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E.KAROLINEKERSIN
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR
10/18/2020 1
Piezoelectric transducer
The piezo transducer converts the physical quantity into an electrical voltage
which is easily measured by analogue and digital meter.
The piezoelectric transducer uses the piezoelectric material which has a special
property, i.e. the material induces voltage when the pressure or stress applied to
it.
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Contd..
It is used for measuring the physical quantity like force, pressure, stress,
etc., which is directly not possible to measure.
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Piezo electric materials
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Contd..
The material has the capability of working at low voltages, and also it can operate at the
temperature more than 3000ºC
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Contd..
The pressure is applied to the crystals with the help of the force summing
devices for examples the stress is applied through mechanical pressure
gauges and pressure sensors, etc.
The deformation induces the EMF which determines the value of applied
pressure
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Piezoelectric Effect
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Properties of Piezo Electric-Crystal
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Working
Piezoelectric Transducer works with the principle of piezoelectricity and piezoelectric material is used.
The faces of piezoelectric material, usual quartz, is coated with a thin layer of conducting material
such as silver.
When stress has applied the ions in the material move towards one of the conducting surface while
moving away from the other.
This charge is used for calibration of stress. The polarity of the produced charge depends upon the
direction of the applied stress.
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Different forms of stress
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Construction and working
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Contd..
working and are therefore self- transducers makes a good choice for
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Disadvantages
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Applications of piezoelectric transducer
They are used in In strain gauges to Used by automotive These are used in
seismographs to measure measure force, stress, industries to measure ultrasonic imaging in
vibrations in rockets. vibrations etc… detonations in engines. medical applications.
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Piezoelectric pressure sensors
They are very robust and are used in a wide range of industrial
applications.
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Working principle
The output signal will gradually drop to zero, even in the presence of constant pressure.
They are, however, sensitive to dynamic changes in pressure across a wide range of
frequencies and pressures.
This dynamic sensitivity means they are good at measuring small changes in pressure,
even in a very high-pressure environment.
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Construction
The piezoelectric effect requires materials with a specific asymmetry in the crystal
structure. This includes some natural crystals, such as quartz or tourmaline.
Because the piezoelectric materials are rigid, only a very small deflection of the material
is required to get a usable output signal.
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This makes the sensors very robust and tolerant of over-pressure conditions. It also means
they respond rapidly to changes in pressure.
The pressure sensor can be affected by any external force on the piezoelectric element, for
example, by forces caused by acceleration or noise.
Zinc oxide was one of the first materials used. This has largely been replaced by ceramics
made from materials such as lead zirconate titanate (PZT) because of their larger piezoelectric
effect.
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Micoelectromechanical systems (MEMS) can be created by combining piezoelectric thin
films with micromachined silicon membranes.
Piezoelectric materials are also used in some other types of MEMS sensors.
For example, the inverse piezoelectric effect is used to generate surface acoustic waves
through a diaphragm.
The distortion of the surface under pressure can then be detected by the changes it causes
in the waves that are received by another piezoelectric element.
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Design
This can cause changes to the output due to heating of the crystal,
the diaphragm or the casing of the sensor 10/18/2020 24
Applications
The robustness, high frequency and rapid response time of piezoelectric pressure sensors
means they can be used in a wide range of industrial and aerospace applications where they’ll
be exposed to high temperatures and pressures.
They are often used for measuring dynamic pressure, for example in turbulence, blast, and
engine combustion. These all require fast response, ruggedness and a wide range of operation.
Their sensitivity and low power consumption also makes them useful for some medical
applications. For example, a thin-film plastic sensor can be attached to the skin and used for
real-time monitoring of the arterial pulse.
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Advantages
The output signal is generated by the piezoelectric element itself, so they are inherently
low-power devices.
Piezoelectric sensors can be easily made using inexpensive materials (for example quartz
tourmaline), so they can provide a low cost solution for industrial pressure measurement.
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Disadvantages
The sensitivity may change with temperature but this can be minimized by appropriate
choice of materials.
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