Construction of NEW 110/13.8KV Substation Hawiyah-2 in Taif: Capacitor Bank Study

CONSTRUCTION OF NEW 110/13.
8KV
SUBSTATION HAWIYAH-2
IN TAIF
Capacitor Bank Study
Harmonic Analysis
Athens, March 2013
NEW S/S HAWIYAH-2: CAPACITOR BANK STUDY – HARMONIC ANALYSIS 0

CONTENTS
SUMMARY .................................................................................... 2
1. MEASUREMENTS ....................................................................... 4
2. SYSTEM DATA........................................................................... 5
3. HARMONIC ANALYSIS .............................................................. 12
4. CONCLUSIONS........................................................................ 20
APPENDIX A ............................................................................... 21
APPENDIX B ............................................................................... 36

SUMMARY
This study has been performed by Cooper Power Systems, Inc.
Scope of the study is:
a. To evaluate the impact of the installation of capacitor banks with

detuning reactors in a new substation (substation Hawiyah-2) in terms
of system harmonic distortion.
b. To evaluate the stress on the capacitor banks considering harmonics.
c. Verify that the ratings of the selected capacitor banks and detuning
reactors are adequate.
Harmonic measurements were performed in two adjacent substations

(Substation Hawiyah and Substation Taif Airport). Loads from those
Substations, or similar to those, will be served by the new Taif’s substation
upon its construction. These measurements are used as a basis for the
evaluation of the impact of the installation of the capacitors banks which
are equipped with appropriate detuning reactors in order to limit their
impact on the harmonic distortion of the system. Harmonic analysis was
performed using frequency scans and appropriate spreadsheets.
It is shown that the installation of the capacitor banks with the selected
detuning reactors reduce significantly the level of harmonic distortion in the
13.8 kV system. Additionally, it is shown that the ratings of the capacitors
are adequate for the measured harmonic pollution as well as for possible
potential increase of the harmonics.

References
1. IEEE Std 1036-1992, IEEE Guide for Application of Shunt Power

Capacitors.
2. IEEE Std 1531.-2003: IEEE Guide for Application and Specification of

Harmonic Filters.
3. IEEE Std 18-1992: IEEE Standard for Shunt Power Capacitors.
4. ANSI/IEEE C37.99-1980: Guide for protection of shunt capacitor banks.
5. ANSI C37.06-1987, American National Standard for AC High-Voltage

Circuit Breakers Rated on a Symmetrical Current Basis.
6. IEEE Std 519-1992: Recommended Practices and Requirements for

Harmonic control in Electrical Power Systems.
7. IEC 61000-3-6 (1996-10) Ed. 1.0 Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC)

- Part 3: Limits - Section 6: Assessment of emission limits for distorting
loads in MV and HV power systems - Basic EMC publication.
8. IEEE Std C37.99-2000: IEEE Guide for the protection of shunt capacitor
banks.
Simulation software
The CYME 5.04 Rev 8 was used for the simulation of the network under
study.

1. MEASUREMENTS
Harmonic measurements were performed at Taif’s Substations Hawiyah

and Taif Airport in order to evaluate the harmonic pollution in the area for
current and voltage. The measurements were performed for a period of 4
days (from 24/02/2013 to 27/02/2013) by PROTASIS SA. Drawing of the
substation is given in Figure 1 where the measurement points are marked
in green and red.
Figure 1-a. Single Line Diagram Taif’s Substation Hawiyah
Figure 1-b. Single Line Diagram Taif’s Substation Taif Airport
The measurements of voltage and current (average values per hour) and
the corresponding analysis presented in terms of harmonics showed that
the level of distortion in the 11 kV system is low as voltage THD reached
values up to 1.10% of the fundamental (60 Hz) component voltage. Note
that the limit given by IEEE 519 for this voltage level is 5%. A detailed
presentation of the measurements is given in a report produced by
PROTASIS SA.

2. SYSTEM DATA
New Substation Hawiyah-2
1. 110 kV busbar short circuit strength:
- Maximum 3-phase short-circuit current: 21.1 kA, X/R = 5.6
1-phase short-circuit current: 17.2 kA, X/R = 2.5
- Minimum 3-phase short-circuit current: 18.4 kA, X/R = 7.7
1-phase short-circuit current: 14.9 kA, X/R = 2.6
2. Three 40/60 MVA 110/15 kV transformers:
- Z = 22% (at 50 MVA base)
Capacitor Banks
 3-phase capacitor bank rating: 8904 kVAR.
 Capacitor bank voltage rating: 15.93 kV (phase-to-phase).
 Nominal frequency: 60 Hz.
 Rated capacitor bank capacitance: 93.036 μF.
 Connected as double star ungrounded neutral.
Current Limiting Reactor

 Rated harmonic filter reactance: 3.48 mH.
 BIL: 125 kV.
 Nominal frequency: 60 Hz.
 Fundamental current rating: 500 A.
Harmonic filter
 Tuned frequency: 279.71 Hz (single tuned).
 Effective Harmonic Filter Bank Rating: 7002 kVAR at 13.8 kV.

A simple drawing of the Taif’s New Substation is given in Figure 2. More
detailed drawing of the substation is given in Figure 3A. The system model
used for the analysis is given in Figure 3B (impedance diagram).
110 kV
13.8 kV
Capacitor banks &

reactors
Figure 2. Taif’s new substation

(simplified drawing)
The operational schemes that are considered in this report:

C1. 1 Transformer & 1 Capacitor
C2. 2 Transformers & 1 Capacitor (with paralleling)
C3. 2 Transformers & 2 Capacitors (with paralleling)
C4. 2 Transformers & 2 Capacitors (no paralleling)
C5. 3 Transformers & 2 Capacitors (two transformers in parallel)
C6. 3 Transformers & 3 Capacitors (two transformers in parallel)
C7. 3 Transformers & 3 Capacitors (no paralleling)
Schematically, these operational schemes are depicted in Figure 4.

Figure 3A. Detailed drawing of the Taif’s New Substation
Hawiyah-2

Figure 3B. Impedance diagram of the system under study
(system model, MVAbase=100MVA)

OPERATIONAL SCHEMES
- C1 - - C2 -
BUS A BUS B BUS A BUS B
- C3 - - C4 -
- C5 - - C6 -
BUS A BUS B BUS C BUS A BUS B BUS C
- C7 -
BUS A BUS B BUS C
Figure 4. Operational schemes for Taif’s New Substation

Hawiyah-2

Substation load & load harmonics
For the measurement period the load of the two substations was similar.
However the worst case load is considered in this study. The load of
Substation Hawiyah had higher Current THD which indicates higher non-
linear load. Each transformer in the Taif’s Substation Hawiyah was, on
average 6.27 MW (total 18.82 MW). This load is considerable therefore the
measured harmonics is representative of the harmonic infeed for each
transformer of the new substation (6.27 MW for each transformer).
The current harmonic profile is given in Table 1 and depicted in Figure 5. It

was calculated as the sum of the average of the three phases from the two
measurement points.
Regarding this profile, the following must be noted:
 Harmonic distortion is low.
 Odd order harmonics are considerable: 5th order harmonics is the

dominant one, 7th, 11th and 13th order harmonics are of lower
magnitude. Even order harmonics (2nd, 4th, 6th order harmonics) are
very low compared to the rest of the harmonic distortion caused by the
loads.
Current Harmonics 13.8kV
12.0
10.0
8.0
(A)
6.0
4.0
2.0
0.0
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25
Harmonic Order (n)
Figure 5. Average harmonic currents measured at Taif’s

Substation Hawiyah
(base case harmonics)

Table 1. Measured Load Current Harmonics
(Average per phase)
n (Amps) n (Amps)
2 0.95314 14 0.58559
3 4.06105 15 0.69600
4 0.73336 16 0.57461
5 10.58429 17 0.83637
6 0.64055 18 0.57644
7 8.12817 19 0.88312
8 0.60387 20 0.57072
9 1.01022 21 0.60163
10 0.59662 22 0.57074
11 7.94093 23 0.70754
12 0.59323 24 0.57420
13 2.99770 25 0.64605
Average I thd = 16.61 Amps
Aim of the study is to analyse the seven (C1-C7) typical operating

conditions of the Taif’s New Substation (as given in the previous section)
considering different loading conditions. More details are given next.

3. HARMONIC ANALYSIS
The measurements showed that harmonic distortion in the area is lower

than the limits of the standards by a large margin. However, the
installation of capacitor banks must be studied from a harmonic resonance
point of view: the harmonic distortion could be amplified by the capacitor
banks and it might reach unaccepted levels.
Consider the simplified circuit below. The harmonic loads are modeled as
current sources. The formula for the hth harmonic current Is,h that flows to
the system is also given. The current Is,h flowing into the system has its
maximum value when the denominator is minimum. This is the case when
the impedance of the capacitor Xcap (=-j/hωC) is equal to Xs (=jhωL)
where L is the inductance of the source. The value of h which satisfies this
requirement is called the resonant harmonic frequency (hr).
Xcap
hr 
Xs
Parallel resonance
Therefore, the combination of capacitance (of the capacitor banks) and

inductance (mostly the inductance of the transformers of the substation)
must be such that would not magnify the harmonic currents.

For the substation under study detuning reactors will be used in series with
the capacitor banks to form single-tuned harmonic filters that would reduce
the possibility of the magnification phenomenon. Detuning harmonic filters
create a low impedance path at the tuning frequency. This tuning
frequency is, typically, below the dominant harmonic of the system. This
approach is used in order to:
 Avoid resonances that would increase the harmonic distortion of the

system.
 Partially filter the harmonic currents from propagating within the

system.
Scope of harmonic analysis study is:
a. To evaluate the impact of the installation of capacitor banks with

detuning reactors in a new substation (Taif’s New Substation) in terms
of system harmonic distortion.
b. To evaluate the stress on the capacitor banks considering harmonics.
c. Verify that the ratings of the selected capacitor banks and detuning
reactors are adequate.
The limit for the voltage level under study (13.8 kV), according to IEEE
Std. 519-1992 (Recommended Practices and Requirements for Harmonic
Control in Electrical Power systems) is 5.0%.
The presence of harmonics causes an increase in the rms current that is

given by the following formula:
Summarizing, in this section:

1. The impact of the capacitor banks to the levels of harmonic distortion
is evaluated for the different operational schemes.
2. The stress on the capacitor banks and the detuning reactors is
evaluated.

Circuit Model considerations
For harmonic analysis purposes:
a. The harmonic currents are modelled with Shunt Multi Frequency

Sources connected at 13.8 kV.
b. For the load of the substation a power factor of 0.7 is used for the
analysed schemes. This is an extreme value, lower than the values of
the power factor during the measurements, and it guarantees that the
worst case conditions are taken into account.
c. The source side is modelled calculated using the short circuit current
and the X/R ratios given as above and the formulas below
X 1  R1   X R 
Z1
Z1  VN I SC _ 3 ph , R1  ,
1  X R
2
Z0
Z 2  Z 1 , Z 0  3  V N I SC _ 1 ph  Z 1  Z 2  , R0  , X 0  R0   X R  .
1  X R
2
However, it must be noted that the influence of the 110 kV short

circuit strength is minimum in this study due to the high transformer
impedance value. This is why the average values of the short circuit
have been taken under consideration.
d. Triplen harmonics are treated as positive sequence. Single phase

modelling is used.
e. Linear load is allocated equally to the transformers of each operational

scheme (Figure 6). That means that, for a 18.82 MW substation load,
for the operational scheme C5, load of 12.55 MW is modelled at BUS-A
and BUS-B (for transformers T1 and T2) and 6.27 MW is modelled at
BUS-C (for transformer T3).
f. The same harmonic load infeed is considered for all busbars as shown
in Figure 6.
g. The study has taken in consideration the number of the feeders shown
in the SLD of the substation and cable with length 4.5km for each one,
which is an adequate length for cable feeders.

OPERATIONAL SCENARIOS
- C1 - - C2 -
BUS A BUS BBUS BUS A BUS B

B
- C3 - - C4 -
- C5 - - C6 -
BUS A BUS B BUS C

BUS A BUS B BUS C
- C7 -
Linear load
BUS A BUS B BUS C
Non-linear load
Figure 6. Modelling considerations

Stress on the capacitor banks
Considering the information provided for the capacitor banks as above:
Nominal capacitor current based on rated voltage & kVAR is 322.64 A.
Regarding the stress on the capacitor banks and the relevant limits:
(1) According to IEC Std 60 871-1;871-4 the total rms current through the
capacitor units should be less than 130% of the capacitor unit nominal
current based on rated kVAR and rated voltage.
130% of the capacitor unit nominal current based on rated kVAR and rated
voltage is 419.44 A.
(2) IEEE Std 1036-1992 allows for continuous operation of the capacitor at
a voltage 110% above the rms-rated voltage and 120% above the peak of
the rated voltage. Note that this voltage includes the harmonics and the
voltage rise seen by the capacitor due to the reactor.
The capacitor bank rated voltage is 15.93 kV. 110% of the capacitor bank
rated voltage is 17.53 kV.
(3) The final requirement for the bank is to check that the dielectric heating
of the capacitor is acceptable. The dielectric heating is evaluated by the
inequality:
|ΣV(h)I(h)||1.35Qrated|
where Qrated is the rated kVAR of the capacitor.
For the capacitor bank rated kVAR Qrated is 8904 kVAR and 1.35Qrated is
equal to 12020.4 kVAR.

Frequency scans
Frequency scans show the impedance of the system for each frequency as
it seen by a harmonic infeed from the 13.8 kV side. A peak in the
frequency scan means that if a harmonic current is injected from the load
side at the frequency of the peak, it will cause voltage harmonic
amplification (parallel resonance).
Evaluation of the equipment stress and impact on the system
Aim of this study is to verify that the installation of the capacitor banks
does not increase the harmonic distortion of the system beyond the
acceptable limits and that the ratings of the selected capacitor banks and
reactors are adequate. Initially, the base case schemes are analyzed with
conditions similar to the ones during the measurements, that is 6.27 MW
for each transformer. Next, a higher load level is analyzed (42 MW for each
transformer) considering an equally increased (with scale factor 6.694)
harmonic infeed from the load that is served by the substation.
In Appendix A, Tables with all the relative results are given for each
scenario studied. These results are:
- System impedance (the impedance of the system at it is seen from the
13.8 kV side)
- 13.8 kV bus Voltage (for each harmonic order and in total, in terms of
rms)
- Filter current (for each harmonic order and in total in terms of rms)
- Capacitor Voltage (for each harmonic order and in total, in terms of rms)
- The product ΙnVn (n: harmonic order)
- The resulting voltage harmonic distortion (in terms of Total Harmonic
Distortion – THD) for 13.8 kV busbars.
With these Tables all the necessary information is given to evaluate, in

detail, the impact that the capacitor banks have on harmonic distortion of
the system as well as the stress that is imposed on them.
A summary of the results is given in Tables 2.

The following must be highlighted with respect to Tables 2:
1. The impact of the capacitor banks in the harmonic environment as

measured is minimal as the analysis of the corresponding scenarios
shows. Even for higher substation loading and equally higher
harmonic current infeed from the load side the network distortion
remains well below the limit.
2. The worst case scheme, for the harmonic profile studied, is C5 (3

Transformers with paralleling & 2 Capacitors).
3. The analysis shows that the stress on the equipment is well below
the limits specified by the standards considering the corresponding
ratings (provided in the previous sections). As frequency scans
show, higher substation load provides damping (lower frequency
response).
Estimation of maximum harmonic load
In the previous section it is shown that there is a margin for the

equipment rating as well as for the system distortion for the harmonic
load that was studied. Appendix B presents the results of the
maximum possible harmonic infeed. The maximum possible harmonic
infeed is found by scaling the measured harmonic profile up to the level
that no limits are exceeded neither for the harmonic distortion of the
network nor for the equipment ratings. The limiting factor in terms of
harmonic infeed is the 13.8 kV system voltage harmonic distortion
(considering the recommended limit provided by IEEE 519
(Recommended Practices and Requirements for Harmonic Control in
Electrical Power systems). The harmonic infeed can reach 27 times
the measured values.

4. CONCLUSIONS
Harmonic analysis results for the Taif’s New Substation show that:
1. The impact of the capacitors banks on the harmonic distortion of

the 13.8 kV system is low for conditions similar to the ones during
the measurement period in the substation.
2. Due to the use of detuning reactors, Taif’s New Substation can

tolerate higher harmonic current infeed from the load side
compared to the measured one.
3. For the scenarios studied, the stress on the capacitors banks is not
increased due to the presence of harmonics. In all these scenarios,
there was a substantial margin for all the relevant parameters with
respect to the limits provided by the standards.
4. The installation of the capacitor banks does not impose problems in

the operation of neither the system nor the capacitor banks
themselves even for considerably higher than the levels of
measured harmonic current from the load side.

APPENDIX A
Harmonic Analysis Results
NOTES
- Current values shown refer to each capacitor bank separately.
- Harmonics up to 25th are used for the calculations.
- The calculations presented in the Tables are according to IEEE
Std-1531.-2003: IEEE Guide for Application and Specification of
Harmonic Filters

C1 Load=6.27 MW, pf=0.7, Harmonics scaling=1
BUS-A

BUS-A & BUS-B

BUS-A & BUS-B

BUS-A BUS-B
same

BUS-A & BUS-B BUS-C

BUS-A & BUS-B BUS-C

BUS-A BUS-C
same

C1 Load=42 MW, pf=0.7, Harmonics scaling=6.694
BUS-A

BUS-A & BUS-B

BUS-A & BUS-B

BUS-A BUS-B
same

BUS-A & BUS-B BUS-C

BUS-A & BUS-B BUS-C

BUS-A BUS-C
same

APPENDIX B
Estimation of maximum harmonic load
NOTES
- Current values shown refer to each capacitor bank separately.
- Harmonics up to 25th are used for the calculations.
- The calculations presented in the Tables are according to IEEE
Std-1531.-2003: IEEE Guide for Application and Specification of
Harmonic Filters

BUS-A

C2 Load=12.55.2 MW, pf=0.7, Harmonics scaling=12
BUS-A & BUS-B

BUS-A & BUS-B

BUS-A BUS-B
same

BUS-A & BUS-B BUS-C

BUS-A & BUS-B BUS-C

BUS-A BUS-C
same

C1 Load=42 MW, pf=0.7, Harmonics scaling=27
BUS-A

BUS-A & BUS-B

BUS-A & BUS-B

BUS-A BUS-B
Same

BUS-A & BUS-B BUS-C

BUS-A & BUS-B BUS-C

BUS-A BUS-C
Same

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CONSTRUCTION OF NEW 110/13.

Capacitor Bank Study

Athens, March 2013

NEW S/S HAWIYAH-2: CAPACITOR BANK STUDY – HARMONIC ANALYSIS 0

NEW S/S HAWIYAH-2: CAPACITOR BANK STUDY – HARMONIC ANALYSIS 1

This study has been performed by Cooper Power Systems, Inc.

Scope of the study is:

a. To evaluate the impact of the installation of capacitor banks with

b. To evaluate the stress on the capacitor banks considering harmonics.

Harmonic measurements were performed in two adjacent substations

NEW S/S HAWIYAH-2: CAPACITOR BANK STUDY – HARMONIC ANALYSIS 2

1. IEEE Std 1036-1992, IEEE Guide for Application of Shunt Power

2. IEEE Std 1531.-2003: IEEE Guide for Application and Specification of

3. IEEE Std 18-1992: IEEE Standard for Shunt Power Capacitors.

4. ANSI/IEEE C37.99-1980: Guide for protection of shunt capacitor banks.

5. ANSI C37.06-1987, American National Standard for AC High-Voltage

6. IEEE Std 519-1992: Recommended Practices and Requirements for

7. IEC 61000-3-6 (1996-10) Ed. 1.0 Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC)

NEW S/S HAWIYAH-2: CAPACITOR BANK STUDY – HARMONIC ANALYSIS 3

Harmonic measurements were performed at Taif’s Substations Hawiyah

Figure 1-a. Single Line Diagram Taif’s Substation Hawiyah

Figure 1-b. Single Line Diagram Taif’s Substation Taif Airport

NEW S/S HAWIYAH-2: CAPACITOR BANK STUDY – HARMONIC ANALYSIS 4

Current Limiting Reactor

NEW S/S HAWIYAH-2: CAPACITOR BANK STUDY – HARMONIC ANALYSIS 5

Capacitor banks &

Figure 2. Taif’s new substation

The operational schemes that are considered in this report:

Schematically, these operational schemes are depicted in Figure 4.

NEW S/S HAWIYAH-2: CAPACITOR BANK STUDY – HARMONIC ANALYSIS 6

NEW S/S HAWIYAH-2: CAPACITOR BANK STUDY – HARMONIC ANALYSIS 7

NEW S/S HAWIYAH-2: CAPACITOR BANK STUDY – HARMONIC ANALYSIS 8

BUS A BUS B BUS A BUS B

BUS A BUS B BUS A BUS B

BUS A BUS B BUS C BUS A BUS B BUS C

BUS A BUS B BUS C

Figure 4. Operational schemes for Taif’s New Substation

NEW S/S HAWIYAH-2: CAPACITOR BANK STUDY – HARMONIC ANALYSIS 9

The current harmonic profile is given in Table 1 and depicted in Figure 5. It

Regarding this profile, the following must be noted:

 Harmonic distortion is low.

 Odd order harmonics are considerable: 5th order harmonics is the

Figure 5. Average harmonic currents measured at Taif’s

NEW S/S HAWIYAH-2: CAPACITOR BANK STUDY – HARMONIC ANALYSIS 10

Aim of the study is to analyse the seven (C1-C7) typical operating

NEW S/S HAWIYAH-2: CAPACITOR BANK STUDY – HARMONIC ANALYSIS 11

The measurements showed that harmonic distortion in the area is lower

Therefore, the combination of capacitance (of the capacitor banks) and

NEW S/S HAWIYAH-2: CAPACITOR BANK STUDY – HARMONIC ANALYSIS 12

 Avoid resonances that would increase the harmonic distortion of the

 Partially filter the harmonic currents from propagating within the

Scope of harmonic analysis study is:

a. To evaluate the impact of the installation of capacitor banks with

b. To evaluate the stress on the capacitor banks considering harmonics.

The presence of harmonics causes an increase in the rms current that is

Summarizing, in this section:

NEW S/S HAWIYAH-2: CAPACITOR BANK STUDY – HARMONIC ANALYSIS 13

For harmonic analysis purposes:

a. The harmonic currents are modelled with Shunt Multi Frequency

However, it must be noted that the influence of the 110 kV short

d. Triplen harmonics are treated as positive sequence. Single phase

e. Linear load is allocated equally to the transformers of each operational

NEW S/S HAWIYAH-2: CAPACITOR BANK STUDY – HARMONIC ANALYSIS 14