57

Chapter 3
HIGHER DERIVATIVEND IMPLICIT DIFFERENTIATION

3.1 HIGHER DERIVATIVES

The derivative beyond the first derivative is referred as higher derivatives i.e.
second derivative, third derivatives, etc. These can be expressed as

y={ drSup{size8{2} y over{italdxrSup{size8{2} }={ d}over{italdx} left({ italdy}over{italdx} right)}{¿

read as “second derivative of y with respect to x”, and

d3 y d d dy
y '''= 3
=
dx dx dx dx [ ( )]
read as “third derivative of y with respect to x”.

Other symbols are f '' ( x ) , f ''' ( x ) ,….

3 2
Example 1. If f ( x )=4 x −3 x +2 x−5 , find the third derivative of f ( x ).
Solution:
f ( x )=4 x 3−3 x 2 +2 x−5
f ' ( x )=12 x 2−6 x +2
f left (x right )=24x - 6} {¿
f ''' ( x ) =24

Example 2. Find the second derivative of y=x 2 ln x. with respect to x.

Solution:
2
y=x ln x.
1
()
y '=x 2 + ( ln x ) ( 2 x )
x
y'=x+ ( ln x )( 2 x )

y=1+ left(lnxright )left(2right)+2xleft ({ {1} over {x} right )} {¿

y=1+2ln x+2} {¿
y=2ln x+3} {¿
 58

Example 3. Find the second derivative of y=x sin x . with respect to x.

Solution:
y=x sin x .
y'=x cos x+sin x
y= - x sin x+cos x+cos x} {¿
y= - x sin x+2cos x} {¿
x
Example 4. If f ( x )=xe , find f '' ( 0 )
Solution:
f ( x )=xe x
f ' ( x )=xe x +e x
f left (x right )= ital xe rSup { size 8{x} } +e rSup { size 8{x} } +e rSup { size 8{x} } } {¿
f left (x right )= ital xe rSup { size 8{x} } +2e rSup { size 8{x} } } {¿
f left (0 right )=2} {¿

3.2 IMPLICIT DIFFERENTIATION

Implicit a function F ( x , y )=0 is implicit if y can not be expressed as a function

of x . The process of finding y' of the function F ( x , y )=0 is called implicit
differentiation.

Example 5. If 3 x2 +xy− y 2 −10=0 , find y' .

Solution:
d
[ 3 x 2 + xy− y 2 −10=0 ]
dx
6 x+ xy'+ y (1 )−2 yy '=0
xy'−2 yy '=−6 x− y
( x−2 y ) y '=−( 6 x+ y )
−( 6 x+ y )
y'=
x−2 y

Example 6. Determine y' in the equation x 2−sin y−2 y−3=0 .

Solution:
d 2
[ x −sin y−2 y −3 ]=0
dx
'
2 x−( cos y ) y −2 y '=0
2x
y '=
cos y+2
 59

Example 7. If xe y− y 2−3 x=15 , find y' .

Solution:
d
[ xe y− y 2−3 x ]= d ( 15 )
dx dx
xe y y' +e y −2 yy '−3=0
y ' ( xe y−2 y ) =3−e y
3−e y
y'=
xe y −2 y

Example 8. If x ln y − y−7 x=3 , find y' .

Solution:
d
[ x ln y− y −7 x ] = d ( 3 )
dx dx
x( 1y ) y '+ln y− y'−7=0
x
( y −1) y'=7−ln y
7−ln x 7−ln x y ( 7−ln y )
y '= = =
x x− y x− y
−1
y y

Example 9. If x 3−xy + y −3 x2 −10=0 , find y '' .

Solution:
d 3
( x −xy+ y −3 x2 −10=0 )
dx
2
3 x −xy '− y+ y'−6 x=0
( x−1 ) y '=3 x 2−6 x− y
2
3 x −6 x− y
y '=
x−1

y={ left(x-1right)left(6x-6 { 3xrSup{size8{2} -6x-y} over {x-1} right)-3xrSup{size8{2} +6x+y} over {left(x-1right)rSup{size8{2} } {¿
 60

6 x 2−12 x+ 6−3 x 2 +6 x + y −3 x 2 +6 x+ y
=
( x−1 )2

y={ 2left(y+3right)} over {left(x-1right)rSup{size8{2} } {¿

Example 10. If x 2−x cos y− y−4=0 , determine y} {¿ .
Solution:
2
x −x cos y− y−4=0
2x+x ( sin y ) y '−cos y− y '=0
( xsin y−1 ) y '=cos y−2 x
cos y−2 x
y'=
x sin y−1

y= { { left (xsiny - 1 right ) left [ left ( - siny right )y' - 2 right ] - left (cosy - 2x right ) left (xcosy+siny right )} over { left (xsiny - 1 right ) rSup { size 8{2} } } {¿
cos y−2 x

=
( x sin y−1 ) (−sin y ) (
[ x sin y−1 ) ]
−2 − ( cos y−2 x )( x cos y +sin y )

( x sin y−1 )2

=
[ (−sin y )( cos y−2 x )−2 ( x sin y−1 ) ]− ( cos y−2 x )( x cos y+ sin y )
( x sin y−1 )2

−sin y ( cos y−2 x )−2 x sin y +2−x cos y ( cos y−2 x )−sin y ( cos y−2 x )
=
( x sin y−1 )2
−2 sin y ( cos y−2 x ) −2 x sin y+2−x cos 2 y +2 x2 cos y
=
( x sin y−1 )2
2 2
−2 sin y cos y+4 x sin y −2 x sin y +2−x cos y +2 x cos y
=
( x sin y −1 )2

y={ {2xrSup{size 8{2} cosy- xcos rSup{size8{2} y+2xsiny- sin2y+2} over {left(xsiny-1right)rSup{size 8{2} } }{¿