Dụng CATIA Tính Toán Mô Phỏng Tối Ưu Khung Dầm Ô tô

Tnh ton m phng ti u khung dm tr lc trc t
AI HOC QUOC GIA THANH PHO HO CH MINH

TRNG AI HOC BACH KHOA
KHOA KHOA HC NG DNG
BO MON C K THUT
---------------o0o---------------
LUAN VAN TOT NGHIEP
TNH TOAN, MO PHONG,TOI U KHUNG DAM

TRC TR LC TRONG OTO
GVHD: ThS. V Cng Ha

SVTH: inh Cng Duyt ( K0404109)
Nguyn Trung Nguyn (K0404398)
Tp HCM, Thang 6/2009
NHIM V LUN VN
Nhim v chnh ca ti l nghin cu cng vic thay th thanh dm tr lc hin ti bng thit
k tt hn,s dng vt liu tng hp thay th cho thp v tm hiu nh hng ca thanh dm ln
ng hc khoang li v tn hi ti khoang ngi li. tng c bn ca ti l thay th vt liu
thp hin thi bng vt liu tng hp,lm tng nng lng hp thu sau va chm, lm gim lc tc
dng, gim tc ng ti cabin li, v tt c chn ng ti xe.C gng lm gim khi lng xe m
khng nh hng ti an ton ca khoang li.
1
GVHD:TS.V CNG HO SV TH:Cng Duyt&Trung Nguyn
LI CM N
Chng em xin cm n cc thy c trong B mn to iu kin chng em thc hin lun

vn ny.c bit em mun gi li cm n su sc ti thy hng dn V Cng Ho tn tnh
ch bo,gp ,hng dn chng em hon thnh lun vn tt p.
Chng ti cng gi li cm n ti cc bn trong lp chia s nhng kinh nghim,ng gp
kin,gip chng ti lm lun vn
Do thi gian thc hin gii hn nn c th lun vn cn nhiu thiu xt,nhng cng l nhng
n lc p dng nhng kin thc hc vo ti,mong qu thy c nh gi ghi nhn s n lc
ca chng em.
Mt ln na chng em gi li cm n ti qu thy c!
Ngi thc hin: Nguyn Trung Nguyn

Lp KU04BCKT
Email: trungnguyenbkhcm@gmail.com
Skype: trungnguyenbkhcm
Ti liu tham kho

1.C hc l thuyt- Sanh
2.Vt liu k thut-Nguyn Vn Dn,Nguyn Ngc H,Trng Vn Trng
3.Sc bn vt liu- Kin Quc,Nguyn Th Hin Lng,Bi Cng Thnh,Trn Tn Quc
4.Impact on composite structures-Cambride University Press
5. Environmental and Social Impact Assessment / Frank Vanclay, Daniel A. Bronstein
6. Environment Impact Assessment - Theory and Practice/Peter Wathern
7.Ansys-Lsdyna users guide
8. Gii bi ton c k thut bng chng trnh ANSYS-Gs.Ts Nguyn Vn Phi,
Ts.Trng Tch Thin,Ths.Nguyn Tng Long,Ths Nguyn nh Giang
9. Tnh kt cu bng phn mn ANSYS TS.V Quc Anh,th.s PHm Thanh Hoan
10.LsDyna theory
11.Thit k sn phm vi CaTia P3V5-Nguyn Trng Hu
12.Catiatutor.com
13. http://meslab.org -Din dn c kh,t ng cng nghip Vit Nam
14. http://www.the-blueprints.com/blueprints/cars/mercedes
15. http://www.carbodydesign.com/tutorials
16. http://ol.cadfamily.com/CATIA/English/online/CATIA_default.htm
17. http://www.catiadesign.org/catia/
2
MC LC
TRANG
Trang ba .................................................................................................................. i
Nhim v luan vn ................................................................................................... ii
Li cm n ............................................................................................................... iii
Tm tt .................................................................................................................... iv
Mc lc .................................................................................................................... v
Danh sch hnh v .................................................................................................... ix
Danh sch bng biu ................................................................................................ xiv
CHNG 1: TNG QUAN ...................................................................................
1.1 Tm quan trng ca lun vn ..............................................................................
1.2 Phng php tnh ton........................................................................................
1.3 Cc Tiu chun kim tra .....................................................................................
1.3.1 Tiu chun IIHS.....................................................................................
1.3.2 Tiu chun FMVSS 208 .........................................................................
1.3.3 Tiu chun NCAP ..................................................................................
1.4 Phng php kim tra.........................................................................................
1.4.1 Kim tra chun tnh.................................................................................
1.4.2 Kim tra va chm ....................................................................................
CHNG 2: C S L THUYT .........................................................................
3
2.1 S chng va chm ..............................................................................................
2.2 Vt liu composite trong s chng va chm ........................................................
2.3 Kiu va chm v cu trc....................................................................................
2.3.1 Kiu s c bt ng ..................................................................................
2.3.2 Kiu ph hng dn ..................................................................................
2.3.3 Kiu phn mnh v ct ngang .................................................................
2.3.4 Kiu chch u ni hay s un bn mng ...............................................
2.3.5 S gy gin.............................................................................................
2.3.6 Mt n nh cc b v s un dn ...........................................................
2.4 L thuyt va chm ..............................................................................................
2.4.1 nh ngha ..............................................................................................
2.4.2 Cc c im ca qu trnh va chm .......................................................
2.4.3 Cc nh l tng qut ca ng lc hc p dng vo va chm .................
2.5 Vt liu composite trong thanh dm pha trc t .............................................
2.5.1 Cng vic lin quan trong thanh ngang pha trc xe hi ........................
2.5.2 Vt liu composite ..................................................................................
2.6 Thut ton va chm tip xc ...............................................................................
2.6.1 Gii thiu.................................................................................................
2.6.2 Phng php rng buc ng hc ............................................................
2.6.3 Phng php hm pht ............................................................................
2.6.4 Phng php tham s phn tn.................................................................
2.6.5 Thut ton b mt tip xc n trong LS-DYNA .....................................
4
CHNG 3: THIT K V TNH TON KHUNG DM
TR LC TRC .................................................................................................
3.1 iu khin nng lng. ......................................................................................
3.2 H thng nng lng hp th cho s va chm. ....................................................
3.3 M hnh tng on ca thanh tr lc. .................................................................
3.4 Tnh ton va chm xe s dng m hnh tng on trong th nghim

va chm trc din vi vt cn cng ..........................................................................
3.5 M hnh dm tr lc composite ..........................................................................
3.5.1 Phn t hu hn thanh dm composite .....................................................
3.5.2 c im m hnh composite ...................................................................
3.6 Gii hn nghin cu trong thanh.........................................................................
3.6.1 S nh hng .........................................................................................
3.6.2 B dy .....................................................................................................
3.6.3 Vt liu. ...................................................................................................
CHNG 4: PHN TCH NH HNG CA KHUNG DM
TRC XE HI .....................................................................................................
4.1 Tiu chun FMVSS 208 .....................................................................................
4.1.1 S m phng LSDYNA .........................................................................
4.1.2 M phng thanh dm si ccbon ............................................................
4.1.3 M phng thanh dm si thy tinh .........................................................
4.1.4 Kt qu v tho lun ..............................................................................
4.2 M hnh ha trong Catia (BMW serie 3) .............................................................
4.3 M hnh ho xe BMW serie 3 trong catia............................................................
5
4.3.1 Xy dng m hnh xe t cc hnh chiu xe. ..............................................
4.3.2 To body cho xe .......................................................................................
4.3.3 To khung xe ............................................................................................
4.4 Tnh ton m phng va chm xe ........................................................................
4.5 Kt qu...............................................................................................................
CHNG 5: KT LUN V HNG M RNG TI ..................................
DANH SCH HNH V

HNH NH TRANG
CHNG 1 ............................................................................................................
Hnh 1.1: Dm tr lc pha trc t ........................................................................
6
Hnh 1.2: V tr dm tr lc pha trc t ..............................................................

Hnh 1.3: M phng vi LS-DYNA .........................................................................
Hnh 1.4: Kiu dm m hnh nguyn bn .................................................................
Hnh 1.5:Bn phn ca thanh dm kiu nguyn bn .................................................
Hnh 1.6: Va chm lch pha trc c kim tra vn tc 64Km/h .........................
Hnh 1.7:Va chm nguyn phn u xe c kim tra vn tc 56Km/h .................
CHNG 2 .............................................................................................................
Hnh 2.1: Cc kiu va chm trong va chm t .........................................................
Hnh 2.2: Kiu ph hy phn mnh ..........................................................................
Hnh 2.3: Kiu ph hy chch u ni ......................................................................
Hnh 2.4: Kiu ph hy vt nt gin. ........................................................................
Hnh 2.5: Cu trc pha trc bng composite ..........................................................
Hnh 2.6: Da vo th nghim thit lp v theo di va chm .....................................
Hnh 2.7: Trc va chm ca ng composite hn hp ................................................
Hnh 2.8: Nng lng c bit ca cc vt liu khc nhau ........................................
Hnh 2.9: Nt ca b mt lt chnh ch nh vi " x " c xem l
nh nt b mt t do trong phng php rng buc nt ............................................
Hnh 2.10:Tham kho v b mp mo cu hnh ........................................................
CHNG 3 .............................................................................................................
Hnh 3.1: H thng hp th nng lng trong va chm .............................................
Hnh 3.2: M hnh thanh dm tr lc ban u. ..........................................................
Hnh 3.3:Thanh dm tr lc phn on ....................................................................
Hnh 3.4: M hnh thanh dm tr lc vi tng on bng thp khc nhau. ................
Hnh 3.5: Xe vi m hnh thanh dm tr lc phn on............................................
Hnh 3.6: Chui hnh nh va chm trong kiu phn on ..........................................
Hnh 3.7: So snh chuyn v ca xe vi 2 m hnh ...................................................
Hnh 3.8: So snh nng lng hp th ca xe vi 2 m hnh .....................................
Hinh 3.9: th ng cong lc-chuyn v. ............................................................
Hnh 3.10: Lc v chuyn v t nhng hng khc nhau ..........................................
CHNG 4 .............................................................................................................
Hnh 4.1: S bin dng trong thanh dm si cacbon .................................................
Hnh 4.2: S bin dng trong thanh dm si thy tinh ..............................................
Hnh 4.3: Chuyn v ca xe ......................................................................................
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Hnh 4.4: Nng lng bn trong ca thanh dm........................................................

Hnh 4.5: Lc v chuyn v ca thanh dm m hnh kiu nguyn bn .......................
Hnh 4.6: Biu so snh gia tc trng tm ca si thy tinh,si cacbon
v thp trong m hnh kiu nguyn bn ....................................................................
Hnh 4.7: Gia tc ca xe ...........................................................................................
Hnh 4.8: Nng lng bn trong ca thanh dm........................................................
Hnh 4.9: Lc v chuyn v ca kiu phn on .......................................................
Hnh 4.10: Biu so snh gia tc trng tm ca si thy tinh,
si cacbon v thp trong kiu phn on ..................................................................
Hnh 4.11,12,13,14: Xe BMW serie 3 ......................................................................
Hnh 4.15: hnh chiu cnh xe BMW serie 3 ............................................................
Hnh 4.16: hnh chiu trc xe BMW serie 3............................................................
Hnh 4.17: Hnh chiu sau BMW serie 3 ..................................................................
Hnh 4.18: Hnh chiu bng xe BMW serie 3 ...........................................................
Hnh 4.19: To cc mt c kch thc bng kch thc xe ........................................
Hnh 4.20: p vt liu ,gn hnh chiu. ....................................................................
Hnh 4.21: Gn hnh chiu cnh. ..............................................................................
Hnh 4.22: Gn 4 hnh chiu xe cho 4 mt ................................................................
Hnh 4.23: ng cong 3D xe ..................................................................................
Hnh 4.24: To b mt ..............................................................................................
Hnh 4.25, 26: Body xe BMW serie 3 .......................................................................
Hnh 4.27: Khung xe ................................................................................................
Hnh 4.28: M hnh khung xe. ..................................................................................
Hnh 4.29: Body v Khung .......................................................................................
Hnh 4.30: Khung xe n gin..................................................................................
Hnh 4.31: M hnh xe trong Ansys ..........................................................................
Hnh 4.32: nh ngha phn t .................................................................................
Hnh 4.33: Hng s ..................................................................................................
Hnh 4.34: Nhp vt liu ..........................................................................................
Hnh 4.35: Vt liu composite ..................................................................................
Hnh 4.36: Vt liu cho tng. .................................................................................
Hnh 4.37: Chia li.................................................................................................
Hnh 4.38: to component ........................................................................................
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Hnh 4.39: M phng va chm .................................................................................

Hnh 4.40: ng sut Von Mises ................................................................................
Hnh 4.41: chuyn v ................................................................................................
Hnh 4.42: chuyn v ................................................................................................
Hnh 4.43:chuyn v kiu phn on composite ........................................................
Hnh 4.44:ng sut m hnh nguyn bn ..................................................................
Hnh 4.45:ng sut kiu tng on composite .........................................................
Hnh 4.46 :Chuyn v m hnh nguyn bn ...............................................................
Hnh 4.47: chuyn v kiu phn on composite ......................................................
Hnh 4.48:ng sut va chm offset kiu nguyn bn .................................................
Hnh 4.49: S kiu phn on composite .................................................................
Hnh 4.50: Chuyn v kiu nguyn bn .....................................................................
Hnh 4.52 :ng sut kiu nguyn bn........................................................................
Hnh 4.53:ng sut kiu phn on composite ..........................................................
Hnh4.54: chuyn v kiu nguyn bn.......................................................................
Hnh 4.57:ng sut m hnh nguyn bn ..................................................................
Hnh 4.58:ng sut kiu tng on composite .........................................................
Hnh 4.59 :Chuyn v m hnh nguyn bn ...............................................................
Hnh 4.60: chuyn v kiu phn on composite ......................................................
Hnh 4.61:ng sut va chm offset kiu nguyn bn .................................................
Hnh 4.62: S kiu phn on composite .................................................................
Hnh 4.63: Chuyn v kiu nguyn bn .....................................................................
Hnh 4.65 :ng sut kiu nguyn bn........................................................................
Hnh 4.66:ng sut kiu phn on composite ..........................................................
Hnh4.67: chuyn v kiu nguyn bn.......................................................................
CHNG 5 .............................................................................................................
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DANH SCH BNG BIU
BNG TRANG
CHNG 1 .............................................................................................................
CHNG 2 .............................................................................................................
Bng 2.1.Nng lng hp th c th ca cc vt liu composite ...............................
Bng 2.2:c tnh vt l ca cc kiu si khc nhau.................................................
Bng 2.3:c tnh c hc ca h thng cht do .......................................................
CHNG 3 .............................................................................................................
Bng 3.1:Thuc tnh Carbon/Epoxy ........................................................................
Bng 3.2:S ti u ca thanh dm composite pha trc t.....................................
Bng 3.3:c tnh si thy tinh Epoxy .....................................................................
CHNG 4 .............................................................................................................
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Bng 4.1:Nng lng hp th ca m hnh c in vn tc 48 Km/h .....................
Bng 4.2:Nng lng hp th ca kiu phn on vn tc 48 Km/h ......................
Bng 4.3: Hng s ....................................................................................................
Bng 4.4:Hng s cho vt liu ..................................................................................
Bng 4.5:Vt liu composite ...................................................................................
Bng 4.6:vt liu cho tng dng RIGID thp cng tuyt i...................................
CHNG 5 .............................................................................................................
CHNG 1: TNG QUAN
1.1 Tm quan trng ca lun vn:
Khung dm trc l b phn chu ti trng lc chnh, thnh phn chu lc tc dng chnh
trong va chm thng, va chm nghing gc.Phn gia thanh thng khng c ng nht qua cc
tit din, ni bt u nhng vt rn nt.Phn ln thanh dm c hnh vung, ch nht hay hnh
ng s 8. Bn thanh dc c th hp th 70% lc va chm bin dng do khi t va p.
11
Hnh 1.1: Dm tr lc pha trc t

Phn tch cu trc ca khung thanh dm trc t bng phng php phn t hu hn
c ng dng rng ri trng nn cng nghip t vi s h tr ca my tnh
Xem thanh dm trc t nh l mt thnh phn, iu ny khng chnh xc so vi thc t

ca xe.Bi v iu kin bin phc tp ca xe thc s va p cu trc l mt h phc tp, vic
biu din tng b phn l khng cn thit.Tuy nhin,ni chung phng hng v kh nng hp
th lc va chm l c s phn tch v thit k thanh dm.
Hnh 1.2: V tr dm tr lc pha trc t
12
Hnh 1.3: M phng vi LS-DYNA
1.2 Phng php tnh ton:
S dng vt si tng hp lm tng kh nng hp th lc va p, gim chn ng, lc tc

dung ti bung li,gim trng lng xe, tng bn, cng ca xe
S TNH TON
13
Khung dm trc xe
M hnh gc M hnh tng on
Kt hp c hai m hnh da
vo kt qu th nghim t
NCAC
M hnh tng hp
Gii hn nghin cu khung dm

tm ra vt liu, dy, s nh
hng
FMVSS 208 NCAP IIHS
Bin dng v chuyn v thu c
Gim thit hi khoang ngi li
Nhng cng vic cn lm trong ti:
14
- Bt u vi vic chia thanh dm thnh nhng on, modun vi nhng cng thp khc
nhau.
- Kt hp 2 m hnh: m hnh gc vi m hnh tng on.
- M hnh vt liu tng hp ca thanh dm
- Sau khi thay th thanh dm: vt liu mi, lp, s nh hng, b dy.Tm cch ti u
lm cc i kh nng bn.
- Kt hp m hnh gc vi m hnh tng phn c m phng da vo cc tiu chun

kim nh: FMVSS 208, NCAP, v IIHS.
- S hp thu nng lng v gia tc c ch lm gim trong cc trng hp.
Hnh 1.4: Kiu dm m hnh nguyn bn
15
Part 1 Part2
Part 3 Part 4
Hnh 1.5: Bn phn ca thanh dm nguyn bn
16
1.3 Cc Tiu chun kim tra:
1.3.1 Tiu chun IIHS
S th hon ton trc din khng chc m s dng hng ro cng rn, Vin ng li bo
him s an ton s dng mt hng ro bin dng c cho s phn tch tc ng. S th c
thc hin vi 40% b ngang ca xe vi tc 40 mph. Hng ro bin dng c, c lm
bng tng ong nhm, ht mt s nng lng v 40% b ngang ca xe dn ti chuyn i ca
ton b tc ng trn ng mt gc ca xe. Kt qu l xe gy np hn v nhng s th nh vy
truyn t nhng vt thng nng cho ngi s dng v nhng xm nhp ln trong khng gian
ngi s dng. Trong xe n nhng s c ca xe, n khng chc rng s lm xe bin dng trong
theo trc phng hng, t y hng ro bin dng c vi 40% b ngang ca xe ng vi
cuc sng thc s. Nhng hnh nm c ngi trong gh ca ngi iu khin v ng trc ci
gh hnh khch (ch l ci gh ca ngi iu khin trong tiu chun IIHS), v xe c gp
hng ro ti 64 Km/h (40 mph), o v c lng lc tc ng trn ci u, ngc v chn ca
hnh nm cng nh kim tra iu kin bin dng ca xe. S th ny cho nhng lc i din
lin quan trong mt cc b m vo nhau tiu biu cho hai xe cng khi lng m ang chy
vi vn tc 64 Km/h (40 mph). V mt phn nh cu trc chng lc ca xe, tc ng trn
hnh nm yu hn lc tc ng trn sut b ngang ca xe.Tuy nhin c s bin dng thn th xe
ln hn, lm cho n tr nn thch hp cho s nh gi ca vt thng tim tng gy ra bi xm
nhp ti ngi iu khin xe.
Hnh 1.6: Va chm lch pha trc c kim tra vn tc 64Km/h
1.3.2 Tiu chun FMVSS 208
17
Tiu chun ny ch r nhng yu cu thc hin cho s bo v xe v nhng ngi s dng

trong nhng s c. Mc ch ca tiu chun ny s gim bt s lng ngi cht khi s dng xe
,v tnh nghim trng ca nhng vt thng, bng vic ch r s c,nhng yu cu ca xe di
dng lc v gia tc c o trn nhng hnh nm ging hnh ngi trong nhng s c th, v
bng vic ch r nhng yu cu thit b cho tch cc v dng b ng kim ch h thng.Tiu
chun ny ng dng vo nhng xe khch, nhng xe hnh khch vn nng, vn ti v xe but.
Nhng xe khch (1-1-68): Vt o hay vng dy v nhng ai an ton cho mi v tr ngi

c ch nh . Tr trong nhng xe mui ko c, s bao ph v ai an ton c yu cu trong
mi mt trc pha ngoi v tr ngi.
Nhng xe khch (1-1-72), xe hnh khch a dng , xe but v xe ti Nhng ty chn A

v B ch c xe khch (1-1-72), nhng xe hnh khch a dng v xe vn ti vi mt trng lng
ln khong 4536 Kg (10000 lbs) hay t hn, v xe but (ch ci gh ca ngi iu khin) s c :
A. Cung cp h thng bo v b ng, hoc

B. Vng lng , dy lng cnh bo p ng ng xe th nghim vi vn tc yu cu khong
48 km/h (30 mph) , hoc
C. Vng lng hoc dy lng v dy an ton, ch dy cnh bo; pha ngoi nhng ci gh
s c mt nt n v mt ci kha khn cp hay mt ci kha t ng bung dy an ton.
Nhng xe khch (1-1-73): nhng yu cu cng nh trn tr trn ch da s c mt ci banh

kha khn cp.
Nhng xe hnh khch v nhng xe but a dng nhng xe ti (9-1-95): vng chia ca mi
dy an ton trong mt trn ci gh hay mt ci gh m c th c iu chnh trn b mt s c
mt vng chia an ton m n c th kha c.
Mt trc, pha ngoi tu ch nh ngi nhng v tr cho nhng xe khch vn nng nhng
xe hnh khch, nhng xe ti v nhng xe but nh c lit k di vi mt trng lng xe to
ln khong 3856 Kg (8500 lbs.) hay trng lng xe t hn 2495 Kg (5500. lbs.) hay t hn.
Nhng xe khch (9-1-86), nhng xe hnh khch a dng, nhng xe ti v nhng xe but (9-
1-94): S gp s kim ch b ng pha trong nhng yu cu.
18
Nhng xe hnh khch v nhng xe but a dng nhng xe ti (9-1-91): S gp 48 km/h (30
mph) cp tc nhng yu cu th vi nhng ai lng tr nn nhanh chng.
Nhng xe khch (9-1-89), nhng xe hnh khch v nhng xe ti a dng (9-1-97): S gp

nhng yu cu kim ch b ng
Nhng xe khch, nhng xe hnh khch a dng, nhng xe ti v nhng xe but (6-22-95
cho n 9-1-2000) xe m khng c nhng ci gh pha sau hay nhng ci gh pha sau qu nh
iu tit, mt ci gh dnh cho tr em gip mt pha sau c c th trang b vi mt ti
khng kh chuyn i im ct cho ti khng kh mt trc bn phi hnh khch phng ln.
Nhng xe khch ( 9-1-96), xe hnh khch a dng v nhng xe but,nhng xe ti. (9-1-
97): S gp ng pha yu cu ca ti khng kh.
Nhng xe khch (9-1-97), nhng xe hnh khch a dng, nhng xe ti v nhng xe but
(9-1-98): S c trang b vi nhng ci ti khng kh.
Nhng xe khch, xe hnh khch a dng, xe ti v nhng xe but (2-25-97): S c trang

b vi mt nhn cnh bo.
Xe khch, xe hnh khch a dng, xe ti v xe but (3- 19-97): Cho iu kin th nghim
khng buc tht lng, nhng nh sn xut c ty chn chng nhn nhng xe s dng s th
xe trt tuyt c ch r trong tiu chun chng li vn tc 48 Km/h (30 mph) xe ng vo
hng ro th nghim.
Tt c nhng v tr ngi c thit k xa tm xe.
Nhng xe khch, trxe mui ko c (12-11-89), xe mui ko c (9-1-91), xe hnh

khch v nhng xe ti a dng vi mt trng lng xe to ln khong 4536 Kg (10000 lbs) hay
t hn (9-1-91): S c trang b thit b bao ph v buc cht nguyn vai ti mi s gip mt
pha trc, pha ngoi v tr ch ngi ch nh.
1.3.3 Tiu chun NCAP
Chng trnh nh gi t mi NHTSA (NCAP) s dng mt hng ro cng rn v chiu

rng ca xe c m sm vo hng ro cng rn vi vn tc 35 mph. T chiu rng trc din
y m vo nhau trong hng ro cng rn s bin dng ca xe c phn nh ngha
mu.NHTSA v OSA hin thi s dng th tc ny cho va chm tc ng trc din ton b
19
chiu rng ca h. NCAP ca chu u v c s dng s th ny cho n 1997, khi h chp

nhn s th s c mm trc din hin thc hn, c dng bi IIHS trong nc M. Nhng
hnh nm c ngi trong ngi iu khin v i din ci gh hnh khch. V sau, nhng nh
nghin cu o v c lng tc ng trn ci u, ngc, v chn ca hnh nm.S th ny cung
cp nhng lc gim tc rt cao ti nhng hnh nm th v c bit c tha mn cn thn
ti nhng s nh gi ca h thng bo v ngi s dng nh nhng ai lng v nhng ci ti
khng kh. Ghi ch, tuy nhin, thit hi ti bn thn xe th khng phi c nh gi.
Hnh 1.7: Va chm nguyn phn u xe c kim tra vn tc 56Km/h
1.4 Phng php kim tra:
C nhiu phng php khc nhau m ta c th mang ra kim tra:
1.4.1 Kim tra chun tnh:
Trong kim tra chun tnh, mu vt kim tra c ng vo vi mt vn tc c nh.

Kim tra chun tnh c th khng l mt s m phng thc t ca iu kin va chm bi v trong
iu kin va chm thc t, cu trc phi chu tc va chm gia tng, t tc va chm ban u
n s ngng li sau cng.
Sau y l mt vi thun li ca kim tra chun tnh:
- Kim tra chun tnh n gin v d dng iu khin.
- Sau qu trnh va chm, va chm th i hi dng c rt t tin, trong khi ton b qu trnh xy
ra trong mt phn ca giy.Do kim tra chun tnh s dng nghin cu nhng my hng
trong composite, c la chn bi mt tc va chm thch hp.
iu bt li ch yu trong kim tra chun tnh:
- Kim tra chun tnh khng c th l m phng tht ca iu kin va chm thc t v
20
vt liu chc chn l t l bin dng chnh xc.
1.4.2 Kim tra va chm:
Tc ph hy gia tng t tc va chm ban u n lc dng li khi mu vt hp

th nng lng.
iu thun li ca kim tra va chm:
- N l mt m phng tht ca iu kin va chm v n a vo php tnh ton t l

nhy p lc ca vt liu.
iu bt li ca kim tra va chm :
- Trong kim tra va chm, qu trnh va chm xy ra trong mt phn ca giy.V th, n
c ngh rng va chm phi c nghin cu bng camera tc cao.
CHNG 2: C S L THUYT
2.1 S chng va chm:
S chng va chm ca cu trc trong xe l kh nng ca xe chng li nng lng va chm

v ngn nga nhng vt thng ca ngi s dng trong mt tai nn. Xe c ngy nay c kh
nng chu ng p lc va chm hn bao gi ht.Mc d vy vn cn khong 30000 ngi cht
trong nhng tai nn giao thng M hng nm, hu ht chng xy ra trong nhng v m vo
nhau.Xe phi c thit k sao cho, ti nhng tc bc cao nhng ngi s dng n khng tri
qua mt mng li gim tc ln hn 20g. Cu trc bo v cn phi c thit k theo cch nh
vy lm cho cu trc xe nh hp th nng lng tc ng ln ngi iu khin xe, m c th
gy ra thng tn ni tng nghim trng, c bit lm chn thng b no
iu cn thit cho vic gia tng kh nng chu ng, thit k gn hn,yu cu s pht trin
c hiu qu hn, h thng gim xc v b phn truyn ng nng lng tt hn.Khung ph v
dm ngang bn di cung cp bn ng k cho thnh phn dm dc bn di u xe chu
sc p c hiu qu.H cng c th s dng ti va p chuyn ng n nhng ng khng
c c ca xe trong trng hp lc ngang hay p lc ngang, chng ng gp kh nng hp
th nng lng cao v hiu qu.
21
Kh nng chu ng ca vt liu c biu hin trong iu kin hp th nng lng c

bit ca n, E s = S/D, y D l t trng ca vt liu composite v S c ngha l ng sut
nn. bo v ngi s dng trong mt v va chm, mt cu trc phi da vo tnh bn v

cng hn nhiu vi vic ti u.Hn na,cu trc nn c sp trong mt khu vc bin dng
d phn bit v gi lc tt bn di gia tc nguy him.Mc d vy,khi lng nng lng hp th
bng vi vng bn di p lc ng n hi, hai tiu chun k trn th mu thun vi nhau,v
th c ngha l n khng ch quan trng bit c bao nhiu nng lng c hp th, m cn
bit n hp th nh th no , lc qun tnh chuyn t im tc ng sang bng chng nh
th no.Thnh ra ,thm vo thit k cu trc c th n nh bn vng v cn bng mi, cu
trc phi c thit k cho php hp th nng lng ln nht trong sut qu trnh va chm.
Hin nay nhng va chm t xy ra mi gi trn khp th gii v a s chng u rt

nguy him. Kiu va chm tc ng trc din l mt trong nhiu kiu va cham khc lit
nht.Hnh 4 cho thy s so snh s lng ca nhng kiu va chm khc khc lin quan.N cho
thy tc ng trc din nhiu hn mi tc ng khc.
51%
25%
15 %
9%
Frontal Side-Impact Rollover Rear-Impact
Kiu va chm
22
Hnh 2.1: Cc kiu va chm trong va chm t
2.2 Vt liu composite trong s chng va chm:
Trong thit k xe c hin i ,vt liu composite th quan trng hn gim khi lng
ca cu trc, phn chnh trong s dng ng c t trong, gim kh thi v ci tin t s tiu hao
nhin liu.Mi ngy gi c v nhu cu s dng nhin liu gia tng mt cch ngu nhin, thm
ch s pht ra ca ha cht t kh thi t lm nhim mi trng v gia tng nhit ton
cu.Vt liu composite gip chng ta trong vic gim khi lng cu trc do em li s
gim nhin liu s dng.
Composite l vt liu c thit k cung cp cng v bn c bit cao ( cng v

bn c xc nh bi khi lng ring vt liu), l cu trc hiu qu cao, quan h vi cu
trc vt c s dng trc y.Trong vt liu composite, cng v bn c to ra bi
ct cng v modul cao.
Vt liu composite ct vi si c s dng rng ri trong nhiu cu trc xe c vn ti khc

nhau bi v bn, modul cao v kh nng chu lc cao ca chng.Nu vt liu composite c
ng dng vo xe c, n th c mong i rng khng ch khi lng ca xe c gim m cn
gim n v dao ng ca xe.Kh nng iu chnh vt liu composite, thm vo thuc
tnh cng cao n khi lng v bn, n h s trng lng, bn mi v bn chng r
ca chng, lm cho chng rt c quan tm trong kh nng chng li p lc trong va chm.
t ti khi lng ton b v ci thin iu kin kinh t nhin liu ca xe c, ngy

cng nhiu phn kim loi c thay th bng vt liu do composite.So snh vi kim loi, trong
s nn, hu ht vt liu composite nhn chung c s dng bi t tnh gin hn l t tnh do
khi chu p lc.Trong khi cu trc kim loi sp di sc p hay p lc bi s un v s gp
np n bao gm bin dng do tng qut, vt liu composite b hng sut mt chui vt nt
trong c cu bao gm s gy si, ma trn nt v ma trn craking, ma trn si debonding, s
phn lp.Cu trc thc t v chui nhng nguy him th da vo rt nhiu hnh dng ca cu
trc, s nh hng ca lp mng, kiu khi ng v tc p, tt c chng c th l kiu thit
k ph hp pht trin my mc chng li nng lng cao.
2.3 Kiu va chm v cu trc:
2.3.1 Kiu s c bt ng:

23
Kiu s c bt ng th khng quan trng thit k cu trc bo v.Loi s c ny xut hin

bi v nhng trng hp sau:
- Khi cc lp gia khng bn v c vt nt ln xut hin.
- Trong ng bao mng di bi v ct khng n nh.
- Trong ng bao gm s tng cng si gin, khi mt b lp mng khng un cong hoc b gy
lm cho lp gia ang b nt t hn b dy ca lp.
S c bt ng c c trng bi mt s tng t ngt trong p lc ti mt tr s nh c

i theo sau bi ct bn di mt ti trng ph hy.Kt qu l, s to ln ca nng lng thc t
c hp th t nhiu v ti trng ti a qu cao ngn nga vt thng ti nhng ngi s
dng.
2.3.2 Kiu ph hng dn:
Kiu ph hng dn c th t c bng vic cung cp mt b kch hot ti mt im

kt thc ca ng.Ci ny bt u mt s ph hng ti mt v tr c bit bn trong cu trc. a
s phng php ny c s dng rng ri v s kch hot s vt cnh ti im kt thc ca ci
ng. Mt s kch hot hnh hc nh gc nghing, ng rnh v l c kim tra trong
phng th nghim mu khng d c s dng trong cu trc xe.
Sau y l nhng li th ca kiu ph hng dn trong vic thit k cc cu trc c kh

nng hp th nng lng :
- S hp thu nng lng trong va chm tin b hn nhiu so vi s
hp th nng lng trong s c bt ng.
- Mt cu trc c thit k phn ng li p lc c to ra bng nng lng hp

th ca kiu ph hng dn l cao hn so vi nhng cu trc c thit k phn ng li p
lc c to ra bng nng lng hp th ca s c bt ng.
Sau y l nhng loi hnh khc nhau ca kiu ph hng dn:
2.3.3 Kiu phn mnh v ct ngang:
- Kiu phn mnh c c trng bi mt mt ct mng dng nm vi
mt hay nhiu cc lp ngn v vt rn nt dc m n thnh lp nn b

24
phn ca nhng b lp mng .
- ng gia c si gin trnh by kiu ph hy ny
- C ch hp th nng lng l nhng khe nt ca nhng b lp mng.
- Khi s phn lp xut hin, chiu di ca dm dc v nhng vt rn gia cc lp l t

hn ca lp mng
- Cc c ch nh s pht trin nhng vt rn nt gia cc lp v nhng khe nt ca b

lp mng iu khin qu trnh va chm ca kiu phn mnh.
Hnh 2.2: Kiu ph hy phn mnh
2.3.4 Kiu chch u ni hay s un bn mng:
- Gia cc lp rt di v song song n nhng vt nt si m t kiu chch u ni. B lp mng

khng b gy.
- Nhng ci ng gia c si gin trnh by kiu ph hy ny.
- C ch hp th nng lng chnh l ma trn nt gia tng. Hai c ch hp th nng lng ch yu

lin quan n ma st xut hin trong nhng ci ng m n trnh by kiu chch u ni.
25
- Cc c ch nh gia cc lp song song n cc si nt tng cng iu khin qu trnh va chm

ca kiu phn mnh.
Hnh 2.3: Kiu ph hy chch u ni
2.3.5 S gy gin:
- Kiu p gy gin l mt s lin kt gia kiu p chch u ni v s v ra tng mnh.
- ng gia c si gin trnh by kiu ph hy ny.
- C ch hp th nng lng chnh l cc vt rn nt ca nhng b lp mng.
- Khi s gy gin xut hin, chiu di ca nhng vt nt gia cc lp mng nm gia 1 v 10 b

dy lp mng.
2.3.6 Mt n nh cc b v s un dn:
- Kiu un dn c miu t bi s thnh lp ca kiu un dc cc b.
- Kiu ny c trnh by bi si mm v si gin c gia c vt liu composite.
- C ch ging nh tnh nha do ca si hay ma trn iu khin ca qu trnh ph hy ca s

un dn.
26
Hnh 2.4: Kiu ph hy vt nt gin.
2.4 L thuyt va chm
2.4.1 nh ngha
Va chm l mt trng hp c bit ca chuyn ng c hc, trong vn tc cc cht

im ca c h bin i hu hn trong thi gian rt b khong 10 -2-10-3 giy, khong thi gian
c gi l khong thi gian va chm v c k hiu l .
Hin tng va chm c gp nhiu trong thc t, nh rn, dp, ng cc, nghin vt
liu,
2.4.2 Cc c im ca qu trnh va chm
2.4.2.1 Thi gian va chm :
27
Theo nh ngha thi gian va chm l rt nh, thc t thi gian va chm thng bng 10-2
giy, 10-3 giy hoc 10-4 giy ty thuc vo c l tnh ca vt va chm.V thi gian va chm l
rt nh nn c xem l mt i lng v cng b
2.4.2.2 Vn tc v gia tc :
Cng theo nh ngha th vn tc ca vt thay i t ngt v do lng bin i vn

tc ca vt trong thi gian va chm l gii ni.Mt khc theo gi thit thi gian va chm l

v cng b nn gia tc trung bnh trong qu trnh va chm Wtb= l i lng rt ln. Trong
l thi gian va chm.
Nu gi l l an dch chuyn trong thi gian va chm ca vt th

l v d t v t b .
0
V l i lng v cng b nn l cng l i lng v cng b. n gin ngi ta

a ra gi thit trong qu trnh va chm c h khng di chuyn v tr.
2.4.2.3 Lc v xung lc va chm
Khi va chm ngoi cc lc thng thng nh trng lc, phn lc, lc cn,...vt cn chu
tc dng ca phn lc ti ni tip xc (lc tc dng tng h). Chnh lc ny l nguyn nhn to
ra gia tc chuyn ng ca vt trong qu trnh va chm. Lc gi l lc va chm k hiu N
Lc va chm N khc vi lc thng thng F n ch xut hin trong qu trnh va chm,

khng tn ti trc v sau va chm
V gia tc trong qu trnh va chm l rt ln nn lc va chm N cng rt ln.Thng

thng lc va chm thng ln hn rt nhiu so vi lc thng F. Mt khc lc va chm li
bin i rt r trong thi gian va chm v cng nh nn ngi ta nh gi tc dng ca n qua
xung lc
p dng nh l bin thin ng lng cho h trong thi gian va chm c th vit:
28
mk . vk = k.dt + .dt (k = 0,1,,n)
Trong : Xung lc ca lc thng thng k.dt l rt nh so vi xung lc va chm
v nh hng ca n n lng bin i ng lng ca h khng ng k, ngi ta a ra gi

thit l b qua tc dng ca lc thng thng. Ta c th vit biu thc bin thin ng lng ca
h trong va chm nh sau:

mk . vk = .dt = S
y l phng trnh cn bn trong qu trnh va chm.
2.4.2.4 Bin dng v h s hi phc
Quan st qu trnh va chm ngi ta chia ra lm hai giai on: giai on bin dng v
giai on hi phc.
Giai on bin dng trong thi gian 1 t lc bt u va chm cho n khi vt thi bin
dng. Giai on hi phc ko di trong thi gian 2 t khi kt thc giai on bin dng n khi
hi phc li hnh dng ban u n mc nht nh ty thuc vo tnh cht n hi ca vt .
Cn c vo mc hi phc ca vt ta c th chia va chm thnh ba loi:
+ Va chm mm: l va chm m sau giai on bin dng vt khng c kh nng hi phc tc l
khng c giai on hi phc
+ Va chm hon ton n hi: l va chm m sau khi kt thc va chm vt ly li nguyn hnh
dng ban u
+ Va chm khng hon ton n hi: l va chm m sau khi kt thc va chm vt ly li mt
phn hnh dng ban u
phn nh tnh cht hi phc ca vt giai on hai (giai on hi phc) ta a ra

khi nim h s hi phc k. Trong k bng t s gia xung lc giai on 2 v xung lc giai
on 1 ta c:
S2
k
S1
29
H s khi phc k ph thuc vo nhiu yu t phc tp.Niutn a ra gi thit: H s

khi phc k l hng s trong qu trnh va chm. H s k ch ph thuc vo vt liu ca vt va
chm.
Vi khi nim trn ta thy ng vi va chm mm k=0, vi va chm hon ton n hi

k=1 v va chm n hi n chung 0 < k < 1
2.4.3 Cc nh l tng qut ca ng lc hc p dng vo va chm
Cn c vo cc gi thit v phng trnh c bn c th thit lp cc nh l tng qut

trong qu trnh va chm nh sau:
2.4.3.1 nh l bin thin ng lng
Xt va chm ca mt c h gm cc cht im M1 , M2, . Mn c khi tm C v vn tc
v C . Gi khi lng ca h l M= .mk , vi mk l khi lng ca cht im th k. Ta c

biu thc ng lng ca c h l:
n
K
k 1
m k vk M vC
Gi tng xung lng va chm ngoi tc dng ln cht im mk l S ke v tng xung
lng va chm trong S ki ta c:
. Sik = 0
Nu b qua xung lng ca lc th ng lng ca h c vit
n
MV C 2 MV C1 S ke
k 1
Trong VC1, VC2 l vn tc khi tm ca h trc v sau va chm
2.4.3.2 nh l bin thin momen ng lng
nh l momen ng lng i vi c h c dng:
30

d L0 e
m0 (F k )
dt

trong L0 l momen ng lng ca c h i vi im c nh O, cn
e e
m 0 (F k ) r k F k l tng momen ca cc ngoi lc va chm tc dng ln c h

i vi im O, trong rk l vector nh v ca cht im Mk i vi gc O.
Do :
e
d L 0 ( r k F k )dt
k
Tch phn 2 v ca ng thc trn trong khong thi gian , ta c:

2 1 e
L 0 L 0 k
( rk F k )dt
0
Da vo gi thit c h khng thay i v tr trong va chm, nn trong khong thi gian

va chm , vector nh v rk l hng vector, do :
2 1 e e e
L0 L0
k
rk F kdt k
rk Sk
k
m 0 (S k )
0
e
Trong S k l xung lng ca lc va chm ngoi tc dng ln im Mk
Tm li
2 1 e
L 0 L0 k
m 0(S k )
2.5 Vt liu composite trong thanh dm pha trc t
Nghin cu trc y cho thy hiu qu thit k v tng cng vic s dng vt liu
composite vo mt phn t trc tip tc ng n s an ton, gim khi lng v kh thi ca
xe.Bi v hiu qu thit k c th hp th s bin dng hn v vt liu composite c bn v
cng c bit cao v chng cng c c tnh hp th v lm gim lc va chm.
2.5.1 Cng vic lin quan trong thanh ngang pha trc xe hi:
31
Cu trc thit k t c mc ch l mt gii hn cng vic trong h thng giao thng

ca thit k ,v d xe hi ,xe ti, my bay ,trc thng v tu.Mc ch ca thit k mt cu trc
c kh nng chu lc l gim nng lng bin dng vt liu ,trong khi bo v hnh khch v
hng ha khi va chm.Mt trong nhng ng gp quan trng nht n kh nng chu lc ca cu
trc l kt cu thnh mng ca ct mt ct ngang khc ca cu hnh.Reid tm ra li khuyn v
nguyn tc thit k ng c m c tnh vt liu c nh hng n kh nng chu lc ca cu
trc.T vic tm kim s a ra kin v vic thit k li v to ra s tin cy trong vic
sut thit k,ni m vic kim tra c th khng ng nht.Nhiu vic tm kim trn thanh ngang
c ch to bng vt liu composite c bo co.Thornton iu tra v sp hng
tm ca ng hm hnh trn c to ra t carbon, kevlar, vi si thy tinh,vt liu
composite.ng y cng ngh b phn kch hot cn tr s c bt ng ca cu trc composite
gin,d v v to ra s h hng thng trc v s ph hy dn ca chng.Mc d b phn kch
hot c th to ra s h hng thng trc trong ng composite ,n l l thuyt kh khn ti ch
to ng ng composite vi nhiu loi kch hot khc nhau.
Hnh 2.5: Cu trc pha trc bng composite
Mamalis nghin cu v ch to ca mt t hourglass mt ct ngang kt cu thanh.Kt cu

thanh c to bi si thy tinh ,thit k s dng trong b phn chn bn ca xe nng cao kh
nng chu lc ti v tr ca xe khi chu ti trng ng v ti trng hng tm .So snh gia l
thuyt v thc tin lin quan gia ti trng ph hng v s hp thu nng lng ,chng t mnh
l thuyt c th c ch cho s d bo nng lng tc ng n th tch ca lp v sp .
32
Hnh 2.6: Da vo th nghim thit lp v theo di va chm
Hnh 2.7: Trc va chm ca ng composite hn hp
2.5.2 Vt liu composite:
2.5.2.1 Composite trong mt phn xe hi:
Tng cng s hp l v yu cu ca th trng v an ton,trng lng ca xe s t c s

hp l nht trong tng lai.Trong thi gian ny s i hi ca mi trng ngy cng tr nn
33
mnh hn v khi lng nh s l mt phn quan trng ca chng. chu u, cng ty xe hi

chp nhn tng ton b 25% hiu sut cht t vo nm 2005 so vi nm 1990
Hiu sut cht t ca xe nh hng trc tip n trng lng xe.Cu trc xe bng si carbon
th nh hn 57% so vi cu trc bng thp cng kch thc v m bo bo v va chm tt hn,
tng bn va c tnh cch m v chu nhit tt hn.
Vt liu composite c th tm thy nhiu c hi trong cng nghip t nh tng cng hiu
sut cht t.Vi 75% cht t tiu th lin quan trc tip ti trng lng xe.Cng nghip t k
vng mt ci to n tng l s dng t 6 n 8 % nhin liu gim hn 10% trng lng
xe.S bin i gim 20 kg kh cacbonic trn 1 kg xe trong qung i ca xe.
Thi gian u FRB c gii thiu n i ua xe th thc 1 McLaren vo nm 1980.T ,

kh nng chu ng ca xe ua c nng cao trn s mong i.Si carbon c s dng trong
cng nghip ch to thn xe vi khi lng nh, bn cao v p ng c tiu chun an ton
ph hng cao.
Bo co t M v Canada d bo rng cht do v composite s c s dng rng ri trong

vic to ra phn thn h thng gim chn, b phn mm, dm, trc ng c v phn di chuyn
ca xe.Thm vo , my rotor s dng s c chuyn nha (RTM) cho my nn kh hay bm
tng p ca xe c dng thay th cho kim loi vi nhng loi my khc nhau.
2.5.2.2 Thit hi trong va p c p ng trong vt liu composite:
Mt s lng ng k trong vic tm kim c hi t vo vic nghin cu t m s thit hi,

kh nng chu ng v cch chng li s t ti trng trong va chm.Thit hi do va chm trong
vt liu composite xy ra khi mt ch th bn ngoi gy ra sut chiu di hoc trong mt phng
gy ca kim loi.Vng thit hi c th l vng kho st b ngoi hoc c s dng quang hc
hoc hin vi hc in t,qut siu m va nh m thanh.
Thit hi trong va p tm mng composite c gn lin vi cch thc hng nguy him: s
phn lp, ma trn nt v s t si.Ma trn nt v s phn lp l t tnh ca ma trn nha.Trong
khi s t th p ng hn vi si tiu biu v t tnh k thut v thng l nguyn nhn chu
lc cao.
2.5.2.3 Ma trn rn nt:
34
Ma trn rn nt trong mt composite ng cht l nguyn nhn ca ng sut ko v ng sut

tp trung b mt ma trn si.Mt ng sut ko cao l kt qu trong mt m hnh ko di v
nng hn.Nng lng tng cng tc ng bi ma trn nt th bng vi nng lng b mt ca sn
phm v mt phn nh c to bi vt nt.Phn ln hn vt nt l nguyn nhn gy nn s t
nhnh ,trong trng hp ny vt nt chy trong hng bnh thng n hng chung ca ch
gy.Trong nhiu trng hp,vng b mt to nn bi vt nt ln hn vng tng ng n vt
nt nguyn thy,tng cng ng k nng lng vt nt. Trong thc t n c th tng cng tnh
bn ca vt liu composite hoc hp th nng lng thit hi tng cng trong va chm.
2.5.2. S phn lp:
S nh hng khc ca lp c th y mnh s phn lp ca hai lp gn k v cng khng

khp b mt phn gii ca chng.Vng phn lp chu tc ng trc tip bi nhng thay i
trong nng lng ca va chm. Vt nt, n c th bt u s phn lp , c th truyn qua nhiu
lp v c th dng li khi u vt nt n b mt ma trn si nhng lp gn k.
2.5.2.5 S ct si:
S ct si c th l mt kt qu trc tip ca s truyn vt nt theo phng vung gc vi

si.Nu c duy tr lin tc , s ct si cui cng s to thnh mt s chia ct hon chnh cua
dt mng.t c gii hn bin dng nt trong mt thnh phn composite kt qu la s ct
si.V nng lng va chm tng t ,do cng sut cao ca si hp th nng lng kt qu l
phn nh si b ct v bn ko cn d cao.Thit hi ma trn th yu , m n xut hin sau s
nt si ban u, cng gim bt, bn nn cn d tng.
2.5.2.6 S hp th nng lng trong vt liu composite khc:
Vt liu composite hp th nhiu nng lng hn thp v nhm.Thp c modul n hi cao

nhng vn khng hp th nng lng cao hn.Trong vt liu composite nhng loi si khc nhau
c cng khc nhau.V d, si carbon th bn hn si thy tinh, nhng si thy tinh chu ng
lc trong mt thi gian di hn si carbon.Kh nng hp th nng lng ca vt liu composite
to nn mt s kt hp duy nht gim khi lng v tng kh nng chu ng cho cu trc xe.
35
Hnh 2.8: Nng lng c bit ca cc vt liu khc nhau
2.5.2.7 c tnh tc ng nng lng hp th ca vt liu composite:
2.5.2.7.1 Si
Farley bo co rng trong nhng vic kim tra, ch o trn nhng mu c th so snh
c, si carbon c tng cng nhng ci ng ht nng lng cao so vi si thy tinh hay si
aramid.Theo s liu trong Bng 1.Nhng l do khin iu ny lin quan n vt l.Nhng thuc
tnh ca nhng si, nhng c ch tht bi v nhng bn lin kt ma trn si ton b.
Farley quan st thy si thy tinh v carbon tng cng ng cht do nhit rn tng sc
p ln trong ch v vn v s chch u ni. Aramid (Kevlar v Dyneema) tng cng cht
x ng cht do nhit rn.Mt khc,b p bi mt ch tin b kiu to np. Tng t nh cc
kt qu c kim tra khi tc ng tnh v nn c tin hnh trn than ch / epoxy,
Kevlar / epoxy v dng c thy tinh / epoxy composite ng mu tng ng.Cc than ch / epoxy
v thy tinh / epoxy c ng gc np gp trin lm ch gy gin bao gm: s phn ct si v
s phn tch lp, trong khi cc Kevlar / epoxy c ng gc np gp gy trong mt ch un.
bin dng thp nht ph hng si thy tinh v si carbon , ph hng khong 1% bin
dng, so vi si aramid, ph hng vo khong 8% bin dng, thuc tnh ny s khc bit
trong hnh vi ng x.
36
Bng 2.1.Nng lng hp th c th ca cc vt liu composite
Fiber-Matrix Lay up Thickness to Specific Energy
diameter ratio absorption
Carbon-Epoxy 0.033 99
[0/15] 3
Carbon-Epoxy 0.021 50
[45] 3
Aramid-Epoxy 0.066 60
[45] 8
Aramid-Epoxy 0.02 9
[0/15] 2
Glass-Epoxy 0.069 53
[0/75] 2
Glass-Epoxy 0.06 30
[0/15] 2
1015 Steel 0.06 42
6061 Al 0.06 44
Ngoi ra, n c th c quan st t Bng 1, si carbon c th hp thu nng lng c

bit cao, do mt thp v s pht trin cao, sc mnh ca cc si carbon. Nu si aramid c
ngh n, chng c kh nng hp th nng lng thp hn si carbon. iu ny l v nhng l
do m ng sut nn ca si aramid l khong 20% ca tensor ng sut. Ngoi ra, do tnh cht
mm thin nhin, si aramid cc tin b to np gp c ch hng .iu ny hp th nng lng
t hiu qu hn s ph hng gin.
Bng 2.2: c tnh vt l ca cc kiu si khc nhau

3
Si T trng (kg/m ) Trc modul n hi Tensor ng sut
3
(GN/m ) 3
(MN/ m )
Si Carbon 1950 380 2400
(Modul cao)
37
Si Carbon 1750 230 3400
(ng sut cao)
Si Aramid 1450 130 3000
Si thy tinh 2560 76 2000
2.5.2.7.2 Ma trn vt liu:
Nhng im sau y c th l gi ng ch v ma trn
G 1C : To bn lin lp cao, ca ma trn do nng vt cht gy ra mt s tng trong s
hp th nng lng ca vt liu composite.
S tng trong s bin dng ma trn ph hng dn n s hp th nng lng cao trong
nhng s tng cng si gin.
Thay i trong bn cng c rt t nh hng vo nng lng hp th
Thornton & Jeryan bo co c th hp thu nng lng l mt chc nng ca tensile ng

sut v modun ko ca ma trn resin, v n gia tng vi trt t Phenolic <polyester <epoxy cho
cc ng si thy tinh. Trong khi quan st ny c th c hp l, n khng chc chn xc minh
bng s lin quan trc tip n d liu c tnh ca vt liu (Bng 2), bi v s truyn b trong
bo co gi tr.
Bng 2.3: c tnh c hc ca h thng cht do
Si T trng Modul n hi Tensor ng sut

(GN/m 2 )
(kg/m 3 ) (MN/m 2 )
Epoxy 1100-1400 2.1-6.0 35-90
Polyester 1100-1500 1.3-4.5 45-85
Phenolic 1300 4.4 50-60
38
Si carbon tng cng cho ng composite vi cc loi khc nhau ca ma trn nhit do
c hc.Nng lng t bit ca ng do nhit thc hin theo trnh t PAS<PI<PEI<
PEEK.Trong mt nghin cu tng t ,nng lng hp th ca carbon / PEI (C/PEI) , carbon /
polyimide (C/PI) ,carbon / polyarylsulfore (C/PAS) ,carbon / PEEK (C/PEEK) c khm ph v
so snh vi carbon / epoxy va thy tinh / polyester.ng dn nhit carbon chng t kh nng hp
th nng lng mnh hn ( E S = 128-194 kJ/Kg) so vi cu trc carbon /epoxy (E S = 110
kJ/Kg) hoc glass/polyester ( E S = 80 kJ/Kg)
2.5.2.7.3 Si v ma trn lin kt:
Nhng s nghin cu c m t trn hng ti lin h kh nng hp th nng

lng ca FRP ti nhng thuc tnh ring l ca nhng si thnh phn v ma trn ca n.N
c xng rng nng lng hp th cn bn ty thuc vo dng tng quan (hn l tuyt
i) c tnh ca si v ma trn. Ni ring, ng ta thng bo nhng gi tr lin quan ca si
v s bin dng ma trn hng nh hng mt cch ng k n s hp th nng lng.N c
gi rng s hp th nng lng cc i t c t mt FRP, mt ma trn vt cht vi mt
bin dng hng bc cao so vi s tng cng si cn phi c s dng.iu ny bo m
nghin nh bi s phn on nng lng cao.
2.5.2.7.4 Hiu qu ca s nh hng v s ngng tr:
S nh hng ca nhng si trong mt lp cho, v s nh hng tng i ca

nhng lp lin tip bn trong mt sn phm nhiu tm, c th nh hng mt cch ng k n
nhng thuc tnh mt thnh phn c kh
Kh nng hp th nng lng khc nhau vi cc lp nh hng.Cc bin th trong kh

nng hp thu nng lng c bit c quan st kim tra v [0 / ]3 ng carbon / epoxy
150 450 .Kh nng hp thu nng lng c gim xung kh r rt trn gii hn ny.iu
ny s ngh rng si carbon hp th nng lng nhiu nht khi khuynh hng ca h hng
ti s t ti.Tuy nhin, n c lu rng mt dt mng bao gm ton b cc si 00 s
khng c c tnh hp th nng lng tt. Trong , s vng mt ca mt lp bn ngoi vnh
lp mng ng ( 900 ) c th dn n hp thu nng lng rt thp.
39
Thch hp ti nhng ci ng aramid/ epoxi, n c quan st m quan st nhng s bin

i nh hn trong kh nng hp th nng lng khong [0 / ]3 .S hp th nng lng c bit
ni chung tng vi vic tng qua phm vi 450 900 .Khng c s bin i quan trng
c quan st khang 150 450 .Khuynh hng ny i din i vi vic c quan st ng
carbon-epoxi
2.6 Thut ton va chm tip xc
2.6.1 Gii thiu
Cch s l ca s trt v tc ng n b mt lun l mt kh nng quan trng trong m

DYNA3D. Ba phng php ring bit x l iu ny c thc hin m chng ti s xem
nh phng php rng buc ng hc, phng php hm pht v phng php tham s phn
tn. Trong , cch tip cn u tin gi ch c s dng cho buc dao din.Nhng gi tr lin
quan n mi cch tip cn c bn lun di.
Giao din c th c nh ngha trong ba kch thc bng vic lit k trong mt trnh t bt k
tt c cc tam gic v nhng on t gic m gm c mi cnh ca b mt. Mi cnh ca b
mt c ch nh nh cnh ph, V cnh khc c ch nh nh cnh chnh. Nhng nt nm
trong nhng b mt c tham chiu ti nh nhng nt chnh v ph tng ng. phng
php hm pht cn i, phn bit ny l khng lin quan, nhng phng php khc nt ph b
bt buc trt trn b mt chnh sau tc ng v phi tip tc vo b mt chnh cho n lc cng
pht trin gia nt v b mt.
Ngy nay, nh ngha tip xc t ng c thng s dng. Trong phng php ny b mt

phu v chnh c to ra ni ti trong LS - DYNA t b phn ID c a cho mi b mt. Cho
m hnh va chm xe c hon ton thng thng bao gm ton b xe c trong mt nh ngha
tip xc b mt n ni tt c nt v yu t trong giao din tng tc.
2.6.2 Phng php rng buc ng hc
Phng php rng buc ng hc m s dng nh hng v iu kin phng thch Hughes et al.
[ 1976 ] c trin khai trc tin trong DYNA2D [Hallquist 1976b] v cui cng m rng
cho ba chiu trong DYNA3D. Rng buc c p dng trn cn bng ton cc do bin i ca
thnh phn chuyn v nt ca nt ph dc theo b mt tip xc. Bin i ny c nh hng loi
40
b mc bnh thng ca nhng nt t do. Bo qun hiu sut ca tch hp thi gian r rng,
khi c gp li n chng mc no m ch s t do ca mc ton cc ca mi nt
chnh c kt hp. nh hng v iu kin phng thch c p dng m bo s thc y
bo tn
Vn ny sinh vi phng php ny khi phn vng b mt chnh l tt hn phn vng b mt

ph nh cho thy thnh hai kha cnh trong hnh 23.1. Nt ch no y c th xm nhp
qua b mt ph khng c sc chng chu v to nt trong ng thng trt. Nhng nt nh th
tng i ph bin vi phng php ny, v khi p lc b mt cao, cc nt ny xut hin khng
mt th nhiu im vung gc tr ln c dng trong tch hp phn t. N c th b tranh ci,
d nhin, phn vng tt hn s gim thiu nhng vn nh th ; nhng cho nhiu vn m c
quan tm, phn vng tt trong cu hnh ban u c th rt xu cho phn vng sau ny. l
trng hp, chng hn, khi sn phm c dng kh c sc cng ph mnh lit chng li b mt b
phn kin trc.
2.6.3 Phng php hm pht
Phng php hm pht c dng trong chng trnh chi tit DYNA2D v DYNA3D cng nh
trong chng trnh n NIKE2D v NIKE3D. Phng php bao gm s nh v giao din gc
bnh thng gia tt c cc nt xm nhp v thng tin lin b mt tip xc. Vi s khc bit ca
ma trn cng l xo m phi tp hp li thnh ma trn cng cc b, phng php n v hin
th tng t. Chng trnh NIKE2D / 3D v DYNA2D / 3D tnh ton mt modulus duy nht cho
phn t trong n thng tr. Theo kin ca chng ti, u tin ngi dng kim sot trn
thng s quyt nh ln ny s gia tng s thnh cng cho phng php.
Hon ton tri vi phng php rng buc nt, phng php hm pht c tm thy kch
thch t nu c li ng h ct. S thiu ting n ny chc chn lin quan ti tnh i xng ca
phng php. S thc y c lu tr chnh xc ngoi nhu cu ca tc ng ln v iu kin
phng thch. Hn na, khng c phng php c bit no ca mt ct c yu cu, rt n
gin ha thi hnh.
cng b mt c chn xp x tng t nh kiu ln khi cng ca b mt phn t bnh

thng n b mt . V vy kch thc ca bc thi gian tnh ton khng nh hng bng s
hin hu ca giao din. Tuy nhin, nu p lc b mt tr nn ln, xm nhp khng th chp
41
nhn c th xy ra. Bng cch m rng cng v thu hp kch c bc thi gian, chng ti vn
c th gii quyt nhng vn nh th bng cch s dng phng php hm pht. T khi gia
tng s bc thi gian v do i hi, ty chn ch ko c trin khai cho phng php
cu trc cht n v vn tng tc do trnh s dng phng php hm pht. Ty chn sau
ny c cn c trn chuyn mn ca phng php th ba c m t bn di.
X X X X B mt ph
B mt chnh
Nt ch dn xem nh nt b mt t do
42
Hnh 2.9: Nt ca b mt lt chnh ch nh vi " x " c xem l nh nt b mt t do trong

phng php rng buc nt
2.6.4 Phng php tham s phn tn
Phng php ny c dng trong DYNA2D, v chuyn mn ca l ch chn y trt trong

DYNA3D. ng c ca phng php ny n t TENSOR [ Burton et al. 1982 ] v HEMP [
Wilkins 1964 ] chng trnh m n hin th t li khng n nh hn DYNA2D vi thut ton
rng buc nt. S thi hnh DYNA2D u tin ca thut ton ny c m t chi tit bng
hallquist [ 1978 ]. T cng b sm ny, phng php c ci thin mc va phi
nhng tng chnh vn vy
Trong thit lp thng s phn b, mt na khi phn t ph ca mi phn t trong tip xc c

phn b din tch b mt chnh c bao ph. Hn na, ng sut bn trong ca mi phn t
xc nh phn phi p lc cho din tch b mt chnh tip nhn khi . Sau khi hon thnh phn
phi ny ca khi v p lc, chng ta c th cp nht gia tc ca b mt chnh. Rng buc ri
sau p t ln nt ph gia tc v tc m bo s chuyn ng ca chng cng b mt
chnh. Tri vi hn ch chng trnh hydro khc, chng ti khng cc nt ph xm nhp ; do
chng ta trnh l lun "t li trn". trng hp n gin khc, tnh ton ca chng ti cho
khi lng tng i phn t ph khng n bt c xm nhp ca b mt chnh. M HEMP
v TENSOR xem xt b mt chnh trong tnh ton ny
b1 b2
B2
1
b
B02
B01
B01 B02
43
Hnh 2.10:Tham kho v b mp mo cu hnh
2.6.5 Thut ton b mt tip xc n trong LS-DYNA
Thut ton b mt tip xc n tin trin t b mt n thut ton b mt tip xc v tm kim v

tr tip xc theo sau bin php s dng cho b mt n b mt tip xc. tip xc loi 4 trong LS-
DYNA s dng bc sau xem NSEG l s phn on tip xc v NSN l s cc nt trong b
mt:
I. Chu k qua phn on tip xc t 1 n NSEG
1. Tnh ton vct phn on bnh thng v tch lu khu vc khi lng trung bnh ti nt
xc nh vct bnh thng im nt.
II. Chu k qua nt ph t 1 n NSN
1. kim tra tt c cc nt gn nht, lu tr t ch thch hp, v nh v nt gn nht.
2. kim tra xem liu nt gn nht l xuyn qua dung sai xc nh trong ch thch hp, nu
khng, i n kt thc chu k.
3. Cho v phn t, xc nh nu nt gn nht ang n gn phn on t ng thng tch cc

hoc tiu cc da vo quy tc bn tay phi. Vn l c hai nt v phn on tip xc dc vct
bnh thng nt gii thch dy v.
4. Kim tra xm nhp nt v nu nt xm nhp p dng lc im nt l tng xng vi

su xuyn qua.
Kt thc chu k
Tt nhin, hin nhin nhiu hn ch ca th tc trn tn ti. Vct bnh thng c s dng vi
vn b mt tip xc l v ngha cho nt dc ch giao nhau ca hai hay nhiu b mt v ( xin
vui lng xem phc tho di y ca hnh 23.26 ). Trong trng hp ny vct bnh thng s
c t tin bp mo ty vo s nh s cc kt ni ca v trong b mt giao nhau. Th hai,
bng cch xt kh nng phn on tip xc ch mi mt nt, kim loi to thnh vn khng th
c x l trong mt nh ngha tip xc. V d, nu vt gia cng b bt buc gia mt khi v
con trt sau t nht vi im nt trong vt gia cng phi cn thit c tip xc vi hai phn
44
on - mt trong khi v khc trong vt gia cng. Hai hn ch quan trng ny thc y pht
trin ch thch hp mi th tc m t trn v th tc b mt tip xc n iu chnh, loi 13.
Thay i ln trong loi tip xc 13 t loi 4 l loi tr vct nt bnh thng bng cch s
dng vct phn on bnh thng.
CHNG 3: THIT K V TNH TON KHUNG DM TR LC TRC
3.1 iu khin nng lng.
Khung dm tr lc l mt phn quan trng trong va chm trc din ca xe.Thit k thanh
tr lc lm tng kh nng chu va chm.Nhm mc ch iu khin nng lng,khung dm phi
cng,c bn,v nhng yu cu k thut khc i vi xe c.
Trong vn va chm, nng lng hp th cn phi cn bng vi hnh dng ca xe.Tuy nhin
yu cu v cng phi c ch khi thit k khoang bung li. tng ci tin kh nng
tng thch rt ra dng hnh hc thch hp lm tng nng lng hp th khoang ng c.
3.2 H thng nng lng hp th cho s va chm.
Thit k h thng c kh nng truyn ti nng lng va chm phn trc trong va
chm trc din ti ton m hnh thn xe
Hnh 3.1: H thng hp th nng lng trong va chm
45
C th thy hnh trn,h thng hp th nng lng trong va chm gm mt thanh dm

dc (linh ng/phn t truyn dao ng) phn trc xe, kt ni vi phn t crush bn di
sn xe.Do khi xe va chm ng trc,thanh dm dc truyn lc ti phn t Crush di sn
xe.Trong va chm trc din,khung dm trc b bin dng,truyn lc va chm ti phn t
TRANSMISSION ELEMENT,sau n c truyn ti cc b phn pha di sn xe.Theo
cch ny c hai khung dm tr lc trc v phn t CRUSH ELEMENT u chu lc va chm.
3.3 M hnh tng on ca thanh tr lc.
Khung dm gia xe l b phn chu lc chnh ca xe,c kh nng hp th nng lng

trong cc va chm trc din v va chm gc.Trong nghin cu ny thanh dm tr lc trc c
chia thnh tng on,nhng on ny chu bin dng ln nht.M hnh tng on c dng vi
nhng loi thp khc nhau, nhng v tr khc nhau trn xe.
M hnh khung xe vi section model vi nhng loi thp khc nhau.
Lun vn tp trung nghin cu b phn khung chu lc pha trc xe,b phn chu tc dng trc
tip trong va chm trc din.Cc thanh tr lc y c chia lm 2 on,phn pha trc c
dng vi low-strengh steel,phn ng sau c dng vi high-strengh steel.Mc ch ca vic
lm ny l v phn ng trc l phn chu va chm u tin trong va chm trc tip vi tng
cng hoc xe khc,v vy phn trc vi thp low grade s bin dng nhanh hn phn sau-c
lm vi thp high grade,phn sau mt mt khong thi gian mi b bin dng.Cui cng lm
gim nguy him ti khoang li trn xe Trong lun vn ny,phn trc ca thanh dm tr lc
c lm vi thp low-grade, phn sau c dng vi thp high grade.
46
Hnh 3.2: M hnh thanh dm tr lc ban u.
Hnh 3.3:Thanh dm tr lc phn on
47
Hnh 3.4: M hnh thanh dm tr lc vi tng on bng thp khc nhau.
Trong m hnh tng on,phn trc c lm bng thp low strength,cn phn sau c
lm thp high strength.Cc phn ny c ni vi nhau bng cc mi hn.Trong LS DYNA,
CONSTRAINED_SPOTWELD c dng ni tng phn khc nhau.
3.4 Tnh ton va chm xe s dng m hnh tng on trong th nghim va chm trc din
vi vt cn cng.
Xe vi m hnh khung dm tr lc tng on trong th nghim va chm trc din vi tng

cng theo tiu chun FMVSS208 tc 48km/h (30mph)
Hnh 3.5: Xe vi m hnh thanh dm tr lc phn on
48
Trong qu trnh thit k m hnh dm tr lc tng on,thanh dm tr lc c lm vi

nhng dy khc nhau. dy ca thanh dm trong m hnh gc l 2mm.Trong m hnh tng
phn,chng ta cho dy ca phn trc 1 v phn 3 l 1,3mm.Cn phn sau 2 v phn 4 vi
dy 2,6mm.C s khc nhau v dy ca thanh dm nh vy l do khi xe va chm vi tng
cng hoc xe khc,phn trc 1 v 3 s chu bin trc trc,sau mi ti phn 2 v phn 4.Cc
phn c ni vi nhau bi mi hn.
Trong th nghim va chm ,chng ta cn so snh tnh hp l ca m hnh xe vi thanh

dm chia tng phn vi m hnh ban u , so snh m hnh ban u vi m hnh cc thanh dm
tr lc tng phn
t=0s t=0.036s
t=0.077s t=0.12s
49
Hnh 3.6: Chui hnh nh va chm trong kiu phn on
Hnh 3.7: So snh chuyn v ca xe vi 2 m hnh
50
Hnh 3.8: So snh nng lng hp th ca xe vi 2 m hnh
Cn c vo 2 th ta thy chuyn v ca xe s dng m hnh dm tr lc tng phn cho

chuyn v xe nh hn so vi m hnh gc.Nng lng hp th ca thanh dm m hnh tng on
vi cng ca thp khc nhau th cao hn so vi m hnh gc.
Vy khi s dng m hnh dm tr lc tng phn lm gim chuyn v ca xe so vi m hnh

ban u.
3.5 M hnh dm tr lc composite:
Nng cao hiu sut s dng nhin liu tr thnh mt vn quan trng trong tt c cc
mu thit k mi.Chnh v iu ny,vt liu composite nh ngy cng pht trin. Trc khi ng
dng cc vt liu composite vo ch to xe thc t,phi xy dng m hnh xe trong mi trng
FEM, m phng qu trnh lp rp,trc khi ch to mt chic xe thc t.Mt trong nhng yu
cu u tin l d on kh nng hp th nng lng ca vt liu, chun on vt nt.Mc tiu
chun on vt nt l c tnh hp th nng lng trn mt n v khi lng ca vt liu.Nng
lng va p l thc o phn bit cu trc composite s dng trong xe tng kh nng
chng va p.Kh nng hp th nng lng va p khng n thun l cng, rn, bn m l
51
bn cht vt liu ng vai tr quan trng.C th kh nng hp th nng lng va p c tnh

ton theo ng cong chuyn v-lc.Hnh v sau m t mt ng cong lc-chuyn v.
Nhn hnh v ta c th thy, ng cong tng ln nhanh chng ti nh, sau n nh.
vt liu c kh nng hp th nng lng cao phi duy tr ti ln. mt phn ng cong,
nh ti c iu khin bng cch dng my kch hot hoc un gc ln phn cui ni
m qu trnh va p bt u.
Hinh 3.9: th ng cong lc-chuyn v.
nh ti th c th c gim bng cch tng gc vt,qu trnh n nh t c

nhanh hn.Ph thuc vo m hnh mu,nh ti c th hi ln hn hoc nh hn so vi ti va
p lc n nh
3.5.1 Phn t hu hn thanh dm composite
Vic th nghim m hnh thc t,trc quan rt tn km,chm,kt qu khng nh mong

i.Mt gii php ha hn a ra nhiu kt qu kh quan trong tnh ton kt cu k thut l:
phng php tnh ton phn t hu hn (FEA) .u im ca phng php FEA l chia nhng
52
bi ton tnh ng sut rng ln thnh nhng phn nh hn,sau gii tp hp nhng phn nh
ny vi s h tr ca my tnh.Phng php ny gip cc hng sn xut M thnh cng trong
nhiu lnh vc,n ng vai tr chnh trong cc thit k mi nh: my bay,tu thu,cu
ng,nh cao tng.Phn tch phn t hu hn thng c s dng tinh chnh hnh dng
hnh hc bng cch v trn my tnh,trc khi a ra thit k m hnh,kim tra.
Khi xem xt phn tch cu trc,phng php FE n c s dng trong phn tch tnh
hoc ng,tuyn tnh hay phi tuyn cc kt qu s c khm ph.Phng php ny trnh by r
rng a ra nhm cc ma trn khi lng,ma trn cng.
Li ch ca phng php FE hin (explicit) l gii quyt bi ton c s h tr ca my

tnh, phng php lp vi bc thi gian ngn
S khc bit gia phng php hin (explicit) v phng php n (implicit) l phng
php lp theo thi gian.Phng php hin ch n nh khi bc thi gian t nh hn t gh ( t gh
l thi gian gii hn i vi phn t shell). c tnh theo t gh =L/C (L: chiu di phn t,C l
vn tc m thanh, C E / (1 v 2 ) )
3.5.2 c im m hnh composite
M hnh si carbon/epoxy xp lp [( 450 ) 6 / 90 0 ] c phn tch.Th nghim m hnh
composite va chm tc 30mph (48km/h) theo tiu chun FMVSS 208, kt qu c so snh
vi m hnh gc vi vt liu thp.Mc ch lm tng nng lng hp th m hnh composite.
M hnh thanh dm composite gm 13 lp,mi lp dy 0.2mm,vy tng b dy thanh dm

2.6mm.Vt liu c s dng l si carbon/epoxy vi thuc tnh vt liu nh sau:
53
Bng 3.1: Thuc tnh Carbon/Epoxy
Thuc tnh Gi tr n v
Density 1.58E-06 Kg/mm 3
Ply longtitudinal modulus 142 Gpa
Ply transverse modulus 10.3 Gpa
Ply poisson's ratio 0.27 _
Ply shear modulus in plane 7.12 Gpa
Ply transverse modulus parallel to fiber direction 3.15 Gpa
Ply transverse modulus perpendicular to fiber direction 7.12 Gpa
Ply longitudinal tensile strength 1.83 Gpa
Ply longitudinal compressive strength 1.096 Gpa
Ply transverse tensile strength 0.057 Gpa
Ply transverse compression strength 0.228 Gpa

54
Ply shear strength 0.07 Gpa
55
Qua bng ny nu ch t si v ma trn ph hng do ct xut hin trong mt phn lp mng, c

mun n hi ngang v h s poisson ph gim xung n 0.Nhng s thay i trong mun
dc v mun ct theo sau s phn loi Weibull. Mt khc, nu ma trn ko hay s ph hng
nn xut hin u tin, mun ngang v h s poisson ph gim xung ti 0, trong khi mun
dc v mun ct vn khng thay i.Nhng phng trnh tht bi c la chn cho s phn
tch c da vo tiu chun ph hng Chang-Chang, m n nh ngha s ph hng nh cho
di, da vo nhng gi tr ca s nhng thnh phn ng sut c thu c t nhng lut
cu thnh.
Nu 11 0 : th chu ko (ch t si)
(e f )2 ( 11 / Yt ) 2 ( 12 / sc )2 1 { 1 hng & < 0 Ko c}
Nu 11 0 : th chu nn (th un v xon)
(e f )2 ( 11 / Yt )2 1 { 1 hng & < 0 Ko c}
22 0 : Kiu ma trn ko (ma trn ct di ko v nn ngang)
(em ) 2 ( 22 / Yt ) 2 ( 12 / sc ) 2 1 { 1 hng & < 0 Ko c}
22 0 : Kiu ma trn nn (ma trn ct d i ko v nn ngang)
(ed ) 2 ( 22 / 2Sc ) 2 ( 22 / Yc )[(Yc / 2 Sc ) 2 1] ( 12 / S c ) 2 1 { 1 hng & < 0 Ko c}
3.6 Gii hn nghin cu trong thanh:
M hnh composite si cacbon epoxy v si thy tinh epoxy c kim tra qua tiu chun
FMVSS 208 vn tc 48Km/h (30 mph).
3.6.1 S nh hng:
Gii hn nghin cu trong thanh c em ra bi s bt u vi dao ng trong chui

cht do tng cng.Bn chui cht do tng cng khc c phn tch v chng l nh sau:
1) [(45 ) / 90 ]
2) 90,90,90,90,90,90,90,90,90,90,90,90,90
56
3) 45,-45, 45,-45, 45, -45, 0,-45, 45, -45, 45, -45, 45
4) 0,90,0,90,0,90,45,90,0,90,0,90,0
Tm ra mt nh hng m n hp th nhiu nng lng hn l mt vn phc tp.C

tc ng quyt nh tng cng trc tip cho mu xt nghim l rt quan trng.S nh hng
trn c s dng chung v c so snh s dng lc v/s ng cong thay th.
3.6.2 B dy:
dy ca cc cu trc c mt vai tr quan trng trong hp thu nng lng ca mt ti

liu. Bng cch tng dy, cu trc c th chng li c nhiu p lc hn v v vy nng
lng hp thu nhiu hn.Tuy nhin, khi lng cng tng ln khi khng c bt k s tng no
v chiu dy v khi lng cu trc. iu ny khng th chp nhn c trong cc tiu chun
ca crashworthiness nh trng lng c mt vai tr rt quan trng trong vic tng hiu qu
nhin liu ca xe.
Trong nghin cu nh vy, b dy c thay i t 1.3 mm v 5.2 mm. Khi b dy 1.3

mm c s dng, s bin dng rt nhiu v mu bin dng hon ton khc.Ngoi ra, s hp th
nng lng rt t hn. Cc dy 3,9 mm mang li nng lc hp th tt hn nhiu so vi 2,6
mm, nhng n thit lp trong s gia tng trng lng ca c cu. V vy, trong nghin cu ny,
dy 2,6 mm c s dng trong mi phn composite
3.6.3 Vt liu.
Cu trc ca vt liu cng co vai tr quan trng trong hp th nng lng.Di y l hai
vt liu c s dng trong nghin cu ny carbon-fiber/epoxy v glass-fiber/epoxy
T hnh 25 v bng 5, c th c kt lun rng si ccbon vi nh hng [(45)/90]

v b dy ti 2.6 mm c s hp th nng lng cao.Si ccbon l vt liu c dng thit k
khung dm tr lc trc ca t trong s nghin cu ny.N cng c th thy rng s thay th
ca chic xe l t hn cc vt liu khc. iu ny c ngha l nhng thng tch c duy tr lu
di bi ngi s dng trong mt chic xe t c l ng k.V vy, y l nhng tham s xem
xt khi phn tch khung dm.
57
Bng 3.2: S ti u ca thanh dm composite pha trc t
Orientation No of Plies Thickness of ply Total Energy

Absorption
13 0.2 1.890E+05 KN
(45) 6 /90
0/90 13 0.2 0.940 E+05KN
+45/-45 13 0.3 1.120E+05 KN
+45/-45 13 0.4 1.024E+05 KN
Hnh 3.10: Lc v chuyn v t nhng hng khc nhau
58
Bng 3.3: c tnh si thy tinh Epoxy
Thuc tnh Gi tr n v
Mt 1.97E- Kg/mm
06 3
Ply longtitudinal modulus 45.847 Gpa
Ply transverse modulus 17.506 Gpa
Ply poisson's ratio 0.26 _
Ply shear modulus in plane 8.631 Gpa
Ply transverse modulus parallel to fiber direction 6.574 Gpa
Ply transverse modulus perpendicular to fiber 8.631 Gpa
direction
Ply longitudinal tensile strength 1.12 Gpa
Ply longitudinal compressive strength 0.9 Gpa
Ply transverse tensile strength 0.039 Gpa
Ply transverse compression strength 0.134 Gpa
Ply shear strength 0.077 Gpa
59
CHNG 4: PHN TCH NH HNG CA KHUNG DM
TRC XE HI
Trong nhng chng trc y, chng ti tranh lun v m hnh composite ca kiu thit
k mi.M hnh cn phi c kh nng gim bt nhng chuyn v, nhng gia tc v bi vy,
gip trong vic lm gim nhng vt thng ca ngi s dng.Chng ny gii quyt s hu
dng ca m hnh phc v nhng hiu ng ca n mi trn tiu chun vt thng.
S phn tch ny c chia vo trong ba phn ca tiu chun FMVSS 208, NCAP v IIHS
.Trc ht FMVSS 208 tiu chun c dng hc s bin dng n nh bi t khi s dng
m hnh mi.
N c quyt nh trc trong nghin cu ny m si carbon composite l mnh

hn v hp th nng lng nhiu hn.Trong chng ny, y l minh chng li bng cch trin
khai thc hin cc m hnh composite mi trong xe hi.Ngoi ra, cc kt qu ca si thy tinh
cng c bao gm gip trong vic gii thch cc kt qu.
4.1 Tiu chun FMVSS 208:
4.1.1 S m phng LSDYNA:
S phn tch hng ro cng rn trc din y c thc hin LS- DYNA c 120 mili-
giy.Nhng my o gia tc c t ti tm v tr trong xe.Nhng s tip xc c xc nh bi
giao din hnh hc. Khong cch gia xe v hng ro b gi ti cc tiu ti gin s m phng
thi gian. C s bin dng ng k ca m trm u, ci cn v bung ng c my, n c th
c nhn thy di:
4.1.2 M phng thanh dm si ccbon:
S bin dng duy tr bi t khi vic s dng thanh dm si ccbon c cho thy trong
hnh 4.1:
60
Hnh 4.1: S bin dng trong thanh dm si cacbon
4.1.3 M phng thanh dm si thy tinh:
S bin dng duy tr bi t khi vic s dng thanh dm si thy tinh c cho thy trong hnh
30:
61
Hnh 4.2: S bin dng trong thanh dm si thy tinh
62
T hnh 4.1, c th nhn thy rng cc bin dng ca xe hi khi thanh dm si cc-bon
c s dng l rt t. iu ny cho thy rng cc chuyn v v gia tc duy tr lu di ca xe
cng gim, qua lm gim thng tch duy tr lu di ca cc ngi s dng.Ngoi ra, n c
th c quan st thy s bin dng trn thanh dm si carbon composite l nhiu hn, iu
c ngha l s hp thu nng lng ca cc cu trc th cao v n li rt t lc ln cc cu trc
trong xe.iu ny gip gim ti thiu cc thng tch trong cc tiu chun n mc thp nht c
th.
4.1.4 Kt qu v tho lun:
Nhng s thay i v gia tc ang tn ti trong s c trc din ph hp vi tiu chun FMVSS
208 c a vo mc ny.Trong tt c cc biu chuyn vi v gia tc, thanh dm si ccbon
t ra l rt hu ch.
4.1.4.1 Kiu nguyn bn:
Chuyn v v nng lng hp th:
Hnh 4.3: Chuyn v ca xe
63
Hnh 4.4: Nng lng bn trong ca thanh dm
Hnh 4.5: Lc v chuyn v ca thanh dm m hnh kiu nguyn bn
Hnh 4.5 cho thy chuyn v ca xe CG i vi thi gian.Chuyn v thch hp vi thp,

si thu tinh (GF) v si carbon (CF) c minh ha.
64
Bng 4.1: Nng lng hp th ca m hnh kiu nguyn bn vn tc 48Km/h
Steel Glass fiber Carbon fiber
Nng lng hp th
ring 0.690E8 1.085E8 1.890E8
Biu th t gii thch vi si thu tinh v cc thanh dm ngy nay gn nh khng c

s khc bit trong chuyn v.Tuy nhin, hnh 32 m t rng thanh dm si carbon hp th nng
lng nhiu hn v do chuyn v xe hi gim hu ht 40%.iu ny ph hp vi thc t v
si carbon hp th nng lng nhiu hn v v vy lm gim chuyn v. Bng 7 m t rng hu
ht si carbon hp th hu ht nng lng gp ba ln so vi thp, m li ph hp thc t l bng
cch s dng cc si carbon, chuyn v ca chic xe gim.
Hnh 4.6: Biu so snh gia tc trng tm ca si thy tinh,si cacbon v thp trong m hnh
kiu nguyn bn
Vi hnh 4.6, n c th nhn thy rng gia tc ca thanh dm hin ti l cao hn nhiu so
vi cc si thy tinh v si carbon.Cc ti trng cao im trong thanh dm hin ti l khong 45
gs, trong khi trong ng si ccbon ca CG gia tc l khong 15 g's.C th thy rng gia tc
gim 75%.iu ny lm gim thng tch nh hng n ngi s dng.
65
4.1.4.2 Kiu phn on:
Hnh 4.7: Gia tc ca xe
Hnh 4.7 cho thy gia tc ca xe CG i vi thi gian.Chuyn v thch hp vi thp, si

thu tinh (GF) v si carbon (CF) c minh ha. Cc biu m t rng vi si carbon gia tc
ca chic xe khi gim so vi si thy tinh v thp.
66
Hnh 4.8: Nng lng bn trong ca thanh dm
67
Hnh 4.9: Lc v chuyn v ca kiu phn on
Bng 4.2: Nng lng hp th ca kiu phn on vn tc 48Km/h
Steel Glass fiber Carbon fiber
Nng lng hp th
ring 3.220E8 5.846E8 9.140E8
Hnh 4.8 m t rng thanh dm si carbon hp th nng lng nhiu hn v do chuyn

v ca xe hi gim hu ht 30%. iu ny ph hp vi thc t l si carbon hp th nng lng
nhiu hn v vy lm gim chuyn v ca xe hi. Bng 8 miu t rng hu ht si carbon hp th
nng lng gp ba ln so vi thp, m li ph hp thc t l bng cch s dng cc si carbon,
chuyn v ca chic xe gim.
Hnh 4.10: Biu so snh gia tc trng tm ca si thy tinh,si cacbon v thp trong kiu phn
on
Vi hnh 4.10, n c th nhn thy rng gia tc CG ca dm thp th cao hn si thy tinh
v si carbon.Cc ti trng cao im trong trng hp ca thp l khong 40 gs trong khi ca
cc ng si ccbon ca CG gia tc khong 22 g's.C th thy rng gia tc gim 45%.iu ny
lm gim thng tch nh hng n ngi s dng.
68
4.2 M hnh ha trong Catia (BMW serie 3)
Hng xe hng sang ln nht th gii a nhng cng ngh ti tn nht ca mnh nh
EfficienDynamics,lp Runflat,GPS ln serie 3 phin bn mi
A/Qun l nng lng EfficienDynamics
Mt trong nhng ci tin trn serie 3 2009 l k thut ti u ho ng c m BMW gi l

EfficienDynamics,bao gm h thng phun nhin liu c chnh xc cao (HPI)
ng c tch hp HPI c th tnh ton lng nhin liu cn thit.T iu chnh h thng
phun mt cch chnh xc.Nu HPI m nhim vic bm nhin liu th Valvetronic chu trch
nhim iu ho khng kh vo bung t,thng qua cc van np.S kt hp ny gip qu trnh
t t hiu sut cao,gim thiu kh thi v ng c vn hnh hiu qu.
Ngoi ra EfficienDynamics cn thu hi nng lng khi phanh.H thng ti sinh chuyn nng
lng ny thnh in nng v np vo c-quy.
im mnh na ca EfficienDynamics l chc nng t ng Khi ng/Tt ng c. Khi n

hay tc ng, vo lc ti x ri chn ga chuyn sang trng thi ch, EfficienDynamics s tt
ng c. Nh vy mc tiu hao nhin liu trong thnh ph s gim ng k.
B/Cn bng trng lng 50-50
Vi cn bng trng lng 50-50, truyn ng cu sau, BMW truyn nng lng theo cch c li
nht khi tng tc. Hng xe hng sang hng u th gii ny dnh hn 8 thp k pht minh v
hon thin nhng ci tin trong ngnh t. Khi trng lng c phn b ng u trc v sau,
xe s di chuyn cn bng hn. Trong quan nim ca nhng k s t c, xe khng "bc u"
khi tng tc hay "nhc ui" khi phanh gp mi tt.
L do rt n gin l khi bc u hoc nhc ui, xe mt bm ng v d gy tai nn.
C/Cng ngh lp Runflat
Mt trong nhng tnh hung nguy him nht trn ng l lp b mt hi t ngt. Cng ngh
Runflat ra i gii quyt tnh hung kh khn ny. Ngay c khi mt ht hi, xe vn c th
chy tc 80 km/h trn qung ng 250 km
69
D/nh v ton cu BMW Portable Navigation System
H thng nh v ton cu c BMW thit k v tch hp nhiu loi bn khc nhau.C c

bn Vit Nam.
ng c serie 3 mi c dung tch 2 lt I4, cng sut 170 m lc ti vng tua 6.700 vng/pht,
m-men xon cc i 210 Nm ti 4.250 vng/pht. Thi gian tng tc ln 100 km/h l 8,9 giy,
theo th nghim ca BMW. Vn tc ti a 228 km/h. Hp s t ng 6 cp
Mt vi hnh nh xe BMW serie 3
70
71
Hnh 4.11,12,13,14: Xe BMW serie 3
4.3 M hnh ho xe BMW serie 3 trong catia.
Trong Catia chng ta s dng modul Shape FreeStyle to hnh dng 3D cho xe.
Xe c chiu di 4520mm, chiu rng 2013mm,chiu cao 1421mm.
4.3.1/Xy dng m hnh xe t cc hnh chiu xe.
Hnh 4.15: hnh chiu cnh xe BMW serie 3
72
Hnh 4.16:hnh chiu trc xe BMW serie 3
Hnh 4.17:Hnh chiu sau BMW serie 3
73
Hnh 4.18:Hnh chiu bng xe BMW serie 3
S dng Generative Shape Design trong Shape ca CATIA to ra cc mt c kch thc ng

bng kch thc ca xe
Hnh 4.19:To cc mt c kch thc bng kch thc xe
Chn ch hin th l Shading with material .p vt liu cho cc mt.Apply material

74
Gn cc hnh chiu vo cc mt tng ng .
Hnh 4.20 :p vt liu ,gn hnh chiu.
75
Hnh 4.21: Gn hnh chiu cnh.
76
Tng t gn cc hnh chiu cho cc mt cn li
Hnh 4.22: Gn 4 hnh chiu xe cho 4 mt
4.3.2 To body cho xe
S dng modul Shape-FreeStyle ,to cc ng cong 3D trong khng gian theo bin dng xe.
77
Hnh 4.23:ng cong 3D xe
Dng Blend surface to b cc b mt.
78
Hnh 4.24: To b mt
79
p vt liu,mu sc.
80
Hnh 4.25,26: Body xe BMW serie 3
4.3.3 To khung xe
Khung xe c ch to t nhng loi thp c bit c cng, n n hi khc nhau ti

nhng v tr khc nhau c tit din khc nhau,m bo an ton, bn cng nh gim
trnglng xe.
81
Hnh 4.27: Khung xe
Bng cch s dng cc ng cong 3D curve to khung xe trong khng gian
82
Hnh 4.28: M hnh khung xe.
Hnh 4.29: Body v Khung
83
Hnh 4.30: Khung xe n gin
4.4 Tnh ton m phng va chm xe
a m hnh vo Ansys
M hnh Catia c lu di dng *.igs, import vo chng trnh ANSYS/LSDYNA thit

lp iu kin va chm.
Hnh 4.31: M hnh xe trong Ansys

84
nh ngha phn t,dng phn t Shell 163
Hnh 4.32: nh ngha phn t
Hng s vt liu
Bng 4.3: Hng s
H s ct -SHRF 5/6
S im tch phn-NIP 3
B dy Node 1-T1 5
B dy Node 2-T2 5
B dy Node 3-T3 5
B dy Node 4-T4 5
85
Hnh 4.33: Hng s
Vt liu dng cho xe l piecewise Linear Plasticity :High Carbon Steel vi cc thng s
Bng 4.4:Hng s cho vt liu
T l bin
Modul n H s Trng lng ng sut bin T l bin
dng
hi poisson ring chy dng dng C
P
7,85 e-09 210

210e3 MPa 0,3 0,75 40 5
T/mm3 Mpa
86
Hnh 4.34:Nhp vt liu
ng cong lc.
MP,ex,1,207e3 ! MPa
MP,nuxy,1,.30 ! No units
MP,dens,1,7.830e-09 ! T/m3
TB,PLAW,,,,8
TBDATA,1,207 ! Yield stress (MPa)
TBDATA,3,.75 ! Failure strain
TBDATA,4,40.0 ! C (strain rate parameter)
TBDATA,5,5.0 ! P (strain rate parameter)
TBDATA,6,1 ! LCID for true stress vs. true strain (see EDCURVE below)
*DIM,TruStran,,5
*DIM,TruStres,,5
TruStran(1)=0,.08,.16,.4,.75
TruStres(1)=207e0,250e6,275e0,290e0,3000e0
EDCURVE,ADD,1,TruStran (1),TruStres(1)
87
Bng 4.5:Vt liu composite
Khi lng Modul n H s Shear ng sut Sc chu Sc chu

ring hi poison strengh dc ko nn
1.58e-9 6e3 0.3 70 142e3 57e3 228
T/mm3 N/mm2 Mpa Mpa Mpa Mpa
Hnh 4.35:Vt liu composite
Bng 4.6: vt liu cho tng dng RIGID thp cng tuyt i
Modul n hi 210e3 MPa
H s poisson 0,3
Trng lng ring 7,85 T/mm3
88
Hnh 4.36:Vt liu cho tng.
Sau khi nh ngha cc hng s vt liu ta chia li ton m hnh vi kich thc li 100.
89
Hnh 4.37:Chia li
Sau khi chia li m hnh c 3803phn t, node 6230
To 2 component l t v tngc
Hnh 4.38: to component
nh ngha kiu tip xc ,s dng tip xc surface to surface.
Cho vn tc t l 48km/h(13333mm/s),vi thi gian va chm l 0.03giy.
4.5 Kt qu
Sau khi thit lp cc iu kin va chm xong,ta c th gii trc tip trn ANSYS/LSDYNA.
Hoc chuyn sang LSDYNA tnh ton v m phng tt hn.
4.5.1/Kt qu m phng va chm trc din v=48km/h,kiu nguyn bn v kiu phn on

composite
90
T=0s T=0.01s
T=0.02s T=0.03s
Hnh 4.39:M phng va chm
Kt qu ng sut
91
Hnh 4.40:ng sut Von Mises
Min =0 at node 1
Max =+6.9247E+002 at node 5697
92
Hnh 4.41 : ng sut kiu m hnh tng on c composite
Min =0
Max=+5.7852E+002 at node 3769
Cn c vo hai kt qu trn ta thy,ng sut m hnh thanh dm tng on c vt liu composite

l 578 cho ng sut nh hn nhiu so vi ng sut m hnh thp 692.Gim 16,47%
Kt qu chuyn v
93
Hnh 4.42: chuyn v
Min=0 at node5879
Max =+4.4224E+002 at node 3806
94
Hnh 4.43:chuyn v kiu phn on composite
Min =0 at node 5879
Max =+3.8508E+002 at node 5654
Chuyn v m hnh nguyn bn khong 442mm ,cn m hnh phn on c vt liu composite
chuyn v khong 385mm gim khong 12,8%
4.5.2/Kt qu chuyn v ,ng sut vn tc 60km/h
95
ng sut
Hnh 4.44:ng sut m hnh nguyn bn
Min=0 at node 1
Max=+8.8252E+002 at node 3751
96
Hnh 4.45:ng sut kiu tng on composite
Min =0 at node 1
Max =+6.7467E+002 at node 3752
ng sut m hnh nguyn bn khong 882,cn i vi m hnh tng on composite 674
Gim khong 23,5%
Chuyn v
97
Hnh 4.46 :Chuyn v m hnh nguyn bn
Min=0 at node 5879
Max=+5.1018E+002 at node 650
98
Hnh 4.47: chuyn v kiu phn on composite
Min=0 at node 5879
Max=+4.4110E+002 at node 3806
Chuyn v m hnh nguyn bn v=60km/h l khong 510mm,cn ca kiu thay th khong

441mm.Gim khong 13,5%
4.6/Kt qu va chm offset
4.6.1/Va chm offset vn tc 48km/h
99
Hnh 4.48:ng sut va chm offset kiu nguyn bn
Min=0 at node 1
Max =+6.7998E+002 at node 5697
100
Hnh 4.49: S kiu phn on composite
Min=0 at node 1
Max =+5.9239E+002 at node 5696
ng sut va chm offset kiu nguyn bn l 680 , S kiu phn on composite l 592,
S gim 12,9%
101
Chuyn v
Hnh 4.50: Chuyn v kiu nguyn bn
Min=0 at node 1
Max =+6.3546E+002 at node 5833
102
Hnh 4.51:chuyn v kiu phn on composite
Min=0 at node 5879
Max=+5.4115E+002 at node 5833
Chuyn v kiu nguyn bn l 635mm, chuyn v kiu phn on composite l 541mm
Gim 14,8%
103
4.6.2/Va chm offset vn tc 60 km/h
ng sut
Hnh 4.52 :ng sut kiu nguyn bn Min=0 at node 1
Max=+8.2164E+002 at node 5713
104
Hnh 4.53:ng sut kiu phn on composite Min=0 at node 1
Max =+6.8136E+002 at node 5711
ng sut kiu nguyn bn l 821,cn ca kiu phn on composite l 681,gim 17%
105
Chuyn v
Hnh4.54: chuyn v kiu nguyn bn Min=0 at node 5879
Max=+7.4927E+002 at node 5833
106
Hnh 4.55:chuyn v kiu phn on composite Min=0 at node 5879
Max=+6.6090E+002 at node 5833
Chuyn v kiu nguyn bn l 749 mm,cn ca kiu phn on l 660 mm,gim 11,8%
107
CHNG 5: KT LUN V HNG M RNG TI
Thanh dm gia ca t l thnh phn hp th nng lng v chu p lc chnh trong mt s c

xe trc din. Mc tiu ca ti ny s nghin cu cch s dng composite nh mt gii php
trong khung dm pha trc t v nh vy gip trong vic gim bt nhng thng tch cho
ngi s dng.Thanh dm composite c kim tra tm ra nng lng hp th cc i bng
c th qua vic thay i vt liu, s nh hng v b dy Phn mu ca thanh dm cng c
nghin cu y. Vic xc nhn FE Ford Taurus l m hnh cho cc nghin cu kh nng
chng li p lc va chm bng cch s dng LS-DYNA. Hai m hnh khc, mt m hnh nguyn
bn v m hnh phn on c kim tra va chm vi hng ro cng vi c chiu rng trong
tiu chun FMVSS ti vn tc 48 Km/h (30 mph), tng t vi tieu chun NCAP ti vn tc
56km/h (35 mph) v tiu chun IIHS lch tm 40% ti vn tc 64Km/h (40 mph). Ba tiu chun
FMVSS, NCAP v IIHS c tin hnh tm ra nhng gia tc v s chng va chm ca xe.
Bng cch trin khai thc hin composite vo chic xe, gia tc, chuyn v v thng tch ca
ngi s dng cui cng c gim.
Ngoi ra, cc kt lun sau y c th c thc hin:

- Thanh dm composite c nhiu hiu qu hn cho c ba tiu chun FMVSS, NCAP
v IIHS
- Composite hp th nng lng nhiu hn sau thp v do , s duy tr bin
dng ca dm composite th lu di hn, dn n gim trong chuyn v v gia tc ca xe
khong 45%.
- Bng cch s dng composite thay thp, c s gim trng lng ca thanh dm
khong 58%
-Mc chn thng gim mnh m bo thanh dm composite l mnh hn so vi thanh dm

thp
-Vt liu composite c thay th ni ng sut v cng cao l bt buc
Mc d thanh dm composite b hng bi s un trong qu trnh va chm, theo ng thit
k, nh hng si v ma trn si kt hp,ph hng un c th c gim.
108
Hng m rng trong tng lai:
Di y l nhng kin ngh cho cng vic trong tng lai c th c lu :

-Th nghim xc nhn c th c thc hin trc khi trin khai thc hin trong thc t
vi dm composite trong ngnh cng nghip t.
-Vt liu khc hn l si carbon / si thy tinh c th c s dng hoc mt s kt hp
ca cc vt liu composite khc nhau c th c s dng tng cng cc thanh dm.
-Thit k ca th nghim c th c dng ti u ha ca thanh dm composite, tm
ra cc nh hng ng, nguyn vt liu, dy chnh xc m nng lng hp th nhiu hn.
-Tc ng vi gc 30 c th thc hin xc minh thanh dm composite chu p lc nghien

gc nh th no
-Phn tch MADYMO m rng gii quyt cc vt thng u ,c phn ng li nhng
tai nn, thng tch phn mm, ch s ngc.. c th c nghin cu bit hiu qu ca cc
dm composite.
-Cc b lc khc hn l SAE 60 c th c s dng cho cc vt liu khc nhau
tm hiu l b lc cho ph hp vi phn tch tc ng.
M rng nghin cu v s phn lp ca vt liu composite c th c thc hin bit tnh

hiu qu ca cc thanh dm trong tc ng pha trc v tc ng xin gc.
Nghin cu v s ph hy vt cht c th c thc hin trong thi gian phn tch tc ng.
The End!
Ngi thc hin: Nguyn Trung Nguyn
Lp KU04BCKT
Email: trungnguyenbkhcm@gmail.com
Skype: trungnguyenbkhcm
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Dụng CATIA Tính Toán Mô Phỏng Tối Ưu Khung Dầm Ô tô

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Tnh ton m phng ti u khung dm tr lc trc t

AI HOC QUOC GIA THANH PHO HO CH MINH

LUAN VAN TOT NGHIEP

TNH TOAN, MO PHONG,TOI U KHUNG DAM

GVHD: ThS. V Cng Ha

Tp HCM, Thang 6/2009

Chng em xin cm n cc thy c trong B mn to iu kin chng em thc hin lun

Ngi thc hin: Nguyn Trung Nguyn

Ti liu tham kho

Nhim v luan vn ................................................................................................... ii

Danh sch hnh v .................................................................................................... ix

Danh sch bng biu ................................................................................................ xiv

CHNG 1: TNG QUAN ...................................................................................

1.1 Tm quan trng ca lun vn ..............................................................................

1.2 Phng php tnh ton........................................................................................

1.3 Cc Tiu chun kim tra .....................................................................................

1.3.1 Tiu chun IIHS.....................................................................................

1.3.2 Tiu chun FMVSS 208 .........................................................................

1.3.3 Tiu chun NCAP ..................................................................................

1.4 Phng php kim tra.........................................................................................

1.4.1 Kim tra chun tnh.................................................................................

1.4.2 Kim tra va chm ....................................................................................

CHNG 2: C S L THUYT .........................................................................

2.1 S chng va chm ..............................................................................................

2.2 Vt liu composite trong s chng va chm ........................................................

2.3 Kiu va chm v cu trc....................................................................................

2.3.1 Kiu s c bt ng ..................................................................................

2.3.2 Kiu ph hng dn ..................................................................................

2.3.3 Kiu phn mnh v ct ngang .................................................................

2.3.4 Kiu chch u ni hay s un bn mng ...............................................

2.4 L thuyt va chm ..............................................................................................

2.4.1 nh ngha ..............................................................................................

2.4.2 Cc c im ca qu trnh va chm .......................................................

2.4.3 Cc nh l tng qut ca ng lc hc p dng vo va chm .................

2.5 Vt liu composite trong thanh dm pha trc t .............................................

2.5.2 Vt liu composite ..................................................................................

2.6 Thut ton va chm tip xc ...............................................................................

2.6.1 Gii thiu.................................................................................................

2.6.2 Phng php rng buc ng hc ............................................................

2.6.3 Phng php hm pht ............................................................................

2.6.4 Phng php tham s phn tn.................................................................

2.6.5 Thut ton b mt tip xc n trong LS-DYNA .....................................

CHNG 3: THIT K V TNH TON KHUNG DM

3.1 iu khin nng lng. ......................................................................................

3.2 H thng nng lng hp th cho s va chm. ....................................................

3.3 M hnh tng on ca thanh tr lc. .................................................................

3.4 Tnh ton va chm xe s dng m hnh tng on trong th nghim

3.5 M hnh dm tr lc composite ..........................................................................

3.5.1 Phn t hu hn thanh dm composite .....................................................

3.5.2 c im m hnh composite ...................................................................

3.6 Gii hn nghin cu trong thanh.........................................................................

3.6.1 S nh hng .........................................................................................

3.6.3 Vt liu. ...................................................................................................

CHNG 4: PHN TCH NH HNG CA KHUNG DM

4.1 Tiu chun FMVSS 208 .....................................................................................

4.1.1 S m phng LSDYNA .........................................................................

4.1.2 M phng thanh dm si ccbon ............................................................

4.1.3 M phng thanh dm si thy tinh .........................................................

4.1.4 Kt qu v tho lun ..............................................................................

4.2 M hnh ha trong Catia (BMW serie 3) .............................................................

4.3 M hnh ho xe BMW serie 3 trong catia............................................................

4.3.1 Xy dng m hnh xe t cc hnh chiu xe. ..............................................

4.3.2 To body cho xe .......................................................................................

4.3.3 To khung xe ............................................................................................