MQ SP I 7007 PDF

Power and Water Utility Company for Jubail and Yanbu (MARAFIQ) Master Specification: MQ-SP-I-7007
Project Name: Date: 14 Jan 2011

Contract Number: Page: 1 of 5
Revision: 1
SPECIFICATION – CONTROL VALVES
This specification has been revised as indicated below and described in the revision record on the following
page. Please destroy all previous revisions.
Revision Date Originator's Reviewed/Checked By Pages

No. Name & Initials Name & Initials
A 7/06/2010 Cory A. Haynes Vincent E. Mezzano 4
0 11/04/2010 Cory A. Haynes Anna M. Pham 5
1 1/14/2011 Cory A. Haynes Anna M. Pham 5
APPROVALS SIGNATURES DATE
Lead Engineer Thomas B. Robinson

Project Manager: Russell Shulz
Client Approval:
ISSUED FOR : Construction X Other Approved

Revision: 1
Record of Revisions
Revision Date Description
No.
A 7/06/2010 Issued for Approval, Table of Contents Only
0 11/04/2010 Issued for Review/Approval
1 1/14/2011 Issued Approved

Revision: 1
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Section
1.0 GENERAL......................................................................................................................................................... 4
1.1 Scope of Specification ........................................................................................................................ 4
2.0 REFERENCES ................................................................................................................................................. 4
2.1 Process Industry Practices (PIP)...................................................................................................... 4
3.0 ADDITIONS TO PIP PCCCV001 - “CONTROL VALVE SELECTION CRITERIA"............................. 4
3.1 None ..................................................................................................................................................... 4
4.0 ATTACHMENTS............................................................................................................................................. 4
4.1 Process Industry Practices (PIP)...................................................................................................... 4
4.2 Standard Drawings ............................................................................................................................ 4
4.3 Datasheets ........................................................................................................................................... 5
Revision: 1
1.0 GENERAL
1.1 Scope of Specification
This specification defines the minimum mandatory requirements governing the sizing and
selection of control valves for the Power and Water Utility Company for Jubail and Yanbu
(MARAFIQ).
The governing specification will be the Process Industry Practice (PIP) PCCCV001
"Control Valve Selection Criteria" (Dec, 2009) with the additions, deletions, and
clarifications described in Section 3.0.
2.0 REFERENCES
The selection of material and equipment, and the design, construction, maintenance, and repair of
equipment and facilities covered by this specification shall comply with the latest edition of the
references listed below, unless otherwise noted.
2.1 Process Industry Practices (PIP)
A. PCCCV001 Control Valve Selection Criteria
B. PCECV001 Guidelines for Application of Control Valves
C. PCSCV001 Purchasing Requirements for Control Valves
3.0 ADDITIONS TO PIP PCCCV001 - “CONTROL VALVE SELECTION CRITERIA"
The following sub-sections indicate additional requirements, which were not addressed in Process
Industry Practice (PIP) PCCCV001. These sub-sections represent requirements specified in the
addition to PIP PCCCV001 "Control Valve Selection Criteria" (Dec, 2009).
3.1 None
4.0 ATTACHMENTS
A. PCCCV001 Control Valve Selection Criteria
B. PCECV001 Guidelines for Application of Control Valves
C. PCSCV001 Purchasing Requirements for Control Valves
4.2 Standard Drawings
A. MQ-SD-I-7320 – Instrument Piping Details for Control Valves

Revision: 1
4.3 Datasheets
A. MQ-DS-I-7622 - Globe Type Control Valve
B. MQ-DS-I-7623 – Ball Type Control Valve
C. MQ-DS-I-7624 - Butterfly Type Control Valve
D. MQ-DS-I-7625 - Solenoid Operated Valves

COMPLETE REVISION
December 2009
Process Industry Practices

Process Control
PIP PCCCV001
Control Valves Selection Criteria
PURPOSE AND USE OF PROCESS INDUSTRY PRACTICES
In an effort to minimize the cost of process industry facilities, this Practice has
been prepared from the technical requirements in the existing standards of major
industrial users, contractors, or standards organizations. By harmonizing these technical
requirements into a single set of Practices, administrative, application, and engineering
costs to both the purchaser and the manufacturer should be reduced. While this Practice
is expected to incorporate the majority of requirements of most users, individual
applications may involve requirements that will be appended to and take precedence
over this Practice. Determinations concerning fitness for purpose and particular matters
or application of the Practice to particular project or engineering situations should not
be made solely on information contained in these materials. The use of trade names
from time to time should not be viewed as an expression of preference but rather
recognized as normal usage in the trade. Other brands having the same specifications
are equally correct and may be substituted for those named. All Practices or guidelines
are intended to be consistent with applicable laws and regulations including OSHA
requirements. To the extent these Practices or guidelines should conflict with OSHA or
other applicable laws or regulations, such laws or regulations must be followed.
Consult an appropriate professional before applying or acting on any material
contained in or suggested by the Practice.
This Practice is subject to revision at any time.
© Process Industry Practices (PIP), Construction Industry Institute, The University of

Texas at Austin, 3925 West Braker Lane (R4500), Austin, Texas 78759. PIP Member
Companies and Subscribers may copy this Practice for their internal use. Changes or
modifications of any kind are not permitted within any PIP Practice without the express
written authorization of PIP. Authorized Users may attach addenda or overlays to clearly
indicate modifications or exceptions to specific sections of PIP Practices. Authorized
Users may provide their clients, suppliers and contractors with copies of the Practice
solely for Authorized Users’ purposes. These purposes include but are not limited to the
procurement process (e.g., as attachments to requests for quotation/ purchase orders or
requests for proposals/contracts) and preparation and issue of design engineering
deliverables for use on a specific project by Authorized User’s client. PIP’s copyright
notices must be clearly indicated and unequivocally incorporated in documents where an
Authorized User desires to provide any third party with copies of the Practice.
PRINTING HISTORY
October 1995 Issued
March 2003 Complete Revision
December 2009 Complete Revision
Not printed with State funds

COMPLETE REVISION
December 2009

Process Control
PIP PCCCV001
Control Valves Selection Criteria
Table of Contents
1. Introduction................................. 2 4.3 Globe Valves .................................... 8
1.1 Purpose ............................................ 2 4.4 Rotary Valves ................................. 10
1.2 Scope ............................................... 2 4.5 Trim ................................................ 12
4.6 Bonnet ............................................ 13
2. References .................................. 2 4.7 Valve Sizing ................................... 15
2.1 Process Industry Practices .............. 2 4.8 Noise .............................................. 18
2.2 Industry Codes and Standards ........ 2 4.9 Actuators ........................................ 19
2.3 Government Regulations ................. 4 4.10 Positioner/Electro-Pneumatic
Positioners ..................................... 24
3. Definitions ................................... 4 4.11 Accessories .................................... 25
4.12 Marking, Identification,
4. Requirements.............................. 5 and Nameplate ............................... 29
4.1 General ............................................ 5
4.2 Valve Body ....................................... 5
Process Industry Practices Page 1 of 29

PIP PCCCV001 COMPLETE REVISION
Control Valves Selection Criteria December 2009
1. Introduction
1.1 Purpose
This Practice provides requirements for the selection and sizing of control valves.
1.2 Scope
This Practice describes requirements for selection and sizing of pneumatically
actuated control valves, including requirements for body, bonnet, trim, actuator,
accessories, and noise considerations.
This Practice does not cover requirements for motor-operated valves, on-off valves
intended for emergency isolation, or valves with hydraulic actuators.
2. References
Applicable parts of the following Practices, industry codes and standards, and references shall
be considered an integral part of this Practice. The edition in effect on the date of contract
award shall be used, except as otherwise noted. Short titles are used herein where appropriate.

– PIP PCECV001 - Guidelines for Application of Control Valves
– PIP PCSCV001 - Specification of Control Valves
– PIP PCSCV001-D - Control Valves Data Sheet
– PIP PCSIP001 - Instrument Piping and Tubing Systems Specifications
2.2 Industry Codes and Standards
American Society for Mechanical Engineers (ASME)

– Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code, Section VIII, Division 1
– ASME B16.5 - Pipe Flanges and Flanged Fittings
– ASME B31.3 - Process Piping
American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM)
– A193 - Specification for Alloy-Steel and Stainless Steel Bolting Materials for
High Temperature Service
– A269 - Specification for Seamless and Welded Austenitic Stainless Steel
Tubing for General Service
Fluid Controls Institute Inc. (FCI)
– ANSI/FCI 70-2 - Control Valve Seat Leakage
The International Society of Automation (ISA)
– ISA 20 - Specification Forms for Process Measurement and Control
Instruments, Primary Elements and Control Valves
– ANSI/ISA 75.01.01 - Flow Equations for Sizing Control Valves
Page 2 of 29 Process Industry Practices

COMPLETE REVISION PIP PCCCV001
December 2009 Control Valves Selection Criteria
– ANSI/ISA 75.05.01-2000 (R2005) - Control Valve Terminology

– ANSI/ISA 75.08.01-2002 (R2007) - Face-to-Face Dimensions for Integral
Flanged Globe-Style Control Valve Bodies (Classes 125, 150, 250, 300, and
600)
– ANSI/ISA 75.08.02-2003 - Face-to-Face Dimensions for Flangeless Control
Valves (Classes 150, 300, and 600)
– ANSI/ISA 75.08.04 - Face-to-Face Dimensions for Buttweld-End Globe-Style
Control Valves (ANSI Class 4500)
– ANSI/ISA 75.08.06-2002 (R2007) - Face-to-Face Dimensions for Flanged
Globe-Style Control Valve Bodies (Classes 900, 1500, and 2500)
– ANSI/ISA 75.08.07 - Face-to-Face Dimensions for Separable Flanged Globe-
Style Control Valves (ANSI Classes 150, 300, and 600)
– ANSI/ISA 75.08.08-2001 - Face-to-Centerline Dimensions for Flanged Globe-
Style Angle Control Valve Bodies (Classes 150, 300, and 600)
– ISA 75.17 - Control Valve Aerodynamic Noise Prediction
– ANSI/ISA 75.19.01 - Hydrostatic Testing of Control Valves
– ANSI/ISA 75.25.01 - Test Procedure for Control Valve Response
Measurement from Step Inputs
– ANSI/ISA 75.26.01-2006 - Control Valve Diagnostic Data Acquisition and
Reporting
International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC)
– IEC 60534-8-1 - Industrial-process control valves - Part 8-1: Noise
considerations - Laboratory measurement of noise generated by aerodynamic
flow through control valves
– IEC 60534-8-3 - Industrial-process control valves - Part 8: Noise
considerations - Section 8: Control valve aerodynamic noise prediction method
– IEC 60534-8-4 - Industrial-process control valves -Part 8: Noise
considerations - Section 8: Prediction of noise generated by hydrodynamic
flow
National Association of Corrosion Engineers (NACE)
– NACE Standard MR0103 - Materials Resistant to Sulfide Stress Cracking in
Corrosive Petroleum Refining Environments
– NACE MR-01-75 - Sulfide Stress Cracking Resistant Metallic Materials for
Oil Field Equipment
National Fire Protection Association (NFPA)
– 70 National Electrical Code

2.3 Government Regulations
U. S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Code of Federal Regulations

(CFR)
– 40 CFR Parts 60, 61, and 63- Standards of Performance for New Stationary
Sources; National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants; and
National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants for Source
Categories
U. S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA)
– OSHA 1910.95 - Occupational Noise Exposure
3. Definitions
Comment: The terms and their definitions in this section are derived from
ANSI/ISA 75.05.01.
ball valve: A valve with a rotary motion closure member consisting of a full ball or a
segmented ball
butterfly valve: A valve with a circular body and a rotary motion disk closure member,
pivotally supported by its stem
closure member: The movable part of the valve that is positioned in the flow path to
modulate the rate of flow through the valve. Examples include the plug for a plug valve, the
disk for a butterfly valve, and the ball for a ball valve.
control valve: The final control element in the process stream that manipulates a process fluid
to maintain a process variable
eccentric rotary disk: A spherical segment in a rotary motion valve that is not concentric with
the disk shaft and moves into the seat when closing
equal percentage characteristic: An inherent flow characteristic, which, for equal increments
of rated travel, will ideally give equal percentage changes of the existing flow coefficient
(Cv)
flangeless control valve: A valve without integral line flanges, which is installed by bolting
between companion flanges, with a set of bolts, or studs, generally extending through the
companion flanges
full ball: A closure member having a complete spherical surface with a flow passage through
it. The flow passage may be round, contoured, or otherwise modified to yield a desired flow
characteristic.
globe body: A valve body distinguished by a globular-shaped cavity around the port region,
wherein the closure member motion is linear and normal to the plane of the port
lugged body: A thin annular section body with lug protrusions on the outside diameter of the
body, having end surfaces mounted between the pipeline flanges or attached to the end of the

pipeline without any additional flange or retaining parts, using either through bolting and/or
tapped holes
plug valve: A valve with a closure member that may be cylindrical, conical, or a spherical
segment
segmented ball: A closure member that is a segment of a spherical surface, which may have
one edge contoured to yield a desired flow characteristic
travel: The movement of the closure member from the closed position to an intermediate or
the rated full open position
travel cycle: Total movement of closure member from either the open to closed or closed to
open position
wafer body: A thin annular section butterfly body having end surfaces located between the
piping flanges and clamped there by bolts extending from flange to flange
4. Requirements
4.1 General
4.1.1 This Practice, along with PIP PCECV001, PIP PCSCV001 and its associated
data sheet, PIP PCSCV001-D (completed), and the individual control valve
data sheets (i.e., ISA 20 or equivalent), define the minimum requirements for
selection, materials, construction, and installation of control valves.
4.1.2 The owner shall fill out PIP PCSCV001-D, the control valve data sheet, to
define company and location generic requirements for control valves.
4.1.3 The owner shall be notified if portions of this Practice are not in accordance
with referenced codes, standards, and regulations.
4.2 Valve Body

4.2.1 Materials
4.2.1.1 Material, end connections, pressure rating, gaskets, and packing of
valve body shall, as a minimum, be in accordance with the applicable
piping specification.
Comment: Special alloy bodies that differ from the piping
specification may be required in conditions such as high
temperature, severe erosion/corrosion, or for critical
applications such as oxygen.
4.2.1.2 Control valve body and trim material selection shall be performed in
accordance with NACE MR0175 and NACE MR0103 where
applicable. This standard addresses the acceptable limits /
concentration of H2S and chlorides in the process fluid at given
temperatures and pressures.
4.2.1.3 The owner’s materials engineer shall approve any deviation from the
piping specification.

4.2.1.4 Carbon steel shall be the minimally permitted material for control
valve bodies. Cast iron valves shall not be permitted without owner’s
approval.
4.2.1.5 Control valves in flashing water service shall have trim of a hardened
material (e.g., 5 Cr-1/2 Mo).
4.2.1.6 Welding procedures, performance of welders, and welding operators
shall be in accordance with ASME B31.3.
4.2.2 Sizing
4.2.2.1 Ratio of nominal pipe size to body size shall not be greater than 2:1.
4.2.2.2 Control valve body size shall not be greater than the line size.
4.2.2.3 Body sizes 1-1/4, 2-1/2, 3-1/2, 5, or greater odd numbers shall not be
permitted.
4.2.2.4 If valve calculations indicate a requirement for the sizes shown in
Section 4.2.2.3, reduced trim shall be provided in standard size valve
bodies (e.g., NPS 3 valve with 2-1/2-inch trim).
4.2.2.5 Face-to-face dimensions of valve bodies shall be in accordance with
ISA standards and Table 1 of this Practice.
Table 1 - Valve Body Face-to-Face Dimensions
Body Style ISA Standard
Globe-style with integral flanges ISA 75.03 or ANSI/ISA 75.16
depending on ANSI class rating
Globe-style with separable flanges ISA 75.08.07
Flangeless ISA 75.04
Buttweld-end globe ISA 75.08.04 or ANSI/ISA 75.15
depending on ANSI class rating
Globe-style angle flanges ISA 75.22
4.2.3 Connections
4.2.3.1 Valves 1 inch and greater shall not be screwed without owner
approval.
4.2.3.2 Valves with welded end connections shall be approved by the owner.
Comment: Welded valves are often used in high-pressure steam
applications and in high-temperature applications.
4.2.3.3 Flanged connections shall be provided for the following services:
a. Flammable, toxic, and lethal services
b. Service temperature greater than 400 F
c. Deep thermal cycling can occur
d. Steam pressure is greater than 50 psig
e. Fire-safe design is required

4.2.3.4 Flanged connections shall be raised face in accordance with ASME

B16.5.
Comment: Valves flange connections shall match the pipe class
requirements. They are generally RF, however there are
occasions where 125# FF or RJ flanges are appropriate.
Connections shall conform to ASME B16.5.
4.2.3.5 Flanges with tag welds or flanges with partial penetration welding
shall not be permitted.
4.2.3.6 Flangeless valves shall have centering means (e.g., lugs, holes, or
equivalent) to ensure proper alignment of valve and gasket. Valve
body gasket surface areas shall be the same as that of the mating
flanges.
4.2.3.7 Flangeless valves are not recommended for hydrocarbon services.
4.2.3.8 Flangeless and wafer-style valves shall not be used in flammable
services.
4.2.3.9 Separable flanges on control valves shall be approved by the owner.
4.2.3.10 The manufacture of valves with separable flanges that can rotate if
the bolts are loosened shall supply a permanent, yellow tag on the
valves. The tag shall be inscribed with the following statement:
“Warning - This valve has separable flanges and may rotate
when bolts are loosened. The actuator must be supported before
loosening the bolts.”
4.2.3.11 If separable flanges are specified, the flange-retaining ring shall be
zinc-plated or made of stainless steel.
4.2.3.12 The minimum valve body size for hydrocarbon and steam services
shall be 1 inch. The minimum valve body size for air or water
services shall be ¾ inch. Special applications with line sizes ½ inch
or smaller may have a different minimum body size.
4.2.4 Applications
4.2.4.1 Only valves in critical applications that require minimum leakage
shall have ANSI Class VI seat leakage rating.
4.2.4.2 Valves with an ANSI Class VI seat leakage rating shall be approved
by the owner before incorporating the valves into the design.
4.2.4.3 Flow direction, if applicable, shall be permanently marked on the
valve body.
4.2.4.4 Mechanically linked valves shall not be used for split process flows
in lieu of three-way valves.

4.2.4.5 Severe Service

1. Severe service valves (e.g., globe or angle with hardened trim,
specially designed multi-hole/path cavitation trim, or noise
abatement trim) shall be used for applications if conventional
valves (globe, ball, butterfly, etc.) are not appropriate because of
loss of control characteristics over time.
2. Examples of conditions where severe service valves shall be
considered are as follows:
a. Liquid valves
(1) Cavitation potential exists: (P1-P2)/(P1-Pv) > 0.6
(2) Flashing service: P2 < Pv
b. Gas valves
(P1-P2)/P1 > 0.5
Where:
P1 is the upstream pressure
P2 is the downstream pressure
Pv is the vapor pressure of the process fluid at flowing
temperature
3. Severe service valves shall be used in the following service
applications:
a. Intermittent letdown (e.g., high-noise, errosive service) in
daily service
b. Recirculation in daily service if cavitation is expected
c. If high vibration and/or high noise is expected
d. History of valve failures exists
e. Need for severe service trim exists
4. Angle valves installed in flashing service applications shall have
replaceable (sacrificial) outlet liners
4.3 Globe Valves

4.3.1 Globe valves are permitted for all applications and pressure classes listed in
Table 2.
4.3.2 Unless otherwise approved by the owner, single-seated globe valves shall be
provided.
4.3.3 Cage guiding shall not be permitted for applications with suspended solids.

Table 2 - Applications for Valve Body Types

Body Type (Note 1)
Process Valve ANSI
Characteristic Flange Rotary
Globe Globe Wafer Ball and
Rating (Straight) (Angle) Eccentric E-Disc / Plug
Disc Segmental (Note 9)
(Note 2)
Ball
A. Process Gas or Liquid
1. Clean service 150 M,S,O --- M,O M,S,O S,O
(liquid - no 300 M,S,O --- M,O M,S,O S,O
cavitation or 600 M,S,O --- --- M,S,O ---
flashing)
> 900 M,S,O --- --- --- ---
(Note 4)
B. Process Liquid
1. Clean service 150 M,S,O M --- --- ---
(cavitation or 300 M,S,O M --- --- ---
flashing 600 M,S,O M --- --- ---
condition)
> 900 M,S,O M --- --- ---
2. Suspended 150 --- M,S --- M,S S,O
solids (Note 6) (Note 7)
(erosive) 300 --- M,S --- M,S S,O
(Note 3) (Note 6) (Note 7)
600 --- M,S --- M,S ---
(Note 6)
> 900 --- M,S --- --- ---
3. Corrosive 150 M,S,O --- --- M,S,O M,S,O
(Note 8)
300 M,S,O --- --- M,S,O M,S,O
(Note 8)
600 M,S,O --- --- M,S,O ---
> 900 M,S,O --- --- --- ---
4. Viscous or 150 --- --- --- M,S,O M,S,O
nonerosive 300 --- --- --- M,S,O M,S,O
slurry 600 --- --- --- M,S,O ---
> 900 --- --- --- --- ---
Notes:
1. "M" = Valves are acceptable for modulating service;
"S" = Valves are acceptable for shutdown service;
"O" = Valves are acceptable for on/off service.
2. The ANSI flange rating relates to the pipe flanges for flangeless valves.
3. Valve selection for nonerosive suspended solids service is the same as that for process gas or liquid (A1).
4. Utility (steam, air, water) valve selection is the same as that for process gas or liquid (A1 and B1).
5. Control valves used in streams that have a combination of the above process characteristics or process
characteristics not listed shall be selected according to project requirements.
6. Valve shall be installed in accordance with manufacturer's recommendation.
7. Full port valves only.
8. Plug valves are acceptable in corrosive service. Ball valves are not typically available in corrosion-resistant
materials.
9. When using closed-cavity valves like balls and plugs, make sure pipe specification guidelines are adhered to. In
many services like chlorine, HF and peroxide, it is necessary to drill a hole in the down stream side of the ball or plug
to prevent overpressure.

4.3.4 Globe valves shall be used for the following applications, particularly if
cavitation, flashing, or noise is design considerations:
a. High-pressure-drop
b. Low-flow
c. Clean liquid and gas service (corrosive and non-corrosive)
d. Clean liquid service
4.3.5 Unless otherwise approved by the owner, globe valves with split bodies shall
not be permitted.
4.3.6 To reduce the exit velocity of the valve and to dissipate energy, control valve
bodies in the following applications shall not be less than one size less than
line size, and the proper reduced trim size shall be specified:
a. To reduce the valve body liquid flow velocity below a maximum of
33 ft/sec
b. To reduce the valve body gas/vapor outlet velocity below a maximum of
0.3 Mach
c. If the calculated noise, not including special noise trim or other noise
reduction methods, is greater than the maximum continuous operating
noise level specified on owner’s control valve data sheet,
PIP PCSCV001-D.
Comment: Velocity must be less than 0.3 Mach for effective noise
treatment.
d. Choked flow services
e. Flashing services
f. Erosive services maximum velocity shall not exceed 20 ft/sec.
4.3.7 The recommended installation for globe valves installed in a horizontal line
is with the actuator in the vertical up position.
4.4 Rotary Valves

4.4.1 Rotary valves include all types of ball or plug valves (e.g., ball, segmented
ball) and butterfly valves (e.g., eccentric disk). Rotary valves are permitted
for all applications and pressure classes listed in Table 2.
4.4.2 For applications where cavitation or high-noise conditions are present, rotary
valves shall be approved by owner.
Comment: Applications where cavitation or high-noise conditions are
present typically use a globe valve.
4.4.3 Flangeless Valves
4.4.3.1 Flangeless valves shall have centering guides to ensure proper
alignment of valve and gasket.
4.4.3.2 Flangeless and wafer-style valves shall not be used in toxic and/or
highly corrosive services.

4.4.3.3 Flangeless valves that have a body width greater than 5-1/2 inches
shall be approved by owner.
4.4.3.4 Lugged body flanges shall be through-bolted.
4.4.3.5 Threaded lugged body flanges shall be approved by owner.
4.4.4 Unless otherwise specified, valve shafts shall be oriented in the horizontal
plane.
4.4.5 Rotary valves shall be designed such that a mechanical failure cannot expel
the shaft of the stem from the valve body.
Comment: If the stem breaks and is expelled from the valve, a leak path can
develop equal to the cross section of the stem. This failure
scenario has caused considerable damage to processing facilities.
4.4.6 Because the actuator may be removed while the system is under pressure, the
preferred mechanism to retain the stem should be independent of the
actuator. If the actuator is used to retain the stem, the valve shall have a tag
that states this possibility as a warning statement.
4.4.7 The actuator end of the valve stem shall be the spline design. Shear pins shall
not be permitted. Rotary valve shafts to actuator connection shall be of a
splined design to reduce/eliminate hysteresis.
4.4.8 Shafts shall be made of one piece.
4.4.9 The shear safety factor for shafts shall be 150% minimum at the specified
shutoff-pressure-drop condition.
4.4.10 Valve stem bearings shall be designed to prevent stem guide bushings from
rotating in the valve bodies.
4.4.11 Valve stem bearing material shall be selected to prevent galling of the
bearing and valve stem.
4.4.12 Valve shaft bearings shall be designed to prevent shaft guide bushings from
rotating in the valve bodies.
4.4.13 Valve shaft bearing material shall be selected to prevent galling of the
bearing and valve shaft and to operate at the maximum and minimum process
temperatures.
4.4.14 Valve disks and shafts for lined, carbon steel, and stainless steel valves shall
be made of stainless steel. Valve shafts and trim parts shall be made of
stainless steel as a minimum or of a material in accordance with process
requirements.
4.4.15 Because disks in wafer-style valves may project beyond the valve body
during part of disk rotation, clearance shall be maintained between disks and
pipe walls, particularly if a pipe is of heavy wall construction.

4.5 Trim
4.5.1 The maximum allowable control valve seat leakage shall be in accordance
with the control valve data sheet, PIP PCSCV001-D.
4.5.2 For individual control valves, the maximum allowable seat leakage
ANSI/FCI 70-2 Class shall be shown on the individual control valves’ data
sheets.
4.5.3 For control valves that shall provide a tight shutoff (TSO), the valves shall be
in accordance with ANSI/FCI 70-2 Class V minimum. The actual seat
leakage rates shall be approved by owner.
4.5.4 Section 4.5.3 does not apply to isolation valves and safety valves. Allowable
seat leakage requirements for these valves shall be defined individually by
process requirements.
4.5.5 Because of close tolerances between cages and plugs, cage trim valves shall
be used only in clean liquid, vapor, or gas service.
4.5.6 Cage-guided trim in dirty services shall be approved by owner.
4.5.7 The minimum trim material for cage-guided control valves shall be 17-4 PH.
4.5.8 For valves in services that contain erosive or solids-bearing fluids, trim shall
be hardened with a hardness of 38 Rockwell C minimum.
4.5.9 Trim material shall be in accordance with Table 3 minimum.
Table 3 - Hardened Trim Materials Applications
Flowing dP psid Gases Steam Water HC Liquids
0-100 1 2 1 1
100-200 1 2 4 2
200-400 1 2 4 4
500-600 1 3 4 4
600-800 1 3 4 4
800-up 1 3 4 4
Where:
1 = Manufacture’s standard valve trim; however, 316 or 400
series stainless minimum
2 = 400 series stainless minimum
3 = Stellite trim alloy 6 or 316/alloy 6 overlay for the seat ring
and plug
4 = Standard trim 400 series stainless or hard-faced stellite;
however, if valve is cavitating or flashing use the
following trim materials:
a. If cavitating use anti-cavitating trim or hardened trim
in accordance with manufacturer’s recommendation.
b. If flashing use hardened trim (e.g., stellite, 440C, or
Colmonoy® 6) or angle bodies.
4.5.10 Valve stem and plug shall be screwed, pinned and welded or of one-piece
design.
4.5.11 Except for seat rings, threaded trim parts shall be pinned or spot-welded to
supplement the threaded attachment.

4.5.12 For erosive or corrosive services, self-flushing valves shall be preferred

instead of permanent flushing connections built into the control valve.
Permanent flushing connections shall be approved by owner.
4.5.13 Valves requiring cavitation or noise trim shall be approved by owner.
4.5.14 Small passage cavitation/noise trim shall not be permitted for processes
containing particulates, solids, or plugging material.
4.5.15 To avoid plugging, conical strainers shall be considered for installation
upstream of valves with anti-noise or anti-cavitation trim.
4.5.16 For operating temperature greater than 600°F, guide post areas and rings
shall be hard-faced stellite or equivalent.
4.5.17 Valve trim and body sizes for valves in cavitating or flashing service
applications (usually due to high pressure drops/velocities) shall be sized in
accordance with valve manufacturer's recommendations and verified by the
valve manufacturer.
4.6 Bonnet
4.6.1 General
4.6.1.1 Bonnets shall have a bolted design.
4.6.1.2 Extended or finned bonnets shall be used for service temperatures
less than 0 F and greater than 750 F.
Comment: Extended bonnets may be avoided in processes with
temperatures greater than 400 F and less than 750 F if
graphite-based or other high-temperature packing is
used.
4.6.1.3 Bonnet bolts shall not be used for attaching actuators or mounting
brackets.
4.6.2 Gaskets
4.6.2.1 Default bonnet gasket material shall be in accordance with the
control valve data sheet, PIP PCSCV001-D.
4.6.2.2 Bonnet gaskets shall be compatible with the process, the maximum
temperature, and maximum pressure.
4.6.2.3 Bonnet gasket material shall be in accordance with the piping
specification.
4.6.2.4 Gaskets containing asbestos shall not be permitted.
4.6.2.5 For control valves required to be fire safe, the following gasket
materials shall be considered fire safe:
a. Metal
b. Flexible graphite

4.6.3 Packing
4.6.3.1. Materials
1. Packing material shall be in accordance with piping
specification.
2. Packing shall not require lubrication.
3. The cooling effects from use of an extended bonnet shall not be
considered when selecting the packing.
4. Packing material containing asbestos shall not be permitted.
5. For applications in temperatures greater than 750 F, extended
bonnets shall be used to protect positioners and actuators from
heat.
6. Packing types for non-fugitive emissions and fugitive emissions
versus process temperatures shall be in accordance with the
control valve data sheet, PIP PCSCV001-D.
7. Packing shall be in accordance with packing manufacturer’s
sizing and selection criteria for the process temperature/pressure
curves.
8. For fire-safe applications, graphite-based packing shall be used.
4.6.3.2 Limiting Fugitive Emissions
1. Packing shall limit fugitive emissions of any substance
containing greater than 5% by weight of volatile hazardous air
pollutant as defined in EPA 40 CFR, Part 63, in accordance with
the applicable local regulation or to 500 parts per million
maximum, whichever is less.
2. Determination of leaks and leak monitoring requirements shall
be in accordance with EPA 40 CFR, Parts 60 and 61,
respectively.
Comment: Methods of meeting the requirements of EPA 40
CFR, Parts 60 and 61, include application of twin
packing designs, live-loaded packing, and bellows
seals. Bellows seals, while relatively expensive,
should be considered for cases where leakage across
the stem cannot be tolerated or for cases where
excessive packing friction causes unreasonably high
packing friction forces.
Comment: Concern for limiting packing leaks causes continued
development of new packing materials and methods.
Valve manufacturers offer increasingly more
effective designs, and should be consulted for
recommendations on specific fugitive emission
control applications.

Comment: To meet fugitive emissions requirements, the valve

stem should be finished to 8 microinches RMS
maximum. Smooth finish assists in reducing fugitive
emissions over service life of control valve.
3. Packing design shall be approved by the owner before
implementation.
4. Bellows seals shall be approved by owner.
5. Control valves shall be designed, selected, and installed to
permit easy access of monitoring packing areas prone to fugitive
emissions without removing equipment or devices.
6. If specified on the control valve data sheet, PIP PCSCV001-D,
fire-safe packing shall be provided.
7. Control valve testing shall be in accordance with the control
valve data sheet, PIP PCSCV001-D.
4.6.4 Bolting
4.6.4.1 Unless otherwise specified by owner, control valve manufacturer’s
recommended bonnet bolts shall be used.
4.6.4.2 Valve bonnets shall be bolted type with a retained-type gasket.
4.6.4.3 Plated bolting material shall not be used for pressure-containing
parts.
4.6.4.4 The following valve components shall be 304 or 316 SS minimum:
a. Gland studs and nut (e.g., packing bolts)
b. Packing flange and follower
4.6.4.5 Packing glands and followers shall be bolted for valves greater than
1 inch.
4.6.4.6 Carbon steel screwed packing followers shall not be permitted.
4.7 Valve Sizing

4.7.1 General
4.7.1.1 Valve-sizing procedure shall consider the full range of expected flow
conditions.
4.7.1.2 Appropriate differential pressure shall be applied as load changes.
4.7.1.3 Flow equations specified on the control valve data sheet,
PIP PCSCV001-D, shall be used.
4.7.1.4 Only the characteristics of the plug shall be considered for an
accurate understanding of the plug stroke at the various conditions.
4.7.1.5 A positioner with characterization such as equal percentage may be
used on trim with an inherent linear characterization to enhance
control.

4.7.1.6 If the pressure drop across the valve does not vary greater than 20%
between maximum flow and minimum flow (i.e., dP(max. flow) –
dP(min. flow)/dP(min. flow)<20%), linear trim design shall be
preferred. Use of a linear trim valve in this case typically achieves an
installed linear characteristic.
4.7.1.7 If a linear trim valve does not have sufficient rangeablilty to meet the
minimum and maximum flow conditions, an equal percentage valve
shall be preferred.
4.7.1.8 If sizing for a two-phase, liquid-vapor mixture, the valve
manufacturer shall be consulted.
4.7.1.9 Valve trim and body sizes for valves in cavitating or flashing service
applications (usually due to high pressure drops/velocities) shall be
sized in accordance with valve manufacturer's recommendations and
verified by the valve manufacturer.
4.7.1.10 Final valve sizing shall be confirmed by valve manufacturer and
approved by owner.
4.7.2 Body Outlet Velocity
4.7.2.1 Body outlet velocity (i.e., fluid velocity at the discharge flange of a
control valve) shall not be greater than the following:
a. 0.3 Mach for gas, vapor, and steam services except for vacuum
services
b. 0.4 Mach for infrequent services (i.e., services where the control
valve is closed greater than 4 hours during an 8-hour shift, e.g.,
emergency vent and emergency depressurizing services)
c. 33 ft/sec for liquid services other than water
d. 18 ft/sec for water service
e. 20 ft/sec for erosive fluid (e.g., fluid containing errosive
particles)
Comment: To be in accordance with the velocity limits
specified in Section 4.7.1.10, oversized control valve
bodies with reduced trim may be required.
4.7.2.2 If valve manufacturer’s plug guiding or construction governs
maximum allowable body outlet velocities, manufacturer’s
recommended lower velocities shall be used.
4.7.3 Pressure-Drop
4.7.3.1 For nonpumped systems, control valves shall be sized for a pressure
drop of 20% minimum of the variable system pressure drop,
excluding pressure drop across the control valves.
4.7.3.2 For pumped systems, the control valve pressure drop shall be
adequate to provide control at all process conditions including start-
up.

4.7.3.3 For pumped systems, a primary control valve shall have a minimum
pressure drop that is the greater of the following:
a. 15 psi
b. 30% of the total system pressure drop (i.e., system frictional pipe
losses) excluding the pressure drop across the control valve at
pump-rated flow
4.7.3.4 For pumped systems, secondary control valves (e.g., temperature
control valve at inlet to exchanger) shall have a minimum pressure
drop that is the greater of the following:
a. 5 psi
b. 20% of exchanger pressure drop in fouled condition at maximum
operating flow rate
Comment: A secondary control valve is the valve that
individually controls sub-systems of a major system
(e.g., streams to multiple exchangers, streams to
multiple heaters or boilers). Typically, primary and
secondary control valves are located in series with a
header or similar configuration (e.g., the main pump
discharge feeds into a header via a primary control
valve, and the flow is split into multiple streams via
secondary control valves).
4.7.4 Operating Range
4.7.4.1 Operating ranges for linear motion valve types shall be in accordance
with the following:
a. In cases where high rangeability (design minimum flow occurs at
less than 20% of valve travel), or high capacity is required, two
control valves in parallel shall be used, and owner’s approval
shall be required.
b. If high rangeability is required, the smaller valve shall be sized
using the minimum process design flow as the maximum flowrate
of the valve. The larger valve shall be sized in accordance with
this Specification. Owner’s approval shall be required.
c. For most operating conditions, the Cv of a control valve shall be
sized to operate within 20% through 80% of maximum rated Cv
for the control valve.
d. For normal design flow conditions, valve travel shall be within
40% through 65%.
4.7.4.2 Operating range for rotary valves (except butterfly valves) shall
comply with the following:
a. Operating Cv through all sizing conditions shall be sized to
operate within 15 degrees to 70 degrees of control valve stem
rotation.

b. Normal flow Cv shall be sized to operate within 30 degrees to 60

degrees of control valve stem rotation.
4.7.4.3 Butterfly and eccentric disc valves shall have a minimum through
maximum operating range of 20 degrees through 40 degrees of disc
rotation. If the butterfly valve is a “high performance” type, then the
minimum through maximum operating range shall be 20 degrees
through 60 degrees of disc rotation.
4.8 Noise
4.8.1 Noise level produced by control valves shall be in accordance with the limits
specified on the control valve data sheet, PIP PCSCV001-D.
4.8.2 The noise level shall be based on 1 meter downstream and 1 meter from the
surface of attached piping.
4.8.3 Control valve noise calculations shall include all process conditions as stated
on PIP PCSCV001-D, the data sheet for maximum, normal, and minimum
flow.
Comment: OSHA 1910.95 defines a maximum allowable equivalent noise
dose, which is based on the noise level and the length of
exposure time to this level during an operating shift.
4.8.4 Control valve noise calculations shall be performed for all control valves.
4.8.5 The valve noise prediction calculation shall not include a built-in reduction
allowance or acoustical noise attenuation.
4.8.6 For aerodynamic noise of gases, steam, or vapor, noise calculations shall be
in accordance with IEC 60534-8-3.
4.8.7 For hydrodynamic noise, noise calculations shall be in accordance with valve
manufacturer’s method or IEC 60534-8-4.
4.8.8 For noise calculations to be valid, the maximum valve body exit velocity
shall be less than 0.3 Mach.
4.8.9 Noise emissions shall not be greater than the limits specified on the control
valve data sheet, PIP PCSCV001-D, for the following conditions:
a. Continuous (i.e., Noise occurrence is greater than 2 hours per shift.)
b. Infrequent (i.e., Each noise occurrence is less than 30 minutes in
duration. Total cumulative effect of each occurrence is less than 2 hours
per year, e.g., emergency and relief conditions.)
c. Intermittent (i.e., Each noise occurrence is less than 2 hours per shift or
includes startups and shutdowns.)
d. Remote (i.e., areas (e.g., tank farm, flare line) in which personnel are not
normally present during periods of higher noise emission)
e. Normally Attended (i.e., fence line areas to publicly travel areas, areas
bordering residential areas, and normally traveled areas within the plant)

Comment: More stringent noise criteria may need to be applied to

normally attended areas on a case-by-case basis.
4.8.10 The owner shall be notified if the calculated noise level exceeds the 85
dB(A) value.
4.8.11 Calculated control valve noise level shall not exceed 110 dB(A).
4.8.12 The control valve manufacturer shall be consulted to verify that the control
valve is designed to perform correctly for the expected duration without
damage at noise levels greater than 100 dB(A).
4.8.13 Control valve noise shall be treated at the source except for the following:
a. Low-noise multipath-multistage trim designs shall be used because these
designs reduce noise at multiple operating points.
b. Diffusers, baffle plates, and silencers, either inside the valve body or
downstream of the valve, shall not be permitted for the following
applications without owner approval:
(1) Process control/feed regulation
(2) Continuous letdown
(3) Intermittent letdown in daily service
(4) Recirculation in daily service
For other applications, special attention shall be given to the possible
limited flow ranges of these devices. For example, noise reduction from
these devices is generally reduced at low-flow conditions.
4.8.14 Noise generated by diffusers or baffle plates shall be calculated in
accordance with ISA 75.17 or IEC 60534-8-3 as a separate system from the
valve trim and included in the overall noise source.
4.8.15 The noise level for a diffuser shall be calculated at half the design flow.
4.8.16 Hardened materials in trim design shall be used to assist in prolonging the
life of the control valve.
4.9 Actuators
4.9.1 General
4.9.1.1 Unless otherwise specified, control valve actuators shall be
pneumatic diaphragm-type or piston-type.
4.9.1.2 For rotary-type valves, vane and other type actuators may be used if
appropriate.
4.9.1.3 For special applications, particularly if pneumatic power is not
available or if very high thrust forces are required, electric motor or
electro-hydraulic actuators may be considered.
4.9.1.4 The actuator shall drive the valve to a safe position on loss of signal
or motive power.

4.9.1.5 Valve failure position shall be in accordance with owner-approved

P&IDs and the individual control valve data sheet.
4.9.1.6 The actuator shall have an enclosed spring to cause fail-safe action.
Comment: Actuators having an enclosed spring design provide the
most reliable fail-safe operating parameters.
4.9.1.7 For sizing an actuator spring, the process pressure shall not be
considered if this pressure assists in reaching the fail-safe position.
4.9.1.8 If fail-safe position cannot be ensured by an enclosed spring, volume
tanks may be used with prior owner approval to provide the
necessary motive power.
4.9.1.9 An actuator shall be sized in accordance with the control, shutoff,
and leakage classes at the minimum instrument air pressure specified
on the control valve data sheet, PIP PCSCV001-D.
4.9.1.10 Valves that are required to shut off against reverse flow shall be
identified on the individual control valve data sheet, and the
actuator shall be sized appropriately.
4.9.1.11 The shutoff criteria for valves on the loss of motive force (e.g., air
supply) shall be in accordance with the control valve data sheet,
PIP PCSCV001-D, and as follows:
a. The shutoff classification shall be met with spring force only.
The spring shall be sufficient to maintain shutoff classification at
maximum delta P on loss of motive force.
b. On loss of motive force, the valve shall return to required end
position using spring force only. Air assistance may be used in
conjunction with spring force to maintain shutoff classification at
maximum delta P.
c. On loss of motive force, the valve shall return to required end
position using spring force only. Process pressure assistance may
be considered in conjunction with spring force to maintain
shutoff classification at maximum delta P.
4.9.1.12 Sufficient actuator thrusts, tubing diameter, and accessories sizes
shall be provided to minimize the dead band, hysteresis, frequency
response, and speed of response at all process conditions.
4.9.1.13 Unless otherwise specified on the control valve data sheet,
PIP PCSCV001-D, actuators shall be sized for positioning the
closure member against a minimum of the maximum differential
pressure at all process conditions.
4.9.1.14 For control valve sizing, maximum differential pressure shall be the
maximum upstream pressure with the control valve fully closed and
downstream pressure at atmospheric pressure.
4.9.1.15 If there is a vacuum on the control valve outlet, the maximum
vacuum pressure on the valve outlet shall be used to determine the
maximum differential pressure.

4.9.1.16 If a control valve is in a service that causes the valve stem to stick,
the actuator shall be sized using a 1.25 design factor.
4.9.1.17 For rotary valve actuators, the control valve manufacturer shall
confirm the breakout torque requirements and the maximum
percentage opening limit for stable operation.
4.9.1.18 The actuator case shall be rated for the maximum available
pneumatic supply pressure.
4.9.1.19 The actuator material of construction shall be the valve
manufacturer’s standard material.
4.9.1.20 Unless otherwise specified on the individual control valve data
sheet, valve yokes shall be ductile iron, high-tensile-strength cast
iron, or steel.
4.9.1.21 Springs, internal parts, fasteners, and hardware shall be resistant to
the corrosive effects of the environment.
4.9.1.22 Unless otherwise specified, actuators exteriors shall be painted with
the valve manufacturer’s standard paint and color.
4.9.1.23 Sliding stem actuators shall have valve position indicators that show
position of valve stems against a full travel linear scale.
4.9.1.24 For rotary valves, a travel indicator, graduated in opening
percentages, shall be attached to the actuator end of the shaft.
4.9.1.25 An actuator and associated accessories shall be assembled, piped,
and mounted on the control valve and aligned, tested, and shipped
as a complete unit.
4.9.1.26 Installation and orientation of valve accessories shall be coordinated
with the valve manufacturer before final assembly and shipment.
4.9.1.27 Piping and tubing specifications shall be in accordance with
PIP PCSIP001.
4.9.1.28 Tubing shall be sized in accordance with the required valve stroke
response time.
4.9.1.29 Actuators shall have permanently attached stainless steel tags. Tags
shall be stamped with valve manufacturer’s standard data and the
owner’s item number.
4.9.1.30 Valve manufacturer shall provide filter or filter/regulator,
whichever is applicable in accordance with the control valve data
sheet, PIP PCSCV001-D.
4.9.1.31 Instrument air supply pressure shall be verified and regulated to
prevent exceeding torque, thrust, and actuator case pressure
specifications.

4.9.2 Diaphragm Actuators

4.9.2.1 Nominal diaphragm spring ranges shall be 3 to 15 psig or 6 to 30
psig.
Comment: Although some applications permit the use of actuators
that stroke over the input range of 3 to 15 psig, higher
diaphragm pressures often are required. Typically, the
valve should be specified to control and provide the
necessary shutoff force with a 6- to 30-psig diaphragm
pressure range.
4.9.2.2 If a control valve is not provided with a positioner, instrument air
supply shall be regulated in accordance with the following:
a. Instrument air supply shall be 10 psi minimum greater than
spring range (bench set) of actuator.
b. If additional instrument air supply pressure can reduce actuator
size or provide more force to achieve the ANSI-class leakage
shutoff requirement, the 10-psi minimum instrument air supply
pressure may be increased.
c. All devices in the instrument air loop for control valve assembly
shall be rated/designed for the instrument air supply regulated
pressure, including air supply filter, air supply regulator, I/P,
diaphragm, actuator housing, and solenoid valves.
d. If 10 psi greater than spring range is greater than rated/designed
pressure of any component, pressure for instrument air shall be
regulated at the design pressure of the component having the
lowest design pressure.
4.9.2.3 If a control valve is provided with a positioner, instrument air supply
shall be regulated in accordance with the following:
a. Instrument air supply shall be 5 psig minimum greater than the
actuator-required pressure to achieve fully open or closed
positions (e.g., if actuator requires 6-30 psig, the supply pressure
shall be set at 35 psig minimum).
b. All devices in the instrument air loop for control valve assembly
shall be rated/designed for 50 psig including air supply filter, air
supply regulator, I/P, positioner, diaphragm, actuator housing,
and solenoid valves.
c. If 50 psig is greater than rated/designed pressure of any
component, pressure for instrument air shall be regulated at
design pressure of the component having the lowest design
pressure.

4.9.2.4 The minimum bench set range for non-critical control valve
applications such as level and temperature loops shall conform to the
following:
a. 4 psig for an instrument air supply pressure to actuator of 3 psig
to 15 psig
b. 8 psig for an instrument air supply pressure to actuator of 6 psig
to 30 psig
4.9.2.5 The minimum bench set range for critical control valve applications
such as flow and pressure loops shall conform to the following:
a. 6 psig for an instrument air supply pressure to actuator of 3 psig
to 15 psig
b. 12 psig for an instrument air supply pressure to actuator of 6 psig
to 30 psig
4.9.3 Piston and Vane Actuators
4.9.3.1 Piston and vane actuators shall be provided for the following
applications:
a. Valve stem or shaft loading is high
b. Fast valve action response is required
c. Compact physical installation is required
4.9.3.2 Actuators shall be designed in accordance with control and shutoff
requirements with the minimum available air supply.
4.9.3.3 Air exhaust connections shall be oriented and/or equipped to exclude
or minimize the entry of water, dirt, and insects.
4.9.3.4 Valves with piston operators shall be sized for minimum instrument
air pressure specified on the control valve data sheet,
PIP PCSCV001-D. Only a filter shall be provided.
4.9.3.5 All devices in the instrument air loop for the control valve assembly
shall be rated/designed for instrument air header pressure, including
the required air supply filter regulator, positioner, actuator housing,
actuator internals, and solenoid valves.
Comment: Typically, the I/P requires a separate filter/pressure
regulator set at a pressure compatible with the device.
4.9.3.6 If the instrument air header pressure is greater than rated/designed
pressure of any component of a control valve (e.g., solenoid valve),
pressure for instrument air shall be regulated at design pressure of
the component having the lowest design pressure.
4.9.4 Volume Tanks
4.9.4.1 Volume tank applications shall be approved by owner.
4.9.4.2 A volume tank shall be sized to fully stroke the valve through two
travel cycles.

4.9.4.3 If a volume tank, by virtue of size, pressure rating, or local regulation

is required to be in accordance with ASME Boiler and Pressure
Vessel Code Section VIII, Division 1, Part U-1, the capacity tank
shall be ASME Code stamped and equipped with a pressure relief
device.
4.9.4.4 Volume tanks shall be equipped with the proper accessories (e.g.,
tubing, fittings, pressure transmitters, solenoid valves, etc.) to ensure
that the valve fails in the safe position.
4.9.4.5 A pressure transmitter shall be provided on a volume tank only if
specified on the control valve data sheet, PIP PCSCV001-D.
4.9.4.6 The installed system shall enable on-line testing to ensure that the
system is operational as designed.
4.9.4.7 Volume tank materials and/or coatings shall be designed and selected
for corrosive applications to eliminate the effections of corrosion.
Stainless steel or hot-dipped galvanized volume tanks are preferred.
Material selection for items such as tubing, fittings, devices,
components, etc., shall be corrosion resistant for the application.
4.10 Positioner/Electro-Pneumatic Positioners

4.10.1 A positioner (i.e., digital controller positioners, electro-pneumatic positioner,
or combination of positioner and/or pneumatic controllers) shall be used on
all valves. Local pneumatic loops do not require a positioner.
Comment: General industry practice is moving toward the use of electro-
pneumatic or using digital valve controllers.
4.10.2 Positioners shall not be required for local pneumatic loops.
4.10.3 Positioners shall be mounted on a valve or plates or bosses provided for that
purpose.
4.10.4 Positioners shall be mounted, piped, and aligned by the valve manufacturer
to provide complete control valve assemblies.
4.10.5 Unless otherwise specified, positioners shall be provided with the
manufacturer’s standard supply, input, and output gauges.
4.10.6 Positioner bypasses shall be provided only if specified by the owner.
4.10.7 Pneumatic boosters shall be used in conjunction with positioners in
appropriate applications (e.g., pressure control to achieve required response
time).
4.10.8 Positioners shall be in accordance with the following:
a. Use two-wire loop power
b. Provide pneumatic output signal in the range required by actuator
c. In accordance with electrical area classification where installed

4.10.9 Digital positioners shall be in accordance with the following:

a. Use standard digital communication and/or 4-20 mA input signal,
Foundation Fieldbus, Profibus, or HART
b. Provide diagnostic functions and information through hand-held
communicator, laptop computer, or computer console
4.10.10 Pneumatic controller valve positioners for all services shall be calibrated for
an input of 3-15 psig. Instrument air output signal shall be the range required
by the actuator as specified previously for each control valve application.
4.10.11 Pneumatic controller valve positioners shall be provided with a bypass
except on split ranges, reverse-acting positioners, or if the input and output
signal ranges differ.
4.10.12 Valve positioner cases shall be epoxy-painted aluminum, stainless steel, or
fiberglass.
4.10.13 Fasteners shall be stainless steel.
4.11 Accessories
4.11.1 Handwheel Operators
4.11.1.1 Handwheels shall be provided if manual operation of the valve is
required by the process and HAZOP reviews. Handwheels require
company approval.
4.11.1.2 Handwheel operators shall be continuously connected and shall be
operable through an integral declutching mechanism.
Comment: Declutching mechanisms are shaft-mounted worm
gears that can be detached from the power of the
actuators.
4.11.1.3 Handwheel operators may be side mounted, lockable, and/or screw
or gear driven if accessibility is not a consideration.
4.11.1.4 For rotary valves, handwheel operators shall be mounted directly on
the shaft. The clutches shall be declutchable.
4.11.1.5 Unless otherwise approved by owner, top-mounted jacks or
handwheels shall not be permitted.
4.11.1.6 Valve-to-open direction arrows shall be permanently marked on
handwheels.
4.11.1.7 Handwheels shall not be used to eliminate block and bypass valves.
4.11.1.8 Handwheels shall not be used as limit stops.
4.11.2 Limit Switches and Solenoid Valves
4.11.2.1 General
1. Positioners, solenoid valves, limit switches and all other
electronic devices shall be approved for the electrical area
classification requirements by the appropriate governing
agencies.

2. Unless otherwise specified, solenoid valves and limit switches

shall be mounted and tubed by the valve manufacturer.
3. For instruments without terminal strips, valve manufacturer
shall provide terminal strips and housing.
4. Bug screens shall be installed on the exhaust ports of all
pneumatic instruments.
5. Accessories to be installed on the control valve shall be
mounted and piped with seamless 316 stainless steel tubing and
fittings that conforms to ASTM A269.
6. Accessories not mounted directly on the valve shall be mounted
on 316 stainless steel mounting plate. The mounting plate shall
be bolted to the actuator/valve assembly with 316 stainless steel
bolts.
4.11.2.2 Limit Switches and Position Transmitters
1. Unless otherwise specified, limit switches shall be hermetically
sealed.
2. Unless otherwise specified, limit switches shall be proximity
types.
3. Limit switches shall be enclosed in watertight, dust-proof
housings.
4. Position switch metallic parts shall be stainless steel.
5. Position switches shall be snap-acting and have a minimum of
two single-pole, double throw (SPDT) contacts.
a. The minimum contact rating shall be 10 amps at 120 VAC,
or 5 amps at 120 VDC.
b. The minimum contact rating shall be 3 amps in 24 VDC
applications.
6. Switches shall actuate on proximity (i.e., open during valve
travel).
4.11.2.3 Solenoid Valves
1. Solenoid valves shall be rated for continuous duty and shall
have a minimum of Class F high-temperature encapsulated
coils. Class H coils are preferred.
Comment: Where low wattage solenoids are required, the coil
wattage ratings shall be as follows:
a. Less than 3 watts for DC rated coils.
b. Less than 5 watts for AC rated coils.
c. Less than 2 watts for non-incendive or
intrinsically safe wiring methods.
2. Solenoid coils shall be molded in epoxy.

3. Solenoid coils shall be rated for continuous duty.

4. A solenoid valve for tripping a control valve shall be between
the positioner and actuator or in the tubing that provides the
motive power to the actuator.
5. Tripping a solenoid valve shall provide sufficient capacity to
exhaust the actuator chamber air volume within the time
required to permit the control valve to fail in a safe position.
6. If manual reset is specified, the pilot relay valve or solenoid
valve shall be supplied with a manual reset handle that will
allow the valve to be reset. The reset shall function in a fail safe
manner (e.g., no voltage release).
a. The manual handle shall latch when resetting the valve. No
locking device shall be allowed.
b. Manual reset solenoids or pilots shall be remotely mounted
when the valve accessory mounting plate is not easily
accessible.
c. For solenoids equipped with a latching reset, the reset shall
be installed so that the latching device is located in the
vertical and upright position.
7. If solenoid valve Cv is not sufficient, a “quick exhaust” valve
shall be provided that operates in conjunction with the tripping
solenoid valve.
8. If open to the atmosphere, a solenoid valve vent port shall have
a bug screen.
9. Solenoid valves shall be capable of switching under conditions
of maximum and minimum operating differential pressure.
10. Instrument air supply piping shall be sized to stroke the control
valve within the time specified.
11. Diaphragm type solenoid valve shall require review of
diaphragm material (e.g., Viton, Teflon, Buna-N). Buna-N
material is acceptable for oil-free instrument air applications or
non-hydrocarbon applications.
12. Solenoid valves and pneumatic pilot relay valves shall have
failsafe action to position the valve in the fail safe manner if the
electric signal or instrument air signal is lost.
13. Pilot operated valves require a minimum differential pressure
across the valve to operate.
4.11.2.4 Boosters and Quick Exhaust
1. Boosters shall be provided if required to achieve the specified
stroke time.
2. Volume boosters shall be used only if approved by owner.

3. Instrument air supply piping to boosters shall be sized to not

limit the supply to the boosters. Piping size calculations shall
also include pressure drops across filters and regulators.
Comment: Typically, pipe is used for air supplies. Larger pipe
may be required for extensive pipe runs.
4. Air flow through boosters shall not be restricted.
Comment: In some cases, connections in the actuators need to
be enlarged.
5. If a control valve is required to move rapidly in one direction
but slower in the other, this may be achieved by selectively
restricting one side of a booster(s).
4.11.2.5 Airsets/Regulators and Auxiliary Equipment
1. If mounting pads are provided, air sets for control valves shall
be rigidly mounted to valve yokes.
2. Pressure gages provided with positioners that are not enclosed
in positioner housing shall have stainless steel cases.
3. If approved by owner, auxiliary solenoid valves, position
switches and transmitters, and pneumatic relays associated with
control valves may be integrally mounted on control valve.
4. Air sets shall not be supported by pipe nipples from positioners.
5. Air sets for positioners may be bolted to control valve yokes.
6. Where the instrument air supply to the control valve assembly is
required to be regulated, the pneumatic instruments on control
valve assemblies shall be supplied with a filter regulator. If the
control valve assembly does not have another instrument with a
pressure gauge that provides the same pressure measurement,
then the filter regulator shall be provided with an output
pressure gauge.
7. Airset body pressure rating shall be designed and selected to
withstand maximum inlet pressure resulting from blocked in
downstream conditions.
8. The airset shall have both an integral filter and internal relief.
9. Airset metallurgy shall comply with the following:
a. As a minimum the following components of the airset shall
be stainless steel: bolting, adjusting screw, locknut, filter
retainer, and drain valve. The control spring shall be
Inconel.
b. As a preferred alternative: The body and spring case
(CF8M/CF3M), and all other hardware and components
shall be stainless steel.
4.11.3 All control valves shall be provided with local position indicators.

4.12 Marking, Identification, and Nameplate

4.12.1 Direction of flow shall be marked on control valves. The flange rim of a
three-way valve shall be marked.
4.12.2 The trim position of a rotary valve shall be engraved on the shaft end.
4.12.3 Permanently fastened (e.g., by stainless steel rivets) stainless steel
nameplates, showing the following information, shall be provided on control
valves:
a. Tag number specified on the individual control valve data sheet
b. Manufacturer’s name, model number, and valve serial number
c. Body material, valve size, and flange rating
d. Trim material, trim size, and Cv
e. Trim characteristic type
f. Stem travel distance in inches
g. Actuator model, size, and bench set and actuator serial number
h. Actuator failure position
i. Actuator maximum allowable case pressure
j. Operating range (i.e., air signal to operator with valve under pressure)
k. For diaphragm-actuated valves, bench setting (i.e., air signal to operator
with no pressure in valve body)

COMPLETE REVISION
May 2010

Process Control
PIP PCECV001
Guidelines for Application of Control Valves

PRINTING HISTORY
March 1998 Issued
June 2002 Complete Revision
January 2005 Complete Revision
May 2010 Complete Revision

COMPLETE REVISION
May 2010

Process Control
PIP PCECV001
Guidelines for Application of Control Valves
Table of Contents
1. Introduction................................. 2 6. Inherent Flow Characteristics . 21
1.1 Purpose ............................................ 2 6.1 Definitions ...................................... 21
1.2 Scope ............................................... 2 6.2 Equal Percentage Characteristic ... 22
6.3 Linear Characteristic ...................... 23
2. References .................................. 2 6.4 Quick Opening Characteristic ........ 24
2.1 Process Industry Practices .............. 2
2.2 Industry Codes and Standards ........ 2 7. Cavitation and Flashing ........... 24
2.3 Government Regulations ................. 3 7.1 Cavitation ....................................... 24
2.4 Other References ............................. 4 7.2 Flashing and Erosion ..................... 27
3. Valve Materials............................ 4 8. Noise Considerations .............. 29

3.1 General ............................................ 4 8.1 General .......................................... 29
3.2 Valve Body ....................................... 4 8.2 Noise Reduction ............................. 29
3.3 Valve Body Material Testing
Methods ........................................... 6 9. Actuators and Accessories ..... 30
3.4 Valve Trim ........................................ 6 9.1 General .......................................... 30
3.5 Gaskets ............................................ 8 9.2 Sizing and Selection ...................... 30
3.6 Packing ............................................ 8 9.3 Actuator Forces .............................. 31
9.4 Positioners and Accessories .......... 34
4. Valve Types ............................... 11
4.1 General .......................................... 11 10. Valve Shipping and Storage .... 36
4.2 Globe Styles ................................... 13
4.3 Rotary-Style Valves ....................... 17 11. Valve Installation ...................... 36
5. Sizing of Valves ........................ 20
5.1 Sizing Methods .............................. 20
5.2 Sizing Guidelines ........................... 20

PIP PCECV001 COMPLETE REVISION
Guidelines for Application of Control Valves May 2010
1. Introduction
1.1 Purpose
This Practice provides designers with engineering guidelines for the application of
control valves.
1.2 Scope
This Practice describes the guidelines and background information for the application
of pneumatically actuated control valves. Issues addressed include valve selection,
valve and actuator sizing, material selection, flow characteristic evaluation, valve
accessories, and consideration of the effects of flashing, cavitation, and noise.
2. References
Applicable parts of the following PIP Practices, industry codes and standards, and other
references shall be considered an integral part of this Practice. The edition in effect on the
date of contract award shall be used, except as otherwise noted. Short titles are used herein
where appropriate.

– PIP PCCGN002 - General Instrument Installation Criteria
– PIP PCSCV001 - Specification of Control Valves
– PIP PNSC0001 - Fabrication and Examination Specification for ASME B31.3
Metallic Piping
Applicable requirements in the latest edition (or the edition indicated) of the
following standards shall be considered an integral part of this Practice:
American Petroleum Institute (API)

– API 609 - Butterfly Valves: Double Flanged, Lug- and Wafer-Type
– ASTM A193 - Standard Specification for Alloy-Steel and Stainless Steel
Bolting Materials for High-Temperature Service
– ASTM A194 - Standard Specification for Carbon and Alloy Steel Nuts for
High- Pressure or High-Temperature Service, or Both
– ASTM A216 - Standard Specification for Steel Castings, Carbon, Suitable for
Fusion Welding, for High-Temperature Service
– ASTM A217 - Standard Specification for Steel Castings, Martensitic Stainless
and Alloy, for Pressure-Containing Parts, Suitable for High-Temperature
Service

COMPLETE REVISION PIP PCECV001
May 2010 Guidelines for Application of Control Valves
– ASTM A320 - Standard Specification for Alloy/Steel Bolting Materials for

Low-Temperature Service
– ASTM A351 - Standard Specification for Castings, Austenitic, Austenitic-
Ferric (Duplex), for Pressure-Containing Parts
– ASTM A352 - Standard Specification for Steel Castings, Ferritic and
Martensitic for Pressure-Containing Parts, Suitable for Low-Temperature
Service
– ANSI/ISA-75.07 - Laboratory Measurement of Aerodynamic Noise Generated
by Control Valves
– ANSI/ISA 75.11 - Inherent Flow Characteristic and Rangeability of Control
Valves
– ISA RP75.23 - Considerations for Evaluating Control Valve Cavitation
– ANSI/ISA 75.25 - Control Valve Dynamic Testing
– IEC 60534-8-1 - Industrial-process control valves - Part 8-1: Noise
considerations - Laboratory measurement of noise generated by aerodynamic
flow through control valves
– IEC 60534-8-3 - Industrial-process control valves - Part 8: Noise
considerations - Section 8: Control valve aerodynamic noise prediction method
– IEC 60534-8-4 - Industrial-process control valves -Part 8: Noise
considerations - Section 8: Prediction of noise generated by hydrodynamic
flow
NACE International
Oil Field Equipment
U.S. Department of Labor, Occupational Safety and Health Administration

(OSHA)
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)
– Clean Air Act (CAA), Section 112, National Emission Standard for Hazardous
Air Pollutants
– HON Rule, Article 63.168 - Valves in Gas/Vapor Service and in Light Liquid
Service

2.4 Other References

– Guy Borden, Jr., Paul G. Friedmann, 1998, Control Valves, first edition, The
International Society of Automation, Research Triangle Park, NC
– Bela Liptak and Kriszta Venczel, Editors, 2003, Instrument Engineers’
Handbook, Process Control, Chilton Book Company, Radnor, PA
– Mars G. Fontana and Norbert D Green, 1989, Corrosion Engineering,
McGraw-Hill, New York, NY
3. Valve Materials
3.1 General
3.1.1 Material selection should be guided by the piping specification and by the
process conditions as a minimum.
3.1.2 If uncertainty about material selections exists, the final material selection
should be made in consultation with those specializing in material science or
with the control valve supplier.
3.1.3 For valves in a flammable hydrocarbon service, less flame resistant body
materials (e.g., plastic, cast iron, bronze, and aluminum) should be avoided
so that process integrity can be maintained in an emergency situation
involving an external fire.
3.2 Valve Body

3.2.1 The valve body material should be as specified in the piping specification but
is typically WCB or WCC carbon steel or ASTM type 300 series stainless
steel (SS).
3.2.2 Valves should be designed in accordance with the design pressure and
temperature.
3.2.3 All materials used in the valve should be compatible with the process for
normal and abnormal conditions.
3.2.4 Table 1 provides metallurgy guidance at different design temperatures.

Table 1. Selection Guide for Valve Body, Studs, Nuts, and Testing
Bonnet
Temp °F (°C) Body Bonnet Studs
Nuts Testing
(See Note 1) (ASTM) (ASTM)
(ASTM)
-425 < T < 100 Charpy at
A351 Gr CF8M A320 Gr B8 A194 Gr 8
(-254 < T < 38) design temp
-325 < T < 1000 Charpy at
A351 Gr CF8M A320 Gr B8M A194 Gr 8M
(-198 < T < 538) design temp
-50 < T < 20 A352 Gr LCB or Charpy
A193 Gr L7 A194 Gr 7
(-46 < T < -7) A352 Gr LCC (See Note 3)
-20 < T < 100 A216 Gr WCB or Charpy
A193 Gr B7 A194 Gr 2H
(-29 < T < 38) A216 Gr WCC (See Note 2)
100 < T < 800 A216 Gr WCB or
A193 Gr B7 A194 Gr 2H None
(38 < T < 427) A216 Gr WCC
800 < T < 1000
A217 Gr WC9 (Chrome) A193 Gr B16 A194 Gr 4 None
(427 < T < 538)
800 < T < 1000
A351 Gr CF8M (316 SS) A193 Gr B8M A194 Gr 8M None
(427 < T < 538)
1000 < T < 1100
A217 Gr WC9 (Chrome) A193 Gr B16 A194 Gr 4 None
(538 < T < 593)
1000 < T < 1100 A193 Gr B8M
A351 Gr CF8M (316 SS) A194 Gr 8M None
(538 < T < 593) (See Note 4)
1100 < T < 1500 A193 Gr B8M
A351 Gr CF8M (316 SS) A194 Gr 8M None
(593 < T < 816) (See Note 4)
Notes:
1. T is design temperature.
2. Consider Charpy testing.
3. If design temperature is less than -20°F (-29°C), Charpy test at -50°F (-46°C),
4. For temperatures greater than 1000°F (538°C), ASTM A193 Gr B8M Class 2 strain-hardened
studs should be used.
3.2.5 The following NACE standards should be used as applicable for selecting
material for processes containing hydrogen sulfide (H2S). These standards
provide metallic material requirements for resistance to sulfide stress
cracking.
a. For oil field (upstream) applications, NACE MR-01-75
b. For refining applications, NACE MR-0103
3.2.6 Physical effects of turbulence, fluid impingement, flashing, outgassing,
erosion, cavitation, changes in flow, pressure, temperature caused by
maintenance (e.g., when line is steamed out), and other abnormal operating
conditions may require a different material for the valve body than for the
piping in which the valve is installed. Corrosion, which has minimal or
acceptable effects on the pipe, can be exacerbated in the valve body.
Passivation films that form under relatively quiescent conditions can be worn
away by high-velocity fluids.

3.3 Valve Body Material Testing Methods

3.3.1 Control valve suppliers should have a quality control plan that includes
nondestructive examination (NDE) and repair procedures. Heat treatment and
repair procedures should as a minimum be in accordance with the following
ASTM standards as applicable:
a. For austenitic castings, ASTM A351
b. For ferritic and martensitic castings, ASTM A352
3.3.2 Castings made from some valve body materials (e.g., Monel™, titanium, and
Hastelloy®) can be prone to flaws and voids. To ensure acceptable valves,
NDE of pressure-retaining parts should be completed before machining.
3.3.3 Testing methods (e.g., x-ray, ultrasonic, dye checking, hardness testing,
magnetic particle, etc.) should be agreed with the facility owner’s material
engineer before ordering the valves, and the provisions should be included in
the purchase order. Typical NDE procedures for pipe fabrication are
provided in PIP PNSC0001. The extent of NDE and acceptance requirements
for pipe fabrication should be in accordance with ASME B31.3.
3.3.4 Charpy impact testing should be performed for cold service applications
(i.e., less than -50°F (-46°C)). See ASTM A352 Grade LCB materials.
3.3.5 Materials of constructions and welds may be verified by positive material
identification (PMI). If PMI is required, provisions for PMI should be
included in the purchase order.
3.4 Valve Trim

3.4.1 General
3.4.1.1 The effects of wear, galling, erosion, and corrosion are more
pronounced on valve trim than on the valve body. To minimize these
effects and to simultaneously control cost, a valve trim of a different
metallurgy than that of the valve body may be utilized.
3.4.1.2 Standard valve trim, typically 316 SS, should be given first
consideration. Higher alloy grades (e.g., 416 SS, 17-4 PH SS) have a
proven history in severe service applications. These alloys are
offered as standard on some valves.
3.4.1.3 Valves in the following services should be specified with trim having
a hardness of 38 Rc (hardness Rockwell C) minimum:
a. Cavitating or flashing services
b. Services containing erosive or solid-bearing fluids
c. High-pressure applications
3.4.1.4 The guidelines in Sections 3.4.2 through 3.4.4 are not exhaustive but
are typically accepted. These guidelines should be compared with
actual experience because the issues that impact trim material
selection are complex.

3.4.2 Series 300 and 400 SS

3.4.2.1 Series 300 and 400 SS are widely used and are frequently available
as standard offerings.
3.4.2.2 300 series SS (e.g., Types 304 and 316) is relatively ductile and
resistant to many types of corrosion. 300 series SS cannot be
hardened by heat treatment. The relative softness of 300 series SS,
compared with Types 410 and 416, makes them less desirable in
erosive, wear-producing applications.
3.4.2.3 400 series SS is typically less corrosion resistant than 300 series SS.
3.4.2.4 For general service, 300 and 400 series SS may be applied in
processes from -20 F to 650 F (-29 C to 343 C). See valve
manufacturer’s literature for limitations. As an example, cavitation
trim typically has a more limited range.
3.4.2.5 Assuming compatibility with the chemistry of the process, 300 and
400 series SS components may be plated or hard-faced with
materials to increase wear resistance.
3.4.3 Material Overlays
3.4.3.1 Hard-facing materials include stellite No. 6 (CoCr), tungsten carbide,
ceramic, and Ultimet.
3.4.3.2 Hard-facing can be effective in erosive applications, in steam and
water applications if pressure drops are greater than 50 psi (3.5 bar),
and in general applications if pressure differentials are greater than
500 psi (34.5 bar).
3.4.3.3 The facing material can wear or corrode away over time, leaving the
base, softer material unprotected.
3.4.4 Other Materials
3.4.4.1 Type 17-4 PH SS metallurgy may be specified for components
(e.g., valve plugs, cages, and guide bushings) requiring greater
strength, hardness, and galling resistance.
3.4.4.2 Valve trim parts may be specified with more resistant metallurgy
while using a less expensive material for the body. For example, trim
parts of Monel™ or Hastelloy®, stellite, and 17-4 PH SS may be
used with carbon steel bodies if the process contains trace quantities
of hydrofluoric acid, sulfuric acid, or dry chlorine gas or if the
process contains a maximum of 20% caustic material.
3.4.4.3 Valve trim selection can also depend on the valve body geometry.
For example, streamlined bodies having high-pressure recovery
coefficients are more likely to exhibit cavitation. Valves having
high-pressure recovery coefficients (e.g., rotary valves) can require
special or hardened trim.

3.5 Gaskets
3.5.1 The gasket and packing material should be compatible with or match the
applicable piping specification and should be in accordance with the
temperature and chemical requirements of the process.
3.5.2 If gaskets are not specified, the default should be a spiral-wound 316 SS
gasket, combined with an asbestos-free filler (e.g., Grafoil®). These gaskets
can be used in very low temperature applications (i.e., down to -400 F).
3.5.3 Inconel with laminated graphite can be used from -400 F to 1100 F (-240 C
to 593 C).
3.6 Packing
3.6.1 General
3.6.1.1 Polytetrafluorethylene (PTFE) is typically used as a packing material
because PTFE is generally inert and has a low coefficient of friction.
PTFE can be applied as packing for temperatures equal to and less
than 400 F (204 C). Because PTFE can harden at low temperatures,
PTFE should not be used below 0 F (-18 C) with a standard bonnet
and below -50 F (-46 C) with an extended bonnet.
3.6.1.2 If an elastomer like PTFE is selected, allowances should not be taken
for the cooling effects of an extended bonnet because heat is drawn
into the packing material if a leak occurs.
3.6.1.3 For applications in temperatures greater than 750 F (399 C),
extended bonnets should be used to protect positioners and actuators
from heat. For more information on the use of extended bonnets, see
Section 4.1.7.
3.6.1.4 In cryogenic services, ice should not be permitted to form on the
stem because ice can destroy the packing material.
3.6.1.5 Pure graphite packing material can be used in temperatures less than
or equal to 800 F (423 C) in oxidizing service and less than or equal
to 1200 F (649 C) in non-oxidizing service. A corrosion inhibitor
should be used if graphite packing is used. The packing manufacturer
should be consulted to determine if the valve should be removed
during hydrotesting. Graphite packing can corrode the stem if left
wet.
3.6.1.6 Packing glands, studs, and followers should be minimum 316 SS
unless 316 SS is not compatible with the process (e.g., chlorine).
3.6.1.7 For smaller valves (i.e., 1 inch (25 mm) and less), screwed packing
followers should be used.
3.6.1.8 Consideration should be given to the corrosive effects of leakage
through the packing. For example, dry hydrochloric acid becomes
extremely corrosive if exposed to the wet atmosphere. Therefore, the
stem and packing bolts should be compatible with greater corrosive
demands.

3.6.1.9 Piping systems that are steamed out frequently pull a vacuum when
the line cools. The valve packing should be designed for vacuum
service if pulling air into the system is not desirable.
3.6.2 Bellows Seals
3.6.2.1 Bellows seals are expensive and prone to fatigue failure.
3.6.2.2 Bellow seals should be considered for lethal, toxic, pyrophoric, or
cryogenic services.
3.6.2.3 The use of bellow seals should be approved by the owner of the
facility.
3.6.2.4 Typically, bellows seal travel is 75% of maximum rated valve travel.
3.6.2.5 Bellow seals should be in accordance with the following:
a. Approved for use in lethal, toxic, pyrophoric, or cryogenic
services
b. Include an antirotation feature to prevent twisting of bellows
during normal maintenance
c. Pressure-tested to a minimum of 1.3 times rated maximum
allowable service pressure
d. Helium leak-tested. Pressure loss should not be greater than
-6
1 x 10 cm3/second of helium.
e. Have bellows set in neutral position at 50% of valve stroke.
Bellows should not be in tension or compression at neutral
position.
f. Approved by the facility owner concerning the estimated cycle
life
3.6.3 Fugitive Emissions Considerations
3.6.3.1 General
1. The Clean Air Act (CAA) of 1990 and subsequent revisions and
addenda have specified maximum allowable leakage rates of
selected substances (i.e., hazardous air pollutants (HAP)) to the
atmosphere (i.e., fugitive emissions) from chemical-handling
equipment and piping, including control valves. The EPA’s final
decisions on the rule, called the HON Rule (i.e., Hazardous
Organic NESHAP, or the National Emission Standard for
Organic Hazardous Air Pollutants from the Synthetic Organic
Chemical Manufacturing Industry (SOCMI)), was signed into
law on February 28, 1994.
2. The intent of this section is to provide design guidelines for
control valves in chemical service that are consistent with the
1990 CAA.
3. Leakage testing of existing control valves in HON-defined HAP
services and toxicity-based services is required. Repair of these

valves is required as necessary to eliminate excessive leakage as

defined in the HON Rule.
4. Guidelines and requirements for valve repair to reduce leakage
are provided in HON Rule, Article 63.168. The following topics
in the HON Rule should be reviewed:
a. Under Article 63.168:
(1) Paragraph (d), Frequency of monitoring
(2) Paragraph (f), Time allowed for repair
(3) Paragraph (g), First attempts at repair
(4) Paragraph (h), Unsafe-to-monitor exemption
(5) Paragraph (i), Difficult-to-monitor exemption
b. Article 63.171 (a), (b), (c), Delay of repair
c. Article 63.180, Test measures and procedures
5. If fugitive emissions are problematic, emissions can be
minimized by the application of specifically designed packing
material or bellows seals.
3.6.3.2 Valve Operation
1. Control valves provided with low fugitive emission packing
should operate without leaking, as defined in the HON Rule, for
a minimum service life of 2 years, with a typical maintenance
frequency not greater than once per year.
2. Consideration should be given to the necessary dynamic
behavior of the valve so that the low-emission packing cannot
seriously impede the valve’s function as a final control element.
3. Oversized actuators should be used to overcome high packing
friction to meet dead time and dead band requirements for the
process.
4. Typically, for a 1% to 10% input step change, a control valve
step response time (T86) of 2 to 6 seconds is suitable. T86
should be 40% of the required open loop response.
5. T86 consists of two components; the dead time (Td) and the
remainder of the response time. T86 is the interval of time
between initiation of an input signal step change and the moment
the signal reaches 86.5% of its full steady state change. T86 is
approximately twice the control valve’s time constant of a first-
order response reaching 63.2% of the full steady state change.
For example, assume that a closed loop response of 10 seconds is
required. The T86 for the valve should be 4 seconds (i.e.,
10 seconds times 40% equals 4 seconds). When subjecting the
valve to a 10% input step change, the valve stem should move
8.6% of its stroke within 4 seconds.

3.6.3.3 Rotary Valves and Bellow Seals

1. Rotary control valves should be used instead of sliding-stem
valves for low fugitive emissions service if feasible.
2. Bellows seals should be used only if multi-ring, low-emission
packing designs are not sufficient or cannot be tolerated
(e.g., pyrophoric, lethal, or toxic services).
3. Low fugitive emissions requirements mainly affect stuffing box
and packing design, but for compliance, assembly joints and
piping connections should also be carefully designed and
maintained throughout the life of the valve.
4. Valve Types
4.1 General
The guidelines in this section should be used for globe- and rotary-style valves.
4.1.1 Valve Stem
4.1.1.1 All valves should have a mechanism to prevent stem blowout if the
stem detaches from the closure member. If the stem detaches, the
process fluid can expel the shaft, causing loss of containment.
4.1.1.2 The use of the actuator to retain the shaft is not an acceptable
blowout prevention method because the actuator can be removed
during maintenance.
4.1.2 Valve Size Less Than Pipe Size
4.1.2.1 Valve size should typically not be more than two sizes less than the
pipe size. If the valve size is required to be reduced by more than two
pipe sizes, the piping mechanical stresses should be validated by
piping engineers.
4.1.2.2 The valve manufacturer can also provide valves with expanded inlet
and outlet connections that can directly mate with the piping
connections.
4.1.2.3 Using a line size globe-style valve with reduced trim has the
following advantages and disadvantages:
a. Advantages include:
(1) Saves cost of the reducers. The installed cost can be less than
that of installing a smaller valve, depending on valve size
and metallurgy.
(2) Permits increasing future throughput
(3) Reduces risk of under-sizing valves
(4) Permits the design of the piping system before final control
valve selection

b. Disadvantages include more costly control valve and valve

manifold station
4.1.2.4 A process engineer should be consulted if the valve is greater than
one size less than the downstream line size because this indicates that
the pipe is possibly oversized.
4.1.2.5 The use of restricted valve trim may be considered for flow rates
requiring smaller Cv coefficients.
4.1.3 Minimum Flange Rating
4.1.3.1 For sites having mainly carbon steel and stainless steel valves,
ANSI class 300 flange ratings should be used to standard to
minimize spare parts inventory.
4.1.3.2 The cost of ANSI classes 150 and 300 carbon steel and stainless steel
valves are approximately the same depending on size. Valve
manufacturers typically use the same globe valve body castings for
sizes 1 to 4 inches (25mm to 100 mm) to manufacture ANSI classes
150 through 600; the only difference is the amount of metal removed
from each casting.
4.1.4 Flangeless Valves
4.1.4.1 Flanged valves should be specified in hydrocarbon services, toxic
services, and hot services (i.e., greater than 400°F) (204 C) to
minimize the risk of flange leaks. Flangeless (e.g., wafer-style)
valves should not be used in these services. Valve end connections
should be in accordance with the piping specification.
4.1.4.2 Leakage potential is heightened in flangeless valves because the
exposed studs can expand in a fire.
4.1.5 Separable Flanges
4.1.5.1 Corrosion or erosion effects can indicate that the valve body should
be of a higher alloy than the pipe. Cost can be saved by specifying
separable flanges in a less expensive metallurgy.
4.1.5.2 Economic incentive for separable flanges is not significant unless the
valve is a large 304 or 316 SS valve (i.e., greater than 4 inches) or
the metallurgy is higher than 304 or 316 SS.
4.1.5.3 Typically, separable flanges should not be used because loosening
the bolts can permit the valve to rotate. Separable flanges should be
specified only for higher alloy or large SS valves.
4.1.5.4 If separable flanges are specified and the valve can rotate if the
flange bolts are loosened, a warning tag should be affixed to the
actuator.
4.1.6 Welded End Valves
4.1.6.1 Welded end valves should not be used because they are difficult to
repair in line and difficult to remove for maintenance.

4.1.6.2 If the piping specification requires welded end valves, the piping
engineer should be consulted to verify that welded end valves are
permitted and to determine what types are permitted.
4.1.7 Bonnet
4.1.7.1 Use of extension bonnets should be minimized.
4.1.7.2 Bonnets should have a bolted design.
4.1.7.3 Bonnet bolts should not be used for attaching actuators or mounting
brackets.
4.1.7.4 Extended or finned bonnets should be used for service temperatures
less than 0ºF (-18 C) and greater than 750ºF (399 C).
4.1.7.5 Extended bonnets may be avoided in processes with temperatures
greater than 400ºF (204 C) and less than 750ºF (399 C) if graphite-
based or other high-temperature packing is used.
4.1.7.6 If extension bonnets are required, Table 2 provides guidelines:
Table 2. Bonnet Extension Criteria
Temp °F (°C) Graphite Elastomer Packing
(See Note 1) Packing
T < 0 (-18 C) Plain extension Plain extension
0 < T < 400 No extension No extension
(-18 C < T < 204 C)
400 < T < 750 No extension Plain Extension
(204 C < T < 399 C) (See Note 2)
T > 750 Plain extension No elastomer packing
(See Note 3) (Use graphite.)
(T > 399 C)
Notes:
1. T is design temperature.
2. This method should be used if graphite packing is compatible
with service conditions.
3. Valve manufacturer should be consulted for a
recommendation on the use of finned extension.
4.2 Globe Styles

4.2.1 General
4.2.1.1 The term “globe valve” is derived from the shape of the valve body.
4.2.1.2 Flow control is affected by positioning the closure member in
relationship to a seat through the area of linear or reciprocating
motion of an actuator.
4.2.1.3 The globe style of control valve includes globe, bar stock, angle, and
three-way valves.

4.2.2 Globe Valves

4.2.2.1 General
1. Globe valves should have the following characteristics:
a. Inner valve plug removable through top of valve body (push
down to close)
b. Removable non-threaded seat rings
2. Globe valves may be classified as post-guided or cage-guided
plugs.
4.2.2.2 Post-Guided
1. In a post-guided configuration, the plug can be either top-guided
or top- and bottom-guided.
2. Double-ported, post-guided valves are typically guided by posts
at the top and bottom of the plug.
3. Post-guided, single-ported valves may be used for tight shutoff
applications; however, because these valves are unbalanced, they
can require more force from the actuator to achieve shutoff if the
flow is under the plug.
4. Double-ported valves cannot provide the same shutoff capability
as the single-ported types because for the double-ported types,
seating both plugs simultaneously is nearly impossible (ANSI
Class II versus ANSI Class IV).
5. Typically, double-ported valves are not used because of higher
maintenance costs and leakage.
6. Double-ported valves, because they are somewhat balanced by
differential forces acting in opposite directions across the two
plugs, require less positioning force than do single-ported valves.
The double-ported valve actuators can be smaller than for single-
ported valves in the same application or with the same shutoff
requirements.
7. Post-guided valves may be a good choice for dirty service if the
fluid or fluid particles can adhere to the guiding surface or clog
the plug vent holes. The post and guide bushing of post-guided
types, under certain conditions, can be less affected by this type
of buildup.
8. For high pressure drop, incipient cavitation, or flashing services,
the lower guide area is required to be hardened. Also, valve plug,
seat and guides should be hard faced. For full cavitation service,
the lower guide area should not be hardened.
9. For high pressure drop services, an extension, or post, on the
upper side of the plug is guided by a bushing clamped in the
valve bonnet or top enclosure. These valve types typically have
only one port and a single seat.

4.2.2.3 Cage-Guided
1. Cage-guided valves have a cylindrical plug guided through a
cage clamped in the valve body.
2. The cage is a massive, ported cylindrical spool through which a
plug is axially positioned.
3. The increased guiding area is desirable for high-pressure drop,
high-noise, and anticavitation applications.
4. Cage-guided valves may have either unbalanced or balanced
plugs.
5. Unbalanced types can provide a tight shutoff if sufficient
actuator force is applied.
6. For balanced styles, the plug is vented and the process pressure
interacts with the top and bottom side of the plug. Therefore,
relatively small pressure differentials exist across the plug
throughout the valve stroke, and lower plug-positioning forces
are required from the actuator.
7. Cage-guided valves should not be used in services if coke can
form or if solid particles are present.
8. The cage-guided valve can achieve flow characterization with
two different style variations as follows:
a. Cage ports are contoured and the plug is cylindrical
b. Cage ports are rectangular and the plug is contoured
9. Because of the equal flow distribution through the cage, cage-
guided valves have less side load and are inherently more stable
than post-guided styles.
10. Balanced styles undergo less horizontal vibration and
consequently less guide, seat, and stem wear than post-guided
types.
11. Because of superior stability, cage-guided valves provide greater
rangeability than post-guided valves. In addition, their larger port
area allows greater flow capacity compared with post-guided
types of equal body size.
4.2.3 Bar Stock Bodies
Bar stock bodies may be used if any of the following apply:
a. Special alloys required
b. High-pressure applications
c. Offset inlet and outlet ports required
d. Significant cost advantage

4.2.4 Angle Valves

4.2.4.1 Angle valves should be used for the following services:
a. Coking
b. Solids carried in suspension
c. Severe flashing
d. Bottoms
e. Drains
f. Cavitation
g. High pressure drop
h. Outgassing
4.2.4.2 Side and bottom connections should be inlet and outlet, respectively.
4.2.4.3 The plugs on noncage-guided angle valves in flow-to-close
applications tend to be forced into the seat as the plug nears the seat.
If the valve operates at less than 20% lift at minimum flow, a volume
tank with double-acting piston actuator should be used, and the
piston should be adjusted to be near the bottom of the cylinder when
the valve is closed.
4.2.4.4 Spring-assisted actuators should not be used.
4.2.4.5 An angle valve has a bottom-exiting venturi throat, typically of a
hardened material, or a sleeve may be added to the angle valve. The
smooth entrance and exit are effective if applied to high-velocity
fluids containing erosive solids.
4.2.5 Three-Way Valves
4.2.5.1 Three-way valves can control converging or diverging streams.
4.2.5.2 Three-way valves can provide an economical alternative to separate
valves and are frequently used to bypass flow around an exchanger
(i.e., diverging flow) or to mix two streams (i.e., converging flow).
4.2.5.3 Use of three-way valves can simplify failure analysis because only
one actuator failure needs to be considered.
4.2.5.4 Three-way applications consisting of two valves, one actuator, and a
mechanical linkage should not be used because of high maintenance
costs. Two separate valves with their own actuators and other
accessories should be used.
4.2.6 Split Body Globe Valves
Split body globe valves should not be used because of tendency to leak.

4.3 Rotary-Style Valves

4.3.1 General
4.3.1.1 Rotary-style valves have the following features:
a. Quarter-turn rotary actuation
b. Low weight
c. High capacity
d. Lower cost
e. Simpler, more reliable, and less friction-producing packing
4.3.1.2 Disadvantages of rotary-style valves include the following:
a. Fewer trim sizes
b. Propensity to cavitation
c. If high side thrust loads exist on the shaft and bearings, valve
body sizes less than 2 inches (50 mm) are not suitable; although
“characterized” ball valves are available in smaller sizes.
d. Conventional butterfly valves in particular applications can
require relatively high opening and closing torque from the
actuator.
4.3.1.3 For fugitive emission services, rotary valves rather than reciprocating
valves should be considered because of the inherent design of shaft
and packing.
4.3.2 Butterfly Valves
4.3.2.1 Butterfly and high-performance butterfly (eccentric disk) valves have
a greater valve coefficient, and the valve body size can be less than
the line size.
4.3.2.2 Butterfly valves, except for high-performance (eccentric disk) types
with low-torque disk designs, should be sized to control between 10
and 60 of disk opening.
4.3.2.3 For purposes of design, high-performance butterfly (eccentric disk)
valves should be sized to control within a 15 to 75 range of disk
opening.
4.3.2.4 High-performance valves having specially designed disks may be
selected to permit operation with the disk as much as 90 open.
4.3.2.5 High-performance butterfly (eccentric disk) valves are recommended
over standard butterfly valves. These high-performance valves have
double and triple offset shafts to lift the disk out of the seat
immediately upon actuation. This avoids wear on the seat and disk.
Leakage is minimized because the disk is pressed into the seats.
4.3.2.6 Butterfly valves are available with seat designs and material that can
provide a tight shutoff.

4.3.2.7 The actuator end of the valve stem should be splined. Shear pins
should not be used.
4.3.2.8 Shafts should be made of one piece.
4.3.2.9 The shear safety factor should be a minimum 150% at the specified
shutoff pressure drop condition.
4.3.2.10 The valve stem bearing should be designed to prevent the stem
guide bushing from rotating in the valve body.
4.3.2.11 Bearing material should be selected to prevent galling of the bearing
or valve stem.
4.3.2.12 The minimum disk-to-pipe clearance should be in accordance with
API 609. The designer should be aware that the disk extends into
the pipe and can interfere with a reducer, close-mounted
instruments (e.g., thermowells, orifice plates), and another valve.
4.3.2.13 For temperatures up to approximately 400 F (204°C), tight shutoff
can be achieved with sealing designs using elastomeric materials.
Temperatures above approximately 400 F (204°C) require the use
of metal seats. Special valves having metal seats are available for
“fire-safe” applications.
4.3.2.14 Because of their higher valve coefficient, butterfly valves typically
have a higher pressure recovery coefficient. The higher pressure
recovery coefficient makes cavitation more likely in a butterfly
valve than in a globe valve of comparable capacity.
4.3.2.15 Valve end connections should be in accordance with the associated
piping specifications. For hydrocarbon and chemical services, single
flanged or lugged bodies should be used for valve end connections.
Wafer bodies should be used in utility or non-critical applications.
4.3.3 Ball Valves
4.3.3.1 General
1. Ball valves have a greater valve coefficient, and the valve body
size can be less than the line size.
2. The designer should consider the effects of pipe reducers
typically used with ball valves and apply the appropriate factors
to the sizing equation.
3. Ball valves exhibit a greater potential for cavitation than
comparably sized globe valves. Special anticavitation trims are
available that can solve ball valve cavitation in some cases. Ball
valves with overlays can be used for some flashing applications.
4. Ball valves are of two basic types, depending on the
configuration of the rotating ball (i.e., full and segmented).

4.3.3.2 Full Ball

1. A full ball valve has a waterway or port through a solid,
complete sphere.
2. Full port valves are ball valves having an opening the same
diameter as that of the pipe inside diameter.
3. Reduced or normal port ball valves have a port that is typically
one size less than the flange size and have much lower valve
coefficient values than do the equivalent full port valves.
4. Reduced port valves are typically used as block valves.
4.3.3.3 Segmented Ball
1. In segmented ball valves, a section or segment has been removed
from the ball such that the flow is “characterized” as the ball
rotates.
2. Segmented balls may be cut to provide parabolic, “V,” “U,” or
other contours on the leading edge of the ball.
3. The ball is supported in the valve body by stub shafts that rotate
in bearings or bushings.
4.3.4 Eccentric / Rotary Plug Valves
4.3.4.1 An eccentric plug valve is a rotary motion valve with a closure
member that may be cylindrical or conical
4.3.4.2 The following are characteristics of an eccentric plug valve:
a. Used for throttling and isolation applications
b. Linear flow through the valve
c. Self cleaning characteristics
d. Bi-directional flow
e. Stable operation with universal flow direction
f. Should be installed so the rotary shaft lies horizontally
g. Excellent shutoff
h. Rotary torque
i. High torque
j. Rangeability up to 100:1
k. Offer a low cost per Cv value
l. Moderate pressure recovery in the body
4.3.4.3 Reduced trim may be accomplished by changing the seat ring.
4.3.4.4 Rotary plugs valves are less susceptible to cavitation than the
butterfly or ball valves.

4.3.5 Pinch Valves

4.3.5.1 Pinch-type valves may be used with limitations for plugging services
and in streams with entrained solids.
4.3.5.2 Pinch-type valves have diaphragms and/or flexible liners that can be
proportionally opened and closed by mechanical or pneumatic
pressure on the outside line.
4.3.5.3 Pinch-type valves are zero emission-type valves.
5. Sizing of Valves
5.1 Sizing Methods

5.1.1 Generic valve-sizing methods are available in commercial PC-based
electronic formats. Electronic sources provide tutorial instruction and are
valuable sources of explanatory information; however, valve manufacturers’
methods should be used for the final selection of a control valve.
5.1.2 Control valves should be sized using equations from ANSI/ISA 75.01.01 -
Flow Equations for Sizing Control Valves.
5.1.3 When the valve manufacturer is selected, manufacture’s sizing should be
used to verify valve size, flashing, cavitation, and noise at various flow rates
and differential pressures. Alternately, the process data may be furnished to
the manufacturer for sizing of the control valves. If the sizing is to be
performed by the manufacturer, care should be taken to ensure that the
manufacturer has all the conditions necessary (e.g., startup, shutdown, upset,
etc.) to size the valve for all process conditions.
5.1.4 Viscosity should be considered because viscosity can affect capacity,
especially for very small valves.
5.2 Sizing Guidelines

5.2.1 Pressure Drop
5.2.1.1 Control valves should be sized to consume a certain percentage of
the total system pressure drop (typically 30% to 50% at normal
design flow). If the system pressure drop is grossly overestimated,
the application of the 30% to 50% guideline typically results in an
oversized valve. At the normal flow rate, the valve can throttle too
near its closed position. The need to precisely predict the total
system pressure drop is rarely critical because the control system
corrects for errors in estimated pressure losses.
5.2.1.2 Consideration for allowable frictional pressure drop should be
included in the overall system pressure drop during sizing.
5.2.2 Turndown Ratio
5.2.2.1 The valve-sizing coefficient for globe valves should be selected to
limit turndown to a ratio of about 30:1. This limits the valve opening

to approximately 10% of maximum for globe valves with equal

percentage trim.
5.2.2.2 Greater turndown ratios should be used with caution because of the
inability of the actuator to accurately position the plug near the seat,
which can cause valve instability.
5.2.2.3 If greater turndown ratios are required, consideration should be given
to using rotary valves with characterized trim. If turndown ratio
requirements are extreme, installations with sequentially operated
parallel valves may also be considered.
5.2.3 Eccentric disk valves can pop out of the seat, causing a jump in flow. This
effect makes these valves unsuitable for throttling near the seat.
5.2.4 Flow-to-close valves can draw the plug into the seat if throttling near the
seat. This effect makes throttling unstable near the seat. This effect can cause
galling of the seat and plug.
5.2.5 Two-Phase Fluids
5.2.5.1 Cv calculations for two-phase fluids are more complex than for
single fluids. Control of a two-phase, liquid-vapor combination
should be avoided if possible.
5.2.5.2 For two-phase and flashing applications, the valve outlet should not
be more than one size less than the downstream piping size. An
expander should be located on the outlet of the valve.
5.2.5.3 A minimum of 10 diameters of straight pipe should be provided on
the outlet of the valve to minimize vibration of the piping caused by
the high-velocity flow from the trim.
6. Inherent Flow Characteristics
6.1 Definitions
6.1.1 The term “installed flow characteristic” refers to the relationship between the
flow rate and the closure member travel as the closure member is moved
from the closed position to rated travel as the pressure drop across the valve
is influenced by the varying process conditions.
6.1.2 The valve manufacturer develops the “inherent flow characteristic” of the
valve by measuring flow through the valve at various openings while
maintaining a constant pressure drop across the valve.
6.1.3 Typically, the valve differential pressure drop changes as the valve opening
changes. For this reason the installed flow characteristic provides a more
meaningful representation of valve dynamic behavior. The installed flow
characteristic is a more accurate representation of how flow in the system
changes relative to changes in valve opening and valve and system pressure
drop. However, knowing the valve inherent flow characteristic is essential to
the initial sizing and application effort.

6.1.4 The primary valve inherent flow characteristics are equal percentage, linear,
and quick opening.
6.1.5 Inherent Rangeability
6.1.5.1 Inherent rangeability is the ratio of the largest flow coefficient to the
smallest flow coefficient in which the deviation from the specified
inherent flow characteristics is less than the limits stated in
ISA 75.11, Section 4.
6.1.5.2 Inherent rangeability is an indication of how well the valve can
control the effective orifice created by the closure member-to-stroke
curve.
6.1.5.3 The ratio is of limited value because the ratio does not consider the
accuracy of the positioner/linkage, the instabilities of the process
fluid, the inability to control areas near the seat because of bathtub
effects or seat stiction, and the changing pressure drop with flow
rate.
6.1.5.4 A more meaningful definition of rangeability recognizes the
variation in pressure drop and is expressed as the ratio of maximum
Cv at minimum pressure drop to minimum Cv at maximum pressure
drop. Rangeability can vary if this definition is applied; however,
rangeability is a useful tool for making initial selections. Table 3
provides typical rangeability and pressure recovery factors.
Table 3. Representative Valve Characteristics, Rangeability,
and Pressure Recovery Factors
Inherent Pressure Recovery
Valve Type Characteristics Rangeability Factor (FL)
Globe = % & Lin 20:1 to 50:1 0.75 to 0.92

Globe w/ cavitation trim Lin 20:1 0.92 to 0.999
Angle w/ venturi = % & Lin 20:1 to 50:1 0.5
Ball standard bore Lin 100:1 0.55 to 0.6
Segmented ball Lin 100:1 0.55 to 0.85
Eccentric rotary plug Lin 100:1 to 200:1 0.55 to 0.85
Ball characterized = % & Lin 100:1 to 300:1 0.57 to 0.75
Butterfly 60° open = % & Lin 100:1 0.3 to 0.7
Butterfly 90° open = % & Lin 100:1 0.55 to .85
6.2 Equal Percentage Characteristic

6.2.1 If a constant pressure drop across the valve is assumed, a valve with an equal
percentage characteristic produces a nonlinear increase in flow as the valve
opens. Equal percentage increases in valve opening cause equal percentage
increases in previous flow through the valve. For example, consider an equal
percentage valve with a 30:1 rangeability over 90% of its stroke. At 50%
open, the flow is 15% of maximum. If the valve is opened an additional 10%
(from 50% to 60%), the flow increases 46% to 22% of maximum. If the

valve is opened another 10% (from 60% to 70%), the flow again increases by
46% to 32% of maximum.
6.2.2 Figure 1 shows the relationship between valve opening and valve flow for
the equal percentage characteristic.
Figure 1. Equal Percentage Characteristic
6.2.3 An equal percentage valve exhibits increasing gain as the valve opens and is
recommended for a process in which the system gain decreases with
increasing valve load.
6.2.4 As the pressure drop available to the valve decreases, equal percentage
valves exhibit increasingly linear characteristics. For this reason, equal
percentage valves should be used for systems in which the valve absorbs
varying amounts of pressure drop or if a relatively small amount (i.e., less
than 30%) of the system pressure drop is consumed by the valve. Typical
process applications include pressure control and nonlinearized flow control.
6.3 Linear Characteristic

6.3.1 As shown in Figure 2, a valve with a linear flow characteristic produces a
linear increase in flow as the valve opens.
Figure 2. Linear Characteristic
6.3.2 Valves with linear trim are typically required for applications in which the
valve differential pressure drop is relatively constant over the valve travel
range. Typical applications include liquid level control, linearized flow
control, centrifugal compressor antisurge control, pump minimum flow
bypass control, depressuring, gravity flow level control, and split range.

6.4 Quick Opening Characteristic

6.4.1 Figure 3 shows the flow characteristic curve for the quick opening valve.
Figure 3. Quick Opening Characteristic
6.4.2 Valves with a quick opening characteristic exhibit a rapid increase in flow as
the valve opens. Initial valve flows are fairly linear until the valve travel is
about 50% to 70% open. Flow rate “flattens out” as the area created by the
rising plug begins to equal the port area.
6.4.3 Quick opening valves are typically specified for “on-off” service and for
pressure-relieving applications. Quick opening valves can be used as linear
valves if their travel is restricted to the linear flow regime.
7. Cavitation and Flashing
7.1 Cavitation
7.1.1 Cavitation in a valve body’s vena contracta can occur if the pressure of the
flowing liquid drops below the fluid vapor pressure and then the pressure is
recovered above the vapor pressure.
7.1.2 Cavitation affects valve sizing and can damage valve parts and downstream
piping, depending on valve trim design, pressure drop, flow rate,
temperature, and fluid. Care should be exercised to ensure that the sizing
methods are applicable for the valve being evaluated.
7.1.3 The small holes used in cavitation trim for the valve are susceptible to
plugging during operation, which should be considered in the selection of
valves and trim. A strainer should be installed upstream of a control valve
with anti-cavitation trim.
7.1.4 Cavitation in water services is more damaging to trim components than in
hydrocarbon services.
7.1.5 Sigma Index
7.1.5.1 ISA RP75.23 describes an effective methodology for communication
by defining cavitation parameters, evaluating cavitation
characteristics, and providing guidelines for selecting control valves.

7.1.5.2 ISA RP75.23 defines the sigma index as follows:

Sigma = (P1 -Pv)/(P1 -P2)
7.1.5.3 The valve manufacturer should provide a recommended sigma ( mr).
The sigma recommended should be adjusted from the reference
valve to the actual application using size, pressure, and reducer
factors. This adjustment results in a sigma proposed ( p). If p is less
than , the valve should not experience damage. If p is greater than
, a “cavitation control” trim may be selected or an evaluation may
be made using the intensity index (I) described in ISA RP75.23,
Annex C.
7.1.5.4 Nominal values of sigma recommended ( mr) are as follows:
a. Butterfly or ball - 2.0 to 2.3
b. Globe and angle - 2.2
c. Single-stage cavitation trim - 1.2
d. Three-stage cavitation trim - 1.025
7.1.6 Intensity Index
7.1.6.1 The intensity index is a valve-life reduction factor. The magnitude of
the index represents how many times faster erosion can occur over
the threshold damage rate.
7.1.6.2 The intensity index modifies sigma incipient damage ( id) with the
following factors:
a. Velocity factor, FU - When damage or pitting has commenced at
the incipient damage sigma or velocity, the rate of pitting
increases exponentially with increased velocity.
b. Fluid temperature factor, FT - For water, cavitation damage is
approximately three times greater halfway between freezing and
boiling.
c. Duty cycle factor, FDC - The damage for continuous, intermittent,
or rare cavitation conditions is considered.
7.1.7 If cavitation is predicted, the following actions should be considered:
a. Verify that the upstream pressure is required. For example, check if the
pump needs to produce the pressure. Verify the process data.
b. Relocate the valve to a greater outlet pressure (e.g., grade versus top of
column).
c. Relocate the valve to a lower temperature. d. Install a restriction orifice
directly downstream of the valve if flow rate variations are small.
d. Install additional valves or use anti-cavitation trim.
e. Install a spare valve in parallel, or replace valve from available stock.
Comment: For further specifics see ISA RP75.23.

7.1.8 Mitigation Methods

7.1.8.1 The best method for eliminating cavitation is to find a successfully
functioning valve in a similar application and use that design and/or
consult the valve manufacturer.
7.1.8.2 For severe cavitation in water service (i.e., greater than 350 psi
(24 bar) drop), an anticavitation trim should be used. Anticavitation
trim valves are effective in demanding applications and can
significantly reduce the capacity of the valve, and the small orifices
can plug in particle-laden or viscous fluid applications. Because of
the small holes (i.e., approximately 1/16 inch (1.5mm) or less) in the
trim, a strainer is recommended upstream. The anticavitation trim is
designed to do the following:
a. Break the flow into many small streams
b. Reduce the pressure in multiple stages
c. Force the flow through multiple turns or tortuous paths
d. Direct the jets into the center of the cage to cancel the energy
force
7.1.8.3 If plugging is a concern, a multiple plug-style valve should be
considered. These valves divide the pressure drop into more than one
pressure drop. Two valves can be installed in series to achieve the
same anticavitation results.
7.1.8.4 For moderate cavitation of water (i.e., less than 350 psi) (24 bar) and
for most hydrocarbon-cavitating services, an angle valve with
hardened venturi may be used. A sharp-edge seat port orifice to keep
the discharge away from the body wall should be selected. If this
design is used, the design should have the following characteristices:
a. Valve outlet not greater than one size less than the pipe
b. Immediately expand to the pipe size on the outlet
c. Provide a minimum of 10 diameters of straight pipe downstream
of the control valve
7.1.8.5 For minor cavitation applications such as hydrocarbons with less
than 500 psig (34.5) drop, a flow-to-open standard globe valve with
hardened trim is recommended. If selecting hardened trim, the
cracking that can be caused by impact of repeated valve closures and
thermal shock should be considered.
7.1.8.6 Hydrocarbons and especially viscous or mixed hydrocarbons cannot
cause as much damage to valves as can water. Because all cavitation
damage prediction data use water, the calculations can be overly
conservative for these classes of services.
7.1.8.7 Rotary-style valves should not be used in cavitating services or in
erosive services. A rotary-style valve has a greater recovery factor,
causing more intense cavitation, and directs the flow energy at the
side of the pipe, which can cause the pipe to wear.

7.1.8.8 For cavitation and erosive services if tight shutoff is required,

a separate ball valve should be considered.
7.2 Flashing and Erosion

7.2.1 Flashing
7.2.1.1 If the pressure of a liquid at its flowing temperature is reduced below
its vapor pressure, vapor in the form of bubbles evolves from the
liquid. If the downstream pressure in the valve does not recover, but
remains below the liquid vapor pressure, a mixture of liquid and
vapor can exit the valve. This event is called flashing.
7.2.1.2 If vapor continues to evolve to the point that flow becomes restricted
or choked, further reduction in downstream pressure serves only to
cause more vapor to evolve.
7.2.1.3 Increased differential pressure caused by the lower downstream
pressure has no effect in accelerating flow through the valve after the
effective, or allowable, differential pressure is reached.
7.2.1.4 To determine the capacity of the valve under these choked
conditions, the allowable, not the actual, differential pressure should
be used in the sizing formula.
7.2.2 Erosion
7.2.2.1 Erosion is caused by high-velocity flow, particles, and corrosion.
7.2.2.2 Because high-velocity flow is associated with flashing, flashing
frequently causes erosion. Flashing tends to smoothly wear away the
plug and seat material, causing leaky valves and changed flow
characteristics.
7.2.2.3 Particles, especially hard particles, in the moving fluid can also cause
erosion. Like flashing, the seat can wear, and worse, particles can
erode away the body, causing loss of fluid.
7.2.2.4 For some corrosive fluid services, the type of metal used in the
piping does not corrode because the metal forms a protective surface
film. However, this film can be eroded away because of high flow
velocity, exposing a fresh surface to the corrosive agent in the fluid.
For example, carbon steel can be used for sulfuric acid service only
if the velocity is kept low.
7.2.3 Outgassing
7.2.3.1 Outgassing is the release of gas that is dissolved or entrained in a
liquid.
7.2.3.2 Characteristics of outgassing are as follows:
a. Absorption of heat is not required.
b. Corresponding states does not apply.
c. MW (molecular weight) of gas phase not constant

7.2.3.3 Consequences of outgassing are as follows:

a. Gas can form more rapidly than flashing.
b. No meta-stable state - gas may be present at the vena contracta.
c. Damage can be more aggressive than flashing.
d. Greater velocities
e. Entrained particulate can increase wear on trim and valve outlet.
f. Excess vibration can wear out instrumentation and trim causing
process upsets.
7.2.3.4 Valve selection attributes for outgassing are as follows:
a. Open, streamline flow passage
b. Minimizes erosion from vapor phase and possible entrained
particulate
c. Protective outlet liner (venturi)
d. Maintainable and replaceable trim components
7.2.4 Mitigation Methods
7.2.4.1 To prevent erosion, incipient cavitation, corrosion, and flashing
hardened trim should be selected, and a design with streamline flow,
which prevents direct impingement upon the trim, body, or pipe,
should be used. An angle valve with a venturi liner should be
considered. If this design is used, the valve should not be greater
than one size less than the downstream pipe. A minimum of
10 diameters of straight pipe should be provided downstream of the
valve. This design focuses the energy down the center of the pipe.
Increasing the size of the pipe and providing straight lengths allows
time to dissipate the energy of the fluid from the valve.
7.2.4.2 Sacrificial downstream piping, hardened alloys, multistage pressure
reduction, and special trim designs should also be considered for
solving problems associated with flashing.
7.2.4.3 If a valve is controlling feed flow to a vessel, mounting the valve
directly on a vessel flange should be considered. This configuration
effectively eliminates the downstream piping.
7.2.4.4 Reducing the trim exit velocity to acceptable levels (i.e., 20 ft/second
(6 m/sec)) if possible, helps eliminate problems associated with
erosion.
7.2.4.5 The following are recommended pressure drop limits versus material
for erosive service:
a. 125 psi (8.6 bar) - 17-4 PH SS and No. 6 stellite
b. 150 psi (10.3 bar) - No. 6 Colmonoy®
c. 200 psi (13.8 bar) - 440-C SS
d. Greater than 200 psi (13.8 bar) - tungsten carbide

8. Noise Considerations
8.1 General
8.1.1 Noise prediction is a specialized study that typically requires the use of valve
manufacturer prediction methods. The valve manufacturer or the facility
owner’s noise control specialist should be consulted.
8.1.2 If the noise is greater than acceptable levels as specified in PIP PCSCV001,
alternate methods of noise reduction should be evaluated, and the facility
owner advised.
8.1.3 The owner should be notified if the calculated noise level exceeds a value of
85 dB(A) as specified on the purchaser’s PIP PCSCV001-D Data Sheet.
8.1.4 Valve manufacturers’ noise prediction calculations are typically accurate to
within plus or minus 5 dB(A).
8.1.5 OSHA 1910.95 provides a formula that calculates acceptable exposure time
to the different noise levels to which a person may be exposed during a shift.
For example, the allowable noise exposure for 95 dBA is 4 hours.
A 115-dBA exposure is the maximum allowable noise for 15 minutes.
8.1.6 Typically, states or local governments regulate the acceptable noise level at
the plant fence line, which is much less than the acceptable limits within the
plant (i.e., 70 dBA for adjoining industrial facility and 55 dBA for adjoining
residential area).
8.1.7 The owner’s noise reduction strategy should be determined and incorporated
into the selection of valves.
8.1.8 Acceptable noise level depends on the following:
a. Facility owner’s location and standard noise limitation practices
b. Proximity of valve to the fence line
c. Proximity of valve to normally attended versus isolated area
d. Frequency of use (e.g., continuous, less than once per year)
8.1.9 The maximum acceptable noise level is specified on the purchaser’s
PIP PCSCV001-D Data Sheet. This value varies between facility owners and
locations.
8.1.10 Valve noise levels consistently greater than 110 dBA should be avoided
because valve failure can result.
8.2 Noise Reduction

8.2.1 If noise greater than acceptable levels for human exposure cannot be
mitigated by adjusting the process or piping geometry, noise reduction trim
should be used. The application of antinoise trim is the only method that can
eliminate damaging noise at its source.
8.2.2 Antinoise trims and silencers are susceptible to plugging in some process
conditions. A strainer should be provided upstream of an antinoise trim.

8.2.3 Other solutions to reduce excess noise, while possibly less effective or more
costly, may include the following path treatment methods:
a. Acoustic lagging - Noise can reappear downstream at next device.
b. Pipe/valve insulation - Noise can reappear downstream at next device.
c. Thicker pipe wall - Noise can reappear downstream at next device.
d. Silencers (e.g., plates and diffusers) - Noise cannot reappear downstream
at next device.
e. Acoustic sheds - Noise can reappear downstream at next device.
8.2.4 For a point source, doubling the distance away from the noise source, results
typically in 6 dbA less noise. For a line source, doubling the distance away
from the noise, typically results in 3 dbA less noise.
8.2.5 Because diffusers work by absorbing some of the pressure drop, diffusers
tend to work well at the maximum flow conditions. If diffusers are used, the
maximum noise is often calculated at mid range. Therefore, diffusers are
acceptable only for applications with limited rangeability.
9. Actuators and Accessories
9.1 General
9.1.1 The guidelines in Section 9 apply to spring return, diaphragm, and spring
return cylinder (i.e., piston) valve actuators.
9.1.2 Pneumatic spring and diaphragm actuators should not have force-multiplying
linkages.
9.2 Sizing and Selection

9.2.1 Typically, valve actuators are sized and selected by the valve supplier or
manufacturer.
9.2.2 Actuators should be sized in accordance with the control and shutoff
requirements, given the minimum nominal air supply pressure available at
the valve. In addition, air supply pressure at the owner’s facility should be
confirmed and regulated to prevent exceeding torque, thrust, and case
pressure specifications.
9.2.3 Actuators that are infrequently stroked through their entire range can develop
stem-packing friction problems. Additional packing friction force should be
considered for these applications.
9.2.4 Actuator design should ensure shutoff capability under conditions of
maximum differential pressure including abnormal conditions (e.g., start-up,
shutdown, and steam-out). In some applications, the actuator needs to be
sized to shut off in the reverse flow direction. This requirement should be
identified and considered in the valve design also.
9.2.5 Typically, both diaphragm-type and cylinder-type actuators should be
provided with positioners. Piston-type actuators should always be provided

with a positioner. However, positioners by themselves may not be suitable

for fast processes (e.g., compressor surge control). For fast processes,
pneumatic boosters may be required to provide the necessary actuator air
volume and pressure. Typically, slow processes or processes requiring
control with a wide proportional band (i.e., low gain) benefit from a
positioner.
9.2.6 Diaphragm actuators typically have the following advantages:
a. More widely used than cylinder types
b. Wide range of adaptability to various valve sizes
c. Available from various manufacturers
d. Less expensive than cylinder types of comparative size
9.2.7 Because of their higher cylinder pressure ratings, cylinder actuators can
accept higher instrument air pressure and can generate greater thrust than
comparably sized diaphragm types. This can be a significant advantage if
high thrust forces are needed because a diaphragm actuator, having
comparable thrust capability, is typically larger and heavier.
9.2.8 If valves are in services that can cause a control valve stem to stick, the
actuator should be sized using a 1.25 design factor as a minimum.
9.3 Actuator Forces

9.3.1 The actuator should be designed to balance the sum of the forces that act on
the actuator including the following:
a. Forces exerted on the plug by the process medium
b. Spring forces required to stabilize the plug
c. Seat load force exerted by the spring to close the valve tightly
d. Seat load force exerted by the spring to position the plug in its fail-safe
position
e. Force required to overcome stem-packing friction
9.3.2 The process fluid exerts a force on the plug that tends to either open or close
the valve, particularly for an unbalanced plug. The amount of unbalanced
force that exists because of differential pressure across the plug is termed
“static unbalance.”
9.3.3 Seat Load Forces
9.3.3.1 Seat load, the force necessary to provide valve shutoff, is dependent
on valve port size and shutoff classification.
9.3.3.2 Seat loading should be in accordance with ANSI/FCI leakage
criteria.
9.3.3.3 The valve manufacturer’s recommended seat load should be used to
achieve the leakage class.
9.3.3.4 Table 4 provides nominal seat loadings to ensure repeatable tight
shutoff for each seat leakage classification.

Table 4. Nominal Seat Loading versus Leakage Class

Leakage Class Nominal Port Size <5 inches Nominal Port Size >5 inches
Class I 10 lb/linear inch 10 lb/linear inch
Class II 20 lb/linear inch 20 lb/linear inch
Class III 40 lb/linear inch 40 lb/linear inch
Class IV metal seats 50 lb/linear inch 80 lb/linear inch
Class IV soft seats 50 lb/linear inch 50 lb/linear inch
Class V metal seats 250 lb/linear inch 400 lb/linear inch
Class V soft seats 50 lb/linear inch 50 lb/linear inch
Class VI soft seats 50 lb/linear inch 100 lb/linear inch
Class VI metal seats 300 lb/linear inch 300 lb/linear inch
Note:
Seat load = seating force/port circumference.
9.3.3.5 Seat ring circumference is defined as the line of contact between the
plug and the seat with the valve in the fully closed position.
9.3.4 Friction Forces
9.3.4.1 Friction between the packing and stem should be considered in
sizing the actuator.
9.3.4.2 Friction force varies with the diameter of the stem, the type and style
of packing, and the fluid characteristics.
9.3.4.3 Viscous and sticky fluids increase the packing friction forces and
affect the actuator force requirement.
9.3.4.4 Graphite packing has a much greater friction load than
tetrafluorethylene (TFE) and other elastomers. Graphite also tends to
bind to the stem if the stem is not moved for a long time. Therefore,
graphite packing should be used only in applications exposed to high
temperatures and if fire-safe applications are required.
9.3.5 Dynamic Forces
9.3.5.1 The actuator should be designed to compensate for the various
dynamic forces acting on the control valve plug, and the effects of
these forces should be considered in the various sizing methods
provided by the valve supplier.
9.3.5.2 This Section discusses the dynamic forces that act on various types
of valve and diaphragm actuator combinations.
9.3.5.3 An actuator bench setting is the instrument air pressure required, in
the absence of service process pressure, to begin moving the stem
and to fully stroke the actuator over its entire range. Bench settings
are adjustments made to the actuator spring if the valve is out of
service or “on the bench.” These settings are applied by adjusting the
spring compression to compensate for the process pressures that can
act on the plug area.

9.3.5.4 For an air-to-close actuator on a flow-to-open valve, both the

actuator spring force and the force of the fluid against the plug are
additive and are opposed by the force provided by the diaphragm
case pressure. Normally the actuator is bench-set to begin moving
the plug at the minimum input signal from the controller or
positioner (typically 3 psi or 6 psi, (.2 bar or .4 bar respectively). If
the plug forces are large, a positioner may be required to provide the
force required for complete shutoff. This type of control valve opens
on loss of diaphragm case pressure (i.e., fails open).
9.3.5.5 For an air-to-close actuator with a flow-to-close valve, the dynamic
plug forces oppose the actuator spring force and are additive to the
diaphragm case pressure. This control valve configuration tends to
be unstable and should be avoided.
9.3.5.6 For an air-to-open actuator with a flow-to-open valve, the diaphragm
case pressure and plug forces are additive and oppose the actuator
spring force. Typically, higher bench pressure settings are required to
ensure adequate shutoff. This valve and actuator combination fails
closed, assuming an adequate bench set, and requires a bench
pressure setting greater than 3 psi (.2 bar) to unseat the valve.
9.3.5.7 For an air-to-open actuator with a flow-to-close valve, the process
pressure on the plug and spring forces are additive and in opposition
to the diaphragm force. The actuator air pressure requires less force
to unseat the valve while on the bench than in service. The amount of
bench-set force applied to the spring should be reduced by the plug
force exerted by the process. For this actuator, the spring force
becomes less as the plug approaches the seat. The reduced actuator
stiffness can cause valve instability in the low lift operation region.
9.3.5.8 A rotary valve actuator applies force through a lever to exert torque
on the plug, disk, or ball. Major rotary valve torque components are
break-away and dynamic torque.
9.3.5.9 Break-away torque is the torque required to move the disk from its
closed, fully seated position. Break-away torque is a function of
seating friction and can be significant for elastomer-lined valves.
9.3.5.10 Dynamic torque is determined by applying manufacturer-specific
factors to the valve differential pressure at selected valve openings.
Torque requirements should be checked at appropriate angles of
rotation from nearly closed to fully open. Dynamic torque is a direct
function of the effective differential pressure at the various angles
of valve rotation.
9.3.5.11 The total torque requirement is the sum of the break-away and
dynamic torques. Determining rotary valve torque requirements
involves highly valve-specific sizing procedures. Therefore,
calculations should be performed in consultation with the valve
supplier or manufacturer.

9.4 Positioners and Accessories

9.4.1 Electronic Components
9.4.1.1 Positioners, solenoid valves, limit switches and all other electronic
components should be approved for the electrical area classification
requirements by the appropriate governing agencies.
9.4.1.2 All electronic components should be able to withstand
electromagnetic interference for the wiring method used (e.g., open
wiring versus conduit systems).
9.4.1.3 Intrinsically safe rated instrumentation should be approved by the
facility owner.
9.4.2 Positioners
9.4.2.1 A well-tuned positioner with zero slop linkage and correctly sized
actuator is required for accurate control of the valve.
9.4.2.2 To achieve the economic benefit of control strategies available with
distributed control, the ability to make small movements of the valve
position with minimal dead band is critical. Therefore, positioners
should be the default choice provided for valves tied to a distributed
control system.
9.4.2.3 Valves with piston operators normally require full system pressures
of 60 to 100 psig (4.2 to 6.9 bar). All piston actuators and diaphragm
actuators in throttling service should be provided with a positioner.
A filter regulator should be provided upstream of all positioners.
9.4.2.4 Electronic input positioners should be used instead of positioners that
accept a pneumatic signal. Digital positioners (e.g., HART®,
Fieldbus®, etc.) provide capability for valve diagnostics that are not
available with analog electronic positioners.
9.4.2.5 ISA 75.25 provides a guide and specification to set dead band and
response time requirements. ISA 75.25 also includes measurement
techniques for dead band and response time. The valve specification
should identify special dead band, response time, and testing
requirements for valves that require a high degree of performance.
Valves expected to have a large impact with small movements
(e.g., liquid pressure control) should be designed in accordance with
ISA 75.25.
9.4.3 Boosters
9.4.3.1 Boosters are one-to-one self-contained regulators that are used to
increase the speed of a control valve by providing large air volumes.
9.4.3.2 Boosters are selected to provide the required capacity to stroke the
valve in the required time.
9.4.3.3 If a piston actuator needs air on each side of the piston to operate
(typically referred to as double acting), two boosters are required.

9.4.3.4 For applications requiring large step changes in the valve travel
within short periods (e.g., compressor recycle valve for surge
control), a postioner with volume boosters should be used. If the
positioner is not used, accurate control is not possible during recycle
operation after the quick stroke has occurred. The pneumatic
boosters are required to provide necessary actuator air volume and
pressure around the positioner. Oversized tubing, fittings, filters, and
air regulators should also be provided. The valve stroking time
should be consistent with the valve supplier’s and surge control
requirements. The valve performance should be tested at the valve
supplier’s shop.
9.4.3.5 The following guidelines should be used to achieve the stroking
times shown:
a. For a 2-second full stroke, use volume booster, larger tubing, and
quick exhaust relays.
b. For a 1-second full stroke, use volume boosters, larger tubing,
and quick exhaust relays. For certain applications and with valve
manufactures confirmation, failure direction can be
accomplished by using a volume tank with trip and lock-up
pneumatic relays.
9.4.4 Limit Switches
9.4.4.1 Valve position switches should be proximity type, enclosed in
watertight dust-proof housings with terminal strips for wire
connections as a minimum.
9.4.4.2 Most positioners provide a continuous signal of the valve-position
feedback (e.g., HART®, Fieldbus®).
9.4.5 Solenoid Valves
9.4.5.1 Solenoid valves are used to force the valve to a specified position.
9.4.5.2 A solenoid valve should be the last device tied to the actuator to
directly vent the air off the actuator.
9.4.5.3 Solenoid valves should be installed between the positioner and the
actuator to eliminate the positioner as a source of failure.
9.4.5.4 The port size and tubing should be sized to trip the valve within the
specified time.
9.4.5.5 If the solenoid valve is 24 VDC, a “low-powered” solenoid valve
should be used so that the wiring used for loop-powered instruments
can also be used for the solenoid valve. To provide the necessary
force to move the spool, these valves typically require an auxiliary
air supply to the pilot valve.
9.4.5.6 Pilot operated valves require a minimum differential pressure across
the valve to operate.

10. Valve Shipping and Storage

10.1 Valves should be shipped with all valve openings (e.g., process, electrical, air)
sealed.
10.2 Valves should be stored in an enclosed building that cannot flood and that provides
protection from rain, blown dust, mud, etc. Climate control should not be required.
11. Valve Installation

11.1 Control valve installations should be in accordance with PIP PCCGN002.
11.2 Control valve installations should be accessible from grade or platform to aid in
operation and maintenance. Valves with handwheels or bypass manifolds should be
readily accessible either from grade or a permanent platform.
11.3 Special care should be taken with the piping for high-recovery valves (i.e., Cd > 20 –
Cv/D2), especially butterfly and other rotary valves. The capacity of high-recovery
valves can be significantly decreased by reducers and elbows near the valve ports.
Further, butterfly valves and valves of similar design can require a larger actuator if
installed just downstream of an elbow.
11.4 Bypass Manifolds
11.4.1 Bypass manifolds should be identified on the Piping and Instrumentation
Diagrams. Bypass manifolds can affect control valve performance.
11.4.2 Bypass manifolds should not be provided in highly reactive chemical
services if inadvertent valve leakage can result in an undesirable event
(e.g., backflow contamination).
11.4.3 Bypass manifolds should be provided if the process cannot be shut down for
repair or replacement of the valve.
11.4.4 Bypass manifolds should not be provided if manual control is impossible or
if the bypass line cannot be kept in service (e.g., in slurry service, which can
plug stagnant lines).
11.4.5 Manual throttle valves should be selected for control valve bypass manifolds
to provide approximately the same capacity and trim characteristics as those
of the control valves that they bypass.
11.4.6 Block valves used in manifolds with low-recovery control valves should
have the same body size as the control valve unless known expansions or
uncertain operating conditions dictate the use of line-sized valves.
11.4.7 For severe services, consideration should be given to installing redundant
control valves in parallel.
11.4.8 If a bypass valve manifold is not provided, a handwheel should be specified
for manual operation.
11.5 Control Valve Piping
11.5.1 Because ports in valves with cavitation or noise reduction trim are typically
less than 1/4 inch (6 mm) in diameter, an upstream strainer should be
provided.

11.5.2 Bypass manifolds, if required, should be arranged to prevent the

accumulation of dirt or other solids in stagnant lines.
11.5.3 Sufficient block, vent, and drain valves should be installed to enable removal
of the control valve.
11.5.4 Piping should be designed to prevent accumulation of water, which can
freeze. Typically, the bypass should be placed above the control valve.

COMPLETE REVISION
March 2010

Process Control
PIP PCSCV001
Purchasing Requirements for Control Valves

PRINTING HISTORY
June 2002 Issued
March 2010 Complete Revision

COMPLETE REVISION
March 2010

Process Control
PIP PCSCV001
Purchasing Requirements for Control Valves
Table of Contents
1. Introduction................................. 2 3.2 Individual Control Valve
1.1 Purpose ............................................. 2 Data Sheets ....................................... 6
1.2 Scope ................................................. 2 3.3 Quotation Documentation .................. 6
3.4 Assembly Drawings ........................... 7
2. References .................................. 2 3.5 Valve Body Assembly ........................ 7
2.1 Process Industry Practices ................ 2 3.6 Testing and Inspection ...................... 7
2.2 Industry Codes and Standards .......... 2 3.7 Valve Body Repairs ........................... 7
2.3 Government Regulations ................... 5
Data Forms
3. Requirements.............................. 6 PIP PCSCV001-D –
3.1 Control Valve General Requirements Control Valve Specification Data Sheet
Data Sheet ......................................... 6 PIP PCSCV001-T –
Control Valve Inspection and Testing
Requirements Sheet

PIP PCSCV001 COMPLETE REVISION
Purchasing Requirements for Control Valves March 2010
1. Introduction
1.1 Purpose
This Practice provides requirements for providing control valves and associated
documentation.
1.2 Scope
This Practice describes the minimum general requirements for the control valve body
construction, actuator, auxiliaries (e.g., positioner, limit switches, etc.), testing,
inspection, and documentation. This Practice provides requirements for the format
for providing data for each individual control valve, the method to be used for valve
sizing, and other design considerations.
This Practice does not include requirements for motor-operated valves, on-off valves
intended for emergency isolation, and valves with hydraulic actuators.
2. References
Applicable parts of the following Practices, industry codes and standards, and references shall
be considered an integral part of this Practice. The edition in effect on the date of contract
award shall be used, except as otherwise noted. Short titles are used herein where appropriate.

– PIP PCSIP001 - Instrument Piping and Tubing Systems Specifications
– PIP PNSM0110 - Valve Purchase Specification
American Petroleum Institute (API)

– API 589 - Fire Test for Evaluation of Valve Stem Packing
– API 598 - Valve Inspection and Testing
– API 609 - Butterfly Valves: Double Flanged, Lug- and Wafer-Type
– Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code, Section VIII, Division 1
– ASME B16.5 - Pipe Flanges and Flanged Fittings
– ASME B16.34 - Valves - Flanged Threaded and Welding End
– ASME B46.1 - Surface Texture, Surface Roughness, and Lay Process Piping
American Society for Nondestructive Testing (ASNT)
– ASNT 2504 - Standard for Qualification and Certification of Nondestructive
Testing Personnel

COMPLETE REVISION PIP PCSCV001
March 2010 Purchasing Requirements for Control Valves

– ASTM A105 - Specification for Carbon Steel Forgings for Piping Applications
– ASTM A193 - Specification for Alloy-Steel and Stainless Steel Bolting
Materials for High-Temperature Service
– ASTM A194 - Specification for Carbon and Alloy Steel Nuts for High-
Pressure or High-Temperature Service, or Both
– ASTM A216 - Specification for Steel Castings, Carbon, Suitable for Fusion
Welding, for High-Temperature Service
– ASTM A217/A217M - Specification for Steel Castings, Martensitic Stainless
and Alloy, for Pressure-Containing Parts, Suitable for High-Temperature
Service
– ASTM A320 - Specification for Alloy/Steel Bolting Materials for Low-
Temperature Service
– ASTM A350 - Specification for Carbon and Low-Alloy Steel Forgings,
Requiring Notch Toughness Testing for Piping Components
– ASTM A351 - Specification for Castings, Austenitic, Austenitic-Ferric
(Duplex), for Pressure-Containing Parts
– ASTM A352 - Standard Specification for Steel Castings, Ferritic and
Martensitic for Pressure-Containing Parts, Suitable for Low-Temperature
Service
Fluid Controls Institute Inc. (FCI)
– ANSI/FCI 70-2 - Control Valve Seat Leakage
– ANSI/ISA-75.05.01-2000 (R2005) - Control Valve Terminology
– ANSI/ISA-75.08.01-2002 (R2007) - Face-to-Face Dimensions for Integral
Flanged Globe-Style Control Valve Bodies (Classes 125, 150, 250, 300, and
600)
– ANSI/ISA-75.08.02-2003 - Face-to-Face Dimensions for Flangeless Control
Valves (Classes 150, 300, and 600)
– ANSI/ISA75.08.04 - Face-to-Face Dimensions for Buttweld-End Globe-Style
Control Valves (ANSI Class 4500)
– ANSI/ISA-75.08.06-2002 (R2007) - Face-to-Face Dimensions for Flanged
Globe-Style Control Valve Bodies (Classes 900, 1500, and 2500)
– ANSI/ISA75.08.07 - Face-to-Face Dimensions for Separable Flanged Globe-
Style Control Valves (ANSI Classes 150, 300, and 600)
– ANSI/ISA-75.08.08-2001 - Face-to-Centerline Dimensions for Flanged Globe-
Style Angle Control Valve Bodies (Classes 150, 300, and 600)
– ANSI/ISA 75.19.01 - Hydrostatic Testing of Control Valves

– ANSI/ISA 75.25.01 - Test Procedure for Control Valve Response

Measurement from Step Inputs
– ANSI/ISA-75.26.01-2006 - Control Valve Diagnostic Data Acquisition and
Reporting
– IEC 60534-1 Part 1 - Industrial-Process Control Valve, Part 1: Control Valve
Terminology and General Considerations
– IEC 60534-2-1 - Industrial-Process Control Valves, Part 2-1: Flow-Capacity,
Sizing Equations for Fluids Flow Under Installed Conditions
– IEC 60534-2-3 - Industrial-Process Control Valves, Part 2-3: Flow Capacity,
Test Procedures
– IEC 60534-2-4 - Industrial-Process Control Valves, Part 2: Flow Capacity
Section 4: Inherent Flow Characteristics and Rangeability
– IEC 60534-3-1 - Industrial Process Control Valves, Part 3-1: Dimensions -
Face-to-Face Dimensions for Flanged, Two-Way, Globe-Type, Straight
Pattern and Centre - Control Valves
– IEC 60534-3-2 - Industrial-Process Control Valves, Part 3-2: Dimension -
Face-to-Face Dimensions for Rotary Control Valves Except Butterfly Valves
– IEC 60534-3-3 - Industrial Process Control Valves, Part 3: End-to-End
Dimensions for Buttweld, Two-Way Globe-Type, Straight Pattern Control
Valves
– IEC 60534-4 - Industrial Process Control Valves, Part 4: Inspection and
Routine Testing
– IEC 60534-5 - Industrial Process Control Valves, Part 5: Marking
– IEC 60534-6-1 - Industrial Process Control Valves, Part 6, Mounting Details
for Attachment of Positioners to Control Valves, Section 1: Positioner
Mounting on Linear Actuators
– IEC 60534-8-1 - Industrial-process control valves, Part 8-1: Noise
Considerations - Laboratory Measurement of Noise Generated by
Aerodynamic Flow Through Control Valves
– IEC 60534-8-2 - Industrial Process Control Valves, Part 8: Noise
Considerations, Section 2: Laboratory Measurement of Noise Generated by
Hydrodynamic Flow Through Control Valves
– IEC 60534-8-3 - Industrial Process Control Valves, Part 8, Noise
Considerations, Section 8: Control Valve Aerodynamic Noise Prediction
Method
– IEC 60534-8-4 - Industrial Process Control Valves, Part 8, Noise
Considerations, Section 8: Prediction of Noise Generated by Hydrodynamic
Flow
– IEC 60534-2-5 - Industrial-process control valves, Part 2-5: Flow Capacity -
Sizing Equations for Fluid Flow Through Multistage Control Valves with
Interstage Recovery

International Organization for Standardization

– ISO 5752 - Metal Valves for Use in Flanged Pipe Systems - Face-to-Face and
Center-to-Face Dimensions
Manufacturers’ Standardization Society of the Valve and Fitting Industry
– MSS SP-25 - Standard Marking System for Valves, Fittings, Flanges and
Unions
– MSS SP-53 - Quality Standard for Steel Castings and Forgings for Valves,
Flanges and Fittings and Other Piping Components - Magnetic Particle
Examination Method
Flanges and Fittings and Other Piping Components - Radiographic
Examination Method
Flanges and Fittings and Other Piping Components - Visual Method for
Evaluation of Surface Irregularities
– MSS SP-67 - Butterfly Valves
– MSS SP-68 - High Pressure - Offset Seat Butterfly Valves
Flanges and Fittings and Other Piping Components - Liquid Penetrant
Examination Method
Flanges and Fittings and Other Piping Components - Ultrasonic Examination
Method
National Association of Corrosion Engineers (NACE)
Oil Field Equipment
National Emissions Standard for Organic Hazardous Air Pollutants (NESHAP)
National Fire Protection Association (NFPA)
– NFPA 70 - National Electrical Code
U.S. Government, Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA)
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)
– 40 CFR Parts 60, 61, and 63 - Standards of Performance for New Stationary
Sources; National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants; and
National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants for Source
Categories
– Clean Air Act (CAA), Section 112 - National Emission Standard for
Hazardous Air Pollutants

3. Requirements
3.1 Control Valve General Requirements Data Sheet

Control valves and associated documentation shall be provided in accordance with
the purchaser’s PIP PCSCV001-D Data Sheet.
3.2 Individual Control Valve Data Sheets

3.2.1 A data set shall be provided for each control valve in accordance with the
control valve data sheet format specified on the purchaser’s PIP PCSCV001-
D Data Sheet.
3.2.2 The individual control valve data sheets shall include data for normal,
minimum, and maximum conditions and for off-normal conditions
(e.g., start-up, end of run, upset, and shutdown). This data is defined as the
minimum data set.
3.2.3 In addition to the minimum data set, information on the following special
requirements shall be provided on the individual control valve data sheets if
applicable:
a. Identification of valves that are required to meet fugitive emissions
requirements
b. If the process is corrosive
c. If the process contains suspended solids and the size of the suspended
solids
d. Emergency isolation application
e. Flow direction for both rotary and rising stem valves (e.g., flow to open
or close, shaft upstream or downstream)
f. If the valve has a limit stop and the reason the limit stop is required
g. Cavitating, flashing, or two-phase flow conditions and high noise
h. Special valve performance requirements
i. Additional pertinent information used to size and select the control valve
3.3 Quotation Documentation

The following information for each control valve shall be provided with the
quotation:
a. Manufacturer-confirmed valve capacity with percentage opening at each
specified operating condition, and noise calculations for each specified operating
condition
b. Manufacturer’s control valve specification sheet
c. Confirmation that all control valve auxiliaries are rated or appropriate for the
electrical area classification
d. Exceptions to the purchaser’s PIP PCSCV001-D Data Sheet and/or other contract
documents

3.4 Assembly Drawings

3.4.1 Assembly drawings shall be provided for control valve assemblies that
include other than an electro-pneumatic positioner, a limit switch, and a
solenoid valve. Examples of other auxiliaries, mounted on or off a valve,
may include:
a. Volume cylinder
b. Switching or lock-up relay
c. Booster or quick exhaust
3.4.2 Assembly drawings shall show manufacturers, model numbers, and settings
(if applicable) for all components.
3.4.3 Assembly drawings shall specify tubing/piping material and sizes.
3.4.4 An assembly drawing shall identify ports, normally energized or normally
de-energized port positions, and electrical termination of components
(e.g., solenoid valves).
3.5 Valve Body Assembly

3.5.1 Flanged connections shall be raised face type in accordance with ASME
B16.5.
3.5.2 Flanges with tag welds or with partial-penetration welding shall not be
permitted.
3.5.3 Flangeless valves shall have a centering means (e.g., lugs, holes, or
equivalent) to ensure proper alignment of valve and gasket.
3.5.4 Welding procedures, performance of welders, and welding operators shall be
in accordance with ASME B31.3.
3.6 Testing and Inspection

3.6.1 Tests and inspections of control valves shall be performed in accordance with
the purchaser’s PIP PCSCV001-T Inspection and Testing Requirements
Sheet.
3.6.2 Unless otherwise specified on the purchaser’s PIP PCSCV001-T Inspection
and Testing Requirements Sheet, control valves shall be hydrotested in
accordance with ANSI/ISA 75.19.01 or API 598.
3.7 Valve Body Repairs

3.7.1 Repair of valves, if required, shall be in accordance with the applicable
ASTM (e.g., ASTM A217 and A351) and applicable ASME code.
3.7.2 As a minimum, all valves shall be re-hydrotested after repair.
3.7.3 The size, depth, and location of valve repair areas shall be documented,
provided with the manufacturing records, and purchaser shall be informed.

ASSOC. PIP
DATA SHEET PCSCV001-D
PCSCV001
PAGE 1 OF 3
CONTROL VALVES
MARCH 2010
ISSUED FOR: PROPOSAL PURCHASE AS BUILT
FACILITY NAME/LOCATION:
ITEM NAME: PURCHASER/LOCATION:
ITEM TAG NO.: JOB NO:
SERVICE: PURCHASER ORDER NO.:
UNIT: SUPPLIER/LOCATION:
DWG NO.: SUPPLIER ORDER/SERIAL NOS.: /
DATA PROVIDED BY: PURCHASER SUPPLIER u SUPPLIER IF NOT BY PURCHASER

DOCUMENTATION
DATA SET FORMAT: ELECTRONIC HARD COPY
CONTROL VALVE DATA SHEET: ISA 20 IEC 60534-7 MFG STANDARD OTHER:
FLOW EQUATIONS FOR SIZING: ANSI/ISA 75.01 IEC 60534-2 MFG STANDARD OTHER:
NOISE CALCULATION: ISA75.17 IEC 60534-8 MFG STANDARD OTHER:
PROVIDE VALVE CAPACITY DATA AS A FUNCTION OF TRAVEL, EITHER IN GRAPHICAL OR TABULAR FORM
PROVIDE VALVE TRIM PERFORMANCE DATA AS A FUNCTION OF TRAVEL, INCLUDING CHOKED FLOW FACTOR, CAVITATION INDEX,
AND PRESSURE DROP RATIO FACTOR

ESTIMATED WEIGHTS - CERTIFIED: WEEKS AFTER RECEIPT OF ORDER (ARO) CENTER OF GRAVITY - CERTIFIED: WEEKS ARO
DIMENSIONS - CERTIFIED: WEEKS ARO
MAINTENANCE ENVELOPE DIMENSIONS - CERTIFIED: WEEKS ARO DIMENSIONAL DATA FOR PIPING (PDS INFO): WEEKS ARO
A RECOMMENDED SPARE PARTS LIST FOR EACH SIZE AND MODEL OF VALVE LISTED BY TAG NO.: WEEKS ARO
ASSEMBLY DRAWING: WEEKS ARO
STANDARD FACE TO FACE (GLOBE VALVES)

SEPARABLE FLANGES: ISA 75.08.07 IEC 60534-3-2 NOT PERMITTED OTHER:
INTEGRAL FLANGES: ANSI/ISA75.08.01 IEC 60534-3-1 OTHER:
BUTTWELD: ANSI/ISA75.08.04 IEC 60534-3-3 NOT PERMITTED OTHER:
FLANGELESS GLOBE VALVE: ANSI/ISA75.08.02 NOT PERMITTED OTHER:
STANDARD FACE TO FACE (ECCENTRIC DISC VALVES)

API 609 ISO 5752 MSS-SP-68 MSS-SP-67 MFG STANDARD OTHER:
STANDARD FACE TO FACE (ROTARY BALL AND PLUG VALVES)

MFG STANDARD OTHER:
ALL VALVES
MINIMUM VALVE SIZE: INCHES MINIMUM FLANGE RATING: MATCH PIPE RATING 300 LB OTHER:
VALVE BODY SIZE: MINIMUM SIZE TO MEET REQUIRED MAX CV ONE SIZE LARGER THAN REQUIRED LINE SIZE
(NOT TO EXCEED MORE THAN 2 LINE SIZES SMALLER)
FLANGE HOLE PATTERN FOR VALVES LARGER THAN 26 INCHES: PER ASME B16.47 MFG STANDARD OTHER:
FLANGELESS VALVES: ACCEPTABLE ONLY ACCEPTABLE FOR ECCENTRIC DISC STYLE VALVES NOT PERMITTED
WELDED ENDS ACCEPTABLE?
OWNER SPECS:
MEET NACE MR-01-75 SULFIDE STRESS CRACKING RESISTANCE METALLIC MATERIALS FOR OIL FIELD EQUIPMENT:
NOT APPLICABLE OTHER:
MEET NACE STD MR0103-2007 MATERIALS RESISTANT TO SULFIDE STRESS CRACKING IN CORROSIVE PETROLEUM REFINING ENVIRONMENTS:
NOT APPLICABLE OTHER:
MINIMUM LEAKAGE: CLASS II CLASS III CLASS IV CLASS V CLASS VI
TIGHT SHUTOFF IS DEFINED AS: CLASS V CLASS VI BUBBLE TIGHT OTHER:
NO. DATE REVISION DESCRIPTION BY APVD.

ASSOC. PIP
PCSCV001
PAGE 2 OF 3
CONTROL VALVES
MARCH 2010
PACKING
FIRE-SAFE PACKING: PER API 607 OTHER: REQUIRED SERVICES:
METAL BELLOWS PERMITTED
APPLICATION TEMP. (SEE NOTE) PACKING TYPE. MFG./MODEL
-20°F TO 400°F
NON-FUGITIVE EMISSION INCLUDING STEAM 300 PSIG MAX
NON-FUGITIVE EMISSION - VACUUM -20°F TO 400°F
NON-FUGITIVE EMISSION - VACUUM AND POSITIVE PRESSURE -20°F TO 400°F
NON-FUGITIVE EMISSION 400°F TO 1200°F
STEAM APPLICATIONS >400°F
FUGITIVE EMISSION -20°F TO 400°F
FUGITIVE EMISSION WITH FLUCTUATING TEMP. -20°F TO 400°F
FUGITIVE EMISSION 400°F TO 1200°F
TOXIC SERVICES
NOTE: PACKING SHALL BE IN ACCORDANCE WITH SUPPLIER’S SIZING AND SELECTION CRITERIA FOR TEMPERATURE/PRESSURE CURVES.
BONNET GASKET
SPIRAL WOUND 304 SS WINDINGS WITH: GRAPHITE FILLER FLAT TFE METAL O-RING INCONEL OTHER:
ACTUATOR SIZING
PLANT INSTRUMENT AIR PRESSURE: MAXIMUM: PSIG DESIGN: PSIG
MINIMUM PRESSURE SUPPLIED TO THE POSITIONER/DIAPHRAGM ACTUATOR: 5 PSIG ABOVE UPPER CONTROL SIGNAL OTHER:
VALVES TO BE SIZED TO ACHIEVE CLOSURE AT: 1 1.25 OTHER: TIMES THE MAXIMUM DIFFERENTIAL SHUTOFF PRESSURE
SHUTOFF CRITERIA FOR VALVES ON LOSS OF AIR

SPRING IS SUFFICIENT TO HOLD DELTA P AT REQUIRED SHUTOFF CLASSIFICATION ON LOSS OF MOTIVE FORCE (FAIL CLOSED POSITION):
ALL VALVES EMERGENCY VALVES NO VALVES OTHER:
MOTIVE FORCE IS REQUIRED TO MEET SHUTOFF CLASSIFICATION:
ALL VALVES EMERGENCY VALVES OTHER:
DOUBLE-ACTING PISTON WITH AIR FAIL SWITCHING VALVES AND VOLUME TANK PERMITTED
MINIMUM AIR PRESSURE FOR SIZING: DIAPHRAGM: PSIG PISTON: PSIG
POSITIONER
MANUFACTURE: MFG STANDARD ELECTROPNEUMATIC DIGITAL FIELDBUS®
OTHER:
HOUSING CERTIFICATION: FM ATEX OTHER:
INPUT SIGNAL: 3 - 15 PSIG 4 - 20 mA HART® FIELDBUS® OTHER:
POSITIONERS REQUIRED: ALL APPLICATIONS OTHER:
ACCESSORIES
HANDWHEELS: PER P&ID ALL VALVES NOT PERMITTED OTHER:
VOLUME TANK
CODE STAMP REQUIRED: ALL VALVES MAXIMUM SIZE TO MOUNT ON VALVE: CUBIC FEET
ONLY IF VOLUME ≥ 1.5 CUBIC FEET AND DIAMETER > 6 INCHES DOT VESSEL PERMITTED: ALL VALVES
OTHER: ONLY UNDER 1.5 CUBIC FEET VOLUME
PRESSURE FOR SIZING: PSIG RELIEF VALVE (RV) REQUIRED:
PRESSURE TRANSMITTER REQUIRED ALL VALVES ONLY >24-INCH NPS DIAMETER
DESIGN AMBIENT TEMPERATURE: RESPONSIBLE PARTY TO SIZE RV:
-20°F TO 140°F OTHER: VOLUME ADDED FOR POSITIONER LEAKAGE:
SIZE FOR STROKES ON LOSS OF AIR, OR % SAFETY FACTOR CUBIC FEET
LIMIT STOPS
FIXED INTERNAL ADJUSTABLE WITH TOOL OTHER:
ASSOC. PIP
PCSCV001
PAGE 3 OF 3
CONTROL VALVES
MARCH 2010
ELECTRICAL CODE REQUIREMENTS
ELECTRICAL CODE: NEC IEC CEC BSI AREA ELECTRICAL CLASSIFICATION: API 500 (DIV)
CENELEC OTHER: API 505 (ZONE) OTHER:
NEC 500 TEMPERATURE CLASSIFICATION: T1 T2 T2A CERTIFICATION AND TESTING AUTHORITY: FM UL
T2B T2C T2D T3 T3A T3C T4 CSA UL-C BASEEFA CESI DEMKO
T4A T5 T6 KEMA LCIE PTB5 OTHER:
NEC 505 OR CENELEC/IEC TEMPERATURE CLASSIFICATION: ATEX DIRECTIVE MARKING REQUIRED
T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6
ENCLOSURE RATING
NEMA 4 NEMA 4X OTHER:
POWER SUPPLY FOR ACCESSORIES

24 VDC 115 VAC OTHER:
SOLENOID VALVE
MANUFACTURER: MODEL:
VOLTAGE LEVEL: 24 VDC 120 VAC LOW VOLT MATERIAL: SS BRASS OTHER:
OTHER: MIN./MAX. OPERATING AIR PRESSURE: / PSIG
TYPE: 3-WAY 4-WAY OTHER: EXTERNAL PILOT: ALWAYS REQUIRED
LOW WATTAGE COIL REQUIRED ONLY IF AIR PRESSURE CAN DROP BELOW
SOLENOID TYPE: THE MIN. PRESSURE FOR OPERATION OF THE SOLENOID VALVE
EXPLOSION PROOF INTRINSICALLY SAFE OTHER:
NON-INCENDIVE RATED FOR AREA CLASSIFICATION
MANUAL RESET OTHER:
LIMIT SWITCH
ROTARY VALVE: MFG./MODEL: / RISING STEM VALVE: MFG./MODEL: /
POSITION TRANSMITTER
REQUIRED WHEN: DEPICTED ON P&ID ON ALL VALVES MANUFACTURER/MODEL: /
NEVER OTHER: MFG STANDARD
HARDWARE
BRACKET MATERIAL: STAINLESS STEEL TUBE FITTINGS: MFG./MODEL: /
CADMIUM-PLATED STEEL OTHER: BRASS 316 SS OTHER:
TUBING (OD) MINIMUM SIZE: INCH PRESSURE GAUGE: MFG STANDARD 2-INCH SS
TUBING MATERIAL: PVC-COATED COPPER 316 SS OTHER:
2
304 SS OTHER: GAUGE SCALE: PSIG KG/CM BAR KPA
OTHER:
NOISE CONSIDERATION PER OSHA 1910.95 - OCCUPATIONAL NOISE EXPOSURE

CONTINUOUS OPERATION MAX.: DBA INTERMITTENT LETDOWN DAILY SERVICE MAX.: DBA
CONTINUOUS OPERATION MAX. – REMOTE LOCATION: DBA INTERMITTENT LETDOWN – REMOTE LOCATION: DBA
OTHER: DBA INFREQUENT (LESS THAN 2 HOURS PER YEAR) MAX.: DBA
SHIPMENT
STANDARD FACTORY PACKAGING
EXPORT PACKAGING - FIBERBOARD BOX FOR CONTAINER TRANSPORTATION
EXPORT PACKAGING - HEAVY-DUTY-STYLE WOODEN BOXES (3/4-INCH MINIMUM PLYWOOD)
ASSOC. PIP INSPECTION AND TESTING
PCSCV001-T
PCSCV001 REQUIREMENTS SHEET
PAGE 1 OF 2
CONTROL VALVES
MARCH 2010
ISSUED FOR: PROPOSAL PURCHASE AS BUILT
FACILITY NAME/LOCATION:
ITEM NAME: PURCHASER/LOCATION:
ITEM TAG NO.: JOB NO:
SERVICE: PURCHASER ORDER NO.:
UNIT: SUPPLIER/LOCATION:
P&ID NO.: SUPPLIER ORDER/SERIAL NOS.: /
1. Purchaser denotes purchaser or designated representative.
2. Purchaser reserves the right to witness all aspects of manufacturing, to review and reject manufacturing equipment,
testing equipment, test procedures, and test results; and to reject product not meeting requirements.
3. Purchaser shall be given written notice ____ days before inspection or test.
4. Purchaser may perform additional testing, inspection, or both.
5. The submission of inspection and testing results is a condition of acceptance and payment.
W = PURCHASER WITNESSED INSPECTION OR TEST
VALVES THAT
REF. STANDARD DP = SEND DOCUMENTATION TO PURCHASER
TEST OR INSPECTION REQUIRE TEST OR
NO. PROCEDURE (NOTE 1) W DP
CHECK (NOTE 2) PURCHASER NOTES
YES/ YES/
NO NO
1 VISUAL INSPECTION, FAIL SUPPLIER'S PROCEDURE
POSITION, COMPONENTS, OR IEC 60534-4
CONFORMITY TO SPEC. OTHER:
AND DIMENSIONAL
CHECK CONFORMITY
WITH CERTIFIED DWGS.
2 HYDROTEST ANSI/ISA 75.19.01
API 598
PER ASME B16.34
REQUIREMENTS
IEC 60534-4
OTHER:
3 SEAT TIGHTNESS PER ANSI/FCI 70-2

LEAKAGE CLASSIFICATION IEC 60534-4
ON SPEC. OTHER:
4 FUNCTIONAL TEST (E.G., ANSI/ISA 75.25.01 IDENTIFY:

DEAD BAND) PER ATTACHED 1. TEST TYPE: BENCH
REQUIREMENTS
LAB
OTHER: 2. TEST METHOD
SMALL STEP
RESPONSE TIME
NOTE:
5 CHECK NDE DOCUMENTS AND ASNT-2504

CHECK NDE PERSONNEL OTHER:
QUALIFICATION
6 VALVE BODY POST-WELD PER ATTACHED

REQUIREMENTS
HEAT TREAT (PWHT)
REQUIREMENTS OTHER:
NO. DATE REVISION DESCRIPTION BY APVD.

ASSOC. PIP INSPECTION AND TESTING
PCSCV001-T
PCSCV001 REQUIREMENTS SHEET
PAGE 2 OF 2
CONTROL VALVES
MARCH 2010
W = PURCHASER WITNESSED INSPECTION OR TEST
VALVES THAT DP = SEND DOCUMENTATION TO PURCHASER
REF. STANDARD
TEST OR INSPECTION REQUIRE TEST OR W DP
NO. PROCEDURE (NOTE 1)
CHECK (NOTE 2) YES/ YES/ PURCHASER NOTES
NO NO
7 a. WELDING AND WELD REPAIR a. FOUNDRY AND VALVE
SUPPLIER PROCEDURE
PROCEDURES
b. WELDER QUALIFICATION b. SEND TO OWNER
FOR APPROVAL
8 CHEMICAL ANALYSIS AND VERIFY CHEMISTRY

MECHANICAL TEST (MILL MATCHES APPLICABLE ASTM
CERTIFICATES REQUIRED) OTHER:
9 VISUAL INSPECTION MSS SP-55 ALL CASTINGS

IEC 60534-4
OTHER:
10 RADIGRAPHIC EXAMINATION ASME B16.34 AND MSS SP-54 CRITICAL AREAS

OTHER:
11 MAGNETIC PARTICLE MSS SP-53
EXAMINATION OTHER:
12 LIQUID PENETRANT MSS SP-93

EXAMINATION OTHER:
13 ULTRASONIC EXAMINATION MSS SP-94

METHOD OTHER:
14 MARKING/TAGGING AND MSS SP-25 AND ADDITIONAL

REQUIREMENTS IF SPECIFIED
PREPARATION FOR
SHIPMENT IEC 60534-5
OTHER:
15 POSITIVE MATERIAL PER ATTACHED

REQUIREMENTS
IDENTIFICATION
OTHER:
16 FINAL VISUAL INSPECTION SUPPLIER STANDARD

AND CONFORMITY OTHER:
CERTIFICATION
17 CHARPY IMPACT TESTING ASTM A352 TYPICALLY USED FOR LOW
OTHER: TEMPERATURE
18 PACKING LEAK TESTED HON RULE (HAZARDOUS

ORGANIC NESHAP)
TO ASSURE THAT THE
VALVE WILL NOT LEAK OTHER:
19
NOTES:
1 SELECT ONE OF THE STANDARDS, OR PROVIDE ALTERNATE REFERENCE.
2 REFERENCE LIST OR SCOPE (E.G., ALL NON-CARBON STEEL VALVES, LARGER THAN 2 INCHES IN 600-LB SERVICE) OF VALVES THAT REQUIRE TEST.

MQ SP I 7007 PDF

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

MQ SP I 7007 PDF

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Power and Water Utility Company for Jubail and Yanbu (MARAFIQ) Master Specification: MQ-SP-I-7007

Project Name: Date: 14 Jan 2011

SPECIFICATION – CONTROL VALVES

Revision Date Originator's Reviewed/Checked By Pages

APPROVALS SIGNATURES DATE

Lead Engineer Thomas B. Robinson

ISSUED FOR : Construction X Other Approved

SPECIFICATION – CONTROL VALVES

A 7/06/2010 Issued for Approval, Table of Contents Only

0 11/04/2010 Issued for Review/Approval

1 1/14/2011 Issued Approved

SPECIFICATION – CONTROL VALVES

SPECIFICATION – CONTROL VALVES

1.1 Scope of Specification

2.1 Process Industry Practices (PIP)

A. PCCCV001 Control Valve Selection Criteria

B. PCECV001 Guidelines for Application of Control Valves

C. PCSCV001 Purchasing Requirements for Control Valves

3.0 ADDITIONS TO PIP PCCCV001 - “CONTROL VALVE SELECTION CRITERIA"

4.1 Process Industry Practices (PIP)

A. PCCCV001 Control Valve Selection Criteria

B. PCECV001 Guidelines for Application of Control Valves

C. PCSCV001 Purchasing Requirements for Control Valves

4.2 Standard Drawings

A. MQ-SD-I-7320 – Instrument Piping Details for Control Valves

SPECIFICATION – CONTROL VALVES

A. MQ-DS-I-7622 - Globe Type Control Valve

B. MQ-DS-I-7623 – Ball Type Control Valve

C. MQ-DS-I-7624 - Butterfly Type Control Valve

D. MQ-DS-I-7625 - Solenoid Operated Valves

Process Industry Practices

This Practice is subject to revision at any time.

© Process Industry Practices (PIP), Construction Industry Institute, The University of

Not printed with State funds

Process Industry Practices

Process Industry Practices Page 1 of 29

2.1 Process Industry Practices (PIP)

American Society for Mechanical Engineers (ASME)

Page 2 of 29 Process Industry Practices

– ANSI/ISA 75.05.01-2000 (R2005) - Control Valve Terminology

Process Industry Practices Page 3 of 29

2.3 Government Regulations

U. S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Code of Federal Regulations

Page 4 of 29 Process Industry Practices

4.2 Valve Body

Process Industry Practices Page 5 of 29

Page 6 of 29 Process Industry Practices

4.2.3.4 Flanged connections shall be raised face in accordance with ASME

Process Industry Practices Page 7 of 29

4.2.4.5 Severe Service

4.3 Globe Valves

Page 8 of 29 Process Industry Practices

Table 2 - Applications for Valve Body Types

Process Industry Practices Page 9 of 29

4.4 Rotary Valves

Page 10 of 29 Process Industry Practices

Process Industry Practices Page 11 of 29

Page 12 of 29 Process Industry Practices

4.5.12 For erosive or corrosive services, self-flushing valves shall be preferred

Process Industry Practices Page 13 of 29

Page 14 of 29 Process Industry Practices

Comment: To meet fugitive emissions requirements, the valve

4.7 Valve Sizing