ABCC1103

INTRODUCTION TO
COMMUNICATION
Face-to-Face 2

By:
CHAN TAK JIE (M. Sc.)
Open University Malaysia
Bangi Learning Centre
chantakjie@oum.edu.my
1
 CONCEPTS RELEVANT TO SELF-
IDENTITY

SELF
CONCEPT

SELF- SELF-
AWARENESS DISCLOSURE

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 Introduction to Self Concept and
Communication

 Subjective description of self.

 What you think about your worth.
 Knowing the “self” requires a person to evaluate himself from
his own point of view and from others’ opinions oh him/her
 Reflects your attitude (likes-dislikes), belief/religion (world
view), values (good-bad).
 Positive self concept encourages interaction while negative
resists change.
 Material-self, social-self and spiritual-self govern thoughts,
feelings and behaviour.

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  Self is important in each action to communicate, self concept and
self-awareness influence +ve @ -ve patterns of communication.
 By trusting one’s own ability and the perception of others on one’s
capability, one can influence one’s action and behavior towards his
self-esteem.

SELF ESTEEM
TWO Evaluation and
SELF IMAGE COMPONENTS acceptance of self
The image that
someone desires oh WITHIN through social,
physical, and
himself ONESLEF
psychological attributes

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 Factors that contribute to a person’s
self-concept

1) Image given by others

2) Social comparison
3) Practices, norms and culture
4) Interpretation and evaluation

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 How to reduce Uncertainties in
Communication

 Concept of Self disclosure

 Self disclosure may take place if the following
happens:
a) It is not random but continuous
b) There must be give and take on both sides
c) The relationship is meaningful
d) The relationship affects other people.

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 Teori-teori yang menjelaskan
perkembangannya suatu hubungan
antara individu ialah:

 Teori Pendedahan Kendiri (self disclosure)

Proses di mana seseorang memberitahu teman yang
diyakininya mengenai maklumat-maklumat yang tidak akan
diketahui oleh temannya jika tidak diberitahu. – maklumat
rahsia peribadinya.

Menurut Joseph Luft ( Readon 1987 : 163) , dalam self

disclosure; orang memiliki atribut yang hanya diketahui
oleh diri sendirinya, hanya diketahui orang lain, diketahui
diri sendiri dan orang lain, dan tidak diketahui oleh
sesiapapun.
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 MODEL TETINGKAP JOHARI - Joseph
Luft & Harry Ingham (1969)

DIKETAHUI OLEH DIRI TIDAK DIKETAHUI

SENDIRI OLEH DIRI SENDIRI

DIKETAHUI ORANG
1. 2.
LAIN
TERBUKA BUTA

TIDAK DIKETAHUI
OLEH ORANG LAIN 3. 4.
TERSEMBUNYI TIDAK DIKETAHUI

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  Teori tembusan sosial (Social
Penetration Theory)
Menurut Altman dan Taylor,
tembusan sosial menyatakan
bahawa dalam proses menjalin
hubungan, komunikasi berubah
dari tahap cetek/dangkal, tidak
intim kepada tahap yang lebih
mendalam dan peribadi dalam
jangka masa tertentu.
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  Altman dan Taylor

menggunakan analogi bawang merah.

-Menjelaskan bagaimana orang melalui
interaksi saling mengelupas lapisan-
lapisan informasi mengenai diri masing-
masing.

-Lapisan luar berisi informasi seperti

nama, alamat, atau umur. Ketika lapisan-
lapisan terkelupas, kita semakin
mendekati lapisan terdalam yang berisi
informasi yang mendasari keperibadian.
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 Model Penembusan
Sosial Altman dan Taylor

Maklumat
diri yang
mudah
didedahkan
Maklumat
diri yang
tidak
mudah
didedahkan

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 Aktiviti

 Senaraikan 10 sifat anda, misalnya

penyayang, garang, kacak, dan lain-lain.
 Kemudian buangkan satu demi satu sambil
membayangkan keadaan diri anda jika sifat
itu tiada.
 Siapa sebenarnya diri anda?

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 Communication in the context of
relationship

 Interpersonal communication, the creation of

meaning as people interact, is a powerful
skill that will help you develop in the
workplace.
 Interpersonal communication is dyadic,
meaning it occurs in dyads (2 people).
 Interpersonal communication at work occurs
among supervisors, subordinates, co-
workers, and customers.
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 Evolution of Personal
Relationships

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 Factors Influencing Personal Relations at
the workplace

Communication
Roles and Mediators
Functions
FACTORS
INFLUENCING
PERSONAL RELATIONS
AT WORKPLACE

Communication
Communication
Climate
Flows

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 Verbal and Non-
Verbal
Communication

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 Introduction

 Verbal communication is both our words and

verbal filler (e.g. um, like), which composed
words, either spoken or written.
 Verbal message are created through
language.
 Effective communication involves accurate
interpretation of others’ verbal messages as
meaning is co-created.

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 Functions of Verbal Communication

1. Explain the meaning of message

2. Assist in mastering the reality of communication that happens
3. Enables the process of thinking, interpreting and selecting
4. Establish or avoid the establishment of relationship through
communication
5. Form an individual or social identities.
6. Adapt to the situation in various contexts of communication
7. Monitor an effective communication process.

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 Verbal Communication

 Verbal language is a series of expressive

thoughts and perceptions described through
word symbols.
 Linguistic experts divide verbal
communication into two components:
– encoding
– decoding

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 Language and Meaning
(Semantics)

Denotative Connotative
Meaning Meaning
The objective, The personal
dictionary-based feelings connected
meaning of a word to the meaning of a
word

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 Denotative Meaning Connotative Meanings
 Mahasiswa is a  Mahasiswa is a male
male student that students in university that
study in university. not very hardworking, but
often can score a good
grade in the examination.

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21
 Non-verbal communication

 Nonverbal communication (body language)

includes all those ways we communicate without
words.
 Communication other than written or spoken
language that create meaning for someone.
 55% of interpersonal messages are conveyed
nonverbally.
 The non-verbal system accounts for 65% to 93%
of total meaning of communication.

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 Characteristics of Non-verbal
Communication

Happens
Strengthen Clarify certain
directly,
verbal message context
unconsciously

Involves Different from

ambiguous verbal
messages communication

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 Functions of Non-verbal
Communication

Argyle (1988) suggested that non-verbal

behaviour serves 4 purposes:
 To express emotion/ explains feelings
 To convey interpersonal attitudes
 To present one personality – character,
disposition etc.
 To accompany verbal communication/
strengthens verbal message
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 CODES OF NON-VERBAL
COMMUNICATION

1. Vocal Expression
 Vocalics (paralanguages) – how
people use their voices to
communicate and express themselves
 Vocalics cues includes: tone (quality)
of voice, volume, articulation, pitch
(highness & lowness), rate of speech,
use of silence.
 Reveals emotions, thoughts, and
relationships with others.

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 Vocal Expression (Cont…)

• Example: voice stressed on certain words.

“This book is very informative”
“This book is very informative ”
“This book is very informative”
“This book is very informative”
“This book is very informative”

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 CODES OF NON-VERBAL
COMMUNICATION (cont…)

2. Space
 It is called as proxemics (how people create
and use space and distance, how people
behave to protect and defend the space)

 Violations of territory and our personal space

can be detrimental in business and
professional settings.
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 Space (cont…)

 Edward T. Hall (1963) indentified 4 zones of space:

 Intimate zone – 0 to18 inches. EXAMPLE: family members, closet friends,

holding hands, whispering.

 Personal zone – 18 to 48 inches. EXAMPLE: friendly chatting at a cafe,

discussion between a student and supervisor in an office (personal
relationships with causal acquaintances and friends).

 Social zone– 4 to 12 feet. EXAMPLE: interaction among 3 or more people in

a public space, the distance where we usually talk to strangers or conduct
business. Two-way communication BUT sometimes one-way can happen.

 Public zone – beyond 12 feet. EXAMPLE: one-way communication and

mostly in a formal event, such as public speaking, public speeches, campaign
rallies, large class lectures as well as the use of the media such as TV.

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 CODES OF NON-VERBAL
COMMUNICATION (cont…)

3. Environment
 Natural surroundings that influence your
communicative decisions, attitudes, and
mood are termed the environment.

 Architecture, design, doors, windows, colour,

lighting, smell, arrangements, temperature,
cleanliness.

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 Environment (Seating
Arrangements)

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 CODES OF NON-VERBAL
COMMUNICATION (cont…)

4. Physical Appearance
 Artifacts (Jewelry, makeup, eyeglasses, clothing)
send non-verbal message and help other form
perceptions of us – good or bad
 The nonverbal message sent by clothing is a
powerful part of professional excellence.

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 Physical Appearance (clothing)

 Clothing disseminates several main

messages:
1. Economic status
2. Level of education
3. Religion
4. Social Stratification
5. Economic/political background
6. Moral
7. Level of success
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 CODES OF NON-VERBAL
COMMUNICATION (cont…)

5. Body movement
 Kinesics - human movement, gestures, and
posture
 There are 5 types of kinesics:
a) Emblems – specific understood meanings
in a given culture that can actually
substitute for a word/phase. E.g. placing
pointed finger in front of lips indicates quite.
b) Illustrators – complement, enhance,
substitute verbal message. E. g. use hands
to illustrate the size of the fish you ever
caught.

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 Body Movement (cont…)

Affects displays – facial expressions and gestures

that display emotion. E.g. smile can be affect
display for happiness.

Regulators – gestures used to control turn-taking

in conversation. E.g. hand motion to encourage
someone or raise your hand to get a turn at
speaking.

Adapters – gestures that to release tension. E.g.

playing with hands, poking, picking, scratching etc
that reveals the attempts to regulate situations and
to make oneself feel more at ease/comfortable.

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 Categories Explanation Example
Emblems Nonverbal sign which substitute the placing pointed finger
verbal communication in front of lips
indicates quite
Illustrators Nonverbal sign that strengthen the Show two fingers
verbal communication when you says
number 2
Affect displays Sign that display emotion/feelings Face become pale –
sign of scare/nervous
Regulators Sign that control the interaction Raise your hand to
get a turn in
answering question.
Adapters Gestures that release tension Playing with hands,
hair, poking, picking
etc
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 CODES OF NON-VERBAL
COMMUNICATION (cont…)
6. Facial Behavior
 Oculesics – study of facial expressions and
eye contact)
 4 common techniques:
 Neutralization – use facial expression to
erase how we really feel.
 Masking – hiding an expressions (poker
face)
 Intensification – use expressions that
exaggerates how we feel about something
 Deintensification – reduce the intensity of
facial expression connected to a certain
emotion.
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 CODES OF NON-VERBAL
COMMUNICATION (cont…)

7. Touch
 also known as haptics communication
 Functional/professional touch – touch that take place within the
context of a professional relationship and low in intimacy. E.g.
Professional handshake
 Social/polite touch – cultural norms. E.g. hugs, pats on the back
 Friendship/warmth touch – show affection toward each other E.g.
hugs and kisses on the cheek might be exchange between two close
friends.
 Love/intimacy touch – highly personal or intimate. E. g. hugs @
kisses on the lips.
 Sexual arousal – extremely intimate, need to be cautions – lead to
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 THANK YOU

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