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Bernard Shaw

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„ ”
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creeD]  PLFD VD vQWUHSULQGHUH &XUVXULOH GHVSUH „spiritul de întreprindere” IRDUWH F XWDWH DVW ]L vQ
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întreprindere”.
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întreprindere.
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productivitatea într-RPDQLHU FRQVLGHUDELO V FUHH]HRQRX SLD úLXQQRXWLSGHFOLHQWHO $FHVWD

este “VSLULWGHvQWUHSULQ] WRU”.


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de valori.
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scara ierarhiei sociale.


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ceea ce el a numit “QHYRLD GH UHXúLW ”. În acest scop, el a utilizat un test proiectiv inspirat de
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concluzii:
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GLIHUHQ LD]  vQ DFHLDúL PDQLHU  UL JUXSXUL UHOLJLRDVH JUXSXUL HWQLFH FODVH VRFLDOH HSRFL LVWRULFH

DXQLYHOXULGLIHULWHGHPRWLYDUHúLUHXúLW 

2. $QDOL]D GH]YROW ULL HFRQRPLFH D XQXL QXP U GH UL LQGXVWULDOL]DWH vQWUH DQLL  úL

DDU WDWF vQ ULOHXQGHvQV D LGHQWLILFDW RSXWHUQLF  PRWLYD LHGHUHXúLW  SULQ VWXGLXO
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4. $QDOL]HOH I FXWH XQRU HSRFL LVWRULFH GLIHULWH DUDW  F  R PRWLYD LH GH UHXúLW  ULGLFDW 

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Grecia de la 900 la 1000 î.e.n., Spania GHODSkQ ODPLMORFXOVHFROXOXLDO;9,,,-lea, Anglia de


la 1400 la 1830, S.U.A. de la 1800 la 1950;
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GHWLSUHYROX LRQDU

ÌQ DFHDVW  LQWHUGHSHQGHQ  D FDX]HORU VFKLPE ULL WUHEXLH V  LQHP VHDPD GH FHHD FH VSXQHD

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IDFWRULGRPLQDQ LGHH[SOLFD LHHOWUHEXLHvQV V ILHODIHOGHFRQYLQVF QXH[LVW vQPRGDEVROXWXQ

model general de cauzalitate uniform aplicabil.

3VLKRORJLDvQWUHSULQ] WRUXOXL

7U LP vQWU
-o lume în care eúHFXO DOWRUD GHYLQH PDL LPSRUWDQW GHFkW
SURSULDQRDVWU UHXúLW 

Philippe Bouvard

1XPHURúL HFRQRPLúWL FRQVLGHU  F  LQWU  vQWU XQ LPSDV úL F  HIRUWXULOH ORU VXQW LQXWLOH DWXQFL
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economice (marginalismul, kesnesianismul VDX PDL UHFHQW FHUFHWDUHD RSHUD LRQDO  HVWH DGHVHD

FRQVWUXLW  SH ED]H SVLKRVRFLRORJLFH GHRVHELW GH IUDJLOH úL DGHVHD QHVHPQLILFDWLYH 3HQWUX

FRQVROLGDUHDORUúWLLQ HOHXPDQHQ DUDYHDGHFkWGHFkúWLJDW


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Desigur, bazele psihosociologice ale multor teorii HFRQRPLFH VXQW IUDJLOH GDU HOH H[LVW 

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aici nu lipsesc unele puncte de sprijin.


&RQFHS LD HFRQRPLúWLORU FODVLFL FX SULYLUH OD vQWUHSULQ] WRU HVWH GHRVHELW GH VLPSO  úL HD

SRDWH IL UHFRQVWUXLW  SOHFkQG GH OD QRWD LLOH VXPDUH úL GLVSHUVDWH SH FDUH OH J VLP vQ RSHUD PDULORU

autori (A. Smith, S. Mill, A. Marshall etc.) care n-DXGH]YROWDWRFRQFHS LHVLVWHPDWLF UHIHULWRDUHOD

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lui A. Marschall Principii de economie politLF  UHSUH]HQWDWLY  SHQWUX JkQGLUHD FODVLF  VLQJXUD

vQVHPQDUH SH FDUH R vQWkOQLP SHQWUX D FDOLILFD vQWUHSULQ] WRUXO HVWH XUP WRDUHD “ÌQWUHSULQ] WRUXO

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Spre deosebire de comportamentul consumatorului care este prezentat ca fiind irD LRQDO vQ
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RE LQHUL i profitului maxim.
6LWXD LDVHVFKLPE GXS FkQGRVHULHGHHFRQRPLúWLvQJHQHUDOJHUPDQLDXvQFHUFDWV 

UHDF LRQH]H vPSRWULYD VSLULWXOXL DEVWUDFW DO HFRQRPLHL FODVLFH (VWH SHULRDGD vQ FDUH DQWURSRORJLD D

I FXWPDULSURJUHVHúLvQFHSHV VHYRUEHDVF GHDQWURSRORJLDFXOWXUDO 'DUZLQúL6SHQFHUDXGDWXQ

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Fondatorul noului curent denumit “LVWRULF´ HVWH JHUPDQXO 6FKPROOHU FDUH úL-a intitulat
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ani mai târziu, Sombart va încerca, într-XQHIRUWPXOWSUHDURPDQWLFV LQWURGXF IDFWRULLSVLKRORJLFL
úL VRFLRORJLFL vQ DQDOL]D HFRQRPLF  0D[ :HEHU D IRVW DFHOD FDUH D WUDWDW vQWU-R PDQLHU  PDL

VLVWHPDWLF  VSLULWXO vQWUHSULQ] WRU DO FDSitalismului incipient în lucrarea sa (WLFD SURWHVWDQW  úL

spiritul capitalist   ÌQWUHEDUHD GH OD FDUH SOHDF  HVWH XUP WRDUHD “FXP DX UHXúLW SULPLL
FDSLWDOLúWLV DLE XQFRPSRUWDPHQWDWkWGHGLIHULWID GHFRQWHPSRUDQLLORU"´(OFRQVLGHU F HWLFD

SURWHVWDQW  H[SOLF  DSDUL LD VSLULWXOXL FDSLWDOLVW 'DU GLQFROR GH R DVWIHO GH FRQVWDWDUH  UHODWLY

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Anumite elemente ale teologiei protestante au suscitat, potrivit opiniei sale, comportamente
IDYRUDELOH GH]YROW ULL HFRQRPLFH ,QGLYLGXDOLVPXO JKLGDW GH R PRUDO  DXVWHU  D I FXW V  VH QDVF 

YRFD LDGHvQWUHSULQ] WRU(OvQV QXDUHSUHWHQ LDV IDF GLQUHOLJLHXQIDFWRUGHGHWHUPLQDUHXOWLP 

GLQ FDUH V  SRDW  IL GHGXV XQ DQXPLW VLVWHP VRFLDO FXP IDFH 0DU[ FX “UDSRUWXULOH GH SURGXF LH´
0D[ :HEHU DQDOL]HD]  FX DWHQ LH SURFHVXO GH VFKLPEDUH D PHQWDOLW LORU ID  GH PXQF  /XFUXO FHO

mai important – spune el –DFRQVWDWvQIDSWXOF GHUHJXO DFHDVW VFKLPEDUHQXDIRVWGHWHUPLQDW 


de un aflux de bani noi, ci de spiritul nou, “VSLULWXO FDSLWDOLVPXOXL PRGHUQ´ FDUH vQFHSH V  VH
LPSXQ  &kQG VH SXQH SUREOHPD IRU HORU PRWULFH DOH H[SDQVLXQLL FDSLWDOLVPXOXL PRGHUQ FHHD FH

LQWHUHVHD] vQSULPXOUkQGQXHVWHSURYHQLHQ DUH]HUYHORUGHEDQLFDUHDXSXWXWILYDORULILFDWHvQWU -un


mod capitalist, ci dezvoltarea spiritului capitalist. De obicei – FRQVLGHU  0D[ :HEHU – DSDUL LD OXL
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PDLDGHVHDGHUHYROW PRUDO 3HOkQJ SXWHUHDDF LXQLLXQDVWIHOGHRPWUHEXLHV DLE úLSXWHUQLFH

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fac capabil de un efort mult mai marHLQFRPSDUDELOFX YHFKLXOFRQIRUWúLYHFKLOHSO FHULDOHYLH LL


(OH VXQW vQV  GH DOW  QDWXU  GHFkW YHFKLOH YDORUL PRUDOH DWDúDWH WUDGL LRQDOLVPXOXL GLQ WUHFXW 'H

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eligia le
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unor instincte perverse.


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mai mult spre conservatorism social decât spre schimbare.


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nasc în acest angrenaj, nuQXPDLDODFHORUDGLUHFWLPSOLFD LvQGRPHQLXOHFRQRPLF


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În cursul acestei sarcini, liderul va primi numeroase idei, sentimente, proiecte atât din partea
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GHRDUHFH DUDHUDODOLPLWDGHDVHSU EXúLvQFRQGXLWHGHIXJ VLPLODUHFX cele adoptate de Germania

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Care sunt, cu alte cuvinte, resorturile liderului? Din toate timpurile s-a putut constata faptul
F  GDF  DQXPLWH SHUVRDQH VH GRYHGHVF LQFDSDELOH “V  ILH úHIL´ vQ VFKLPE DOWHOH UHXúHVF V  VH

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LVWRULFL LGROL DL PDVHORU SRSXODUH VDX D FHORU FDUH DX UHDOL]DW FDULHUH VWU OXFLWRDUH vQ GRPHQLXO

HFRQRPLF HVWH XQ IDSW VRFLDO FH PHULW  DQDO ]DW 6H SXQH vQWUHEDUHD H[LVW  R FDUDFWHULVWLF  FRPXQ 
i
între Bill Clinton, liderul sindical Lech Walesa, GLFWDWRUXO +LWOHU úL úHIXO GH vQWUHSULQGHUH %HUQDUG
7DSLH" /D SULPD YHGHUH QX vQ DIDUD IDSWXOXL F  WR L DX H[HUFLWDW R LQIOXHQ  LPSRUWDQW 

FRQVLGHUDELO  vQ FD]XO XQRUD  DVXSUD FRQWHPSRUDQLORU úL DX IRVW ILHFDUH vQ IHOXO V X FHHD FH VH

poate numi “conGXF WRU FDULVPDWLF´ &DUH HVWH UHVRUWXO DFHVWHL LQIOXHQ H GH FDUH LQH FDULVPD ORU"

&HUFHW ULOHSHDFHDVW WHP Q DXSXWXV GHDXQU VSXQVFRQFOXGHQW


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puterii ORUVHED]HD] SHFUHGLQ DvQFDOLW LVXSUDQRUPDOH´


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neconcludente. Astfel, Stogdill în lucrarea sa 7U V WXULOH SHUVRQDOH DOH OLGHUXOXL consider  F  R


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6WXGLLOHI FXWHvQPHGLLOHHFRQRPLFH *XLVHOOL  VFRWvQHYLGHQ DOWHFDUDFWHULVWLFLLQL LDWLY 

încredere în sine spre deosebire de non-OLGHUL $FHVWH GRX  WU V WXUL VH UHJ VHVF vQWU R PDQLHU 
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Singurul element cert pe care l-DX SXV vQ HYLGHQ  DFHVWH VWXGLL HVWH IDSWXO F 
într-un grup
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acest lucru este important – DFHVWH WU V WXUL SHUVRQDOH VH VFKLPE  vQ IXQF LH GH JUXS GH YDORULOH

DúWHSW ULOH úL RELHFWLYHOH JUXSXOXL UHVSHFWLY 'DF  SHUVRDQD ©;ª HVWH DOHDV  FD OLGHU DO XQXL JUXS

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P VXU V JKLGH]HJUXSXOVSUHRELHFWLYHSUHFLVHúLGHGRULW

3OHFkQG GH OD GRX  GLPHQVLXQL HVHQ LD


le ale liderului pe care le numesc “interesul pentru
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cinci stiluri de lider în management:
Liderul autocrat SODQLILF  GLULMHD]  úL FRQWUROHD]  LQkQG VHDPD H[FOXVLY GH SURGXF LH
&RQVLGHUkQGDQJDMDWXOFDXQIDFWRUGHSURGXF LHOHQHúúLLQGLIHUHQWOLGHUXOSODQLILF vQFHOHPDLPLFL

GHWDOLL LD WRDWH GHFL]LLOH REOLJ  OD VXSXQHUH DEVROXW  úL FRQWUROHD]  WRDWH UH]XOWDWHOH (O XWLOL]HD] 
regulamentele, normele, proFHGXULOH úL QX H]LW  VH UHFXUJ  OD SHGHSVH DWXQFL FkQG DFHVWHD VH
dovedesc necesare.
Liderul social: FRQVLGHU  FOLPDWXO úL DPELDQ D FD ILLQG SULRULWDUH VH GH]LQWHUHVHD]  GH FHHD
FHvQVHDPQ SURGXF LHúLUDQGDPHQWúLGRUHúWHvQDLQWHGHWRDWHV PHQ LQ UHOD LLEXQHvQLQWHULRUXO

JUXSXOXLGLQFDUHIDFHSDUWH(OVHRFXS PDLDOHVGHHYLWDUHDFRQIOLFWHORUQXFULWLF QLFLRGDW úLODV 

DQJDMD LLV VHFRQGXF VLQJXULIHOLFLWkQGX -i adesea.


/LGHUXOvQJ GXLWRU este un specialist al non-LPSOLF ULLúLFXOHJHEHQH ficiile sistemului în care
WU LHúWHI U V VHLPSOLFHvQPRGUHDO

Liderul compromis (O FDXW  FRPSURPLVXO PDL PXOW VDX PDL SX LQ VDWLVI F WRU vQWUH

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UD LRQDOvQDF LXQLOHVDOHúLDWHQWFXVHQWLPHQWHOHHFKLSHLVDOHRE LQHXQUH]XOWDWDGHFYDWGDUQXPDL

mult.
Liderul integrator – în mod particular valorizat de c WUH%ODNHúL 0RXWRQHVWH VLQJXUXOFDUH

VXVFLW  DQJDMDPHQWXO YHULWDELO DO SHUVRQDOXOXL vQ YHGHUHD UHDOL] ULL SURGXF LHL FUHkQG XQ FOLPDW GH

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membrilor grupuOXL OD OXDUHD GHFL]LLORU UHIHULWRDUH OD RELHFWLYHOH GH DWLQV (O vQFHDUF  V  LPSOLFH

vQWUHJXOJUXSvQSURFHVXOGHSODQLILFDUHRUJDQL]DUHúLFRQWURODOPXQFLL

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YDSXWHDV -úLDGDSWH]HVWLOXOODVLWXD LDFRQFUHW 


Din luarea în considerare a analizelor “VLWXD LRQDOH´ QX WUHEXLH V  DMXQJHP OD FRQYLQJHUHD

XQLF  úL DQXPH F  OLGHUXO QX DU IL DOWFHYD GHFkW XQ IHQRPHQ DGDSWLY ÌQ OXFU ULOH ORU DVXSUD

“VHFUHWHORUFHORU PDLEXQLOLGHUL´%HQQLVúL 1DXVLQVLVW DVXSUDQR LXQLLGH putereSHFDUHRY GFD


un corolar al liderului. Potrivit opiniei lor, “SXWHUHD HVWH HQHUJLD IXQGDPHQWDO  QHFHVDU  SHQWUX D
ODQVDúLVXV LQHRDF LXQHVDXDOWIHOVSXVFDSDFLWDWHDGHDWUDGXFHLQWHQ LDvQUHDOLWDWHúLGHDVXV LQH

DF LXQHD´ (L QXPHVF DFHVW JHQ lider transformativ ED]DW SH R IRORVLUH MXGLFLRDV  D SXWHULL 'DF 

viziunea este capacitatea proprie liderilor, puterea este mijlocXOORUGHVFKLPEFHHDFHOHSHUPLWHV 

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/HH,DFRFFDDúWLXWV RGHSXQ SHQWUXDPRELOL]DWRDWHVSLULWHOHúLGHDOHUDOLDODYL]LXQHDVDDVXSUD


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succesului cu scopul de a transforma întreprinderea Chrysler trecând-RGHODIDOLPHQWODUHXúLW 

3HSDUFXUVXOREVHUYD LLORUI FXWHDVXSUDDGHOLGHULDPHULFDQL%HQQLVúL1DQXVDXGHJDMDW

ceea ce ei au numit “FRORDQDYHUWHEUDO ”DFRPSRUWDPHQWXOXLDFHVWRUD úLFDUHFRQVW vQSDWUXWLSXUL

GHDSWLWXGLQLvQUHOD LLOHLQWHUSHUVRQDOHSUH]HQWHODWR LDFHúWLOLGHUL

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capacitatea oamenilorFHVHED]HD] SHRDXWR-LPDJLQHSR]LWLY 
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liderului. Prin “YL]LXQHD VFRSXOXL GH DWLQV OLGHUXO DUXQF  R SXQWH vQWUH SUH]HQWXO úL YLLWRUXO

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VWLPXODQW WRWRGDW 2DVHPHQHDYL]LXQHQXHVWH – cum s-ar putea crede –RSXU HPDQD LHDFHHDFH
ar fi geniul transcendent al liderului. Într-DGHY U HO D FRQVWUXLW-R vQV  QX vQ DIDUD FRQIUXQW ULL FX

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SULYHúWH YL]LXQLOH OXL $OIUHG 6ORDQ DVupra viitorului uzinelor General Motors, ele au fost în mare
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SRDWHMXFDÌQWRDWHDFHVWHFD]XULOLGHUXODúWLXWV DOHDJ vQWUHSRVLELOLW LOHPRPHQWXOXLFRnstruind

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FRPXQLFHvQSRILGDFRPSHWHQ HLORU

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PHFDQLVPGHFRQWUROFHVDQF LRQHD] VDXSUHVFULHDQXPLWHWLSXULGHFRP portamente.


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Auto-etalarea 3ULQ DFHDVW  H[SUHVLH %HQQLV úL 1DQXV GHVHPQHD]  R EXQ  JHVWLXQH D

LPDJLQLL GH VLQH GH F WUH OLGHU DS


titudinea de a-úL FXQRDúWH SURSULLOH IRU H úL D OH H[SORDWD vQ PRG
eficace. Principala calitate a “celor mai buni lideri” este o auto-LPDJLQH SR]LWLY  (L vúL FXQRVF
YDORDUHD úL DX vQFUHGHUH vQ HL vQúLúL ,PDJLQHD SR]LWLY  GH VLQH HVWH FRQWDJLRDV  úL VXVFLW 

colaboratorilor un sentiment de încredere.


3RWULYLW DXWRULORU PHQ LRQD L PDL PXOW GHFkW DXWR LPDJLQHD SR]LWLY 
- “cei mai buni lideri”
SRVHG  R FDOLWDWH SDUWLFXODU  FH FRQVW  vQ PRGXO ORU GH D DF LRQD vQ ID D HúHFXULORU QXPLW  GH HL

“efectul Wallenda”. $FHVWD D IRVW XQ FHOHEUX DFWRU GH FLUF FDUH úL -a concentrat întreaga energie
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