Biochemistry – Bioenergetics and Regulation of Metabolism

Metabolic States
Postprandial/well-fed (absorptive) state
Postabsorptive (fasting) state
Prolonged fasting (starvation) state
 Biochemistry – Bioenergetics and Regulation of Metabolism
Postprandial/well-fed (absorptive) state
Insulin secretion is high and anabolic metabolism prevails
Biochemistry – Bioenergetics and Regulation of Metabolism
Postabsorptive (fasting) state
Insulin secretion decreases while glucagon and
catecholamine secretion increases
 Biochemistry – Bioenergetics and Regulation of Metabolism
Prolonged fasting (starvation) state
Dramatically increases glucagon and catecholamine
secretion. Most tissues rely of fatty acids
Biochemistry – Bioenergetics and Regulation of Metabolism
What does Glucagon inhibit?
Glycogen Synthesis, Lipid Synthesis, Protein Synthesis
 Biochemistry – Bioenergetics and Regulation of Metabolism
What does Protein synthesis inhibit?
Gluceoneogenesis
Biochemistry – Bioenergetics and Regulation of Metabolism
What does insulin inhibit?
Glycogenolysis, Lipolysis, Gluconeogenesis, Protein
Catabolism, Ureagenesis, Ketogenesis
 Biochemistry – Bioenergetics and Regulation of Metabolism
What does cellular glucose update inhibit?
Plasma Glucose
 Biochemistry – Bioenergetics and Regulation of Metabolism
What does glucose utilization inhibit?
Plasma Glucose
 Biochemistry – Bioenergetics and Regulation of Metabolism
What does plasma glucose inhibit?
Glucagon
 Biochemistry – Bioenergetics and Regulation of Metabolism
What does Gluconeogenesis stimulate?
Glucose Efflux
 Biochemistry – Bioenergetics and Regulation of Metabolism
What does Glucose Efflux stimulate?
Plasma Glucose
Biochemistry – Bioenergetics and Regulation of Metabolism
What does Insulin stimulate?
Glycogen Synthesis, Lipid Synthesis, Protein Synthesis,
Glucose Utilization, Cellular Glucose Uptake
 Biochemistry – Bioenergetics and Regulation of Metabolism
What does Plasma Glucose stimulate?
Insulin
 Biochemistry – Bioenergetics and Regulation of Metabolism
What does Protein Synthesis stimulate?
Glucose Utilization
 Biochemistry – Bioenergetics and Regulation of Metabolism
What does Glucose Utilization stimulate?
Protein Synthesis
 Biochemistry – Bioenergetics and Regulation of Metabolism
What does Glucagon Stimulate?
Insulin, Glycogenolysis, Lipolysis, Protein Catabolism,
Ureagenesis, Ketogenesis, Gluconeogenesis
 Biochemistry – Bioenergetics and Regulation of Metabolism
What does Protein Catabolism stimulate?
Gluconeogenesis
Biochemistry – Bioenergetics and Regulation of Metabolism
Liver Specific Metabolism
 Maintains blood glucose through glycogenolysis and
gluconeogenesis; processes lipids, cholesterol, bile, urea,
and toxins
Biochemistry – Bioenergetics and Regulation of Metabolism
Adipose Specific Metabolism
Stores and releases lipids
Biochemistry – Bioenergetics and Regulation of Metabolism
Resting Muscle Metabolism
Conserves carbohydrates as glycogen and uses free fatty
acids for fuel
Biochemistry – Bioenergetics and Regulation of Metabolism
Active Muscle Metabolism
May use anaerobic metabolism, oxidation phosphorylation,
direct phosphorylation (creatine phosphate), or fatty acid
oxidation
Biochemistry – Bioenergetics and Regulation of Metabolism
Cardiac Muscle Metabolism
Uses fatty acid oxidation
Biochemistry – Bioenergetics and Regulation of Metabolism
Brain Metabolism
Use glucose except in prolonged starvation, when it can use
ketolysis