currently working on my dissertation
examining parent and teacher perceptions of childhood diagnostic
labels. I have completed practicum placements at Cypress-
Fairbanks ISD, Katy ISD, The University of Texas-Harris County
Psychiatric Center, Texas Children s Hospital, and the ADHD
Summer Treatment Program in Miami, FL with Dr. William (Bill)
Pelham. Trust me, you will not get this array of experiences in any
other School Psychology program! If you have any questions
about applying to the program, my practica experiences, or life as
a graduate student in general, feel free to email me at
nlcomeaux@uh.edu. Now on to the fun stuff... I enjoy spending
time with my friends and family, my dog, and my fiance- we are
getting married next summer in the Dominican Republic! My
personal goals for this school year are to workout at least four
days a week and attend church every week. Feel free to check in
on me and see how well Im doing! nlcomeaux@uh.edu
__________________________________________________________________

INTRODUKSYON

Ang parusang kamatayan ay isang parusa na hinahatol sa

mga taong nakakagawa ngmabigat na krimen. Ito ay ginagawa
upang masiguradong hindi mauulit ang isang karumaldumalna
krimen. Ang parusang kamatayan ay nararapat sa mga taong
walang alam gawin kundi anggumawa na lamang ng kasamaan
na siyang nagpapababa sa tingin ng ibang mga bansa saatin.
Bilang isang mamamayan nais ko muling pag aralan ang death
penalty upang maramingmamulat sa hubad na katotohanan.
Ang parusang bitay ay kalianman hindi nagsilbi sa kapakanan
ng hustisya; bagkus, itoy ginamit upang kitlin ang mga kalayaan
at karapatan ngmamamayang Pilipino. Mula sa panahon ng mga
Kastila hanggang sa panahon ni Marcos, angparusang bitay ay
ginamit sa political at ekonomikong paniniil. (Ang Sentensyang
Kamatayanw.p)Ang bansang pilipinas ay kilala bilang isang
katolikong bansa. bansang nakasentro sapaniniwala sa Diyos at
pagsunod sa utos nito. Ngunit kahit ang mga tao ay naturingang
anak ngDiyos hindi pa rin maikailla ang paggaw ng mga
karummaldumal na krimen, mga krimeng gayang pagpatay,
pagnanakaw, panggagahasa at iba pang krimeng hindi mo
masitmura. Ngunitasan ang hustisya. Mga krimeng hindi
masolusyonan kailangan ng isang batas na magbibigayng
hustisya sa mga nabiktima. Ngunit ang solusyon nga ba na
kanilang naiisip ay tama atmakapagbibigay ng hustisya sa mga
nabiktima..Noong Septyembre 2006 naman, nilagdan ng Pilipinas
ang Second Optional Protocol saInternational Covenant on Civil
and Political Rights(ICCPR). Kinikilala ng kasunduang ito
angkarapatan ng isang tao laban sa parusang kamatayan.
Ipinaagbawal ng Protocol ang pagpatawng parusang kamtayan sa
sinumang mamamayan ng isang bansang lumagda sa
nasabingprotocol. Tahasang pinagbabawal din ang muling
pagpataw ng Death Penalty.(2001-2010). Sailalim ng 1987
Saligang Batas, inabolish ang parusang kamatayan. Lahat ng
sentensyangkamatayan ay ibinaba sa Reclusion Perpetua. Ngunit
noong 1998, nagsimulang mag-lobby angmilitary na ibalik ang
parusang bitay para sa mga krimeng kaugnay ng insurgency.
(1986-1992).Nadagdagaan at naging 24 ang mga krimeng may
parusang kamatayan, kabilang na angSubersyon, Arson,
Hijacking, Illegal Fishing, Cattle Rustling, Unlawful Possesion of
Fire Arms,atbp. Deterrence ang naging opisyal na kadahilanan
sa pagpataw ng death penalty. Ito rin anggagawing batayan sa
pagpataw ng Batas Militar noong 1972. (Presidente Marcos (1965-
1986).Isang malaking hamon sa pamahalaan ngayon kung kaya
nilang panindigan at kungkaya nilang ipatupad ang sintensyang
kamtayan para sa ikauunlad ng ating bansa. ito nga baysolusyon
o isang malaking bato na ipupukpok lamang sa kanilang ulo. Ito
nga bay magigingmatagumpay o ito bay magiging isang
malaking problema. Hindi na dapat ibalik ang sintensyang
kamatayan dahil marami ng mag bansa sa mundo na nagsisisi at
inalis angparusang kamatayan. (Bishop Bacani w.p).