Ancient History By Abhishek Suman Sir

PRE - HISTORIC PERIOD - (Only fossils)

Stone Age-

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1. Paleolithic Age – (5 lakh BC – 8000 BC)

• In that period man invented fire. He made some equipment form stones
hand asces 
 Evidences  Belan river velley schan river
mainly – Cleavers 
 valley Narmada river valley
Scappers  

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• And man used to be a hunter is that period.

• We also found some cave painting from – Bhimbhetka, Bhopal (M.P.)

2. Mesolithic Period – (8000 BC – 4000 BC)

• In that period the size of equipment became shorter, which are known as
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Micropiths.

• Man started domestication.

• First evidence of domestication  Adamgarh (M.P.) & Bagaur (Raj.)

• Evidence of human skeletons  Pratapgarh's Sarai Nahar (UP).

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3. Neolithic Period – (4000 BC – 2500 BC)

• In that period man started agriculture. (Evidences – Mehargarh, Baluchistan,

Pak.)

 Wheat, Cotton, Barley

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• Rich harvesting evidence  Koldihava, Allahabad, U.P.

• Graveyardi with bones of dog  Burjhome (Pottery), J & K

PROTO – HISTORIC PERIOD-

1. INDUS VALLEY CIVILISATION – (2500 BC – 1750 BC)

Or Harappan Civilisation

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 Harappa  1921 
  Indus Valley
Moherjodaro  1922


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•

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This civilization was an urban civilisation & was triangular is shape.

The best feature of this civilisation was its city planning & draw system.
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• People of this civilization makes Bronze (by adding his in difference).

• That’s why this is also known as Bronze Age civilisation.

Place Year River Inventor

Harappa (Mantgomdi, pak) 1921 Ravi Dayaram Sahani

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Moherjodaro (Larkana, Pak) 1922 Indus R.D. Banerjee

Sutkhagendor (Baluchistan, Pak) 1927 Dashka R.L. Styne

Chanhudaro (Sindh, Pak) 1931 Indus M.G. Majundar

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Rangpur (Ahemedabad, Guj.) 1953 Sabarmati M.S. Vatsa

Ropar (Punjab) 1953 Sutlaj Y.D. Sharma

Lethal (Gujrat) 1955 Bhogva S.R. Rao

Kalibanga (Raj.) 1953 Ghoghar A. Ghosh

Alangirpur (U.P.) 1958 Hindon Y.D. Sharma

Banawali (Haryana) 1973 Saraswati R.S. Bhist

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 Dhaulavira (Guj.) 1990 Bhogovar R.S. Bhist

Rakhigarhi (Haryana) 1990 Saraswati Rafiq Mughal

(Largest place)

• Gujrat has maximum number of sites of Indus Valley civilisation

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• Harappa-

• The biggest building found from Harappa was a 12 roomed graveyard.

• Main crop – Wheat & Barley.

• A graveyard named  R-37. (57 skeletons)

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• A statue of goddess of fertility.

• A bull made up or a seal.

• Button – shaped seals.

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• Mohenjadaro

 Biggest building found from this site was a great grainyard. But the most
famouns building a greate bath.

 Statue of Natraj (Lord Shiva)

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Tandava is the oldest dance from of India.

 Statue of Pashupatinath (Lord Shiva)

 Swasthik Symbol.

 Statue of a dancing girl (made up of Bronze)

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 Evidence of well is every house.

 Building of a college.

 A make – up box.

• Chanhudaro

 Only rural place of this civilisation.

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  Circular bricks.

 Cylindrical seals

 a picture of a cat followed by a dog.

 Evidences of bangles and lipsticks.

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 An elephant teeth.

• Lothal

 Lothal was the port of this civilisation & commercial capital of this place.

 Currencies of Persia.

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 Bones of a horse.

 Evidences of rice grains.

 Evidence of a mummy.
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 IVC had 2 administrative capitals which were known as Twin capitals.

(a) Harappa

(b) Mohenjodaro

Political Capital – Delhi

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Commercia Capital – Mumbai

Heritage Capital – Kolkata
Cultural Capital – Varanasi

 The script of this civilisation had 64 symbols, which was known as

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Pictographic script. That script was written from left to right & then from
right to left.

 In about 1750 BC, that civilisation was destroyed by flood.

2. VEDIC CIVILISATION – (1500 BC – 600 BC)

Ved – knowledge

Aryan = Superior

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 1500 BC – 1000 BC  Rigvedic Period

1000 BC – 600 BC  Post Vedic Period

• Max Muller – They came from central Asia

• Bal Gangadhar Tilak – They came from Arctic a

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• Swami Dayanand Saraswati – They came from Tibet

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In the entire N & W India, aryans started actual civilisation known as Vedic
civilisation.
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 The main work of people of this civilisation was Agriculture Animal
Husbandry. And the families of this civilisation of this civilisation were father
dominating.

(a) Rigveda  (1500 BC – 1000 BC)

 Oldest among all vedas.

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 It has 10 divisions. All the division of this Veda assembled by Ved Vyas.

Oldest division  2 to 7 
   Rishi Mahasuktiya (category system)
Newest division  10 

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* Third division of rigveda (Gajatri Mantra)  Rishi Vishwamitra

Written for  Savitri.

To worship  Surya Dev.

 In Rigveda, Sarasvati has been described as the most holy river of vedic
period.

Most imp. River was Indus.

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 Words used in Rigved 

Ganga ↔ xkSjk (used only 1 time)

Yamuna ↔ dkfyanh (used 3 times)
Rudra ↔ Form of Lord Shiva (used 3 times)

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Father ↔ firk (used 335 times)
Jan ↔ tu (275)
Indra ↔ bUnz (250)
Mother ↔ ekrk (234)

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• The person who recites the mantra of Rigveda is known as flotri.

(b) Samveda 

Lke & xk;u & Singing

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 It is considered as father of Indian music

 First description of 7 musical notes has been found from.

 It has mantras related to worship of Surya Dev. The person who sings
mantras of samveda is known as udgada.
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(c) Yajurveda 

;tq & ;K & Yajna

 All the mantras related to rules of yajna & other religion works have been
completed in Yajurveda.
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 This is the only veda which has stanzas and poetries.

 The person who recites the mantras of Yajurveda is known Adharvyu.

(d) Atharvaveda 

 All the mantras related to the treatment of black magic, hypnotism, treatment
of evil souls and all agriculture treatments have been compiled is
atharvaveda.

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  This veda is the newest among all. The person who recites its mantras is
known as Bhrahma.

HISTORIC PERIOD
(600 BC – 712 AD)

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16 Mahajanapadas of 600 BC 

Information from Buddhist text name Anguttor Nikaye

 Jain Text name Bhagwati Sutra.

Mahajanpad Capital

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1. Anga Champa

2. Kash Varanasi

3. Gandhar Tasila

4. Kuru Indrapratha
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5. Kamboja Hatok/Rajapur

6. Sursena Mathura

7. Kosala Srawasti, Ayedhya

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8. Magadha Rajgrihi, Patliputre, Vaishali

9. Chedi Shaktimati

10. Panchal Anichnatra, Kanpilya

11. Vejji Videha, Mithule

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12. Mateya Viratnagar

13. Vatsa Kaushambi

14. Asmaka Patas/Patali (only Mahajanpada)

15. Avanti N  Ujjan, S  Mahishmali

16. Malle Khushinagar, Pavapuri

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 Religion Movement of 600 BC

BUDDHISM

Founder – Gautam Buddha (Light of Asia)

Also known as – Shakye Muni

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Birth – 563 BC

Place – Lumbiri, Kapilvasta, Nepal

Childhood name – Siddhartha.

Father – Shuddhodhana (Shakya)

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Mother – Mahamaja (Kaulya)

Prajapati Gautami (Aunt of Buddha)

Wife – Yashodharn
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Son – Rahul

Horse – Kanthaka

Sarthi – Channa ¼pk.k½

 All the age of 29 years, Siddhartha Left his home. This incident is known as
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Mahiabhinishkramana. He went to Anoma river and became a monk near the

bank of Anoma river.

 He first went to (i) Rajgriha where he met Alar Kalam (Teacher), who taught
techniques of meditation to him. Then he reached (ii) Vaishali where he meet
Rudrak Ramputra (teacher). When he reached (iii) Gaya where he got
enlightment after this meditation of 6 years on the bank of river Niranjane
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river. That incident in Buddhism is known as Nirvana.

 Buddha gave his first preachement (Dharmachakrapravartana) in Sarnath

(Varanasi)

 He founded a Buddhist unioun in Sarnath  To follow 3 their

3 Ratnas  1. Buddha, 2. Sanga, 3. Dharma

 Mini age required to join Buddhist union  15 years.

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  Quorom or Buddhist union  10 members

Mini members required to start any session

 First student of Buddha ®

• Tapssu 
  Shudra

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•Bhalluk (Kallika)

 Famous disciples (students) 

• Anand

• Upali

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 Buddha gave his maximum no. of preachment is Shravasti is Pali language.

 In the last stage of his life he reached Kushinagar & gave his last preachment
to Subhaccha. He then gave his preachment to Lurd (Lauhar) where he ate
pork gives by lound and due to Dynentry, he died (483 BC) in Kushinagar, at
the bank of Hinyawati River. That incident is Buddhism is known as
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Mahaparinirvana.

First Buddhist Council – 483 BC

Venue – Rajagriha (Sattaparni Cave)

King – Ajatashatru (Haryanka Dynasty)

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Chairman – Mahakassapa

Work – 2 Pitakas were added –

Anad  1)Suttapitaka (teachings of Buddha)

Writers   
Upali
  2)Vinaypitaka (rules of Buddhist union)
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Second Buddhist Council – 383 BC

Place – Vaishali

King – Karashoka (Shishunaga dynasty)

Chairman – Sabakmir (Sarvakamini)

Works Followers 

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 1. Sthavire

2. Mahasanghika

Third Buddhist Council – 251 BC

Place – Patliputra

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King – Ashoka (Maurya Dynasty)

Chairman – Mongliputtakissa

Work – 3rd Pitaka added in Buddhism

Abhidhanmapitaka (biographier of monks contemporary to

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Ashoka)

Fourth Buddhist Council – 78 AD/ 81 AD

Place – Kundalvan, Kashmir

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King – Kanishka (Kushana dynasty)

Chairman – Vasumitra V. Chairman – Ashwaghosh

Work – Buddhism divided into 2 communities-

1. Hinyana
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2. Mahayana

Hinyana Mahayana

• They do not believe in statue worship • They follows statue worship

• They consider Gautam Buddha as a • They consider Gautam

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Human being Buddha as a God.

• There is no pilgrims form them. • There are four pilgrims for the

1. Lumbini, 2. Bodh Gaya

3. Sarnath, 4. Kushinagar

• Mainly found in Sri Lanka, Indonesia • They are found in whole Asia.

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 & Mayanmar.

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JAINISM

24 Tirthankaras of Jainism –
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1st  Rishabhdeva

Bharat  Bharat var sh


Son Gomteshwar (Bahubali)  Statue 

Shrawan belgore

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23rd Parivanath

• Died on Sanveda His when he was 100 yrs old.

• 4 Mahavratha  Satya (Truth)

Ahima (Non-Violence)
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Astya (Non-stealing)

Aparigraha (Non-acquisition/Non power)

24th & Last Tirtharkara –

Mahavir

Birth – 540 B.C. Kundagram, Vaishali

Childhood name – Vardhamana

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 Father – Siddnarthe

Mother – Trishla

Wife – Yaspda

Daughter – Anojja/Priyadashara

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Son-in-law – Janali

 At the age of 30 yrs, Vardhamana left his home by taking permission from his
elder brother, Nandivardhana.

 He met Makhali Goshal, who became his first student before enlightment.
After enlightment  First student – Jamali.

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 Ajivaka community ¼HkkX;oknh /keZ½  by Makhali Goshal.

Bindusara was known as follower of Ajivake comm.

 After meditation for 12 years he get enlightment is Jumbhikgram near bank

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of river Rijupalika. This incident in Jainism is known as Kivalaya. From then
he was also known as Kevlin. Also known as Jin and Nirgrantha.

 First deciple was his son-in-law Jamali.

 First female deciple was-Chandana

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 In ancient period, Mathura was the main centre of Jainism in Magadha.

 Mahavir Swami appointed his 11 deciples to spread Jainism in Madadha. (11

Gandharas)

All died except  Arya Sutharman after Mahivira death

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Ist Chairman of Jain Unit

 468 BC, Mahair Swami died @ Pavapuri

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 I Jainism Council – 300 BC

Place – Patliputra

Ruler – Chandragupta Maurya

Chairman – Sthulbhadra

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Work – Jainism divided into 2 communities

1. Swetambaras 2. Dagambaras

 298 BC – Chandragupta died due to Salllekhana/Santhare

Swetambaras Digambaras

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• Follows teachings of Mahavir Swami • Follows teachings of only
Bhadrabahu.

• Monks wear white clothes. • Monks do not wear clothes.

• Believes that Mahavir Swami was • Believes that he was

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Married. unmarried.

• Mallinath was a Female • Mallinath was male

19th Tirthinkara – Mallinath

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II Jainism Council – 513 A.D.

Place – Vallabhi, Gujrat

Ruler – No Proor

Chairman – Devardhi Kshamasharavan

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Work, Teachings of Jainism were scripted during this council

Jain Texts  Aagam

RISE OF MAGADHA
1. Haryanka Dynasty – (544 BC – 412 BC)

Capital  Rajgrihi

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 Founder  (a) Bimbisare (544 BC – 492 BC)

 He was comtempory to Gautam Buddha.

 He attacked on Angh and added it to Magadha.

 He got married to Kosaldevi, who was sister of King Prasenjit of Koshala, He

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got Kashi (Capita-Varanasi) is dowry from hir

 II wife – Chellana (Princess of Licchhavi dynasty)

Royal Physician  Jivaka

Bimbisare sent him for the treatment of Chandraprudyet who was

suffering from Jaundice of Avanti.

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 Bimbisara was killed by his son, who became next ruler of Magadha.

(b) Ajatashatra (492 BC – 460 BC)

 Gautam Buddha & Mahavir Swami both died is his ruling period.
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 He attacket on Vajji union (8 republican state) & Malla union (2 republican
state) and added them into Magadha.

 In 483 BC he organized first Buddhist council

 He started using 2 new weapons-

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1. Rathmoosala

2. Mahashilakantaka
 He was also killed by his son, who became next ruler of Magadha.
(c) Udaiyin (460 B.C – 440 B.C)
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 He founded a city at the confluence of Ganga and son river i.e.

Pataliputra/kusumpura.
 He shifted his capital from Rajgrihi to Patliputra
(d) Anirudha
(e) Mundak
(f) Naag Dashaka
 Last ruler of Haryanka dynasty.
 Died because of his PM – Shishunaag
(a) Shishunaag dynasty – (412 B.C – 344 B.C)
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 Founder – (a) Shishunaag (412 B.C – 396 B.C)
 He attacked on Avanti & destroyed Pradyet dynasty. Also added Avanti into
Magadha.
 He shifted his capital from Patliputra of Vaishali
 He was succeeded by his son Kalashoka
(b) Kalashoka (396 B.C – 366 B.C)

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 In 383 B.C, he organized II Buddhist council.
 He again shifted his capital to Patliputra.
(c) Nandi Vardhan
 Last ruler of shishunaag dynasty.
 Killed by his secretary, who founded a new dynasty is Magadha.

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3. Nanda Dynasty (344 B.C – 323 B.C)
Founder – Mahapadma Nanda
 He was succeeded by his 8 cone.
 Last and the greatest ruler of his dynasty was his 8th son Ghanananda
During his period in 326 B.C Invasion of Alexander He was killed by Ghandra
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Gupta Maurya with the help of Chanakya, who founded biggest dynasty or
Magadha.
Foreign Invasions In India–
1. Persian Invasion (Iran)
dynasty Founder Cyrus 
Son Davious
Persia   Hakhamani dynasty 
 
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1st foreign • Ist successful foreign toatt onIndia in518 BC.

attacked onIndian • 2unscriptions  1. behistun inscription,2.Sources of information
Indiansubcontinent

Effects of Invasion–
 After this invasion Indo Persian trade was started.
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 Kharoti script started in India (Right to Left)

 Armeyik script was who started.
Last ruler of this dynasty was Darius III.
2. Greek Invasion ¼;wukuh½
Place Macedonia 
Greece  Ruler Philip 
Son Alexander

(c) To enter in India, Alexander destroyed entire Persia in 3rd century B.C. He
destroyed Hakhamani dynasty by defeating Darium III. Then he went to Taksila.

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 (d) In Taksila, a rules named Ambi, surrendered infront
(e) of Alexander.
(f) 326 B.C Battle of Hydaspes/ Vitasta  (Jhelum river)
Alexander  won
v/s
Porus  Lost

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2. Alexander founded 2 cities in India.
1. Vijaynagar/Nikaiya
2. Bukafela
 Due to illness he went to Babylon and 323 BC he die @ 33 yrs.
Maurya Dynasty (323 B.C – 185 B.C)

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Sources–
(a) Literary Sources – Arthashastra  (Written by – Chanakya) (political subject)
Indica (Magasthenese – written by)
Mahabhashya (Patanjali – written by)
Mudrarakshak (written – Vishakhadatta)
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Kalpsutra (Writer – Bhadrabahu)
Kathasaritsagara (writer – Somdev)
Charaksanhita (writer – Charak)
Rajatarangini (writer – Kalhan)
(b) Archeological Sources 
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Inscription of Ashoka (oldest is Kharosht lipi & Brahmi read by James prince
in 1837)
14 Stone edicts of Ashoka 
Stone Edict I 
• All citizens are like my child.
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• Prohibition of animal sacrifices

• Wildlife conservation
Stone Edict II
• Welfare programs for the citizens.
• Human & veterinary medical science
Stone Edict III 
• Respect to Brahmins and appointment of PMs.
Stone Edict V

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 • Appointment of Dharma ministers.
Stone Edict VII
• Longest stone edict of Ashoka)
• Control over mind and soul.
Stone Edict XI 
• Description of Dharma victories of Ashoka.

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Stone Edict XIII
• Description of Kalinga war
Stone Edict XIV
• Inspiration to live a religious life.
7 Pillar Edicts of Ashoka 

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1. Topra pillar
Founded from Ambala presently in firozshah Kotla (Dehli)
2. Meerut Pillar
Found from Meerut presently in Delhi.
3. Allahabad pillar
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Found from Kaushambi presently in Allahabad fort. This pillar is related to 3
rulers–
1. Ashoka
2. Samudragupta
3. A' Jahangir
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4. Sanhi pillar
It has been destroyed now.
5. Sarnath pillar
Our national emblem his been taken from this pillar.
6. Lauriya Nandangarh Pillar
Found from Champaran bihar.
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7. Rampurva pillar
Found from Champaran & presently @ Rashtrapati Bhavan Delhi.
Chandragupta Maurya (323 B.C – 298 B.C)
Green sources called him  Sandrocottus
 He killed Ghanand with the help of Chanakya and became ruler of Magadha
@ the age of 25 yrs.
 A/c to Plutarch & Justin  (writer son) he had army of 6,40,000 soldiers.
 He was first Chakravartin Samrath of India.

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  India's first samrat – Ghanand (first standing army)
 He built Sudarshan lake  renovation  1st Rudradaman (greatest ruler of
saka dynasty) Written in Junagarh inscription  1st & longest inscription of
Sanskrit.
2nd  Skandagupta (last great ruler of gupta dynasty  Written in Junagarh
inscription).

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 305 B.C Invasion of seleucus Nicator
Treaty of b/w Chandragupta & Nicator.
• He gave Kabul, Gandhar, Herat & Jadrosia to Chandragupta
• His daughter Helena got married to Chandragupta. (Son Justice)
• Ambassador of seleucus Nicator, Magasthenes was sent to
Chandragupta Maurya is dairy as a translator.

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• Chandragupta Maurya gifted 500 elephants to Nicator.
• In 300 B.C, he organized first Jainism council is Pattliputra in which
Jainism was divided into svetambaras & Digambaras. In the same year,
Maurya went to Shravanabelgola, Karnataka with Bhadrabalus.
• In 298 B.C, Chandragupta Maurya died because of Sallekhana/
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Santhara.
Bindusara (298 B.C – 272 B.C)
 Father Chandragupta Maurya
 Other names – Singhasan and Amitraghata.
 He had 16 wives – famous – Dharma  Son  (Ashoka) Subhadrangi.
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 He had 101 sons  Eldest – susum.

Ashoka killed his 99 brothers except Tissa  (ruler of Singhal Srilanka)
 During his killing period susim was governor of Takshila and Ashoka was
governor of Ujjain.
 A revolt happened in Takshila by a ruler named Keechata to control that
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revolt Bindusara sent susim & then Ashoka.

1. Dymakusa (from Syria)
2. Dionysus (from Egypt)
Ashoka (269 B.C – 232 B.C)
1. Maski Inscription  Ashok Vardhan
  Ashoka Name      
2. Gurjara inscription Devanampriya Ashoka Raja

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  He killed his 99 brothers with the help of Radha gupta and became next ruler
of Maurya dynasty
 He married to Maha Devi (first) she was princess of Ujjain. They had 2
Children–
Mahendra (son) Sarghamilra (daughter)
 He sent both children to Sri Lanka to spread Buddhism.

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 2nd wife  Kalinga Princess – Kaurwaki  son  Kunala
 Grandson of Ashoka and ruler – Dashrath.
 He had only one war i.e Kalinga war  261 B.C during this war – kalingas
capital  Toshali/Toshli reason behind the war  to get elephants who was from
elephant cave inscription writer  Kharvel  greatest ruler of Chedi dynast ruler
of Kalinga during was  Nand Raj

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 After Kalinga was, Ashoka adopted Budhism.
Who made Buddhist  Moggaliputtatisa
Teacher of Ashoka  Upgupta/Nigrodha
 In the 10th year of his ruling period, Ashoka visited Bodh Gaya & in the 20th
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year, he went to Lumbini and he made Lumbini tax free  descripted in 
Roman Deyo inscriptions.
 He founded a city near bank of Vitasta/Jhelum river named Srinagar. He
prohibited animal sacrifices in his ruling period, and he was first ruler who
build national parts India.
 In his rolling period, he built Sanchi me Stupa & Dhamek  Sarnath she 
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biggest stupa of India

Biggest Stupa of world  Borobudur Stupa  Java Indonesia
 251 B.C  Ashoka organized third Buddhist council in Patliputra in which he
added third pitaka in Buddhism i.e. Abhidamma pitaka
 In the last stage of his life, he donated Barabar caves to Aajivakar.
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'kSo /keZ  ckS) /keZ  vkthod lEiznk;d  Religious of Ashoka

 He was succeeded by his kunal and then his grandson Dashrath.
 Last ruler of Maurya dynasty  Brihadratha
Post Mauryan, Period
Shunga Dynasty (185 B.C – 72 B.C)
 1st Brahman dynasty of India–
Founder  Pushyamitra Shunga

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  He is know as the destroyer of Buddhism in India, because he destroyed
about 84,000 stupa built by Ashoka.
 Maximum development of Sanskrit language during his period.
 He organized 2 Ashwagandha Yojana – Which were performed by  Patanjali
 Mahabhashya & Sanskrit Vyakaran  (Yoga)
 He was succeeded  (Source)  (Malavikagni Mibcom  Written in Gupta

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period by Kalidas Love story of Malvika & Agnimitra) by his son Agnimitra
shunga.
 He also give conservation to Buddhism. He renovated Sanchi Stupa.
 Last ruler  Devabhuti Shunga.
2. Kanva dynasty – (72 B.C – 28 B.C)
Founder – Vasudeva Kanva  Son  Susharma (next ruler) & (illegible son)

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3. Andhra Satvahana Dynasty (28 B.C – 3rd Century)
Capital – Pratishthan (Maharashtra)
Founder – Simukha
Total – 28 rulers
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First great ruler of this dynasty – satakarni I second great ruler – Haal 
Book – Gathasaptasati
Greatest ruler – 23rd ruler  Gautamiputra Satkarni (106–130)
 He issued land coins in India.
 He started donating lands to Brahmins.
 He started using his mother's name before his name.
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 He was 3rd Chakravartin Smarath.

 He was succeeded by his son who was last greatest ruler of this dynasty –
Vashishtiputra Pulavani.  (He is known as 1st Andhra Samrat, because he
attacked in South & conquered the region of Andhra.
Last ruler – Pulmavi III
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Foreign Invasion of Post Mauryan Period

1. Indo–Greeks
Origin – Greeks
Founder of Indo-Greeks in India – Demetrius I  Capital – Sakal (Sindh)
 Greatest ruler of Indo-greeks – Menander  (India-Mined)
 First golden coins were issued in Milinnd's period.
 He adopted Buddhism in India & he get teachings of Buddhism from a monk
named – Nagsena.  Source – book – Milindpanho

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 2. Saka dynasty
Origin – Central Asia
 They had 5 branches is India.
1. Kashmir
2. Takshila
3. Mathura

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4. Ujjain
5. Deccan
 Greatest ruler of this dynasty – Rudradaman (Ujjain)  Junagarh Inscription
 Last ruler of this dynasty – Rudrasena III


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He was killed by Chandragupta II, who destroyed saka dynasty from India.
3. Kushan Dynasty
Greatest ruler – Kanishka
 He destroyed Saka dynasty from Kashmir & Started Saka Samrat in 78 A.D.
 In 3rd year of his feeling period he organized 4th Buddhist council in Kashmir
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in which Buddhism divided into Hinayana & Mahayana. He was first ruler of
Indian history, who issued pure gold coins. He also started printing of dates
and ruler's names on coins.
Gupta Period (319 AD – 540 AD)
(Golden Era of Indian History)
1. Archeological Sources
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(i) Mehravli Pillar Edict  related to Chandragupta II

(ii) Pune Copper Edict  Written by Prabhawati (D/o Chandragupta II)
(iii) Junagarh Inscription  Skandgupta
(iv) Allahabad Pillar Edict  Samundragupta
(v) Airan Inscription  Bhanugupta
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(vi) Bilsad Inscription  Kumar Gupta

(viii) Inner Cave Inscription  Skandgupta
 1st temple of India  Dashvatar Temple in Deogarh, Jhansi
 Ajanta & Ellora caves  Augragabad, Maharashtra
Cave no. 16, 17 & 19 built in  Gupta period.
2. Literary Sources
(i) Kalidas
Abhigyan shakuntala ¼vfHkKku'kkdqarye~½

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 Meghadutam ¼es?knwre½
Raghuvansham ¼j?kqoa'ke~½
Vikramvanshiyam ¼foØeoa'kh;e~½
Malvikagnimitran ¼ekyfodkfXufe=e~½
Kumar Sambhavam ¼dqekjlaHkoe~½
Ritusanharam ¼_rqlagkje~½

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(ii) Vishakha Dutta
Mudrarakshas ¼eqnzkj{kl½
Devechandraguptam ¼nsohpUnzxqIre~½
(iii) Varahmihir
Brahadsanhita ¼o`gr~lafgrk½

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Panchsidhantika ¼iapfl)kfUrdk½
(iv) Banmaths ¼ckteV~V½
Harshcharitra ¼g"kZpfjr½
Kadambari ¼dknEcjh½
(v) Harshvardhan
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Naganand ¼ukxuan½
Ratnavali ¼jRukoyh½
Priyadarshika ¼fiz;nf'kZdk½
(vi) Kamandak
Niti Shastra ¼uhfr'kkL=½
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(viii) Amar Singh

Amarkosh ¼vejdks"k½
(ix) Vatsayan
Kamasutra ¼dkelw=½
(x) Vishnu Sharma
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Panchtantra ¼iapra=½
(xi) Vatsbhati
Ravanvach ¼jko.kop½
(xii) Dhanvantri
Anusidhantha ¼v.kqfl)kUr½
(xiii) Somdeva
Kathasaritsagar ¼dFkklfjRlkxj½
(xiv) Panini

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 Asthadhyayi ¼v"Vkè;k;h½
(xv) Kalhan
Rajatranni ¼jktrj.khuh½
According to these sources, Shrigupta is considered as the founder of Gupta
dynasty.
1. Srigupta (Maharaja) (240 – 285)

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 Succeeded by his son Ghatotkacha & he also took little of Maharaja.
Actual founder of Gupta dynasty Chandragupta I
2. Chandratupta I (319 – 335)
 He started Gupta Samvat.
 He took the title of maharajadhiraj

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 wife – Kumaradevi (Licchavi Princess)
 First gupta ruler to issue silver coins.
 Succeeded by his son Samudragupta
3. Samundragupta (335 – 375)
Napolean of India  Vincent Arthur Smith gave his the title
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 He defeated 12 rulers in South India – Dakshinapath & 9 rulers in North
India – Uttarapath.
 He also become a chakravartin Samarth
 He took the title of Vikramaya
 Organised an Ashwamedha Yojana
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 His poet Harishena  (Book – Prayogprashashti ¼iz;kx iz'kkfLr½ was appointed

to describe his victories in Allahbad pillar edicts.
 Samudragupta was a poet & he also took the title of Kaviraj.
 He was also a Vienna player & he issued Vienna playina type coins.
 He gave conserved to Buddhism, because there was a Buddhist month in his
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court named Vasubandhu.

 2 sons – Rangupta & Chandragupta
4. Ramgupta (375 – 380)
Source (i) Airan inscription
(ii) Novel – Devi Chandraguptam
5. Shandragupta II (380 – 913)
 Greatest ruler of this dynasty
 1st ruler who had 9 gems in his court.

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 9 Navratnas of Chandragupta
1. Amar Singh (great Sanskrit Lexicographer)
2. Dhanvantari (great physician)
3. Harishena (great poet)
4. Kalidas (also a great poet & paly writer)
5. Kshapanaka (great astrologer)

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6. Shankar (great architect)
7. Baital bhatta (great magician)
8. Varahamihir (great megisian)
9. Varruchi (great Sanskrit scholar)
 He killed Rudrasena III, who was last ruler of After that the took title of
Vikramaditya.

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 399 A.D – a famous chinese traveller fahien arrived India & he stayed here for
15 years.
 Maxi development was happened in his ruling period.
 He took the title of Parambhavat.
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6. Kumargupta (413 – 454)
 413 A.D he founded Nalanda university which is considered as oldest
university of present India. Famous for Buddhist education and this is also
known as oxford of Mahayana Bodh
 He took the title of Mahindraditya. In Gupta period, he had maximum no. of
inscriptions.
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 He was succeeded by his son Skandgupta.

7. Skandgupta (454 – 467)
 He was considered as last greatest ruler of this dynasty.
 He conducted 2nd renno of sudarshan lake in Girnas hibl and he appointed
Chakrapalit  (son of Parnadatta)  (Governor of Gujarat) or that.
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 I attack of Huna rulers  (foreign invaders)  (Ruler - Tormar) happened in

his ruling period.
 He defeated Torman – written is Ahole  (written by – Pulakeshin II)  (ruler
of Chalukya dynasty) inscription (Sanskrit)
 Last ruler of Gupta dynasty – Vishnugupta  (a.k.a  Kumargupta III)
Harshvardhan (606 – 647)
 Last hindu ruler of India
 Dynasty – Pushyabhuti dynasty (Vardhan dynasty)

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  Capital – thaneshwar (Haryana)
 II Capital – Kannauj (U.P)
 Father – Prabhakarvardhan
 Mother – Yashomati
 Elder brother – Rajyawardhan

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 Sister – Rajyashri
605A.D – Rajyavardhan became known ruler after his father and his
contemporary the ruler of Malwa Devgupta and the ruler of Bengal was Shashank.
A dynasty in Kannary Maukari dynasty whose ruler was Grahavarman and his
wife was Rajyashri Shashank wants to marty Rajyashri Shashank & Devgupta
attacked Kannauj and killed Grahavaram. After that Rajyavardhan died by
Shashank next ruler to sat on throne was Harshvardhan is 606 AD. He killes

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shashnak and took her sister from him and made kannauj his capital.
629 A.D – 645 A.D – Chinese traveller – fluone suarg arrived India and stayed
here for 16 years. He got Buddhist edict from Nalanda university & he wrote a
famous book – Si Yu Ki. During his travel to India his also visited Lakhpat
(Gujarat) and Kanchi Kanchipuram (South India).
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 Harshwardha's poet – Banabhatta – Books – Harshacharita Kadambari
 Harshavardhan's book – Nagananda, Ratnawali, Priyadarshika

PRE-MEDIEVAL INDIA
1. Gurjarpratihara Dynasty
 first description of this dynasty found in Ahole inscription of Pulakeshan II
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 Capital – Kannauj
 Founder – Harichandra
 Actual founder – Naagbhatta I
 He destroyed Huna dynasty from India.
 In Gwalior inscription of Sanskrit, he has been compared to Rudra (Shiva)
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 I great ruler of dynasty – Vatsraj. He defeated Dharmapal (Pal dynasty –

Bengal). He was succeeded by his son Naagbhatt II.
 Greatest ruler of dynasty – MihirBhoj (836 – 885). He took the title of
Aadivaraha & Prabhas. He was a vaishnav ruler.
 Last great ruler of dynasty – Mahipal. In his ruling period a famous traveller
of Baghdad Al. Masudi arrived India he was defeated by Krishna III (ruler of
Rashtrakuta dynasty)
 Last ruler of dynasty – Yashdel

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  1036 - This dynasty was destroyed by Gorwal rulers.
2. Gorwal Dynasty
 Capital – Kannauj
 Founder – Chandradeva In his ruling period be defeated Tomar rulers, who
surrendered infront of his. He was succeeded by his son Madarpal.
 I great ruler of dynasty – Govindachandra he took the title of Vidhavichar

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Vachaspati.
 Last and most Famous ruler of dynasty – Jai Chandra
 1194 – He was defeated & killed by Mohd. Ghori in Battle of Chandawar.
3. Chauhan Dynasty
 Capital – Shakambari (near Ajmer)

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 Founder – Vasudeva succeeded by Sidhraj, who took the title of
Maharajadhiraj.
 kI great ruler – Prithviraj I succeeded by his son Ajayraj  (Founder of
Ajmer).
 Greatest ruler of dynasty – Prithviraj III (1178 – 1192).
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 1191 – He defeated Mohd. Gauri is Battle of Tarain. But is the II battle of
Tarain he was defeated & killed by Mohd. Gauri.
4. Chandel Dynasty
 Capital – Khajuraho
 Founder – Nunuka he was succeeded by Yashovarman who built famous
temple of Vishnu in Khajuraho.
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 Greatest ruler of dynasty – Dhanga he helped Jaipal of Peshawar in his battle

against mahmud Ghaznavi. In his ruling period he built Jinnath Temple,
vishwanath Temple & Baijnath Temple in Khajuraho.
 Last ruler of dynasty – Parmati, defeated by Qutubuddin Aibak who destroyed
Chadel dynasty.
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5. Parmar Dynasty
 Capital – Malwa
 Founder – Siyaka/Shri Harsha his capital was Ujjain and then he made
Dhara his 2nd capital.
 Greatest ruler of dynasty – Bhojh he was a great Sanskrit poet and scholor.
He took the title of kaviraj. He founded a city Bhojpur Nagar. Also founded
Bhojshala University there.
 Dynasty destroyed by – Allaudin Khilji (in 1305)

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 6. Chalukya Dynasty
 Capital – Gujarat (Anhilwad)
 Founder – Moolraj I/ Bhim I and he made Anhilwad his capital during his
ruling period Ghaznavi attacked somnath temple in Gujarat. He
built/reconstructed the temple with stones.
 Last great ruler of dynasty – Moolraj II/ Bhim II

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 1178 – He defeated & arrested Mohd. Gauri @ mount Abu.
 1195 – This dynasty was destroyed by Qutubuddin Aibak.
7. Pala Dynasty – (Bengal)
 8th Century – This dynasty was founded
 Founder – Gopal, Succeeded by his son, Dharmapal, who founded
Vikramshila university in his ruling period

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 Last great ruler of dynasty – Mahipal, defeated by a S. Indias ruler named
Rajendrachar
 Last ruler of dynasty – Rampal
 Dynasty destroyed by – Mohd. Bis Bakhtiyar Khilji
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8. Sena Dynasty (Bengal)
 Founder – Samantsena
 I great ruler of dynasty – vijaysena, founded 2 cities –
(a) Vijaypur
(b) Vikrampur
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Succeeded by his son – Bhallalsena.

 Greatest ruler of dynasty – Laxmansena.
 1178 – he started Laxman Samrat founded a city named – Laxmanvati. He
took title of Parambhagvat.
 1202 – This dynasty was also destroyed by Bahtiyan Khilji
9. Hindu Shahi Dynasty
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 Founder – Jaipal
 Capital – Peshawar
 1001 A.D – He was defeated by Ghaznavi and then he committed suicide
succeeded by his son Anandapal he was also defeated 2 times by Ghaznavi.
South India
1. Rashtrakutas –
 Comtemporary to – Prathihar dynasty & pola dynasty
 8th Century – This dynasty was founded

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  Founder – Dantivarman he made himself independent from Chalukya dynasty
of South. He was succeeded by Krishna I. He destroyed Chalukya dynasty of
5. India he built famous Kailash Temple in Auora Cowas.
 Greatest ruler of dynasty – Krishna II he attacked on Karchi & Tanjaur and
added them in Rashtrkuta day He attacked on Rameshvaram & founded
 Last ruler of dynasty – Karka II

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2. Vakataka Dynasty
 Founder – Vindhyashakti
 I great ruler of dynasty – Pravelsena I, he took the title of Samrat and Praveer
the organized 4 Ashwanejha Yajanas
 Greatest ruler of dynasty – Rudrasena II, he got married to Prabhawati
(daughter of Chandragupta II) described in Poona Copper Edict.

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3. Chalukya Dynasty – (Badami)
 Founder – Pulakeshan I, succeeded by his son Kirtivarman I
 Greatest ruler of dynasty – Pulakeshan II he took the title of Parmeshwar. He
defeated Harshwardhan @ book of Narmada, described is Ahole inscription.
He was defeated by Narsingh Varman I (ruler of Palawa dynasty)
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 Last ruler of dynasty – Vishnuvarman
4. Pallava Dynasty –
 Founder – Singhvishnu he built Varaha temple, Mamallaperson He was
succeeded by mahindrawarman I, who is considered as greatest ruler of this
dynasty. He was succeeded by Narsinghvarman I. He built Mahabalipuram
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temple is his ruling period. (Famous – Rath temple)

 Famous Chinese traveller – Huare suaarg visited kanchi is his ruling period.
 He was succeeded by Narsinghvarman II, he built Kailash Nath temple,
Kanchi & share temple, Mahabali
 Last great ruler of dynasty – Nandivarman II, he built mukteshwar temple
(Kanchi) & Bekunthperumal temple (Kanchi)
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 Last ruler of dynasty – Parmeshwar Varman

5. Chela Dynasty
 Founder – Vijayalaya (in 9th Century). He attacked on Tanjaur and added it
into chela empire & he took the title of Narkesari. Earlier he used to be a
minister of Pallawas. He was succeeded Aditya I. He declared himself
independent from Pallavan. He took the title of Kodandram. He was
succeeded by Rajraj I, in his ruling period he attacked on Sri Lanka, and
defeat a ruler named Mahinda V. After that he bult a Shiva temple in Sri

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 Lanka. He built Brihideshwa Temple (Tanjaur). He also built Rajrajeshwar
temple (Kanchi). He was succeeded by Rajendra I in the 5th year of his ruling
period he attacked on Shri Lanka Y arrested Mahinda V and after 12 year
capital punishment was given to Mahinda He was succeeded by Rajadhiraja I.
 Last great ruler of dynasty – Vikram Chola
 Last ruler of dynasty – Rajendra III

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Vijaynagar Empire
Ve was started contemporary to ruling period of Mohd.-Bin-Tughlaq.
 Founder – 2 brothers – Harihar in 1336 & Bukka
There were 4 capitals of VE
(a) Anegondi
(b) Vijaynagar (Humpi)

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(c) Benugonda
(d) Chandragiri
Nastier
Sangam Dynasty (1336 – 1485)
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 Founder – Hariharar I, he made Anegondi his capital. In 1346, he attacked on
Hoysal and added it into VE. 1352 – He added Madurai into his empire. He
was succeeded by his younger brother Bukka I. 1337- he send his
ambassadors to China. He attacked on Mohd. Shah of Behmani empire, in
which he was defeated by him. In his ruling period, Krishna river was
considered as the boundary of Vijaynagar & Bahmani Empire. He was
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succeeded by his son Harihar II, he took the title of Maharajadhiraj. He added
Mysore, Trichannapali & Kanchi is his empire. He also attacked in Sri Lanka
& got revenue from there he attacked on the ruler firoz shah of Behmani
Empire in which he was defeated by him. He also added Bailgaon and Goa in
his empire. He was succeeded by his Son Devrai I, he was also defeated by
firoz shah of Behmani empire. Firoz shah get married to his daughter. He was
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succeeded by his son Devrai II, he took the talk of of Immadi Devrai. He has
been compared to God Indra. He also took the title of Gajabetkar (killer of
elephants). In his ruling period a famous persion traveller Abdul Razzak came
India. He was succeeded by his son mallikarjun. He took the title of Praudh
Devrai. His ruling period a famous chinese traveller Muharram arrived India.
 Last ruler of dynasty – Virupaksha II
2. Salwa Dynasty
 One of the minister of Virupaksha II, Narsingha Salwa killed him and founded
Salwa dynasty in VE.

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  Founder – Narsingha Salwa he appointed in P. minister to Narsa Nayak.
Narsa Nayak killed Narsingha salwa & he himself became the next ruler of
VE.
 Last ruler of dynasty – Immadi Narsa Singh, he was killed by his PM. Veer
Narsingha who founded a new dynasty in VE.
3. Tuluva dynasty

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 Founder – Veer Narsingha, he was succeeded by his younger brother, Krishna
Dev Rai and he is considered as greatest ruler of VE.
Krishna Dev Rai – (1509 – 1529)
 1513 – He attacked on Udaigiri and added it into Vijaynagar E.
 1520 – He added Bijapur is his empire.
 1510 – Portugese governor. Alphanso Di Albukark sent Saint Lauir in his

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court.
 There were 8 great poets in court of Krishna D.R. and their group was known
as Ashthadiggaj of VE.
 He shifted his capital from Vijaynagar to Naaglapur.
 He was contemporary to Mughal Emperor Babur and Babur described him as
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the most powerful ruler of India in his autobiography.
 He constructed Hazara temple & vithal Dev Temple in VE.
 He was the follower of Vaishnav religion. He was succeeded by his
……………… The last great ruler of this dynasty)
He took the title of Mahamandaleshwar. He was succeeded by a ruler named
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Sadashiv (Last ruler of dynasty)

Sadashiv
In his ruling period, In 1565 a famous battle of Taliketa fought b/w vijaynagar E &
other Muslim rulers of South india. In this battle, Muslim ruler of S. India
destroyed VE.
Founder – Tirumaal he shifted his capital to Benugonda.
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
 Greatest ruler – Venkata II he shifted his capital to Chandragrihi
 Last ruler of dynasty – Shri Rang III

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