Page 88 What is the role of energy in chemical Page 93 Experiment: Is dissolving a salt in water

reactions? an endothermic or exothermic reaction?

1. The hot compress reaction is exothermic and the 1. Mixing calcium chloride with water resulted in an
cold compress reaction is endothermic. increase in temperature; mixing ammonium
2. When lit, the energy stored in the fuel of a sparkler nitrate with water resulted in a decrease in
is released as light and heat energy. temperature.
2. The reaction of calcium chloride and water is an
exothermic reaction; the reaction of ammonium
Page 89 Experiment: What happens when
nitrate and water is an endothermic reaction.
magnesium reacts with hydrochloric acid?
3. CaCl2(s) + 2H2O(l) → Ca(OH)2(aq) + 2HCl(aq)
1. The production of a gas is observed when the NH4NO3(s) → NH4+(aq) + NO3–(aq)
magnesium metal is placed into the hydrochloric
acid; the size of the magnesium metal decreases as
the reaction proceeds. Page 95 Why are some reactions endothermic and
2. The reaction has finished when no more gas is others exothermic?
produced. 1. Heat energy from a flame.
3. The final temperature of the reaction mixture is 2. In an endothermic reaction, the temperature of the
higher than the initial temperature of the acid; an reaction mixture decreases. In an exothermic
increase in temperature describes an exothermic reaction, the temperature of the reaction mixture
reaction. increases.
4. Mg(s) + 2HCl(aq) → MgCl2(aq) + H2(g)
Page 97 Activity: Measuring temperatures
Page 89 Activity: Thermite reaction 1. a) 373 K b) 311 K c) 225 K
1. The reaction is very vigorous. You cannot see heat 2. a) 27°C b) 0°C c) –21°C
energy during this reaction but you can observe
molten iron which is a consequence of the amount Page 97 How much energy does it take to raise
of heat that is released during this reaction.
the temperature of a substance?
2. aluminium + iron(III) oxide → iron + aluminium oxide
2Al + Fe2O3 → 2Fe + Al2O3 1. 390 J
3. Construction of railways occurs on site. In some
situations it would be difficult to have equipment Page 99 Heat energy transfers
on-site used to meld together the steel rails. The 1. a) 2.5 x 102 kJ b) 25°C
thermite reaction is portable and very effective.
c) 98 J d) 318 K
4. The hammer has a large amount of kinetic energy.
Upon striking the rusty steel, its kinetic energy is 2. Q = m c ∆T
= (4 / 1000) × 900 × 20
converted into sound energy and heat energy. If
= 72 J
the amount of heat energy is sufficient, the
thermite reaction may be initiated. 3. Rearrange the equation so that ∆T is the subject
∆T = Q / mc
= 5.425 × 103 / 0.250 × 140
Page 91 Activity: Utilizing exothermic reactions = 155 K
1. The choice of cooking fuel can be influenced by As this is the change in temperature, 155 K is
number of different factors: equivalent to 155°C.
 the location for cooking ∆T = Tfinal – Tinitial
 the amount of heat needed to be generated 155°C = Tfinal – 10°C
 the level of control over the heat source Tfinal = 165°C
required 4. c = Q / m ∆T
 the availability of the fuel source = 1251.2 / 0.02 × (161 – 25)
 economic considerations = 4.6 × 102 J kg–1 K–1

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Page 99 Activity: The reaction between copper(II)
sulfate and zinc
1. An insulated lid can be placed on the top of the
coffee cup/increase the amount of insulation
surrounding the coffee cup/use a calorimeter.
2. This is an exothermic reaction as there is an
increase in the temperature of the reaction
mixture.
Page 99 Activity: The reaction between copper(II)
sulfate and zinc (continued)
3. ∆T = 30.4°C
4. Q = m c ∆T = 0.0576 x 4200 x 30.4
= 7354 J or 7.35 kJ (3 sf)
5. Your answer is likely to be an underestimate of
the heat given out by this reaction due to the fact
that heat will be lost to the surroundings because
of the lack of insulation of the reaction vessel.

Summative assessment
Where does all the energy go?
1. Coal = 14 BTU; natural gas = 28 BTU; petroleum = 36 BTU. Total = 78 BTU.

2. Approximately 90%

3. Coal as a proportion of total energy production in China is greater than 65%;

while in the US it is less than 15%; possible reason for this include the historic
level of infrastructure and the rate of development of alternative energy supplies
and natural resources.

4. a) Renewable energy 10 BTU; non-renewable sources of energy include coal,

natural gas, petroleum and nuclear power; 10 / 96 × 100% = 10%
(approximately).
b) Industrial

5. a) Traditional non-renewable energy sources, such as lignite (brown coal),

black coal and crude oil, remain the main contributors to greenhouse
emissions; the amount of use of natural gas, a non-renewable energy source,
is increasing and it is the fourth largest contributor to greenhouse gas
emissions; nuclear power is considered to be the cleanest non-renewable
energy source in terms of greenhouse gas emissions; renewable energy
sources are the smallest greenhouse gas emitters. Answers for this question
may vary. All valid alternatives should be considered.
b) Challenges faced by the US and large industrial nations include:
 The most commonly used fuel sources such as coal, natural gas and
petroleum are also the largest source of greenhouse gases;
 Renewable energy sources are the smallest contributors to greenhouse
gas emissions, but only represent 10% of energy sources in the US;
 Nuclear power is a clean energy in terms of greenhouse gas emissions,
however, a consequence of recent accidents and natural disasters
involving nuclear power stations is a negative public perception of the
safety of nuclear power;
 Hydroelectric schemes utilize natural resources such as rivers and lakes.
However, the initial cost of the infrastructure is significant and
historically many of these projects have led to environmental
destruction, displaced large populations and impacted on people's
lifestyles and economic well-being;
 Wind farms and solar panel installations create very little greenhouse
gas emissions, but require large setup costs and are somewhat
unpopular due to visual pollution.
These are some examples of the types of answers that students may
construct upon evaluating and discussing the data given in the three graphs.
Answers may vary.

2 © Oxford University Press 2018

 Investigating the combustion of alcohols
6. Suitable hypothesis is suggested; hypothesis is testable; hypothesis is based on
scientific reasoning.

7. Design should include clear statement of:

 independent and dependent variables,
 rationale for the method and practical details, including:
o correct names of apparatus and volume
o amounts and/or concentration of chemicals being used
 consideration of safety, ethical and environmental issues
 description of the step-by-step methodology for the investigation, including
how the variables are controlled
 description of how qualitative observations will be recorded
 identification of any quantitative data that will be recorded and the design
of data tables to present this information
Marks awarded on a scale from 0 marks for a completely inadequate design to
10 marks for an exemplary design.

8. 32.9; 31.2; 44.1; 43.5; 45.9; 54.9; 38.0; 39.1.

9. 46.3; 45.9; 55.8; 55.1; 67.5; 74.2; 80.9; 81.5.

10. Methanol; the two data points are the most precise of the four different sets of
data.

11. a) Propan-1-ol; the two data points are the least precise as they have the
largest variation between the two data points.
b) Perform more trials to minimize the random errors; eliminate any
anomalous data.

How is energy distributed around the globe?

12. a) The scientists have named the bias that the AMOC (Atlantic Meridional
Overturning Circulation) is essentially stable and will not collapse; the
doubling of atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration is used to simulate
circulation collapse.
b) The model predicts that the North Atlantic Ocean will cool and Arctic sea
ice will spread.
c) It is based on possibly false assumptions.
d) Data collection of temperature and salinity in the oceans and land-based
temperatures; satellite imagery collecting sea surface temperature (SST)
and EMS data.
e) Cooling of the North Atlantic ocean surface temperatures; cooling of
surface air temperatures over northwest Europe; tropical rain belts may
move further southward; seasonal weather patterns may change;
uncharacteristic storm activity may occur.

© Oxford University Press 2018 3