-Implied exclus

ion I 11、邪I ,; . ·,

EXl呻LE ．，，
The Pub lic Orde r Act 1986 11 ·
, s required notice to b
ol d pu bl'1c proces s10 n, i ncludi e giv e n of a proposal
to h a
ng .the route
where the processio n w as'commonly of the pro cession,· ex cept
or customarily hel d'. The issue
arose : could a processio n attract the except
ion w ithout havi ng a pre de -
termined route ? If not , the procession could not
could not pro per ly he give n. This be held, as notice thereof
implied prohibition would operate
alongside an e xpr ess prohibit io n elsewhere in
the Act. The Hous·e of
Lords applied the exceptio n. Lord Rodger (Barone Ha
•'Where the Act contains a specifi ss le agreeing) said
c p「ov1s10 ··n .prohibiting certam proces-
sions, there is no room for implying into another provision a requirement
which wou ld hav e the effect of prohibiti n
g a differe �t type of
procession'.5 , 1 , .•, ., .. ,
·:: ,,·i''l 丶，I J<'d•.,
1·Co Litt 183b, 210a.
畔teman v Sadler [1910] AC 514 per Lord Dunedi�
.·a; s'i't.'· •' .
2
3. B (a minor) v DPP [1998] 4 All ER 265. . 1 · · · ·r.
4 Per Rougier J at 274. The decision
in that case was reversed by the Ho�se of Ilords'on the
basis that the 1�56 Act contained a'motley collection of offences'�e�ring'no satisf�ctorily
clear or coherent pattern': [2000) 2 AC 428 at p 465H per'Lord Nicholls.
Kay v M· etropolitan Police Comr [2008) 1 WLR 2723; 2735:1. ' ·
.. ·. ;i', ， ＇ ＾
: ,:1.., •;j l,1 .'",:�:')l!J () ,I, !J r�, �; 訒＇：」 { II l11!t ::,·., · ••1·, l
·.?',·,-,)1\,,
· ,,, 1i ;· 丶垵，�r11;·1 ,, _ .,
p
Section 23.12: Expressio unius rinciple 一 expressing one thing
excludes another
! -'.,�, :1_,1r:· �·」'J 1(/l' t 瑱「1:,1� ��<,Jli ｀， ·'i'l I')1 ! ,rn111 ri1C�-d,
23.12 , .
•" ,f.1 ,、｀霓nit,; ．

認、
I • . ti' ' . .
(1) Where 'al-'�ct面ehtiods 'one or mo花thiri
)
• , •·...by 洫pl ication 1t
I
、 、, • ·!、,if ..'
excludes·other'thiri七s of the s柚e kind�''._
JI ,a

1.
(2) 、這s�d irHHe fa禪m印m'expresszo u,:zzus
Thi s priritip,l e' i s'often'f:XP
est ex磾s'io証rius'(to express dhe ,.'':thing'is t6 . ixclud矗�otper); or
for short, the expressio unius principle.
(3) It appl ies in pa rt i cular where a gene�al formula is accompanied by
., - n�mmg唧ly、,some members of that
words:<_>f.y�t�n��on <;>,r, ex:c. eption
. class. The-re m ajning,µiem bers of.the,�lqss are -taken to _b e exclude d
from. these w9rds. . . ii'.-''· j· ' ,,, fifl'_;, I . 'JJ I

ppli tion, of this principl e where rsome

(4) There is no room for·_the - a ca
to xc1 u d · rt n thiµgs . xists• for
reason other than the inte出ion e e ce ai e

dis ussed n Cop s !23�13.

m entioni ng some but not others: this is
c i e

Comment
•·•t,'l'J(I
The Court 6f,:Apfi¢!=1f、區這1d:''fl! ' I ' l ._. 「1.:「, 1 :•, I ,，, , I1,,''• I ' '
1 I,',l'J.
;: (I 「 .I·,' •!· ;'.,.Jl''/i: I s exclusio
e-given the. Lat�n tag. e�pr�SfiO umu
!( 」 )

,'Th�principle.'·q
.
f匈qq�tr µ ctiq n,can, _b,
by, ,rhe:; prdin ary prop osmo n that when a
1 alterius, equally�.iqiply,, explaine d ession,
or what,1s. , . within -the meaning of,a�expr
legislative provision sets-out who
else is .
it ordinarily means that no-one e lse or nothing
, 1
,）
」
on. pp lica9on, being based 9�.th
p is of coµim
e
"'nci·le
a
The expressio, unius;pri rhe.r;e-,w _s no reas9n for
ai:gument that ,(uµJ�ss 1som e other reason, a pp,e�r�) a

the Possible _items unless the mtent1on

the draft er to mentipn som e onI Y of
dealt with; so, that the rest are
Was that they w ere ,to b e the only ones • ! :
excluded. Cross says:

573
 ns of ConStt'itction
Chapter 23: Textual Analysis:Other, Cano

more t han drawi�ttent iori to

'. . . it is doubtful whet her th e maxim does any
e xt s t,he me!1tton,of s ome
I .a..fajrly obvious linguist ic. point , viz t hat, ip 1m
n
a_ y con� 、
at m�t !efs.,. · w1哼�nt�nt1o�ally
matters ' ':l{ar;ants �n infer�nce���t ot �er cogf!.
e

; ·excluded. ' 2
.·operate�,only ,where not
Like• all canons of construction this principle
1''·' . JI. 「 I I''
outweighed by other interpretative factors.,, ,
:,_,,.'
. c(ass . _ ,; . ,
Mention of one thing f!�cludes other things_ pf same
le is probably where
The main -application. of the exp'ressib unius,.princip _
tems are expressly
some·only of a possible series·of. substantives·or other i
I . · ,
designated.
'l , :i:,,l'[ if, . l .I ;·,

·1·1--,1 ., c, ·1r.1 」； fil片, , 1 ·I ',

1 」' . .. I•;"1
: r, [ .,!
,,,; l,,;•_ I ';';• jj ., ,:. CJ
EXAMPLE n 、, ,
r ,·,,_;
An Act authorised a company to build bridges'of the h�ights �nd spans'
shown on the deposited plan. The plaQ-.,3;lso, sho:redi1n.c,l�gaJiori�. W hile
conforming to the specified heights ,and spans,: the company, departed
, •. from the inclinations..
」 'Held The·company h�q not infringed the .i\c�. Lo�1'Gf�P,_b�ll'C」蛔：
'. . . we are clearly of�pinion t hat there is no obligat ion bey�nd.the heights
and s pans of the bridge s as delineated on t he plan. s Th ese are m e ntioned in the
enactment; and nothing is said as to the rates of inclination of t he road.
I i11
Expresszo. unzus est exclusio alterius.
｀
,'- ,j'P. 河'{'; - v;.tl\.:• 、. ·- <,、ti.':'h \ 1,">_'j�\!'i:(\ :�S.尪 lj()'!':>•):
1. , EXAMPLE 嶋「f·. : .'r' -·
·均i'.:
The Diplomatic Privileges Act 1964 protects'premises of [a forei 節］
mission'. These are defined as'. . . the buildings or parts of buildings

。
、, and, the land ancillarY,, ther��o, . l : •. , µseq .fpr, Fh� . pu_rposes of the missio_n
including the residence of.th(! head of thr ;1!1:issio!t'.- 4 lt_.-yyas .held that
_specific mention of_ the ;esidenc_e或th�, h_?�d f_ th� �is�ip�made·it cl��_r
that the int_ention was t�exsi�de_ the resiµ�nc�s,; �(9Fht;r,_ me�bers of the
. m1ss10n. ••• ,,·;;:·.-.
• 鬘: 1 �,';;,�,l,'\/,:- 洹，-,. .,_ ,!
, 1EX磾LE·> .
''.. ,,: ·. ,_._,
_ ,, •Iv,·,:.'.,,. r:·,F;t'i: ·.:1;'.-.", ;' (「＼
:'•The Housing Act 1-957; s 10(4) provided'th:at'where·s呻m�ry·proceed­
, ,- ings were taken for the recovery of exp 函ses'the'limitation period ran
from the date of the demand or, if there was an- appeal, •from the date
when the demand became operative. The Act was silent as to when the
;,) limitation period began where proceedings were,taken in the High Court
or county court. ,
I -•'、j .. 、 <,· \1 Ut ,.

Held In the latter case the l'· 1m1tat10n period began, as is usual, when the
cause of action accrued. Taylor LJ said: ; 1;,w」'.)
'The rationale of t he dist inct ion between summary, aµd q91
e r」periods probably
lies in [t he lengt hs of] the respect ive limit ation perio
r,,, s pecial to s 10(4) ds . . . t he express.ion,
, t hat t ime. runs from se rvice 'of! the -demand·or whe n it
' becomes I operative, is, intended to dist inguis h
. s 血n'iary! 1p rocee din�s fr om
ot her proceeding. s Inclusio unius,exclu�io alterius '.?,• 氘） k.:
, .. , .,'、. ;
.
EXAMPLE • ·', lf;C�/ ?"r.--:·1'.!I

It was held that, in the phrase'If any publ_i c

-Bill.J{other than'a·Money Bill
or a Bill containing any provision to extend:
the·maiiinum auration of
Parliament beyond five years)' contained in
the Parliament Act i911;
s 2(1) ,the words in brackets are w.ords」df
d�signation attractin g the
expressio unius principle.7 , •'• IJ
, ,. I I'I

S74
 Implie d exclusi

,
t
on
principle·applies r'to exc
Whe�e- the• lude an
rin ctple by which that'ite m can be include item there may be another
P · e.
d wher e appropnat
E逗LE
RSC Ord 55 r 8 made express prov ·
1s1on for the right of specified persons
to app ear and be heard • on an' appeal. These did not include the tribunal
from whose decision an appeal�as brought.
Latham J said:' .
'I t is argued that on the application of
, th e princi ple expressro unrus exclusion
alterius a tribunal is n o t entitled to app ear and be heard. I think that is strictly
correct, in the sense _that_ a·�ribunal has n o right
has ample p owers to pe��,it the tribunal to appeato appear . . . But the court
r and be heard in appropriate
matters .
, 8

/; -;

Remedies, penalties and procedures etc

Wh ere an Act lays down specific remedies, penalties, proce
dures etc it will
often be reasonable to assume that these are intend
ed to be the only ones
available: any others are by implication excluded.9
EXAMPLE
The County Courts Act 1959, s'103 applied·rhe general principles of
High Court practice to the. �.ounty coui:t. Section 20 enabled_ county court
rules to be made authorisid的Ile court"島ord正a .. pa祠to11 in'a'ke an

。
, interim payment�It,r was,,argued1 that; because no such-·.rule•had�beefi
made, a corresponding洱igh·�c \Urt_ rule for interim payment could'be
relied on by .virtu�:of函103.)i_T <�成」 d:1i/ / I ) -ifr·q C 「;；, : ,, ·1'...r··」 -r.
Held the argument was rejected. Eveleigh LJ said: �- 1• ·.
• ,1'ff a power is giy��- Q.Y�t11tµte, -�P.Q th� st�tute)ays,do»rn the vy;iy, in�h�ch·that
., , powe「 is.to ,b,e,.._�fp;旦ght into e邸�_teq. _ c:f7,. i_� �us�,b,e br ou�_!l�_.,�to existence�y that
, . method and
' n one·other.'10
...、 I•" > .」. 1; l1, 」 ｀ ， 、 ')J• • ; ·.1- •·'• I,, ·;'.. • 「I • ," (.. ,;)
EXAMPLE · I ·••,1 [•11·,·:,•,
」 :, ·1 I , • .,,; ,, •,- .
,,·•··、 丶 J
The Parliamenfary�Voters Regi'stfation·Act'•1843,-'s·51 specifieci a
particular penalty where the·overseer wilfully·insert乩the'·names·of
,unqualified person,s. in. the voters'_ l,ist.! ., /11 I' > '1 I;'! ·'l ,·• l Ji 丶•I •
Held. This meant; n o indictment :would -lie against hiin_, for.. s�atut�ry
misdemeanor. 11.,'r;' I '. . . 國；;"', , , . Ii , - , ;'f_!f' (
.''�
-'「'• . ·1 I!,'.;'''>,,
EX磾LE
Whery an Act provided that in certain circumstances ,Crown land 、 CO!.!!P
be forfeited and was then li�ble to be sold at auction no other mode of
• · 12• ,」, ] • U _, , '•I I'1
'• d碌ling •-wfrli"forfe itea·land·was'p,erin1ss1ble. ·, ,., 丶.., : Jl . :; :.1i1; :孓 r! 」
. .• I u ._. .• , ,,-, , , ,:u In 21,,. 1 •
EX磾LE
that w?ere a·priso?er
The Criminal Justice Act 1967, s 62(3) stated !
released oh licence was recalled to prison he was to be g1ven reasons for
1
·
his recall.• No ,such requirement was imposed where a requ�st for release
' on',Jicen'ce was refused. Brightma_ n 9�aid: .'
' 'A ··
s the duty to giv e reasons 1s
"
exptessly imposed wh ere recall to prison is in
licence is in issue, it seems fairly obvious that
issue, but not where reJe·ase on ,p
case.
the duty was not intended to be imposed in the latter
' contained·numerous provisions
�irnilarly, ,it was held that where an, Act
Secre函y, of S國te for ,the.Environ-
imposing an express obligation on the
ations'it is impossible to imply a
rncnt to give notice of planning determin

575
 ns of Construction
aI Analysi s:·.Oth er,1 Cano
Cha pter 23: Textu
,duty呣the··· _ c. o屯se,,! of
( as op posed to·a b gat on
,.
s
羽潁O'd
statutory obligat ion
re 00; express• 0 h 1 1 im pose_ d'_.1�
notic e, whe
administration) to give 1•11. _. ·l
Words of extension ' \�1
·
p lie d to words o f; extensi�n.
Where
'!�
cip ' is fte n ap . ,
Jhe�xpressio uni�s prin term does 0{doe
s n ot mclude a ce�區\n cla
ss
�er a sta ted
o

it is doubtful whet c o ver some only of the m emb er s

are ad d ed which of
an d words of exte nsio n' the
·remai ning members of'the class
a
·d that re
the class, it is imphe tech niqu e of extending the i ndisp uta ble
i s, c mm n
excluded. The m ost ging de�nition, that·is.�n�1in the
the use o£.an enlar
meaning o f a term is by
o o

exhaust the class of ;w hi

the state dB es not do ch
form'A includesB, : Whe. re. memb e rs are taken to b e excluded from
class
it is a member, the remammg :·.:�•,;,\.i_,1,i••h
the ambit of the enactment. ，
， ．． 丶 -. ' -
. ' ...
. EX磾LE
.,, ,.

(3) state d that fo r'the pu rposes of , s i 2(t)

.. 「p I ,'I 「\!·'..i"'/,·I

, The Immigration Act 1971, s 2

, d the-m other of an 1llegitimat�'c hild.
of the Act the word'parent include
The class to which this extens ion related was the paren���.��-i an
➔• illegitimate child. Lord�-ane , CJ said: , 丶(; . ) ..' , ; 、
ha�_ ex. p n;ss
111,,,')詛 ｀
. i;nentiop.」pf1the
, ,'Under the. .rule expressio unius exclusio aft在紅
. .mother implies that the fath er is exc\, �p�q:1(;,, .i, 」 I : r;:f,·
'16 ' ..,

rfhel stated·term and ,words·'of· extension�need·not be·Jcontained':lini an

,，」 1 .::•,h.1

函Iarging definition, or indeed any, cyp·e)of·definitioii1: lf1h: e :prim:iple> \ipplies

whenever a term is specified which do�s not'..fxhartst'the.'indi'�atedtdass.
EXAMPLE ·'HI.•;_• !l•_r, •.:1_.b;'.l1 亨·'I•;// 11「-,r:--rri- r; 油＼、訊
,, · • The'Insolvency·Act 19,86,,s 1: 1(3料tated「 that :vJ-nile;. 画admirii志tration
1 r, r:order 'was·in force''no . 1froceedirig每"and : no·1execbho硏韶0�瞬le �I
' gal
process, might be commenced or continued�·ail.a淌油始誨浙'[ght be
levied. Sectio n 252(2) states that while an interim order is':i和 fotce\no
pt!'.)Ceedings, anq no _exe\::ution qr, oth�r.l�gal pJ_oc, es�,1JJl�Y.,b,�,cQrp.mence d
,.,, qi:,continu�d.bµt does ilot:repea�the.it�li�ised r wor�s w•:i·: ;-11)月：：、
q
Held The italicised words in s 11 面 weie1wdrds: of:e戏ensiori iindicating
'
;,;

·ncthat the•Act1did not intend the'levying.of,distress to beitreated,as incluaed

in'proceedings'or'legal process'and the levying
of distress was tlieiefor e
not covered by s 252(2).17
:\J lit(t,'/:!
、 ' .
Statutory·exceptions ,·I . ! �'' ·」-'''> ll!li1'l'.心 fi ! �:·r: 1邑i)l1/0 j:,1'. ff i".'.1 叫•'//
to· 」）＼ "· •'.II'',, , r. IJlo? ·.d qJ�lei, i, (I·; ·
Where an Act contam 「!·• <.'(• N or:•·;) ,:叫'lOl'',
s specifi
下

. _ ciexs:�pq�n�,.it·1s ,often.reasonable to1 1ass血1e

that these are the·onlY exception
s of that ki nd that are intende,d.
...EXAMPLE :• :1 、//、：.,.i
rn!Th e statute�7. Hen 8 ·
, C 12 ( 1545) containtd own
··'''

exceptions ,fro'm ,it '1· s·

('! l J/-

.J•.·operation. It imp
. il?[]; i,, i., . J f'

osed annual
London', but specified . tith es •. on•'the citizens. and inhabitants' of
certain exempt
.11 ,who was not. so specified, ·citizens. The D ean of, -St, !Pau l's,
relied on the
:，ecclesiae decimas solv
ere on de e common-law .maxim ecclesia
tithes to another chur )>�
ch b t (one church is not .oblige d-. �0 P,aY
, Held The expressio.
unius rincip
le he re carried' t
,, Dean could not•be treatel
as exenipted.1名 、 greater weigh t, and· he
, 1:, l'i"r;' 』 ,,. ,:
11
• ,, I (I

丶.•lifJJ;\,1 l (1 •)l",f 1 1J·,·t!I「

576
 ·,、. ,:,1n:t'..\l1 l) i:J.I ,1、;Jm
p/ied ex
clusion. \ \ ,•\·1. J ;i「 ., •')
L E
严
The Road T1;affic R egJ.Ilatio.I) A
Ct11967 S
law g enerally. It s,tated: .. ,.,」 澤contained an
r h e , , exception from
, No statutory provision·-1mpo
s ing a s
_ peed limit on m
ro any vehicle on an occasion�hen 1t otor vehicles shall apply
is be·
or police pur poses , if the observallce (' tng, u sed fo�6re brigade, ambulan�e
the use ol �he veh_icle o ,t,h,ose provisio
ro h in der for、 the I?.� ns (sic) ,would b e likely
, , ,, 「J:?�se for whi�h·1t·1s being u sed on
that occasion. l

Speed limits are not the onlY statutory

restrictions which might hinder
official vehicles in an emergency. What
· about those relating to traffic:
li ghts for ,�xample? Lord Denn , , m g, IMR said
,1 勺 of traffic light restnct10ns: ·· ,
'Those pr ov1S1ons, , ta��nm all th·ir
Srr ctnes s a
lanc� s_aryd,poli<;: e, cars, as much� , / , pply to .fir� engines, amq叱
" , as )o, ��ypne else. None of them is exempt
from. (?b�ying 加園lights . But b s
�; ��c;i\11 perm1ss1on the y are exemp t from
obeymg the speed limfr.'20' '" "
·1 \q',t " 'I''1r I• I .
This dictum suggests that the expressio unius prmc1ple · applies here. Why
I•
吡
should p ar. I1ament si le面 '6rif speed'limits·i f it洫ended; traffic·lights, and
II I
'丶 le o_ ,
,, ',,,. . · ,
呻' er restrictions,
. . or,
(f eI-!xamp n.e'- ay str�ets) also to be suspended
,,,,,J.
, l,• I,,,)
, , I . � in
an et;ne. rgency?
' ,'I : •,-:,:; I 邙. I'I " ., I I'.· I 」,, , In • i, .... .. ,,·
• • ' !�f 」 : .」l1. l. ·:. , .., .. ,
. . Ltd v, Wirral M' etr
I
1 Salisbury lnde pe_1;1der, t -•,Lwptg.
o

• .J L J It. ,.,, • , , ppolitan

, ,,, ,:,<�'
.BorougfJ Cql;' nci/ [2012」EWCA
.. J t . ',
Civ 84 at [23].I.,. l fJ怕f11 ;, 阮Ji•,,, b 1' '
」

.
2 Cross Statutory 瓦terpretatio'n (J｀r｀d edri by' Bell ,and
, '?'P '" . p·,.,,,, ·,; ,r/, :;
"'
·Erigle) 1995) p.140.. ,,
3 R v Caledonian R/y'Co (1850) 16·QB寇' t3'o :
' a . 內）户> 泗 I'{」·•"'.);; 1 1-:d,n�..
Cy

4 Emphasis a ded.' d ·, , ,. <. :•

5 lntpro Properties (UK)�td v Sauve/ [1983] QB 1019.
6 Swansea City ,9?!'成il v .�l�Sf f1992J Q13-,844,per at-8. 52. ,
7 R {on the applic1tion of ]f.fkson)
1 i 丶, ..... ,, , 1 d ,vr.d·,- ri r1,·, , ·1
f A-G,[2005] UKI-. fl,. �9,, (2005] 4 AJJER 1253�t [138].
8
S {a minor) V 'Specia/'Ecfuc.at始面I Needs. Tribunal [1996] 1 IAII'ER 171吐i'75�17b: Tliis
•"
'is presumab ly aJteference•to the court. s inherent jurisoidioh. �., I .I';」，·;)'
9
For a case where this was not applied see Customs and Excise Comrs v Total Network. SL
[2005]EWHC 1 (QB), [2005] STC 637 (carousel fraud in relation to VAT).
1°Felix v Shiva [1983] QB 82 at 90-91. ｀ ＇丶
c,1\ .1\·ti .t ,·r.� • •. t, 1、
11 R v Hall [1891] 1 B 747; cf R v Bucha'!an (1846) 8 QB 883; R v, Gregory (1833) 5 B.&
Q
Ad 555. '; ·, ·. l'\"'I O,?.?.' 、 1.• 1·1: .•rit Ji; .i'l•,i ,)Jlr 「 司:;'.>(hill /,lfh''·,11 :,, J'f」rll
'
Blackburn v F/ave/le (1881') 6'AppJCas (i28 at!634;,t• < 却•t'!',:, 」(• :/(fl_(花，, f;'. .': (�; 1
° 1
12
13
Payne v Lord Harris of Greenwich [1981] 1 WLR 754 at 767. .11JJ1111;m
14 Griffiths v Secretary of State for the Environment [1983] 2 AC 51 per Lord Bridge at
.,'·ll , , I
68-69.
t Thi」` sl.sentence has qeen」udicially approvep. hr.. ��e J!-111. feg�raL 9o !1rt�� �ustraµ� in
」•·< i O r i L)
(1-187) 15 FCR 139, ,148. , ,
1,l6•.,,Ea�tman.v i·\·"·, 1 I• 'I 、 peran�uation
Co11Jr,o璘
rtmen t, ,'
ex P·Crew [1982]
'l' I Ii·
Imm AR 94.
(, /
R
, '' V se函tary,of 'S tate for the'H ome Depa
17 Debio a'
l-; (N矼3A�ib-i99勺[19�6111'Al l'ER'691' at 7?3·.. 1
: ,, ,r, :i , . , , I I ... ,J:.,.']Cl)'.ld
18
C:ro·Eliz¼v9: 」) 1 i 1'.• r· I'., , •, ;,r ? , ', 矗

ice 6_5. 1'1l!J/1 1. 1 :.. 11,

「,

-20,,. St.Pau/'s)(Warden; etc),v Dean of St° Pa11/:s (1817) 4 Pr[1971]

19
2,AII ER 254 at 258.
Buckoke v Greater Lo�don Counci/ [1971] 1 Ch 655, .

·J'II/ , 「 ..! 乜. !•) ,..,)勺,: :_.·,,,d,r:cl·l /'Ll-:H

.'i t; ::>: I四 n1•Pfl'•''! ;_.,,..-·11i 叻'r·;,;.丶． ； . 、 v··. r;o,
• ,;;·.• ; I .
, -,.,r . ,. lt L•"J'. ,. ,. , ,, , I: I .•
.. , . . . .
I I

s ection -23: 13: Expressio unius pnnctple: where other.reason for", >i因
II

the express10n ,'·•' I I ,;, d ; ' , ! Ii'j

23.13 Tli ere is ho room'for the application° 'f the expfessio uniuS'principle
"to exclud�certain: thing's'exists
Where sdm� 造細other-than the intention ,. , I ,, , !.• l\l ,,, • I·r , [
for ' mention麻 some out not'other�·.. , \, ...'I ,,!, 因 ';f; I J, 」 I,. 1,; u(JIJII'... ;

577