ÄäìëíàóÖëäàâ ÜìêçÄã, 2008, ÚÓÏ 54, ‹ 1, Ò.

133–142

ÄäìëíàäÄ ÜàÇõï ëàëíÖå.

ÅàéÎӄ˘ÂÒ͇fl ÄäìëíàäÄ
ìÑä 591.582.2

äéååìçàäÄíàÇçõÖ àåèìãúëçõÖ ëàÉçÄãõ ÅÖãìï

Ç ãÖíçÖå êÖèêéÑìäíàÇçéå ëäéèãÖçàà
ì éëíêéÇÄ ëéãéÇÖñäàâ Ç ÅÖãéå åéêÖ
© 2008 „. ê. Ä. ÅÂÎËÍÓ‚, Ç. å. ÅÂθÍӂ˘
àÌÒÚËÚÛÚ Ó͇ÌÓÎÓ„ËË ËÏ. è.è. òË¯Ó‚‡ êÄç
117997 åÓÒÍ‚‡, ç‡ıËÏÓ‚ÒÍËÈ Ô. 36
E-mail: romanbelik@rambler.ru
èÓÒÚÛÔË· ‚ ‰‡ÍˆË˛ 11.01.07 „.

è‰ÒÚ‡‚ÎÂÌ˚ ÂÁÛθڇÚ˚ ÔÂˆÂÔÚË‚ÌÓ„Ó Ë ‡ÍÛÒÚ˘ÂÒÍÓ„Ó ‡Ì‡ÎËÁ‡ ÍÓÏÏÛÌË͇ÚË‚Ì˚ı ËÏÔÛθÒÌ˚ı

Ò˄̇ÎÓ‚, Á‡ÔËÒ‡ÌÌ˚ı ‚ ÂÔÓ‰ÛÍÚË‚ÌÓÏ ÒÍÓÔÎÂÌËË ·ÂÎÛı Û Ó. ëÓÎӂˆÍËÈ ‚ ÅÂÎÓÏ ÏÓÂ. ë‰Ìflfl
‰Îfl ÚËÔÓ‚ ‰ÎËÚÂθÌÓÒÚ¸ Ò˄̇ÎÓ‚ ÒÓÒÚ‡‚Îfl· ÓÚ 0.04 ‰Ó 1.52 Ò, ˜‡ÒÚÓÚ‡ ÒΉӂ‡ÌËfl ËÏÔÛθÒÓ‚ ‚ Ò‰-
ÌÂÏ ‚‡¸ËÓ‚‡Î‡ ÓÚ 13 ‰Ó 1300 (‚ÓÁÏÓÊÌÓ 2700) ËÏÔÛθÒÓ‚ ‚ ÒÂÍÛ̉Û, ‡ χÍÒËÏÛÏ ˝ÌÂ„ËË ‚ Ò‰ÌÂÏ
ÔËıÓ‰ËÎÒfl ̇ ˜‡ÒÚÓÚ˚ ÓÚ 0.2 ‰Ó 11.3 ÍɈ. Ç˚fl‚ÎÂÌÓ ‚˚ÒÓÍÓ ÒıÓ‰ÒÚ‚Ó ÍÓÏÏÛÌË͇ÚË‚Ì˚ı ËÏÔÛθÒ-
Ì˚ı Ò˄̇ÎÓ‚ Û ·ÂÎÛı ËÁ ‡ÁÌ˚ı ÔÓÔÛÎflˆËÈ.
PACS: 43.80.Ka

ÇÇÖÑÖçàÖ åÄíÖêàÄã à åÖíéÑõ

ÅÂÎÛı‡ (Delphinapterus leucas Pall., 1776) – ‚˚-
ÒÓÍÓ ÒӈˇθÌÓ ÁÛ·‡ÚÓ ÍËÚÓÓ·‡ÁÌÓ Ò‰ÌËı
‡ÁÏÂÓ‚, Ëϲ˘Â ÔÂ˚‚ËÒÚÓ ˆËÍÛÏÔÓÎfl-
ÌÓ ‡ÒÔ‰ÂÎÂÌË ‚ ‚Ó‰‡ı ÄÍÚËÍË Ë ÒÛ·‡ÍÚËÍË
[1]. èÓ·„‡˛Ú, ˜ÚÓ ·ÂÎÛıË fl‚Îfl˛ÚÒfl Ó‰ÌËÏ ËÁ ̇Ë-
·ÓΠ‡ÍÚË‚Ì˚ı ‚ ‡ÍÛÒÚ˘ÂÒÍÓÏ ÓÚÌÓ¯ÂÌËË ‚ˉӂ
ÍËÚÓÓ·‡ÁÌ˚ı [2]. ï‡‡ÍÚÂÌÓÈ ˜ÂÚÓÈ ‚Ó͇θ-
ÌÓ„Ó ÂÔÂÚÛ‡‡ ·ÂÎÛı fl‚ÎflÂÚÒfl Ó·ËÎËÂ Ë ‡ÁÌÓ-
Ó·‡ÁË ËÏÔÛθÒÌ˚ı Ë ¯ÛÏÓ‚˚ı Ò˄̇ÎÓ‚, ËÒ-
ÔÓθÁÛÂÏ˚ı ‰Îfl ÍÓÏÏÛÌË͇ˆËË [3–8].
ä ̇ÒÚÓfl˘ÂÏÛ ‚ÂÏÂÌË ‚˚ÔÓÎÌÂÌ˚ ‡·ÓÚ˚ ÔÓ
ÓÔËÒ‡Ì˲ Á‚ÛÍÓ‚˚ı Ò˄̇ÎÓ‚ ‰ËÍËı ·ÂÎÛı ‚ Ç˚ÒÓ-
ÍÓÈ ä‡Ì‡‰ÒÍÓÈ ÄÍÚËÍ [4], ‚ ˝ÒÚÛ‡ËË . ë‚. ㇂-
ÂÌÚËfl [6], ‚ Á‡Î. ÅËÒÚÓθ ̇ ÄÎflÒÍ [7] Ë Û
Ó. òÔˈ·Â„ÂÌ [8]. èÓÏËÏÓ ˝ÚÓ„Ó, Ó·¯ËÌ˚È Ï‡-
ÚÂˇΠ·˚Π̇ÍÓÔÎÂÌ ‚ ıӉ ‰Ó΄ÓÒÓ˜Ì˚ı ËÒÒÎÂ-
‰Ó‚‡ÌËÈ ‡ÍÛÒÚ˘ÂÒÍÓÈ Ò˄̇ÎËÁ‡ˆËË Ë Ôӂ‰ÂÌËfl
·ÂÎÛı ÅÂÎÓ„Ó ÏÓfl Ë ÄÏÛÒÍÓ„Ó ÎËχ̇ [3]. é‰Ì‡-
ÍÓ ‰ÂڇθÌÓ„Ó ÍÓ΢ÂÒÚ‚ÂÌÌÓ„Ó ÓÔËÒ‡ÌËfl ‚Ó͇θ-
Ì˚ı ÂÔÂÚÛ‡Ó‚ ·ÂÎÓÏÓÒÍËı Ë ‰‡Î¸Ì‚ÓÒÚÓ˜-
Ì˚ı ·ÂÎÛı ҉·ÌÓ Ì ·˚ÎÓ. ç‡ÒÚÓfl˘‡fl ‡·ÓÚ‡
ÔËÁ‚‡Ì‡ ÎË͂ˉËÓ‚‡Ú¸ ÒÛ˘ÂÒÚ‚Û˛˘ËÈ ÔÓ·ÂÎ.
é̇ ÔÓ‰ÓÎʇÂÚ ÒÂ˲ ÒÚ‡ÚÂÈ, ÔÓÒ‚fl˘ÂÌÌ˚ı ÍÓ-
΢ÂÒÚ‚ÂÌÌÓÏÛ ÓÔËÒ‡Ì˲ Á‚ÛÍÓ‚˚ı Ò˄̇ÎÓ‚ ·Â-
ÎÛı ÅÂÎÓ„Ó ÏÓfl. ê‡Ì ̇ÏË ÛÊ ·˚ÎË ÓÔËÒ‡Ì˚
ËÒÚËÌÌÓ ÚÓ̇θÌ˚ Ò˄̇Î˚: Ú‡Í Ì‡Á˚‚‡ÂÏ˚Â
“‚˚ÒÓÍÓ˜‡ÒÚÓÚÌ˚ ҂ËÒÚ˚” [9] Ë “Ò‚ËÒÚ˚” [10] ·Â-
ÎÛı ÅÂÎÓ„Ó ÏÓfl. ñÂθ ‰‡ÌÌÓÈ ‡·ÓÚ˚ – ‡ÍÛÒÚË-
˜ÂÒÍËÈ ‡Ì‡ÎËÁ Ë ÍÓ΢ÂÒÚ‚ÂÌÌÓ ÓÔËÒ‡ÌË ÍÓÏÏÛ-
ÌË͇ÚË‚Ì˚ı ËÏÔÛθÒÌ˚ı Ë ¯ÛÏÓ‚˚ı Ò˄̇ÎÓ‚ ·Â-
ÎÓÏÓÒÍËı ·ÂÎÛı.
å‡ÚÂˇΠ·˚Î ÒÓ·‡Ì ‚ ˲Ì–‡‚„ÛÒÚ 1997,
1999–2005 „„. ‚ ÂÔÓ‰ÛÍÚË‚ÌÓÏ ÒÍÓÔÎÂÌËË (êë)
·ÂÎÛı Û Ï. ÅÂÎÛÊËÈ (65°43'N; 35°31'E) Ó. ëÓÎӂˆ-
ÍËÈ ‚ ÅÂÎÓÏ ÏÓÂ. чÌÌÓ ÒÍÓÔÎÂÌË ̇ҘËÚ˚‚‡-
ÂÚ ‰Ó 120 ÓÒÓ·ÂÈ (ÔÂËÏÛ˘ÂÒÚ‚ÂÌÌÓ Ò‡ÏÍË Ò ‰ÂÚÂ-
Ì˚¯‡ÏË). êë ·ÂÎÛı Ë ‡ÈÓÌ Ì‡·Î˛‰ÂÌËÈ ·˚ÎË ÔÓ-
‰Ó·ÌÓ ÓÔËÒ‡Ì˚ ‡Ì [9, 10].
å˚ Á‡ÔËÒ˚‚‡ÎË Á‚ÛÍÓ‚˚ Ò˄̇Î˚ ·ÂÎÛı, ËÒ-
ÔÓθÁÛfl ÒËÒÚÂÏÛ ËÁ ÒÚ‡ˆËÓ̇ÌÓ„Ó ÒÙÂ˘ÂÒÍÓ„Ó
„ˉÓÙÓ̇, ÛÒËÎËÚÂÎfl Ë åÑ-ÂÍÓ‰Â‡ “Sony”
MZ-35, MZ-R900 (χ„ÌËÚÓÙÓ̇ “ÇÂÒ̇” 212,
“êËÚÏ” 320 ËÎË ÌÓÛÚ·Û͇ “Acer”, “Asus”), Ëϲ-
˘Û˛ ÔÎÓÒÍËÈ ˜‡ÒÚÓÚÌ˚È ÓÚ‚ÂÚ (±3–4.5 ‰Å) ÔË-
ÏÂÌÓ ‰Ó 14–24 ÍɈ (‚ Á‡‚ËÒËÏÓÒÚË ÓÚ ÚËÔ‡ ÂÍÓ-
‰Â‡). ÇÒÂ„Ó ·˚ÎÓ Ò‰Â·ÌÓ Ò‚˚¯Â 290 ˜ Á‡ÔËÒË.
ÑÎfl ÔÂ‚˘ÌÓÈ Ó·‡·ÓÚÍË Ï‡ÚÂˇ· ËÒÔÓθ-
ÁÓ‚‡ÎË IBM PC Ë ÔÓ„‡ÏÏÛ Cool Edit Pro 1.2 (Syn-
trillium Software Corporation). ëËÌıÓÌÌÓ ÔÓÒÎÛ-
¯Ë‚‡ÎË Á‡ÔËÒ¸ Ë ÔÓÒχÚË‚‡ÎË ˆ‚ÂÚÌ˚ ·Â„Û-
˘Ë ÒÔÂÍÚÓ„‡ÏÏ˚ (‡ÁÏÂ ·ÎÓ͇ ·˚ÒÚÓ„Ó
ÔÂÓ·‡ÁÓ‚‡ÌËfl îÛ¸Â, Åèî, ‡‚ÂÌ 256 ÚӘ͇Ï,
‚ÂÒÓ‚‡fl ÙÛÌ͈Ëfl ïÂÏÏËÌ„‡) ËÎË ÓÒˆËÎÎÓ„‡ÏÏ˚.
ÑÎfl ‰‡Î¸ÌÂÈ¯Â„Ó ‡ÍÛÒÚ˘ÂÒÍÓ„Ó ‡Ì‡ÎËÁ‡ ·˚ÎÓ
ÓÚÓ·‡ÌÓ 835 ËÏÔÛθÒÌ˚ı Ò˄̇ÎÓ‚ Ò ‚˚ÒÓÍËÏ ÒÓ-
ÓÚÌÓ¯ÂÌËÂÏ Ò˄̇Î/¯ÛÏ.
ÄÍÛÒÚ˘ÂÒÍË ËÁÏÂÂÌËfl Ò˄̇ÎÓ‚ ·ÂÎÛı ÔÓ-
ËÁ‚‰ÂÌ˚ ÔË ÔÓÏÓ˘Ë ÔÓ‰‚ËÊÌ˚ı ÍÛÒÓÓ‚ ‚
ÔÓ„‡ÏÏ Syrinx 2.1. (‡Á‡·ÓÚ˜ËÍ John Burt,
äÓÌÂθÒÍËÈ ÛÌË‚ÂÒËÚÂÚ), ‡ Ú‡ÍÊ ÔË ÔÓÏÓ˘Ë
ÓÔˆËÈ ˜‡ÒÚÓÚÌÓ„Ó ‡Ì‡ÎËÁ‡ Cool Edit Pro 1.2. ëÔÂÍ-
ÚÓ„‡ÏÏ˚ ËÏÂÎË ‡ÁÏÂ Ú‡ÌÒÙÓχˆËË Åèî
‡‚Ì˚È 256 ÚÓ˜Í‡Ï Ë ‚ÂÒÓ‚Û˛ ÙÛÌÍˆË˛ ïÂÏÏËÌ-
„‡. Ç ÒÎÛ˜‡Â ÌÂÓ·ıÓ‰ËÏÓÒÚË ‚ÂÏÂÌÌ˚ ԇ‡ÏÂÚ-

133
134 ÅÂÎËÍÓ‚, ÅÂθÍӂ˘
ó‡ÒÚÓÚ‡, ÍɈ
ùãàë
12
8 ÍË” Ë “ÒÍËÔ˚”). íÂÚ¸fl ͇Ú„ÓËfl Ó·˙‰ËÌË·
4 ÌÓ„Ó ÔÓËÒıÓʉÂÌËfl, Ú‡ÍË ͇Í, Û‰‡˚ ˜ÂβÒÚÂÈ
1 2
ÇÂÏfl, Ò
êËÒ. 1. ëÓÌÓ„‡Ïχ ÒÂËË ˝ıÓÎÓ͇ˆËÓÌÌ˚ı ËÏÔÛθ-
ÒÓ‚ (ùãàë). è‡‡ÏÂÚ˚ ÒÓÌÓ„‡ÏÏ Ì‡ ‚ÒÂı ËÒÛÌ͇ı:
transform size – 256, FFT window type – Hamming. ëÔÂÍ-
ÚÓ„‡ÏÏ˚ ÔÓÒÚÓÂÌ˚ ‚ ÔÓ„‡ÏÏ Syrinx 2.1.
˚ ËÁÏÂflÎËÒ¸ Ò ÓÒˆËÎÎÓ„‡ÏÏ. éÔËÒ‡ÚÂθ̇fl
ÒÚ‡ÚËÒÚË͇ ÚËÔÓ‚ Ò˄̇ÎÓ‚ ·ÂÎÛı ÔӂӉ˷Ҹ ‚
Ô‡ÍÂÚ Statistica 5.0.
ÑÎfl ÓÔ‰ÂÎÂÌËfl ‰ÓÎË Ò˄̇ÎÓ‚ ÓÔ‰ÂÎÂÌÌÓ-
„Ó ÚËÔ‡ ‚ Ó·˘ÂÈ ‚Ó͇θÌÓÈ ÔÓ‰Û͈ËË ·ÂÎÛı, ËÁ
ËÒıÓ‰ÌÓ„Ó Ï‡ÒÒË‚‡ ‚˚ÒÓÍÓ͇˜ÂÒÚ‚ÂÌÌ˚ı Á‡ÔËÒÂÈ
ÒÎÛ˜‡ÈÌ˚Ï Ó·‡ÁÓÏ ·˚ÎÓ ÓÚÓ·‡ÌÓ 152 Ù‡„-
ÏÂÌÚ‡ ‰ÎËÚÂθÌÓÒÚ¸˛ 2 ÏËÌ Í‡Ê‰˚È. Ç Í‡Ê‰ÓÏ
ËÁ ÌËı ·˚ÎË ÔÓ‰Ò˜ËÚ‡Ì˚ ‚Ò Ò˄̇Î˚ Ò ËÒÔÓθÁÓ-
‚‡ÌËÂÏ ˆ‚ÂÚÌ˚ı ·Â„Û˘Ëı ÒÔÂÍÚÓ„‡ÏÏ (ÓÍÌÓ
ÔÓÒÏÓÚ‡ – 5 Ò) ‚ Cool Edit Pro 1.2. ÇÒÂ„Ó Á‡ÔÓ-
ÚÓÍÓÎËÓ‚‡ÌÓ 15653 Ò˄̇·.
êÖáìãúíÄíõ
àÏÔÛθÒÌ˚ Ò˄̇Î˚ ·ÂÎÛı ÏÓÊÌÓ ‡Á‰ÂÎËÚ¸
̇ ‰‚ ͇Ú„ÓËË: (1) ÍÓÏÏÛÌË͇ÚË‚Ì˚Â Ë (2) ˝ıÓ-
ÎÓ͇ˆËÓÌÌ˚Â. èÓ‚ÂÒÚË ˜ÂÚÍÛ˛ „‡ÌËˆÛ ÏÂʉÛ
˝ÚËÏË Í‡Ú„ÓËflÏË, ÓÚ‰ÂÎË‚ ˝ıÓÎÓ͇ˆËÓÌÌ˚ ÒÂ-
ËË Ò ‚˚ÒÓÍÓÈ ˜‡ÒÚÓÚÓÈ ÒΉӂ‡ÌËfl ËÏÔÛθÒÓ‚ ÓÚ
ÍÓÏÏÛÌË͇ˆËÓÌÌ˚ı ÒÍËÔÓ‚, ‰Ó‚ÓθÌÓ ÚÛ‰ÌÓ.
éÚ΢ËÚÂθÌ˚ÏË ÔËÁ͇̇ÏË ˝ıÓÎÓ͇ˆËÓÌÌ˚ı
ÒÂËÈ (ËÒ. 1) fl‚ÎflÎËÒ¸ “ÏÂı‡Ì˘ÂÒÍËÈ” ı‡‡ÍÚÂ
ËÁÎÛ˜ÂÌËfl, ·ÓΠÔÓÒÚÓÈ ÒÔÂÍÚ ÓÚ‰ÂθÌ˚ı ËÏ-
ÔÛθÒÓ‚, Ëı ·ÓΠÍÓÓÚ͇fl ‰ÎËÚÂθÌÓÒÚ¸, ‡ Ú‡ÍÊÂ
ÓÚÒÛÚÒÚ‚ËÂ Û Ò˄̇ÎÓ‚ ÒËθÌÓÈ ¯ÛÏÓ‚ÓÈ ÍÓÏÔÓ-
ÌÂÌÚ˚. èÓ‰˜ÂÍÌÂÏ, ˜ÚÓ ‚ ‰‡ÌÌÓÈ ‡·ÓÚ ‡ÒÒχÚ-
Ë‚‡ÎËÒ¸ ÚÓθÍÓ ÍÓÏÏÛÌË͇ÚË‚Ì˚ ËÏÔÛθÒÌ˚Â
Ò˄̇Î˚.
äÓÏÏÛÌË͇ÚË‚Ì˚ ËÏÔÛθÒÌ˚ Ò˄̇Î˚ ·˚ÎË
‡Á‰ÂÎÂÌ˚ ̇ ˜ÂÚ˚ ÓÒÌÓ‚Ì˚ ͇Ú„ÓËË Ì‡ ÓÒ-
ÌÓ‚Â, ‚ ÔÂ‚Û˛ Ó˜Â‰¸, óëà, ˜‡ÒÚÓÚÌ˚ı Ë ‚Â-
ÏÂÌÌ˚ı ı‡‡ÍÚÂËÒÚËÍ ÓÚ‰ÂθÌ˚ı ËÏÔÛθÒÓ‚, Ë, ‚
ÏÂ̸¯ÂÈ ÒÚÂÔÂÌË, ̇ ÓÒÌÓ‚Â ÒÎÛıÓ‚˚ı Ó·‡ÁÓ‚
Ò˄̇ÎÓ‚. Ç ÔÂ‚Û˛ ͇Ú„Ó˲ ‚Ó¯ÎË ËÏÔÛθÒ-
Ì˚ ÚÓ̇ (“‚ËÁ„”, “·ÎÂflÌË” Ë Ú.Ô.) – Ò˄̇Î˚, Ó·-
·‰‡˛˘Ë ÓÚ˜ÂÚÎË‚˚ÏË ÚÓ̇θÌ˚ÏË Ò‚ÓÈÒÚ‚‡ÏË.
éÌË ‚ÓÒÔËÌËχ˛ÚÒfl ̇ ÒÎÛı Í‡Í ÌÂÔÂ˚‚Ì˚Â,
ÌÓ ‚ ‰ÂÈÒÚ‚ËÚÂθÌÓÒÚË ÒÓÒÚÓflÚ ËÁ ËÏÔÛθÒÓ‚, ÒÎÂ-
‰Û˛˘Ëı ‰Û„ Á‡ ‰Û„ÓÏ Ò ‚˚ÒÓÍÓÈ ˜‡ÒÚÓÚÓÈ. ÇÓ
‚ÚÓÛ˛ ͇Ú„Ó˲ ‚Ó¯ÎË ÒÂËË ËÏÔÛθÒÓ‚, ËÏÂ-
˛˘Ëı ‰ÓÒÚ‡ÚÓ˜ÌÓ ·Óθ¯Û˛ ‰ÎËÚÂθÌÓÒÚ¸ Ë ËÁÎÛ-
˜‡ÂÏ˚ı ‚ Ú˜ÂÌË ‚ÒÂ„Ó Ò˄̇· ËÎË Â„Ó Á̇˜Ë-
ÚÂθÌÓÈ ˜‡ÒÚË Ò ÌËÁÍÓÈ ˜‡ÒÚÓÚÓÈ ÒΉӂ‡ÌËfl (Ú.Â.
ÒÂËË ‰ËÒÍÂÚÌ˚ı ËÏÔÛθÒÓ‚; ‡Á΢Ì˚ “ÚÂÒ-
¯ÛÏÓ‚˚ Ò˄̇Î˚. óÂÚ‚ÂÚ‡fl ͇Ú„ÓËfl ‚Íβ˜‡-
· ‚ Ò·fl Ò˄̇Î˚ ÏÂı‡Ì˘ÂÒÍÓ„Ó Ë ÌÂÛÒÚ‡ÌÓ‚ÎÂÌ-
Ë Í‡ÈÌ ÌËÁÍÓ˜‡ÒÚÓÚÌ˚ Á‚ÛÍË “ÛÛ”.
àÏÔÛθÒÌ˚ ÚÓ̇ (àí)
àÏÔÛθÒÌ˚ ÚÓ̇ ̇ ÓÒÌÓ‚Â ˜‡ÒÚÓÚ˚ ÒΉӂ‡-
ÌËfl ËÏÔÛθÒÓ‚ (óëà) Ë ÒÎÛıÓ‚Ó„Ó Ó·‡Á‡ Ò˄̇-
ÎÓ‚ ·˚ÎË ‡Á‰ÂÎÂÌ˚ ̇ÏË Ì‡ ‰‚ ÓÒÌÓ‚Ì˚ „ÛÔ-
Ô˚. èÂ‚‡fl „ÛÔÔ‡ ÒÓÒÚÓfl· ËÁ ËÏÔÛθÒÌ˚ı ÚÓÌÓ‚
(‚àí) Ò ‚˚ÒÓÍÓÈ óëà, Ú.Â. ËÁ “‚ËÁ„‡” Ë “ÍËÍÓ‚”.
ÇÚÓ‡fl „ÛÔÔ‡ ‚Íβ˜‡Î‡ ‚ Ò·fl ‡ÁÌÓÓ·‡ÁÌ˚Â
ËÏÔÛθÒÌ˚ ÚÓ̇ (Ìàí) Ò ·ÓΠÌËÁÍÓÈ óëà, Ú‡-
ÍËÂ Í‡Í “·ÎÂflÌË”, “„·ÒÌ˚”, “ÒÚÓÌ˚” Ë Ú.Ô.
àÏÔÛθÒÌ˚ ÚÓ̇ Ò ‚˚ÒÓÍÓÈ ˜‡ÒÚÓÚÓÈ
ÒΉӂ‡ÌËfl ËÏÔÛθÒÓ‚ (‚àí)
ë˄̇Î˚ ‰‡ÌÌÓÈ Í‡Ú„ÓËË ‰ÓÒÚ‡ÚÓ˜ÌÓ ‰ÍË
(2.2% ÓÚ ‚ÒÂı ÍÓÏÏÛÌË͇ÚË‚Ì˚ı Ò˄̇ÎÓ‚) ‚ êë
·ÂÎÛı. éÌË ·˚ÎË ‡Á‰ÂÎÂÌ˚ ̇ 5 ÚËÔÓ‚. è‡‡ÏÂÚ-
˚ ÚËÔÓ‚ ‚àí Ô˂‰ÂÌ˚ ‚ Ú‡·Î. 1, ‡ ÒÓÌÓ„‡ÏÏ˚
ÂÔÂÁÂÌÚ‡ÚË‚Ì˚ı Ò˄̇ÎÓ‚ ÔÓ͇Á‡Ì˚ ̇ ËÒ. 2.
ÅÓθ¯ËÌÒÚ‚Ó Ò˄̇ÎÓ‚ ËÏÂÎË Ï‡ÍÒËχθÌÛ˛
óëà ÏÂÊ‰Û 800 Ë 1300 ËÏÔ/Ò. å‡ÍÒËÏÛÏ ˝ÌÂ„ËË
·˚Î ÒÏ¢ÂÌ ‚ ӷ·ÒÚ¸ ·ÓΠ‚˚ÒÓÍËı ˜‡ÒÚÓÚ: ÓÚ
2.4 ‰Ó 11.3 ÍɈ. ë‰Ìflfl ‰ÎËÚÂθÌÓÒÚ¸ Û 4-ı ÚËÔÓ‚
ÒÓÒÚ‡‚Îfl· ÓÍÓÎÓ 0.7 Ò, Û ‚àí5 – ÔËÏÂÌÓ 0.1 Ò.
чÌ̇fl ͇Ú„ÓËfl ‚ÌÛÚÂÌÌ ÌÂÓ‰ÌÓӉ̇. Ö ÓÒ-
ÌÓ‚Û ÒÓÒÚ‡‚Îfl˛Ú 3 ÚËÔ‡ (‚àí1-3). ë˄̇Î˚ ‚àí3
ÔÓ Ò‚ÓËÏ ‡·ÒÓβÚÌ˚Ï Ô‡‡ÏÂÚ‡Ï Ë ı‡‡ÍÚÂÛ
ËÁÏÂ̘˂ÓÒÚË ‡ÁËÚÂθÌÓ ÓÚ΢‡˛ÚÒfl ÓÚ Á‚ÛÍÓ‚
ÚËÔÓ‚ ‚àí1-2. èËϘ‡ÚÂθÌÓ, ˜ÚÓ ‚àí1 Ë, ÓÒÓ-
·ÂÌÌÓ, ‚àí2 ÒËθÌÓ Ì‡ÔÓÏË̇˛Ú ‰ËÒÍÂÚÌ˚Â
ÍËÍË ÍÓÒ‡ÚÓÍ [11]. ùÚË Ò˄̇Î˚ ÓÚ΢‡˛ÚÒfl ‚˚-
ÒÓÍÓÈ ÒÚÂÂÓÚËÔÌÓÒÚ¸˛, ËÏÂ˛Ú ıÓÓ¯Ó ‡Á΢Ë-
Ï˚ ÒÚÛÍÚÛÌ˚ ҂ÓÈÒÚ‚‡ Ë Ó·˚˜ÌÓ ËÁ‰‡˛ÚÒfl ‚
‚ˉ ‰ÎËÌÌ˚ı ÒÂËÈ. ë˄̇Î˚ ‚àí4, ‚ ÓÚ΢ˠÓÚ
‚ÒÂı ‰Û„Ëı ÚËÔÓ‚ ‚àí, ÏÓ„ÛÚ Ì‡ Á̇˜ËÚÂθÌÓÏ
ÔÓÚflÊÂÌËË ·˚Ú¸ Ô‰ÒÚ‡‚ÎÂÌ˚ ‚ ‚ˉ ‰ËÒÍÂÚ-
Ì˚ı ËÏÔÛθÒÓ‚ ·Óθ¯ÓÈ ‰ÎËÚÂθÌÓÒÚË. ë˄̇Î˚
‚àí5 ÔÓ fl‰Û Ô‡‡ÏÂÚÓ‚ ÒıÓÊË ÒÓ Ò‚ËÒÚ‡ÏË ë15,
Ӊ̇ÍÓ ËÁ-Á‡ fl‚ÌÓ„Ó ÒÍËÔÛ˜Â„Ó Á‚Û˜‡ÌËfl Ë ÒÏÂ-
˘ÂÌËfl χÍÒËÏÛχ ˝ÌÂ„ËË Ì‡ Ó‰ÌÛ ËÁ ‚˚Ò¯Ëı
„‡ÏÓÌËÍ ÓÌË ·˚ÎË ÓÚÌÂÒÂÌ˚ ̇ÏË Í ËÏÔÛθÒ-
Ì˚Ï ÚÓ̇Ï.
àÏÔÛθÒÌ˚ ÚÓ̇ Ò ÌËÁÍÓÈ ˜‡ÒÚÓÚÓÈ ÒΉӂ‡-
ÌËfl ËÏÔÛθÒÓ‚ (Ìàí). ë˄̇Î˚ ˝ÚÓÈ Í‡Ú„ÓËË
Ó‰ÌË ËÁ ̇˷ÓΠÏÌÓ„Ó˜ËÒÎÂÌÌ˚ı (30% ÓÚ ‚ÒÂı
ÍÓÏÏÛÌË͇ˆËÓÌÌ˚ı Ò˄̇ÎÓ‚) Ë ı‡‡ÍÚÂÌ˚ı ‰Îfl
·ÂÎÛı ‚ êë. ÇÏÂÒÚÂ Ò ‰‚ÛÏfl ÚËÔ‡ÏË Ò‚ËÒÚ‡ (ë1 –
ÄäìëíàóÖëäàâ ÜìêçÄã      ÚÓÏ 54      ‹ 1      2008
 äéååìçàäÄíàÇçõÖ àåèìãúëçõÖ ëàÉçÄãõ ÅÖãìï 135

퇷Îˈ‡ 1. ï‡‡ÍÚÂËÒÚËÍË ËÏÔÛθÒÌ˚ı ÚÓÌÓ‚ ·ÂÎÛı Ò ‚˚ÒÓÍÓÈ ˜‡ÒÚÓÚÓÈ ÒΉӂ‡ÌËfl ËÏÔÛθÒÓ‚ (‚àí)

ó‡ÒÚÓÚ‡ ÒΉӂ‡ÌËfl ËÏÔÛθÒÓ‚, ËÏÔ/Ò äÓ΢Â- ÑÓÏË- É‡Ìˈ˚ ÔÓÎÓÒ˚

íËÔ ˜‡ÒÚÓÚ, ÍɈ
ÑÓÎfl, ÑÎËÚÂθ- ÒÚ‚Ó Ì‡ÌÚ̇fl
Ò˄̇-
% ÌÓÒÚ¸, Ò åËÌË- å‡ÍÒË- ÚÓ˜ÂÍ ˜‡ÒÚÓÚ‡,
·, n 燘‡Î¸Ì‡fl äÓ̘̇fl ÌËÊÌflfl ‚ÂıÌflfl
χθ̇fl χθ̇fl ÔÂ„˷‡ ÍɈ

‚àí1, 1.3 0.78 ± 0.45 1137 ± 254 1152 ± 194 1050 ± 194 1298 ± 185 2.8 ± 4.4 5.2 ± 3.0 0.02 >20
50 0.20–2.88 601–1662 738–1620 601–1495 946–1695 0–25 1.2–12.3
‚àí2, 0.2 0.73 ± 0.11 627 ± 44 867 ± 100 628 ± 44 1110 ± 50 1.0 ± 0.8 2.4 ± 1.5 0.02 >20
34 0.50–0.95 521–725 684–1212 521–725 934–1222 1–3 1.1–6.3
‚àí3, 0.2 0.71 ± 0.66 803 ± 130 800 ± 126 685 ± 75 63 ± 123 0.6 ± 0.8 11.3 ± 2.1 8.8 ± 1.4 14.3 ± 0.8
16 0.25–2.54 565–1085 600–1017 565–848 678–1085 0–3 5.6–13.6 5.2–1.6 12.4–5.2
‚àí4, 0.4 0.78 ± 0.22 217 ± 285 333 ± 302 217 ± 285 761 ± 427 1.1 ± 0.6 2.4 ± 2.3 0.02 18.4 ± 1.4
37 0.37–1.24 11–939 13–981 11–939 200–1275 1–3 0.7–10.0 14.0–20
‚àí5, 0.13 0.11 ± 0.06 1400 ± 900 2700 ± 1000 1300 ± 700 2700 ± 1000 0.4 ± 0.5 4.4 ± 2.1 1.3 ± 0.7 >20
11 0.05–0.25 600–2700 1500–4300 300–2700 1400–4300 0–1 1.4–8.3 0.3–2.7

퇷Îˈ‡ 2. ï‡‡ÍÚÂËÒÚËÍË ËÏÔÛθÒÌ˚ı ÚÓÌÓ‚ ·ÂÎÛı Ò ÌËÁÍÓÈ ˜‡ÒÚÓÚÓÈ ÒΉӂ‡ÌËfl ËÏÔÛθÒÓ‚ (Ìàí)
É‡Ìˈ˚ ÔÓÎÓÒ˚
íËÔ ó‡ÒÚÓÚ‡ ÒΉӂ‡ÌËfl ËÏÔÛθÒÓ‚, ËÏÔ/Ò äÓ΢Â- ÑÓÏË- ÇÚÓ‡fl
ÑÓÎfl, ÑÎËÚÂθ- ÒÚ‚Ó Ì‡ÌÚ̇fl ÔËÍÓ‚‡fl ˜‡ÒÚÓÚ, ÍɈ
Ò˄̇-
% ÌÓÒÚ¸, Ò ç‡˜‡Î¸- åËÌË- å‡ÍÒË- ÚÓ˜ÂÍ ˜‡ÒÚÓÚ‡, ˜‡ÒÚÓÚ‡,
·, n äÓ̘̇fl ÌËÊÌflfl ‚ÂıÌflfl
̇fl χθ̇fl χθ̇fl ÔÂ„˷‡ ÍɈ ÍɈ

Ìàí1, 12.7 0.15 ± 0.04 295 ± 52 238 ± 137 208 ± 106 365 ± 83 0.5 ± 0.6 2.5 ± 1.4 – 0.02 2 (3)
50 0.07–0.23 100–444 31–534 31–444 277–567 0–2 1–8
Ìàí2, 11.0 0.62 ± 0.25 240 ± 90 136 ± 104 125 ± 84 330 ± 64 10.1 ± 5.0 0.7 ± 0.1 – 0.02 2
50 0.27–1.38 38–441 21–417 21–325 225–557 3–27 0.5–1.1
Ìàí3, 3.77 0.87 ± 0.43 186 ± 99 156 ± 102 136 ± 92 420 ± 62 5.6 ± 4.7 6.1 ± 1.0 – 4.0 ± 1.3 8.9 ± 2.0
68 0.32–2.38 13–400 14–365 13–331 300–630 1–26 3.9–8.7 0.3–7.2 7.0–17.0
Ìàí4, 0.01 1.52 ± 0.36 467 ± 45 467 ± 45 467 ± 45 467 ± 45 – 2.3 ± 1.6 – 0.02 12 (20)
7 1.13–1.82 418–500 418–500 418–500 418–500 1.4–4.2
Ìàí5, 0.84 1.15 ± 0.58 342 ± 70 358 ± 67 303 ± 72 407 ± 105 – 1.2 ± 1.4 9.1 ± 0.4 0.02 11.1 ± 6.4
47 0.29–3.68 196–508 221–516 150–508 200–800 0.3–6.9 8.4–9.5 0.02 2.0–16.0
Ìàí6, 0.15 0.76 ± 0.47 200 ± 171 281 ± 269 167 ± 104 593 ± 140 1.9 ± 2.1 2.0 ± 1.5 – 0.02 >20
9 0.23–1.76 100–556 30–833 30–333 455–909 0–7 0.6–5.4
Ìàí7, 1.5 1.36 ± 0.43 170 ± 142 46 ± 62 34 ± 35 376 ± 132 – 5.7 ± 4.8 5.0 ± 3.2 0.02 15.9 ± 0.8
37 0.60–2.43 10–770 9–334 9–201 201–770 0.2–15.0 0.4–11.0 11.0–16

“ÔËÒÍ” Ë ë2 – “˘Â·ÂÚ”) ÓÌË, ÔÓ ÒÛÚË, ÓÔ‰ÂÎfl˛Ú
ÒÔˆËÙËÍÛ ‡ÍÛÒÚ˘ÂÒÍÓÈ Ò˄̇ÎËÁ‡ˆËË ·ÂÎÛı ‚
ÒÍÓÔÎÂÌËË [10, 12]. ÇÌÛÚË Í‡Ú„ÓËË Ìàí ‚˚‰Â-
ÎÂÌÓ 7 ÚËÔÓ‚ Á‚ÛÍÓ‚. àı Ô‡‡ÏÂÚ˚ Ô˂‰ÂÌ˚ ‚
Ú‡·Î. 2, ‡ ÒÓÌÓ„‡ÏÏ˚ ÂÔÂÁÂÌÚ‡ÚË‚Ì˚ı ‰Îfl ÚË-
ÔÓ‚ Ò˄̇ÎÓ‚ ÔÓ͇Á‡Ì˚ ̇ ËÒ. 3. ë˄̇Î˚ Ìàí
ÌÂ‰ÍÓ Ì‡˜Ë̇˛ÚÒfl Ë Á‡Í‡Ì˜Ë‚‡˛ÚÒfl ‚ ‚ˉ ÔÓ-
ÒΉӂ‡ÚÂθÌÓÒÚË ‰ËÒÍÂÚÌ˚ı ËÏÔÛθÒÓ‚. ë‰Ë
Ìàí ˜ÂÚÍÓ ‚˚‰ÂÎfl˛ÚÒfl Ò˄̇Î˚ ‰‚Ûı ÚËÔÓ‚:
Ìàí1 (“„·ÒÌ˚”) Ë Ìàí2 (“·ÎÂflÌË”), Ó·ÓÁ̇˜‡-
ÂÏ˚ ̇ÏË ‡Ì [12, 13] Í‡Í “‚Ó͇θÌ˚” ËÎË
“„ÓÎÓÒÓ‚˚” Ò˄̇Î˚. è‰ÔÓÎÓÊËÚÂθÌÓ, ˝ÚË
Ò˄̇Î˚ ÏÓ„ÛÚ Ó·Î‡‰‡Ú¸ Ë̉˂ˉۇθÌÓÈ ÒÔˆË-
Ù˘ÌÓÒÚ¸˛ [13]. é·‡ ‰‡ÌÌ˚ı ÚËÔ‡ ËÏÂ˛Ú Ó„‡ÌË-
˜ÂÌÌÛ˛ ¯ËËÌÛ ˜‡ÒÚÓÚÌÓÈ ÔÓÎÓÒ˚: ‰Ó 2–3 ÍɈ;
ıÓÚfl ‚ÒÚ˜‡˛ÚÒfl Ò˄̇Î˚, Û ÍÓÚÓ˚ı „‡ÏÓÌËÍË
ÔÓÒÎÂÊË‚‡˛ÚÒfl Ë Ì‡ ·ÓΠ‚˚ÒÓÍËı ˜‡ÒÚÓÚ‡ı.
“ÉÓÎÓÒÓ‚˚” Ò˄̇Î˚, Í‡Í Ô‡‚ËÎÓ, ËÁ‰‡˛ÚÒfl ‚
Ô‡‡ÎÎÂθÌÓÈ ÍÓÏ·Ë̇ˆËË ÒÓ Ò‚ËÒÚ‡ÏË (ë1, 2 Ë
ë5-7).
åÂÊ‰Û ÚËÔ‡ÏË Ìàí-Ó‚ ÒÛ˘ÂÒÚ‚Û˛Ú ‡ÁÌÓÓ·-
‡ÁÌ˚ ÔÂÂıÓ‰Ì˚ ÙÓÏ˚. ü‰ÓÏ ÍÓÌÚËÌÛÛχ
Ìàí-Ó‚, ·ÂÁÛÒÎÓ‚ÌÓ, fl‚Îfl˛ÚÒfl ‰ÓÒÚ‡ÚÓ˜ÌÓ ˜ÂÚÍÓ
‡Á΢ËÏ˚ ÚËÔ˚ Ìàí1 Ë Ìàí2. èÓ óëà “„ÓÎÓ-

ÄäìëíàóÖëäàâ ÜìêçÄã      ÚÓÏ 54      ‹ 1      2008

136 ÅÂÎËÍÓ‚, ÅÂθÍӂ˘

ó‡ÒÚÓÚ‡, ÍɈ ó‡ÒÚÓÚ‡, ÍɈ

‚àí1 ‚àí2
12 12

8 8

4 4

0.5 1.0 1.5 0.5 1.0 1.5

‚àí3 ‚àí4
12 12

8 8

4 4

0.5 1.0 1.5 0.5 1.0 1.5

ÇÂÏfl, Ò

‚àí5
12

0.5 1.0 1.5

ÇÂÏfl, Ò

êËÒ. 2. ëÓÌÓ„‡ÏÏ˚ ËÏÔÛθÒÌ˚ı ÚÓÌÓ‚ Ò ‚˚ÒÓÍÓÈ ˜‡ÒÚÓÚÓÈ ÒΉӂ‡ÌËfl ËÏÔÛθÒÓ‚ (‚àí). íËÔ˚ ‚àí1 – ‚àí5. ëÓÌÓ-
„‡Ïχ ‚àí1 ÒÓ‰ÂÊËÚ 2 Ò˄̇· ËÎβÒÚËÛÂÏÓ„Ó ÚËÔ‡.

ÒÓ‚˚” ÚËÔ˚ ÏÓ„ÛÚ Ô·‚ÌÓ Ú‡ÌÒÙÓÏËÓ‚‡Ú¸Òfl ‚ ¯ËÓÍÓÔÓÎÓÒÌ˚ı ËÏÔÛθÒÓ‚ (¯àë), ‚Ó ‚ÚÓÛ˛ –

Ûàë1 (ÒÏ. ÌËÊÂ). èÓ ¯ËËÌ ˜‡ÒÚÓÚÌÓÈ ÔÓÎÓÒ˚
Ìàí2 ÔËÏ˚͇˛Ú Í ¯ËÓÍÓÔÓÎÓÒÌ˚Ï Ò˄̇·Ï,
ÔÂʉ ‚Ò„Ó, Í Ìàí3, ‡ Ú‡ÍÊÂ Í Ìàí5-6.
ë˄̇Î˚ Ìàí7 ÒËθÌÓ Ì‡ÔÓÏË̇˛Ú ·ÎËỂË-
ÒÚ‡ÌÚÌÛ˛ ˝ıÓÎÓ͇ˆË˛. é‰Ì‡ÍÓ ‚˚ÒÓÍÓ ÒıÓ‰ÒÚ‚Ó
˝ÚËı Ò˄̇ÎÓ‚ Ò fl‚ÌÓ ÍÓÏÏÛÌË͇ˆËÓÌÌ˚ÏË Ò˄̇-
·ÏË Ìàí3, ̇fl‰Û Ò ÓÒÓ·ÂÌÌÓÒÚflÏË ı‡‡ÍÚÂ‡ Ëı
ËÁÎÛ˜ÂÌËfl (ÏÌÓ„ÓÍ‡Ú̇fl ÔÓ‚ÚÓflÂÏÓÒÚ¸, ˝ÏÓˆË-
Ó̇θ̇fl ÓÍ‡Ò͇) ҂ˉÂÚÂθÒÚ‚Û˛Ú ‚ ÔÓθÁÛ ÍÓÏ-
ÏÛÌË͇ÚË‚ÌÓÈ ÔËÓ‰˚ Ìàí7.
ëÂËË ÍÓÏÏÛÌË͇ˆËÓÌÌ˚ı ËÏÔÛθÒÓ‚ (àë)
ëÂËË ÍÓÏÏÛÌË͇ˆËÓÌÌ˚ı ËÏÔÛθÒÓ‚ (“ÚÂÒÍ”
Ë “ÒÍËÔ”) ·˚ÎË ‡Á‰ÂÎÂÌ˚ ̇ ‰‚ „ÛÔÔ˚ ̇ ÓÒÌÓ-
‚‡ÌËË ¯ËËÌ˚ ˜‡ÒÚÓÚÌÓÈ ÔÓÎÓÒ˚ ÓÚ‰ÂθÌÓ„Ó ËÏ-
ÔÛθ҇. Ç ÔÂ‚Û˛ „ÛÔÔÛ ‚Ó¯ÎË ÒÂËË ‰ËÒÍÂÚÌ˚ı
ÒÂËË, ÒÓÒÚÓfl˘Ë ËÁ ÓÚÌÓÒËÚÂθÌÓ ÛÁÍÓÔÓÎÓÒÌ˚ı
ËÏÔÛθÒÓ‚ (Ûàë).
ëÂËË ¯ËÓÍÓÔÓÎÓÒÌ˚ı ËÏÔÛθÒÓ‚ (¯àë).
ùÚÓ, ÔÓʇÎÛÈ, ̇˷ÓΠÌÂÓ‰ÌÓÁ̇˜Ì‡fl ͇Ú„Ó-
Ëfl Ò˄̇ÎÓ‚ ·ÂÎÛı. Ö Ò˄̇Î˚, ÓÒÓ·ÂÌÌÓ ¯àë1,
ÚÛ‰ÌÓ ÓÚ΢ËÚ¸ ÓÚ ˝ıÓÎÓ͇ˆËÓÌÌ˚ı ÒÂËÈ. Ç ÌÂÂ
‚ıÓ‰ËÚ 2 ÚËÔ‡ Ò˄̇ÎÓ‚, ÍÓÚÓ˚ ‡Á΢‡˛ÚÒfl ÔÓ
óëà. ë˄̇Î˚ ¯àë1 ËÏÂ˛Ú ·ÓΠ‚˚ÒÓÍÛ˛
óëà Ë Ì‡ ÒÎÛı ‚ÓÒÔËÌËχ˛ÚÒfl Í‡Í ËÏÔÛθÒÌ˚È
ÒÍËÔ. ë˄̇Î˚ ¯àë2 ËÏÂ˛Ú Á̇˜ËÚÂθÌÓ ·ÓÎÂÂ
ÌËÁÍÛ˛ óëà Ë Ì‡ ÒÎÛı ‚ÓÒÔËÌËχ˛ÚÒfl ͇Í
ÚÂÒÍ. è‡‡ÏÂÚ˚ ÚËÔÓ‚ Ô˂‰ÂÌ˚ ‚ Ú‡·Î. 3, ‡
ÒÓÌÓ„‡ÏÏ˚ ÂÔÂÁÂÌÚ‡ÚË‚Ì˚ı Ò˄̇ÎÓ‚ ÔÓ͇Á‡-
Ì˚ ̇ ËÒ. 4.
ëÂËË ÛÁÍÓÔÓÎÓÒÌ˚ı ËÏÔÛθÒÓ‚ (Ûàë). чÌ-
̇fl ͇Ú„ÓËfl ‚Íβ˜‡ÂÚ ‚ Ò·fl 4 ÚËÔ‡ Ò˄̇ÎÓ‚
(Ú‡·Î. 4; ËÒ. 5). éÌË ÒËθÌÓ ÓÚ΢‡˛ÚÒfl ‰Û„ ÓÚ

ÄäìëíàóÖëäàâ ÜìêçÄã      ÚÓÏ 54      ‹ 1      2008

 äéååìçàäÄíàÇçõÖ àåèìãúëçõÖ ëàÉçÄãõ ÅÖãìï 137

ó‡ÒÚÓÚ‡, ÍɈ ó‡ÒÚÓÚ‡, ÍɈ

Ìàí1 Ìàí2
12 12

8 8

4 4

0.5 1.0 1.5 0.5 1.0 1.5

Ìàí3 Ìàí4
12 12

8 8

4 4

0.5 1.0 1.5 0.5 1.0 1.5

Ìàí5 Ìàí6
12 12

8 8

4 4

0.5 1.0 1.5 0.5 1.0 1.5

ÇÂÏfl, Ò
20
Ìàí7
16

12
8

0.5 1.0 1.5

ÇÂÏfl, Ò

êËÒ. 3. ëÓÌÓ„‡ÏÏ˚ ËÏÔÛθÒÌ˚ı ÚÓÌÓ‚ Ò ÌËÁÍÓÈ ˜‡ÒÚÓÚÓÈ ÒΉӂ‡ÌËfl ËÏÔÛθÒÓ‚ (Ìàí). íËÔ˚ Ìàí1 – Ìàí7. ëÓÌÓ-
„‡ÏÏ˚ ÚËÔÓ‚ Ìàí1 – Ìàí2 ÒÓ‰ÂÊ‡Ú ÒÓÓÚ‚ÂÚÒÚ‚ÂÌÌÓ 2 Ë 3 Ò˄̇· ËÎβÒÚËÛÂÏÓ„Ó ÚËÔ‡. á‡ÏÂÚ¸ÚÂ, ˜ÚÓ ˜‡ÒÚÓÚÌ˚È
χүڇ· ÒÓÌÓ„‡ÏÏ˚ Ìàí7 ÓÚ΢‡ÂÚÒfl ÓÚ ÓÒڇθÌ˚ı. ë˄̇Î˚ Ìàí1 Ë Ìàí2 ËÁ‰‡˛ÚÒfl ‚ Ô‡‡ÎÎÂθÌÓÈ ÍÓÏ·Ë̇ˆËË Ò
Ò˄̇·ÏË ë1 Ë ë2.

‰Û„‡. ç‡Ë·ÓΠӷ˚˜Ì˚Ï ËÁ ÌËı fl‚ÎflÂÚÒfl Ûàë1,
ÍÓÚÓ˚È ÔÓ ÒÛÚË fl‚ÎflÂÚÒfl ÔÓ‰ÓÎÊËÚÂθÌ˚Ï, Ò
ÌËÁÍÓÈ óëà ‚‡ˇÌÚÓÏ Ìàí1-2. ë˄̇Î˚ Ûàë2 Ë
Ûàë3, ‚ÂÓflÚÌÓ, Ô‰ÒÚ‡‚Îfl˛Ú ÒÓ·ÓÈ ÛÁÍÓÔÓÎÓÒ-
Ì˚ ÏÓ‰ËÙË͇ˆËË ËÁ̇˜‡Î¸ÌÓ ¯ËÓÍÓÔÓÎÓÒÌ˚ı
ËÏÔÛθÒÓ‚. èË ˝ÚÓÏ Ûàë3 ËÏÂÂÚ ˜ÂÚÍËÈ Ô‡ÚÚÂÌ
óå ˆÂÌÚ‡Î¸ÌÓÈ ˜‡ÒÚÓÚ˚ ËÏÔÛθÒÓ‚, ÒÓÒÚ‡‚Îfl˛-
˘Ëı Ò˄̇Î. îËÁ˘ÂÒ͇fl ÒÚÛÍÚÛ‡ Ûàë4 ÚÛ‰ÌÓ
ËÌÚÂÔÂÚËÛÂχ. ÇÓÁÏÓÊÌÓ, ˜ÚÓ ˝ÎÂÏÂÌÚ˚, ÒÓ-
ÒÚ‡‚Îfl˛˘Ë Ò˄̇Î˚ Ûàë4, ÍÓÂÍÚÌ ‡ÒÒχÚ-

ÄäìëíàóÖëäàâ ÜìêçÄã      ÚÓÏ 54      ‹ 1      2008

138 ÅÂÎËÍÓ‚, ÅÂθÍӂ˘

퇷Îˈ‡ 3. ï‡‡ÍÚÂËÒÚËÍË ÒÂËÈ ¯ËÓÍÓÔÓÎÓÒÌ˚ı, ‰ËÒÍÂÚÌ˚ı ̇ ÒÎÛı Ë ÒÔÂÍÚÓ„‡Ù˘ÂÒÍË ËÏÔÛθÒÓ‚ (¯àë)

ÑÎËÚÂθ- åÂÊËÏÔÛθÒÌ˚È ËÌÚÂ‚‡Î, ÏÒ ÑÓÏË- ÇÚÓ‡fl É‡Ìˈ˚ ÔÓÎÓÒ˚

íËÔ ˜‡ÒÚÓÚ, ÍɈ
ÑÓÎfl, ÑÎËÚÂθ- ÌÓÒÚ¸ ̇ÌÚ̇fl ÔËÍÓ‚‡fl
Ò˄̇-
% ÌÓÒÚ¸, Ò ËÏÔÛθ- 燘‡Î¸- äÓ̘- åËÌË- å‡ÍÒË- ˜‡ÒÚÓÚ‡, ˜‡ÒÚÓÚ‡,
·, n ÌËÊÌflfl ‚ÂıÌflfl
Ò‡, ÏÒ Ì˚È Ì˚È Ï‡Î¸Ì˚È Ï‡Î¸Ì˚È ÍɈ ÍɈ

¯àë1, 4 1.48 ± 0.66 2.7 ± 0.7 14 ± 6 23 ± 20 6±2 25 ± 19 6.0 ± 3.1 12.1 ± 4.8 0.1 ± 0.5 15.9 ± 1.5
74
0.09–3.81 1–3 3–34 6–96 2–21 5–96 0.3–15.0 1.0–18.0 0.02–3.0 14.0–20
¯àë2, 1.4 1.26 ± 0.71 10.3 ± 2.8 43 ± 28 64 ± 70 22 ± 13 80 ± 73 1.9 ± 1.6 5.6 ± 3.1 0.4 ± 0.4 15.9 ± 4.5
33
0.30–3.29 4–16 8–129 16–363 8–76 6–363 0.5–8.4 0.4–15.1 0.1–1.8 6.5–20

퇷Îˈ‡ 4. ï‡‡ÍÚÂËÒÚËÍË ÒÂËÈ, ÒÓÒÚÓfl˘Ëı ËÁ ÛÁÍÓÔÓÎÓÒÌ˚ı ËÏÔÛθÒÓ‚ (Ûàë)

ÑÎËÚÂθ- ÑÓÏË- É‡Ìˈ˚ ÔÓÎÓÒ˚

íËÔ åÂÊËÏÔÛθÒÌ˚È ËÌÚÂ‚‡Î, ÏÒ òËË̇ ˜‡ÒÚÓÚ Ò˄̇·, ÍɈ
ÑÓÎfl, ÑÎËÚÂθ- ÌÓÒÚ¸ ̇ÌÚ̇fl
Ò˄̇- ËÏÔÛθ-
% ÌÓÒÚ¸, ÏÒ ËÏÔÛθ- 燘‡Î¸- äÓ̘- åËÌË- å‡ÍÒË- ˜‡ÒÚÓÚ‡,
·, n Ò‡, ÍɈ ÌËÊÌflfl ‚ÂıÌflfl
Ò‡, ÏÒ Ì˚È Ì˚È Ï‡Î¸Ì˚È Ï‡Î¸Ì˚È ÍɈ

Ûàë1, 1.62 1460 ± 890 6.7 ± 3.0 27 ± 18 36 ± 24 13 ± 8 45 ± 27 1.1 ± 0.4 2.3 ± 0.7 0.1 ± 0.2 2.4 ± 0.7
57 210–5120 3–16 4–111 6–144 4–38 9–144 0.3–2.0 0.5–5.0 0.02–0.7 0.5–5.0
Ûàë2, 0.35 841 ± 456 6.2 ± 1.9 32 ± 32 43 ± 25 18 ± 8 58 ± 28 4.4 ± 2.8 2.1 ± 1.3 3.9 ± 2.3 6.0 ± 3.2
12 232–1892 4–9 10–125 7–92 7–29 20–125 1.1–9.2 0.8–4.6 0.9–7.8 2.3–12.3
Ûàë3, 0.01 471 ± 166 7.2 ± 2.0 15 ± 6 31 ± 12 14 ± 6 31 ± 12 4.3 ± 0.5 0.9 ± 0.2 2.0 ± 0.5 5.8 ± 1.2
13 235–834 4–10 11–32 15–56 5–29 15–56 3.5–5.0 0.6–1.3 1.0–2.7 2.6–7.5
Ûàë4, 0.07 539 ± 41 19 ± 2 16 ± 2 19 ± 5 11 ± 2 22 ± 5 8.5 ± 0.3 1.7 ± 0.2 7.6 ± 0.2 9.2 ± 0.2
7 455–583 17–23 14–19 14–27 8–14 17–29 8.2–8.8 1.5–1.8 7.4–8.0 9.0–9.5

Ë‚‡Ú¸ ÌÂ Í‡Í ÛÁÍÓÔÓÎÓÒÌ˚ ËÏÔÛθÒ˚, ‡ Í‡Í ÒËÚÂθÌÓ ‡‚ÌÓÏÂÌÓÏ ‡ÒÔ‰ÂÎÂÌËË ÌÂÔÂ˚‚-

Ò‚ÂıÍÓÓÚÍË ÚÓ̇θÌ˚ ÔÓÒ˚ÎÍË. ÌÓÈ ‡ÍÛÒÚ˘ÂÒÍÓÈ ˝ÌÂ„ËË ‚ ‰ÓÒÚ‡ÚÓ˜ÌÓ ¯ËÓÍÓÏ
‰Ë‡Ô‡ÁÓÌ ˜‡ÒÚÓÚ.

òÛÏÓ‚˚ Ò˄̇Î˚ (ò) чÌ̇fl ͇Ú„ÓËfl Ó·˙‰ËÌflÂÚ 4 ‚ÂҸχ ‡ÁÌÓ-

òÛÏÓ‚˚ Ò˄̇Î˚, Ú‡‰ËˆËÓÌÌÓ ÓÚÌÓÒËÏ˚ ‚
·ËÓ‡ÍÛÒÚËÍ ·ÂÎÛı Í ËÏÔÛθÒÌ˚Ï Á‚ÛÍ‡Ï [4, 8],
ı‡‡ÍÚÂËÁÓ‚‡ÎËÒ¸ ̇΢ËÂÏ flÍÓ ‚˚‡ÊÂÌÌÓÈ
¯ÛÏÓ‚ÓÈ ÍÓÏÔÓÌÂÌÚ˚. é̇ ÔÓfl‚Îfl·Ҹ ‚ ÓÚÌÓ-
Ó‰Ì˚ı ÚËÔ‡ Ò˄̇ÎÓ‚ (Ú‡·Î. 5; ËÒ. 6). è‡ÍÚ˘Â-
ÒÍË ‚Ó ‚ÒÂı Ò˄̇·ı ÍÓÏ ¯ÛÏÓ‚ÓÈ Ú‡ÍÊ ÔË-
ÒÛÚÒÚ‚ÛÂÚ ËÏÔÛθÒ̇fl Ë/ËÎË ÛÁÍÓÔÓÎÓÒ̇fl ÍÓÏÔÓ-
ÌÂÌÚ‡. ò1 – ÚËÔ˘Ì˚È ¯ËÓÍÓÔÓÎÓÒÌ˚È ¯ÛÏ. éÌ
Ó·˚˜ÌÓ fl‚ÎflÂÚÒfl ÔÂ‚˚Ï ˝ÎÂÏÂÌÚÓ‚ ‚ ÔÓÒΉӂ‡-

ó‡ÒÚÓÚ‡, ÍɈ ó‡ÒÚÓÚ‡, ÍɈ

20 ¯àë1 20 ¯àë2
16 16

12 12
8 8
4 4

0.5 1.0 1.5 0.5 1.0 1.5

ÇÂÏfl, Ò ÇÂÏfl, Ò

êËÒ. 4. ëÓÌÓ„‡ÏÏ˚ ÒÂËÈ ¯ËÓÍÓÔÓÎÓÒÌ˚ı ËÏÔÛθÒÓ‚ (¯àë). íËÔ˚ ¯àë1 Ë ¯àë2.

ÄäìëíàóÖëäàâ ÜìêçÄã      ÚÓÏ 54      ‹ 1      2008

 äéååìçàäÄíàÇçõÖ àåèìãúëçõÖ ëàÉçÄãõ ÅÖãìï 139

ó‡ÒÚÓÚ‡, ÍɈ ó‡ÒÚÓÚ‡, ÍɈ

Ûàë1 Ûàë2
12 12

8 8

4 4

1 2 1

Ûàë3 Ûàë4
12 12

8 8

4 4

1 2 1 2
ÇÂÏfl, Ò ÇÂÏfl, Ò

êËÒ. 5. ëÓÌÓ„‡ÏÏ˚ ÒÂËÈ ÛÁÍÓÔÓÎÓÒÌ˚ı ËÏÔÛθÒÓ‚ (Ûàë). íËÔ˚ Ûàë1 – Ûàë4. ëÓÌÓ„‡Ïχ ÚËÔ‡ Ûàë3 ÒÓ‰ÂÊËÚ
2 Ò˄̇·. á‡ÏÂÚ¸ÚÂ, ˜ÚÓ ‚ÂÏÂÌÌÓÈ Ï‡Ò¯Ú‡· ÒÓÌÓ„‡ÏÏ˚ ÚËÔ‡ Ûàë2 ÓÚ΢‡ÂÚÒfl ÓÚ ÓÒڇθÌ˚ı.

ÚÂθÌÓÈ ÍÓÏ·Ë̇ˆËË Ò Çóë12. ò2 Ô‰ÒÚ‡‚ÎflÂÚ Á‚ÛÍÓ‚) Ë ò3 (0.9%), fl‚Îfl˛ÚÒfl ‚ÂҸχ ı‡‡ÍÚÂ-

ÒÓ·ÓÈ ÛÁÍÓÔÓÎÓÒÌ˚È ¯ÛÏ. èË ˝ÚÓÏ Ò˄̇Î˚ ò2
˜‡ÒÚÓ Ì‡˜Ë̇˛ÚÒfl ‚ ‚ˉ ÛÁÍÓÔÓÎÓÒÌ˚ı ËÏÔÛθ-
ÒÓ‚ Ò ÔÓ‚˚¯‡˛˘ÂÈÒfl ˆÂÌÚ‡Î¸ÌÓÈ ˜‡ÒÚÓÚÓÈ.
ë‰Ìflfl ˜‡ÒÚ¸ Ò˄̇ÎÓ‚ ò2 ÌÂ‰ÍÓ ÒÓ‰ÂÊËÚ fl-
ÍÓ ‚˚‡ÊÂÌÌÛ˛ ÚÓ̇θÌÛ˛ ÍÓÏÔÓÌÂÌÚÛ. ò3 ̇ÔÓ-
ÏË̇ÂÚ ËÏÔÛθÒÌ˚È, ÒËθÌÓ Á‡¯ÛÏÎÂÌÌ˚È ‡Ì‡ÎÓ„
fl‰‡ Ò‚ËÒÚÓ‚ (ë12 Ë, ÓÒÓ·ÂÌÌÓ, ë13). òÛÏÓ‚˚ Á‚Û-
ÍË, ÓÒÓ·ÂÌÌÓ ò2 (1.7% ÓÚ ‚ÒÂı ÍÓÏÏÛÌË͇ÚË‚Ì˚ı
Ì˚ÏË Ò˄̇·ÏË ‰Îfl êë ·ÂÎÛı.
ë˄̇Î˚ ÏÂı‡Ì˘ÂÒÍÓ„Ó Ë ÌÂÛÒÚ‡ÌÓ‚ÎÂÌÌÓ„Ó
ÔÓËÒıÓʉÂÌËfl (åç)
чÌ̇fl ͇Ú„ÓËfl ‚Íβ˜‡ÂÚ ‚ Ò·fl Ú‡ÍË ‡Á-
Ì˚ Á‚ÛÍË (Ú‡·Î. 6; ËÒ. 7), Í‡Í Ò˄̇Î˚, Ô‰ÔÓ-
ÎÓÊËÚÂθÌÓ ÔÓ‰ÛˆËÛÂÏ˚ ۉ‡‡ÏË ˜ÂβÒÚÂÈ
(åç1), Ë Á‚ÛÍË, ̇ÔÓÏË̇˛˘Ë ̇ ÒÎÛı “ÛÛ”

퇷Îˈ‡ 5. ï‡‡ÍÚÂËÒÚËÍË ¯ÛÏÓ‚˚ı Ò˄̇ÎÓ‚ ·ÂÎÛı (ò)

åÂÊËÏ- ÑÓÏË̇ÌÚ- ÇÚÓ‡fl É‡Ìˈ˚ ÔÓÎÓÒ˚

ÑÎËÚÂθ- 燘‡Î¸Ì‡fl äÓ̘̇fl ¯Ûχ (ÍɈ)
íËÔ ÒË„- ÑÓÎfl, ÔÛθÒÌ˚È Ì‡fl ÔËÍÓ‚‡fl
ÌÓÒÚ¸ ˜‡ÒÚÓÚ‡ ˜‡ÒÚÓÚ‡
̇·, n % ËÌÚÂ‚‡Î ˜‡ÒÚÓÚ‡ ˜‡ÒÚÓÚ‡
(ÏÒ) (ÍɈ) (ÍɈ)
(ÏÒ) (ÍɈ) (ÍɈ) ÌËÊÌflfl ‚ÂıÌflfl

ò1, 27 0.31 560 ± 140 8±2 1.8 ± 0.6 6.4 ± 0.9 – – 0.3 ± 0.4 11.4 ± 1.4
337–801 5–12 1.5–4.5 4.8–8.2 0.02–1.0 9–14
ò2, 35 1.77 742 ± 278 24 ± 9 7.8 ± 0.3 – 5.1 ± 0.6 11.4 ± 1.0 6.2 ± 0.5 10.6 ± 0.5
391–1400 12–53 7.3–9.0 3.8–5.9 9.7–13.5 4.8–7.2 9.5–11.5
ò3, 48 0.9 490 ± 140 13 ± 5 1.1 ± 0.3 1.8 ± 1.3 1.4 ± 0.4 0.4 ± 0.1 0.4 ± 0.1 4.7 ± 2.1
230–830 5–24 0.4–2.5 0.5–5.7 0.7–2.1 0.3–0.7 0.2–0.9 1.6–8.9
ò4, 10 0.3 920 ± 330 – 5.9 ± 2.2 – – – 0.02 >20
600–1600 1.6–7.4

ÄäìëíàóÖëäàâ ÜìêçÄã      ÚÓÏ 54      ‹ 1      2008

140 ÅÂÎËÍÓ‚, ÅÂθÍӂ˘

ó‡ÒÚÓÚ‡, ÍɈ ó‡ÒÚÓÚ‡, ÍɈ

ò1 ò2
12 12

8 8

4 4

1 2 1 2

ò3 ò4
12 12

8 8

4 4

1 2 1 2
ÇÂÏfl, Ò ÇÂÏfl, Ò

êËÒ. 6. ëÓÌÓ„‡ÏÏ˚ ¯ÛÏÓ‚˚ı (ò) Ò˄̇ÎÓ‚ ·ÂÎÛı. íËÔ˚ ò1 – ò4. ëÓÌÓ„‡ÏÏ˚ ÚËÔÓ‚ ò1 Ë ò3 ÒÓ‰ÂÊ‡Ú ÒÓÓÚ‚ÂÚ-
ÒÚ‚ÂÌÌÓ 2 Ë 3 Ò˄̇·. ë˄̇Î˚ ò1 fl‚Îfl˛ÚÒfl ÔÂ‚˚ÏË ˝ÎÂÏÂÌÚ‡ÏË ‚ ÔÓÒΉӂ‡ÚÂθÌÓÈ ÍÓÏ·Ë̇ˆËË Ò Çóë12.

ó‡ÒÚÓÚ‡, ÍɈ ó‡ÒÚÓÚ‡, ÍɈ

åç1 åç2
6 6

4 4

2 2

1 2 0.5 1
ÇÂÏfl, Ò ÇÂÏfl, Ò

êËÒ. 7. ëÓÌÓ„‡ÏÏ˚ Ò˄̇ÎÓ‚ ÏÂı‡Ì˘ÂÒÍÓ„Ó Ë Ì ÛÒÚ‡ÌÓ‚ÎÂÌÌÓ„Ó ÔÓËÒıÓʉÂÌËfl (åç). á‡ÏÂÚ¸ÚÂ, ˜ÚÓ ÒÓÌÓ„‡ÏÏ˚
ËÏÂ˛Ú ‡ÁÌ˚È ‚ÂÏÂÌÌÓÈ Ë ˜‡ÒÚÓÚÌ˚È Ï‡Ò¯Ú‡·.

(åç2). èÓÏ¢ÂÌË Ò˄̇ÎÓ‚ åç2 ‚ ˝ÚÛ Í‡Ú„Ó- ‡ÏÔÎËÚۉ̇fl Á‚ÛÍÓ‚‡fl ‚ÓÎ̇, ËÒ˜Â˜ÂÌ̇fl ·ÓÎÂÂ
˲ Ó·ÛÒÎÓ‚ÎÂÌÓ Í‡ÈÌ ÌÂÓ·˚˜Ì˚ÏË ÓÒÓ·ÂÌ- ‚˚ÒÓÍÓ˜‡ÒÚÓÚÌ˚ÏË ÌËÁÍÓ ‡ÏÔÎËÚÛ‰Ì˚ÏË ÍÓÎÂ-
ÌÓÒÚflÏË Ëı ÚÓÌÍÓÈ ÙËÁ˘ÂÒÍÓÈ ÒÚÛÍÚÛ˚ (̇ ·‡ÌËflÏË). ç‡ ÒÎÛı Ò˄̇Î˚ åç2 ̇ÔÓÏË̇˛Ú
ÓÒˆËÎÎÓ„‡ÏÏ ‚ˉ̇ ÌËÁÍÓ˜‡ÒÚÓÚ̇fl ‚˚ÒÓÍÓ Ìàí1, ÌÓ ÓÚ΢‡˛ÚÒfl ÓÚ ÌËı ÔË̈ËÔˇθÌÓ

퇷Îˈ‡ 6. ï‡‡ÍÚÂËÒÚËÍË Ò˄̇ÎÓ‚ ·ÂÎÛı ÏÂı‡Ì˘ÂÒÍÓ„Ó Ë Ì ÛÒÚ‡ÌÓ‚ÎÂÌÌÓ„Ó ÔÓËÒıÓʉÂÌËfl (åç)

ÑÎËÚÂθÌÓÒÚ¸ ÑÎËÚÂθÌÓÒÚ¸ ÓÒ- ÑÓÏË̇ÌÚ̇fl òËË̇ ÔÓÎÓÒ˚
íËÔ Ò˄̇·, n ÑÓÎfl, %
(ÏÒ) ÌÓ‚ÌÓÈ ˜‡ÒÚË (ÏÒ) ˜‡ÒÚÓÚ‡ (ÍɈ) ˜‡ÒÚÓÚ (ÍɈ)
MH1, 55 1.17 44 ± 43 11 ± 6 2.1 ± 0.9 8.1 ± 2.5
7–181 5–24 0.7–5.1 3.5–14.0
MH2, 38 0.36 223 ± 72 – 0.2 ± 0.04 –
101–396 0.14–0.27

ÄäìëíàóÖëäàâ ÜìêçÄã      ÚÓÏ 54      ‹ 1      2008

 äéååìçàäÄíàÇçõÖ àåèìãúëçõÖ ëàÉçÄãõ ÅÖãìï
ËÌÓÈ ÙËÁ˘ÂÒÍÓÈ ÒÚÛÍÚÛÓÈ Ë Í‡ÈÌ ÌËÁÍÓÈ
˜‡ÒÚÓÚÓÈ.
éÅëìÜÑÖçàÖ
ä·ÒÒËÙË͇ˆËfl ËÏÔÛθÒÌ˚ı Ò˄̇ÎÓ‚ ·ÂÎÛı
Ú‡‰ËˆËÓÌÌÓ fl‚ÎflÂÚÒfl ÏÂÌ ‰ÂڇθÌÓÈ, ˜ÂÏ Í·Ò-
ÒËÙË͇ˆËfl Ò‚ËÒÚÓ‚ [4, 6, 8]. ùÚÓ Ò‚flÁ˚‚‡˛Ú Ò ‚˚-
ÒÓÍÓ „‡‰Û‡Î¸ÌÓÈ ÔËÓ‰ÓÈ ËÏÔÛθÒÌ˚ı Á‚ÛÍÓ‚, ‡
Ú‡ÍÊÂ Ò ÚÂÏ, ˜ÚÓ ÓÌË ËÏÂ˛Ú ·ÓΠÒÎÓÊÌÛ˛ ‰Îfl
ËÁÏÂÂÌËÈ, ˜ÂÏ Ò‚ËÒÚ˚, ÙËÁ˘ÂÒÍÛ˛ ÒÚÛÍÚÛÛ.
íÂÏ Ì ÏÂÌÂÂ, ÏÓÊÌÓ ÛÚ‚Âʉ‡Ú¸, ˜ÚÓ ËÏÔÛθÒ-
Ì˚ Á‚ÛÍË ·ÂÎÓÏÓÒÍËı ·ÂÎÛı ‚ êë, ‚ ˆÂÎÓÏ, ÒıÓ-
ÊË Ò Ú‡ÍÓ‚˚ÏË ËÁ ‰Û„Ëı ÏÂÒÚ. èË ˝ÚÓÏ ÒÚ‡ÌÌÓ,
˜ÚÓ ‚ ‰Û„Ëı ÔÓÔÛÎflˆËflı Ì ‚˚‰ÂÎfl˛Ú ‰‚Ûı Ú‡ÍËı
ÏÌÓ„Ó˜ËÒÎÂÌÌ˚ı ‚ ÅÂÎÓÏ ÏÓ ‚ êë, ıÓÓ¯Ó ‡Á-
΢ËÏ˚ı ÚËÔÓ‚, Í‡Í “„·ÒÌ˚” Ë “·ÎÂflÌËfl”. ùÚË
‰‚‡ ÚËÔ‡ ‚ÒÚ˜‡˛ÚÒfl Ú‡ÍÊÂ Ë Û ·ÂÎÛı ÄÏÛÒÍÓ„Ó
ÎËχ̇ [3]. ÇÓÁÏÓÊÌÓ, ÓÚÒÛÚÒÚ‚Ë ÛÔÓÏË̇ÌËÈ Ó·
˝ÚËı Ò˄̇·ı Û ·ÂÎÛı ë‚ÂÌÓÈ ÄÏÂËÍË [4, 6, 7]
Ò‚flÁ‡ÌÓ Ò ÚÂÏ, ˜ÚÓ ‡‚ÚÓ˚ Á‡˜‡ÒÚÛ˛ ‚ÓÓ·˘Â ÌÂ
‚˚‰ÂÎfl˛Ú Û ËÏÔÛθÒÌ˚ı Á‚ÛÍÓ‚ ÓÚ‰ÂθÌ˚ı ÚËÔÓ‚,
‡ ÓÒڇ̇‚ÎË‚‡˛ÚÒfl ‚ Í·ÒÒËÙË͇ˆËË Ì‡ ÛÓ‚ÌÂ
„ÛÔÔ Ò˄̇ÎÓ‚ (Ú.Â. ̇ „ÛÔÔ‡ı ÒıÓÊËı ÚËÔÓ‚).
ê‡ÒÒÏÓÚÂÌË ı‡‡ÍÚÂËÒÚËÍ Ë ÒÓÌÓ„‡ÏÏ ËÏ-
ÔÛθÒÌ˚ı Ò˄̇ÎÓ‚ ·ÂÎÛı Á‡Î. ä‡ÌËÌ„ıÂÏ [4] „Ó‚Ó-
ËÚ Ó ÚÓÏ, ˜ÚÓ ‚Ò ˝ÚË Ò˄̇Î˚ ‚ÒÚ˜‡˛ÚÒfl Ë Û
·ÂÎÛı ÅÂÎÓ„Ó ÏÓfl. é„‡Ì˘ÂÌÌ˚ ÔÓ ˜‡ÒÚÓÚ ËÏ-
ÔÛθÒÌ˚ ÒÂËË Ì‡ÔÓÏË̇˛Ú Ûàë1 ·ÂÎÓÏÓÒÍËı
·ÂÎÛı, ËÏÔÛθÒÌ˚ ÚÓ̇ 3-ÂÈ „ÛÔÔ˚ ÔÓıÓÊË Ì‡
¯àë2 Ë Ìàí3, ËÏÔÛθÒÌ˚ ÚÓ̇ 2-ÓÈ „ÛÔÔ˚ ÒıÓ-
ÊË Ò “„·ÒÌ˚ÏË” – Ìàí1, ‡ ËÏÔÛθÒÌ˚ ÚÓ̇ 1-ÓÈ
„ÛÔÔ˚ ·ÎËÁÍË Í ‚àí ·ÂÎÛı ÅÂÎÓ„Ó ÏÓfl. òÛÏÓ-
‚ÓÈ Ò˄̇Π̇ÔÓÏË̇ÂÚ ò2.
ä‡Í ÌË ÒÚ‡ÌÌÓ, ̇·Ó ËÏÔÛθÒÌ˚ı Ò˄̇ÎÓ‚
·ÂÎÛı Ó. òÔˈ·Â„ÂÌ [8] ÏÂ̸¯Â, ˜ÂÏ Û Í‡Ì‡‰ÒÍËı
·ÂÎÛı [4], ÔÓıÓÊ Ì‡ ̇·Ó ËÏÔÛθÒÌ˚ı Á‚ÛÍÓ‚ ·Â-
ÎÓÏÓÒÍËı ÊË‚ÓÚÌ˚ı. ë Ó‰ÌÓÈ ÒÚÓÓÌ˚, ‚˚‰ÂÎÂÌ-
Ì˚ ‰Îfl Ó. òÔˈ·Â„ÂÌ ÚËÔ˚ Ì Óı‚‡Ú˚‚‡˛Ú ‚ÒÂ-
„Ó ÏÌÓ„ÓÓ·‡ÁËfl ËÏÔÛθÒÌ˚ı Á‚ÛÍÓ‚ ·ÂÎÓÏÓ-
ÒÍËı ·ÂÎÛı (‚ ÚÓÏ ˜ËÒΠ̇˷ÓΠӷ˚˜Ì˚ı
Ò˄̇ÎÓ‚). ë ‰Û„ÓÈ ÒÚÓÓÌ˚, ËÏÔÛθÒÌ˚ Á‚ÛÍË
CT-IV Ë CT-V, ‡ Ú‡ÍÊ ÍÓÏ·ËÌËÓ‚‡ÌÌ˚ Ò˄̇-
Î˚ CT-A, CT-B, CT-C, CT-D, Ì ‚ÒÚ˜‡˛ÚÒfl ËÎË,
ÔÓ Í‡ÈÌÂÈ ÏÂÂ, Ó˜Â̸ ‰ÍË Ì‡ ÅÂÎÓÏ ÏÓÂ.
ÇÏÂÒÚÂ Ò ÚÂÏ, ‚ Ô·Ì ÒıÓ‰ÒÚ‚‡ ÒΉÛÂÚ ÓÚÏÂÚËÚ¸,
˜ÚÓ ÍÓÏ·ËÌËÓ‚‡ÌÌ˚ Ò˄̇Î˚ CT-F ·ÂÎÛı òÔˈ-
·Â„Â̇ ̇ÔÓÏË̇˛Ú ÍÓÏ·Ë̇ˆË˛ “„·ÒÌ˚ı” –
Ìàí1 Ò “ÔËÒÍÓÏ” – ë1, CT-II ̇ÔÓÏË̇ÂÚ ÎË·Ó
Ûàë1 ÎË·Ó Ûàë2, ‡ CT-I ÒıÓÊ Ò ‚àí ·ÂÎÓÏÓÒÍËı
·ÂÎÛı.
àÏÔÛθÒÌ˚ Ò˄̇Î˚ ·ÂÎÛı ÄÎflÒÍË, ÓÔËÒ‡Ì-
Ì˚ ‚ [7], Ó˜Â̸ ÔÓıÓÊË Ì‡ Á‚ÛÍË ·ÂÎÓÏÓÒÍËı ·Â-
ÎÛı. ëÂËË ‰ËÒÍÂÚÌ˚ı ËÏÔÛθÒÓ‚ Ë Ìàí ‚ Ó·ÂËı
ÔÓÔÛÎflˆËflı Ô‡ÍÚ˘ÂÒÍË Ë‰ÂÌÚ˘Ì˚. íÂÏ Ì ÏÂ-
ÌÂÂ, ı‡‡ÍÚÂÌ˚ ‰Îfl ÅÂÎÓ„Ó ÏÓfl Ë ÄÏÛ‡ [3]
ÄäìëíàóÖëäàâ ÜìêçÄã      ÚÓÏ 54      ‹ 1      2008
141
Ò˄̇Î˚ ÚËÔÓ‚ Ìàí1 Ìàí2, ÒÛ‰fl ÔÓ Ô˂‰ÂÌÌ˚Ï
N.M. Angiel ÒÓÌÓ„‡ÏÏ‡Ï [7], ÎË·Ó Ì ‚ÒÚ˜‡˛Ú-
Òfl ‚ Á‡Î. ÅËÒÚÓθ, ÎË·Ó ÒËθÌÓ ‚ˉÓËÁÏÂÌÂÌ˚.
ç‡ÔÓÚË‚, ËÏÔÛθÒÌ˚ ÚÓ̇ Ò ‚˚ÒÓÍÓÈ óëà, ËÁ-
ÎÛ˜‡ÂÏ˚ ·ÂÎÛı‡ÏË Á‡Î. ÅËÒÚÓθ [7], ÔÓ ‚ÒÂÈ ‚Ë-
‰ËÏÓÒÚË, ÛÌË͇θÌ˚ ‰Îfl ˝ÚÓÈ ÔÓÔÛÎflˆËË.
Ç˚ÒÓÍÓ ÒıÓ‰ÒÚ‚Ó ËÏÔÛθÒÌ˚ı Á‚ÛÍÓ‚ Û ·ÂÎÛı
ËÁ ‡ÁÌ˚ı ÔÓÔÛÎflˆËÈ Î„ÍÓ Ó·˙flÒÌËÏÓ. èÓ‰Ó·-
Ì˚ Ò˄̇Î˚ Ò‚flÁ˚‚‡˛Ú Ò Ó·˘ÂÌËÂÏ ÊË‚ÓÚÌ˚ı ̇
·ÎËÁÍËı ‡ÒÒÚÓflÌËflı [3, 5, 6, 12]. ë˜ËÚ‡ÂÚÒfl, ˜ÚÓ
ÓÌË ÓÚ‡Ê‡˛Ú ˝ÏÓˆËÓ̇θÌ˚ ÒÓÒÚÓflÌËfl ·ÂÎÛı, ‡
Í‡Í ËÁ‚ÂÒÚÌÓ, ˝ÏÓˆËÓ̇θÌ˚ Ò˄̇Î˚, Í‡Í Ô‡-
‚ËÎÓ, fl‚Îfl˛ÚÒfl Ó‰Ë̇ÍÓ‚˚ÏË Û ‚ÒÂı Ô‰ÒÚ‡‚ËÚÂ-
ÎÂÈ ‚ˉ‡ [14].
чÌÌÓ ËÒÒΉӂ‡ÌË ‚˚ÔÓÎÌÂÌÓ ÔË ÙË̇ÌÒÓ-
‚ÓÈ ÔÓ‰‰ÂÊÍ åÂʉÛ̇Ó‰ÌÓ„Ó ÙÓ̉‡ Á‡˘ËÚ˚
ÊË‚ÓÚÌ˚ı (International Fund for Animal Welfare –
IFAW). å˚ „ÎÛ·ÓÍÓ ÔËÁ̇ÚÂθÌ˚ John Burt (Cor-
nell University, USA) Á‡ β·ÂÁÌÓ Ô‰ÓÒÚ‡‚ÎÂÌÌÛ˛
ËÏ ‚ÓÁÏÓÊÌÓÒÚ¸ ËÒÔÓθÁÓ‚‡Ú¸ ÔÓ„‡ÏÏÛ Syrinx 2.1.
ëèàëéä ãàíÖêÄíìêõ
1. äÎÂÈÌÂÌ·Â„ ë.Ö., ü·ÎÓÍÓ‚ Ä.Ç., ÅÂθÍӂ˘ Ç.å.,
í‡‡Ò‚˘ å.ç. ÅÂÎÛı‡. éÔ˚Ú ÏÓÌÓ„‡Ù˘ÂÒÍÓ„Ó
ËÒÒΉӂ‡ÌËfl ‚ˉ‡. å.: “ç‡Û͇”, 1964. 456 Ò.
2. Jefferson T.A., Leatherwood S., Webber M.A. FAO spe-
cies identification guide: marine mammals of the world.
FAO and UNEP, Rome. 1993.
3. Bel’kovich V.M, Shchekotov M.N. The belukha whale:
natural behavior and bioacoustics (Belukha. Povedenie i
bioakustika v prirode 1990). Woods Hole Oceanograph-
ic Institution, Woods Hole, 1993. 164 p.
4. Sjare B.L., Smith T.G. The vocal repertoire of white
whales, Delphinapterus leucas, summering in Cunning-
ham Inlet, Northwest Territories. // Can. J. Zool. 1986.
V. 64. ‹ 2. P. 407–415.
5. Sjare B.L., Smith T.G. The relationship between behav-
ioral activity and underwater vocalizations of the white
whale, Delphinapterus leucas // Can. J. Zool. 1986.
V. 64. ‹ 12. P. 2824–2831.
6. Faucher A. The vocal repertoire of the St. Lawrence Es-
tuary population of beluga whale (Delphinapterus leu-
cas) and its behavioral, social and environmental con-
texts. MSc Thesis, Dalhousie University. 1988. 102 p.
7. Angiel N.M. The vocal repertoire of the beluga whale in
Bristol Bay, Alaska. MSc thesis. University of Washing-
ton. 1997. 78 p.
8. Karlsen J.D., Bisther A., Lyndersen C., Haug T., Ko-
vacs K.M. Summer vocalizations of adult male white
whales (Delphinapterus leucas) in Svalbard, Norway //
Polar Biol. 2002. V. 25. P. 808–817.
9. ÅÂÎËÍÓ‚ ê.Ä., ÅÂθÍӂ˘ Ç.å. Ç˚ÒÓÍÓ˜‡ÒÚÓÚÌ˚Â
ÚÓ̇θÌ˚ Ò˄̇Î˚ ·ÂÎÛı (Delphinapterus leucas) ‚
ÎÂÚÌÂÏ ÒÍÓÔÎÂÌËË Û ÓÒÚÓ‚‡ ëÓÎӂˆÍËÈ ‚ ÅÂÎÓÏ
ÏÓÂ // ÄÍÛÒÚ. ÊÛÌ. 2006. í. 52. ‹ 2. ë. 156–164.
10. ÅÂÎËÍÓ‚ ê.Ä., ÅÂθÍӂ˘ Ç.å. ë‚ËÒÚ˚ ·ÂÎÛı (Del-
phinapterus leucas) ‚ ÂÔÓ‰ÛÍÚË‚ÌÓÏ ÒÍÓÔÎÂÌËË Û
142 ÅÂÎËÍÓ‚, ÅÂθÍӂ˘

ÓÒÚÓ‚‡ ëÓÎӂˆÍËÈ ‚ ÅÂÎÓÏ ÏÓ // ÄÍÛÒÚ. ÊÛÌ.
2007. í. 53. ‹ 4. ë. 601–608.
11. Ford J.K.B. Acoustic behaviour of resident killer whales
(Orcinus orca) off Vancouver Island, British Columbia
// Can. J. Zool. 1989. V. 67. P. 727–745.
12. ÅÂÎËÍÓ‚ ê.Ä., ÅÂθÍӂ˘ Ç.å. èÓ‰‚Ӊ̇fl ‡ÍÛÒÚË-
˜ÂÒ͇fl Ò˄̇ÎËÁ‡ˆËfl ·ÂÎÛı (Delphinapterus leucas) ‚
ÂÔÓ‰ÛÍÚË‚ÌÓÏ ÒÍÓÔÎÂÌËË ÔË ‡Á΢Ì˚ı ÔÓ‚Â-
‰Â̘ÂÒÍËı ÒËÚÛ‡ˆËflı // é͇ÌÓÎÓ„Ëfl. 2003. í. 43.
‹ 1. ë. 118–126.
13. ÅÂθÍӂ˘ Ç.å., äÂÈ˜Ë ë.Ä. éÒÓ·ÂÌÌÓÒÚË „·ÒÌÓ-
ÔÓ‰Ó·Ì˚ı Ò˄̇ÎÓ‚ ·ÂÎÛıË // ÄÍÛÒÚ. ÊÛÌ. 2004.
í. 50. ‹ 3. ë. 349–356.
14. Morton E.S. On the occurrence and significance of mo-
tivation-structural rules in some bird and mammal
sound // Amer. Natur. 1977. V. 111. P. 855–869.

Communicative Pulsed Signals of Beluga Whales in the Reproductive Gathering

off Solovetskii Island in the White Sea
R. A. Belikov and V. M. Bel’kovich
Shirshov Institute of Oceanology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Nakhimovskiœ pr. 36, Moscow, 117997 Russia
e-mail: romanbelik@rambler.ru

Abstract—Results of the perceptive and acoustic analysis of communicative pulsed signals recorded in a re-
productive gathering of beluga whales off Solovetskii Island in the white sea are presented. The mean signal
duration varies from 0.04 to 1.52 s for various signal types, the pulse repetition rate on the average ranges from
13 to 1300 (possibly, 2700) impulses per second, and the mean peak frequency falls within 0.2 to 11.3 kHz. A
high degree of similarity between the communicative pulsed signals produced by beluga whales from different
populations is revealed.

ÄäìëíàóÖëäàâ ÜìêçÄã      ÚÓÏ 54      ‹ 1      2008