TD Summary sheet

Working Fluid
Law/Expression/Relation/Formula Process Constraint Other Restriction
Restriction

First law ⇒ ∑(𝑞 + 𝑤) = ∑(𝑞 + 𝑤) Cycle only None None

𝑖 𝑜

∑(𝑞 + 𝑤) = ∆𝑒 + ∑(𝑞 + 𝑤)
First law ⇒ 𝑖 𝑜 Non-flow process only None None
𝑉2
Where 𝑒 = 𝑢 + 2
+ 𝑔𝑦

Displacement work ⇒ 𝛿𝑤 = 𝑝𝑑𝑣 and 𝑤 = ∫ 𝑝𝑑𝑣 Reversible non-flow process only None Moving boundary

𝜕ℎ 𝜕𝑢
𝑐𝑝 = (𝜕𝑇 ) , 𝑐𝑣 = (𝜕𝑇 )
Specific heat capacity ⇒ 𝑝 𝑣
None None None
𝑐𝑝 > 𝑐𝑣
𝑑ℎ 𝑑𝑢
Specific heat capacity ⇒ 𝑐𝑝 = , 𝑐𝑣 = None Ideal gas only None
𝑑𝑇 𝑑𝑇

𝑢 = 𝑓(𝑇 𝑜𝑛𝑙𝑦)
Internal energy ⇒ 𝑝2 𝑣2 − 𝑝1 𝑣1 None Ideal gas only None
∆𝑢 = 𝑐𝑣 ∆𝑇 =
𝛾−1
𝛾(𝑝2 𝑣2 − 𝑝1 𝑣1 )
Enthalpy ⇒ ∆ℎ = 𝑐𝑝 ∆𝑇 = None Ideal gas only None
𝛾−1
[Space for adding your own points]
 Displacement work, heat and first law for non-flow processes

Process constraint Displacement work 𝒘 = ∫ 𝒑𝒅𝒗 Heat Any other note

Isochoric (𝑣 = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡. ) 0 𝑞 = ∆𝑢 Processes in a closed rigid container are isochoric

Quasi-static expansion of a piston (constant

Isobaric (𝑝 = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡. ) 𝑝∆𝑣 𝑞 = ∆ℎ
mass) against atmosphere is isobaric

For working fluid 1: 𝑤 = 𝑞 − ∆𝑢 𝑞 = 𝑇∆𝑠

𝑝1 𝑣1 = 𝑝2 𝑣2 for an isothermal process can be used
Isothermal (𝑇 = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡. ) 𝑣2 𝑝1
For working fluid 2: 𝑤 = 𝑅𝑇 ln (𝑣 ) = 𝑅𝑇 ln (𝑝 ) 𝑞=𝑤 only for ideal gas as working fluid
1 2

For working fluid 1: 𝑤 = −∆𝑢 𝑞=0

𝑝𝑣 𝛾 = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡. for an adiabatic process can be used
Adiabatic (𝑞 = 0) 𝑝1 𝑣1 −𝑝2 𝑣2
For working fluid 2: 𝑤 = −∆𝑢 = 𝑞=0 only for ideal gas as working fluid
𝛾−1
𝑝1 𝑣1 −𝑝2 𝑣2
For working fluid 1: 𝑤 = 𝑞 = ∆𝑢 + 𝑤 Polytropic constant 𝑛 can be determined as
𝑛−1
Polytropic (𝑝𝑣 = 𝑐, 𝑛 ≠ 1)
𝑛
𝑛−𝛾 ln(𝑝1 ⁄𝑝2 )
𝑝1 𝑣1 −𝑝2 𝑣2
For working fluid 2: 𝑤 = 𝑞 = −( )𝑤 𝑛=
ln(𝑣2 ⁄𝑣1 )
𝑛−1 𝛾−1
Non-equilibrium, sudden To be obtained 𝑝𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 is the pressure at which system attains
𝑤 = 𝑝𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 ∆𝑣
expansion/compression from first law final equilibrium

[Space for adding your own points]

 The Second Law

Heat Engine Refrigerator(R) and Heat Pump (HP) Remarks

𝑞𝑖𝑛 𝑞𝑖𝑛
𝛽𝑅 = =
𝑤𝑛𝑒𝑡 𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑞𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑤𝑖𝑛 𝑞𝑜𝑢𝑡 − 𝑞𝑖𝑛
Efficiency/ Coefficient of 𝜂= =1− 𝑞𝑖𝑛 and 𝑞𝑜𝑢𝑡 represent heat going into the device and out
𝑞𝑖𝑛 𝑞𝑖𝑛 𝑞𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑞𝑜𝑢𝑡
𝛽𝐻𝑃 = =
performance 𝜂 < 1 always ⇒ |𝑞𝑜𝑢𝑡 | > 0 𝑤𝑖𝑛 𝑞𝑜𝑢𝑡 − 𝑞𝑖𝑛 of the device respectively

𝛽 < ∞ always⇒ |𝑤𝑖𝑛 | > 0

𝜂𝑟𝑒𝑣 > 𝜂𝑖𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑣 𝛽𝑟𝑒𝑣 > 𝛽𝑖𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑣 These comparisons are strictly for the devices operating
Carnot’s propositions
𝜂𝑟𝑒𝑣1 = 𝜂𝑟𝑒𝑣2 = 𝜂𝑟𝑒𝑣3 = ⋯ 𝛽𝑟𝑒𝑣1 = 𝛽𝑟𝑒𝑣2 = 𝛽𝑟𝑒𝑣3 = ⋯ between same temperature limits

𝑇𝐿 For given temperature limits, rev. efficiency/COP are

Max or reversible Efficiency/ 𝛽𝑅 =
𝑇𝐿 𝑇𝐻 − 𝑇𝐿
𝜂 =1− independent of working fluid or construction details of engine.
Coefficient of performance 𝑇𝐻 𝑇𝐻
𝛽𝐻𝑃 =
𝑇𝐻 − 𝑇𝐿 (Hmmmmm, waise bhi kaun sa possible hai ye devices)

For heat engine: Net heat goes INTO the device

Net heat in cycle ∮ 𝛿𝑞 > 0 ∮ 𝛿𝑞 < 0
For ref/heat pump: Net heat goes OUT OF the device

𝛿𝑞 𝛿𝑞
Clausius Inequality ∮ ≤0 ∮ ≤0 Equality applies for reversible heat engine or refrigerator
𝑇 𝑇
[Space for adding your own points]
 Internal energy, enthalpy and entropy change

Working fluid
Property Process constraint or
Saturated liq., saturated vap.,
⇓ Ideal gas Incompressible substance restriction
wet vapor, superheated vapor

Obtain 𝑢1 , 𝑢2 from table and 𝑝2 𝑣2 − 𝑝1 𝑣1

∆𝑢
determine ∆𝑢 = 𝑢2 − 𝑢1
Obtain ℎ1 , ℎ2 from table and
∆ℎ
determine ∆ℎ = ℎ2 − ℎ1
∆𝑢 = 𝑐𝑣 (𝑇2 − 𝑇1 ) =
𝛾−1
∆𝑢 = ∆ℎ = 𝑐(𝑇2 − 𝑇1 )
𝛾(𝑝2 𝑣2 − 𝑝1 𝑣1 )
∆ℎ = 𝑐𝑝 (𝑇2 − 𝑇1 ) =
𝛾−1
None

𝑇2 𝑣2
Obtain 𝑠1 , 𝑠2 from table and ∆𝑠 = 𝑐𝑣 ln ( ) + 𝑅 ln ( )
𝑇1 𝑣1 𝑇2
∆𝑠 ∆𝑠 = 𝑐 ln ( )
determine ∆𝑠 = 𝑠2 − 𝑠1 𝑇2 𝑝2 𝑇1
∆𝑠 = 𝑐𝑝 ln ( ) − 𝑅 ln ( )
𝑇1 𝑝1

[Space for adding your own points]

 Reversible processes on 𝒑 − 𝒗 and 𝑻 − 𝒔 diagrams

Polytropic
𝑝 − 𝑣 diagram 𝑇 − 𝑠 diagram Description
index value

0 − 1: Isochoric heating 𝑛=∞

0 − 2: Isobaric heating 𝑛=0

0 − 3: Isothermal expansion 𝑛=1

0 − 4: Polytropic expansion 1<𝑛<𝛾

0 − 5: Isentropic expansion 𝑛=𝛾

0 − 1′ : Isochoric cooling 𝑛=∞

0 − 2′ : Isobaric cooling 𝑛=0

0 − 3′ : Isothermal compression 𝑛=1

0 − 4′ : Polytropic compression 1<𝑛<𝛾

0 − 5′ : Isentropic compression 𝑛=𝛾

Note: 𝑝𝑣 = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 and 𝑝𝑣 𝛾 = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 are valid only for ideal gas in isothermal and isentropic processes respectively.

[Space for adding your own points]

[Space for adding your own points]
 The first and second law combined

Equation Valid for

𝛿𝑤 = 𝑝𝑑𝑣 Valid only for a reversible transformation

𝛿𝑞 = 𝑇𝑑𝑠 Valid only for a reversible transformation

𝛿𝑞 = 𝑑𝑢 + 𝛿𝑤 It is first law and therefore it is always valid as long as the process is non-flow with negligible changes and kinetic and potential energy

𝑇𝑑𝑠 = 𝑑𝑢 + 𝑝𝑑𝑣
These are property relations and therefore always valid. Absolutely no restriction. These are known as Gibbs equations.
𝑇𝑑𝑠 = 𝑑ℎ − 𝑣𝑑𝑝
𝛿𝑞 = 𝑑𝑢 + 𝑝𝑑𝑣 If you replace 𝑑𝑢 + 𝑝𝑑𝑣 by 𝑇𝑑𝑠 from first Gibbs equation then it leads to 𝛿𝑞 = 𝑇𝑑𝑠, therefore this is valid only for reversible transformations

𝑇𝑑𝑠 = 𝑑𝑢 + 𝛿𝑤 If you replace 𝑇𝑑𝑠 − 𝑑𝑢 by 𝑝𝑑𝑣 from first Gibbs equation then it leads to 𝛿𝑤 = 𝑝𝑑𝑣, therefore this is valid only for reversible transformations

[Space for adding your own points]