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Giaotrinh CTR&CTNH PDF
Giaotrinh CTR&CTNH PDF
H CH MINH
VIN KHOA HC CNG NGH V QUN L MI TRNG
ThS, NCS V NH LONG, ThS NGUYN VN SN
TP BI GING
2
2.3.2.H thng container di ng: ..................................................................................... 28
2.3.3.H thng contianer c nh:...................................................................................... 31
2.4. VCH TUYN THU GOM........................................................................................... 33
2.4.1.Thit lp vch tuyn thu gom: .................................................................................. 33
2.4.2.Thi gian biu:.......................................................................................................... 35
2.5. S CN THIT CA HOT NG TRUNG CHUYN VA VN CHUYN ........ 36
2.5.1.Khong cch vn chuyn kh xa: ............................................................................. 36
2.5.2.Trm x l hay bi t xa ................................................................................. 38
2.5.3.Trm trung chuyn kt hp vi trm ti thu hi vt liu:......................................... 38
2.5.4.Trm trung chuyn bi chn lp v sinh(landfill) ................................................. 38
2.6. CC LOI TRM TRUNG CHUYN......................................................................... 39
2.6.1.Trm trung chuyn cht ti trc tip: ....................................................................... 39
2.6.2.Trm trung chuyn cht ti trc tip nng cng sut ln khng c my p:............ 39
2.6.3 .Trm trung chuyn cht ti trc tip nng sut ln c my p: .............................. 40
2.6.4. Trm trung chuyn cht ti trc tip nng sut trung bnh v nh c my nn: ..... 40
2.6.5.Trm trung chuyn cht ti trc tip nng sut nh s dng vng nng thn: ..... 40
2.6.6.Trm trung chuyn cht ti trc tip nng sut nh s dng bi chn lp v sinh:
............................................................................................................................................ 41
2.6.7.Trm trung chuyn kiu tch lu (storage-load transfer station) .............................. 41
2.6.8.Trm trung chuyn kiu tch lu cng sut ln khng c my nn: ........................ 41
2.6.9.Trm trung chuyn kiu tch lu nng sut trung bnh c thit b nn v x l....... 41
2.6.10.Trm trung chuyn kt hp va cht ti trc tip va cht ti tch lu (combined
direct-load and discharge-load) ......................................................................................... 42
CHNG 3: TI CH V X L CHT THI RN ..................................................... 43
3.1. KHI QUT V CC PHNG PHP X L CTR ............................................... 43
3.2. TI CH CHT THI RN (CTR) ............................................................................. 45
3.2.1. Nhu cu ca vn ti ch rc thi ......................................................................... 45
3.2.2.Cc hot ng ti ch, ti sinh v thu hi cht thi .................................................. 45
3.2.3.Thu hi v ti ch cht do ....................................................................................... 46
3.2.4.Vn tp trung thu hi v x l cc cht thi polyme cht do i hi phi gii
quyt ngay trong iu kin sn xut ni c nhu cu cht do, c hai hng: ................... 47
3.2.5. Thu hi v ti ch cc sn phm cao su................................................................... 47
3.2.6. Hot ng thu hi v ti ch cht thi ti Vit Nam................................................ 48
3.3. X L CTR BNG PHNG PHP C HC.......................................................... 48
3.3.1. Gim kch thc ...................................................................................................... 48
3.3.2. Phn loi theo kch thc ........................................................................................ 50
3
3.3.3. Phn loi theo t trng khi lng ........................................................................... 50
3.3.4. Phn loi theo in trng v t tnh....................................................................... 50
3.3.5. Nn cht thi rn ...................................................................................................... 50
3.4. X L CTR BNG PHNG PHP NHIT............................................................. 51
3.4.1. H thng thiu t ................................................................................................... 51
3.4.2. H thng nhit phn................................................................................................. 51
3.4.3. H thng ha hi thnh kh (bc kh) ...................................................................... 51
3.4.4. Cc h thng kim sot nhim mi trng khng kh cho cc qu trnh nhit .... 52
3.4.5.Cng ngh t........................................................................................................... 53
3.5. X L CTR BNG PHNG PHP CHUYN HA SINH HC V HA HC. 54
3.5.1.Qu trnh phn hiu kh ......................................................................................... 54
3.5.2.Qu trnh phn hy cht thi ln men k kh............................................................ 54
3.5.3.Qu trnh chuyn ha ha hc .................................................................................. 55
3.6.CC PHNG PHP X L CHT THI RN....................................................... 55
3.6.1.Cc phng php x l tng qut.............................................................................. 55
3.6.1.1. Phng php c hc......................................................................................... 56
3.6.1.2.Phng php nhit............................................................................................. 58
3.6.1.2.Phng php tuyn cht thi............................................................................. 58
3.6.1.3.Phng php ha l ........................................................................................... 60
3.6.1.4.Cc phng php ha hc................................................................................. 65
3.6.1.5. Cc phng php sinh ha............................................................................... 66
CHNG 4: THNH PHN, TNH CHT V PHN LOI CHT THI NGUY HI
.................................................................................................................................................... 67
4.1. MT S KHI NIM V CTNH................................................................................. 67
4.1.1. Mt s khi nim ..................................................................................................... 67
4.1.2.nh ngha cht thi nguy hi................................................................................... 68
4.2.PHN LOI CHT THI NGUY HI......................................................................... 69
4.2.1. Cc cch phn loi ................................................................................................... 69
4.2.2.Cc h thng phn loi: ............................................................................................ 69
4.2.2.1. Phn loi theo UNEP ....................................................................................... 69
4.2.2.2. Phn loi theo TCVN ..................................................................................... 71
4.2.2.3.Phn loi theo ngun pht sinh ......................................................................... 73
4.2.2.4. Phn loi theo c im cht thi nguy hi ..................................................... 73
4.2.2.5. Phn loi theo mc c hi ......................................................................... 73
4.2.2.6. Phn loi theo mc gy hi ......................................................................... 74
4.2.2.7. H thng phn loi k thut .............................................................................. 74
4
4.2.2.8. H thng phn loi theo danh sch .................................................................. 75
4.3. NGUN GC CHT THI NGUY HI ..................................................................... 76
4.4. NH HNG CA CHT THI NGUY HI ........................................................... 77
4.4.1. Anh hng n mi trng ..................................................................................... 77
4.4.2. Anh hng n x hi.............................................................................................. 79
CHNG 5: VN AN TON TRONG LU TR, VN CHUYN V QUN L
CHT THI NGUY HI ....................................................................................................... 80
5.1. VN QUN L CHT THI NGUY HI ........................................................... 80
5.1.1.Gim thiu cht thi ti ngun.................................................................................. 80
5.1.2. Thu gom, lu gi v vn chuyn Cht Thi Nguy Hi ........................................... 81
5.2.AN TON TRONG LU GI CHT THI NGUY HI............................................ 81
5.2.1 ng gi CTR nguy hi ........................................................................................... 81
5.2.2. Dn nhn CTR nguy hi.......................................................................................... 82
5.2.3 Thao tc vn hnh an ton kho lu tr ..................................................................... 82
5.2.4. Yu cu v kho lu tr ............................................................................................ 83
5.2.5. Cc k thut lu tr ha cht................................................................................... 84
5.3. AN TON TRONG VN CHUYN V QUN L CHT THI NGUY HI ....... 84
CHNG 6: TI CH V X L CHT THI NGUY HI ......................................... 86
6.1. CC PHNG PHP TI CH CHT THI NGUY HI ....................................... 86
6.2 CC PHNG PHP X L CHT THI NGUY HI ........................................... 86
6.1.1. Tng quan v cc phng php x l Cht Thi Nguy Hi .................................... 86
6.1.2. Phng php x l CTNH Vit Nam ................................................................... 88
6.1.2.1. Cng ngh x l Ho - L................................................................................. 88
6.1.2.2. Cng ngh thiu t.......................................................................................... 90
6.1.2.3. Cng ngh Chn Lp ........................................................................................ 92
6.1.3 Cc c s c kh nng x l CTNH trn a bn thnh ph H Ch Minh.............. 96
CHNG 7: S C V NH GI, PHNG TRNH S C VI CHT THI
NGUY HI ............................................................................................................................... 99
7.1.S C MI TRNG DO CHT THI NGUY HI................................................. 99
7.2. NH GI S C DO CHT THI NGUY HI...................................................... 99
7.2.1. Tc ng tc thi ..................................................................................................... 99
7.2.2.Tc ng lu di...................................................................................................... 101
7.2.2.1. S tip xc v tch ly CTNH i vi con ngi ............................................ 101
7.2.2.2. S bin i CTNH vo mi trng................................................................. 103
CHNG 8: CNG C PHP L V CHNH SCH QUN L CHT THI RN
V CHT THI NGUY HI .............................................................................................. 106
5
8.1 CC CNG C PHP L QUN L CTR V CHT THI NGUY HI............. 106
8.1.1. Cc phng php qun l ...................................................................................... 106
8.1.2. C cu lut mc ch l to nn c s php l thng nht, m bo mi trng
cng bng vi cc i tng............................................................................................ 106
8.1.3. Cng c hnh chnh mc ch l thc hin v h tr vic thi hnh c cu lut v c
cu chnh sch.................................................................................................................. 106
8.1.4. Gio dc cng ng mc ch l nng cao nhn thc, nhim v v trch nhim ca
cng ng v qun l cht thi. ....................................................................................... 107
8.1.5. C cu kinh t mc ch l to tnh trng kch thch v kinh t cng nh s n nh
v th trng..................................................................................................................... 107
8.1.6. H thng k thut mc ch m bo tch cht thi khi dng lun chuyn v a
v trng thi t c hi sau s c thi b................................................................. 107
8.2. CC C CH, CHNH SCH QUN L CTR V CTNH...................................... 108
8.2.1.Gim thiu cht thi ti ngun................................................................................ 108
8.2.2. Cc phng php phc hi cht thi v phm vi ng dng: ................................. 110
6
CHNG 0
M U
0.1. KHI NIM CHT THI RN
Cht thi rn (CTR) c hiu l tt c cc cht thi pht sinh do cc hot ng ca con
ngi v ng vt tn ti dng rn, c thi b khi khng cn hu dng hay khi khng
mun dng na.
Thut ng cht thi rn c s dng trong ti liu ny l bao hm tt c cc cht rn hn
hp thi ra t cng ng dn c th cng nh cc cht thi rn c th t cc ngnh sn
xut nng nghip, cng nghip, khai khong ... Ti liu ny c bit quan tm n cht thi rn
th, bi v s tch lu v lu ton cht thi rn c kh nng nh hng rt ln n mi
trng sng ca con ngi.
0.2. S LC LCH S PHT TRIN V QUN L CTR
Cht thi rn c t khi con ngi c mt trn tri t. Con ngi v ng vt khai thc
v s dng cc ngun ti nguyn trn tri t phc v cho i sng ca mnh v thi ra cc
cht thi rn.Khi y, s thi b cc cht thi t hot ng ca con ngi khng gy ra vn
nhim mi trng trm trng bi v mt dn c cn thp. Bn cnh din tch t cn
rng nn kh nng ng ho cc cht thi rn rt ln, do khng lm tn hi n mi
trng.
Khi x hi pht trin, con ngi sng tp hp thnh cc nhm, b lc, lng, cm dn c
th s tch ly cc cht thi rn tr thnh mt trong nhng vn nghim trng i vi cuc
sng ca nhn loi. Thc phm tha v cc loi cht thi khc b thi b ba bi khp ni
trong cc th trn, trn cc ng ph, trc l giao thng, cc khu t trng to mi trng
thun li cho s sinh sn v pht trin ca cc loi gm nhm nh chut ... Cc loi gm nhm
l im ta cho cc sinh vt k sinh nh l b cht sinh sng v pht trin.Chng l nguyn
nhn gy nn bnh dch hch.Do khng c k hoch qun l cht thi rn nn cc mm bnh
do n gy ra lan truyn trm trng Chu u vo gia th k 14.
Mi n th k 19, vic kim sot dch bnh nhm bo v sc khe cng ng mi c
quan tm.Ngi ta nhn thy rng cc cht thi rn nh thc phm d tha phi c thu gom
v tiu hu hp v sinh th mi c th kim sot cc loi gm nhm, rui, mui cng nh cc
vect truyn bnh.
Mi quan h gia sc kho cng ng vi vic lu tr, thu gom v vn chuyn cc cht
thi khng hp l th hin r rng. C nhiu bng chng cho thy cc bi rc khng hp v
sinh, cc cn nh chut, cc ni cha thc phm tha l mi trng thun li cho chut,
rui, mui v cc vectors truyn bnh sinh sn, pht trin.
Vic qun l cht thi rn khng hp l l mt trong nhng nguyn nhn chnh gy
nhim mi trng (t, nc, khng kh).V d cc bi rc khng hp v sinh lm nhim
bn cc ngun: nc mt, nc ngm bi nc r rc, gy nhim khng kh bi mi hi. Kt
qu nghin cu khoa hc cho thy gn 22 cn bnh ca con ngi lin quan n vic qun
l cht thi rn khng hp l.
Cc phng php ph bin nht c s dng x l cht thi rn t u th k 20 l:
Thi b trn cc khu t trng
Thi b vo mi trng nc (sng, h, bin )
Chn lp
7
Gim thiu v t
Hin nay, h thng qun l cht thi rn khng ngng pht trin, c bit l M v cc
nc cng nghip tin tin.Nhiu h thng qun l rc vi hiu qu cao ra i nh s kt hp
ng n gia cc thnh phn sau y:
Lut php v quy nh qun l cht thi rn
H thng t chc qun l
Quy hoch qun l
Cng ngh x l
S hnh thnh v ra i ca cc lut l v quy nh v qun l cht thi rn ngy cng
cht ch gp phn nng cao hiu qu ca h thng qun l cht thi rn hin nay
8
CHNG 1: NGUN GC, THNH PHN, TNH CHT CA
CHT THI RN
Khu dn c H gia nh, bit th, chung Thc phm d tha, giy, can nha,
c. thu tinh, can thic, nhm.
Khu thng mi Nh kho, nh hng, ch, khch Giy, nha, thc phm tha, thy tinh,
sn, nh tr, cc trm sa cha kim loi, cht thi nguy hi.
v dch v.
Trng hc, bnh vin, vn Giy, nha, thc phm tha, thy tinh,
C quan, cng s phng, cng s nh nc. kim loi, cht thi nguy hi.
Khu nh xy dng mi, sa Gch, b tng, thp, g, thch cao,
cha nng cp m rng ng bi,...
Cng trnh ph, cao c, san nn xy dng.
xy dng v ng ph, cng vin, khu vui
ph hu chi gii tr, bi tm.
Rc vn, cnh cy ct ta, cht thi
chung ti cc khu vui chi, gii tr.
Khu cng cng Nh my x l nc cp, nc
thi v cc qu trnh x l cht Bn, tro
thi cng nghip khc.
Cng nghip xy dng, ch
Nh my x l cht to, cng nghip nng, nh, lc
thi th du, ho cht, nhit in.
ng c, ng rung, vn Cht thi do qu trnh ch bin cng
cy n qu, nng tri. nghip, ph liu, v cc rc thi sinh
hot.
Cng nghip
Nng nghip
Bo
Giy ba c lp sn gn sng Ba c ph sp
10
Giy ba khng c lp sn gn sng Hp ng dy
HDPE
LDPE
PVC
Khc Phim nh
Thc phm
Ph thi t cc nng sn
Vi v cc sn phm dt may
Da
G Bao b g, pallet, mt ca
4. Kim loi en St
11
Knh
Be tong
at
8. Khc, nguy hi Ci cht thi nguy hi dng trong gia nh Sn, cc bao b cha ho
tim tng cht gia dng
Tro
Cht thi y t
Khc
12
5. Tr khi lng cn c trn cho khi lng ca v thng th nghim thu c khi
lng ca cht thi rn th nghim.
6. Chia khi lng CTR cho th tch ca thng th nghim thu c khi lng ring ca
cht thi rn.
7. Lp li th nghim t nht 2 ln v ly gi tr khi lng ring trung bnh.
1.3.1.2. m
m ca cht thi rn c biu din bng mt trong 2 phng php sau: Phng php
khi lng t v phng php khi lng kh.
Theo phng php khi lng t: tnh theo khi lng t ca vt liu l phn trm
khi lng t ca vt liu.
Theo phng php khi lng kh: m tnh theo khi lng kh ca vt liu l phn
trm khi lng kh vt liu.
Phng php khi lng t c s dng ph bin trong lnh vc qun l cht thi rn.
m theo phng php khi lng t c tnh nh sau:
a= {(w d )/ w} x 100
Trong : a: m, % khi lng
W: khi lng mu ban u, kg
d: khi lng mu sau khi sy kh 105oC, kg
13
Bng 1.3. m ca cc thnh phn trong CTR th
Cht hu c
Thc phm tha 9,0 70
Giy 34,0 6
Giy carton 6,0 5
Nha 7,0 2
Vi vn 2,0 10
Cao su 0,5 2
Da 0,5 10
Cht thi trong vn 18,5 60
G 2,0 20
Cht v c
Thy tinh 8,0 2
Can thic 6,0 3
Nhm 0,5 2
Kim loi khc 3,0 3
Bi, tro, 3,0 8
100,0
Bi tp v d 1.1: c tnh m (%) ca CTR t khu th khi bit thnh phn khi
lng ca n.
Gii p:
1. Thit lp bng tnh da vo d liu v cng thc 2-1
14
m, Khi lng kh
Thnh phn % khi lng
(% khi lng) (kg)
Cht hu c
Thc phm tha 9,0 2,7
Giy 34,0 70 32,0
Giy carton 6,0 6 5,7
Nha 7,0 5 6,9
Vi vn 2,0 2 1,8
Cao su 0,5 10 0,5
Da 0,5 2 0,4
Cht thi trong 18,5 10 7,4
vn 2,0 60 1,6
G 20
Cht v c 8,0 7,8
Thy tinh 6,0 2 5,8
Can thic 0,5 3 0,5
Nhm 3,0 2 2,9
Kim loi khc 3,0 3 2,8
Bi, tro 100,0 8 78,8
K = Cd2 =k
16
Xc nh khi lng cht thi rn pht sinh v thu gom cht thi l mt trong nhng im
quan trng ca vic qun l cht thi rn. Nhng s liu v tng khi lng pht sinh cng
nh khi lng cht thi rn thu hi ti tun hon c s dng :
- Hoch nh hoc nh gi kt qu ca chng trnh thu hi, ti ch, tun hon vt
liu.
- Thit k cc phng tin, thit b vn chuyn v x l cht thi rn.
Vic thit k cc xe chuyn dng thu gom cc cht thi rn c phn loi ti
ngun ph thuc vo khi lng ca cc thnh phn cht thi ring bit. Kch thc ca cc
phng tin ph thuc vo lng cht thi thu gom cng nh s thay i ca chng theo tng
gi, tng ngy, hng tun, hng thng. Tng t, kch thc ca bi rc cng ph thuc vo
lng cht thi rn cn li phi em b sau khi ti sinh hon ton.
1.4.2. Cc phng php tnh ton khi lng cht thi rn
Cc phng php thng c s dng c lng khi lng cht thi rn l:
- Phng php phn tch khi lng - th tch
- Phng php m ti
- Phng php cn bng vt cht
Cc phng php ny khng tiu biu cho tt c cc trng hp m phi p dng n tu
thuc vo nhng trng hp c th.
Cc n v thng c s dng biu din khi lng cht thi rn l:
- Khu vc dn c v thng mi: Kg/(ngi.ngy m)
- Khu vc cng nghip: kg/tn sn phm; kg/ca
- Khu vc nng nghip: Kg/tn sn phm th;
1.4.2.1. Phng php khi lng - th tch
Trong phng php ny khi lng hoc th tch (hoc c khi lng v th tch) ca
cht thi rn c xc nh tnh ton khi lng cht thi rn. Phng php o th tch
thng c sai s cao.
V d 1m3 cht thi rn xp (khng nn) s c khi lng nh hn 1m3 cht thi rn
c nn cht trong xe thu gom v cng c khi lng khc so vi cht thi rn c nn rt
cht bi chn lp. V vy nu o bng th tch th kt qu phi c bo co km theo mc
nn cht ca cht thi hay l khi lng ring ca cht thi rn iu kin nghin cu.
trnh nhm ln v r rng, khi lng cht thi rn nn phi c biu din bng
phng php cn khi lng. Khi lng l c s nghin cu chnh xc nht bi v trng ti ca
xe ch rc c th cn trc tip vi bt k mc nn cht no ca cht thi rn. Nhng s
liu v khi lng rt cn thit trong tnh ton vn chuyn bi v khi lng cht thi rn vn
chuyn b hn ch bi ti trng mt cho php ca trc l giao thng. Mc khc phng
php xc nh c th tch v khi lng rt quan trng trong tnh ton thit k cng sut bi
chn lp rc, trong cc s liu c thu thp trong khong thi gian di bng cch cn v
o th tch xe thu gom.
1.4.2.2.Phng php m ti
Trong phng php ny s lng xe thu gom, c im v tnh cht ca cht thi tng
ng (loi cht thi, th tch c lng) c ghi nhn trong sut mt thi gian di. Khi lng
17
cht thi pht sinh trong thi gian kho st (gi l khi lng n v) s c tnh ton bng
cch s dng cc s liu thu thp ti khu vc nghin cu trn v cc s liu bit trc.
1.4.2.3. Phng php cn bng vt cht
y l phng php cho kt qu chnh xc nht, thc hin cho tng ngun pht sinh
ring l nh cc h dn c, nh my cng nh cho khu cng nghip v khu thng mi.
Phng php ny s cho nhng d liu ng tin cy cho chng trnh qun l cht thi rn.
Cc bc thc hin cn bng vt liu gm nhng bc thc hin nh sau:
Bc 1: Hnh thnh mt hp gii hn nghin cu. y l mt bc quan trng
bi v trong nhiu trng hp khi la chn gii hn ca h thng pht sinh cht
thi rn thch hp s a n cch tnh ton n gin.
Bc 2: Nhn din tt c cc hot ng pht sinh cht thi rn xy ra bn trong h
thng nghin cu m n nh hng n khi lng cht thi rn.
Bc 3: Xc nh tc pht sinh cht thi rn lin quan n cc hot ng nhn
din bc 2.
Bc 4: S dng cc mi quan h ton hc xc nh cht thi rn pht sinh,
thu gom v lu tr.
Cn bng khi lng vt liu c biu hin bng cc cng thc sau:
a. Dng tng qut:
cc
Khi lng vt Khi lng vt Khi lng Khi lng
liu tch ly bn liu i vo h vt liu i cht thi pht
trong h thng = thng _ ra khi h _ sinh bn trong
(tch lu) (nguyn + vt thng h thng
liu) (sn phm, (cht thi rn +
cc vt liu) kh + nc
thi)
b. Dng n gin
Tch ly = vo - ra - pht sinh
c. Biu din di dng ton hc
d
= Mvo - Mra - rw x t
dt
Trong :
dM/dt : : Tc thay i khi lng vt liu tch ly bn trong h thng nghin
cu (kg/ngy, T/ngy)
Mvo : Tng cng khi lng vt liu i vo h thng nghin cu (kg/ngy)
Mra : Tng cng cc khi lng vt liu i ra h thng nghin cu (kg/ngy)
rwcc : Tc pht sinh cht thi (kg/ngy)
Trong mt s qu trnh chuyn ho sinh hc, v d: sn xut phn compost khi lng
ca cht hu c s gim xung, nn s hng rw s l gi tr m. Khi vit phng trnh cn bng
khi lng th tc pht sinh lun lun c vit l s hng dng.
18
Trong thc t, kh khn gp phi khi p dng phng trnh cn bng vt liu l phi
xc nh tt c cc khi lng vt liu vo v ra ca h thng nghin cu.
Bi tp v d 1.2: c tnh lng cht thi pht sinh bnh qun trn u ngi t khu
dn c da vo cc d liu sau:
- Khu dn c gm 1.500 h dn
- Mi h dn gm 6 nhn khu
- Thi gian tin hnh gim st l 7 ngy
- Tng s xe p rc: 9 xe
- Th tch mt xe p rc: 15m3
- Tng s xe y tay: 20 xe
- Th tch xe t nhn: 0,75m3
- Bit rng khi lng ring ca rc trn xe p rc l 300kg/m3 v xe y tay l
100kg/m3
Gii p:
Xc nh lng CTR thu gom trong 1 tun ti khu dn c
Phng tin Th tch (m3) Khi lng ring khi lng (kg)
(kg/m3)
- Xe p rc 15 300 40.500
- Xe t nhn 0,75 100 1.500
tngs, kg/tun 42.000
42.000kg / tuan
=
1.500 6 7 ngay/tua
n
= 0,67 kg/(ngi.ngy)
19
Trong s cc loi nguyn liu khc c nhp vo nh my th 25% c lu tr v s
dng trong tng lai; 25% thi b nh cht thi rn, 50% cn li l hn hp cc loi cht thi
v trong s c 35% c dng ti ch, phn cn li c xem nh cht thi rn em i
thi b.
- Thit lp s cn bng vt liu da vo cc d kin trn
- Xc nh lng cht thi pht sinh khi sn xut 1 tn sn phm?
Gii p:
1. u vo ca nh my sn xut hp
- 12 tn nguyn liu th
- 5 tn can
- 0,5 tn giy carton
- 0,3 tn cc loi nguyn liu khc.
2. Cc dng lun chuyn trong qu trnh sn xut:
a. 10 tn sn phm c sn xut; 1,2 tn c lm thc n gia sc; 0,8 tn c thi
vo h thng x l nc thi.
b. 4 tn can c lu tr trong kho; 1 tn c s dng ng hp; 3% trong s c
s dng b hng v c dng ti ch.
c. 0,5 tn carton c s dng v 5% trong s c s dng b hng v em i ti ch.
d. 25% cc loi nguyn liu khc c lu tr; 25% thi b nh l cht thi rn; 50%
cn li l hn hp cc loi cht thi v trong s th 35% c dng ti ch,
phn cn li c xem nh cht thi rn em i thi b.
3. Xc nh s lng cc dng vt cht
a. Cht thi pht sinh t nguyn liu th
+ Cht thi c s dng lm thc n gia sc: 1,2 tn
+ Cht thi c a vo h thng x l nc thi: 12 - 10 -1.2 = 0,8 tn.
b. Can
+ Can b hng v s dng ti ch: 0,03. (5-4) = 0,03 tn
+ S dng ng hp: 1 - 0,03 = 0,97 tn
c. Giy carton
+ Giy b h hng v s dng ti ch: 0,05 x 0,5 = 0,025tn
+ Giy c s dng ng thng: 0,5 - 0,025 = 0,475tn
d. Cc loi vt liu khc
+ S lng lu tr: 0,25 x 0,3 = 0,075 tn
+ Giy c ti ch: 0,5 x 0,35 x 0,3 = 0,053 tn
+ Hn hp cht thi: (0,3 -0,075 - 0,053) = 0,172 tn
Tng khi lng sn phm: 10 + 0,97 + 0,475 = 11,445 tn
Tng khi lng vt liu lu tr: 4 + 0,075 = 4,075 tn
20
4 Chun b bng cn bng vt liu
a. Tng khi lng cc vt liu lu tr = Vt liu vo - vt liu ra - cht thi pht sinh
b. Cn bng vt liu
- Vt liu lu tr = (4 + 0,075) tn = 4,075 tn
- Vt liu u vo = (12 + 5,0 + 0,5 + 0,3) tn = 17,8 tn
- Vt liu u ra = (10 + 1,2 + 0,97 + 0,03 + 0,475 + 0,025 + 0,053) = 12,753 tn
- Cht thi pht sinh = (0,8 + 0,172) tn = 0,972 tn
- Kim tra cn bng vt cht: 17,8 - 12,753 - 0,972 = 4,075
c. Thit lp s cn bng vt liu
22
- Tn xut thu gom cht thi
- Cng c nhiu dch v thu gom, cng nhiu cht thi rn c thu gom, nhng khng
biu hin c rng tc pht sinh cht thi rn cng tng theo.
- c im ca khu vc phc v.
- Tnh c th ca khu vc phc v nh hng nhiu n tc pht sinh cht thi
trong khu vc. V d: tc pht sinh cht thi tnh theo u ngi khu vc ngi
giu thng nhiu hn so vi khu vc ngi ngho. Nhng nhn t khc nh hng
n rc vn bao gm: din tch t, tn sut sa cha (the frequency of yard
maintenance), cnh quang khu vc (the degree of landscaping).
23
CHNG 2: H THNG THU GOM, TRUNG CHUYN V
VN CHUYN CHT THI RN
24
Dch v cc thu gom l ng (Curb): nhng ni dch v thu gom kiu l ng
c s dng, Ngi ch nh chu trch nhim t cc thng y rc l ng vo ngy
thu gom v chu trch nhim mang cc thng c b tr v v tr t chung tip tc
cha cht thi.
Dch v thu gom li i - ng hm (Alley): nhng khu vc li i v ng hm l mt
phn ca s b tr thnh ph hoc khu dn c, th cc thng cha rc t u cc li i,
ng hm.
Dch v thu gom kiu mang i - tr v (Setout - setback): Trong dch v kiu mang i
- tr v, cc thng cha rc container c mang i v mang tr li cho cc ch cc s hu ny
sau khi rc chung c b bi cc i tr gip. i tr gip ny s lm vic kt hp cng
vi i thu gom chu trch nhim v vic d ti t cc thng cha rc ln xe thu gom.
Dch vu thu gom kiu mang i (Setout): Dch v kiu mang i v c bn ging nh
dch v kiu mang i - tr v, nhng khc ch ch nh chu trch nhim mang cc thng
cha rc tr v v tr ban u.
Phng php thu gom th cng thng c p dng thu gom CTR trong cc h dn
c bao gm: (1) Trc tip mang cc thng y cha rc n ln xe cc ni thu gom; (2) Cc
thng y rc c gn bnh xe n ni xe thu gom v b rc thi vo cc xe nh v khng
n ni thu gom b; (3) S dng xe rc nh thu gom d ti t thng rc vo xe thu gom v
mang cc thng cha n ni thu gom rc thi.
Phng php p dng cho cc khu dn c thp tng v trung bnh:
Dch v thu gom l ng l phng php ph bin cho cc khu dn c thp tng v
trung bnh. Nhng ngi i thu gom t cc cn h c trch nhim vn chuyn cc thng
cha y rc t cc h gai nh n cc l ng bng phng php th cng hoc c kh tu
thuc vo s lng rc cn thit phi vn chuyn.
Phng php p dng cho cc khu dn c cao tng:
i vi khu chung c cao tng cc loi thng cha ln c s dng thu gom CTR.
Tu thuc vo kch thc v kiu ca cc thng cha c s dng hoc l p dng phng
php c kh vi xe thu gom c trang b cc thit b thu gom cho ph hp hoc l cc xe thu
gom c b phn nng cc thng cha d ti vo xe thu gom, v thi b chung hoc l khng
cc thng cha n cc ni khc (ni ti ch) thi b d ti.
Phng php p dng cho cc khu thng mi-cng nghip:
C 2 phng php th cng v c kh c s dng thu gom CTR t khu thng mi.
trnh tnh trng kt xe vo thi im ban ngy, CTR c thu gom vo ban m hoc vo
lc sng sm. Khi p dng phng php thu gom th cng th cht thi rn c t v cc
thng bng plastic hoc cc loi thng giy v c t dc theo ng ph thu gom. Vic
thu gom cht thi thng thng c thc hin bi 1 nhm c 3 ngi, trong mt vi trng
hp c th n 4 ngi: gm 1 ti x t 2 n 3 ngi mang rc t cc thng cha trn l
ng ni thu gom vo xe thu gom rc.
Nu s hn n tnh trng n tc giao thng khng phi l mt vn chnh v khong
khng gian lu tr cht thi ph hp th cc dch v v thu gom rc ti cc trung tm
thng mi - cng nghip c th s dng cc thng cha rc c gn bnh xe, container c th
di chuyn c, cc thng cha rc c th gn kt li trong trng hp cc xe p rc c kch
thc ln, v cc thng cha c dung tch ln. Tu thuc vo kch thc v kiu thng cha
rc m p dng phng php c kh d ti ti ch hay khng cc thng cha rc n ni khc
25
d ti. hn ch vic tc nghn giao thng, d ti bng phng php c kh thng c
p dng khi thu gom rc vo ban m.
2.2.2.H thng thu gom cht thi rn phn loi ti ngun:
Cc loi vt liu c phn chia ti ngun cn phi c thu gom s dng cho mc
ch ti ch. Phng php c bn hin ti ang c s dng thu gom cc loi vt liu ny
l thu gom dc theo l ng, s dng nhng phng tin thu gom thng thng hoc thit k
cc thit b c bit chuyn dng.
Cc chng trnh thu gom cht thi ti ch thay i tu thuc vo qui nh tng cng
ng khc nhau. V d nh, mt vi chng trnh yu cu nhng ngi dn phn chia cc loi
vt liu khc nhau nh giy bo, nha, thu tinh, kim loi v cha trong cc thng khc nhau.
Cc chng trnh khc th ch s dng mt thng lu tr cc loi vt liu ti ch hoc l, 2
thng: 1 dng ng giy, thng cn li dng cha cc loi vt liu ti ch nng nh: thu
tinh, nhm v can thic. Ring cc hot ng thu gom cc loi vt liu khc nhau s nh hng
trc tip n vic thit k cc phng tin thu gom.
2.2.3.H thng container di ng: (HCS - Hauled Container System)
Trong h thng container di ng th cc container c s dng cha cht thi rn v
c vn chuyn n b , b cht thi rn v mang tr v v tr thu gom ban u hoc v
tr thu gom mi.
H thng container di ng thch hp cho cc ngun pht sinh cht thi c khi lng ln
(trung tm thng mi, nh my) bi v h thng ny s dng cc container c kch thc
ln. Vic s dng container kch thc ln gim thi gian vn chuyn, hn ch vic cha cht
thi thi gian i v hn ch cc iu kin v sinh khi s dng container kch thc nh, thch
hp vi hu ht cc loi cht thi rn. Theo l thuyt, h thng ny ch cn mt ti x ly
container y ti t ln xe, xe mang container ny t ni thu gom n b , d ti v mang
container rng tr v v tr ban u hay v tr thu gom mi. Trong thc t, m bo an ton
khi cht ti v d ti thng sp xp 2 cng nhn cho mi xe thu gom: 1 ti x c nhim v ly
xe v 1 ngi ph c trch nhim tho lp cc dy buc container. Khi vn chuyn cht thi
c hi bt buc phi c 2 cng nhn cho h thng ny.
Trong h thng ny, cht thi vo container bng th cng nn h s s dng
container thp. H s s dng container l t s gia th tch cht thi rn chim ch v th
tch ca container.
2.2.4. H thng container c nh: (SCS - Stationnary Container System)
Trong h thng ny, container c nh c s dng cha cht thi rn vn gi v tr
thu gom khi ly ti, chng ch c di chuyn mt khong cch ngn t ngun pht sinh n
v tr thu gom d ti. H thng ny ph thuc vo khi lng cht thi pht sinh v s im
ly ti (im pht sinh cht thi thu gom) .
H thng ny chia ra thnh 2 loi chnh: 1) H thng thu gom ly ti c gii; 2) H thng
thu gom cht ti th cng. Hu ht cc xe thu gom s dng trong h thng ny thng c
trang b thit b p cht thi lm gim th tch, tng khi lng cht thi vn chuyn. V
vy, h s s dng th tch container trong h thng ny rt cao. y l u im chnh ca h
thng container c nh so vi h thng container di ng. Trong h thng ny xe thu gom s
vn chuyn cht thi n b sau khi ti c cht y nn h s s dng th tch container
rt cao so vi h thng container di ng.
26
Nhc im ln ca h thng ny l xe thu gom c cu to phc tp s kh khn trong
vic bo tr. Mt khc h thng ny khng thch hp thu gom cc cht thi c kch thc
ln v cht thi xy dng.
Nhn cng trong h thng thu gom ph thuc vo vic ly ti c kh hay ly ti th cng.
i vi h thng container c nh ly ti c kh, s lng nhn cng ging nh h thng
container di ng l-2 ngi. Trong trng hp ny, ti x li xe c th gip ngi cng
cch ly ti trong vic di chuyn cc container y ti n xe thu gom v tr container v v tr
ban u. nhng ni c v tr t container cha cht thi xa v tr thu gom nh cc khu
thng mi, khu dn c trong nhiu hm nh s lng cng nhn s l -3 ngi, trong c
2 ngi ly ti. i vi h thng container c nh ly ti th cng s lng nhn cng thay
i t 1 n 3 ngi. Thng thng s gm 2 ngi khi s dng vo thu gom kiu l ng v
kiu li i - ng hm. Ngoi ra, khi cn thit i ly ti s tng hn 3 ngi.
2.3. PHN TCH H THNG THU GOM
tnh ton s lng xe thu gom v s lng nhn cng cho cc loi h thng thu gom,
thi gian n v thc hin cho mi loi hot ng phi c xc nh. Bng cch chia hot
ng thu gom thnh cc hot ng n v, chng ta c th nghin cu v thit lp cc biu
thc tnh ton s dng cho trng hp chung, ng thi nh gi c cc bin s lin
quan n cc hot ng thu gom.
2.3.1.nh ngha cc thut ng
Trc khi thit lp cc cng thc tnh ton cho cc h thng thu gom, cc hot ng n
v phi c m t. Cc hot ng lin quan n vic thu gom cht thi rn c th c chia
thnh 4 hot ng n v sau:
Thi gian ly ti (pickup)
Thi gian vn chuyn (haul)
Thi gian b (at-site)
Thi gian ph -Thi gian khng sn xut (off-route)
27
v tr d ti t trn xe ti n khi xe n v tr m container rng c th xung. Thi
gian vn chuyn khng tnh n thi gian b hay trm trung chuyn
H thng container c nh: Thi gian vn chuyn l tng thi gian cn thit i n v tr
d ti (trm trung chuyn, trm thu hi vt liu, hay b ) bt u khi container cui cng
trn tuyn thu gom c d ti hoc xe y cht thi v thi gian sau khi ri khi v tr d
ti cho n khi xe n v tr t container u tin trn tuyn thu gom tip theo. Thi gian vn
chuyn khng k thi gian b hay trm trung chuyn
Thi gian b (s)
L thi gian cn thit d ti ra khi cc container (i vi h thng container di ng)
hoc xe thu gom (i vi h thng container c nh) ti v tr d ti (trm trung chuyn, trm
ti thu hi vt liu, hay b ) bao gm thi gian ch i d ti v thi gian d ti cht thi
rn t cc container hay xe thu gom.
28
b: hng s thi gian theo thc nghim, gi/km
x: khong cch vn chuyn 2 chiu trung bnh km/ch
Hnh v 3.1: Biu biu din mi quan h gia tc vn chuyn trung bnh v
khong cch vn chuyn 2 chiu cho xe thu gom cht thi rn.
Hng s tc vn chuyn a,b cho trong bng sau:
Tc gii hn a (h/ch) b
(km/h) (h/km)
Khi s v tr thu gom trong khu vc phc v c xc nh, khong cch vn chuyn 2
chiu trung bnh c tnh t trng tm ca khu vc phc v n bi v cng thc (3.2) c th
p dng trong trng hp ny.
Thay th biu thc h cho phng trnh (3.2) vo (3.1) ta c thi gian cn thit cho mt
chuyn c th biu din nh sau:
Thcs = (Phcs + s + a + bx) (3.3)
i vi h thng container di ng, thi gian ly ti cho mt chuyn s c tnh theo cng
thc:
Phcs = pc + uc + dbc(3.4)
Trong :
Phcs: thi gian ly ti cho mt chuyn, gi/ch.
pc:cc thi gian hao ph cho vic nng container, gi/ch.
29
uc:cc thi gian hao ph cho vic th container rng ( d ti) xung, gi/ch.
dbc: cc thi gian hao ph li xe gia cc v tr t container, gi/ch.
Nu khng bit thi gian trung bnh hao ph li xe gia cc container (dbc) th thi
gian ny c th tnh theo cng thc (3.2). Khong cch vn chuyn 2 chiu thay bng khong
cch gia cc container v hng s thi gian vn chuyn c s dng tng ng vn tc ta c
l 24,1km/h.
i vi h thng container di ng, s chuyn thu gom cho mt xe trong mt ngy hot
ng c th c tnh ton bng cch a vo h s thi gian khng sn xut W, cng thc
tnh ton nh sau:
Nd =
[H (1 W ) (t1 t 2 )] (3.5)
Thcs
Trong :
Nd: s chuyn trong ngy, ch/ngy.
H:cc s gi lm vic trong ngy, gi/ngy.
W:cc h s k n cc yu t khng sn xut, biu din bng t s.
t1: thi gian li xe t trm iu vn n v tr t container u tin trong ngy, gi.
t2: thi gian li xe t v tr t container cui cng trong ngy v trm iu vn, gi.
Thcs: thi gian cn thit cho mt chuyn, gi/ch.
Trong phng trnh (3.5) gi thit rng cc hot ng khng sn xut c th xy ra
bt k thi im no trong ngy hot ng. H s k n cc hot ng khng sn xut trong
phng trnh (3.5) thay i t 0,10 - 0,40 trung bnh l 0,15.
S chuyn c th thc hin trong ngy tnh ton t phng trnh (3.5) c th so snh vi
s chuyn yu cu trong ngy (trong tun), c tnh bng cch s dng biu thc sau:
Vd
Nd = (3.6)
(cf )
Trong :
Nd: S chuyn trong ngy, ch/ngy.
Vd: Th tch cht thi rn thu gom trung bnh hng ngy, m3/ngy.
c: Th tch ca container, m3/ch.
f: H s hiu dng trung bnh ca container (h s s dng container trung bnh)
H s s dng cotainer c th c nh ngha l t s (t l) ca th tch container b
cht thi rn chim ch vi th tch hnh hc ca container. H s ny thay i theo kch thc
ca container nn phng trnh (3.6) phi dng h s s dng container c cht ti. H s
c cht ti c th tm bng cch chia gi tr tng cng (c c t vic nhn s container ng
vi tng kch thc vi h s s dng tng ng) cho tng s container.
k
f 1 n1 + f 2 n2 + f 3 n3 + ... + f k nk f
i =1
i ni
f = =
n1 + n2 + n3 + ... + nk k
n
i =1
i
30
Trong :
fi: h s s dng ca container loi i
ni: s lng container loi i.
2.3.3.H thng contianer c nh:
Do c s khc bit gia vic ly ti c kh hay th cng, nn cc loi h thng container
c nh phi c xem xt ring bit.
i vi h thng s dng xe thu gom cht ti t ng, thi gian cho mt chuyn biu din nh
sau:
TSCS = (PSCS + s + a + bx) (3.7)
Trong :
TSCS: thi gian cho mt chuyn i vi h thng container c nh, gi/ch.
PSCS: thi gian ly ti cho mt chuyn, gi/ch.
s: cc thi gian ly ti bi , gi/ch
a: cc hng s thc nghim, gi/ch.
b: cc hng s thc nghim, gi/km.
x: khong cch vn chuyn 2 chiu trung bnh, km/ch.
Ging nh h thng container di ng, nu khng c s liu khong cch vn chuyn
2 chiu trung bnh th khong cch ny ly bng khong cch t cc trng tm ca khu vc
phc v n b .
Ch c s khc nhau gia phng trnh (3.7) v (3.3) i vi h thng container di
ng l s hng thi gian ly ti.
i vi h thng containe c nh, thi gian ly ti c tnh theo cng thc:
PSCS = Ct (uc) + (nP - 1)(dbc) (3.8)
Trong :
PSCS: thi gian ly ti cho mt chuyn, gi/ch.
Ct: s container b (d ti) trong mt chuyn thu gom, container/ch.
uc:thi gian ly ti trung bnh cho mt container, gi/container.
np:s v tr t nht container trn mt chuyn thu gom, v tr/ch.
bc:cc thi gian trung bnh hao ph li xe gia cc v tr t container, gi/v tr.
S hng (nP - 1) biu th cho s ln xe thu gom s i gia cc v tr t container v bng
s v tr t container tr i 1. Ging nh trng hp h thng container di ng, nu khng bit
thi gian hao ph li xe gia cc v tr t cc container, th thi gian ny c tnh ton bng
phng trnh (3.2), trong thay th khong cch vn chuyn 2 chiu bng khong cch gia cc
container v cc hng s thi gian vn chuyn tng ng vi 24,1 km/h
S container c b trn mt chuyn thu gom t l thun vi th tch ca xe thu
gom v t s nn bung cha ca xe thu gom. S container ny c tnh theo cng thc:
vr
Ct =
(cf ) (3.9)
31
Trong :
Ct: s container b trn mt chuyn, container/ch.
cc th tch xe thu gom, m3/ch.
r: t s nn.
c: th tch ca container, m3/container.
f : h s s dng container c cht ti.:
S chuyn phi thc hin trong ngy c th tnh ton theo biu thc sau:
Vd
Nd = (3.10)
vr
Trong :
Nd:cc s chuyn thu gom thc hin hng ngy, ch/ngy
Vd:cc khi lng trung bnh ngy ca cht thi thu gom, m3/ngy.
Thi gian cng tc trong ngy khi tnh ton n h s k n cc yu t khng sn xut
W c th tnh nh sau:
(t1 + t 2 ) + N d (TSCS )
H= (3.11)
1W
Trong :
t1:cc thi gian li xe t trm iu vn n v tr t container u tin ly ti trn tuyn
thu gom u tin trong ngy, gi.
t2:cc thi gian li xe t "v tr t container cui cng" trn tuyn thu gom sau cng ca
ngy cng tc n trm iu vn, gi.
Cc k hiu khc c quy c ging nh c s dng trong cc cng thc trn.
Trong nh ngha t2, thut ng "v tr t container cui cng" c s dng bi v trong
h thng container c nh, xe thu gom thng li (trc tip) v trm iu vn sau khi cht thi
thu gom trn tuyn cui cng c b ti b . Nu thi gian i t b (hay im trung
chuyn) v n trm iu vn nh hn mt na thi gian vn chuyn hscs 2 chiu (ton tuyn)
trung bnh, t2 c gi s bng 0. Nu thi gian i t b (hay im trung chuyn) n v
trm iu vn ln hn thi gian i t v tr thu gom cui cng n b , th thi gian t2 c
gi s bng s chnh lch gia thi gian li xe t b n v trm iu vn v 1/2 thi
gian vn chuyn hscs ton tuyn (2 chiu) trung bnh.
ni c s chuyn thu gom mi ngy l mt s nguyn, s kt hp chnh xc hay ng
s chuyn trong ngy v kch thc xe thu gom c th c xc nh bng phng trnh (3.11)
v cc phn tch kinh t. xc nh th tch xe thu gom, thay th 2 hoc 3 gi tr trong
phng trnh (3.11) v tnh ton xc nh thi gian ly ti s dng trn chuyn thu gom.
Sau bng bi ton th dn, s dng cc phng trnh (3.8), (3.9) xc nh th tch xe thu
gom cho mi gi tr Nd. T nhng kch thc xe thu gom xc nh trn, la chn mt gi tr
gn vi gi tr tnh ton nht. Nu kch thc xe thu gom nh hn gi tr chn, tnh ton
thi gian cng tc thc t trong ngy. Sau c th la chn xe trn c s kt hp vi chi ph
hiu qu.
32
Khi kch thc xe thu gom c c nh, v s chuyn thu gom trong mi ngy l 1 s
nguyn, th thi gian cng tc trong ngy c tnh ton bng phng trnh (3.8), (3.9) v
(3.11).
Mt khi nhn cng yu cu cho mi xe thu gom v s chuyn thu gom trong mi ngy
c xc nh, vic la chn xe thu gom c th kt hp vi chi ph hiu qu nht. V d,
nhng khong cch vn chuyn, vic s dng xe thu gom ln v thc hin 2 ch/ngy s hiu
qu kinh t hn l s dng xe thu gom nh v thc hin 3 ch/ngy trong sut thi gian cng
tc (mc d thnh thong cui ngy c th khng hot ng).
2.4. VCH TUYN THU GOM
Khi thit b v nhn cng c xc nh, tuyn thu gom phi c thit lp sao cho c 2
yu t nhn cng v thit b c s dng mt cch hiu qu nht. Thng thng, b tr tuyn
thu gom l bi ton th dn, khng c nhng qui lut chung p dng cho tt c cc trng
hp. V vy, bi ton vch tuyn thu gom hin nay vn l mt qu trnh tm ti, ch yu s
dng kh nng phn on.
Mt s nguyn tc chung hng dn khi vch tuyn thu gom nh sau:
y Xc nh nhng chnh sch, ng li v lut l hin hnh lin quan n h thng
qun l cht thi rn, v tr thu gom v tn sut thu gom.
y Kho st c im h thng thu gom hin hnh nh l: s ngi ca i thu gom, loi
xe thu gom.
y nhng ni c th, tuyn thu gom phi c b tr ni bt u v kt thc gn
ng ph chnh. S dng nhng ro cn a l v t nhin nh l ng ranh gii
ca tuyn thu gom.
y nhng khu vc c dc cao, tuyn thu gom phi c bt u nh dc v i
tin xung dc khi xe thu gom c cht ti nng dn.
y Tuyn thu gom phi c b tr sao cho container cui cng c thu gom trn tuyn
t gn b nht.
y Cht thi rn pht sinh nhng v tr tt nghn giao thng phi c thu gom vo
thi im sng sm nht trong ngy.
y Cc ngun c khi lng cht thi pht sinh cht thi rn vi khi lng ln phi
c phc v sut nhiu ln vo thi gian u ca ngy cng tc.
y Nhng im thu gom nm ri rc (ni c khi lng cht thi pht sinh nh) c cng
s ln thu gom, nu c th phi sp xp thu gom trn cng 1 chuyn trong cng 1
ngy.
2.4.1.Thit lp vch tuyn thu gom:
Thng thng thit lp tuyn thu gom bao gm cc bc sau:
1. Chun b bn v tr trn biu din cc d liu v thng tin lin quan n cc
ngun pht sinh cht thi.
2. Phn tch cc d liu v chun b cc bng biu tm tt thng tin.
3. B tr s cc tuyn thu gom.
4. c tnh cc tuyn thu gom s b v t a ra cc tuyn thu gom chnh xc bng
phng php th dn.
33
Bc 1 v c bn ging nhau cho tt c cc loi h thng thu gom, cn cc bc 2,3,4 th
khc nhau cho tng loi h thng thu gom nn s phn tch ring cho tng h thng. Ch
rng cc tuyn thu gom chnh xc chun b trong vn phng c a n nhng ngi li
xe thu gom, h thc hin cng vic thu gom trn thc a. Da trn c s kinh nghim thc
t ca ngi li xe thu gom, mi tuyn thu gom c iu chnh cho ph hp vi hon cnh
ring ca v tr. Trong th ln, nhng ngi thu gom chu trch nhim chun b (sp xp) v
vic ln lch cc tuyn thu gom. Trong nhiu trng hp, tuyn thu gom c da trn kinh
nghim iu khin hot ng ca ngi thu gom, thu thp c nhiu nm cng tc trong cng
mt khu vc ca thnh ph. Cc iu tho lun sau y c trnh by xc nh s lng
trn l thuyt c hu ht nhng ngi thu gom lm trong u h.
Bc 1: B tr tuyn thu gom:
Trn bn t l ln ca khu vc phc v (khu thng mi, khu cng nghip, hay khu
vc nh dn c), cc d liu sau y phi c ghi cho mi im thu gom cht thi: v tr,
tn sut thu gom, s container. Nu khu thng mi hay khu cng nghip phc v s dng h
thng container c nh cht ti c kh th khi lng cht thi c tnh thu gom mi
v tr thu gom cng phi ghi ln bn . i vi ngun dn c th thng gi nh rng khi
lng cht thi thu gom ti mi v tr s xp x bng nhau v bng khi lng cht thi trung
bnh. Thng thng i vi cc ngun pht sinh t khu dn c ch c mt s nh trn khi
c th hin ghi chp.
Bi v b tr cc tuyn thu gom lin quan n mt chui cc bi ton th dn nn bn
v nhp phi c s dng trc khi cc s liu c bn c ghi ln bn v cng tc. Ph
thuc vo ln khu vc phc v v s im thu gom, m c th chia khu vc phc v ra
thnh nhng khu vc nh tng i ng nht ng vi cc khu t s dng nh ln: khu
dn c, khu cng nghip, khu thng mi. i vi nhng ni c s v tr thu gom nh hn 30
th bc ny thng b qua. i vi nhng khu vc ln hn, bc ny cn phi thc hin chia
ra thnh nhng khu cng loi (nh khu dn c, thng mi, khu cng nghip) nh hn v a
vo cc h s tnh ton nh l tc pht sinh cht thi v tn sut thu gom.
Bc 2, 3, 4: i vi h thng container di ng
Bc 2: Trn t ghi chng trnh phn phi, u tin ghi tn cc tiu nh sau: tn sut
thu gom, ln/tun; s v tr thu gom, tng s container; s chuyn thu gom, chuyn/tun; v
mt ct tch ri ghi cc ngy trong tun trong sut thi gian cht thi s c thu gom. Th
hai, xc nh s v tr thu gom yu cu thu gom nhiu ln trong tun (v d: t th 2 n th 6
hoc th 2, 4 v 6) v ghi nhng thng tin ln t chng trnh phn phi. Bt u bng danh
sch vi nhng v tr thu gom c s ln thu gom cao nht trong tun (v d: 5ln/tun). Th ba,
phn phi s container yu cu ch 1 ln phc v trong tun s container b trong mt
ngy c cn bng i vi mi ngy thu gom.Tuyn thu gom s b c th c b tr khi
nhng thng tin ny c bit.
Bc 3: S dng cc iu kin cho bc 2, vic b tr tuyn thu gom c th c
pht tho nh sau: Bt u t trm iu vn hoc b u xe thu gom, mt tuyn thu gom s
c b tr ni tt c cc im thu gom phc v trong sut ngy cng tc. Bc k tip l
sa i tuyn thu gom c s k c cc container thm vo s phc v cho mi ngy thu gom.
Mi tuyn thu gom hng ngy phi c b tr ni bt u v kt thc gn trm iu vn.
Hot ng thu gom phi din ra mt cch logic.
Bc 4: Khi nhng tuyn thu gom s b c b tr, khong cch trung bnh di
chuyn gia cc v tr t container phi c tnh ton. Nu cc tuyn thu gom ny khng cn
bng v phng din khong cch vn chuyn (15%) th chng phi c thit k li mi
tuyn thu gom khng ch trong khong cch xp x ging nhau. Thng thng, mt s tuyn
34
thu phi c lm th trc khi nhng tuyn quyt nh sau cng c la chn. Khi tnh ton
vi lng xe thu gom ln hn 1 th tuyn thu gom cho mi khu vc phc v hay phi c b
tr v cng vic d ti cho mi li xe phi cn bng.
Bc 2, 3, 4: i vi h thng container c nh vi xe thu gom cht ti c kh
Bc 2: Trn t ghi chng trnh phn phi, u tin ghi cc tiu nh sau: tn sut thu
gom, ln/tun; s v tr thu gom; tng khi lng cht thi v mt ct tch ring ghi cc
ngy trong tun trong sut thi gian thu gom cht thi.
Th hai, xc nh s lng cht thi thu gom t nhng v tr thu gom yu cu thu gom
cht thi rn nhiu ln trong tun (v d: th 2 n th 6; hoc 2, 4, 6) v ghi cc iu kin
cho thng tin bit ln t chng trnh phn phi. Bt u danh sch bng cc v tr yu cu
s ln thu gom cao nht trong tun (v d: 5ln/tun).
Th ba, s dng th tch hu ch ca xe thu gom (th tch xe thu gom danh ngha xem t
s nn). Xc nh s lng cht thi tng thm c th c thu gom mi ngy t nhng v tr
nhn ch 1 ln thu gom trong tun. Phn phi s lng cht thi thu gom s lng cht thi
thu gom (v s container b) trn mt chuyn c cho bng mi tuyn thu gom. Khi
nhng iu kin ny bit th tuyn thu gom s b c th c b tr.
Bc 3: Khi bit cc thng tin ni trn, th vic b tr cc tuyn thu gom c th tip
tc nh sau: Bt u t trm iu vn (hay ni xe hi u), mt tuyn thu gom phi c b tr
ni vi tt c cc im thu gom phc v sut mi ngy thu gom, ph thuc trn khi lng
cht thi phi thu gom c th b tr tuyn thu gom.
Bc k tip l sa i tuyn c bn bao gm c cc im thu gom thm vo s phc v
hon thnh vic cht ti. Vic sa i ny phi c thc hin cho khu vc pht sinh
ging nhau c phc v vi cng mt tuyn thu gom. i vi cc khu vc ln c chia
nh v cc khu vc chia nh ny phi c phc v thu gom hng ngy, th cn phi thit lp
cc tuyn thu gom c s cho mi khu vc chia nh. Gia nhng khu vc chia nh ny,
trong mt vi trng hp c s ph thuc vo s chuyn thu gom c thc hin mi ngy.
Bc 4: Khi cc tuyn thu gom c b tr th khi lng cht thi rn v khong
cch thu gom cho mi tuyn phi c xc nh. Trong mt vi trng hp c th iu chnh
li cc tuyn thu gom cn bng cng vic cht ti cho mi nhn cng. Sau khi cc tuyn thu
gom c thit lp v tnh ton, chng phi c v ln bn chnh.
Bc 2, 3, 4: i vi h thng container c nh cht ti th cng:
Bc 2: c tnh tng khi lng cht thi c thu gom t nhng v tr ly mi ngy v
hot ng thu gom c ch o hay iu khin. S dng th tch hu ch ca xe thu gom (th
tch xe thu gom danh ngha l t s nn), xc nh s h c dn trung bnh cht thi t cc h
ny c thu gom trong sut mi chuyn thu gom.
Bc 3: Khi bit cc s liu ni trn, vic b tr tuyn thu gom c th tin hnh tip
tc nh sau: Bt u t trm iu vn (hay garage) b tr hay vch nhng tuyn thu gom phi
bao thm hay i qua tt c cc im thu gom m c phc v trong sut tuyn thu gom. Cc
tuyn ny phi c b tr cho v tr thu gom cui cng gn b nht.
Bc 4: Khi tuyn thu gom c vch, s lng container v khong cch vn chuyn
ca mi tuyn phi c xc nh. Cc s liu trn v nhu cu nhn cng trong mt ngy phi
c kim tra li so vi thi gian cng tc c th s dng trong mt ngy. Trong vi trng
hp n c th cn thit iu chnh li tuyn thu gom cn bng khi lng cng vic cht
ti. Sau khi thit lp tuyn thu gom, th v chng ln bn a chnh.
2.4.2.Thi gian biu:
35
Mt bng thi gian biu iu khin cho mi tuyn thu gom phi c chun b bi phng
k thut v ngi iu hnh vn chuyn. Phi chun b cho mi ngi ti x mt bng thi
gian biu m trong c ghi v tr v trnh t im thu gom. Thm vo , mt quyn sch ghi
l trnh phi thc hin bi ti x li thu gom. Nhng ti x s dng quyn s ghi l trnh ny
kim tra cc v tr thu gom v khng khai bng thanh ton tin, mc khc quyn s ny
cng ghi chp li bt k vn no xy ra khi thc hin qu trnh thu gom. Cc thng tin ghi
trong quyn s l trnh rt hu dng khi iu chnh hay sa i tuyn thu gom.
2.5. S CN THIT CA HOT NG TRUNG CHUYN VA VN CHUYN
Hot ng trung chuyn v vn chuyn l cn thit khi khong cch vn chuyn n
trung tm x l hay bi ln, m nu vn chuyn trc tip th khng kh thi v mt kinh t
do chi ph vn chuyn kh cao. Hot ng trung chuyn l mt hot ng cn thit trong tt c
cc trm ti thu hi vt liu. Cc yu t nguyn nhn dn n s cn thit s dng cc trm
trung chuyn:
1. S xut hin cc bi rc h khng hp php bi v khong cch vn chuyn kh xa.
2. V tr ca bi cch xa tuyn thu gom (thng > 10 mile 16,09 km).
3. Vic s dng cc loi xe thu gom nh (thng < 20 yd3 15m3).
4. S hin hu ca khu vc phc v c mt dn c thp.
5. S dng h thng container di ng vi dung tch container nh thu gom cht thi
rn t cc ngun thng mi.
6. S dng h thng thu gom thy lc hoc kh nn
2.5.1.Khong cch vn chuyn kh xa:
Trc y vo thi k u, khi nhng xe nga c s dng thu gom cht thi rn,
cht thi rn sau c sang cc xe tr gip ln hn v vn chuyn n im trung
gian no x l hoc b ni x l. Tuy vy, khi cng ngh khoa hc pht trin cng
vi s xut hin ca cc loi xe ti hin i ra i v chi ph nhin liu thp, hot ng trung
chuyn hu nh khng tn ti nhiu thnh ph v cht thi rn c vn chuyn trc tip
n bi . Ngy nay, vi s gia tng ca chi ph nhn cng, vn hnh, nhin liu v khng
cho php b tr cc bi cht thi rn gn khu vc phc v th khuynh hng din ra ngc
li, tc l cc trm trung chuyn tr nn thng dng hn.
Thng thng, quyt nh s dng hot ng trung chuyn c cn c trn vn
kinh t. C th pht biu n gin nh sau: Chi ph vn chuyn mt th tch cht thi rn
vi s gia tng ln trn mt qung ng di s r hn l vn chuyn mt th tch cht thi rn
c s gia tng nh trn mt qung ng di.
V d: Trn c s chi ph vn hnh, xc nh im giao nhau 2 ng cong chi ph ca 2
h thng container di ng v h thng container c nh vi ng cong chi ph ca mt h
thng s dng hot ng trung chuyn v vn chuyn vn chuyn cht thi c thu gom t
khu th n bi san lp. Bit rng cc d liu sau y c p dng:
a. H thng container di ng s dng xe ti thu gom c th tch container 6m3 vi chi
ph vn hnh l 25.000/h.
b. H thng container c nh s dng xe ti c trang b p (my nn rc) c th tch
thng cha 15m3 vi chi ph vn hnh l 40.000/h.
c. Hot ng vn chuyn s dng xe ko rmooc vi th tch ca thng cha 80m3 vi
chi ph vn hnh l 40.000/h.
36
d. Chi ph hot ng trm trung chuyn: 2.750/m3.
Gii p:
a. Chuyn i cc s liu chi ph vn hnh thnh n v ng/(m3.h)
b. H thng container di ng:cc(25.000/6 ) = 4.166/(m3.h)
c. H thng container c nh:cc (40.000/15) = 2.666/(m3.h)
d. Chi ph vn chuyn s dng xe ko rmoc:cc(40.000/80) = 500/(m3.h)
e. V ng biu din chi ph cho mt m3 theo thi gian li xe ton chuyn (2 chiu)
biu din bng gi cho 3 h thng la chn. th biu din nh sau:
12000
10000
Chi ph (/m3)
8000
6000
4000
2000
0
1,066 1,72
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5
Hethong container di ong Th
i gian (h)
Hethong container conh
38
m bo an ton Do tnh an ton v khc phc nhng nhiu hn ch trong hot ng kh
khn ti ca bi chn lp, nhiu nh vn hnh cc bi chn lp xy dng nhng khu cha tm (gi
l trm trung chuyn bi chn lp) cha cht thi t cc xe vn chuyn nh v ring l d ti
cht thi t xe vn chuyn t nhn hay cc xe ti nh. Bng cch ny tc l tch ring trm trung
chuyn cho xe vn chuyn t nhn v xe ti nh,cc nh vy nguy c kh nng xy ra tai nn cc
khu vc cng tc ca bi chn lp gim i ng k.
2.6. CC LOI TRM TRUNG CHUYN
Trm trung chuyn c s dng thc hin chc nng chnh l chuyn cht thi rn t
cc xe thu gom v cc xe vn chuyn nh sang cc phng tin vn chuyn ln hn. Chi tit
trm trung chuyn xem hnh 10-1.
Ph thuc vo ty theo phng php s dng cht ti vo ln cc xe vn chuyn ln,
C th phn loi cc trm trung chuyn thnh 3 loi thng thng nh sau:
1. Cht ti trc tip
2. Cht ti lu tr t khu vc tch lu.
3. Kt hp va cht ti trc tip vi va cht ti thi b khu vc tch ly.
Trm trung chuyn cng c th c phn loi theo cng sut (lng cht thi c trung
chuyn v vn chuyn) nh sau:
4. Loi nh (cng sut < 100tn/ngy).
5. Loi trung bnh (cng sut khong 100-500 tn/ngy).
6. Loi ln (cng sut > 500 tn/ngy).
2.6.1.Trm trung chuyn cht ti trc tip:
ti trm trung chuyn cht ti trc tip, cht thi t xe thu gom c chuyn trc tip
sang xe vn chuyn hoc chuyn sang thit b p p cht thi vo xe vn chuyn hoc p thnh
tng kin cht thi chuyn n bi chn lp. trong cc xe thu gom nh c trc tip
vo trong cc xe ln vn chuyn cht thi rn n ni b cui cng hoc vo thit b
nn cht thi, t y cht thi c nn vo cc xe vn chuyn v chng c vn chuyn n
bi . Trong nhiu trng hp, cht thi rn c th c ra b trn mt nn d ti v sau
c y vo cc xe trung chuyn sau khi tch loi cc vt liu c th ti ch tun hon
c loi ra. Khi lng Th tch cht thi cha tm thi trn nn d ti thng c nh
ngha l cng sut tch lu tc thi hay cng sut lu tr khn cp ca trm trung chuyn.
2.6.2.Trm trung chuyn cht ti trc tip nng cng sut ln khng c my p:
mt Ti trm trung chuyn cht ti trc tip cng sut ln, cht thi trong cc t xe thu
gom thng c b trc tip vo cc xe vn chuyn. thc hin cng vic ny, cc trm
trung chuyn thng c xy dng vi 2 cao khc nhau theo cu trc hai bc. Sn d ti
(hay b d ti) c nng cao c th d ti t xe thu gom xy dng trn cao s dng
d cht thi t cc xe thu gom vo cc rmooc vn chuyn hoc xy dng sn d ti nghing
cng c xy dng v cc rmooc vn chuyn u v tr dc di thp c t di.
mt vi s trm trung chuyn cht ti trc tip, cht thi rn ca t xe thu gom c th c
tm thi trn cc sn d ti khi rmooc vn chuyn y hay ang trn ng vn chuyn
cht thi rn n ni thi b. Sau , cht thi ny s c y vo xe vn chuyn. Cht thi
trn tm thi sau c y vo trong cc toa rmooc vn chuyn. Hnhcc10-2, 10-3,
10-4.
39
Hot ng ca trm trung chuyn cht ti trc tip biu din c th c tm tt nh sau:
Khi n trm trung chuyn, tt c cc xe vn chuyn thu gom cht thi c cn ti cu cn v
xc nh v tr d ti. Sau khi hon tt vic d ti, cc xe ny c cn li mt ln na v tnh
l ph. i ln sn d ti cht thi vo toa rmooc bn di. Khi cc toa rmooc y, cht
thi trong s c gu ngom ca mt xe ngom lun phin nn li. Khi cc toa rmooc
y ti v t n ti trng cc i cho php, chng c vn chuyn n bi . Th tch v
khi lng cht thi trn xe vn chuyn phi c kim tra li trc khi ra khi trm trung
chuyn.
2.6.3 .Trm trung chuyn cht ti trc tip nng sut ln c my p:
Trm trung chuyn cht ti trc tip nng sut ln c my p l mt bin th ca trm
trung chuyn cht ti trc tip ch nh m t trn, c c trang b cc phng tin nn
thit b p c dng p trc tip cc cht thi vo thng xe, toa rmooc kn hoc to thnh
kin cht thi. Hot ng ca cc trm trung chuyn cht ti trc tip c thit b nn c bn
ging nh hot ng ca trm trung chuyn cht ti trc tip khng c my nn vi cc toa
rmooc h nhng ch khc l cht thi c nn vo cc toa rmooc kn nh cc my nn t
c nh. Trong mt vi trng hp cn thit, cht thi c vn chuyn ti n cc thit b nn
nh bng ti.
2.6.4. Trm trung chuyn cht ti trc tip nng sut trung bnh v nh c my nn:
cc trm trung chuyn cht ti trc tip c thit b p cht thi thnh nhng kin cht
thi ln, cht thi t xe thu gom c trc tip ln b d ti hoc trc tip vo phu ca
hm p. Sau khi phn loi cc vt liu c kh nng ti sinh, cht thi c y vo my p.
Kin cht thi p c chuyn sang cc xe c toa ko mt cu (semitrailer) vn chuyn
n BCL. Vi cch to thnh kin cht thi c kch thc nh hn kch thc bn trong ca
cc xe vn chuyn c toa ko mt cu mui trn, chi ph vn chuyn c th gim n mc thp
nht
V mt hot ng, sau khi xe ti c cn, n s i vo trm trung chuyn v n trc
tip ni d ti. Sau khi cn, xe thu gom i vo trm trung chuyn v cht thi trn c
trc tip vo mt trong cc phu ni lin vi my p hoc vo mt h cha cht thi hnh ch
nht.V tr d ti c th l mt ci phu a vo mt my nn hoc l mt hm (h) nhn cht
thi hnh ch nht. Mi mt h c trang b mt b phn vch ngn (pittng) thu lc y
cht thi vo n phu ca cc my p t pha cui h i din. Nu khng c xe vn
chuyn bn rmooc cht ti, cht thi c tm thi trn nn d ti, t y chng s
c a vo phu my p nh xe xc bnh hi. Hnh 10-6, 10-7, 10-8.
Container c vn chuyn n bi nh xe ti c khung nng. Ph thuc vo thi gian
cn thit vn chuyn contianer y n bi v quay v, m mt container rng c th
c gn vi my nn trc khi container y c vn chuyn n bi .
2.6.5.Trm trung chuyn cht ti trc tip nng sut nh s dng vng nng thn:
Vng nng thn v ni vui chi gii tr, trm trung chuyn cng sut nh c thit k
sao cho cc thng cha cht thi c trc tip vo xe thu gom vn chuyn thng n
container y c vo trong mt xe thu gom v vn chuyn bi . Trong vic thit k
v b tr trm trung chuyn loi ny, iu cn ch nht ct yu cn xem xt l tnh n gin.
Nhng h thng c kh phc tp khng thch hp nhng ni ny.S container s dng ph
thuc vo phm vi cc khu vc phc v v tn sut thu gom. d dng d ti, nh ca
container phi c t cao hn nh ca nn d ti khong 0,33m.
40
2.6.6.Trm trung chuyn cht ti trc tip nng sut nh s dng bi chn lp v sinh:
Trm trung chuyn loi ny thng c s dng ti thu hi vt liu c kh nng th
ti ch tun hon. Sau khi vt liu c kh nng ti ch c phn loi ra, bt k nhng vt
dng c th tun hon no c ln lt loi b, vt liu thi cc toa rmooc trung chuyn
c s dng cha phn cc cht thi rn cn li, c vo trong 2 toa rmooc trung
chuyn, mi mt ci trong hai c vn chuyn n bi v d ti ti bi v em tr li
trm trung chuyn.
2.6.7.Trm trung chuyn kiu tch lu (storage-load transfer station)
Trong trm trung chuyn cht ti lu gi, cht thi c trc tip vo h cha. T
h ny, cht thi s c chuyn ln xe vn chuyn nh cc thit b ph tr khc. Trm trung
chuyn cht ti lu gi cc khc bit so vi trm trung chuyn cht ti trc tip ch n
c thit k sao cho c th cha cht thi trong khong 1 3 ngy.
2.6.8.Trm trung chuyn kiu tch lu cng sut ln khng c my nn:
Trong trm trung chuyn ny, tt c cc xe thu gom n trm u c hng dn i
theo mt tuyn nht nh n trm cn in t. Tt c cc s liu ca cc xe thu gom c vi
tnh ho. Thm vo , nhng thng tin v tn ca c s thi cht thi, c im xe thu gom v
thi gian n trm trung chuyn u c. Ngoi ra, nhn vin ca ngi iu hnh trm cn
ghi li ca cng ty b cht thi rn, l lch ca tng xe ti ring bit v thi gian xe vo.
Sau , nhn vin trm cn- ngi iu khin s hng dn ngi li xe i vo trm. Khi
vo trong trm trung chuyn, ngi li xe s lui xe thu gom 1 gc khong 50o so vi ra ca h
cha cht thi vo cc h cha cht thi. Khi d ti xong, xe thu gom di chuyn ra khi
Cht thi c vo trong h v xe thu gom s i ra trm trung chuyn.
Trong h cha cht thi, 2 xe i c s dng dng p vn CTR v y cht thi rn,
i chng v pha phu nhp liu cui mi h vo trong cc phu cht ti ln xe trung chuyn
t cui h cha. Hai cn trc dng gu ngom xc c khp ni c lp t pha bn kia
t trn 2 cnh ca phu cht ti np liu s dng c dng loi tr nhng cht thi c
kch thc ln th lm hng xe trung chuyn v nn p cht thi vo xe. Cht thi i qua phu,
vo xe vn chuyn ch sn trn cn v tr thp hn.
Khi t khi lng cho php, nhn vin vn hnh s ra hiu cho ngi li xe bit. Xe
y ti c vn chuyn ra khi khu vc cht ti v c ph li bn trn trnh hin
tng giy v cc cht thi nh b thi bay theo gi trn c vn chuyn. ri vo gu i vo
cc toa rmooc t trn mt bn cn cao thp hn nn hm cha.
Khi t n trng lng cho php, ngi iu khin cn trc s ra hiu cho ti x trung
chuyn. Cc toa rmooc y cht thi rn sau c mang ra khi khu vc cht ti v cc
li kim loi c ph pha trn ming cc toa rmooc trnh giy hay l cc ming cht
thi rn bay ra trong sut qu trnh vn chuyn.
2.6.9.Trm trung chuyn kiu tch lu nng sut trung bnh c thit b nn v x l
i vi trm trung chuyn loi ny, cht thi u tin c b vo trong cc h cha
(cng ging nh h cha tc thi). T h cha ny, cht thi c y ln h thng bng
chuyn vn chuyn n my ct, x. Sau khi ct v x, kim loi c cha st c tch ring
mu c loi b v cht thi cn li c nn vo trong cc toa rmooc trung chuyn vn
chuyn n bi .
41
2.6.10.Trm trung chuyn kt hp va cht ti trc tip va cht ti tch lu (combined
direct-load and discharge-load)
mt s trm trung chuyn, c 2 phng php cht ti trc tip v cht ti thi b kiu
tch lu c s dng kt hp. Thng y l nhng trm trung chuyn c nhiu chc nng,
hot ng thu hi vt liu cng c th kt hp vi trm trung chuyn loi ny (A multipurpose
transfer can also house a materials recovery operation) Mt trm trung chuyn a nng cng
c th l mt nh ti thu hi vt liu. Hnh 10-15.
Hot ng ca trm trung chuyn loi ny c th c m t nh sau: Tt c cc xe vn
chuyn cht thi, mun s dng n cc trm trung chuyn th phi c u phi qua khu
kim tra ti cu trm cn. Cc xe thu gom s c cn, sau tip tc n sn d ti v
cht thi trc tip sang xe vn chuyn, tr li trm cn, cn xe v tnh l ph thi b, b cht
thi rn bn trong xe thu gom trc tip vo cc toa rmooc vn chuyn. Sau khi d ti xe thu
gom, ngi ti x li xe quay tr li trm cn cn li trng lng xe (cn b). Trong khi cn
trng lng xe, ph b cng c tnh ton.
i vi t nhn cng nh hay nhng ngi vn chuyn phi thng mi (khng phi l
nhm thu gom dch v) c lp nh vn chuyn mt khi lng ln rc vn, cnh cy, v
cht thi ln (l sy, my ct c, t lnh,) n trm trung chuyn, u c kim tra ti trm
cn, nhng khng phi cn v cht thi c cn ti nh bi cc nhn vin phc v v nhn
vin phc v s a cho h t ho n (attendant). Tuy nhin, ngi s dng trm trung
chuyn vn phi tr ph thi b cn c s liu ghi trn ho n. Nhn vin phc v (ngi iu
hnh trm cn) y s kim tra bng mt xem cht thi c cc cha cc vt liu c kh nng
tun hon hay khng thu hi ti ch hay khng. Nu c, ngi iu hnh s hng dn ti x
li xe n vt liu khu vc thu hi vt liu ti ch tun hon vt liu trc khi n khu vc
d ti chung. Mt cng nhn trm trung chuyn s h tr gip trong vic thu hi cc vt
liu c th kh nng ti sinh.
Nu c th d on c lng vt liu c kh nng ti ch, li xe s c cp giy vo
ca min ph. Sau khi thu hi ht cc vt liu c th ti tun hon kh nng tun hon,
ngi ti x tip tc li xe n nn d ti d ti cc cht thi cn li.
Nu khng c cc vt liu c th kh nng ti ch ti thu hi, cc ti x s vn chuyn
thng n hng v khu vc d ti chung. Khu vc ny c t tch ring khi khu vc d
ti trc tip dnh cho cc xe thu gom thng mi dch v, y c hai ming phu np liu
vo xe rmooc. Cht thi tch lu trn khu vc d ti s c y theo chu k vo xe vn
chuyn. bi hai phn cht ti ln toa rmooc khong 40ft. Cht thi tch lu trn khu vc d ti
c y tng t vo trong phu cht ti (toa rmooc) nh xe i bnh hi. Nn d ti c
ty ra nh k.
42
CHNG 3: TI CH V X L CHT THI RN
Ti s dng
Ti ch v
Chn
43
Cc phng php x l cht thi rn
C hc Nhit - c Ha hc Tuyn
Nhit Ha l Sinh hc
p Trch ly
Tuyn t
Nghin To khi
H ta Tuyn trng
lc
To ht
Phn loi, nhit
chn lc cao Kt tinh Ra
Tuyn ni
Tuyn in
Tuyn
trong
huyn ph,
cht lng
nng
44
3.2. TI CH CHT THI RN (CTR)
3.2.1. Nhu cu ca vn ti ch rc thi
Ti ch l hot ng thu hi li t cht thi cc thnh phn c th s dng ch bin
thnh cc sn phm mi s dng cho cc hot ng sinh hot v sn xut.
Ti ch vt liu: bao gm cc hot ng thu gom vt liu c th ti ch t dng rc, x l trung
gian v s dng vt liu ny ti sn xut cc sn phm, mi hoc sn phm khc.
Ti ch nhit: bao gm cc hot ng khi phc nng lng t rc thi.
Hot ng ti ch nh hot ng ti sinh li cht thi thng qua:
Ti sinh sn phm chuyn ho ha hc
Ti sinh sn phm chuyn ho sinh hc
sinh nng lng t cc sn phm chuyn
Hot ng ti ch mang li nhng li ch sau:
Tit kim ti nguyn thin nhin bi vic s dng vt liu c ti ch thay cho vt liu
gc;
Gim lng rc thng qua vic gim chi ph thi, gim tc ng mi trng do
thi gay ra, tit kim din tch chn lp;
Mt li ch l c th thu li nhun t hot ng ti ch; hot ng ti ch lc ny s
mang tnh kinh doanh v v th c th gii thch ti sao cc vt liu c th ti ch hin c thu
gom ngay t ngun pht sinh cho ti khu x l v tiu hu cui cng.
3.2.2.Cc hot ng ti ch, ti sinh v thu hi cht thi
Hot ng ti ch
Hot ng ti ch v thu hi cht thi c thc hin thng qua h thng thu gom cht
thi rn thao mng li 3 cp gm: Ngi thu gom, ng nt v bun bn ph liu.
Cng nghip thu hi c 3 cp c chia lm 6 nhm ngh:
Cp th nht (ngi ng nt v ngi nht rc)
Cp th 2 (gm nhng ngi thu mua ng nt v ngi thu mua ph liu t ngi
thu nht ti bi rc, ngi ng nt v ngi nht rc trn va h trong ton thnh
ph).
Cp th ba, gm nhng ngi bun bn hot ng kinh doanh vi quy m ln hn
nhiu a im c nh v cc i l thu mua.
Vic ch bin li cht thi ly li mt vt liu th s khai trc y gi l s tn dng
li ph thi (salvage) v hin nay c gi l ti sinh (recycling). mc thp nht ca n v
phn ln cch tip cn cng ngh, cc vt liu thi i hi phi c phn loi ngay ti ngun
bi chnh ngi tiu th. y l mc tip cn ln nht bi v n i hi ph tn nng lng
nh nht. Vi cc yu cu nghim ngt i vi vic ti sinh, cc th cn phi xem xt chi
tit cc gii php ti sinh.
Hot ng ti sinh
Ti sinh cht thi c coi nh l cc hot ng nhm thu hi li cc thnh phn c ch
trong rc m chng c th s dng ch bin thnh cc sn phm mi di dng vt cht
hoc nng lng phc v cho sn xut v tiu dng. Cng vic ny i hi phi c qu trnh
phn loi tch ring cc thnh phn rc thi. Sau , i vi mt s cht thi c kh nng ti
45
sinh nh giy, nilng, nha, cao su, thy tinh, kim loi s c thu gom li v chuyn n
c s ti sinh cht thi lm nguyn liu u vo cho vic sn xut ra cc phm mi.
Ti sinh vt liu thi bao gm cc hot ng thu gom vt liu c th ti sinh t dng rc
thi (giy, nilon, nha, cao su, thy tinh, kim loi,), x l trung gian (lm sch cc cht bn
bm theo) v s dng cc vt liu ny ti sn xut ra cc sn phm mi (giy ti sinh, nha
ti sinh,) hoc phi hp cng vi mt s nguyn liu khc sn xut ra cc sn phm hon
ton mi (v d cn bn t nh my x l nc cp c trn vi t st sn xut ra gch
ng c cht lng tt).
Cch thc u tin ca vic ti sinh cht thi l phn loi ti ngun. C 2 dng thc c
bn ca vic phn loi ti ngun ti sinh. Th nht, tng h gia nh c ban pht cho mt
s thng cha hoc bao cha cht thi rn. Ngi ch nh c trch nhim phn loi rc c th
s dng li c v t n vo trong thng cha thch hp. Trong ngy thu gom quy nh,
thng cha rc c a ra ngoi l ng. Bt li u tin (c bn) ca vic cung cp cc
thng cha rc ti nh l chi ph, m n c th biu hin mt s u t ng k. Dng th hai
ca vic phn loi ti ngun l cung cp cho ch nh vi ch mt thng cha m n c th
cha tt c cc vt liu c kh nng ti sinh trong . Ngi thu gom rc sau phn chia
cc loi vt liu ring ra theo tng loi, t n vo trong cc ngn cha ring bit trn xe ly
rc.
Mt dng chnh yu th hai ca vic ti sinh cht thi l cc c s ti ch cc vt liu.
Trong trng hp ny, vt liu c kh nng ti ch c a ti mt c s trung tm m
vt liu c phn loi bi cc bin php c kh v cn nhiu nhn cng
3.2.3.Thu hi v ti ch cht do
vit Nam cc sn phm cht do bt u thm nhp vo cuc sng t nhng nm
1960. Mt s gia nh trc y ch to t te, na, si t nhin ln lt c thay
th bng nha.
Trong cng nghip v xy dng, vt liu Plastic cng chim lnh th trng trong
nhiu lnh vc nh cp thot nc, trang tr
Vt liu Plastic gp phn nng cao mc vn minh ca cuc sng nhng cng
t ra khng t nhng vn rc ri lin quan n cng tc bo v mi trng.
Tuy nhin d b ch trch rt nhiu nhng Plastic vn c s dng ng ri do tnh u
vit ca n c v mt kinh t ln mt k thut. Vi nhng tnh nng u vit , Plastic
dn u vi nhng vt liu cnh tranh vi n trong trong lnh vc bao gi.
nhim khng kh
C 100 640
46
nhim nc
Tnh bn vng ca cht do dn n ton ti dai dng ca n trong thin nhin sau khi s
dng. phn r sinh hc hon ton cht Plastic c ngun gc t ha du
47
Hon nguyn cao su l mt hng c bn v c li nht trong vic gia cng li cc sn
phm b i bi v cho cao su hon nguyn vo ln vi hn hp cao su th s tit kim c rt
nhiu cao su mi v cc thnh phn ph khc, ta bit trong cc loi cao su c ti 5 6 n 20
thnh phn cht liu khc nhau.
Mc ch Cng ngh
Cc thit b
Cc thit b thng s dng l: 1) ba p, rt c hiu qu khi i vi cc vt liu c c
tnh gin - d gy; 2) khoan ct bng thu lc, dng lm gim kch thc ca cc vt liu
mm hn so vi dng ba p; 3) my nghin, c u im l di chuyn d dng c, c th
s dng lm gim kch thc cho nhiu loi CTR khc nhau nh l cc nhnh cy, gc cy,
hay l cc loi CTR rn t qu trnh xy dng.
Yu t Nhn xt
3. Phng php nhp liu Cng sut bng ti nhp liu phi
ph hp vi thit b
50
3.4. X L CTR BNG PHNG PHP NHIT
X l CTR v CTNH (cht thi y t, thuc bo v thc vt, cht thi nhim du) bng
phng php t l mt phng php hiu qu v hin nay c s dng kh ph bin.
Phng php x l CTR bng nhit c nhng u im:
Gim th tch CTR (gim 80-90% trng lng thnh phn hu c trong CTR
trong thi gian ngn, cht thi c x l khng trit );
Thu hi nng lng ;
L thnh phn quan trng trong chng trnh qun l tng hp CTR;
C th x l CTR ti ch m khng cn phi vn chuyn i xa, trnh c cc
ri ro v chi ph vn chuyn.
Song phng php t cng c nhng hn ch nh:
i hi chi ph u t xy dng l t, chi ph vn hnh v x l kh thi ln.
Vic thit k, vn hnh l t phc tp, ngi vn hnh l t i hi phi c
trnh chuyn mn cao.
c bit qu trnh t cht thi c th gy nhim mi trng nu cc bin php
kim sot qu trnh t, x l kh thi khng m bo.
3.4.1. H thng thiu t
Qu trnh t CTR l qu trnh oxy ha ha hc bin i cht thi rn bng oxy khng
kh di tc dng ca nhit v qu trnh oxy ha ha hc. Vi phng php t, bng cch t
cht thi, ta c th gim th tch ca CTR gim n 80 90%. Nhit bung t phi cao
hn 800oC. Sn phm cui cng ca qu trnh t l
1) Cc bao gm kh c nhit cao bao gm kh nit, cacbonic, hi nc v tro
2) Nng lng c th c thu hi nh qu trnh trao i nhit t kh sinh ra c nhit
cao. t thng quay, l t thng quay c s dng x l cc loi cht thi nguy hi
dng rn, cn, bn v cng c th dng lng. Thng quay hot ng nhit khong
1100oC, s dng cht thi nguy hi lm nguyn liu. y l phng php tiu hy cht thi
bng cch t cng vi nhin liu thng thng khc tn dng nhit cho cc thit b tiu th
nhit nh: ni hi, l nung, l luyn kim, l nu thy tinh. Lng cht thi b sung vo l t
c th chim 12 25% tng lng nhin liu.
3.4.2. H thng nhit phn
Nhit phn l qu trnh phn hy hay bin i ha hc cht thi rn xy ra do nung nng
trong iu kin khng c s tham gia ca oxy v to ra sn phm cui cng ca qu trnh bin
i cht thi rn l cc cht di dng rn, lng v kh. Nguyn l ca vn hnh qu trnh nhit
phn gm 2 giai on: Giai on 1 l qu trnh kh ha, cht thi c gia nhit tch cc
thnh phn d bay hi nh kh chy, hi nc...ra khi thnh phn chy khng ha hi v tro.
Giai on 2 l qu trnh t cc thnh phn bay hi iu kin ph hp tiu hy ht cc
cu t nguy hi.
Nhit phn bng h quang plasma: thc hin qu trnh t nhit cao (c th n
10.000oC) tiu hy cht thi c tnh c cc mnh. Sn phm l kh H2 v CO, kh acid v
tro.
3.4.3. H thng ha hi thnh kh (bc kh)
51
Mt cch tng qut qu trnh ha hi thnh kh l qu trnh t cc loi vt liu trong
iu kin thiu oxy. Mc d phng php ny c pht hin vo th k 19 nhng vic p
dng x l cht thi rn ch c thc hin trong thi gian gn y i vi x l cht thi
rn. K thut ha hi thnh kh l mt k thut c p dng vi mc ch l lm gim th
tch cht thi v thu hi nng lng.
3.4.4. Cc h thng kim sot nhim mi trng khng kh cho cc qu trnh nhit
K thut x l cht thi rn p dng cc qu trnh nhit cng pht sinh mt s tc ng
n mi trng xung quanh bao gm: kh, bi, cht thi rn, v cht thi lng. Do , khi p
dng phng php nhit x l CTR, trong qu trnh x l bng nhit cc thit b phi c
trang b h thng kim sot pht thi. i vi nhim khng kh cc cht nhim cn kim
sot l: NOx, SO2, CO, v bi.
Kh NOx: tn ti trong khng kh di 2 dng l: NO v NO2; NOx hnh thnh t 2
ngun l: Ngun th 1 hnh thnh do phn ng gia nit v oxy khng kh di tc dng
ca nhit; ngun th 2 hnh thnh do phn ng oxy v nit hu c c trong thnh phn cc loi
nhin liu s dng. NOx l tc nhn gip cho vic hnh thnh cht PAN (Peroxyl Acetal
Nitrate) gy nn hin tng sng m ha cht.
Kh SO2: hnh thnh do qu trnh t nhin liu c cha lu hunh. SO2 kch thch h
h hp, gy nn cc bnh nh vim mi, mt, vim hng. nng cao, SO2 c th l tc
nhn gy nn bnh tt hoc gy t vong i vi nhng ngi mc cc chng bnh lin quan
n phi nh l vim ph qun hay cung phi.
Kh CO: hnh thnh do qu trnh t CTR vt liu c cha carbon trong iu kin thiu
oxy khi s cung cp oxy khng y . CO phn ng vi hemoglobin trong mu to thnh
carboxylhemoglobyl (HbCO), gy c ch phn ng gia hemoglobin v oxy. C th con ngi
ch thch ng vi oxyhemoglobin (HbO2), oxy s c chuyn n cc m trong c th. S
thiu ht oxy s gy nn hin tng nhc u, chng mt.
Bi: hnh thnh do qu trnh t khng hon chnh nhin liu hoc l do c tnh vt l
ca cc vt liu khng chy. Bi lm gim th gic v nh hng n sc khe. Bi c kch
thc nh hn 10 m gi l bi h hp bi v n c th i su vo trong phi.
Thit b kim sot nhim khng kh:
Kh v bi pht sinh trong qu trnh x l cht thi rn, c th c x l bng cc loi
thit b kim sot v phn loi thnh 4 dng sau y:
- Lng tnh in, lc vi.
- Tch ly ngun thi, kim sot qu trnh t, x l kh (kim sot NOx)
- Tch ly ngun thi, thp ra kh hoc lc kh (kim tra SO2 v hi acid)
- Kim sot qu trnh t (kim sot CO v HC).
Mc ch ca qu trnh kim sot l la chn cng ngh v thit b t c hiu qu
loi tr cht thi, hiu qu loi tr c xc nh nh sau:
Wvao Wra
E= 100 (5-1)
Wvao
Trong :
E: hiu qu loi tr cht thi
Wvo: nng cht nhim u vo
52
Wra: nng cht nhim u ra
3.4.5.Cng ngh t
Hu ht cc phng php x l, lu tr v loi b iu lin quan n cng ngh t tc
vic t chy cc cht mt cch c kim sot trong mt min kn nh mt phng tin x
l v thi loi cht thi nguy hi. L mt phng thc qun l cht thi nguy hi, cng ngh
t c mt s c th:
Th nht, nu c tin hnh ang theo qui cch, n c kh nng phn hy ton b cc
c cht hu c trong cht thi nguy hi bng cch phn hy cc mi lin kt ha hc ca
chng v a chng tr li dng cc nguyn t hp thnh ban u, qua lm gim thiu hoc
loi b hon tan cc c tnh ca chng.
Th hai, n hn ch th tch ca cht thi nguy hi cn phi c thi loi b vo mi
trng t bng cch bin i cc cht rn v lng thnh dng tro. So vi vic loi thi b cht
thi nguy hi khng qua x l, vic thi b loi tro vo mi trng t an ton v hiu qu gp
nhiu ln.
Cng ngh t l mt qu trnh x l kh phc tp. Trong qu trnh chy, cc cht hu c
dng rn hoc lng s b chuyn i sang pha kh. Cc kh ny qua cc li t s tip tc b
lm nng ln, n mt nhit no cc hp cht hu c ca chng s b phn hy thnh
cc nguyn t thnh phn. Cc nguyn t ny kt hp vi oxy v to nn cc cht kh bn
vng, cc kh ny sau khi qua cc thit b kim sot nhim s c thi vo bu kh quyn.
Thnh phn ca cc cht kh bn vng pht sinh t vic t cc hp cht hu c ch yu
l CO2 v hi nc. Tuy nhin, ty thuc vo thnh phn ca cht thi rn, mt lng nh CO,
NOx, HCl v cc kh khc c th s c hnh thnh. Cc cht kh ny l nguyn nhn tim n
kh nng gy nguy hi cho sc khe con ngi v mi trng.
Vic qun l v thi loi b cc kim loi, tn tro v cc sn phm ph ca qu trnh t
cng c th gy nhng tc hi nh cp. Tn tro l mt vt liu d lng, tro vi thnh
phn ch yu l carbon, cc mui v cc kim loi. Trong qu trnh t, hu ht tn tro s tp
trung y ca bung t (tro y). Khi lp tro ny c ly ra khi bung t n c th xem
nh l cht thi nguy hi do bi cc qui tc chuyn ha hoc do n c 1 c tnh (nguy hi)
no . Tuy nhin cc ht tro kch thc nh (vt cht dng ht m c th c cc kim loi km
theo) cng s b cun theo cc cht kh ln cao (cn gi l tro bay). Cc ht tro ny cng cc
kim loi c lin quan cng phi c xem xt bi cc qui nh p dng cho cng ngh t bi
v chng c th mang cc hp phn nguy hi ra khi h thng thit b vo trong kh quyn. Do
vic t khng phn hy c cc hp cht v trong cht thi nguy hi (cc kim loi chng
hn), cc hp cht ny c th cng s tch t trong lp tro y v tro bay vi nng c hi.
H thng l t cht thi nguy hi c trnh by nh sau
53
5
54
ngi, ng vt, cc sn phm tha t nng nghip, v cht hu c trong thnh phn ca cht
thi rn th). Qu trnh phn hy ln men k kh c p dng rng ri trn th gii. Sn
phm cui cng l kh metan, kh CO2, v cht mn n nh dng lm phn bn.
3.5.3.Qu trnh chuyn ha ha hc
Qu trnh chuyn ha ha hc bao gm mt lot cc phn ng thy phn c s dng
ti sinh cc hp cht nh l glucose v mt lot cc phn ng khc dng ti sinh du tng
hp, kh v acetate cellulose. K thut x l cht thi rn bng phng php ha hc ph bin
nht l phn ng thy phn cellulose di tc dng ca acid v qu trnh bin i metan thnh
metanol.
Phn ng thy phn acid
Cellulose hnh thnh do s lin kt ca hn 3000 n v phn t glucose, cellulose c c
im l ha tan trong nc v cc dung mi hu c nhng hu nh khng b phn hy bi t
bo. Nu cellulose c phn hy th glucose s c ti sinh. Qui trnh thc hin bng phn
ng ha hc c bn nh sau:
acid
(C6H10O5)n + H2O n C6H12O6 (5-2)
cellulose glucose
ng glucose c trch ly t cellulose c th c bin i bng cc phn ng sinh
hc v ha hc to thnh sn phm l ru v cc ha cht cng nghip.
Sn xut metanol t metan
Metan c hnh thnh t qu trnh phn hy ym kh ca cc cht thi rn hu c c th
c bin i thnh metanol.
Qu trnh bin i c thc hin bng 2 phn ng sau:
Xc tc
CH4 + H2O CO + 3H2 (5-3)
Xc tc
CO + 2H2 CH3OH (5-4)
Thun li ca vic sn xut metanol t kh biogas c cha metan l metanol c th lu
tr v vn chuyn d dng hn l vic chuyn kh metan.
To ht Tuyn lng
trng lc
sng p
ng vin Tuyn ni
Phn loi
Tuyn t
bng thy lc
Nghin ng
khi
Kt dnh Tuyn in
nhit
Phn loi
cao
bng kh
ng Tuyn trong
cht lng
nng
p p p
Sn phm p
p p
Sn phm p Sn phm p
57
liu xy dng, x ca luyn kim v nhin liu, ph thi ca tuyn than, ph thi nha, qung
pirit v hng lot ti nguyn th cp khc.
Cc my nghin ph bin hn c l my nghin thanh, nghin bi v nghin dao. Vic
nghin mt s ph liu nha v cao su c tin hnh nhit thp.
Phn loi v chn lc
Cc qu trnh ny c ng dng phn chia ph thi thnh phn on theo ln.
Chng bao gm phng php sng ht vt liu v phn chia chng di tc dng ca lc qun
tnh - trng lc v li tm - trng lc.
Sng l qu trnh phn loi thnh lp theo ln cc ht c kch thc khc nhau bng
cch dch chuyn chng trn b mt c l.
phn ring vt liu rn dng bn, ngi ta s dng xiclon nc, my li tm lng
3.6.1.2.Phng php nhit
l qu trnh nhit phn (v d ph liu nha, g, cao su, cn ca ch bin du m),
nng chy (v d x luyn kim, ph liu kim loi), nung (v d x luyn kim mu, qung thiu
kt pirit, mt s x cha st v bi) v kh c bng ngn la (t chy) nhiu cht thi rn
trn c s hu c.
To ht bng nhit cao
Phng php ny c ng dng ch bin bi, r st, x v dm nguyn liu qung
trong luyn kim, qung thiu kt pirit v cc ph liu phn tn cha st.
Qu trnh to ht ny c tin hnh bng cch t vt liu trc tip vi nhin liu rn
trong l nhit khong 1.100 - 1.6000C. Sau sn phm thiu kt c p n 100 -
150mm ri c sng v lm ngui. Phn on di 8mm thng chim 30 - 35% c quay
tr li l.
To khi
To khi l cc qu trnh to ht, ng vin, ng khi v to khi nhit cao. Chng
c s dng ch bin thnh vt liu xy dng cc ph thi ca khai thc qung m, phn
st ca tuyn than v tro ca trm nhit in, trong qu trnh tn dng thch cao photpho trong
nng nghip v cng nghip xi mng, trong chun b lm nng chy ph thi c phn tn
cao ca kim loi mu v en, trong qu trnh ti s dng nha, m hng, bi v dm bo
To ht v ng vin c th c thc hin bng cch cn vt liu bt, cho cc ht tip xc vi
nhau trong dng xi ri, trong lp tng si, trong lp tng rung hoc di tc dng ca tc
ng c hc khc.
S ng khi vt liu phn tn c tin hnh vi p sut nn p ln hn 80MPa khng c cht
lin kt, cn c cht lin kt th p sut nn khong 15 - 25MPa.
3.6.1.2.Phng php tuyn cht thi
Trong thc t ti sinh cht thi rn cng nghip (c bit l ca cng nghip khang sn,
cha kim loi mu v en, cc phn chi tit ph thi, cc thit b in, cc dng khc trn
c s kim loi v hp kim, vi loi tro nhin liu, hn hp cht do, x luyn kim mu v hng
lot cc ti nguyn th cp khc), ngi ta s dng cc phng php tuyn vt liu khc nhau
nh: tuyn trng lc, tuyn t, tuyn in, tuyn ni v cc phng php tuyn c bit khc.
1. Tuyn trng lc
58
Phng php tuyn ny da trn s khc nhau ca vn tc ri trong mi trng lng (hay
kh) ca cc ht c kch thc v khi lng ring khc nhau. l cc qu trnh tuyn sng
(i), tuyn trong huyn ph nng, trong dung dch chuyn theo b mt nghing v ra.
i:
i l qu trnh phn chia ht khng sn theo khi lng ring di tc dng tia nc
thay i theo hng thng ng, i qua my i c li. i thng p dng cho vt liu
kh x s b c ln ti u 0,5-100 mm i vi vt liu khng qung 0,2-40m i vi vt
liu qung m.
Khi i vt liu ln lp nm trn li c chiu dy 5-10 ln ng knh ht ln nht ca
nhp liu, c gi l lp l. Khi i vt liu nhuyn (n 3-5mm) trn li ngi ta xp lp l
to t cc ht vt liu ln, nng c kch thc 3-4 ln ln hn kch thc ht ln nht ca nhp
liu. Trong qu trnh i, vt liu c phn lp: trong lp di tp trung cc ht nng, trong
lp trn cng - ht nh, nhuyn. Cc lp ny c ly ra ring bit.
2. Ra
ph v v loi lp t st, ct v cc cht khng khc cng nh cc tp cht hu c
trong ph thi thng s dng qu trnh ra. Tc nhn ra thng l nc (c th thm cht
hot ng b mt), hoc hi nc qu nhit v cc dung mi khc nhau.
3. Tuyn ni
Trong thc t ch bin cc dng ph liu ring bit (nh x luyn kim, cc thnh phn b
qung v khng qung) ngi ta p dng phng php tuyn ni. ln ca vt liu c
tuyn khng ln hn 0,5 mm.
4. Tuyn t
Tuyn t c p dng tch cc cu t c t tnh yu v mnh ra khi thnh phn
khng nhim t. Cc cht c kh nng nhim t mnh l FeO.Fe2O3, Fe2O3, Fex-1Sx Cc
oxit, hydroxit v cacbonat st, mangan, crom v kim loi qu l vt liu nhim t yu. Cn cc
khng cht nh thch anh fenspat, canxit CaCO3 khng b nhim t. Vt liu nhim t yu
c tuyn trong t trng mnh cng n 800-1600 kA/m, cn vt liu nhim t mnh -
trong t trng yu 70-160 kA/m.
phn ring bng t trng, vt liu phi qua x l s b bng p, nghin, sng kh
cn, nung t) thng tuyn t kh cc vt liu c ln 3-50 mm, v tuyn t t cho ht
nh hn 3 mm.
5. Tuyn in
Tuyn in da trn s khc nhau ca tnh dn in ca vt liu c phn ring.
Theo tnh dn in vt liu c chia thnh dn in, bn dn, in mi. Khi tip xc vi
b mt ca in cc kim loi tch in th n s truyn in tch cho vt liu. Cc ht dn in
c tch in nhiu nht s y xa khi in cc, cn cc ht in mi gi nguyn qu o
ca mnh.
6. Tuyn trong huyn ph v cht lng nng
Qu trnh ny l s phn chia vt liu theo khi lng ring trong trng lc hp dn hay
li tm trong huyn ph hoc cht lng c khi lng ring gia cc khi lng ring ca cc
ht cn phn chia. Huyn ph nng l cc ht khang sn nng hoc hp kim t c phn tn
cao l lng trong nc - gi chung l cht lm nng, thng l hp kim st - silic, pirit, FeS2,
59
pirotin Fex-1Sx, Fe3O4, qung st F2O3 v cc vt liu khc c ln n 0,16 mm. Cc cht
lng nng c dng l dung dch CaCl2, ZnCl2, PbCl2
Khi lng tnh ca huyn ph c tnh theo cng thc
c = C (y - 1) + 1, g/cm3 (5.3)
y C- nng th tch ca cht lm nng, phn n v,
y- khi lng ring ca cht lm nng, g/cm3.
Khi lng ca cht lm nng trong th tch huyn ph V l:
m y = V. y
( c 1) , kg (5.4)
( y )
1
60
u) v trch li vi phn ng ha hc (cu t mc tiu trong vt liu ban u kh ha tan s
chuyn thnh dng d tan).
Lng tc cht tiu hao ti thiu, cn thit li cun hon ton cu t mc tiu vo
dung dch, v kh nng thc hin qu trnh c xc nh bi hng s cn bng ca phn ng
Kc. V d, i vi trng hp trch:
ABR + 2CDdd C2Bdd + AD2R
Hng s nng cn bng Kc c biu din nh sau:
Kc =
[C ]
2 B cb
(5.7)
[CD] cb
2
Khi t cn bng, nng tc cht Cd khng tiu hao cn li trong dung dch.
[C B]
[CD]
2
cb
= cb
(5.8)
Kc
1
Cn tng lng tc cht tiu hao phi l: 2 +
Kc
Gi tr hng s cn bng c tm trong ti liu tra cu, hoc c tnh theo cc i
lng ca nhit ng hc ca cc cht tham gia phn ng, hoc theo cc gi tr th in ha.
Khi xy ra phn ng oxi ha kh, cng nh c xc nh bng thc nghim.
Vn tc trch thng thay i theo din bin qu trnh v ph thuc nng tc cht,
nhit , cng khuy trn, din tch b mt pha rn v cc yu t khc. Dng tng qut
ca vn tc l:
dG
= jS (5.9)
d
y G - Lng cht cn trch trong pha rn, kg
j - lng cht cn trch chuyn vo dung dch trong 1 n v thi gian, trn 1
n v b mt pha rn, kg/ m2.s
S - b mt tng tc ca cc pha,m2
Nu qu trnh trch tng ng vi s ha tan v phn ng trao i, din ra vi s to
thnh pha rn mi
aAR + bBd cCR + dDdd
th n bao gm s khuch tn tc cht n b mt pha rn qua lp phim lng, khuch tn
tc cht qua lp sn phm rn hoc lp vt liu tr, phn ng ha hc trn b mt cht trch,
khuch tn cht tan t b mt phn ng qua lp rn v lp phim lng. Khi dng cht trch
c dng:
61
1 '
C0 C0
Kc
j= (5.10)
1 2 1 1 d 1 2
+ + + + +
D '
1 D 2 k K c b D1 D 2
'
1
l tr lc ng ha hc.
k
Nh vy, tng tr lc khuch tn v ha hc l tr lc chung ca qu trnh:
1 1 1 1
+ + = (5.12)
1 2 k
hay j = C0
Nu trong qu trnh trch to thnh sn phm rn dng v bc cht th tr lc ca n
1
l ln nht, khi qu trnh din ra trong vng khuch tn trong. Cn nu v bc cht
khng hnh thnh v i lng k ln th qu trnh din ra trong vng khuch tn ngoi.
Trng hp qu trnh c quyt nh bi phn ng ha hc th n din ra trong vng ng
hc.
Dung mi trch cn phi tha mn cc yu cu nh tnh chn lc, hng s phn phi v
khuch tn, khi lng ring, tnh bt chy, hot tnh n mn, tnh c hi Cc thng s nh
hng n qu trnh trch ly thng l nng dung mi, kch thc, xp ca ht vt liu,
cng thy ng, nhit v tc ng ca cc trng lc khc nhau (in mt chiu, in
t, tn s cao, li tm) cng nh trong mt s trng hp c s hin din ca cc vi sinh vt
khc nhau (trch bng vi khun).
Qu trnh trch c th gin on v lin tc. Qu trnh gin on c tin hnh bng
cch ngm hoc thm ra. Trch li lin tc tin b hn c tin hnh bng cch cho tip xc
nhiu bc bng cc phng php cng chiu, ngc chiu v t hp ca chung. Thit b trch li
rt a dng. Chng c phn loi theo phng thc hot ng (lin tc v gin on), theo
hng chuyn ng ca dung mi v pha rn (cng chiu, ngc chiu, khuy trn hon ton,
62
qu trnh trong lp vt liu v t hp ca chng), theo tnh cht tun han ca dung mi (tun
hon, khng tun hon, ti) v theo cc nguyn tc khc.
S cng ngh ca qu trnh trch nhiu bc cng chiu v ngc chiu c trnh by
trn hnh 5.3.
y R - hng s kh,
- sc cng b mt,
NA = 6,02251023 phn t/mol
S - qu bo ha, S = Cdd/Cs
n - s ion to thnh khi ha tan 1 phn t
Vm - th tch mol ca pha rn,
C = 1025 - gi tr thc nghim
ng knh ti hn ca cc mm tinh th to thnh c xc nh theo cng thc
4Vm
d= (5.18)
nRT ln S
Vn tc tng trng tinh th
dm
J= = F(C Cs )k (5.19)
d
y F - b mt tinh th,
C - nng dch ci, mol/m3
Cs - nng bo ha, mol/m3
k - h s tng trng ton phn.
3.6.1.4.Cc phng php ha hc
Cht thi rn, di gc ca cng ngh ha hc, thc cht l mt loi nguyn liu sn
xut - nguyn liu khng sch cha nhiu tp cht - v cng c xem nh mt loi qung m
nhn to. V vy, khi ch bin chung, ngi ta p dng cc phng php x l nh i vi
qung m m ta nu ln trong phn cc phng php chung. Ngai ra, chuyn cu t
mc tiu thnh dng nguyn liu sch p ng cc nhu cu sn xut khc nhau, ngi ta
thng b sung thm tc cht khc v khi s xy ra cc phn ng ha hc gia cu t mc
tiu v tc cht b sung. chnh l bn cht ca vic p dng phng php ha hc trong x
l cht thi rn cng nghip. Phng php ha hc c p dng rt rng ri v ph hp vi
cc cht v c cng nh hu c.
65
3.6.1.5. Cc phng php sinh ha
Phng php ny da trn kh nng phn hy cc cht hu c trong cht thi bi vi sinh
vt. Phng php ny c ng dng chuyn cc cht hu c thnh phn bn (ln men k
kh) hoc phn hy chung hon ton (ln men hiu kh).
Mt s vi sinh vt c kh nng chuyn cc hp cht v c khng tan sang trng thi tan
trong iu kin xc nh. Phng php ny gi l trch bng vi khun. Trch bng vi khun
c hiu l qu trnh tch chn lc cc nguyn t ha hc t hp cht a cu t trong qu
trnh ha tan chung mi trng nc bi cc vi sinh vt.
Cc vi sinh vt c s dng rng ri trong cng nghip l vi khun st, chng c th oxi
ha st ha tr 2 thnh st ha tr 3 cng nh cc sunfua v c, v vi khun lu hunh. Ngun
nng lng duy nht cho qu trnh sng ca cc vi sinh vt ny l phn ng oxi ha cc hp
cht v c kim loi v nguyn t lu hunh.
Vi khun st c kh nng oxi ha sunfua kim loi, chuyn chng thnh sunfat trc tip
hoc gin tip.
Vi khun
2FeSO4 + 1 O2 + H2SO4 Fe2(SO4)3 + H2O
2
Fe2(SO4)3 + MeS MeSO4 + 2 FeSO4 + S
Vi khun st c s dng rng ri trong cng nghip trch ng t ph thi v qung.
trch, ngi ta s dng dung dch nc trn c s Fe2(SO4)3 v H2SO4 vi s hin din ca
Al2(SO4)3, FeSO4 v vi khun st.
Fe2(SO4)3 + 2CuS + H2O + 3O2 2CuSO4 + 4FeSO4 + 2H2SO4
Trn th gii, phng php trch bng vi khun c p dng rng ri thu hi
uranium t qung m, Zn, Mn, As, Co... Ngi ta ang tm kim cc vi sinh vt khc vi mc
ch tch c cc cht hu dng rng ri hn. Phng php trch bng vi khun rt tin tin
v n cho php gim ng k gi thnh cc cu t qu him v m rng cc ti nguyn cng
nghip, bo m tnh kh thi ca vic s dng ton phn nguyn liu v c.
66
CHNG 4: THNH PHN, TNH CHT V PHN LOI
CHT THI NGUY HI
Mt trong nhng vn quan trng tm hiu v CTNH l phi nm bt thng tin v cht
thi thng qua vic nhn dng, xc nh tnh cht, ngun gc, cch thc x l cng nh s
bin i ca cht thi trong mi trng qua p dng cc cng c, chnh sch hp l thc
hin vic qun l.
4.1. MT S KHI NIM V CTNH
4.1.1. Mt s khi nim
Theo UNEP
Cht thi c hi l nhng cht thi (khng k cht thi phng x) c hot tnh ha hc,
hoc c tnh c hi, chy n, n mn gy nguy him hoc c th gy nguy him n sc khe
hoc mi trng khi hnh thnh hoc tip xc vi cc cht thi khc.
Cht thi khng bao gm trong nh ngha trn:
Cht thi phng x c xem l cht thi c hi nhng khng bao gm trong nh
ngha ny bi v hu ht cc quc gia qun l v kim sot cht phng x theo qui c, iu
khon, qui nh ring.
Cht thi rn sinh hot c th gy nhim mi trng do cha mt t cht thi nguy
hi tuy nhin n c qun l theo h thng cht thi ring. mt s quc gia s dng thu
gom tch ring cht thi nguy hi trong rc sinh hot.
nh ngha ca Philipin
Cht thi c hi l cc vt liu vn c tnh c hi, tnh n mn, cht gy kch thch, tnh
d chy, v tnh gy n.
Nhm 1: Cht n
69
Nhm ny bao gm:
Cc cht d n, ngoi tr nhng cht qu nguy him trong khi vn chuyn hay nhng
cht c kh nng nguy hi th c xp vo loi khc.
Vt gy n,ngoi tr nhng vt gy n m khi chy n khng to ra khi, khng vng
mnh, khng c ngn la hay khng to ra ting n m .
M s
STT Loi cht thi TCVN M t tnh nguy hi
6706-2000
1. Cht thi Cht thi lng 1.1 Cht thi lng c nhit bt chy
d bt la d chy di 60 .
d chy Cht thi d chy 1.2 Cht thi khng l cht lng, bc
chy khi b ma st hoc iu kin
p,t kh quyn.
71
Cht thi c th 1.3 Cht thi c kh nng t bc chy
t chy do t nng ln trong iu kin vn
chuyn bnh thng, hoc t nng
ln do tip xc vi khng kh v c
kh nng bc chy.
72
7.Cht thi Cht thi 7 Cht thi c cha cc vi sinh vt
ly nhim ly nhim bnh sng hoc c t ca chng c
cha cc mm bnh .
Ngun cht thi t sn xut cng nghip:Cc ngnh cng nghip pht sinh cht thi nguy
hi theo DOMINGUEZ, 1983.
+ Ch bin g
+ Ch bin cao su
+ Cng nghip c kh
+ Sn xut x phng v bt git
+ Khai thc m
+ Cng nghip sn xut giy
+ Sn xut x phng v bt git
+ Kim loi en
+ Cng nghip sn xut giy
+ Lc du
+ Sn xut thp
+ Nha v vt liu tng hp
+ Sn xut sn v mc in
+ Ha cht BVTV
73
Phn loi qua tnh c
H thng ny c th m rng.
Nc thi cha cht v Thnh phn chnh l nc Axit sunphuric thi t m kim
c nhng c cha kim/axit loi.
v cc cht v c c hi Dung dch amoniac trong sn xut
linh kin in t.
Nc b m kim loi.
Nc thi cha cht hu Nc thi cha dung dch Nc ra t cc chai lpj thuc tr
c cc ch hu c nguy hi. su.
74
Cht hu c lng Cht thi dng lng cha Dung mi halogen thi ra t khu
dung dch hoc hn hp ty nhn v lm sch.
cc cht hu c nguy hi. Cn ca thp chng ct trong sn
xut ho cht.
75
4.3. NGUN GC CHT THI NGUY HI
Cht thi nguy hi sinh ra t 3 ngun:
Cng nghip: hu ht cc cht thi u c ngun gc t cc loi nguyn nhin liu m
chng ta phi cn s dng cho nng nghip.
Hot ng sinh hot ca con ngi, trong nng nghip, thng nghip, dch v.
T thin nhin: cht thi nguy hi c kh nng sn sinh ra t cc qu trnh trao i
cht trong t nhin, c hoc khng c vai tr ca con ngi.
Trong c th ni cc ngnh sn xut cng nghip l ngun pht sinh ra cht thi nguy
hi ln nht v ang l mi quan tm ln hin nay. So vi cc ngun pht sinh khc, ngun
cng nghip mang tnh thng xuyn v n nh nht, cc ngun t dn dng hay sinh hot
khng nhiu, tng i nh. C th dn chng ngun thi nguy hi qua mt s ngnh cng
nghip tiu biu sau:
Ngnh cng nghp ho cht: dung mi thi, dung mi cng nghip dng ho tan
tng hp cc cht mi v dung mi gip truyn nhit tt, cc cht ny c tnh cht
d chy n, d tham gia cc phn ng th, bay hi thp hu ht c kh nng c
ch enzime, cn tr gen, ngn cn s phn ho t bo dn n bnh tt
Cc cht d chy, cc sn phm t du m, cc cht thi cha axt, baz mnh, cc
cht thi c hot tnh cao: hp cht cha natri, hp cht H2O2, hp cht sunfit, NaS2:
sinh ra t ngnh cng nghip ho cht c bn. Cht xc tc cng nghip, cc cht ly
ra t bn cng nghip
Ngnh cng nghip vt liu xy dng
Ngnh cng nghip ch bin sn: cha dung mi hu c (mch vng c benzen)
Ngnh sn xut v gia cng kim loi: l luyn gang, thp, ti ch kim loi ng, ch
cht thi l cc loi kh trong qu trnh t nh dioxin, furan, PCB. Cht thi xi m
nh kim loi nng, axt baz mnh
Ngnh gia cng trn b mt kim loi: nht, m
Ngnh cng nghip giy: dung mi hu c cha Clo nh CH3Cl, CH2Cl2; cht thi
n mn: axt v c, sn ph thi (to mu cho giy)
Theo cc s liu iu tra gn y hng nm lng cht nguy hi thi pht sinh tnh theo
ngnh v chng loi ti khu vc TP. H Ch Minh nh sau:
Ngnh sn xut v bo tr phng tin giao thng: khong 20 000 tn/nm: ch yu
cc vt dng nh bao b, d lau.
Ngnh cng nghip giy da: du nht, ph thi xp x 20 000 tn/nm.
Ngnh sn xut cc loi ho cht bo v thc vt: gn 10 000 tn/nm.
Ngnh cng nghip thuc da: cc cht thi c ngun gc hu c ng vt, cc ho
cht s dng trong sn xut.
Ngnh cng nghip du kh: 6000 tn/nm ch yu l cc loi thng kim loi.
Ngnh cng nghip giy 1000 tn/ nm
Ngnh cng nghip in t: ton ti trong cc thit b
76
Ngnh cng nghip sn xut thp: trong cc xng kim loi ch yu l cc loi thp
v c.
Ngnh cng nghip xi m.
Ngnh cng nghip ch bin vt liu xy dng.
b . Chn lp ti ch, lu gi lu di
mt s cng ty c tham quan trong qu trnh kho st, cc cht thi b chn lp hoc
dn ng ti ch hoc khu t bn cnh bi v khng c mt gii php no ph hp vi cc
cht thi ny, hoc l c tch lu trc khi c chuyn i. Trong mt s trng hp, cht
thi ny c lu gi theo kiu nh vy c th to ra ri ro n mi trng v sc kho cho
khu vc xung quanh. Vic lu gi cht thi v v sinh cng nghip km, v lng r r ln ca
cc nguyn liu c, bao gm c cn nha mang tnh axit v du thi, mt s a im. S
lu gi lu di mt s cht thi khng th ti s dng li trong dy chuyn, v d nh nhng
m sn ti kh ph bin, nhng ni chung nhng ni cha cht thi khng c che, y k v
thy r s n mn vt liu bao b xy ra. Kh nng r r vo lp t tng di v gy nhim
bn nc ngm c th c xem nh mt nguy c lu di.
c . Nhng vn nhim bn nc mt
a hnh ca Vit Nam c c trng bi i ni che ph hu ht pha Bc, Ty, v
min Trung ca Vit Nam. Din tch cn li l ng bng t t bi v lu vc vi mt mng
li kh dy c cc sng ngi. Nc mt bao gm sng, h cha, knh, h ao c s dng
rt nhiu Vit Nam nh l mt ngun nc n ung, nng nghip, nui trng thu sn v
cng nghip. Chng cng c s dng nh l ngun nhn nc thi cng nghip v sinh
hot, c bit l khu vc th, ni cha c h thng x l nc thi th.
Nc thi t khu vc cng nghip c H Ni v thnh ph H Ch Minh c thi hu
nh khng h c x l vo rt nhiu knh rch sng ngi l nhng h thng thot nc
chung ca thnh ph. Tt c nhng ngun nc ny do b nhim do nc thi cng
nghip, cng nh cht lnh thi t sinh hot. H Ni hin cha c h thng x l cht thi
lng cng nghip v sinh hot, trong khi thnh ph c nhng c s cng nghip ln, nn
cht thi cng nghip chnh l ngun nhim ng k. Cc mi trng c tnh rng nc
thi cng nghip thnh ph H Ch Minh vo khong 20 30% tng lu lng dng chy
trong cc sng v ng gp ch yu l t cng nghip tinh ch, ho cht v ch bin thc
phm.
79
CHNG 5: VN AN TON TRONG LU TR, VN
CHUYN V QUN L CHT THI NGUY HI
80
o Ci tin v my mc thit b
o T ng ho my mc thit b
5.1.2. Thu gom, lu gi v vn chuyn Cht Thi Nguy Hi
Thu gom, ng gi v dn nhn cht thi nguy hi
Quy trnh ny rt quan trng i vi qu trnh cng ngh x l sau ny, cng nh trong
an ton vn chuyn v lu gi. Vic thu gom ng gi s lm gim cc nguy c chy n, gy
c cho cc qu trnh tip theo nh lu gi v vn chuyn v nhn din cht thi nguy hi.
Thu gom ng gi thng c thc hin bi ch ngun thi, c
th tn dng bao b nguyn liu, hoc cc loi bao b khc m bo cht lng
bo qun
Vic dn nhn Cht thi nguy hi c quy nh rt k theo
TCVN 6706, 6707-2000 bao gm cc loi nhn bo nguy him v cc loi
nhn ch dn bo qun.
Lu gi Cht thi nguy hi
Vic lu gi Cht thi nguy hi ti ngun hay ti ni tp trung cht thi nguy hi l mt
vic lm cn thit. Trong qu trnh lu gi, cc vn cn quan tm:
La chn v tr kho lu gi
Nguyn tc an ton khi thit k kho lu gi
Vn khi phi lu tr ngoi tri
Thao tc vn hnh an ton ti kho lu gi
B tr trong kho lu gi
Cng tc an ton v sinh
Vn chuyn cht thi nguy hi
Cht thi nguy hi c vn chuyn t ni lu gi n ni x l l vic khng th trnh
khi. Do vic quan tm hng u trong qu trnh vn chuyn l m bo tnh an ton trong
sut l trnh vn chuyn.
Quy trnh vn chuyn c th thc hin bng cc hnh thc sau:
Vn chuyn bng ng b
Vn chuyn bng ng hng khng
Vn chuyn bng ng thy
L trnh vn chuyn phi thc hin sao cho ngn nht trnh ti a cc s c giao thng v
trnh cc s c nhim mi trng trn ng i, v rt ngn ti a lng thi gian nu c
th.
5.2.AN TON TRONG LU GI CHT THI NGUY HI
5.2.1 ng gi CTR nguy hi
CTR nguy hi phi c ng gi theo chng loi trong bao b thch hp, p ng cc
yu cu v an ton k thut sau:
2. Du hiu cnh bo nguy hi, phng nga phi theo ng TCVN 6707 - 2000, dn
bn ngoi bao b tt c cc loi CTNH. Nu mt loi cht thi c nhiu tnh nguy
hi ng thi phi dn y cc du hiu cnh bo nguy hi tng ng.
3. Nhn v du hiu cnh bo nguy hi phi c hnh dng, mu sc, k hiu v ch vit
trn theo ng quy nh, kch c ti thiu l 10cm x 10cm.
5.2.4. Yu cu v kho lu tr
V v tr kho lu tr
Chn v tr xy phi m bo cc yu cu sau y:
Nu chn v tr t nh kho nm trong khu dn c, loi hng ha cn bo qun phi
khng c thi vo khng kh cc cht c hi, khng gy ting n v cc yu t c
hi khc khng vt mc quy nh hin hnh v v sinh mi trng.
Khi nh v nh kho nm trn t xy dng, phi m bo yu cu cng ngh bo qun
hng ha;
m bo khong cch cho xe ly hng cng nh cha chy ra vo d dng;
Nguyn tc an ton cho kho lu tr
Kho lu tr CTNH phi c thit k sao cho nguy c chy hay trn l thp nht v
phi m bo tch ring cc cht khng tng thch.
Phng chng chy n, chy trn
Theo tiu chun xy dng TCVN th cc nguyn tc thit k nh kho c ghi trong TCVN
4317-86 v nhng quy nh mt s TC khc. Ngoi nhng quy nh chung v kt cu, thit
k cc kho lu tr CTNH cn c bit quan tm n t chc phng chng chy n
Tnh chu la, nhit
Tnh ngn cch chy;
Cc h thng thot him;
Vt liu trang tr, hon thin cch nhit
H thng cha chy;
H thng ci, bin bo ng;
Phng trc chng chy, n, trn ha cht.
Vt liu xy dng
Vt liu xy dng kho phi l vt liu khng d bt la v khung nh phi c gia c
chc chn bng b tng hay ct thp, b tng ng lc trc, cch nhit bng khung
thp;
Vt liu cch nhit phi l vt liu khng bt la chng hn nh len khong hay bng
thy tinh;
Cc h thng ng dn dy in bt xuyn qua tng chng chy phi c t trong cc
np chp chm bt la;
83
Kt cu v b tr kin trc cng trnh
Bt k khu vc kn v rng no cng phi c li thot him theo t nht hai hng v
phi c s bng hiu, h thng n, ci bo;
Kho cha phi c thng gi tt;
Sn kho khng thm cht lng, khng trt, c th cha cc r r t qu trnh trn
ha cht;
Trnh dng ng cng h ngn nga s phng thch ca cc ha cht khng kim
sot c t cc cht b hay nc cha chy nhim bn;
Tt c cc ng ng cng thot phi c h ngn loi b sau;
Cc thit b, phng tin an ton ti kho lu tr
Lp t cc phng tin chiu sng v thit b in khc ti v tr cn thit v bo tr,
phi c thit b ni t v c b ngt mch khi r in, bo v cc thit b qu ti;
Ni lu tr dung mi c nhit bt chy hay bi mn th phi s dng cc thit b chu
la;
Cc thit b dng c ng cu s c c trang b y ;
5.2.5. Cc k thut lu tr ha cht
Yu cu lu tr ha cht cn c nhng nh kho c iu kin thch hp c bit c v v
tr, kt cu, kin trc cng trnh nhm m bo an ton ha cht khi lu tr, an ton cho sc
khe cng ng v mi trng xung quanh. trong mi nguy hi quan trng v c bit cn
lu l cc s c chy, n v trn ha cht..
Lu tr ngoi tri
Khi lu tr ha cht ngoi tri phi c mi che ma nng, cc thng cha phi t
thng ng trn g lt, phi c lu tr cc thng sao cho c khong cch cha chy;
Cc thng lu tr lng ln cht lng d chy khng c t trong c ly 500m, cch
khu dn c hay 200m cch khu sinh hot ca cng nhn;
Cc thng cha lu tr ngm di t phi c h thng chng r r;
Cc hnh thc hot ng phi c trnh cc s c km theo s phng in t hay gy
ra tnh in;
Nh n, bp, phng thay khng c xy gn v tch bit nh lu tr t nht l 10m;
Ngoi ha cht ra, s c mi trng cn c th pht sinh do cc s c hng hc v in,
chy n. Do cng cn c k hoch trong vic phng nga s c do cc yu t ny.
5.3. AN TON TRONG VN CHUYN V QUN L CHT THI NGUY HI
Vn chuyn CTR nguy hi
84
2. Cm tuyt i vn chuyn chung nhng loi CTR nguy hi khng tng thch
hoc phi c bin php x l s c i khng khc.
Bc d CTR nguy hi
1. Trc khi bc d, nhng ngi c trch nhim phi kim tra bao b, nhn hiu
hng ha v trc tip iu khin hng dn thao tc xp d cho an ton.
85
CHNG 6: TI CH V X L CHT THI NGUY HI
86
Phng php kt ta thng dng kt hp vi cc phng php tch cht rn nh
lng cn, li tm v lc.
- Oxy ho kh: phn ng oxy ho kh l phn ng trong trng thi oxy ho ca mt
cht phn ng tng ln trong khi trng thi oxy ho cu mt cht khc gim xung.
- Bay hi: bay hi l lm c cht thi dng lng hay huyn ph bng phng php cp
nhit ho hi cht lng. Phng php ny thng dng trong giai on x l s b
gim s lng cht thi cn x l cui cng.
- ng rn v n nh cht thi: ng rn l lm c nh ho hc, trit tiu tnh lu
ng hay c lp cc thnh phn nhim bng lp v bn vng to thnh mt khi
nguyn c tnh ton vn cu trc cao. Phng php ny nhm gim tnh lu ng ca
cht nguy hi trong mi trng.
Cc phng php Sinh Hc
Cht thi nguy hi cng c th x l bng phng php sinh hc iu kin hiu kh v
ym kh nh cht thi thng thng. Tuy nhin, b sung chng loi vi sinh phi thch hp v
iu kin tin hnh c kim sot cht ch hn.
- Qu trnh hiu kh: qu trnh x l sinh hc hiu kh l qu trnh hot ng ca vi
sinh vt chuyn cht hu c thnh cc hp cht v c (qu trnh khong ho) trong
iu kin c oxy. Sn phm ca qu trnh l CO2, H2O.
- Qu trnh ym kh: qu trnh x l sinh hc ym kh l qu trnh khong ho, nh vi
sinh vt iu kin khng c oxy. Cng ngh x l sinh hc ym kh to thnh sn
phm kh sinh hc CH4 chim phn ln, CO2 v H2, N2, H2S, NH3.
Phng php Nhit (thiu t cht thi)
Phng php ny c nhiu u im hn cc phng php khc v p dng cho cc cht
thi c kh nng chy c, c cht thi nguy hi rn, lng, kh
Tu theo cc thnh phn ca cht thi m kh thi sinh ra c thnh phn khc v nh vo
s oxy ho v phn hu nhit , cc cht hu c s c kh c tnh v ph v cu trc, cc
sn phm chy thng thng c to ra l bi, CO2, CO, SOx, NOx. Tuy nhin vic thiu t
cht thi nguy hi thng to ra t l % khng nh cc kh: HCl, HS, Cl2 v mt s kh c hi
khc nh dioxin v furan. Nh vy x l bng phng php t c cc u im: phn hu hu
nh hon ton cht hu c, nhit t ln hn >15000C th t l phn hu cht hu c t
n 99,9999%, thi gian x l nhanh, din tch cng trnh nh, gn.
Bn cnh phng php ny c mt s nhc im: l to ra kh dioxin v furan
nht l iu kin t khng c gim st cht ch.
hn ch dioxin v furan trong qu trnh t cht thi nguy hi, cht thi rn th chng
ta khng ch nhit cho l t hai cp nhit ngun s cp: 700 10000C, nhit
ngun th cp > 12000C. Sau kh thi l t s c gim nhit nhit ngay lp tc trc
kh cho qua h thngx l kh thi. Thng thng nhit gim t 120 2000C
Thng thng nng cao nhit th cp tc nng cao hiu sut t v hiu sut x l
thnh phn nguy hi th cn ch n cc yu t sau:
o kn ca bn
o Th tch ca bn
o Ch ca qu trnh chy (t l oxy vo) c th t in
o Vic xo trn rc
87
o Hiu ng xoy ca bn t.
Phng php Chn Lp An Tan cht Thi Nguy Hi
Chn lp l cng on cui cng khng th thiu trong h thng Qun l Cht thi
nguy hi. Chn lp l bin php nhm c lp cht thi nhm lm gim c tnh, gim thiu
kh nng pht tn cht thi vo Mi trng.
Cc cht thi nguy hi c php chn lp vo Bi chn lp cn p ng cc tiu
chun sau:
Ch c cht thi V c (t Hu c)
Tim nng nc r thp
Khng c cht lng
Khng c cht n
Khng c cht phng x
Khng c lp xe
Khng c cht thi ly nhim
Thng thng cc Cht thi nguy hi c chn lp bao gm:
Cht thi Kim loi c cha ch
Cht thi c cha thnh phn Thu ngn
Bn xi m v bn Kim loi
Cht thi aming
Cht thi rn c Xyanua
Bao b nhim bn v thng cha bng kim loi
Cn t qu trnh thiu t cht thi
Trong qu trnh chn lp cn kim sot c cc kh nng xy ra phn ng do s
tng thch ca cht thi khi hai cht thi r r tip xc vi nhau, cc cht kh sinh ra v
nc r r t bi chn lp ra mi trng xung quanh.
Khi vn hnh bi chn lp Cht thi nguy hi phi thc hin cc bin php quan trc
Mi tng, cng vic ny cng phi thc hin sau khi ng bi. Sau khi ng bi, vic
bo tr bi cng rt quan trng. Do cng tc quan trc bi chn lp trong thi gian hot
ng v sau khi ng ca bi chn lp cn phi thc hin nghim tc.
Mun vic vn hnh v quan trc Bi chn lp c hiu qu cn phi tun th mt s
nguyn tc khi la chn, thit k v vn hnh bi chn lp Cht thi nguy hi.
6.1.2. Phng php x l CTNH Vit Nam
6.1.2.1. Cng ngh x l Ho - L
Tc l s dng cc qu trnh bin i vt l, ho hc lm thay i tnh cht ca cht
thi nhm mc ch chnh l gim thiu kh nng nguy hi ca cht thi i vi mi trng.
Cng ngh ny rt ph bin thu hi, ti ch cht thi c bit l mt s loi CTNH nh du
m, kim loi nng, dung mi.
Bin php ti ch, thu hi cht thi bng cng ngh ho - l thc s ch mang li hiu qu
kinh t v mi trng i vi nhng nh my x l cht thi quy m ln, u t cng ngh
88
hin i c th x l cht thi cho c mt vng. Hin ti kinh ph u t mt nh my
hon chnh rt ln c th ln n vi chc triu USD, nn Vit nam cha c iu kin xy
dng nhng nh my x l nh vy. Nhng nm ti, nu c c s u t t bn ngoi th
Vit Nam mi c th xy dng c nhng nh my x l CTNH cp vng. Ngoi ra vic la
chn a im ph hp xy dng nh my cng cn phi cn nhc n.
Trong phng php x l ho - l c rt nhiu qu trnh cng ngh khc nhau. Tuy nhin,
ngi ta thng kt hp mt s bin php vi nhau x l cht thi. Mt s bin php ho -
l thng dng x l cht thi nh sau:
(i). Trch ly
L qu trnh tch cc cu t ra khi hn hp nh dung mi, m dung mi ny c kh
nng ho tan chn lc mt s cht trong hn hp . Trch ly cht ho tan trong cht lng gi
l trch ly lng, trch ly trong cht rn gi l trch ly rn.
Trch ly l qu trnh khuych tn. Cht tan chuyn ri t pha ny sang pha khc t s
phn b cn bng v nng . Theo nh lut phn b th t s nng gia cc cht trong 02
pha dung mi v pha lng nhit nht nh c gi tr khng i, ngha l:
CA /CB = = constant
y:
CA: nng ca cht tan trong dung mi
CB: nng ca cht tan trong dung dch
H s phn b () c xc nh bng thc nghim v ph thuc vo tnh cht ca cht
lng, nhit , thi gian trch ly v nng ca cht ho tan. H s phn b cng ln th kh
nng tch cht tan bng dung mi chn cng ln. Vi cc loi nguyn liu rn, mun tng
hiu sut trch ly cn tng b mt tip xc gia chng v dung mi, iu ny thc hin c
bng cch nghin nh nguyn liu.
Trong x l cht thi, qu trnh trch ly thng c ng dng tch hoc thu hi cc
cht ha c c ln trong cht thi nh du m, dung mi, ho cht bo v thc vt... Sau khi
trch ly ngi ta thng thu hi li dung mi bng cch chng ct hn hp. Sn phm trch ly
cn li c th c ti s dng hoc x l bng cch khc.
V d mt s dung mi thng dng trong qu trnh trch ly nh xng, bu tan, benzen,
toluen, ete etylic, etyl acetat, dicloetan, clorofoc....
(ii). Chng ct
L qu trnh tch hn hp cht lng bay hi thnh nhng cu t ring bit da vo bay
hi khc nhau nhng nhit si khc nhau ca mi cu t cha trong hn hp bng
cch lp i lp li nhiu ln bay hi v ngng t.
Qu trnh chng ct da trn c s l cc cu t ca hn hp lng c p sut hi khc
nhau. Khi un nng nhng cht c nhit i si thp hi s bay hi trc v c tch ring ra
khi hn hp.
(1). Chng ct n gin: un nng mt ln hn hp lng n khi si c a hi ra v lm
n ngng t li gi l chng ct n gin. Phng php ny bao gm:
- Chng c hi lu mt phn hoc khng hi lu
- Chng bng chn khng i vi nhng cht kh bay hi
- Chng thng hoa chuyn cht rn sang trng thi hi
89
- Chng li cun bng hi nc tch ra nhng cht c nhit si rt cao v
khng ho tan trong nc
- Chng ng ph (hn hp ho tan, khng tch ring khi si): phng php ny
cn thm mt cht khc thay i nhit si ca mt trong cc cu t.
(2). Tinh luyn: qu trnh chng luyn nhiu ln trong mt nhm thit b c nhng
sn phm tinh khit.
Trong thc t x l cht thi qu trnh chng ct thng gn vi trch ly tng cng
kh nng tch sn phm.
(iii). Kt ta
Da trn phn ng to sn phm kt ta lng gia cht bn v ho cht, t c th tch
kt ta ra khi dung dch. Qu trnh ny thng ng dng tch cc kim loi nng trong cht
thi lng dng hydroxyt kt ta hoc mui khng tan. V d nh vic qu trnh tch Cr, Ni
trong nc thi m in nh phn ng gia Ca(OH)2 vi cc Cr+3 (kh t Cr+6 ) v Ni+2 to ra
kt ta Cr(OH)3, Ni (OH)2 lng xung, lc tch ra em x l tip tr thnh Cr2O3 v NiSO4
c s dng lm bt mu, m Ni.
(iv). Oxy ho - kh
L qu trnh s dng cc tc nhn oxy ho - kh tin hnh phn ng oxy ha kh
chuyn cht thi c hi thnh khng c hoc t c hi hn. Cc cht oxy ho kh thng
c s dng nh l Na2S2O4, NaHSO3, H2, KMnO4, K2Cr2O7, H2O2, O3, Cl2.
Trong thc t x l cht thi, qu trnh oxy ha vi cc tc nhn kh nh Na2S2O4,
NaHSO3, H2 thng c ng dng x l cc kim loi a ho tr nh Cr - Mn; bin chng
t mc oxyho cao d ho tan nh Cr+6 - Mn+7 tr v dng oxyt bn vng; khng ho tan Cr+3-
Mn+4, ngc li qu trnh kh vi cc tc nhn oxy ho nh KMnO4, K2Cr2O7, H2O2, O3, Cl2
cho php phn hy cc cht hu c nguy hi nh phenol; mercaptan; thuc BVTV v c cc
ion v c CN- thnh nhng sn phm t c hi hn.
92
02 lp lt chng thm, c h thng thu gom nc r r x l, c h thng thot kh, c
ging khoan gim st kh nng nh hng n nc ngm.
a. Yu cu v a im
Vn la chn c a im xy dng bi chn lp CTRCN v CTNH sao cho an ton
v mt mi trng l rt quan trng. Khi la chn i im, ngi quy hoch v thit k phi
kho st a im, tm hiu k cc yu t sau y:
- a im phi cch xa cc khu dn c th t nht 5km.
- a cht khu vc c n nh khng? C hay xy ra a chn hay ng t khng
? Cc lp t c kh nng chng thm tt hay khng?
- Mc nc ngm nng hay su? Dn c gn khu vc ny c s dng nc ngm
hay khng?
- Ch thy vn trong khu vc c n nh khng? Vn ngp lt c xy ra
thng xuyn khng? a im c gn cc ngun nc mt cp cho sinh hot hay khng?
- Vn thot nc c thun tin khng?
- Giao thng c thun tin khng?
Ch khi no c c cc cu tr li y v cc yu cu t ra nh trn, ngi thit k
mi c c s thit k chi tit.
b. Thit k h chn lp CTRCN v CTNH
Mun s dng bi chn lp mt cch khoa hc v hiu qu, bi chn lp phi c chia
ra thnh nhng khu ring chn lp cc loi rc thi khc nhau: cht thi c hi v khng
c hi.
V c bn cc h chn c kt cu dng hnh chp ct ch nht, cc thng s kch thc
mi h chn bao gm: chiu su, chiu rng, chiu ngang v dc vch h.
b1. Chiu su v chiu cao
Chiu su l khong cch t mt y h ti mt t hin ti, cn chiu cao ca h l
khong cch t mt t hin ti ti mt h chn sau khi gia c. Tng cng chiu su v chiu
cao c gi l chiu su ton th ca h chn, cn chiu su hu dng l chiu su ca lp
cht thi c chn lp.
Chiu su v chiu cao ca h c xc nh trn c s cc yu t ph thuc sau:
- Chiu su ton th cng ln s cho php gim c din tch mt bng cn thit
cho vic chn lp. Hay ni cch khc, chiu su ton th cng ln s ko di c thi gian
s dng ca bi rc.
- Chiu su ca h chn lp rc khng c qu su, mt y ca h rc v cc
cng trnh xy dng ph tr phi cao hn mc nc ngm mao dn cao nht trn 1 m.
- Chiu su ln s ko theo phi xy dng cc h thng thu gom v x l nc t
bi rc s su, nh vy s gy ton km.
- Chiu cao ca mi h chn s ko theo chiu cao ca cc cng trnh ph tr nh
ng vn chuyn, h thng thot nc ma, bao,... v t nng chiu cao.
Chiu su cc i ca h chn lp c xc nh theo mc nc ngm mao dn cao nht
v phng thc thu gom nc r r. Thng thng c tnh nh sau:
H = h - (1,2 + 0,3 + 0,6) - 1
93
Trong :
- 1,2 v 0,3 l chiu cao to dc ng thu gom
- 0,6 l ng knh ng thu gom nc v ging thu
- 1 l khong cch cn thit t mc nc ngm ti cng trnh
- h l chiu cao ca mc nc ngm mao dn cao nht
V d vi chiu cao mc nc ngm l 7,5 m, ta c c chiu cao chn rc l 4,4 m,
chiu cao lp che ph phi chn l 2m, chiu cao lp lt l 1,2 m.
b2. Phng n thu gom nc r r:
Cc khu vc chn lp cc loi rc tr (khng cha cc cht hu c d phn hy) khng
yu cu h thng thu gom nc rc. i vi rc thi c cha cc cht c hi, ty theo loi
cht thi m c bin php chn lp v thu gom nc thi thch hp.
H thng thu gom nc rc phi bao gm: cc ng ng thu gom trong cc h chn lp,
thot nc xung quanh bi, trm bm v h thu nc rc.
H thng cc ng ng thu gom nc rc trong bi c t trn lp cao su chng thm
chnh v lp t st h tr, di cc lp rc, t v vi bo v l lp ct si to iu kin
cho nc thot nhanh chng trn mt h v bo v ng ng khi vn hnh h chn lp. Cc
ng ng phi c thit k thng, khng qu di v c dc khng nh hn 0,5% (vi ng
F>200).
Rnh thot nc phi c b tr xung quanh bi v cc h chn lp, m bo nc ma
thot nhanh, khng chy vo cc h chn hn ch lu lng nc rc.
Nc rc phi c a v h thu gom v phi c bm ln x l trc khi a h
thng tiu thot chung.
b3. Thu gom kh gas
i vi bi chn lp CTR v CTNH, do c khi lng rc hu c d phn hu a vo
chn lp thng khng ln, v tr la chn li cch xa khu dn c cho nn khng nht thit
phi thu gom kh gas, nht l khi iu kin kinh ph cn hn ch.
hn ch s pht tn cht thi; kh gas t bi chn lp, xung quanh bi rc phi c vng
m cy xanh, ti thiu phi c 1 lp cy tn ln
b4. Kt cu b mt
Din tch mt bng mi h chn lp rc phi m bo cc yu cu sau:
- T l din tch s dng hu ch phi ln nht. T l din tch s dng hu ch
ca bi rc l t l gia tng din tch s dng hu ch ca cc hng mc cng trnh so vi
tng din tch mt bng ca bi rc. Tc l kt cu b mt h chn phi ph hp vi mt
bng la tng th ca bi rc.
- Kch thc kt cu ca mt bng h chn phi sao cho ch s b mt gia c
chng thm, chu lc nh nht (Sm). Ch s b mt gia c chng thm, chu lc c xc
nh bng t s tng din tch b mt cn gia c so vi tng th tch ca h chn. Vi mt
quy m (th tch) h chn nht nh th kt cu b mt hnh vung c Sm nh nht.
- m bo yu cu v sinh mi trng: Vi mt bng mi h chn lp ln s ko
theo l thi gian hot ng chn lp s di. Thi gian hot ng chn lp ca mi h chn
ko di s nh hng ti v sinh mi trng, bi v trong thi gian hot ng chn lp th
hu nh khng th tch ring nc ma trn mt bng h chn. Nu din tch ca h chn
94
ln s th lng nc ma trn mt h chn s ln v lng nc thi sinh ra do nc ma
ngm qua rc s ln.
- Chiu di ca h chn lp phi c ln ti thiu bng chiu di on ng
vn chuyn rc xung h v khc quay ca xe. Nu chiu cao hu dng ca h chn lp l
5 m v dc vch h l 2/3 th chiu di ti thiu phi t l 66 m ( dc ca ng l
10%).
- Chiu rng ca h chn phi c ln ti thiu sao cho m bo cc phng
tin gia cng h v vn chuyn, chn lp rc d rng.
b5. dc vch
dc vch h ph thuc vo cc yu t sau:
- a cht cng trnh khu vc d n
- Lng ma v ch ma
- Cng ngh chn lp v kh nng gia cng b mt.
Nhn chung, dc vch ln cho php gim c din tch mt vch, d thot nc
nhng kh gia cng v d sp l khi vn hnh. C th ngh dc ph hp l 2/3.
b6. Thit k phng n chng thm
Cc nguyn tc v yu cu chung:
- Nc thm ra t rc c t thm ti h thng ng thu gom, nc lun c thu
gom trit trong mi trng hp.
- Kt cu chng thm phi m bo thi gian s dng ln hn 10 nm.
- Vt liu chng thm phi khng b n mn (hoc n mn chm) do cc cht
nhim trong nc thi v cc cht xm thc t t, c bn chng n mn ha hc trn
10 nm.
- Vt liu chng thm phi c bn c hc tt chng li cc lc nn, p, un, ln
khi vn hnh h chn lp, c bit trong thi gian hot ng chn lp.
Kt cu chng thm phi thun li cho vic gia cng v s dng. Cc vt liu chng thm
phi r tin, c sn trn th trng hoc d gia cng vi ngun nguyn liu c v khng gy
tc ng ph vi mi trng cng nh con ngi. Chn vt liu chng thm l cc tm
polyme (cao su lu ha hoc nha polyetylen)
(iii). C nh v ho rn Cht Thi Nguy Hi trc khi chn lp an tan
C nh l qu trnh thm nhng cht liu khc vo cht thi lm thay i tnh cht vt
l, gim ho tan, gim lan truyn cht thi c hi ra mi trng. Bin php c nh
thng p dng trong trng hp khng th s dng cc bin php ci to sinh hc hay t
cht thi.
Ho rn l qu trnh chuyn cht thi thnh dng rn bng cc cht ph gia khc. Nhng
cht ph gia thm vo c tc dng lm tng sc bn, gim nn, gim thm thu cht thi.
K thut ny ny c p dng ci to cc khu cha CTNH, x l t b nhim, ho rn
cht thi cng nghip.
Nh vy, c nh v ho rn c th c coi l qu trnh x l trong cc cht nhim
lin kt mt phn hoc ton phn vi cc cht ph gia, cc cht lin kt hoc mt s ct khc.
95
Hiu mt cch n gin hn, c nh v ho rn trong qun l CTNH l qu trnh ng
rn CTNH dng vin an ton khi chn lp. Vt liu ng rn ph bin l ximng, hoc
c th trn thm vo mt vi cht v c khc tng n nh v kt cu. T l xi mng
phi trn nhiu hay t cn tu thuc vo tng loi CTNH c th. Thng thng sau khi ng
rn hon ton, ngi ta s tin hnh kim tra kh nng ho tan ca cc thnh phn c hi
trong mu; bng cch phn tch nc dch lc xc nh mt s ch tiu c trng ri so snh
vi tiu chun;, nu t tiu chun s c php chn bi rc cng nghip; nu khng t th
phi tng thm t l ximng trong cho n khi t tiu chun.
96
9 Cng ty TNHH L Hong Tun nm qun Th c TPHCM. y l n v
c thnh lp nm 1999 v bt u cungcp dch v t cui nm 2001. Cng ty nhn thu gom
CTNH rn v lng vi on xe ti chuyn dng gm 3 chic c thng kn, ch yu thu gom
cht thi t ngnh in. H vn hnh mt nh my ti sinh ch ti c s. Cc phng tin khc
gm mt c s thu gom nc, mt c s x l nc thi, mt h thng x l kh thi. Cng ty
hot ng dc 3 nm v c v tn ti bn vng v hin khng c lng cht thi qu ti phi
lu gi. Cng ty tuyn b trong nm 2001 cha c tai nn hay li than phin no c a ra.
Tuy nhin, mi trng lm vic v sc khe ca cng nhn cn c ci thin.
98
CHNG 7: S C V NH GI, PHNG TRNH S C
VI CHT THI NGUY HI
7.2.1. Tc ng tc thi
Cc CTNH d chy n v cc cht n mn, cc cht phn ng mnh, cht c c tnh cao
thuc nhm c tc ng tc thi. Cc cht d chy n c th dn n cc s c chy n gy
thit hi v ngi v ti sn, gy nh tr sn xutNgoi ra, cc m chy cng gii phng
vo mi trng mt lng ln cc cht nhim, gy nn cc tc ng tc ng n mi
trng sng ca con ngi v h sinh thi. Cc sn phm khc ca qu trnh chy c th l mi
nguy hi khc ca s chy n. Mt v d c th l CO c th gy bnh cht ngi hoc n lm
cho mu mt kh nng vn chuyn oxy. Cc cht c khc nh SO2, HCl to ra t qu trnh
t chy cc hp cht c cha lu hunh hoc Clo. Mt qu cc cht hu c khc l andehit l
sn phm trung gian ca qu trnh t chy khng hon ton, ngoi ra qu trnh t chy
khng hon ton cn to ra cc hp cht a vng thm c kh nng gy ung th.
99
Mi nguy hi ca CTNH ln con ngi v mi trng
Nguy hi i vi Nguy hi i vi mi
Nhm Tn nhm
ngi tip xc trng
Cc cht phn ng, cc cht oxy ha mnh tim n cc nguy c cho con ngi hn l cho
mi trng do chng khng bn, d b phn hy hoc chun ha thnh cc cht khc. Qu
trnh phn ng c th pht sinh nhit, gy chy n hoc gii phng cc cht c tnh c vo
mi trng hay to iu kin cho cc phn ng chy n xy ra nhng cht khc. CTNH
thng n mn vt liu gy h hng cc cng trnh, thng cha, nh kho. Cc cht n mn cn
c th gy ra n mn khi tip xc vi c th con ngi c bit l da. Trong cc cht ny c
nhng cht gy bng rp, tc ng d ng b mt hoc gy hi ti lp biu b nm su bn
trong.
100
Hi hoc bi H hp
khng
kh
Pht thi kh
Nc mt
Ung
thm
Nc cp
Nc ngm
7.2.2.Tc ng lu di
7.2.2.1. S tip xc v tch ly CTNH i vi con ngi
S pht thi cc thnh phn cht thi nguy hi ra mi trng bn ngoi c th thng qua
cc qu trnh bay hi, lan truyn theo dng nc, thm. Nc mt b nhim ko theo s
nhim ca t v khng kh. CTNH c chn lp nhng bi rc khng hp v sinh r r gy
nhim t, nc mt v nc ngm.
CTNH c th nh hng trc tip qua con ngi thng qua cc tuyn h hp, tiu ha
hay qua da, mt.
Sau y l mt s cht c nh hng ln n sc khe con ngi cng cc tc ng mi
trng c th:
101
a. Dung mi:
Cc dung mi hu c c th tan trong mi trng m cng nh nc. Cc dung mi thn
m khi tan trong mi trng s tch t trong m bao gm c h thn kinh. Hi ca dung mi
rt d c hp thu qua phi . c nhiu loi dung mi hu c gy c tnh cp v mn tnh cho
con ngi v ng vt khi tip xc.
Mt s dung mi hu c thng gp l benzen, toluen, xylen, etylbenzen, xyclohexan.
Cc dung mi ny c th hp th qua phi v qua da. Khi tip xc liu cao gy c tnh cp
suy gim thn kinh trung ng, gy chng mt, nhc u, ngp th dn n ri lon tiu ha.
Benzen tch ly trong cc m m v ty xng gy bnh bch cu, xo trn AND di truyn.
Liu hp th benzen t 10-15 mg c th t vong. Cc dung mi kia c tc dng c hi tng
t nhng c tnh thp hn.
b. Cc hydrrocacbon
Cc cht halogen ha ch yu l nhm clo hu c, chng u l cc cht d bay hi v rt
c, c bit chng d gy m, gy ngt, nh hng n h thn kinh, gan thn nh
triclometan, tetra clorocacbon, tricloroetylencc hp ch phc tp cn c khuynh hng tch
t trong c th ng thc vt khi hp thu chng nh PCBs, DDT...
Cht thi nguy hi trc khi xm nhp vo c th con ngi thng qua cc con ng:
- H hp
- Qua da
102
- Qua h tiu ha
Cht nguy hi ton ti trong mi trng t, nc, kh, thc phm, nc ung.
7.2.2.2. S bin i CTNH vo mi trng
S thm thuC
vo nc Khng C Khng C
ngm?
Khng
Xem xt s nh hng
ca ha cht vo nc
ngm
khng c khng c
khng c
c. T mi trng nc:
Cht nguy hi trong mi trng nc ton ti do s sa lng t khng kh hoc do s thi
b thng vo dng nc. Cht nguy hi khi vo mi trng c s bin i m n c th gia
104
tng mc c hay suy gim. Cht nguy hi xm nhp c th ngi thng qua thc phm b
nhim c hay tip xc trc tip.
khng c khng c
khng c
105
CHNG 8: CNG C PHP L V CHNH SCH QUN L
CHT THI RN V CHT THI NGUY HI
Cng c:
Mc tiu gim thiu
Chnh sch cht thi c bit
Khuyn khchMc tiu gim thiu
Chnh sch cht thi c bit
Khuyn khch
Hnh pht
Tr gi v k hoch pht trin cng nghip
Tr gi v k hoch pht trin cng nghip
Cng c:
Lut bo v mi trng
Quyt nh 155 v qun l cht thi nguy hi
Cc tiu chun v phn loi, du hiu cnh bo i vi CTNH.
Cng c:
Cc giy php
106
Thanh tra, gim st
X pht, thu hi giy php.
Cng c:
Chin dch truyn thng chung
Chng trnh truyn thanh, truyn hnh
Cc thng tin bo ch, t ri, p phch
Chng trnh dy trong cc trng hc
8.1.5. C cu kinh t mc ch l to tnh trng kch thch v kinh t cng nh
s n nh v th trng.
Cng c:
Cc loi ph, thu
Cc khon cho vay, tr gip
Giy php x thi
To th trng
8.1.6. H thng k thut mc ch m bo tch cht thi khi dng lun chuyn v a
v trng thi t c hi sau s c thi b.
Cng c:
Thu gom, vn chuyn
Ch bin v x l
Phc hi nng lng
Thi b phn cn li
1.4.1.7 H thng thng tin mc ch l tng cng s hiu bit v cht thi cng
nh nm bt kp thi tnh trng hin ti.
Cng c:
Xc nh lng thi, dng cng nh ngun thi.
Phn tch thnh phn cht thi
Thng k qua tng thi k
Mt h thng qun l cht thi nguy hi c rt nhiu khu lin quan cht ch vi nhau,
i hi phi c gim st cht ch bi ch ngun thi v c quan qun l nh nc v mi
trng.
107
8.2. CC C CH, CHNH SCH QUN L CTR V CTNH
Qun l cht thi nguy hi c u tin theo th t sau:
Thi b an ton
Thi vo t
Thi vo nc
Thi vo kh quyn
Gim thiu ti ngun l gim v s lng hoc c tnh ca bt k cht thi nguy hi
no i vo dng thi trc khi ti sinh, x l hoc a ra mi trng. Thng thng, c hai
bin php chnh gim thiu cht thi ti ngun:
Ci tin cch thc vn hnh cn thc hin trong tt c cc lnh vc sn xut, bo tr thit
b, s dng v lu tr nguyn vt liu kh, bo qun sn phm, lu tr v qun l cht thi.cc
ni dung ci tin trong qun l v vn hnh sn xut bao gm:
- Qun l, lu tr nguyn vt liu v sn xut
- Nhng ci tin v iu sn xut
- Ngn nga tht thot v chy trn
- Tch ring cc dng thi
- Hun luyn nhn s
- Thay i qu trnh sn xut
Thay i qu trnh sn xut bao gm thay i nguyn vt liu u vo, cng ngh v thit
b. Tt c nhng thay i ny nhm gim lng pht thi cc cht gy nhim trong qu trnh
sn xut. Thay i v qu trnh c th thc hin nhanh chng hn v t ton km hn l thay
i v sn phm v k thut.
109
Ti sinh hoc ti che:Ti sinh, ti ch l qu trnh bin cht thi to thnh sn phm mi
c s dng nh nguyn vt liu ca sn xut hay sn phm tiu dng nhm to ra hiu qu
v kinh t, x hi hay mi trung
hot
Dung mi phi
mi
Cht rn n mn
Qu trnh
x l
hay bn nho
Cht n mn
t nhim
hu
hu
bn hu c
Cht lng
c
Cht kh
kim loi
PCBs
Dung
Cht
Cht
Cht
Hp
tnh
Hp ph X X X X
bng than
hot tnh
Trao i X X X X
ion
Chng ct X X X X X
in phn X X
Thy phn X X
Trch ly X X X X X x
Tch bng X X X
mng
Tch X X X X X X
kh,hi
110
Bay hi X X X X
qua lp
film
Lm lnh, X X X X X X X
tinh th
ha
Ti sinh c phm vi ng dng trong nhiu nghnh cng nghip v trong nhiu lnh vc
do mang li cc li ch:
111
TI LIU THAM KHO
112