Analog Electronics

Lecture -17
22-02-2020

BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus

RC Phase-Shift Oscillator
Rf

R1
 C C C

+
R R R

 Using an inverting amplifier

 The additional 180o phase shift is provided by an RC
phase-shift network

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Applying KVL to the phase-shift network,
we have

V1  I1 ( R  jX C )  I 2 R  0 R3
0   I1R  I 2 (2 R  jX C )  I 3 R
0  0 I1  I2R  I 3 (2 R  jX C )

Solve for I3, we get

R  jX C R V1
R 2 R  jX C 0
R
I3  0 0
R  jX C R 0
R 2 R  jX C R
0 R 2 R  jX C

Or
V1 R 2
I3 
( R  jX C )[(2 R  jX C ) 2  R 2 ]  R 2 (2 R  jX C )
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 The output voltage,

V1 R 3
Vo  I 3 R 
( R  jX C )[(2 R  jX C ) 2  R 2 ]  R 2 (2 R  jX C )
Hence the transfer function of the phase-shift network is given by,

Vo R3
  3
V1 ( R  5RX C2 )  j ( X C3  6 R 2 X C )
For 180o phase shift, the imaginary part = 0, i.e.,

X C3  6 R 2 X C  0 or X C  0 (Rejected)
 X C2  6 R 2
1

6 RC
and,
Note: The –ve sign mean the
1
  phase inversion from the
29 voltage

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 LC Oscillators

 The frequency selection network (Z1, Z2 and Z3)

provides a phase shift of 180o
 The amplifier provides an addition shift of 180o

Two well-known Oscillators:

Colpitts Oscillator
Harley Oscillator 
Av Ro
~

+
2 Z1 Z2 1

Z3
Zp
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LC - OSCILLATORS

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 A v Ro Z1
~ V f   Vo  Vo
Z1  Z 3
+
Vf Z1 Z2 Vo Z p  Z 2 || ( Z1  Z 3 )
Z 2 ( Z1  Z 3 )
Z3 
Zp Z1  Z 2  Z 3
For the equivalent circuit from the output

Ro Io
+  AvVi Vo Vo  Av Z p
 or 
+
Z p Vo Ro  Z p Z p Vi Ro  Z p
 AvVi


Therefore, the amplifier gain is obtained,

Vo  Av Z 2 ( Z1  Z 3 )
A 
Vi Ro ( Z1  Z 2  Z 3 )  Z 2 ( Z1  Z 3 )

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 The loop gain,
 Av Z1Z 2
A 
Ro ( Z1  Z 2  Z 3 )  Z 2 ( Z1  Z 3 )
If the impedance are all pure reactances, i.e.,
Z1  jX1 , Z 2  jX 2 and Z 3  jX 3
Av X 1 X 2
The loop gain becomes, A 
jRo ( X 1  X 2  X 3 )  X 2 ( X 1  X 3 )
The imaginary part = 0 only when X1+ X2+ X3=0
 It indicates that at least one reactance must be –ve (capacitor)
 X1 and X2 must be of same type and X3 must be of opposite
type
 Av X 1 Av X 1
With imaginary part = 0, A  
X1  X 3 X2

For Unit Gain & 180o Phase-shift, A  1  Av  X 2

X1
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LC - OSCILLATORS

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Analog Electronics
Lecture -18
25-02-2020

BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus

INTEGRATED CIRCUIT TIMERS

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INTEGRATED CIRCUIT TIMERS

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 INTEGRATED CIRCUIT TIMERS

2 
V
3

1 
V
3

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555 ASTABLE MULTIVIBRATOR

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555 ASTABLE MULTIVIBRATOR

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 555 ASTABLE MULTIVIBRATOR

VC (t )  VCC  (VCC  VTL )e  t /( R A  RB ) C

2 1
at t  TH , VC (t )  VCC  VTH and VTL  VCC
3 3
2 1
 VCC  VCC  (VCC  VCC )e TH /( R A  RB ) C
3 3
Hence TH  (ln 2)( RA  RB )C  0.69 ( RA  RB )C
During discharging of the capacitor
VC (t )  VTH e  t / RB C
1
at t  TL , and VC (t )  VTL  VCC
3
1 2
 VCC  VTH e T / R C  VCC e T / R C
L B L B

3 3
Hence TL  RB C ln 2  0.69 RB C
The total time period T  TH  TL  0.69RA  2 RB C and f 
1 1.443

T RB  2 RB C
TH
% of Duty cycle   100
T
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SQUARE WAVE GENERATOR

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A FREE RUNNING RAMP GENERATOR

2
VCC  VBE At t  TH , VC (t )  VCC
I C1  I C 2  I  3
R C
Since TL is very small, T  TH  VCC
t 3I
1 1 It
VC (t )  VC (0)   Idt  VCC  1 3I
C0 3 C frequency of the ramp generator f  
T CVCC
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555 MONOSTABLE MULTIVIBRATOR

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 555 MONOSTABLE MULTIVIBRATOR

2
VC (t )  VCC  VCC e t / RC at t  T, VC (t)  VTH  VCC
3
2
Hence VCC  VCC  VCC e T / RC  T  RC ln 3  1.1RC
3
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SINGLE LINEAR RAMP GENERATOR

VZ should be < VCC. The current IS  VZ - VBE

RE
IS t
The voltage across the capacitor VC (t) 
C
2
At t  T, VC (T)  VCC
3
2 C
Therefore T  VCC
3 IS
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FUNCTION GENERATOR

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FUNCTION GENERATOR

t
1 1 It
VC (t )  VC (0)   Idt  VCC 
C0 3 C

2
At t  t1 , VC (t1 )  VCC
3
T C
Hence, t 1   VCC
2 3I
1 3I
frequency of the ramp generator f  
T 2CVCC

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FUNCTION GENERATOR

VCC  VC
IO 
RO
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 Frequency Stability

• The frequency stability of an oscillator is

defined as
1  d 
  ppm/ o C
o  dT    o

• Use high stability capacitors, e.g. silver mica,

polystyrene, or teflon capacitors and low
temperature coefficient inductors for high
stable oscillators.

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 Amplitude Stability

• In order to start the oscillation, the loop gain is

usually slightly greater than unity.

• LC oscillators in general do not require amplitude

stabilization circuits because of the selectivity of
the LC circuits.

• In RC oscillators, some non-linear devices, e.g.

NTC/PTC resistors, FET or zener diodes can be
used to stabilized the amplitude
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 Twin-T Circuit
High-pass filter

Low-pass filter

Filter output

low pass region high pass region

fr f
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 Twin-T Oscillator

High-pass filter

Low-pass filter

Filter output

low pass region high pass region

1
fr 
2RC
fr f
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TWIN-T OSCILLATOR

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CRYSTAL - OSCILLATORS

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Quartz crystal equivalent circuit

neglecting r,
1 1  s 2  1 / LC S 
Z ( s)    
sC p  1 /sL  1 / sCS  sC p  s 2  C p  Cs  / LC s C p 
1
fs 
2 LC s
1 C p Cs
fp  where C eq 
2 LC eq C p  Cs

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Quartz crystal equivalent circuit

1 1  s 2  1 / LC S 
Z ( s)    
sC p  1 /sL  1 / sCS  sC p  s 2  C p  Cs  / LC s C p 
1
fs 
2 LC s
1 C p Cs
fp  where C eq 
2 LC eq C p  Cs

Crystal impedance versus frequency

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QUARTZ CRYSTAL OSCILLATOR

1  C1C 2 
f0  
where C  CS ||  C p    CS
2 LC  C1  C 2 
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MULTIVIBRATORS-Bistable

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MULTIVIBRATORS-Bistable

R1
VUT  Vsat  Vsat
R1  R2
R1
VLT   Vsat   Vsat
R1  R2

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