DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

CENTER FOR DIPLOMA STUDIES

Subject Code DAC 20503

Practical Name TRAVERSE SURVEY
Course Code 2 DAA
Practical Date 24 November 2015
Group 1
Group Leader Mohd Azeem Rizal B. Azman AA140803
Group Members Kishyodini A/P K. Nallathamby AA141632
Mohd Shahrul Amran B. Masrom AA140955
Siti Hajar Bt. Zamri AA141383
Syarifah Aisar Azziemmie Imthisal Bt. Sayed AA141370
Mohd Azmi.
Zul asyraff b. zulkefli AA141173
Lecture Name Hj Masiri Bin Kaamin
Marks Introduction /5%
Objective /5%
Theory /10%
Instrument /5%
Procedure /5%
Data/Table /10%
Data analysis /20%
Discussion /15%
Conclusion/Recommendation /10%
Reference /5%
Total mark /100%
Comments Accepted Seal
1.0 INTRODUCTION

A traverse survey is one in which the framework consists of a series of connected lines, the lengths
and direction of which are measured with the help of tape or chain and an angle measuring instrument

Besides, traverse survey consists of an interconnected series of lines, running between

a series of points on the ground called traverse stations. A traverse survey is performed to
measure both the distances between the stations and the angle between the lines

When the lines from a circuit which ends at the starting point, the survey is termed a closed traverse, if
the circuit does not close, the traverse as known as open one.The closed traverse is suitable for wide . This
method is applied for accurate and precise survey but for this fieldwork, we have to estimate our own distance
by using pegs.
2.0 OBJECTIVE
1. To describe traverse measurement method.

2. Explain the procedure to carry out reconnaissance traversing theodolite.

3. To run the observations as well as the format used by the Department Of Survey And

Mapping Malaysia.

4. Carry out the adjustments and corrections for the value of observations.

5. Plotting using the coordinate method by using AutoCAD application.

3.0 THEORY
Travers survey method used to measure the distance between two stations and the
angle between the lines. It is including the measuring processes of the horizontal angle and
horizontal distance. The two dimension coordinate (x, y) can be issued based on the measured
data. Other than that, traverse survey has been used to form the controlled points that can be
used for another project.

Furthermore, when the lines of the circuit end at the starting point, the survey is
termed as closed traversed. This traverse starts with the known point and end with the other
known point is called as chains traverse. In the other words, traverse also can start and end at
the same point and it is known as a polygon. The aim of this traverse is to get the accuracy of
the measurement (angle error and the ratio of the distance error) can be detected.

The equations that can be used:

i. Calculation of average:

𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑒 𝑙𝑒𝑓𝑡 + 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑒 𝑟𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 (+180/−180)

𝐴𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 =
2

ii. Calculation of Latit and Dipat :

𝐿𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑡 = 𝐿 cos 𝛼
𝐷𝑖𝑝𝑎𝑡 = 𝐿 sin 𝛼
iii. Correction of latit and dipat:
𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 × 𝑡𝑖𝑘𝑎𝑖𝑎𝑛 𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑡
𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑡 =
𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒

𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 × 𝑡𝑖𝑘𝑎𝑖𝑎𝑛 𝑑𝑖𝑝𝑎𝑡

𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑑𝑖𝑝𝑎𝑡 =
𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒

iv. Calculation of linear misclosure:

√(𝑚𝑖𝑠𝑐𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑡)2 + (𝑚𝑖𝑠𝑐𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑑𝑖𝑝𝑎𝑡)2
𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑚𝑖𝑠𝑐𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 =
𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒

v. Calculation of two times latit:

𝐷𝑢𝑎 𝑘𝑎𝑙𝑖 𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑡 𝑔𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑠𝑎𝑛 𝑏𝑒𝑟𝑘𝑒𝑛𝑎𝑎𝑛 = 𝐷𝑢𝑎 𝑘𝑎𝑙𝑖 𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑡 𝑔𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑠𝑎𝑛 𝑠𝑒𝑏𝑒𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑛𝑦𝑎
+ 𝑛𝑖𝑙𝑎𝑖 𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑡 𝑔𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑠𝑎𝑛 𝑠𝑒𝑏𝑒𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑛𝑦𝑎 + 𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑡 𝑔𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑠𝑎𝑛 𝑏𝑒𝑟𝑘𝑒𝑛𝑎𝑎𝑛

vi. Calculation of two times dipat:

𝐷𝑢𝑎 𝑘𝑎𝑙𝑖 𝑑𝑖𝑝𝑎𝑡 𝑔𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑠𝑎𝑛 𝑏𝑒𝑟𝑘𝑒𝑛𝑎𝑎𝑛 = 𝐷𝑢𝑎 𝑘𝑎𝑙𝑖 𝑑𝑖𝑝𝑎𝑡 𝑔𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑠𝑎𝑛 𝑠𝑒𝑏𝑒𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑛𝑦𝑎
+ 𝑛𝑖𝑙𝑎𝑖 𝑑𝑖𝑝𝑎𝑡 𝑔𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑠𝑎𝑛 𝑠𝑒𝑏𝑒𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑛𝑦𝑎 + 𝑑𝑖𝑝𝑎𝑡 𝑔𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑠𝑎𝑛 𝑏𝑒𝑟𝑘𝑒𝑛𝑎𝑎𝑛

vii. Calculation of are:

a. Two times latit x dipat

2 × 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 = ∑(𝑡𝑤𝑜 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑠 𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑡) × 𝑑𝑖𝑝𝑎𝑡

b. Two times dipat x latit

2 × 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 = ∑(𝑡𝑤𝑜 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑠 𝑑𝑖𝑝𝑎𝑡) × 𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑡
4.0 INSTRUMENTS

1. Total station (1 set)

A total station is an electronic instrument used in modern surveying. The total station
is an electronic theodolite integrated with an electronic distance meter (EDM) to read
slope distances from the instrument to a particular point. It is also used in distance
measurement, angle measurement and also coordinate measurement.

2. Tripod (3 sets)

The figure which is located above is called a tripod, a tripod is a portable three-legged
frame, used as a platform for supporting the weight and maintaining the stability of
the total station and the total station prism. A tripod provides stability against
downward forces and horizontal forces and movements about horizontal axes. The
positioning of the three legs away from the vertical centre allows the tripod better
leverage for resisting lateral forces.
3. Total station prism (2 sets)

The type of prism used must be exactly the same with the type of total station or else
some errors in reading will occur. A prism is essential for most EDM and total station.
The prism is used to return the transmitted beam to the total station to allow a distance
to be determined by the time of phase comparison. It is constructed from glass cubes
that will return the beam along a path that is exactly parallel to the line of the incident
path.

4. Prismatic compass (1 set)

A prismatic compass is a navigation and surveying instrument which is extensively

used for determining course, waypoint (an endpoint of the leg of a course) and
direction, and for calculating bearings of survey lines and included angles between
them.
 5. Pegs (4 pieces)

Pegs is used to mark the location of our surveying work.

6. Hammer (1 set)

Hammer is used to hammer the nails onto the pegs.

7. Nails

Nails are placed at the center of the pegs and be a center mark to stand our total station and
prism.
5.0 WORK PROCEDURE
a) Early preparation:

1. The review process carried out prior to starting work this traverse. # This is done by
looking around the work area in order to plan and choose a suitable place to plant a
picket to be used as a station. Besides, the number of the station will also be
determined.
2. The distance between the lines traversing shall exceed 5 meters of each other and
must be seen to make observations bearing and distance. $ Measurement shall be
conducted in the clockwise direction.
3. Pickets are used as control points must be planted firmly and be in a safe place and
not in a way that does not interfere.
4. Datum for the first traverse lines taken from a given reference plan.

b) Way of works:

1. Set up the tripod at station 2.Open its leg and adjust the height so that about peer chest
and adjust its position so that the surface looks flat according to observers.
2. Total Station instrument is placed on the tripod.
3. Centering is done by loosening the screw tightening tripod and tripod moved up
showing just above the picket of the eyepiece plummet.
4. Perform adjustment of air bubbles. This adjustment is intended to position the air
bubbles to always be in the middle of the tube path in any direction shown by the
binoculars.
5. Repeat the process on the prism mounted on the stations 1 and 3.
c) Steps:

1. Turn the telescope so that the position of the bubble tube with two screws parallel
track, saying screw the screws A and B. Turn the two screws in the opposite direction
so that the air bubble is in the middle of the tube.
2. Turn the telescope in position 90º from position (1) and move the three screws (C)
until the air bubble is in the middle of the tube.
3. Turn the telescope in the first position. Check the position of the bubble. Hose if
necessary ie until the air bubble is in the middle even where the recipient binoculars.
4. Set to Target 1:

a. Binoculars rolled over towards the prism at station 1.

b. Slow motion screw vertical and horizontal slow motion screw is tightened when the
target looks in binoculars.
c. Turn the horizon slow motion screw diameter vertical so that the stage is right in the
middle of the prism.

5. As breeders left, set the datum line reading 1-2.

6. Observatory for the distance and record the line 2-1.
7. Then turn and point the telescope at the prism at station 3 and the binoculars up to
midline stage right in the middle of the prism. Bearing and distance values are
observed and recorded.
8. Total Station instrument convertible senior breeders and aiming at the station Prism 1.
The bearing breeders set right where the left is added with 180º.
9. Binoculars Prism is targeted once again to the station 3. The bearing and distance are
recorded.
10. Total Station instrument is transferred to station 3 and prism station to station 2 and 4.
At breeders left, set the bearing 3-2, in which the bearing is bearing an average of 2 to
3 (average reading breeders bearing between the left and right where the difference
bearing among breeders is 180º left and right).
11. Line distance 2 to 3 revised and the value recorded.
12. Binocular prism rotated and targeted to the station 4. Bearing and line spacing 3 to 4
read and recorded.
13. Total Station instrument exchanged in the right and breeders aim at the prism 2. The
bearing breeders in the right-hand set where the breeders are added to 180º.
14. Binoculars Prism is targeted once again to the station 4. The bearing and distance
noted.
15. Total Station instrument is transferred to station 4 and the prism station to station 3
and 1. In breeders left, set the bearing 4-3, in which the bearing is bearing an average
of 3 to 4 (average reading breeders bearing between the left and right where the
difference bearing among breeders is 180º left and right).
16. Line spacing 3 to 4 revised and the value recorded.
17. Binocular prism rotated and targeted to the station 1. Bearing and distance lines 4 to 1
are read and recorded.
18. Total Station instrument exchanged on the right and breeders aim at a prism bearing
breeders 3. The right-hand set where the breeders are added to 180º.
19. Binoculars Prism is targeted once again to the station 1. The bearing and distance are
recorded.
20. Total Station instrument is transferred to station 1 and prism station to station 4 and 2.
In the breeders left, set the bearing 1-4, in which the bearing is bearing an average of
4 to 1 (the average reading breeders bearing between the left and right where the
difference bearing among breeders is 180º left and right).
21. Distance line 4 to 1 revised and the value recorded.
22. Binocular prism rotated and targeted at station 2. Bearing and distance lines 1 to 2
read and recorded.
23. Total Station instrument exchanged on the right and breeders aim at the prism 4. The
bearing set right where breeders left added value to 180º.
24. Binoculars targeted again in the prism tasking 2. The bearing and distance noted.
25. The value of the station bearing cover 1 to 2 are read and recorded. The difference in
the bearing must not exceed the permitted limit of 2'30 ".
26. Sketch work traverse run is shown in detail with bearing and distance of each station.
6.0 DATA ANALYSIS
a. TRAVERSE ADJUSTMENTS TO RULES BOWDITCH

The method of calculating the average, definite bearing, definite distance and total
distance.

𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑒 𝑙𝑒𝑓𝑡 + 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑒 𝑟𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 (+180/−180)

𝐴𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 =
2

199°34′ 10" +19°34'30" + 180° 399°80′40"

𝑆𝑡𝑛. 2 = = = 199°34′20"
2 2

347°16′ 49"+167°16'49" + 180° 694°33′ 38"

𝑆𝑡𝑛. 3 = = = 347°16′49"
2 2

23°48′ 23+203°48'23 − 180° 47°36′46"

𝑆𝑡𝑛. 4 = = = 23°48′23"
2 2

172°15′ 00+352°15'00 − 180 344°30′00"

𝑆𝑡𝑛. 1 = = = 172°15′00"
2 2

Correction
Line 1-2 read 172°15′00"
Should be read 172°15′00"
+ 0

𝐷𝑒𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑒 = 𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 − 𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛

𝑆𝑡𝑛. 2 = 199°34′20" − 0"

= 199°34′20"

𝑆𝑡𝑛. 3 = 347°16′ 49" -0"

= 347°16′49"

𝑆𝑡𝑛. 4 = 23°48′ 23"-0"

= 23°48′23"
𝑆𝑡𝑛. 1 = 172°15′ 00"-0"
= 172°15′00"

𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 1 + 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 2
𝐷𝑒𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑒 𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 =
2

37.754 + 37.762
𝑆𝑡𝑛. 2 = = 37.758
2

36.913 + 36.910
𝑆𝑡𝑛. 3 = = 36.912
2

39.274 + 39.268
𝑆𝑡𝑛. 4 = = 39.271
2

𝑆𝑡𝑛. 1 = 36.692

𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒, ∑ = 𝑗𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑘 (𝑠𝑡𝑛. 2 + 𝑠𝑡𝑛. 3 + 𝑠𝑡𝑛. 4 + 𝑠𝑡𝑛. 1)

= 37.758 + 36.912 + 39.271 + 36.692

= 150.633

1. LATIT AND DIPAT ADJUSTMENTS TO RULES BOWDITCH

Stn. Bearing Distance Latit Dipat

(+) (-) (+) (-)
1
2 199°34’20” 37.758 +0.001 +0.006
35.576 12.649
3 347°16’49” 36.912 -0.001 +0.006
36.006 8.127
4 023°48’23” 39.271 -0.001 -0.006
35.930 15.852
1 172°15’00” 36.692 +0.001 -0.006
36.357 4.948
Total = 150.633 71.936 71.933 20.800 20.776
∆𝐿 = 0.003 ∆𝐷 = 0.024
Jadual 1: Latit dan dipat
Solution:

Method to calculate LATIT is:

𝐿𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑡 = 𝐿 cos 𝛼

𝐿𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑡 2 = 37.758 cos 199°34′20"

= −35.576

𝐿𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑡 3 = 36.912 cos 347°16′49"

= 36.006

𝐿𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑡 4 = 39.271 cos 23°48′23"

= 35.930

𝐿𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑡 1 = 36.692 cos 172°15′00"

= −36.357

Method to calculate DIPAT is:

𝐷𝑖𝑝𝑎𝑡 = 𝐿 sin 𝛼

𝐷𝑖𝑝𝑎𝑡 2 = 37.758 sin 199°34′20"

= −12.649

𝐷𝑖𝑝𝑎𝑡 3 = 36.912 sin 347°16′49"

= −8.127

𝐷𝑖𝑝𝑎𝑡 4 = 39.271 sin 23°48′23"

= 15.852

𝐷𝑖𝑝𝑎𝑡 1 = 36.692 sin 172°15′00"

= 4.948
Adjustments for all latit north (+) is - ve and adjustment for all latit south (-) is + ve.
This is because the number of latit north more than the south latit.

𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 × 𝑚𝑖𝑠𝑐𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝐿𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑡

𝐶𝑜𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 =
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒

37.758 × 0.003
𝐿𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑡 2 = = +0.001
150.633

36.912 × 0.003
𝐿𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑡 3 = = −0.001
150.633

39.271 × 0.003
𝐿𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑡 4 = = −0.001
150.633

36.692 × 0.003
𝐿𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑡 1 = = +0.001
150.633

Adjustments for all dipat east (+) is - ve and adjustment for all dipat west (-) is + ve.
This is because the number of dipat east more than the dipat west.

𝐷𝑖𝑝𝑎𝑡 × 𝑚𝑖𝑠𝑐𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝐷𝑖𝑝𝑎𝑡

𝐶𝑜𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝐷𝑖𝑝𝑎𝑡 =
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒

37.758 × 0.024
𝐷𝑖𝑝𝑎𝑡 2 = = +0.006
150.633

36.912 × 0.024
𝐷𝑖𝑝𝑎𝑡 3 = = +0.006
150.633

39.271 × 0.024
𝐷𝑖𝑝𝑎𝑡 4 = = −0.006
150.633

36.692 × 0.024
𝐷𝑖𝑝𝑎𝑡 1 = = −0.006
150.633
𝑚𝑖𝑠𝑐𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝐿𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑡, ∆𝐿 = 𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑡(+) + 𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑡(−)

∆𝐿 = (36.006 + 35.930) + (35.576 + 36.357)

= (71.936) + (71.933)

= 0.003

𝑚𝑖𝑠𝑐𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝐿𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑡, ∆𝐷 = 𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑑𝑖𝑝𝑎𝑡(+) + 𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑑𝑖𝑝𝑎𝑡(−)

∆𝐷 = (15.852 + 4.948) + (12.649 + 8.127)

= (20.800) + (20.776)

= 0.024

𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑚𝑖𝑠𝑐𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 = √(𝑚𝑖𝑠𝑐𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑡)2 + ( 𝑚𝑖𝑠𝑐𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒𝑑𝑖𝑝𝑎𝑡)2

√(0.003)2 + (0.024)2
=
150.633

= 1 ∶ 6227.908

Method to calculate the coordinate of north and south is:

𝐶𝑜𝑜𝑟𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑒1−2
= 1000.000 − 𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑡
= 1000.000 − 35.577
= 964.423

𝐶𝑜𝑜𝑟𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑒2−3
= 𝐶𝑜𝑜𝑟𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑒1−2 + 𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑡
= 964.423 + 36.005
= 1000.428

𝐶𝑜𝑜𝑟𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑒3−4
= 𝐶𝑜𝑜𝑟𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑒2−3 + 𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑡
= 1000.428 + 35.929
= 1036.357
𝐶𝑜𝑜𝑟𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑒4−1
= 𝐶𝑜𝑜𝑟𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑒3−4 + 𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑡
= 1036.357 − 36.358
= 999.999

Method to calculate the coordinate of east and west is:

𝐶𝑜𝑜𝑟𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑒1−2
= 1000.000 − 𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑑𝑖𝑝𝑎𝑡
= 1000.000 − 12.655
= 987.345

𝐶𝑜𝑜𝑟𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑒2−3
= 𝐶𝑜𝑜𝑟𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑒1−2 + 𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑑𝑖𝑝𝑎𝑡
= 987.345 − 8.133
= 979.212

𝐶𝑜𝑜𝑟𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑒3−4
= 𝐶𝑜𝑜𝑟𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑒2−3 + 𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑑𝑖𝑝𝑎𝑡
= 979.212 + 15.846
= 995.058

𝐶𝑜𝑜𝑟𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑒4−1
= 𝐶𝑜𝑜𝑟𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑒3−4 + 𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑑𝑖𝑝𝑎𝑡
= 995.058 − 4.942
= 1000.000

Latit and dipat after Bowditch is adjusted by the method as shown in the table below:

Stn. Bearing Distance Latit Dipat

(+) (-) (+) (-)
1
2 199°34’20” 37.758 35.577 12.655
3 347°16’49” 36.912 36.005 8.133
4 023°48’23” 39.271 35.929 15.846
1 172°15’00” 36.692 36.358 4.942
Total = 150.633 71.934 71.935 20.788 20.788
∆𝐿 = 0.003 ∆𝐷 = 0.024
Jadual 2: Adjustment latit and dipat
 2. METHOD OF ADJUSTMENT TRANSIT

In this method, the correction is proportional to the latit and dipat. The larger the value
latit or dipat the greater the value of the correction. The formula is as below:

Stn. Bearing Distance Latit Dipat

(+) (-) (+) (-)
1
2 199°34’20” 37.758 35.576 12.649
3 347°16’49” 36.912 36.006 8.127
4 023°48’23” 39.271 35.930 15.852
1 172°15’00” 36.692 36.357 4.948
Total = 150.633 71.936 71.933 20.800 20.776
∆𝐿 = 0.003 ∆𝐷 = 0.024

table 1: Latit dan dipat

Solution:

Stn. Bearing Distance Latit Dipat

(+) (-) (+) (-)
1
2 199°34’20” 37.758 +0.001 +0.007
35.576 12.649
3 347°16’49” 36.912 -0.001 +0.005
36.006 8.127
4 023°48’23” 39.271 -0.001 -0.009
35.930 15.852
1 172°15’00” 36.692 +0.001 -0.003
36.357 4.948
Total = 150.633 71.936 71.933 20.800 20.776
∆𝐿 = 0.003 ∆𝐷 = 0.024
Total latit of north and south = 143.869
Total dipat of east and west = 41.576

table 2: Latit dan dipat

Adjustments for all latit north (+) is -ve and adjustment for all latit south (-) is + ve.
This is because the number of latit north is greater than the number of latit south.
Adjustment for latit is:

𝐶𝑜𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝐿𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑡1−2
𝐿𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑡1−2 × 𝑚𝑖𝑠𝑐𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝐿𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑡
=
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝐿𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑡

35.576 × 0.003
=
143.869
= +0.001

𝐶𝑜𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝐿𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑡2−3
𝐿𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑡2−3 × 𝑚𝑖𝑠𝑐𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝐿𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑡
=
𝑇𝑖𝑘𝑎𝑖𝑎𝑛 𝐿𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑡
36.006 × 0.003
=
143.869
= −0.001

𝐶𝑜𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝐿𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑡3−4
𝐿𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑡3−4 × 𝑚𝑖𝑠𝑐𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝐿𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑡
=
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝐿𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑡
35.930 × 0.003
=
143.869
= −0.001

𝐶𝑜𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝐿𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑡4−1
𝐿𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑡4−1 × 𝑚𝑖𝑠𝑐𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝐿𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑡
=
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝐿𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑡
36.357 × 0.003
=
143.869
= +0.001

Adjustments for all dipat is -ve east and west adjustment for all dipat is + ve. This is
because the number of dipat east more than the number west dipat.
Adjustment for dipat is:

𝐶𝑜𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝐷𝑖𝑝𝑎𝑡1−2
𝐷𝑖𝑝𝑎𝑡1−2 × 𝑇𝑖𝑘𝑎𝑖𝑎𝑛 𝐷𝑖𝑝𝑎𝑡
=
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝐷𝑖𝑝𝑎𝑡
12.649 × 0.024
=
41.576
= +0.007
𝐶𝑜𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝐷𝑖𝑝𝑎𝑡2−3
𝐷𝑖𝑝𝑎𝑡2−3 × 𝑚𝑖𝑠𝑐𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝐷𝑖𝑝𝑎𝑡
=
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝐷𝑖𝑝𝑎𝑡
8.127 × 0.024
=
41.576
= +0.005

𝐶𝑜𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝐷𝑖𝑝𝑎𝑡3−4
𝐷𝑖𝑝𝑎𝑡3−4 × 𝑚𝑖𝑠𝑐𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝐷𝑖𝑝𝑎𝑡
=
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝐷𝑖𝑝𝑎𝑡
15.852 × 0.024
=
41.576
= −0.009

𝐶𝑜𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝐷𝑖𝑝𝑎𝑡4−1
𝐷𝑖𝑝𝑎𝑡4−1 × 𝑚𝑖𝑠𝑐𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝐷𝑖𝑝𝑎𝑡
=
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝐷𝑖𝑝𝑎𝑡
4.948 × 0.024
=
41.576
= −0.003

Latit and dipat after adjusting the transit method are as below:

Stn. Bearing Distance Latit Dipat

(+) (-) (+) (-)
1
2 199°34’20” 37.758 35.577 12.656
3 347°16’49” 36.912 36.005 8.132
4 023°48’23” 39.271 35.929 15.843
1 172°15’00” 36.692 36.358 4.945
Total = 150.633 71.934 71.935 20.788 20.788
∆𝐿 = 0.003 ∆𝐷 = 0.024
Total latit north and south = 143.869
Total dipat east and west = 41.576

Table 3: Adjustment Latit and Dipat

METHOD OF CALCULATION OF AREA TRAVERSE

Calculation of Two Times Latit and Two Times Dipat

Stn. Latit Dipat

(+) (-) (+) (-)
1
2 35.577 12.655
3 36.005 8.133
4 35.929 15.846
1 36.358 4.942
71.934 71.935 20.788 20.788
∆𝐿 = 0.003 ∆𝐷 = 0.024
Table 1: Calculation Two Times Latit and Two Times Dipat

Solution:

For first line:

𝑓𝑖𝑟𝑠𝑡 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑡𝑤𝑜 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑠 𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑡 = 𝑓𝑖𝑟𝑠𝑡 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑡
For another line: (in Malay language)
𝐷𝑢𝑎 𝑘𝑎𝑙𝑖 𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑡 𝑔𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑠𝑎𝑛 𝑏𝑒𝑟𝑘𝑒𝑛𝑎𝑎𝑛 = 𝐷𝑢𝑎 𝑘𝑎𝑙𝑖 𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑡 𝑔𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑠𝑎𝑛 𝑠𝑒𝑏𝑒𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑛𝑦𝑎
+ 𝑛𝑖𝑙𝑎𝑖 𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑡 𝑔𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑠𝑎𝑛 𝑠𝑒𝑏𝑒𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑛𝑦𝑎 + 𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑡 𝑔𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑠𝑎𝑛 𝑏𝑒𝑟𝑘𝑒𝑛𝑎𝑎𝑛

𝑡𝑤𝑜 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑠 𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑡 1−2

= 𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑡1−2
= −35.577

𝑡𝑤𝑜 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑠 𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑡 2−3

= 𝑑𝑢𝑎 𝑘𝑎𝑙𝑖 𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑡1−2 + 𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑡1−2 + 𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑡2−3
= −35.577 + (−35.577) + 36.005
= −35.149

𝑡𝑤𝑜 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑠 𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑡 3−4

= 𝑑𝑢𝑎 𝑘𝑎𝑙𝑖 𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑡2−3 + 𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑡2−3 + 𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑡3−4
= −35.149 + 36.005 + 35.929
= 36.785

𝑡𝑤𝑜 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑠 𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑡 4−1

= 𝑑𝑢𝑎 𝑘𝑎𝑙𝑖 𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑡3−4 + 𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑡3−4 + 𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑡4−1
= 36.785 + 35.929 + (−36.358)
= 36.356
The calculation of 𝑡𝑤𝑜 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑠 𝑑𝑖𝑝𝑎𝑡 as below:

For first line:

𝑓𝑖𝑟𝑠𝑡 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑡𝑤𝑜 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑠 𝑑𝑖𝑝𝑎𝑡 = 𝑓𝑖𝑟𝑠𝑡 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑑𝑖𝑝𝑎𝑡
For another line: (in Malay language)
𝐷𝑢𝑎 𝑘𝑎𝑙𝑖 𝑑𝑖𝑝𝑎𝑡 𝑔𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑠𝑎𝑛 𝑏𝑒𝑟𝑘𝑒𝑛𝑎𝑎𝑛 =
𝐷𝑢𝑎 𝑘𝑎𝑙𝑖 𝑑𝑖𝑝𝑎𝑡 𝑔𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑠𝑎𝑛 𝑠𝑒𝑏𝑒𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑛𝑦𝑎
+ 𝑛𝑖𝑙𝑎𝑖 𝑑𝑖𝑝𝑎𝑡 𝑔𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑠𝑎𝑛 𝑠𝑒𝑏𝑒𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑛𝑦𝑎 + 𝑑𝑖𝑝𝑎𝑡 𝑔𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑠𝑎𝑛 𝑏𝑒𝑟𝑘𝑒𝑛𝑎𝑎𝑛

𝑡𝑤𝑜 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑠 𝑑𝑖𝑝𝑎𝑡 1−2

= 𝑑𝑖𝑝𝑎𝑡1−2
= −12.655

𝑡𝑤𝑜 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑠 𝑑𝑖𝑝𝑎𝑡 2−3

= 𝑑𝑢𝑎 𝑘𝑎𝑙𝑖 𝑑𝑖𝑝𝑎𝑡1−2 + 𝑑𝑖𝑝𝑎𝑡1−2 + 𝑑𝑖𝑝𝑎𝑡2−3
= −12.655 + (−12.655) + (−8.133)
= −33.443

𝑡𝑤𝑜 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑠 𝑑𝑖𝑝𝑎𝑡3−4

= 𝑑𝑢𝑎 𝑘𝑎𝑙𝑖 𝑑𝑖𝑝𝑎𝑡2−3 + 𝑑𝑖𝑝𝑎𝑡2−3 + 𝑑𝑖𝑝𝑎𝑡3−4
= −33.443 + (−8.133) + 15.846
= −25.730

𝑡𝑤𝑜 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑠 𝑑𝑖𝑝𝑎𝑡 4−1

= 𝑑𝑢𝑎 𝑘𝑎𝑙𝑖 𝑑𝑖𝑝𝑎𝑡3−4 + 𝑑𝑖𝑝𝑎𝑡3−4 + 𝑑𝑖𝑝𝑎𝑡4−1
= −25.730 + 15.846 + 4.942
= −4.942

Stn. Latit Dipat 𝑡𝑤𝑜 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑠 𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑡 𝑡𝑤𝑜 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑠 𝑑𝑖𝑝𝑎𝑡

(+) (-) (+) (-)
1

2 35.577 12.655 −35.577 −12.655

3 36.005 8.133 −35.149 −33.443
4 35.929 15.846 36.785 −25.730
1 36.358 4.942 36.356 −4.942
71.934 71.935 20.788 20.788
∆𝐿 = 0.003 ∆𝐷 = 0.024
Table 2: Value of two times latit and two times dipat
Calculation of area:

I. (two times latit)×dipat

Stn. Latit Dipat Dua Kali Dua Kali (𝑡𝑤𝑜 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑠 𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑡)×
(+) (-) (+) (-) Latit Dipat dipat
1

2 35.577 12.655 −35.577 −12.655 450.227

3 36.005 8.133 −35.149 −33.443 285.867
4 35.929 15.846 36.785 −25.730 582.895
1 36.358 4.942 36.356 −4.942 179.671
Total= 1498.660

Table 3: Calculation of area trabas

2 × 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 = ∑(𝑡𝑤𝑜 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑠 𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑡) × 𝑑𝑖𝑝𝑎𝑡

= 1498.660
1498.660
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 =
2
= 749.330𝑚2

II. (two times dipat)×latit

Stn. Latit Dipat 𝑡𝑤𝑜 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑠 𝑡𝑤𝑜 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑠 (𝑡𝑤𝑜 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑠 𝑑𝑖𝑝𝑎𝑡)×
(+) (-) (+) (-) 𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑡 𝑑𝑖𝑝𝑎𝑡 latit
1

2 35.577 12.655 −35.577 −12.655 450.227

3 36.005 8.133 −35.149 −33.443 −1204.115
4 35.929 15.846 36.785 −25.730 −924.453
1 36.358 4.942 36.356 −4.942 179.681
Total = −1498.660
Table 4: Calculation
2 × 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 = ∑(𝑡𝑤𝑜 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑠 𝑑𝑖𝑝𝑎𝑡 ) × 𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑡
= −1498.660
−1498.660
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 =
2
= −749.330𝑚2
= 749.330𝑚2

*symbol negative is ignored

Coordinate method:

Solution:
1) List coordinate of X and Y.
2) Put coordinate first in last column.
3) Total:
i. Left to right(-ve)
ii. Right to left(+ve)
iii. Difference between 2 total=2 X area

Stn. Coordinate
Y X
1 1000.000 1000.000
2 964.423 987.345
3 1000.428 979.212
4 1036.357 995.058
1 999.999 1000.000
Table 5: calculation of area

Total 1
= (1000.000×987.345) + (964.423×979.212) + (1000.428×995.058) +
(1036.357×1000.000)
=987,345.000 + 944,374.575 + 995,483.885 + 1,036,357
=3,963,560.460

Total 2
= (1000.000×964.423) + (987.345×1000.428) + (979.212×1036.357) +
(995.058×999.999)
= 964,423.000 + 987,767.584 + 1,014,813.211 + 995,057.005
= 3,962,060.800
Big value – small value
= total 1-2
= 3,963,560.460 − 3,962,060.800
= 1499.660

1499.660
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 =
2
= 749.830𝑚2
7.0 DISCUSSION

In this traverse work, there were some error occurred which made our measurements
inaccurate faced and fortunately still managed to solve all those problems. One of the
problems is we had complication in the setting up process. The survey instruments are hard to
handle it where we faced difficulties in adjusting the bubble in the center of the circle.
Although we do not have any problem with the distance as we are told to use the measuring
tape. So, it is very important to make sure that the bubble at the center of the circle. Those
errors were the total station and prism did not been set up properly. When the total station and
prism were not well set up, the reading will misread thus create error because the total station
is not level. The other factor that causes error is the unstable condition of the soil either it is
too soft or hard. During our practical, the condition of the weather was bad where it was a
rainy season. Therefore, after the tripod has been set up in the unstable soil, slowly sink into
the ground, thus creating an error in the total station and prism. So, the condition of the
instruments was unstable and the bubble was no longer in the center of the circle. Therefore,
we were told to repeat the whole traverse work in order to obtain accurate readings. The
defect in the total station and prism that been used in the traverse work also create error in the
reading where the refraction of the total station creates error while taking the readings. The
other reason is that the prism was not placed at the exact point. When the prism was not well
placed for example the prism was place at the side of the point, the bearing will have a slight
difference from the exact bearing. The mistake in booking will also contribute to the error. If
one of the values is wrong, it will affect the overall calculation. So, we really make sure that
the total station and prism is level and well set up by referring the bubble which should be in
the centre of the circle and the datum that being used is checked first before proceed with the
readings. Besides, the traverse work should be started and ended at the same known datum
line. Lastly, before finishing the traverse work, we make sure the misclosure does not
exceed the allowable misclosure.
8.0 CONCLUSION

From the traverse work, the coordinates for each peg and station were determined.
The traverse maps surrounding the faculty of civil engineering building have been obtained
and plotted using the software. Coordinates will represent the value in mapping the traverse
plan. From that, we can use the plan for the tachymetry work and the setting up also can be
done. The level of understanding towards the theory and concept of traverse work is being
improved. The skills of using the equipment of the laboratory is enhanced where can be able
to handle the total station and prism correctly. All the data that have been calculated was
accurate and perfect where the distances and bearing between each and every point was
correct. We repeatedly read the reading of the instruments many times in order to avoid
parallax error for a better result. Besides, we also had though time placing the bubble right
into the circle but as we try doing it many times, we finally managed the art of handling the
bubble staff. The plan consists of every characteristics of the curves and the coordinates. All
the data and levelling reading is acceptable under and over the tolerances. Hence, a good time
management and an attitude of cooperating with group member is achieved.
9.0 REFERENCE

 KEJURUTERAAN GEOMATIK, Masiri Kaamin, Abd. Shukor Sarif, Panel

Kejuruteraan Geomatik,Jabatan Kejuruteraan Pengangkutan, Geoteknik Dan
Geomatik,Fakulti Kejuruteraan Awam Dan Alam Sekitar, University Tun Hussein
Onn Malaysia.
 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traverse_(surveying)
 https://www.scribd.com/doc/102059989/V3-Traverse-Survey-Report
 https://www.scribd.com/doc/94875561/Complete-Traverse-Report
 http://jerrymahun.com/library/TraverseComps/Area/Area.htm