GEOLOGICAL HAZARDS CAUSES OF LANDSLIDE

NATURAL
 extreme natural events in the crust of the earth
 Philippines is situated along two major tectonic plates of the world - Earthquakes
the Eurasian and Pacific plates. - Volcanic Eruptions
 This explains the perennial occurrence of natural or geological - Undercutting of cliffs and banks by waves or river erosion.
hazards.
MAN MADE
LANDSLIDE
1. Clear Cutting
- down slope movement of soil
This method is hazardous because it destroys the existing mechanical root
- Landslides can occur underwater, called a submarine
structure in the area.
landslide, coastal and onshore environments.
2. Mining
1. Shallow Landslides
Mining operations that use blasting techniques
- Sliding surface is located within the soil mantle
SIGNS OF LANDSLIDES
or weathered bedrock
- They usually include debris slides, debris flow, and failures of road  Springs, seeps or saturated ground in areas that are not usually wet.
cut-slopes.  New cracks or unusual bulges in the ground, street or sidewalks.
 Soil moving away from foundations, or the tilting or cracking of
2. Deep-seated Landslides concrete floors and foundations.
 Sunken or down-dropped road beds
- Landslides in which the sliding surface is mostly deeply located
 Rapid increase in creek water levels, possibly accompanied by
below the maximum rooting depth of trees
increased soil content.
- They tend to be larger than shallow landslides and form along a
 A sudden decrease in creek water levels even though rain is still
plane of weakness such as a fault.
falling or just recently stopped.
- They can be visually identified by concave scarps at the top and
 Unusual sounds, such as trees cracking or boulders knocking
steep areas at the toe.
together, might indicate moving debris.
SINKHOLE MITIGATION STRATEGIES
 Is a depression or hole in the ground caused by some form of PERSONAL MEASURES
collapse of the surface layer
1. Reinforcement of floor slabs and external walls in existing
CAUSES OF SINKHOLE buildings.
2. Installation of drainage pipes for rainwater, slope drainage.
- Sinkholes mainly occur in what is known as ‘karst terrain’; areas of 3. Planting of slopes that are vulnerable to landslides with deep-
land where soluble bedrock (such as limestone or gypsum) can be rooted trees and shrubs.
dissolved by water.
- With cover-subsidence sinkholes the bedrock becomes exposed and TECHNICAL MEASURES
is gradually worn down over time, with the holes often becoming
ponds as the water fills them in. 1. Drainage and/or grading of slope profiles increase the shear
- Natural water-drainage patterns are changed and new water- resistance.
diversion systems are developed. 2. Supporting structures such as anchors and piles (pinning of the
- Land surface is change (industrial and runoff-storage ponds) slip plane) can restrain landslides.
3. Removal of material in the 'driving' section, or material
EFFECTS OF SINKHOLES deposition in the 'braking' section, can prevent further descent
of the sliding body.
1. A change in the general topography of the area which diverts streams 4. Protective forest.
of underground water.
2. Lot of damage to human life and property in heavily populated areas. PLANNING MEASURES
3. Danger in the foundation of buildings and other ground structures.
4. Produce leak in underground storm drains and sewer system. 1. The use of slopes prone to landslides must be avoided, or uses
5. Leak of toxic chemicals beneath the earth which may polluted the suitably modified.
groundwater 2. Hydraulic and electrical connections must be flexible.

SIGNS OF SINKHOLES

 Gradual localized ground settlement.

 Windows and doors fail to close properly.
 Cracks in a foundation
 A circular pattern of ground cracks outlining the sinking area.
 Vegetation stress due to a lowered table.
 Turbidity in local well water due to sediment washing into
limestone’s pores.
HYDROMETEOROLOGICAL HAZARDS
- refer to a process or phenomenon of atmospheric, hydrological or
oceanographic nature that may cause loss of life
 Hydrometeorology - the study of the atmospheric and terrestrial
phases of the hydrological cycle
TYPHOON
- extremely large, powerful and destructive storm
THUNDER STORM
- a storm with lightning and thunder
- is produced by a cumulonimbus, usually producing gusty winds,
heavy rains and sometimes hail
FLASHFLOOD
- rapid flooding of geomorphic low-lying areas
- caused by narrow and steep rivers, so they flow more quickly
STORM SURGE
- an abnormal rise of the ocean generated by a weather disturbance
such as tropical cyclone
- Daluyong
EL NINO
- a flow of unusually warm water along the western coast of south
America that causes many changers in the other places
LA NINA
- an irregularly recurring upwelling of unusually cold water to the
ocean surface along the western coast of South America
FIRE TRIANGLE
- Oxygen
- Heat
- FUEL
STAGES OF FIRE
1. Incipient (ignition) - the three elements, heat, oxygen and a fuel
source combine
2. Growth - structures fire load and oxygen are used as fuel for the
fire.
3. Flashover - it is the transition between growth and the fully
developed fire
4. Fully developed - this is the hottest phase of fire and the most
dangerous
5. Decay - significant decrease in oxygen or fuel, putting an end to
the fire
CLASSIFICATIONS OF FIRE
Class A Fires - ordinary combustible materials, such as wood, cloth,
paper, rubber and many plastics. Water is used in a cooling or
quenching effect
Class B Fires - flammable liquids, greases and gases. The smothering or
blanketing effect of oxygen exclusion is most effective.
Class C Fires - energized electrical equipment. It can be controlled by a
non conducting extinguishing agent.
Class D Fires - combustible metals, such as magnesium, titanium,
zirconium, sodium and potassium. Special extinguishing agents are
available that will effectively control fires.
Class K Fires - new classification of fire as of 1998, it involves fires in
combustible cooking fuels such as vegetable or animal fat.