Del Pilar, Edrian Cliff BSME- the waveform for sine waves, or

Mech 2 the Pulse Width for square

waves.

Research The Frequency, (ƒ) is the

number of times the
waveform repeats itself within

Quiz a one second time period.

Frequency is the reciprocal of
the time period, ( ƒ = 1/T )
with the unit of frequency
Sinusoids
being the Hertz, (Hz).
-Alternating Current, generally The Amplitude (A) is the
refers to a time-varying magnitude or intensity of the
waveform with the most signal waveform measured in
volts or amps.
common of all being called
a Sinusoid better known as
a Sinusoidal Waveform.  Sine waves are in the form of:
-Also called as Sine waves. V(t)-Vmsin(wt)
-The shape obtained by plotting
the instantaneous ordinate
values of either voltage or
current against time is called
an AC Waveform.

The type and shape of an AC

waveform depends upon the
generator or device producing
them, but all AC waveforms
consist of a zero voltage line
that divides the waveform into
two symmetrical halves. The
main characteristics of an AC
Waveform are defined as:
Complex Numbers
The Period, (T) is the length of
time in seconds that the -A Complex Number is a
waveform takes to repeat itself combination of a Real Number
from start to finish. This can also and an Imaginary Number.
be called the Periodic Time of
-Real numbers are any numbers
that you can think of.
-Imaginary numbers are number
when squared gives a negative
result.
-It is a number that can be
expressed in the form a + bi,
where a and b are real numbers,
and i is a solution of the
equation x2 = −1. Because no
real number satisfies this
equation, i is called an
imaginary number. For the
complex number a + bi, a is
called the real part, and b is
called the imaginary part.
A complex number can be
visually represented as a pair of
numbers (a, b) forming a vector
on a diagram called an Argand
diagram, representing the
complex plane. "Re" is the real
axis, "Im" is the imaginary axis,
and i satisfies i2 = −1.
Phasors
It represents the angular
difference of the two sinusoidal
waveforms. Also the terms
“lead” and “lag” as well as “in-
phase” and “out-of-phase” are
commonly used to indicate the
relationship of one waveform to
the other with the generalized
sinusoidal expression given as:
A(t) = Am sin(ωt ± Φ)
representing the sinusoid in the
time-domain form.
-Basically a rotating vector,
simply called a “Phasor” is a
scaled line whose length
represents an AC quantity that
has both magnitude (“peak
amplitude”) and direction
(“phase”) which is “frozen” at
some point in time.
- It is a vector that has an arrow
head at one end which signifies
partly the maximum value of the
vector quantity ( V or I ) and
partly the end of the vector that
rotates.
Phasor Diagram of a
Sinusoidal Waveform
Frequency Domain analyzed according to it's
response for different
-refers to the analysis of
frequencies.
mathematical functions or
signals with respect to
frequency, rather than time.

-a time-domain graph shows

how a signal changes over time,
whereas a frequency-domain
graph shows how much of the
signal lies within each given
frequency band over a range of
frequencies.

-A frequency-domain
representation can also include
information on the phase shift
that must be applied to each
sinusoid in order to be able to
recombine the frequency
components to recover the
original time signal.

-A time domain your

model/system is evaluated
according to the progression of
it's state with time. In Frequency
domain your model/system is