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This specification has been revised as indicated below and described in the purpose of revision
record. Please destroy all previous revisions.
Lead Engineer
Engineering Manager:
Client Approval:
Record of Revisions
Revision Date Description
No.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
FORWARD.................................................................................................................................................... 4
1.0 SCOPE............................................................................................................................................. 5
6.0 REFERENCES................................................................................................................................. 9
FOREWORD
This specification is intended to supplement Process Industry Practice PIP RESP73V-2007 and ASME
B73.2-2003, Specification for Vertical Centrifugal Pumps for Chemical Process Service, which is part of
this specification. Numbering of the following sections and paragraphs corresponds to section and
paragraph numbering of Process Industry Practice PIP RESP73V-2007 and ASME B73.2-2003.
Paragraphs shall be highlighted as shown below to indicate the type of change from the PIP Practice.
(Decision) A decision has been made as required. If no decision has been made by this
specification, refer to the corresponding data sheet.
(Mod) Clarification or rewording has been made to the corresponding paragraph, but not a
substitution invalidating the paragraph.
(Sub) Paragraph supersedes PIP RESP73V-2007 and ASME B73.2-2003in its entirety.
Note: Requirements of PIP RESP73V-2007 and ASME B73.2-2003 that are not revised remain
applicable.
1.0 SCOPE
1.1 (New) This specification supplements the datasheets on which the operating conditions
and special requirements are listed in detail for each individual pump. Whenever
the data included on the individual datasheets conflict with this specification,
Supplier shall resolve conflicts with Purchaser.
1.2 (New) Compliance with this specification does not relieve Pump Supplier of the
responsibility of furnishing pumps and accessories of proper design,
mechanically suited to meet operating guarantees at the specified service
conditions. Nor does it relieve pump Supplier of the responsibility of furnishing
equipment assembled and prepared for shipment in a professional manner.
1.3 (New) Suppliers qualified by experience manufacturing the proposed units shall supply
pumps. To qualify, the Supplier shall have manufactured at least two (2) pumps
of comparable size, model, power rating, and speed in similar service as
indicated in the individual specification and data sheets. These pumps shall
have completed at least 8000 hours of continuous operation satisfactorily.
1.4 (New) The pumps supplied to this standard shall have metric dimensions as the base
units along with the U.S. dimensions in brackets, such as m3/h (gpm).
1.5 (New) The Supplier shall assume unit responsibility for all equipment and all auxiliary
systems included in the scope of the order.
1.6 (New) Pumps supplied to this standard are limited to the following service limits:
(1) Discharge pressure does not exceed 1900 kPa (275 psig)
(2) Suction pressure does not exceed 500 kPa (75 psig)
(3) The temperature of the pumped liquids is not less than -40° C (-40° F) and does
not exceed 150° C (302° F)
(4) The vapor pressure of the pumped liquid is less 100 kPa (14 psia) at 66° C (150°
F)
(5) The driver nameplate rating (excluding any service factor) does not exceed 112
kW (150 HP)
4.1.3.1 (Add) Pumps with a rated capacity greater than 10 percent beyond the “best
efficiency point” (BEP) flow on the head capacity curve for the proposed impeller
are not acceptable.
4.1.3.6 (New) All curves shall be based on S.G. of 1.0 at 20° C (68° F) and shall
indicate any effects of the viscosity of the liquid being pumped.
4.2 Flanges
4.2.4 (New) Pumps designed for an operating temperature of 100° C - 150° C (212° F
- 300° F) shall be specified with Class 300 RF Flanges. The Supplier shall state
in his proposal the maximum allowable working pressure (MAWP) and
hydrostatic test pressure based on the conditions shown on the data sheet.
4.3 Casing
4.3.1. a (New) When seal welding is specified, all threads shall be covered.
4.3.1. b (New) A piped and valved drain connection is required for all pumps. It shall be
located so as to permit complete drainage of the casing and shall be easily
accessible for operation while the pump is mounted on its grouted baseplate.
The casing gasket shall be either confined carbon filled Teflon, or a graphite foil
(such as Union Carbide Grafoil). Gasket materials shall be compatible for the
product at the maximum temperature specified on the data sheet.
Power and Water Utility Company for Jubail and Yanbu (MARAFIQ) Specification MQ-SP-M-4048
Project Name: MARAFIQ SPEC DEVELOPMENT Date: 21 Apr 2011
Contract Number: A5MU Page 7 of 11
Revision 2
4.5 Shaft
4.5.9 (Sub) Solid Shaft. Pumps shall have solid shafts.
4.6.1 Design
Addition. New Paragraphs:
4.6.1.1 (Sub) Unless otherwise specified, the mechanical seal design shall be
cartridge mounted, balanced, single seal.
4.6.6.6 (New) The seal gland and its component parts shall be satisfactory for
the maximum seal chamber design pressure and pumping temperature.
4.6.6.7 (New) All glands and seal parts shall be supplied by the seal Supplier.
The seal drawing shall be made by the seal Supplier and not the pump
Supplier.
4.7.7 (New) A ¼ inch NPT connection to accommodate a nitrogen purge for the
bearing housing is required.
4.12.9 (Sub) Bearing housing isolators shall be provided and shall be Inpro or equal.
4.13.10 (New) For non-pressurized dry running gas seals leak detection piping with an
orifice, pressure indicator, pressure switch and check valve is required.
4.13.11 (New) All auxiliaries piping systems shall be furnished by the Supplier fully
assembled, cleaned and dried.
5.1 Application
5.1.2 (Sub) Flange Loading. Allowable flange loading shall be supplied by the
Supplier with his original quotation and as part of Supplier data for review.
5.1.3 (Add) The combined Sound Pressure levels shall be less than 85 dBA at 1 meter.
5.2 Test
5.2.1 (Mod) Hydrostatic. Revise first sentence: All pump casings shall be
hydrostatically tested with water to 1.5 times the maximum casing working
pressure or 520 Kpag (75 psig), whichever is greater.
Power and Water Utility Company for Jubail and Yanbu (MARAFIQ) Specification MQ-SP-M-4048
Project Name: MARAFIQ SPEC DEVELOPMENT Date: 21 Apr 2011
Contract Number: A5MU Page 9 of 11
Revision 2
5.3 Nameplates
(Add) The Purchaser’s item number, rated capacity, differential head, speed (rpm) and
bearing manufacturer’s identity numbers shall be included on this or a separate
plate.
6.0 REFERENCES
NOTE: References are taken to mean those in effect at the time of contract award.
7.0 DOCUMENTATION
7.2 Requirements
7.2. (j) (Decision) Certificate of Compliance with ASME B73.2 with purchaser’s
specification is to be submitted with proposal.
7.3 Information
7.3.6(a) (Add) Additionally, the eye area of the impeller, suction specific speed, and
minimum continuous hydraulic and thermal flow rates shall be shown. This curve
shall be included with the Supplier’s proposal.
7.4.2 (Add) The Supplier’s proposal shall include the external nozzle forces and
moments.
7.4.6 (New) The Supplier shall include any special operating or design data in the
proposal.
7.4.7 (New) The following additional information is required for the drawing title block.
Supplier’s documentation shall be identified on transmittal (cover) letters and in
title blocks or title pages with the following information:
Power and Water Utility Company for Jubail and Yanbu (MARAFIQ) Specification MQ-SP-M-4048
Project Name: MARAFIQ SPEC DEVELOPMENT Date: 21 Apr 2011
Contract Number: A5MU Page 10 of 11
Revision 2
(New) Additionally, the eye area of the impeller, suction specific speed, and minimum
continuous hydraulic and thermal flow rates shall be shown. This curve shall be included
with the Supplier’s proposal.
Power and Water Utility Company for Jubail and Yanbu (MARAFIQ) Specification MQ-SP-M-4048
Project Name: MARAFIQ SPEC DEVELOPMENT Date: 21 Apr 2011
Contract Number: A5MU Page 11 of 11
Revision 2
End of Specification
COMPLETE REVISION
April 2007
PIP RESP73V
Application of ASME B73.2 - 2003
Specification for Vertical In-Line Centrifugal Pumps
for Chemical Process
PURPOSE AND USE OF PROCESS INDUSTRY PRACTICES
In an effort to minimize the cost of process industry facilities, this Practice has
been prepared from the technical requirements in the existing standards of major
industrial users, contractors, or standards organizations. By harmonizing these technical
requirements into a single set of Practices, administrative, application, and engineering
costs to both the purchaser and the manufacturer should be reduced. While this Practice
is expected to incorporate the majority of requirements of most users, individual
applications may involve requirements that will be appended to and take precedence
over this Practice. Determinations concerning fitness for purpose and particular matters
or application of the Practice to particular project or engineering situations should not
be made solely on information contained in these materials. The use of trade names
from time to time should not be viewed as an expression of preference but rather
recognized as normal usage in the trade. Other brands having the same specifications
are equally correct and may be substituted for those named. All Practices or guidelines
are intended to be consistent with applicable laws and regulations including OSHA
requirements. To the extent these Practices or guidelines should conflict with OSHA or
other applicable laws or regulations, such laws or regulations must be followed.
Consult an appropriate professional before applying or acting on any material
contained in or suggested by the Practice.
PRINTING HISTORY
November 1994 First Edition April 2007 Complete Revision
October 1997 Issued as RESP73V-97
PIP RESP73V
Application of ASME B73.2 - 2003
Specification for Vertical In-Line Centrifugal Pumps
for Chemical Process
Table of Contents
5.1 Application ....................................... 17
Introduction ...................................... 2 5.2 Tests ................................................ 17
Purpose...................................................... 2 5.3 Nameplates ..................................... 18
Scope......................................................... 2 5.4 Preparation for Shipment................. 19
5. General Information................... 17
Introduction
Purpose
This Practice supplements ASME B73.2 – 2003, Specification for Vertical In-Line Centrifugal
Pumps for Chemical Process. Together, this Practice and ASME B73.2 - 2003 provide
requirements to the manufacturer for design and manufacture of vertical in-line centrifugal
pumps.
Scope
This Practice describes additions, changes, and/or deletions to the requirements in
ASME B73.2 - 2003. The section/paragraph numbers and the associated headings used in this
Practice correspond to those used in ASME B73.2-2003. Because this Practice does not take
exception to all the requirements in ASME B73.2-2003, the section/paragraph numbers in this
Practice may not be sequential.
References
Applicable parts of the following Practices, industry codes and standards, and references shall be
considered an integral part of this Practice. The edition in effect on the date of contract award shall
be used, except as otherwise noted. Short titles will be used herein where appropriate.
– ASTM A269 - Specification for Seamless and Welded Austenitic Stainless Steel
Tubing for General Service
– ASTM A276 - Specification for Stainless and Heat-Resisting Steel Bars and
Shapes
• Deutsches Institut fur Normung (DIN)
– DIN 50018 - Testing In A Saturated Atmosphere In The Presence of Sulfur
Dioxide
• Hydraulic Institute
– Hydraulic Institute Standard HI 1.1
• International Standards Organization (ISO)
– ISO 1940 - Mechanical Vibration, Balance Quality Requirements of Rigid
Rotors
• U.S. Department of Labor
– 29 CFR 1910 - Occupational Safety and Health Standards
2. Alternative Design
Modification - To Read as Follows:
2.1 The quotation shall be in accordance with this Practice and purchaser's addenda. As an
option, an alternate quotation may be offered if the following two conditions are met:
2.1.1 If there is a significant process or delivery advantage, a superior, more
reliable pump design may be offered. The technical justification shall be
provided.
2.1.2 Alternate quotation shall indicate deviations from the requirements in this
Practice. Complete details of deviations shall be submitted to purchaser for
review.
2.2 If the quotation indicates no deviations from the requirements in this Practice, it shall
be assumed by the purchaser that the pump quoted complies fully with this Practice.
Deviation to the dimensional standards shall be noted in the proposal and shall be
noted on supporting dimension drawings.
3.1 Auxiliary process fluid piping is piping or tubing that includes drain lines,
product flushing lines, and lines for injection of external fluid.
3.2 Auxiliary cooling (heating) fluid piping is piping or tubing connected to the
bearing frame, jackets, or pump supports of mechanical seal glands for the
purpose of removing (adding) heat from (to) the system.
3.18 Oil mist lubrication system is a lubrication system that uses oil mist produced
by atomization in a central console and transported to bearing housings by
compressed air in a pipe distribution system.
3.19 Overhung pump is a horizontal pump or a vertical in-line pump with an
impeller cantilevered from the bearing support.
3.20 Pressure casing is the composite of all stationary pressure-containing parts of
the pump, including all nozzles, seal glands, and other attached parts but
excluding the stationary and rotating members of mechanical seals.
3.21 Pure mist lubrication (dry sump) is a type of oil mist lubrication in which the
mist both lubricates the bearing and purges the housing.
3.22 Purge mist lubrication (wet sump) is a type of oil mist lubrication in which
the mist provides a positive pressure in the bearing housing.
3.23 Rated discharge pressure is the discharge pressure of the pump at the Rated
Operating Point with rated capacity, speed, suction pressure, and specific
gravity.
3.24 Rated operating point is the point at which the vendor certifies the pump
performance to be within the tolerances specified in this Practice.
Performance includes the following factors: capacity, total head, power,
efficiency, net positive suction head required, rotational speed, and rated
suction pressure at the specific gravity and viscosity of the pumped liquid.
3.25 Rated shaft power is the power required by the pump shaft at specified rated
operating conditions, including capacity, suction and discharge pressures,
specific gravity, viscosity and all mechanical losses (seals, gears, couplings,
etc.).
3.26 Rated suction pressure is the suction pressure of the operating conditions at
the Rated Operating Point.
3.27 Shaft stiffness ratio is a measure of the stiffness of the pump shaft
determined from the following formula:
L3 / D4
where:
L = length of shaft from center of impeller to nearest bearing
D = diameter of the shaft in the seal chamber
3.28 Solid shaft design is a pump shaft design in which the shaft has standard
dimensions without using a sleeve.
3.29 Throat bushing is a device that forms a restrictive close clearance around the
sleeve (or shaft) between the seal (or packing) and the impeller.
3.30 Throttle bushing is a device that forms a restrictive close clearance around
the sleeve or shaft between a seal and the atmosphere.
less than the flow rate at the best efficiency point (BEP) for the
impeller diameter selected.
Comment: The (BEP) for the furnished impeller should be
between the normal and rated operating points.
4.1.3.3 Pumps with constant speed drivers shall be capable of a future head
increase of at least 5% at rated flow rate with the installation of a
new impeller.
4.1.3.4 The minimum diameter impeller supplied shall be 105% of the
minimum diameter impeller indicated on the generic pump curve for
the specific pump.
4.1.3.5 The rated pump differential head required shall be based upon the
rated differential pressure and the lowest specific gravity (SG) fluid.
4.1.3.6 If viscosity corrections are required, head, capacity, and efficiency
corrections shall be provided. These corrections shall be calculated
in accordance with Hydraulic Institute Standard. Alternate
correction factors may be used with customer approval.
4.1.3.7 Pumps with suction specific speeds of nqs greater than 215 (Nss
greater than 11,000) require specific purchaser’s approval. If such
pumps are quoted, vendor shall include in the quotation minimum
continuous flow rate, maximum operating flow rate, and a users list
that demonstrates experience.
4.1.3.8 The minimum continuous flow rate shall be shown for the pump and
whether the minimum continuous flow rate is based on hydraulic
stability or thermal limitations. The larger of the two values shall be
used in establishing the pump’s minimum flow.
4.1.3.9 Hydrocarbon correction factors shall not be used to calculate NPSH.
4.1.3.10 The following limitations shall not to be exceeded in the application
of ASME B73.2-2003 pumps to this specification without purchaser’s
approval:
Max flow rate, m3 /hr (gpm) 135 (600)
Max head, meters (feet) 120 (400)
4.2 Flanges
Addition. New Paragraphs:
4.2.1 Flanges shall be designed for through bolting. If alternative methods of
flange connection are required, the vendor shall supply flange details in the
proposal.
4.2.2 Suction and discharge flanges shall meet the requirements of
ASME/ANSI B16.1 and B16.5 for parallelism of the sealing face and the
backside of the flanges.
4.2.3 Flanges shall have machined faces with a 3.2 to 6.3 µm (125 to
250 microinch) Ra finish. Finish shall be serrated-concentric or serrated-
spiral.
4.3 Casing
4.3.1 Drain Connection Boss(es)
Addition:
Pumps shall be provided with a boss on the lowest part of the casing capable
of accommodating a case drain that shall not be drilled and tapped unless
specified. If a casing drain is specified, the following shall apply:
1. The connection shall be the largest possible for that casing up to a
maximum of ¾” NPT.
2. Ductile iron or cast iron pump case drains shall be drilled, tapped,
and plugged with carbon steel plugs.
3. Alloy pumps shall be provided with either a drilled and tapped drain
with a plug of the same metallurgy as that of the casing or with a
schedule 160 nipple socket welded drain connection that terminates
at the edge of the baseplate, with a flange connection. The piping and
flange shall be of same metallurgy as that of the pump casing. If
socket welding is specified, all piping connections shall be welded.
Comment: Socket-welded and threaded case drains may not be
acceptable for process fluids that cause crevice corrosion,
polymerization, etc. The purchaser shall define such
applications and the type of drain connections.
4.3.2 Gauge Connection Boss(es)
Modification. Last Sentence to Read as Follows:
Unless otherwise specified, the boss(es) shall not be drilled.
Comment: Vent and gauge connections are normally supplied in the
piping systems and not on the pump casing.
4.3.5 Jackets
Addition. New Paragraph:
4.3.5.1 There are several available methods of cooling or heating specific
areas of most ASME pumps. The following are examples of
acceptable methods and should be available as optional features:
a. Stuffing Box Jacket
b. Seal Chamber Jacket
c. Pump Casing Jacket
d. Bolt On External Steam Jacket
e. Bearing Housing Cooling
4.4 Impeller
4.4.3 Balance
Modification. To Read as Follows:
Impellers shall be dynamically balanced in accordance with ISO 1940,
quality grade G6.3 after trimming to the required diameter. If the ratio of
maximum outside diameter divided by the width at the periphery including
the shroud(s) is less than six, a two-plane spin balance shall be performed.
4.5 Shaft
4.5.4 Deflection
Addition. New Paragraph:
4.5.4.1 Pumps supplied without shaft sleeves shall have a stiffness ratio
(L3/D4) of less than 2.56 mm -1 (65 in-1). Pumps supplied with shaft
sleeves shall have a shaft stiffness such that the deflection at the
impeller centerline is less than 0.13 mm (0.005 in.) from minimum
flow to end of curve.
Addition. New Section:
4.5.8 Integral Shaft
Unless otherwise specified, the pump shaft shall not be integral with motor
shaft. ASME Type “VM” pumps shall be unacceptable unless specifically
required by the purchaser.
Addition. New Section:
4.5.9 Solid Shaft
Pumps shall have solid shafts (no hook sleeves) if fabricated from carbon
steel, 316 stainless steel, Alloy 20, or Alloy C-276 materials. Unless
otherwise specified, more noble alloy pumps may have hook shaft sleeves
only if shaft stiffness limits in paragraph 4.5.4.1 are not exceeded.
c. Pressure gauge.
Comment: Plan 7352 is also commonly known as Plan 52.
Plan 7353 is also commonly known as Plan 53.
Comment: Flanges are recommended to facilitate cleaning of
the seal pot.
Comment: If the seal pot is not to be per 4.6.7.1, the purchaser
and vendor shall agree on construction prior to
issuing a purchase order.
For pressurized dual dry gas seals, buffer gas control panel should
include:
a. Filteration to 5 microns
b. Pressure regulator
c. Flow indicator
d. Optional pressure or flow switch
For non-pressurized dual dry gas seals, provide:
a. Connection to vapor recovery system with a check valve,
restriction orifice and pressure gauge
b. Optional pressure switch upstream of the orifice
(60 hp) at 3600 rpm. If disc pack couplings are supplied, they shall
be manufactured in accordance with AGMA 9000-C90 Class 8
balancing requirements, as a minimum.
4.7.3.4 Flexible disk couplings shall have disks made of corrosion resistant
material.
4.7.3.4 The coupling-to-shaft fits shall be Class I clearance fits as defined in
AGMA 9002-A86.
4.7.3.5 The minimum coupling service factor based on the nameplate rating
of the driver shall be 1.0. The maximum service factor based on the
nameplate rating of the driver shall be 1.25.
4.7.3.6 All coupling registration surfaces and the outside diameter of each
coupling flange shall be concentric with the axis of the coupling hub
within 0.075 mm (0.003 in.) total indicated runout as mounted on
equipment shafts.
4.7.4 Motor Horsepower Selection
Modification. To Read as Follows:
Required motor design features shall be specified on the data sheets and/or
addenda to this Practice. The selection of the motor manufacturer shall be
from the purchaser’s acceptable manufacturers list.
Addition. New Section:
4.7.4.1 Pump manufacturer shall determine the brake power required by the
pump assembly based on the operating conditions provided by the
purchaser. Determination of the required brake power shall take into
consideration the following variables as a minimum:
a. Specific gravity
b. Viscosity
c. Mechanical seal(s)
d. Stuffing box pressure/suction pressure
e. Gear assembly
f. Couplings
g. Hydraulic tolerances
Other variables shall be taken into consideration as required.
4.7.4.2 Motor driver shall be sized in accordance with Table A, as a
minimum, unless the above considerations require a larger driver. If
this latter condition exists, the vendor shall state the proposed motor
size in the proposal.
4.7.4.3 The selected motor driver power shall, as a minimum, be equal to the
brake power at the rated point times the percentage listed in Table A.
Table A
kW bhp % of Rated Pump Power
< 22 < 30 125
22-75 30-100 115
> 75 > 100 110
4.7.4.4 If the end of curve power requires a motor less than 4 kW (5 hp), the
motor shall be the next standard size larger than the standard size
required to cover the end of curve.
4.7.4.5 Unless otherwise specified, motor service factor shall not be used to
meet the motor power requirements.
4.7.4.6 Motors shall also have sufficient power to cover initial run-in on
water with the pump throttled to 50% of the rated capacity. If this
requirement results in an increase in motor size, the larger motor
shall be quoted as an alternative.
4.7.6 Bearings - VB Pumps
Addition. New Paragraphs:
4.7.6.1 All bearings shall have metal rolling element retainers.
4.7.6.2 For oil mist lubrication, shielded or sealed bearings are not
acceptable. If grease-lubricated bearings are provided, the bearing
may be shielded.
4.13.6 Piping for auxiliary cooling fluid shall be a minimum of ASTM A269 type
304 or ASTM A276 type 316 tubing, with a minimum outside diameter of
12 mm (1/2 inch.) and 1 mm (0.035 inch) wall thickness or 3/4 inch schedule
80 threaded or ASTM A53 type F, T&C galvanized pipe. Tubing fittings
shall be compression-type and fitting material shall be in accordance with
ASTM A269 type 304 or ASTM A276 type 316. Cooling water lines shall
not be smaller than the connections on the exchanger.
4.13.7 Cooling water piping shall be supplied with an outlet shut-off valve.
5. General Information
5.1 Application
5.1.2 Flange Loading
Modification. To Read as Follows:
Allowable flange loading shall be supplied by the pump manufacturer.
5.1.4 Vibration
Modification. To Read as Follows:
If factory performance tests are conducted, unfiltered bearing housing
vibration shall be measured in the horizontal, vertical, and axial planes.
Measurement shall be taken at the pump’s rated speed (±5%) and at
minimum continuous flow and best efficiency point. Vibration limits in any
plane shall not exceed 4.1 mm/sec (0.16 in/sec) RMS velocity. Vibration
measurements shall be submitted as part of the test records.
Addition. New Section:
5.1.5 Shaft Alignment
Motor shaft and pump shaft shall be able to be aligned within 0.075 mm
(0.003 in.) TIR parallel offset and 0.23 mm/m (0.003 in./ft.) angularity.
5.2 Tests
5.2.1 Hydrostatic
Addition. Supplement as Follows: Mechanical seal shall not be
installed during hydrostatic testing of the pump.
5.2.2 Performance
Addition. Supplement as Follows:
Unless otherwise specified, performance tests shall be conducted if any of
the following conditions exist:
a. Pumps operating in parallel.
b. Suction specific speed is above 215 (11,000). These are dimensionless.
c. Normal operating point is less than 10% above minimum continuous
flow.
5.3 Nameplates
Modification. First Sentence to Read as Follows:
A nameplate of corrosion resistant material, securely attached at an accessible point
on the pump, shall be furnished.
Addition. Supplement as Follows:
As a minimum, the nameplate shall be stamped with the purchaser's item number
which shall not be less than 3 mm (1/8 inch) high. A supplemental nameplate may be
used in conjunction with the vendor’s standard nameplate. Supplemental nameplate
shall be fastened in the same fashion as primary plate.
Units of measurement on the nameplate shall be the same as those on the data
sheet(s).
Appendix C-1
Appendix C-2
48 DRIVER OTHER: