Introduction

Bioen. 335: BioTransport II

James D. Bryers
jbryers@uw.edu

N310C Foege Hall

Graders for Course

Meriam Lahrichi

Brendon Nelson

Kelsey Luu

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Course Web Page
Go to MyUW
☟
Winter’19 Course
☟
Bioen. 335 A
☟
Course Canvas Link

Download
HW sets

Course Schedule
Course Ground Rules
Background/Supplemental Reading
Lecture Summaries Files
Solution Summaries Files 5

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 Course Schedule

HW
Assignments
and Due Dates

Course Grading
Homework (8) = Total 100 points
1/2 credit for late homework if turned in
before solutions are posted; no credit
afterwards.
Exam 1 = 100 points
Exam 2 = 100 points
Maximum Course Points = 300

Your grade based on your % of 300.

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 Homework Etiquette
HOMEWORK ASSIGNMENTS ARE SUBMITTED AT THE
BEGINNING OF CLASS ON THE DATE STATED.

YOUR WORK MUST HAVE YOUR NAME and PAGE

NUMBER ON EACH PAGE and MUST

BE STAPLED!!

Helpful Hints to get full credit on

exams and homework
State units for every numerical value
(especially the answer)
Note any assumptions made
Don’t skip steps (without warning)
Clearly reference values and equations
Your answers should follow in logical
progression down the written page

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 Communication Etiquette
Page 1. Back of Page 1.
Start Here
Answer # 1.

No go here
Then go
✘ Sh..! Opps!
No go here ✘ here

Damn! Try back of page

Oh Jeez!! Go back to
front.
Start Here
The answer
is..Exactly 3.0

But Dr. Bryers, you know what I meant to write….. 10

Page 1.
Communication
Answer # 1. Etiquette

If I write in 0.90 Bottom line:

nano-font with
If you want to
really hard lead
in my pencil, no obtain high
one will be able to marks, make
read my answer.. it easy for
people to
read and
follow your
work.

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5
Work together, but don’t copy!
Students who copy homework assignments
from others score on exams 1.3 standard
deviations below students that don’t
(Pritchard et al Phys. Rev. ST Phys. Educ. Res. 2010)

Homework Assignments are not about

getting answers
Homework Assignments are about learning
how to approach problems
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New Course Policies

• Homework sets will be graded and returned.

• Only a “summary“ of the homework solutions will be

posted.

• Detailed Lecture Notes will NOT be posted; only

“summary“ notes will be posted.

• Exams will be graded and returned. Detailed Exam

solutions will NOT be posted; only summaries.

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6
 Classroom Etiquette
Technology in the classroom?

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Classroom Etiquette
Technology in the classroom?

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Any
Questions?

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How many Transport

Phenomena are there?

What is Mass Transport ??

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 Question ?

I want a certain solute (dissolved in solvent)

at a certain place.

How do I make that happen?

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Transport

Flow: push the solvent

and the solute is swept
along with it

Diffusion: depend on
random thermal motion

Reaction: synthesize the

solute where you want it

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 Course Scope

What sorts of problems will we

learn how to solve in this class?

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Types of problems

Steady-state versus Unsteady State

Diffusion (Fick’s Laws)

Convection (Fluid Flow)
Reaction (Chemical/Biological Kinetics)
Or any combination of the three!

Will develop skills to mathematically describe

the above
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 Terminology:
Steady and Unsteady States
Tap Gain from tap
Amount of water in

turned balanced by loss from

on leaks
a leaky tub

Old
steady- New
state steady-
Unsteady state
Amount State
is not Amount
a f(t) Amount is not
is a f(t) a f(t)

time
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Types of solutions

Closed-form (but harder)

Equation
Closed-form (DIY) Equation
“Back of the envelope”
Quick & dirty estimate

Semi-empirical
Chart or equation Computational
based on fit to experimental data Numerical estimate
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 Why does the bioengineering
curriculum have a mass transfer
class?

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Mass transport at the cellular level

Membranes, Endocytosis, and Cell Trafficking

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 Membrane transport
Extracellular Fluid

Wikipedia
Cytoplasm
Selectively permeable
Combination of passive (diffusive) and
active (ATP-powered reaction) transport
Potential difference across the membrane
drives ion transport
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Chemotaxis

Neutrophil “sniffing out” a bacterium

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David Rogers, Vanderbilt U; Leon Chaudhari, Berlin

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Mass transport at the organ level

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Gastrointestinal tract (villi)

The folds, villi, and microvilli increase the surface area of the
intestine by a factor of 300 30

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 Lungs (alveoli)

~3x108 alveoli/lung
Total surface area: ~80 m2

McGraw-Hill
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Kidneys and Dialysis

Kidney Failure 9th leading

cause of death.
$70B in 2015 → 96.8B
2020.
~26M people have some
form of disease and do not
know it.
2018 600,000 people had
kidney failure; 470,000 on
dialysis.
Nephron4-hr
Requires formation
sessions; 3
sessions a week.

Nils Lindstrom; Wikipedia

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Mass transport in bioengineering

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Drug delivery
Controlled release
Targeted release
Requires a combination
of mass transfer and
chemical kinetics

Lesniak & Brem, Nature Reviews;

DOI: 10.1063/ 1.4871714

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 Bioreactors

McGuigan and Sefton, PNAS, 2006 35

Tissue Engineering / Bioreactors

Dermagraft
Apligraf

How do we keep cells in a culture alive?

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Microfluidics

At these
length
scales,
mixing is
primarily
diffusive
bars = 0.5 mm

Lewis, Nat. Mat., 2003 37

Summary
Biological function
depends upon transport
phenomena
Biological transport
phenomena is a
combination of:
Convection
Diffusion
Reaction

https://vimeo.com/6505158
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 Any Questions?

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Q: What does one “do” in a

mass transfer class?

Answer: “model” biological systems

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 Models ?
"All models are wrong, but some models are useful."

George E.P. Box

1919-2013

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Question
What is a “model”?

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Understanding Comics: The Invisible Art, 1994 Scott McCloud 43

There’s no such Good models for

thing as a describing
(universally) emotion
good model…

depends on
end use. Terrible models for
training dermatologists
to find melanomas
Understanding Comics, Scott McCloud 44

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Models rest upon assumptions
Assuming a gas with
Assuming an ideal gas attraction between
particles of nonzero size

! n2a $
PV = nRT # P + 2 & (V − nb) = nRT
" V %

Which model is correct?

Neither! Gases change phase at certain
temperatures and pressures;
both equations ignore this. 45

Models are constructed

A model is not the natural

world

A model is something we
build to help us predict
some behaviors in the
natural world
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 Models are useful
A useful model includes enough of the important
stuff to be reasonably accurate under a given set
of circumstances…

…and neglects the unimportant stuff.

YOU decide how accurate you want to be. The

universe doesn’t tell you what’s important or
unimportant for a given set of circumstances
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Summary --- so far

Biotransport II will assume you have had Biotransport I

thus, you should be comfortable with concepts of:

Steady vs. Unsteady-state

Momentum Balances in 1 → 4 dimensions (time, space)
The 3 equivalent coordinate systems (cartesian,
cyclindrical, spherical)
Momentum Transport Parameter/property - viscosity µ

Relationship between Momentum Flux and Velocity

Gradients

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 Still Awake ?

Any
Questions?

49

Next Lecture:

Analogies (??) between

Momentum Transport,

Energy (Heat) Transport,

and

Mass
Transport
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