GAMPANIN NG TEKNOLOHIYA SA MAKABAGONG PAMAMARAAN NG

PAGSASAKA SA ILOCOS SUR

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Isang Payak na Pananaliksik na Inihaharap sa Kagawarang Filipino

Senior High School; Academic Track, STEM Strand

Ilocos Sur National High School

Lungsod ng Vigan

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Bilang Pagtupad sa Isa sa mga Pangangailangan ng Asignaturang

Pagbasa at Pagsusuri ng Iba’t Ibang Teksto Tungo sa Pananaliksik

ni

Julius Caesar P. Collado, 11-Jade

Angel Joy C. Rapacon, 11-Jade

Aira Mae R. Venturanza, 11-Jade

MWthF 2:00-3:00

Pebrero 2017

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 SERTIPIKASYON

Ang pananaliksik na ito ay pinamagatang, “GAMPANIN NG TEKNOLOHIYA

SA MAKABAGONG PAMAMARAAN NG PAGSASAKA SA ILOCOS SUR”, na

iniharap nina Julius Caesar P. Collado, Angel Joy C. Rapacon at Aira Mae R.

Venturanza bilang bahagi na kailangan sa Asignaturang Pagbasa at Pagsusuri sa Iba’t

Ibang Teksto Tungo sa Pananaliksik ay isinuri at iminungkahing taggapin at italaga sa

pasalitag pagtatanggol.

_____________________________________

GNG. CRESENCIA DE CASTRO

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 DAHON NG PAGPAPATIBAY

Pinagtibay ng mga lupon ng mga tagasuri sa pasalitang pagtanggol

na ang grado ay ______________.

Julius Caesar P. Collado

Tagapangulo

Angel Joy C. Rapacon

Aira Mae R. Venturanza

Kasapi

Tinanggap at pinagtibay ng bahaging kailangan sa pagpapatayo ng

kailangang asignaturang Pagbasa at Pagsusuri sa Iba’t Ibang Teksto Tungo sa

Pananaliksik.

_______________________

SHS Coordinator

ROMULO Q. QUITEVIS

Principal

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 PASASALAMAT

Taos pusong pasasalamat ang aming ipinaabot sa mga sumusunod na indibidwal

at sa mga iba pang naging bahagi ng aming pag-aaral para sa walang humpay na

suporta, tulong at kontribusyon upang maisagawa at maging matagumpay ang pag-

aaral na ito.

Sa mga respondent na naglaan ng kanilang oras na masigasig na nakilahok sa

pagsagot ng tapat sa aming kwestyuner.

Kay Gng. Cresencia De Castro na aming mahal na guro sa pananaliksik. Kami

po ay lubusang nagpapasalamat dahil sa iyong walang sawang pagsuporta at pag-unawa

sa amin sa paggawa ng aming pamanahong papel, sa pamamagitan ng pagtama at

paggabay habang kami ay gumagawa n gaming pananaliksik.

Sa aming mga magulang na tumulong at umintindi sa amin sa mga panahong

abala kami sa paggawa ng pag-aaral na ito at sa pagbibigay ng moral at pinansyal na

suporta, pagmamahal at inspirasyon sa amin.

Sa Poong Maykapal, sa pagbibigay sa amin ng determinasyon upang maisagawa

at maisakatuparan ang pag-aaaral at pagbibigay ng kaalaman ng aming ginamit sa

aming pananaliksik. Sa pagdinig sa aming mga panalangin lalung-lalo na sa panahong

kami ay pinaghihinaan na ng loob na matapos ito sa takdang panahon.

Muli, maraming-maraming salamat po sa inyong lahat.

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ABSTRAK

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 TALAAN NG NILALAMAN

KABANATA I: ANG PROBLEMA AT ANG KALIGIRAN NITO

I. Introduksiyon……………………………………………………………………..4

II. Paglalahad ng Problema………………………………………………………….7

III. Kahalagahan ng Pag-aaral…………………………………………………...…..8

IV. Lawak at Delimitasyon ng Pag-aaral………………………………………........8

V. Katanungan sa Pananaliksik……………………………………………………..9

VI. Mga Kahulugan ng Termino……………………………………………………..9

KABANATA II: MGA KAUGNAY NA LITERATURA AT PAG-AARAL

I. Mga Kaugnay na Pag-aaral…………………………………………………….11

II. Konseptwal na Balangkas………………………………………………………17

KABANATA III: PAMAMARAAN O METODOLOHIYA

I. Kasali o Sabjek ng Pag-aaral…………………………………….……………..19

II. Instrumento ng Pananaliksik…………………………………………………...21

III. Pamamaraan o Pagsasagawa ng Pag-aaral……………………………………21

IV. Pag-aanalisa ng Datos…………………………………………………………...23

KABANATA IV: PAGLALAHAD NG RESULTA NG PANANALIKSIK

KABANATA V: LAGOM, KONKLUSYON AT REKOMENDASYON

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 KABANATA I

ANG PROBLEMA AT ANG KALIGIRAN NITO

I. INTRODUKSIYON

Ang Pilipinas ay kilala bilang isang bansang agrikultural. Ang agrikultura ang

pinagkakakitaan at pangkabuhayan ng mga taong naninirahan sa bansa. Patuloy sila sa

pagpapatag ng mga lupa at pagtatanim ng iba’t ibang uri ng mga pananim, gulay at lalong-lalo

na ng mga palay. Ito ang dahilan kung bakit nakilala ang Pilipinas sa mga kalapit nitong

bansa.

Ayon sa nakaugalian, inirerepresenta ng agrikultura ang orihinal na paraan ng pagtatanim

na napaunlad sa pamamagitan ng bukas na interaksyon ng sosyal at pangkapaligirang sistema.

Saklaw ng pamamaraang ito ang masinsinang paggamit ng kaalamang lokal at natural

resources na sumusuporta sa biological diversity ng salitang gawi. Ang mga tradisyunal na

magsasaka ay nagpo-pokus sa mga paraan na nagpapanatili ng katabaan ng lupa, pumipigil sa

pagkawala ng topsoil, nagpapanatili ng tubig sa lupa at nakakapagbigay ng magandang ani.

Ang mga sinaunang tao na nakadiskubre ng pagsasaka ay umasa marahil sa kanilang mga

kamay sa tulong ng mga bato at patpat. Noong nalikha na ang mga kagamitan kagaya ng mga

kutsilyo, kumpay at araro ay nangibabaw sila sa pagsasaka sa loob ng maraming taon sa

kasalukuyang panahon, karamihan ng mga tao ay pinipiling magsaka dahil hindi ganoon

karami ang suplay ng mga pagkain para sa bawat pamilya, dahil sa limitadong teknolohiya.

Ayon sa pag-aaral ni Mendoza (1989), rice stalks are cut close to the ground.

Immediately, the harvested palay are threshed using a manually pedaled thresher. Rice straw

is then spread evenly in the same paddy where rice was harvested. The paddy is then irrigated

to moisten the straw. Two weeks later, plowing is done with a carabao. Farmers used to plow

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the land manually and it was one long hard task stretching from dawn to dusk. Although some

upland farmers have started to use insecticide, the high cost of this manufactured product has

contributed greatly to the perpetuation of traditional practices. This has also led to the use of

plants as traditional insect repellants (Patriquin et al., 1986).

Much of the know-how passed down by traditional farmers from generation to generation

is being lost. Efforts are therefore necessary to protect this valuable information, and it is time

to begin to combine traditional and modern farming so that the specific conditions in a given

area are taken into consideration. Cut to the 21st century and farming has gone all high-tech

and is talking about genetically modified food and agricultural biotechnology (Anonymous,

2006).

With the coming of the Industrial Revolution and the development of more complicated

machines, farming methods took a great leap forward. Instead of harvesting grain by hand

with a sharp blade, wheeled machines cut a continuous swath. Instead of threshing the grain

by beating it with sticks, threshing machines separated the seeds from the heads and stalks

(Field and Solie, 2007).

The scientific advances have touched all the facets in the field of agriculture. Thus,

agricultural machinery has witnessed a radical makeover from the days of hand-held

apparatus like trimmers and chainsaws to the modern-day, computer-controlled, GPS-

monitored and self-steer programs that are virtually negating the need for human intervention

(Anonymous, 2006).

Agricultural technology is also making inroads into the relatively new but very promising

fields of nanotechnology and genetic engineering. And nowhere is it more apparent than in

the crops that are being churned out and the animal husbandry techniques that are being

practiced (Anonymous, 2006).

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 In the organic form of agriculture, food processing is done without ionizing radiation and

the use of food additives. The arrival of genetically modified (GM) vegetation has meant that

plants, fruits and vegetables have been endowed with increased insect resistance and abundant

nutritional advantages. The health brigade is lapping these up fervently (Anonymous, 2006).

Evolution of agricultural practices has meant that there’s greater productivity and hence

prosperity in the farming circles and a variety of healthy food options for the consumers.

Many have been said and published regarding agriculture techniques and the advances since

the late 1960s in agriculture has so far prevented the outcome of the Malthusian Theory

wherein population has outstripped food production (The Mailman, 2016).

But the advances came at a cost. In order to boost food production and crop yields,

widespread use of inorganic fertilizers was required. These in turn tended to increase

production costs for the farmers and is acknowledged to have been responsible for the

pollution of the oceans and waterways. These resulted in the death of planktons and reduced

the conversion of carbon dioxide to oxygen. These factors led to the rise of greenhouse gases

that is contributory to climate change.

Modern agriculture should create a balance so much that it should make use of hybrid

seeds of a selected variety of a single crop, technologically advanced equipment and lots of

energy subsidies in the form of irrigation water, fertilizers and pesticides. The approach aims

to maintain “a productive agriculture that sustains yields and optimizes the use of local

resources while minimizing the negative environmental and socio-economic impacts of

technologies” (Altieri, 2000).

These machines required a lot of power, which was originally supplied by horses or other

domesticated animals. Technology has played a big role in developing the agricultural

industry. Nowadays, it is possible to grow crops in a desert through the use of agricultural

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biotechnology. With this technology, plants have been engineered to survive in drought

conditions. Through genetic engineering, scientists have managed to introduce traits into

existing genes with a goal of making crops resistant to droughts and pests (Hurst, 1991).

Lahat ng ito ay nagpapatunay na malaki ang gampanin ng teknolohiya sa pagpapaunlad ng

mga paraan sa pagsasaka. Ang mga agrikultural na makina ay naidisenyo para sa bawat lebel

ng mga agrikultural na proseso. Kabilang dito ang mga making kailangan sa pagpapatag ng

lupa, pagtatanim, pagdidilig ng lupa, pagkokondisyon at pag-aalaga ng mga pananim, pag-

aani, paghahaplit ng butil, at pag-aayos at pagbabalot ng mga produkto. Kung kaya’t,

gumagaan ang trabaho at buhay ng bawat magsasaka.

II. PAGLALAHAD NG PROBLEMA

Ang teknolohiya at tradisyon ay dalawang bagay na nakakaimpluwensiya sa isa’t isa.

Technology and tradition are two forces that greatly influence one another. With the

progression of technology, the different traditions also evolve. One of the many proofs is the

alteration of the farming method. As traditional farming changes, advanced technological

methods, processes and products took place. To a large extent, the rate of technology

development and the degree of innovation in future technologies will greatly influence the

stability, and certainly the productivity, of agriculture (Hutchins and Gehring, 1993).

Technology has enabled human civilization to leave the "Hunter / Gatherer" paradigm of

existence and concentrate labor and land to the sole purpose of food production on an ever-

increasing scale (Pesek, 1993).

Dahil sa mas mahabang oras at mas maraming pagtatrabaho na kinakailangan sa

tradisyunal na pagsasaka, ang mga magsasaka ay pinipiling lumipat sa makabagong paraan ng

pagsasaka. Ang makabagong pamamaraan na ito ay makakapagbigay ng kaalaman tungkol sa

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mga pagbabago na naidudulot ng teknolohiya sa mga paraan, proseso at produkto sa

pagsasaka dito sa Ilocos Sur.

III. KAHALAGAHAN NG PAG-AARAL

Ang layunin ng pag-aaral na ito ay para maipaliwanga ang gampanin ng teknolohiya sa

pagpapaunlad ng mga paraan sa pagsasaka, proseso at mga produkto. Ito rin ang paraan upang

malaman ang pananaw ng mga magsasaka at mga konsyumer sa mga makabagong makinarya

at mga prosesong ginagamit sa kasalukuyang pagsasaka. Bukod pa dito, ang pag-aaral na ito

ay magdaragdag ng bagong kaalaman na maaaring makapagbigay ng pagbabago sa ating

ekonomiya at para magbigay tulong sa ikagaganda ng buhay ng tao lalo na ang mga

magsasaka.

IV. LAWAK AT DELIMITASYON NG PAG-AARAL

Ang agrikultura ang pangunahing industriya sa probinsya. Sa makabagong panahon, ang

tradisyunal na paraan ng pagtatanim ay unti-unting nawawala. Ang agrikultura ay may

malaking gampanin sa buhay ng mga Ilokano. Ang Ilocos Sur ay pumangatlong puwesto na

mayroong 46.9 libong sakahan, sinasakop ang 36.1 libong hektarya. Ang mga paraan, gawi at

produkto ay sumailalim sa pagbabago dahil sa makabagong teknolohiya.

Ang pag-aaral na ito’y isinagawa sa tatlong magkakaibang munisipalidad ng Ilocos Sur:

Vigan City, the capital of the province, Sta. Catalina, the vegetable bowl, Bantay, a

mountainous municipality. Ang tatlong munisipalidad ay pinili ng mga mananaliksik dahil sa

kanilang pagkakaiba sa larangan ng pangkapaligiran, lokasyon at gawi.

V. KATANUNGAN SA PANANALIKSIK

Ang mga katanungan na pag-aaralan ay ang mga sumusunod:

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 1. Anu-ano ang mga paraan, stratehiya at gawi sa pagsasaka?

2. Anu-ano ang mga kakayahang dapat taglayin ng isang magsasaka sa produksiyon,

pagproproseso at pagbebenta?

3. Anu-ano ang mga mahahalagang bagay na kakailanganin sa pagsasaka?

4. Anu-ano ang mga makabagong makinarya, produkto at proseso sa pagsasaka?

VI. MGA KAHULUGAN NG TERMINO

Ang mga sumusunod na termino ay binigyan ng kahulugan:

Agricultural Practices. This refers to the steps involved in agriculture to create food for

consumers or further processing that is safe and wholesome (Andrews, 2008).

Agrikultura. Ito ang pangunahing pangkabuhayan ng mga taong nakatira sa Ilocos Sur.

Gampanin ng Teknolohiya. Ito ay tumatalakay sa papel ng teknolohiya sa kasalukuyan.

Industrial Revolution. It is the period that led to advances in agricultural technology that

greatly increased food production allowing large numbers of people to pursue other types of

work (Hurst, Douglas R. 1991).

Magsasaka. Ito ang tawag sa taong sumesentro sa gawaing pang-agrikultura.

Metodo sa Pagsasaka. Ito ay tumutukoy sa ilang paraan ng pagsasaka.

Modern Farming. It is a term used to describe the wide type of production practices

employed by American farmers. It makes use of hybrid seeds of selected variety of a single

crop, technologically advanced equipment and lots of energy subsidies in the form of

irrigation water, fertilizers and pesticides (Mahato, 2014).

Pagbabago. Ito ay tumutukoy sa pag-unlad ng isang bagay.

Produkto. Ito ay tumutukoy sa mga naaning pananim na dumadaan sa mga proseso upang

maipagbili.

Proseso. Ito ang serye ng mga sunud-sunod na gawain upang makamit ang inaasam o

kagustuhan.

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 Tradisyunal na Pagsasaka. Ito ay isang uri ng pagsasaka na gumagamit ng teknik na

napaunlad sa loob ng dekada o siglo para masiguro ang magandang kalidad at

pangmatagalang ani sa isang tiyak na lugar o rehiyon.

KABANATA II

MGA KAUGNAY NA LITERATURA AT PAG-AARAL

Mga Kaugnay na Pag-aaral

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 Maipapakita sa seksyon na ito ang mga kaugnay na pag-aaral na tumutukoy sa

kasalukuyang pananaliksik na may baryabol na sumnasakop sa iba’t ibang metodo, gawi at

istratehiya, kakayahan ng mga magsasaka, mga pinagkukunan ng mga kakailanganin sa

pagsasaka at panghuli ay ang gampanin ng teknolohiya sa makabagong pamamaraan ng

pagsasaka sa Ilocos Sur. Ang seksyon na ito ay naglalaman ng mga bagay na kaugnay sap ag-

aaral na ito:

1. Mga metodo, istratehiya at gawi sa

2. Kakayahan ng mga magsasaka

3. Mga pinagkukunan ng kakailanganin sa pagsasaka, at

4. Ang gampanin ng teknolohiya sa makabagong pamamaraan ng pagsasaka

Ang pag-aaral na ito ay naglayong suriin ang paraan ng pagsasaka ngayon upang

malaman ang gampanin ng teknolohiya sa makabagong pamamaraan ng pagsasaka. Dahil ang

agrikultura ang pangunahing ikinabubuhay ng mga tao sa Ilocos Sur, mainam na malaman

nila ang iba’t ibang modernisadong pagbabago sa pagsasaka. Ito ang magbubunsod sa mga

magsasaka upang yakapin ang makabagong mundo na siguradong makakapagbigay ng

benepisyo sa kanila.

Sa mga metodo, istratehiya at gawi sa pagsasaka

Ang tradisyunal na pamamaraan ng pagsasaka ay tumatalakay sa mga tradisyunal na

metodo at mga makabagong eksperimento sa pagsasaka na nilakipan ng makabagong

teknolohiya.

It's good to point out some of the "beyond organic" methods that farmers have

adopted. It's no secret that organic agriculture has drifted from the original intent of the

farmers that originally rejected the chemical-industrial system. The methods of growing

described below would fit squarely within the ethic of organic production as it was conceived,

and before certification turned a holistic agriculture system into a set of rules (Nield, 2009).

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 Indigenous culture always draws from the natural environment enough for one's needs.

Local belief systems dictate that one must honor nature and give back to the land what he

draws from it. This symbolic and symbiotic relationship demands that a human being must be

with nature rather than master over it. This is the perception that has sustained rice farming

practices in Panay through the centuries until the introduction of the so-called "modern

methods" (Futecha, 2009).

Batay sa pag-aaral ni Rinkesh (2009), sustainable farming is farming ecologically

by promoting methods and practices that are economically viable, environmentally sound and

protect public health. It does not only concentrate on the economic aspect of farming, but also

on the use of non-renewable factors in the process thoughtfully and effectively. This

contributes to the growth of nutritious and healthy food as well as bring up the standard of

living of the farmer. Sustainable farming or Sustainable agriculture helps the farmers innovate

and employ recycling methods, this apart from the conventional perks of farming. A very

good example of recycling in sustainable farming would be the crop waste or animal manure.

The same can be transformed into fertilizers that can help enrich the soil. Another method that

can be employed is crop rotation. This helps the soil maintain its nutrients and keeps the soil

rich and potent. Collection of rainwater via channeling and then its utilization for irrigation is

also a good example of sustainable farming practices.

Sa pag-aaral na isinagawa ni Nield (2009) ipinakitang mayroong apat (4) na

makabagong istratehiya o gawi na kinabibilangan ng: 1) Integrated Pest Management (IPM) a

method of crop management that uses a variety of complimentary strategies to control pests.

2) No-Till Agriculture where farmers don't break the soil, opting instead to seed directly on

top of the soil. 3) Biodynamic agriculture is a holistic system that treats the farm as an

organism. 4) Permaculture (permanent agriculture) is the conscious design and maintenance

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of agriculturally productive ecosystems which have the diversity, stability, and resilience of

natural ecosystems.

Sa Kakayahan ng mga Magsasaka

The logical next step would be removing the human from the machine. We have the

capability to do it already (Munshi, 2013). Indeed, technology plays a vital role in the

advancement of agricultural industry.

Sa pag-aaral ni Munshi (2013) isinalaysay na, the combination of food demand and

rising farmers’ expectations has forced agricultural companies to make big advances beyond

auto-steer – introduced about 15 years ago – towards remote sensing and cloud-based data

collection on the dozens of variables, from soil moisture to nutrient levels, that govern

modern farming. Meanwhile, agricultural companies are trying to make better use of the vast

caches of data that farmers generate and, in the case of yield and soil mapping, have tracked

themselves for years.

Through these tools and through much greater investment in agriculture, we can move

toward more sustainably curbing global hunger and malnutrition around the world by

dramatically increasing productivity yields, conserving food by substantially reducing

postharvest losses and food wastage, giving farmers access to real-time information and

services in the field, and even improving the nutritional content of foods. As a result, broader

use of and investment in science-based technologies can enable: (a) Improved livelihoods of

farmers and their families by producing more and higher quality crops for a growing

population; (b) Enhanced nutritional value and safety of food to improve the health and

wellbeing of people around the world; and (c) Agriculture sustainability through reduced

resource use (Polman and Servitje, 2012).

Sa mga Pinagkukunan ng mga Kakailanganin

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 A farm is both an extension of the vision and values of the individual who start it, and

it must be carefully planned to make sure that it fits within that vision as well as within the

particular confines of the place where it is established. Agricultural machinery is machinery

used in farming or other agriculture. There are many types of such equipment, from hand

tools and power tools to tractors and the countless kinds of farm implements that they tow or

operate.

Sa pag-aaral ni Feenstra (2016) isinalaysay na, these are the resources needed for

farming: (1) Water is the principal resource that has helped agriculture and society to prosper,

and it has been a major limiting factor when mismanaged. Several steps should be taken to

develop drought-resistant farming systems even in "normal" years, including both policy and

management actions: 1) improving water conservation and storage measures, 2) providing

incentives for selection of drought-tolerant crop species, 3) using reduced-volume irrigation

systems, 4) managing crops to reduce water loss, or 5) not planting at all. The most important

issues related to water quality involve salinization and contamination of ground and surface

waters by pesticides, nitrates and selenium. Salinity has become a problem wherever water of

even relatively low salt content is used on shallow soils in arid regions and/or where the water

table is near the root zone of crops. Tile drainage can remove the water and salts, but the

disposal of the salts and other contaminants may negatively affect the environment depending

upon where they are deposited. Temporary solutions include the use of salt-tolerant crops,

low-volume irrigation, and various management techniques to minimize the effects of salts on

crops. In the long-term, some farmland may need to be removed from production or converted

to other uses. Other uses include conversion of row crop land to production of drought-

tolerant forages, the restoration of wildlife habitat or the use of agroforestry to minimize the

impacts of salinity and high water tables. Pesticide and nitrate contamination of water can be

17
reduced using many of the practices discussed later in the Plant Production Practices and

Animal Production Practices sections.

Meanwhile, energy is one of the resources needed in modern agriculture because it is

heavily dependent on non-renewable energy sources, especially petroleum. The continued use

of these energy sources cannot be sustained indefinitely, yet to abruptly abandon our reliance

on them would be economically catastrophic. However, a sudden cutoff in energy supply

would be equally disruptive. In sustainable agricultural systems, there is reduced reliance on

non-renewable energy sources and a substitution of renewable sources or labor to the extent

that is economically feasible (Feenstra, 2016).

Additionally, agricultural activities affect air quality. These include smoke from

agricultural burning; dust from tillage, traffic and harvest; pesticide drift from spraying; and

nitrous oxide emissions from the use of nitrogen fertilizer. However, there are options to

improve air quality which includes: 1) incorporating crop residue into the soil, 2) using

appropriate levels of tillage and 3) planting wind breaks, cover crops or strips of native

perennial grasses to reduce dust. Lastly and the most important resource in farming is the soil.

Soil erosion continues to be a serious threat to our continued ability to produce adequate food.

Numerous practices have been developed to keep soil in place, which include: (1) reducing or

eliminating tillage, (2) managing irrigation to reduce runoff and (3) keeping the soil covered

with plants or mulch (Feenstra, 2016).

Sa Gampanin ng Teknolohiya

Philippine agriculture plays a vital role in the economy. This attaches the high priority

of transforming agriculture into a modern, dynamic and competitive sector. A sustained

expansion of the national economy requires sustained growth in the agricultural sector (Piñol,

2016).

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 According to Pearce (2015), the basic technology of agricultural machines has

changed little in the last century. Though modern harvesters and planters may do a better job

or be slightly tweaked from their predecessors, combine of today still cuts, threshes, and

separates grain in the same way it has always been done. However, technology is changing

the way that humans operate the machines, as computer monitoring systems, GPS locators,

and self-steer programs allow the most advanced tractors and implements to be more precise

and less wasteful in the use of fuel, seed, or fertilizer. In the foreseeable future, there may be

mass production of driverless tractors, which use GPS maps and electronic sensors.

Advancements in agriculture technology are an important contributor to a more

sustainable agriculture system that promotes continuous improvement and less resource use.

Scientists are developing seeds that are better adapted for volatile climates and that are

drought resistant, as well as technology that uses less water and improves upon modern

irrigation practices. Investment in agricultural innovation is necessary to enable the world to

produce more food with fewer resources and less land (Anonymous, 2016).

The latest work by Hutchins (2016) made three assertions regarding the role

technology in sustainable agriculture: (1) Technology has/will increase agricultural

productivity, (2) Technology development has-been/will-be sustainable, (3) Technology is,

therefore, the basis for Sustainable Agriculture.

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Konseptwal na Balangkas

Sa pag-unlad ng teknolohiya, sumasabay din ang ang mga metodo, gawi at stratehiya

sa pagsasaka. Ang konstruksiyon ng iba’t ibang kagamitan at mga makina ay nasimulan na at

patuloy itong naipakilala sa mga tao. Ang mga pagbabagong ito ay naaayon sa mga

magsasaka sapagkat dito sila umaasa at nagiging komportable sa mga benepisyo na

maibibigay nito. Sa mga naibigay na kagamitan at kakayahan ng mga magsasaka ngayon,

sinisiguro nito na ang teknolohiya ay nagagamit sa benepisyal na paraan.

Figure 1. Conceptual Framework

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 Naipakita sa Figure 1, na ang lahat ng tagatugon ng pananaliksik ay mga magsasaka at

konsyumer. Ang mga mananaliksik ay sinubukang tukuyin ang mga makabagong proseso,

metodo at stratehiya sa pagsasaka. Dagdag pa rito, ang mga mananaliksik ay sinubukang

alamin ang makabuluhang impluwensiya ng mga pagbabago ng modernisadong pamamaraan

ng pagsasaka. Ang mga baryabol ay sinuri at binalido sa pamamagitan ng masinsinang

pakikipanayam, obserbasyon at pag-aanalisa ng datos.

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 KABANATA 3

PAMAMARAAN O METODOLOHIYA

KASALI O SABJEK NG PAG-AARAL

Ang pag-aaral ay isinagawa sa Ilocos Sur, kung saan ang agrikultura ang pangunahing

industriya sa probinsya. Tinatayang nasa 1,3000 hektarya o 47.44 porsiyento ang lupang

naitakda sa pagsasaka. Sa katunayan, nasa ikatlong pwesto ang Ilocos Sur na may 46.9 libong

sakahan na sumasakop sa 36.1 libong hektarya.

Mula sa mga iba’t ibang munisipalidad sa probinsya, tatlo ang napili para sa pag-aaral:

1.) Vigan, the capital of the province; 2.) Sta. Catalina, the vegetable bowl; and 3.) Bantay, a

mountainous municipality.

Ang distribusyon ng mga taga-tugon ay naipakita sa Table 1.

Table 1: Profayl ng mga Taga-tugon

Taga-tugon Tirahan Sekswalidad

Mga Magsasaka
1 Ayusan Norte, Vigan City M
2 Ayusan Norte, Vigan City F
3 Ayusan Norte, Vigan City F
4 Ayusan Norte, Vigan City M
5 Ayusan Norte, Vigan City M
6 Poblacion, Sta. Catalina M
7 Poblacion, Sta. Catalina M
8 Poblacion, Sta. Catalina M
9 Poblacion, Sta. Catalina M
10 Poblacion, Sta. Catalina M
11 Guimod, Bantay M
12 Guimod, Bantay M
Mga Mamimili
1 Ayusan Norte, Vigan City F
2 Poblacion, Sta. Catalina F
3 Guimod, Bantay F

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 Kabilang sa profayl ng labin-limang taga-tugon ang pagiging magsasaka, ang pagiging

mamimili at ang kasalukuyang paninirahan sa tatlong munisipalidad. Dagdag pa rito, lima sa

kanila ay Babae at ang mga iba ay Lalaki.

Ang mga mananaliksik sa kwalitatibong paraan ay karaniwang may maliit na bilang

ng taga-tugon na bihasa sa kanilang mga larangan. Avilla (2016) is in support to this that

qualitative research follows a certain sample size in the use of the subjects or respondents of

the study. It is usually a small number of non-representative cases respondents selected to

fulfill a given quota.

Ang mga taga-tugon ay napili para sa pag-aaral na ito sa pamamagitan ng maingat na

konsiderasyon sa mga sumusunod na pamantayan:

1) Dapat ay isang magsasaka;

2) Dapat ay isang mamimili o konsyumer;

3) Magsasaka na nakatira sa lugal kung saan isasagawa ang pag-aaral;

4) May alam sa iba’t ibang mga metodo, gawi at istratehiya sa pagsasaka; at

5) Kagustuhang makibahagi sa pag-aaral.

INSTRUMENTO NG PANANALIKSIK

Ang pag-aaral na ito ay gumagamit ng dulog na pagsusuri ng pag-aaral ng kaso, ang

mga metodo sa pagsasaka, ang mga gawi at stratehiya ay naintindihan. Ang mga kaso ay

nakapokus sa tatlong baryabol ng pag-aaral, at ito ang sumusunod: 1.) kakayahan ng mga

magsasaka, 2.) mga bagay na kakailanganin sa pagsasaka at 3.) gampanin ng teknolohiya sa

makabagong pamamaraan ng pagsasaka.

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 Ang pag-aaral na ito ay sumisiyasat sa kung paano isinasagawa ng mga magsasaka ang

mga metodo, gawi at istratehiya sa pagsasaka. Inaral ng mga mananaliksik ang mga benepisyo

pati na rin ang epekto ng mga modernisadong pamamaraan sa pagsasaka. Isinagawa ng mga

mananaliksik ang tahasan at masinsinang pakikipanayam sa piling mga magsasaka para

mapatunayan ang kanilang mga pananaw sa mga nakatalagang baryabol ng pag-aaral.

PAMAMARAAN O PAGSASAGAWA NG PAG-AARAL

Data refers to the rough materials researchers collect from the world they are studying;

they are the particulars that form the basis analysis (Bogdan & Bilken, 1992). Qualitative data

take the form of words or language that are generated from observations, interviewing, or

documents (Miles & Huberman, 1994). Patton (1980) describes qualitative data as detailed

descriptions of situations, people, and interactions; direct quotation from people about their

thoughts or experiences; and excerpts or passages from documents or records (Merriam,

1988). In addition, data collection is informed by on-going analysis that guides further data

collection in which emerging insights, hunches, and tentative hypotheses direct the next phase

of data collection” (Merriam, 1988).

Yin (1994) suggests three principles of data collection for case studies: 1) using

multiple sources of data, 2) creating a case study database, and 3) maintaining a chain of

evidence. Yin (1994) suggests that the researcher must possess or acquire skills. The ability to

ask good questions and to interpret the responses is imperative to good research as well as

being a good listener. Yin (1994) suggests being adaptive and flexible in reacting to various

situations, having a firm grasp of issues being studied, and being unbiased by preconceived

notions. Thus, a case study analysis should use as many sources relevant to the study. This

study incorporated member interviews, documents and artifacts.

Interbyu

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 Interviews were used when the researchers want to elicit information that are not

observable or replicable (Merriam, 1988). The purpose of interviewing is “to access the

perspective of the person being interviewed” (Patton, 1990).

In the course of the interview, the researchers conducted a semi-structured interview,

focus group discussion among the interviewees. The semi-structured interview allowed some

structure, but also, will give room for flexibility. Using this form also allowed the

interviewers to ask key respondents for the facts of a matter as well as the respondents’

opinions about events. In some situations, the interviewers asked the respondents to offer their

own insights into certain occurrences and may use such propositions as the basis for further

inquiry (Yin, 1994). This method further allowed for follow-up interview questions to be

asked during the interview for clarity or further investigation. In this case study, farmers and

consumers or buyers were asked to participate in interviews. An interview protocol was

developed based on theory and literature which guided the interviews. Interviews were

recorded and transcribed within 24 hours of interview.

Throughout the interview process in this study, dialogues were fostered and valued.

The interviewers wanted the interview dialogue to be explanatory and liberating, to flow

naturally and to glean information about what the respondents believes and practices. Effort

made to establish a relaxing, non-threatening, nor judgmental environment to allow the

interviewee to reflect openly on his/her practice.

PAG-AANALISA NG DATOS

Para sa pagsusuri ng pag-aaral, ang mga pagsasaling pasalita mula sa rekorder ay

naisagawa; ang mga sagot mula sa wikang Iloko ay isinalin sa wikang Filipino; at ang

panghuli, sinuri ang mga interbyu upang makakuha ng mas matibay na impormasyon mula sa

mga taga-tugon. Higit pa rito, mula sa mga kaugnay na literatura hinggil sa mga metodo, gawi

at istratehiya sa pagsasaka, kakayahan ng mga magsasaka, mga pinagkukunan ng mga

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kakailanganin sa pagsasaka at ang gampanin ng teknolohiya sa larangan ng pagsasaka o

kombinasyon ng mga nabanggit ang napag-aralan.

Cross examination of the cases with similar profiles, but different settings, provided

insights into diverse ways of conceptualizing initiatives. When a pattern from one data type is

corroborated by the evidence from another, the finding is stronger. When evidence conflicts,

deeper probing of the differences is necessary to identify the cause or source of conflict. In all

cases, the researcher treats the evidence fairly to produce analytic conclusions answering the

original “how” and “why” research questions. This analysis helped create an effective

knowledge base for working toward the goal to determine how beliefs and instructional

practices of culturally relevant educators compare (Yin, 2003).

Working with the data, one describes, creates explanations, poses hypotheses, develops

theories, and links the story to other stories (Glesne, 2006). In using cross-case analysis, Khan

and Van Wynsberghe (2008) postulates that it facilitates the comparison of commonalities

and difference in the events, activities, and processes that are the units of analysis in case

studies. By identifying similarities and differences, the researchers seek to provide insight into

the issues. Studying multiple cases make it possible to build logical chain of evidence

(Welker, 2004). We use the cross-case analysis to seek a chain of evidence for the

relationships studied form the case data (Yin, 1994; Miles and Huberman, 1994).

KABANATA 4

PAGLALAHAD NG RESULTA NG PANANALIKSIK

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 KABANATA 5

LAGOM, KONKLUSYON AT REKOMENDASYON

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