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If a patient presents with specific symptoms, you’re able to tailor your history taking and physical exam to focus on
specific organ systems.
KEY QUESTIONS: Do you smoke? (determine pack years). Ask about home and work (occupational hazards).
When approaching the patient, you should take note of the shape of the patient’s chest. You want to look for any
deformities of the thorax, while also paying attention to the rate and rhythm of breathing. Are they using accessory
muscle to help with respiration? Are the diaphragm (abdomen) and thorax moving in the correct way?
INSPECTION & AUSCULTATION:
While inspecting, it is important to try and visualize the structures that lie beneath. If there is a deformity, what parts of
the lung may be affected?
Surface Anatomy: Because of how the lobes of the lung are shaped, it is important to have a good idea of their
positioning relative to the surface anatomy when trying to perform a proper respiratory physical exam. The right lung
has 3 lobes, while the left lung has only 2. Why? Bc heart is on the left = only 2 lobes.
You want to ensure you listen over each lung quadrant, so know the borders of the lobes anteriorly and posteriorly.
[DEMO]
Begin on one side, listen, and auscultate same region on othe side → use patie t’s anatomy for comparison. You want
to auscultate the apex and lobes of the lungs. Have a quiet space, need to be able to hear.
2. Cough
a. Forced expiration interrupted with repeated closure of glottis: generates high pressures
b. 5th most common complaint seen by GPs in an office
c. Duration – the two week paroxysms of whooping cough (acute< 3 wks; chronic > 3 wks)
Timing – Just since starting an ACE inhibitor or just at night from aspiration of gastric acids or occurring
every meal secondary to stroke
d. P and P – Induced by exercise or by cold air in asthma or made better by cold air in bronchiolitis
e. Associated Symptoms – Blood in urine of vasculitis or const’l sx
f. Sputum: Volume; Dry – ILD; Mucoid – Asthma, tumors; Yellow-green purulent – Bronchiectasis; pink
frothy – pulmonary edema; Bloody in TB, Neo, PE, bleeding disorders, acute bronchitis, Rust-colored -
pneumococcal pneumonia; Foul-smelling – Lung abscess; think of GERD; post-viral URI; post-nasal drip
g. Occupational / Toxic - Silo-filler’s lung disease (NO2), or Bleomycin chemo or tobacco
h. Other systems provoking cough?: Aspiration from a neuromuscular disorder in the oropharynx e.g.
Myasthenia gravis or stroke or polymyositis