C I--l,4-p"J'h

c,R

3
I nte lle ctu al Pr op ert y

• To under stand the impo rtanc e of intelle ctual p r opert y in n1ode rn

bu siness
• To expla in the laws prote cting trade mark s , pate nts, desig n s, cop yrigh
ts, and other
intell ectua l prope rty
• To descr ibe the proce dure for regist ration of tr ad emark s, paten ts
, etc.
• To devel op a strate gy for build ing and prote cting intell ectua l prope
rty
• To comp rehen d the signif icance of trade secr ets and other confi dentia
l info rmation

INTR ODU CTIO N

Intell ec tual prope rty (IP) is a valu able reso u rce in the n1 od ern knowl
edge-
dri ve n econo my. It has bee n see n th a t rn a n y s111all firms do not
make tbr
n ecessa ry in ves tm e nts to d eve lop , ac qui re , 111 ainta jn, and prote ct intelle
crnal
p ro p e rt y. In thi s ch a pte r, we wilJ li st vari o us kind s of intell ectua l prope
rty. the
legal and proce dural fram e work supp o rtin g th em, and the st r ategy
for small
ent re pre ne uri al fi r ms in thi s e n viro nn1 e nt.
Man y resea rc h e rs su ch as Auclr e tsc h ( ] 995) and Con1 pers and
Lernrl
( 1999) have stress ed the rol e o f inno vation in th e succe ss of entre
p re t1euri;il
fir m s. _Slnrn g IP laws wo uld lea d to Lh e pro tect io n of IP ri ght ~ nd
a , heir
e.':l tc1 IJJ 1s h an cnLre p r c n e uri a l clim a te . O n th e o th er h a n d , Bh1
cle (lOO,~ !.
derno nstr;.itcd that th e bulk of n ew fir ms a r e n o L innov atiu.~ b11
. . . l t n~e ,e
. . 1
lTlJJt rt [ J\ ' C. 01 1e 1·s "> Li ch els B urke , F it zroy and No la n (2000) ha\·e also ,nc l1 c;irec ' ,n
srn. 11·1;-1r I-111c1111
,- ,~..,_
· 111 s ue I1 ;1 ~ccna · ·
ri o , sl-ro n g I P law s \\' o ul d sen·e 10 su-e ng·tlit:ill
/;i p~-c lir111.._ ~111cl 111;1kc' i11 1i1c1 1i o n m ore cJ ir\icul l. \ Vhate ver be Ll1 5111
e case , '
 / 11/rd lr-rluol J>, o/Jn/ y 53

lirr11 s c 111not allure! L() 1) ' \\ ' P '

. . ( '- d s Ira Ll' o· I I I . j
pt npci 1y-rela 1ed 1·eg·ul. ·c1to1) . .. . t,) l<ll ( oes not Lc1k c 1h c intel lec tual
c n v 1ronm· . .
T h e bv,'s rel a tin g to . " , . Ult mto co us1d c ra tio11.
• . • • c. llHe lleuu al pro1)c rt ' . 1 . .
(.· 0 1n n11Lments followino- w ~r() '· , · ) Jll nd1 ;-l cll l ' g uided I)\ h er
b s ,1orce
O mcnl T l ,
l tllcll cCLua l Propertv Rio-l1 L5 (l'l)l • , on rac c· R.c l a1cd 1\ " IH.: ct"> 0 (
· · . , t, '- PS). Ihe TRIPS · . . · ·
sell mg rnt e rnauonal stand· ·d .r . law s t h e . - 1· ctg i ecml'nt 1.., fo e tJ "><.: d () ll
.c al s i o l 11 en orcemenL, a nd ",<.: lt lcm< ·n t of
disput es. '

~ helPlawsinl ncl'a l e covert11e fol lowing things:

~
J frad e marks _,,,.
-.: Copyright .../
• P ate nts ./ ·
• Geographica l indication of bo·oo dsJ
.
• D es1gns
• Others. includi
. ng sem1con •
· - d u ctor layo ut designs, plants a nd rar rn er righL::i ,
and b1olog1cal diversit.YJ
_A brief description of the IP lav,1s in India and their implicat ions is g i,-en 111
this chapter. Trademarks are discussed in detail as all ventures will need to
r egister trademarks whereas only a fe"v ventures will have intellecLU al property
that needs to be protected b y copyr ights, pate nts, and oth er IP lav,·s.

TRADEMARK S
A traden1ark is a word, fi ure , numeral, design , or a combinati on of a ny or
these, ~1 se d to idenu y and dis ti~guish the goods or se~·vices of a business r;·o m
those m a rk eted by others. In other words , it establishes th e relationship be -
t " ·e en the goods and the manufacturer. A trademark can r elate to boLh

1J rod
1
ucts an d serv ices.]
Nor m L1 ]l y, Lh e goo ds produ ced b y a m anufacturer estctbl is hes <.l repuuLion
O\ ' e r a nu ~ bcr of years a nd a r e r ead il y ide 1nif'tab le bv Lh e tra dem;ir k. th e\
11
pos sess. T hu s ; th e business owne r 's r ep ut at io 11 is ~11 Stetke with t h e ~(H)d:-.
cirrying· Lh e m ar k. On Lhi s basis , th e busin ess l)wncr G lll cl,11111 exdusl\t' r ight ~
' (J

t o Lt SC th a L mark_,. . ,.
-1·· I k. · I 1· ,1 a ·i ·" IJnJLccted both under sLaLu t o r, 1:rn. ,tnd lli1111w) .
11
r;t<c111,n ' s 111 nc. tL '--
·i I ·r·· I C .,11 icl ,Mci·c·li·inc.lisc, ·
Marks
· ·
Ac t, 19--10. \\ ,b 1hc l1r,1 .
' l' l l>I !.1"~
Iti \\. W !cl<.
· I , .k . · I \ ·, ·1·J 1 i s \\',1s r c j) b cc d Li t c r l )\ t h l • l u c. k :w d \ k r -
CJU\Tl' I Jl!1'f 11 ; 1< C lll,ll S Ill 11 ( I d. · c . .
' .. ,..., . k. \ <)~ u ·1·11c· Tr,,cl c \L:i rb .\cl , I q~)~) . "htL·h rcpbn:d Lh c
<. lnnd 1\ 111" \-L11 " , < 1, 1•. >11 . . . .
1
,, • IJ ·, ·t () ! l St' j)( (.' llii )l'J I :>, ~()(} '. L ;UHi l ', ll1 Clll'11 [>1t Jlllt'.
1·\I \c 1 ] CJ ~> S. < ;1111<· 1111, 1 c· .LC , . . . .
' - · ·1·1 c •tt!T Cl11 ]'\! . \c1 ,11\crn·~ l()r t lll' rcg 1~t 1c1u n11 ui
\\11 li1 IH'TRIP~()) 1 1l g;t ll!)ll',. l l . ,
54 1:ntrefrrrm,l,urship

· 1· · I , •ks - s we ll India follow s th e >J ict

service marks and I hrec-c 1m e n s1on a m,J 1 • c1· · .
· I · · . I •I· s,· f·1, -11i on of'good s and serv1ees fo 1
Ag ree ment conce rn111 g t 1c 1nt c n1 ;1 t1011 ,1 c cl~ - c .
· · · 1· . •k · I 1· h is i rH or J> <>ra te d Ill th e Sc hed
th e purposes o l the reg1~l r;1tI<rn o m L11 s, w 1 c · . ·
ule t o th e Rule s under l I1e ·1·M A ct. A ·r·r·1de "
M·11 k~ Rcg1s t1 y h ad bcc·r
c · - · 1
· 1
· 1 1·MAt 194 () wl1i c h h <.1'->cont inu e d t<J funr
c st~1bli sh ed fnr the pu rp oscs o t 1e c , • J • • _ ••

li on und er th e TM Act, 1958, and th e TM Act, 1999 . ·r h e f r adc M;n k

Rc gis tn· is und er th e ch arge o r the Regi strar of T r ~dc M ar k 5. The h ead f,fTiu:
or
the rrade Marks Regist r v is in Mumbai and its bran c he ~ a l c at fJ <.:lh1 ,
hol ka ta, Che n nai, a nd .A.hm ~d aba d. T h e exc lu sive territori a l ju r i5d ictiori r,f
each office h as a lso been a lloca t~
A ny person claiming to be th e proprietor of a tradema rk p rop osed to br:
used o r curren tl y in use by that person can file an application for registrati(J n
Th e app li catio n m ay be made in the name of the individual , partn er of a firm, d
co mpa n y, ,my gove rnment departmen t, a trust , or even in the n ame of join t
applica nts . An application can also be filed on behalf of a comp any tha t is about
to be inco rporated. Internation al entities can also apply in I n di a a n d wil l be
trea ted a t par ·with domestic applicants.
~ri o r _u se of the trademark is not required for filing a n applica tion for its
~,egist ra tio n. An application for registration may be made even if the applicanl
1me nd s _LO use the trademark sometime in the future. However,
in the case of
de~c np t1~·e mar~s, the Trade Marks Registry can require pro o f o f use of th e
mark be fore registration is granted.
_Some inte res tin g trademarks are given below:
_A . ~ u m ber~ can be trademarks like in the case of 50 l te
. 5 a a n d o- 55 ciaarettn
.
O
2 ymbols can be trademarks like those of M d B · ·
ers. erce es enz o r Apple comput-

3. L etters CJn be [ra d e m a rks li ke in 3 M , I B M N

, . 111.~
4. . C)ra n ge cellphon e se r vice has success{' 11
· u Y m a n ·lge i · l d
o ra n g e a~ ils tra d ema r k T l . ' c to
. iere are many o th er ,, - . O f' c u e the cololll
in
.
rart of th e trade mark . · cases th e colour b('lll~
.'.J. ')ound li ke .\1C \I\ ·rua1 of the lio n' c m . 1- b -
C . . . ' ct so e a tra d e m.ar 1'
J . S1 rn1JtcH n o tyr~~ h a~ r eg1~tered a rose-lik , . .
e ~m e ll as JL !'l lLldem.trl- . .

Reg i~traf ion

1 he p1<,(( "'-,', for 1q~ 1'->t r;i ti() fl or
ti )(· IJ ,t d c n n t k . l .
hu~il l (.\\ ( )\\'Ile } or hi -,/flC' J n ·prc'){' fl[ "ll i\ . n . 1 l . ln )l' C,lrn cd ou t b} the
.t n . t ~('ll f o1 r . . ' , . , . _c.-_ H}ug l e_ntre pre 11e u rs p refe r lo use
L1 \, vc1 io1 fil 1n ~ c111 <tpp l1 ca t1 on fur r eg 1stra uc
l n , t l1e 1.e 1s
. no r easo n
,t
 lni elln:t11aL Pro/JN/y 55
" ·liy it c ..1n11ot b e clon e b 1
. .
i-cg 1slra t1on proce·ss ca _ y t1eentr .
epren, - 01 - 1-· - 1 - -- .
c 11 Je c1esc r 1b ~d · el1ui
1 us/ 1er emp lov ees. fh e entire
, ·
e in t e fo ll ow ing s1eps.
1. Tra demark Search ·

~ ~1\)re app lying for registra tion , an a li e - . .

r eg·1strar 's offi O PP ant cm opt fo r c1 p ,11d 'lC.:a rch <.1.L th e
tee . n paymen t of a fee ·l ~ O rr· . . .
reco rd s to find l . ' t le ice will bro w'.) c throu gh th e ll'
outt1e ex1ste nceofa . · .
·ire identi cal 01· . . · 1
,
l n y p1 ev 1ou s1y register ed Lra ck n iar k" I ha t
s11111 . ar to t ·1e mark i - l . I ] . . is sough r.
01 w 11C 1 t 1e registra tion
E ven though a pnor search t fi l . fl' .
• . . fil' . · 0 me a con 1ctmg tradema rk 1s .
s1te 101 1 1ng a n apphca t·10 not a prt rcciui-
· • d .
c n, It 1s a visa 6le to carry out a search and main tain
t1.1e sea rch results · Incas
· '" e th e1 .e 1s · oppos1t. .
1on to the use of the tradem ark som e-
time la ter such search _ . in tbe
:~. repm ts can ac t as proof of good fanh adoptio n of
the rnark:._:_J1
In a inove to curb the sprea d and sale of counter feit drugs, th e Dr ugs
Contro l Depart ment of the Nationa l Territo ry of Delhi has made search
reports from the _Regist rar of T rade Marks mandat ory b efore approv ing an y
clrug-n1 anufac tunng licence under a particul ar brand name. It is likelv th at
such approv als for drugs will become mandat ory a ll over the country. ·
- The applica tion for search has to be accomp anied with three rep rese n r.a-
tions of the 1nark and the search fee. · l

2. Applica tion for Registration ./

,,--
. The reques t for the registra tion sho uld be in th e prescrib ed fo rm. T hree
com pleted copies of the form are submitt ed a lon g with ten addir.ion al
represe ntation s of the tradem ark. T he re present ation of the tradem ark rnu st
contain a clear re produc tion of the sign. Even though a bare r ep rese nta cio n
may be sufficie nt, it is advisab le to include any colours , form s, o r thr ee -
ciimens ional fe a tures. In ad dition to deta il s of the app lica n t, the app li ca cj o11
must also in dicate th e class of goo d s/servic es to which it \\' l)U ld ap pl y. Th 1..'
fo ll owing in formati o n should be m en tion e d in the form:

( a) T he cl ass of ba-oods for w hi ch the mark is sought shou ld be sp ccilil' d.

.
C lasses can be tex tiles , food an d confec ti onery, machin 1 ,
e Lo o s. e l( . ~ q) J ·
r c1 te app lie:iLi on s a re req uire d for a ppl yin g in differen r cl~1sse:- _
.
( b .) De (i,ii tion or
goods that is sought to be r egistere d slioul_cl lx gl\ l'.t:-..
(c) lktails of' the a pplica nt in cludin g n a m e, agl', occ 11 p ,1tion , JC l ( I i ns.
. ~I 11 c!

11 ,ition ,di1y sho11 ld b e g ivc i1. f. · · . · 1sc

' · · I 11 is in 1· - '
( cl ) \,\' h (_' LI 1C r I l I l' l l ;l d C J)l a r k J s Jn I l s C () 1. I·::,• p 1·op Os·C,CI t-() be us- ed.
. j . er j () cl .
.• · · . 1 ,· - " l and Jo r \\' 1<1l P
tl1cn ;ip pl ic,1n t n111s; l s pee d y by whom it is )c1ng u sec
-6
!) F11/ rt'/Jrf ll (' /{/".lhi/J

. t d Examination r· . . .
3. Rece1p an b r e tu r ni ng a copy o t 11e ap pl1ca-
. • · . . k 1ow led ge <1 Y · · ·
> .,. . "' . ]) l of l li e appl1Cat1on is c1 c i
I.,u . , , -k A n o ffi cia l number ts g1ven to the
e1 _. )I th e rn,11 . . _ .
lion ;don g with a repres~ 11Lc1 t1~>11 < [ ·1J J li ca tio n ca n beco me v~ry unpo1 tant in
.- . T he d a te ol receipt o '- 11
appl 1ca t io n~ . . _'-' di 11 5 la te r.
IJossib le inlnn ge rnc nt piocee g , d ev idences and searc h es among
. . . I - II docum e nts cU1 d .
T he o ffice co ns1c en a . ·l . th e r egist r ar can respon in the
. . ., I - ·ks. Aft er suc h sea r c 1111 g,
"' ....- 1st m o· t1 etc e m,u
\._ ,, - t)

fo llovv in g ways:
1. Abso lute acce ptan ce . . . th e mark
2. Accepta nce subj ect to modificati o n s in .
3. Re fu sal , I ·h
In case modification s h a ve been as e k d fo r, th e a p p licant must comp y wit
. . th e supu
th e m w1thm • 1ate d p e1-·I od o f th ree m o nths. ,

4. Acceptance, Advertisement, and Opposition

· w1·11 b e pu b lis h e d in the T r. ademark
After th e application has been accepte d , it .
J ournal. T he advertisement will include all deta ils of the accep tance 1ncludrn?
representa tion of the mark, date of filing, particula r s o f _ap plicant, an d condi-
tions or limitations , if a ny. Opposition has to be done w1 th1n three months ~f
th e d ate of the advertisement . Oppos ition must be in the prescribed form , in
tripli ca te and with the prescribed fe e.
In addition to tradem a rks, the followi n g catego r ies of marks can also be
. -. I
reg1stered und er the TM Act : '

~ Certification marks, which a re given for co mplia nce w ith defined stan-
- da r ds. T h ese a re not confined to an y r estri cte d n1 embership. Such n1arks
are g ra n te d to a ny e ntity th a t ca n ce rtify th a t its prod u cts meet certain
esta blish e d stan d a r ds. T h e in ter n atio n a lly accep ted 'ISO 9000 ' qualitr
stan d ard a ncJ th e Indi an ISI m a rk a r e e xan1 pl es of w idely recognized cer-
tificat io n ma rks.
• Collective marks can be owne d b y a n y associa ti o n . The e nbers
111 1
such or
an assuciat ion will be all owed Lo use th e collec ti ve n1ar k to iclentit\ thern-
~c l\'(~s a~ m e rnbers of th e association . Exa inples of s u c h associa tions wou ld
IJc tho \e repre sen ti ng au;o u nta nt,s, .engin eer~, or architeus or industry
;.1 ss<1c ic11i ,>11'-> '->t ich ;.J-; C I I. '
l i '> l Ll ] I\ I IJ <' t · I JI j 1 C: 1· · , .. /' . . k f .
. .. . , ' · P_ 0 < ( ss o rcg 1sLrc1 LJ on tc1 -es more Lhan a year a ·re1
i1p pl1< .1 110 11. ,\l1liot 1<•li -i[ 1, , 1. .
1 . · 1· h ('!. · ] - · Ie
.1ppl f(
. __ >-i • '-- u c i pLo t eo 1u a nu mbcro1 anapp1icat1o n,t 1
,1 11( ( ,I l l l <"tj ll C', I ~ti] (' .. \ 1·• '1 ('/ ' I L ' . . . .
· . x p u 1,u n !Ho) exa1n 1nat 1on of th e reg istration
 fnt ,,lfec/110/ Pro/Jerly 57

Exhibit 3.1
Benz
Da imler Benz decided
. II M . to
~c e t cedes Benz cars restart ope1·atio , .
th . . . . ns Jn 1n d.ia by tymg .
up with Telco to
B . . , eu p1en11um lu .. . ..
e nz was recognized as a sy b l f xu1 y ca1s. World over Mercedes
exec utives of the coinpan c m 0 d 0 u.pper-clas s sophistication. Wh e n th e top
. b
t h eir rand would be m·Y tocused b their attent'10n on I n d ia,
.
they were sure that
. isuse
expecting to find their t d y some uns crupu lous busmesses .
. Th ey were
r a emarks on aut . .
?ro~ucts. To their utter horror, the . . o par ts or other mechanical
infringem ent of th · _ d Y discovered that the most prominent
eu tra emark was d b .
manufactu red a line of n , d one Y Hypo Hindustan , wh o
underwea r appeared in1 t~n s u~ erwear called Benz. Ads promoting Benz
leading TV channels. B e maJor ne~spaper s and magazines and on the
. d enz underwea1 also made use of the famous three-
p~int~- st ~~- ~f Mercedes by using in1agery of an underwea r clad man
exten. ing is limbs to form a three-poin ted star in a metallic circle.
Daimler Benz took the matter to the courts and the courts immediate ly
ruled in their favour.

applicatio n, together with a declaration stating the reason for the request and a
payment of the fee five times the application fee. ,
' If the Registrar of Trade Marks is satisfied with the reason, the examinatio n
of the applicatio n is expedited and the examinatio n report is issued within
three months of the date of the request. If such a request is rejected after the
hearing, the fee paid is refunded.
The registratio n is valid for ten years and is renewable for subsequen t
consecutiv e periods of ten years. Non-renew al leads to a lapse of registration .
H owever, a lapsed registratio n can be easily restored.
Reciproci ty for the purpose of claiming priority is now allowed from the
ap plications originatin g from the Paris Conventio n countries if filed within six
mo n ths of the date of priority.
The courts in India have recognized the internation al rep utation of fo reign
trade mar ks and trade nan1es and the significanc e of their protection . Marks
such as those of Amway, Whirlpool and Fe rrari have received pro tectio n
through j udicial decisions in India.

Cancellat ion
\J _ re ti o n fur ca n ce ll ation or rectificatio n or registratio n of a trademark
. 1 .1 ppl l 6,1 f-1 ci l)\ -•g·<T1·1·eved parties for example , th ose cla1m111g to be pnor
ca n o n \' c 1 t' 1 . 0
h ,
 Exhibit 3.2
Domain Names
T he Unifo n n Don1a in Nan1e Dispu le Reso luti on Po lic y ( L DRP ) \,\' d "i c·· .
- ~ 1rl 1
1is he d by the Inte rn e t Corp oratio n fo r Ass i gneJ '.\f
J-

;.1n1 c s a rid \u JJdJ c•r,

(lCAN N ) ior resolu tion of dispu tes regar ding regisl rat.ion of' In t.c: rriu dr )r i . • ·
t d IT
J
nan1e s. I

\Nh e n choos ing a do1na in name , th e regist ranL m U)l. ' r c pr t<.,cn1 ~ni rJ
warra nt', an1on g other things , that regist ering the name ' will not i nfrin~<~UfJ<J ri
or otherw ise violat e the rights of any third party ' . ~rhe reg jstran r. m U \l. ;-,I ,,
1
agree to partic ipate in an arbitr ation proce eding s in case any thi r d pan: rJ\~t n
a clai1n.
In a UDRP proce eding , the panel will consid er factor s such as gi\'en bt lrJ I.\··
(i) Is the defen dant regist rant's doma in name iden tical or con fu singl y ~irni-
lar to a trade mark in which the comp lainan t has rights .
(ii) Does the defen dant have any rights or legitim ate intere sts in the name.
(iii) Did the defen dant regist er the name in bad faith .
The goal of the UDRP was to stream line the proce ss for re solvin g such
dispu tes, makin g it quick er and cheap er than a stand ard le g al challe nge .
Howe ver, a party dissat isfied by the UDRP decisi on may challe nge the decision
in a court of law.
Some intere sting doma in name dispu tes are given below :

A1icr0soft.com: Zero Micro softw are regist ered this doma in name (with a zero in
p lace of the seco nd 'O '). The regist ration was cance lled a fter Mic rusolt
p rotest ed.

vVWFc:om: The doma in n ame wwf.c om is with the World Wrest li n g fe deration.
a profes siona l ·w restlin g organ izatio n , where as wwf.o rg is the website of \ \'orld
WildJj fe Fund .

Peta .org: Curre ntly, this doma in n an1e is wit h the very well-k no,"·n world wiJ e
organ izatio n, Peop le for Eth ica l 1reatn1ent of Anin1 a ls (PE~L\) . \1 u ch
to ihe
disrna y of PE~I1\ , ic)r so rnc time it used to be with a noth er orga ni zation callin g
itself ' Peopl e Eatin g 'E1sty A ni rnals.'
.\fclJm/(/!d\. tom: /\n ,lltlh o r took thi s do1n ain 11a1ne to exp lo re th e value ?f
dcnn~lin 11 ;1 11H-,. He ga\'c ii to i\1cDo nald Cor pora tion in exc han ge fo r cor11m
it-
ri1<:nt , li\, { h;1riL1 hlc clo r1;1 t i ons.
 ln! P!lt1clual PrnfJnl_)' 59

u se rs of the m a rk A , - • ~ .
. . · n ap p 11cat10n tor ca nce ll at1011 mu ~, he fil ed with the
Registrar ot Trade Marks or the Appe 11 ate Boarc.1
. .
. 1
f. h e fo. llowmg are some o f tl 1e usua . . .
gro und s on th e IJasi s n l wh ich the
reg1strat1on of a trademark can be removed or cance lled:
1. The applicant did not intend to use the tradem ark in th e norm a l course
or_trade and there has been no bona fide use of the trademark for tb e time:
being up to the d a te three months before the date of the app li cation for
removal.
2 · There has been no bona fide use of the trademark for a con tinuou s period
of five years from the date on which the tr ademark was actually entered
on the register or longer, during which the trade m ark was registered.
3. The trademark was wrongly registered. Before this trademark came in to
being, there was an established trademark that was identical or decep-
tively similar.

Rights Conferred by Registration

The registration of a trademark gives the registered proprietor the exclusiv e
right to use the trademark in relation to the goods or services for which it ts
registered and to obtain relief with respect to infringemen t of the same.
Registration acts as a public notice to others, inform ing them that they should
not use the trademarks that are registered or pending for registration.
Trademarks can also be assigned, licenced , or transfer red with or witho u t
transmi tting the goodwill of the company. There is a process for registration of
all agreements that involve transmitting a trademark with out the good wi ll of
the company.

Infringement of Trademarks
Registration of a tradema r k is a p~erequisi_tc for in itiatin g an in_fr_i~1g~_mcnt
act1on· . ~fl1e reg1·stered proprietor, his/her heirs a nd u sers_can _. to1 1nh 111ge-
. sue
· of a registered trademark ca n a lso su e fo r mf rmg-L'Jlle11 l. fhe
m e nL A n ass ignee . · . . . . _ . . .· . "
·
-o 11 owing - t'a l conditions mu st ex ist for 1111tJat10 n oi :rn 111111n ge 111 enl
i cssen 1
action:
l. The a ll ege dl y infrin g in g mark must be e ith e r id e11 1ictl or dccepti ,·ely simi -
br to tbc reg isLe rc d lrad e mark . . - -. .
·11 . ds/~e1·vice~ i 11 re la Lion to "d1ich the allcgedl) rn{nng111g r~1 a1k is
c) H. goo · - · · 1· I st => r">cl
, 11s.·t I >c, .SJ)''c·i·fi cJ ll \' cover ed by, the r egis Lra tH)ll o t ie reg1. e c
u,c < 111
I '-- , . c

t1 1dcrn ;1rk.
(tO , · I f:1t l et inl,tp

I li e tl 'l l ' llf'! ll(' ;i llcgn ll y inJ ri11g i11 g m ark ll1U S1 be in ll1L' cour'lt 0 1 tr;id c.
l lH· ll"it ' 11111.-,1 he in such a man ner as LO rencle 1· th e> use lik el y 10 be L<1kc 11 ;1'>
l wi 11g 11 'le d ;1s a trademark.
,\ t l'g i'i lc rC' d Lr,1dc111ark (RTM) is also i11fringed by u se or ;1 mar k \\' hc11
l)t' ( ,I ll'i l' or
• it s icl c nl i1 y wi ll1 RTM and sim ilaril y ,,v ith good s/sen-·ices coYcred by rcgis-
Lrallon;
• iLs sirni l,1rit.y wiLh RTM and id entit y with goods/se rvices covered by regis-
Lra tion; or
• it.s icknLi ty with RTM and id e ntit y wit/1 goo ds/se rvices covered by regis-
tration
i1 is like ly 10 cause contusion on th e pa rl or the publ_i c _(in c~se 3 above,
confusion is presumed), or wh ich is li ke ly Lo ha ve an assooat1on with th e RTM.
Han identical or similar ma rk is used with respect to goods or serv ices th at
are not simi lar to those for which an RTM is registered , such use amounts to
infringeme nt if an RTM h as reputation in Indi a and the use of the mark
without due cause takes unfair ad van Lage of, or is detrim ental to , the distinctive
character or repu te of the RTM.
Under the TM Act, the following acts would also amount to an infringeme nt
of the RTM:
I. Use of the RTM as a trad e nam e or p art of the trade name dealing in sa me
goods or services for which the RTM is registered.
2. Use of the trademark in advertising if such advertising takes unfair ad van-
tage of and is contrary to the honest practice in indu strial or commercial
matters, or is detrimenta l to its distinctive character ; or is against the
reputation of the tracJernark.
Under the TM Act, even verbal use of the mark can constitute infringement.

Passing Off
T he user of an unregistere d trademark is barred from instituting an infringe-
n1 c nt acrion. However, if the ma rk in question has become well known in India,
th e user of' such a trademark is not without recourse and m ay seek a remedy by
me a ns of a passing-off action . The purpose of this tort is to protect co mm ercial
goodwil l ,1nd to c 11su re th;1t the user's business reputation is not exp loited.
Sin ce business goodwi ll is a n ,1sset and, therefore, a species of p roper ty, the l,i_\''.
l
pi ntect"i it agai n.st cnc ro:ichrncnr as such. In a p ass in g-off action, th e plainun j
 fnl t LLect11 a/ Pro/Jerly 61

Exhibit 3.3
Rediff vs Radiff
1·
Rc: d if Lc.o m is on e of I h , It,.dc111g .
c l ncl1anwc b ·· t · · I . .
h e;1clqu..-1 rterecl in M I . . s1 cs . I wa.., lo1111d c cl m J 996 and .is
• .. um )a1. It provid es e-m ·1 . .. · . .
f ac dJ! V a nd news It I a 1 , mc~sc1gin g \CfV ICl:", '-ihoppmg
. '' . .
r

1as over 250 emp lo . - d \. . . . ,

online use rs . yees an uo asL<., o f C)vc, '=j () rn illion

One of the most si(J'nifica nt ch II " .. : . .

named racl1'ffco n 1 b d a enges It .faced was tn ] 999, when cl \\'(:f>\it.c
r

· ·•
<:tppeare o n tiie scene p · ·
., d ··t·r . . eople a t red1H .co m ,got worried that
ld i .com m10-ht be tr . l .
v.. •·l O ying to cas 1 m on the brand cre ated by redirf.com .
1 11 sty, users who have typ d 111 · h d .
. d't'f· e t e omarn name wrongly can land up in
l a I .com There was al so a poss1·b·1· 1 1ty th at co n su m ers can get confu sed
· c ,
·
bet,veen , the two si m1·1 a1- sounc1mg .
. names. Very soon, red1ff com filed a suit
against Cyberto oth, the company behind radiff.com .
The defence put up by Cybertoo th was primarily based o n the following
po1n ts:

• The word 'radiff' is made up by taking the first three lette rs of the word
' radical' and the first letters of the words 'inform a tion ', 'future,' a nd
'free.' I ts origins have nothing to do with rediff.com .
• The do1nain name 'radiff.co m' has been registere d wi th NIS, th e official
agency for registeri ng domain names.
• T he two websites are engaged in entirely differe n t businesse s. Rediff.co m
is a portal that offers a variety of services, including e-mail, shopping . and
me ssaging, whereas radiff.co m just provides hyperlin ks to the vvebsites of
its advertis ers .
• T h e web us e r is an aware and sophistic ated individua l and vvill not be
confused by th e a ll eged similarity in th e names .
T he court was no t co n vin ced by the arg um ents put forth by Cy benooth ...md
· . [;-·avour o r·1·ecljfl•corn. C ybertoo th was g i \'en thre e months rn rc1 11m c·
· ru le d m
1t
th e \ ·\I e b si Le .

. 1 or ge t-u rJ-t h e use or which ll\ rhc defen·

- k 11 ·1m e
1· I '
> t· bl1 sl1 trnl t 1e m(H,
m 1t s·t cs j' I· '/h ·r g·ood s 111 i!w c,cs o t,1l
L ' ,- •
.d . · L • • • •

. I . . . f' t l <· ·1c tion-1s d1 suncu vc o .11 s l .

(!;.ult J"i su ) JCC. l o t • _c . I . ·/I ., . 1, J 1·e ick1niiin l i11 th e mark er .b\' ,1
. . _ . I' I l · · ,HI t l1 ;.1 t 11 s 1c:T gone s.. i)'' n,n,·c ,·tcc\ into .
pub lIC or< l ,LS S <> P'') ,c a . _1. . .. 1 :1 co rnbmecl
. ·k . . I ol /\ pas'.'. Jl\ g- o 1 s111 t ,lll . " ..
p ;tr11C\1Ll r rn;.11 ()I ") m) . , .. · / rr i r1 l1 c rc()" is1r,lli o 11 or the trad e mark IS
. , { i1d 1i11(J c 111c111 ;.t1 1d p ,t<.;s111 g ol , .·
h ..
o !{ suit
.
,!t 1101 , <> ,-,
I I I ,r· · 1hcfi 11;tlh c arin go 1 t1<: p ass 111 g- . .
: ~,) t; l I! H '( )( { ll (
62 F n/ rt>/Jrrneu nlnp

Orde rs in Infri ngem ent and Passi ng-O ff Suits

In an action for infrin geme nt or a regist ered trad e ma rk , . ·
, ) 1 in an . .
passi ng off for eithe r a regist ered or an unreg istere d mark th .
.l . . . ,. dct i<>n lri1
01 c e1 an l~Junc~10n. The court may aJso pass an order Lo award ' c couq
darn • , rn;,.,
acco unt of profit s lost along with the delive ry or the infrin i,i w
. 1 . rtgt, r)n
destr uctio n or erasu re. In addit ion to the civil remed i.es, !he ·r,.., .\.1 ,..,/\crn d r k\ 1
• ',r
string ent crimi nal provi sions relati ng to offenc es and p e n alti e~ . · 1 <<> nt·
'1l r:
India n court s have been proac tive in grant ing ord ers again ~, th,,
.
infrin ging don1a in name s. In the www. yahoo .com vs yahoo ind ia.corn'- I J ,1· r
c.,hr.
has been held that " the doma in name serves the same fu nction as a traclerr
•· · ·
and is not a mere addre ss or like findin g numb er on th e Intern et, and · ld r,
, th cr,
fore , it is entitl ed to equal prote ction as a trade mark ."
Often , new ventu res negle ct to appro ach the issu e of tradem arks
in c1'
organ ized way. It is impo rtant for entre prene urial fi rms to establi
1,h !
trade mark in the early days of the enter prise and to prote ct it once
it gc·
establ ished . The follow ing path is sugge sted for firms in creati ng and
deali n,
with their intell ectua l prope rty in the form of trade mark s.
·
1. Selec t Trade mark

The trade mark select ed shoul d be distin ctive. Ther e shoul d not be
any scopt
fo r confu sion with existi ng trade mark s. Not only is it bad for busine
ss . it ,~
unlike ly ro be regist ered by the Regis try of Trade 1nark s. Also, the
tradem ark
shoul d be appea ling to the consu mers.

2. Search and Register

A feVI· select ed Lrade marks shoul d be subm itted at the Regis try of Tracle 1
m, :-.,~
for a paid searc h . Even the unlike liest of trade m arks could hav e been
\'isu.1l ILrc
an d r egiste red by so m eone in the past. This searc h will virtua ll y elimin
,Hc l!h
possib ility of a sin1 ilar trad em a rk h av ing been regis tered earli er.

3. Establish Trade m ark

The tr;HIC'r?Jcirk c ,1 1 he es tab li sh ed in th e rnark e L by brand buildi ng

c~ posurc. ,\
trJdc.:m ;ir k i.., t''ila l;Ji.., Ji cd l) y build in g recog nition . /\deq ualt' inv estme 1
nts ha,·e 1
(

he rnaclc i 11 ; 111 ;rppn1 p 1i11c ~1d vcr1is i11 g and n1 a rk.c tin g str,Hegy.
4. Prote cting Tradf 'mark
'f ·J 1 1
,,c tt .t< i cr1lc1• J· " •
P~ <>l ee lnJI by reg ul a rl y sc111 nin g 1:he
h . • . LiOil ~
m arke t for 1mita. .
111 11 ;itiern ph ()f p:,~-.,ing ,;[L The mark et bas
to be moni tored by the sales te,iJJ 1
 , , lntl'! /1'rl ual Pro jJnt1· 63
l lie Jou rrw/ of· 'Fmd ·/ ·
· . e111m <s h;1s L0 1
1r;1clcmarks de ~ .' · 1
c sc rnn ed Lo er • - . II· .· . . .
> not gtt regtsll'rcd . · ) 'i U H lat sim ila r or 1den1 1cal

COPYR IGHT

\-:J'hc C:opv1 ·ight ACL 1957 l . .

r I ' a ong with th e Cop .· h R I
• ' - .
law ior copyright protect· . I . y 1ig t u cs, I !Vi8 , l"> I he (,,,, ·t r n i rw
. . . ion 1n nd1a. Co _. l . . ,., I')
righ ls for certain kinds 1· . II . py1 ig 11 laws se rve lo c r u11 r: pr <JfKrt v
. · 0 mte ectu a l pr o . . ,
011.//wnhijJ . Copyright law - _ perty, ge n e1all y ca lled i1 '() rl:1 r,f
, s p t otec t t11e legal ri ght • f th . · , •
work by preventing oth e rs fro - . so e ~reator of an o r ,grn a. l
m rep1 oducm g the work in any other way.

Kinds of Intellectual Property

Modern copyright Jaw .
. s sei ve to protect a vari.ety of-_ inte ll ecLu al properf\
rang1ncr from songs and ·· 1
t:i . Jing es to compute r soft wa re and pro· prietan,
databases.
_. The intellectual property protecte d un d er copyrigh · t laws can be,
cl assified as follows.

Literary Works
- T hese cover published works, including books, articles, j o u rnals, and period i-
cals, as well as manuscripts. Even adaptations, translations and abridgements
a re taken as original works and are protected under copyright law. Very im-
po r ta ntl y, these also cover computer programs and computer databases .

Dramatic Works
A dramatic work is a work capable of being phys ically performed . It need n Ol
be fi xed in writing or otherwise. Son1e examples of dram atic wo rk.s are a pit'Cc
o f re cita tion, choreo gr a phic work , elements o[ a d a nce or balle t, costume'). ,rnd
scene ry associ a Le d vvith a dra m a, etc.

Musical Works
.· .. l . -k me a n s · t wo r k con sistin g or mu sic and it iucltHk~ -2.r.1ph it",tl
,\ n1u s1c1 w oi · ' ·\ · · ]n\ ' 'L' !) lLllt'
. . f. . .}. . k -r~h e \.\' () r cl s in a s() n g cl n ( t 1ll~ 111 LI~ l l • t
I • '
I ) () ! a Ii O I l () \ ll C l d \\ 0 I · ·
1 ig ht-.; ;-u1 d Il i c r ig h1 s ca n nor be m e rged .

Artistic Works . · ws en o-ra\' in gs,

·k ·, s
', II CIJ scu lp ture.'\ , (1!;l \ \ll t, · '
rni 11ti11 gs. t, I' .
\ 11i ,1i < \\ <> r ks ,i re \, n i " ' ·· ' · J' · j(re m enl -" on l i eir
. .. I v,or k~ ine~pl't t1,-c o .JUC n
1, '1 0 !< 1'~ l' t1jlli '- , ,i nd ;11( I11tc< 11 11 ,1 - ,

''. t ii...t ,< q1 1,ili l \.

64 Fnl 1t>/11t'11 1·11nl11/1

Cinematographic Films and Sound Recordings

, . e matography cove rs any met h o d us-eel co
Cin . record
. movin g- im ages ' includ tng
·
vid eo recording ;:ind recordings of short clips usmg we bc.<_1 m _s a n d ce ll p hones.
So undtra cks of movies also come under cinematography. Similarl y, sta n d -alone
sound recordings are also protected under copyright laws.

Registration of Copyright
Though the Indian Cop yright Act provides for a procedure fo r registration of
cop yright, registration is not necessary for acquiring a copyright. I n fact, it is
not advisable to go through the trouble of registering a copyright. In Indi an
la,"·s, a cop yright is created when the original work is created and unlike laws in
rhe US , registering it does not confer any special rights. Th e particulars with
the Registrar of Copyrights will serve as evidence of existence of the work on
the date of registration. Many creators of original work use oth e r meth ods to
prove existence of their work on a particular date such as depos iting
manuscripts in a bank locker.

Copyright Protection

Ji~ ;::s:~\~~~:.
1
basic concepts central to the idea of copyright protection as

Idea vs Expression

le is _nece~sary to fix the boundary between the ide .

contarned m the original wo k I . . a and th e expression
r . t is important to note th . . .
onl y to the ex pression and not t th .d at cop yrig h t app lies
o e I ea. But what . . ci
n ot the e xpressi o n ca n be a sou f constitutes the idea an
" rce o great legal deba te .
Originality

·ro getp ro tection und e r cop yri ht J . ' . . .

work or igina tes fro m th - h g_ d ~ \'\ S, it is importa nt to es ta blish rlur the
. e a u t or an is not a copied work .
Fixa tion

_c~op ) l ig!i 1 C tl l c xi-. 1 on ly i[' tl . k.

1f J I . i c wo r , is re . ". I.
t w Jook 1s '" r ir t<·n, t·h <- . . p, <:se n Lee tn a mate ri a l fo rm . It is on lv
C \c · 1, ! 1 I . - S<Ht nd is r ecord ed · • •I · . ·
c.ti C: ( • LIi r/w W()t k i , -, - . ' rn t.i e p a intin g or sculptu re is
.., t 1, h i 1JIc f(Jt' l >rr . .
Jte c r1on und e r cop yri g h t laws.
 f nlellff lual Propnly 65

fair Use

Copy right holde rs are deem ed to . . . .

d conse nt Lo fair use oJ their work bv others .
·
F.cur •, . . . ; .
use is not efined but can i l d
. . . nc u e us e m Lhe co u rse o J ne w!i rtpo run g ,
comm entin g, soent1 fic resear ch , etc.

Copy right Term

·.c ·
In most cases ' the term of copy1.·1g h t 1·s t h e 111et1m e of th e a uth or plu ') 6() vcaPi
. . '
therea fter. There are s ome nota bl e excep tions as given be low:
ca':>L\.
1. Broad castin g organ izatio n has rights with respec t to th eir broad
yec:Jr
The t~rm of this right is 25 years from the begin nin g of the calend ,u
follow ing the year in which the broad cast is mad e.
2. Perfo rmers have some specia l rights in relatio n to their perfo rmanc e .
calen-
These rights are for a period of 50 years from the begin ning of the
dar year follow ing the year of the first perfo rmance.
3. In case of posth umou s public ations , the rights stand for a
period of 60
years after the public ation.

Infrin geme nt of Copyright

nts
A copyr ight grant s protec tion to the creato r of an origin al work and preve
creato r of a
such work from being copie d or repro duced witho ut conse nt. The
work can prohi bit anyon e from
etc. .
• repro ducin g the work in any form, such as print, sound , ,·ideo,
• recor ding the work in comp act disks , casset tes, etc. ,
• broad castin g it in any form,
.
• transl ating it into other langu ages, and
a public perfo rmanc e, such as a stage drama or rnus1c ..d
• usmg · t h e wo1·k for
. . . . ,
perfo rman ce.
• t 1s · 1n · . d ',vhen so ·m eone ' w1tl10u t the perm1
· f nngc ss1011 ()I th t
. .. .
A co yngh y Lh e cop, nglt r holdt. 1 has
p f th c e above vvhich onl
copyr ight holde r, doe s any O ' · l

• 1· ~- •
th -· elusiv e right to do . .d 1· . boLl1 ci\'il ·rnd crinun al rcmct Jl' .'i . , 01
. e. e x . . h Act pro v1 es o1 . ..
() ·:i n i11f'rin ot·mc111. the cop~-r1 glH
The Cop yng f t ·of) .)'I' .t g·Ilt.S.. 7
p
1·0 , ·1·11 0-
. d
. .. . I
f' . .
h
.
<
s
"
·incl urdcr !'or ,
s1.. 11u 1-c an
mf nn gc. rn e nls o c . e d y b y way o 111.J u . 11(·t1.(rn
- ,
.. 1 J
O\\.' Ilt.:r is cntl t ec to J~
11
l . I . . ,··1 .. 11
· ·, 1 li1 w 1nrric s 111 ;1 \ :1ls() bl· :1sk.ccl w
. . f'1.. 111 g· cl rt I l (: S. .. 1 ( 0 CI l h '
[. 111
destr u c tion ° ,n g
pav dama ges. . ·e n ~n t Ll1 e impor t of
P' .
( ! Co jJ )' riglll-; l1a s rh cl .jJ O\'\'C I , RegisLrar c, 11 1 enre
to _ ·I . .
1 s 11ps .
r hc Rcgis t r ~1 r > , . . 1
. . £"' ()n ,-cu·1 ,111 g· a comp arnt. t 1c
inlri 11:2,ing <<>P ,.1 ·
' 6G I. JI/; I jlJ 1' 1/ ( Ill ,/11fl

d () ck-;, o r wa re ho u ses , }~o u:i

ng the a~leg ~d inf rin gi _n g_ m a te
1 I1c 111. r 11 ca 5 e th e rn fn n g I n g m a
ri al and cx ;cunin <:
~
te n a I 1s fo u n d , 1t 1s h a nd ed
<< 1py rig l ll ho ld er.
<
ov e r t 'J I·
, L l l'.

Copyright Pro tection for Co

mp ute r Programs
In J 99 4 , th e de fin itio n of the
ter m literary wo rk in th e Co py
a me nd e d to inc lud e "co mp ute rig ht Au ,,·,i \
r pro gra ms , ta ble s an d com pil a tio n s, includ
com pu te r clata b ase s . ,, i n,,
)'J
Ow n e rs of co mp ute r pro gra
ms ge t pro tec tio n un de r co
co mp ute r pro gra m can be reg p yri g h t laws . .\
ist ere d wi th the Re gi str ar of
giv ing the firs t 25 an d the las Co p yrigh ts b,
t 25 lin es of the sou rce cod e.
pre fer red to est abl ish da te of He re aga in , it i'I
de ve lop me nt b y sub mi ttin g log
dev e lop me nt wo rk, etc . bo oks det a ili ng
Ma kin g cop ies of leg all y ob tai
ne d co mp ute r pro gra m s for
m a kin g ba ck -up cop ies as pu rpo ses of
a tem po rar y pro tec tio n a g
de str uct ion is pe rm itte d. Kn ow a in st dam age or
ing l y ma kin g use of an inf ri ng
com pu ter pro gra m is a pu nis hab ing cop y of a
le off enc e . Th e pe na lty for suc
im pri son me nt (m ini mu m of sev h an offe nce is
en day s an d ma xim um o f thr
fin e (Rs . 50 ,00 0 to Rs. 2,00,000 e e yea rs) and a
) . If the off end e r ple ad s an d
use d the inf rin gin g cop y for per pro ves tha t he/ she
son al use an d no t in the co ur se
is likel y to tak e a len ien t view of of tra de , cou rt
the ma tte r an d im po se the mi n
50 ,00 0 . im u m fine of Rs .

PATENTS
CA pa ten t co nfe rs mo no po l y rig hts on the inv e nto r for a lim ite d pe rio
T h ese rig hts a re s up po sed to d of time .
act as inc ent ive s fo r pro mo ti ng
nev v pro du cts. In Ind i a dev elo pm ent of
, pa ten ts are go ve rne d by th
e Pa te n ts Act, 1970, but
the re h ave bee n a nu mb er of
sub seq u e nt am e nd m e nts. Be ing
TR I PS a g ree m e nt , Ind i a is un a pa rty to tht'
de r an ob lig a tio n to kee p its
confc>rlll it y with th e TR I PS p p ate nt l,rn ·s in
r ov isio ns >

Cr ite ria for Patentab ilit y

1
, ·\ p:1 1c I 11 do cs I 1< JI p1o t cc t <-In
id ea bu t it pro tec ts th e inv e nti
o n , whic h is Llie
i n;r nil t·s t;i t i crn or
tl1 c idc ~,. N ot ~ill inn ov a ti
ve pro d uct s ;1re 'in \'e nti o ns' wit
1!1 c dcl ini1 io1 1 r>f" 1l1C' l\1Lc11 hin
1s /\c t. Th e te rm i m_1n lfio n
.\c1 ,t, '· : 1 11 <' \\ p 1()d t1 <1 r>r p1o is d e fin e d in th e Paten ts
cc ss in vol vin g ,111 inv
e nti ve ste p a nd cap abl e_o f
i11r l 11,1 1 i;d :1p plic ;1t i()J
1_· , h <>Ill thi s d c:l i11i1i o n
o f a n in ve nti o n , thr ee cri t eri,1
I) 111 ·1it .1h ili1 v <·1nc1g L·- 110\'c lL: to r
, ut i lit v, ;1 11d in ve nti ve ste
p :-~
 /n/ 11 /lfflurd Pro/ml_> 67
Novelty

Pate nts a r e not a-ra nted f _ . .

p ublic. Fo r exa ntple OI mv enttons t h at arc a lrea d y we ll known to Lhe
' no one has a pai-ent r01 . . I I I
that someone ca n .1 1 d a w i ce )UL I ha1 doc~s ,101 mean
c: PP Y an get a patent £01. J· . 1,. . .
rJatentable ' it h ast 0 b e new at th e t11ne
. t l dt. or c1 11 in vcn t,on 10 he
of ti1e ·rn vent1 ·on I)Y ·it s ori·g-in;.il
· •
1r1 v u11 1J r.
Utility

The invention mu st be c . bl ·f · d . . . .
. . apa e o 111 ustnal ap_p l1 cat1on , which can alsCJ nK ,ir1
t l1a t t11.e 1nvent1on should h
, ave t l1e potential
. to be of be nefit Lo someone.

Inventive Step

I~ventive ste~ , also called non-obviousness, asks whether an inve ntion is a <,ig-
rnficant technical advancement. A pate nt may not be awarded if th e difference
between the new invention and the existing alternatives is substanti al.
The Indian Patent Act lists all innovations th at are not classi fi ed a~
inventions, within the provisions of this act, and, thus , a re not patentable . Some
of these innovations are listed below :
• Inventions that are frivolous or contrary to established natural laws .
• Inventions, whose primary uses are contrary to morality or can cause
harm to humans or the environment.
• The n1.ere discovery of a scientific principle without manifesting it in a product.
• Discovery of a new use of an existing substance .
• A new method of agriculture.
• A business method. _ .
· ocess· Process patents were available Gue lnd1a ll,1~
• A manu f:actunng pr · . . . .. . . . . . .
·t a te nt regune to comp ly wit h its 111t e1 11at1on,tl co111-
n1oved on to pro d uc P( · ·
. . · 1 bu siness processes can be pat e nted tn the LS .
m1tments . Inte1 es trn g y, .

A I ing for a Patent Right . . . .

PP y . .. t,.,. cl <Jn ·1 firsr -to-ctJJPI " has1s .. \ppl1 l ·a 11011 11>1 .1
· · h ts a re (TJ ci n . _ ' · . · .
In India, patent ng . b . . . . b\· the i n\'entor s rcpn·~cnt.111,L .
.
, ~ Cl
1 d b ' the inve11L01 m . . . . .
,1. t ent ngh1 cc1nbe e _ ) . . . _,, t • l ·tt ]),tr \\'ilh l1 1c.l1,111 .1ppiILll ll '- . I Ill
P . . ,· . li cants a1e ti e<l ec '
Here a lso , [ore1 ~n t:tP_P. ~1L r ig- Ins is discus~etl hclO\,.
entire proce~s ()I obtai ning pate1 L

1. Filing Application i:-. (ilcd . .I J) ( ,l:-il' 1 liL' l ' L' ,Ul' ~()111C
. ·red <>I t lh c· cL.1, it
. · l l'i J11J1JJ 1JC . . l ' tHI , :, 1)rL"IJll1 111.t 1,
r he Jj>j) l 1G\(l <)l . I . ar)r)li c;i rinn . 1lic p , J( t' 111 11 lf I l l :>
1J1 l ll
c1 l n in 11, (' )TOI ~
 Exhibit 3.4
Process for Registering a Pa ten t

FIL IN G OF TH E
AP PLICATIO N On th e d ate the app lica lio n is lilt: d,
it i~ 11unilH ' H·d .

MEETI NG Ge ner alJ y wit hin a monLl1 _or filin g

PROCEDURAL th_< · appli< a tio11 , th<:
Pat ent Office sen ds a _p re li_m ,_n ary 0
OBJE CT IO NS ~~1 1011
has Lo be con1 pl ied w1t li w1th1n a spc ~'<_1 . kt I t·1, wli ir li
cd 1c·d t1n H· Ji 1n 11 _

•
PU B LICAT IO N
OF TH E
Th e app lica tio n is pub li:b eci in the
is ope n to pub lic afte r e1g h te e n m_o
filing of app lica tion or th e d ~te o l
Offici,tl CMc-tt< itri<i
n~h .i, _from_the d:-it,, rl
pno n~ y o_f tJH·
AP PLICATI ON app lica tio n wh ich eve r is ear h_er. An
app1Jcat1~m ftJt
ear lier pu bli cat ion cou ld be ble<l by
the app lica nt .

A req ues t for exa mi nat ion to b e fil

REQUEST FO R ed by th~ applicant
or any oth er int ere ste d per son wi thi
EXAMINATIO N n 36 1nonth-, rron i
the dat e of pri ori ty or filing of the
pat ent app lica tion ,
wh ich eve r is ear lier .

PRE-GRANT Wi thi n 3 mo nth s fro m the da te of

pub lica tio n or before
OP PO SIT IO N the gra nt of pat ent , wh ich eve r is late
r, any per son may
file opp osi tion on lim ited gro un ds.
·

FIRST Th e f:x an: iine r of Pat ent s is req uir

ed Lo iss ue a Fir st
EXAMINATIO N Ex am ma t10 n Re por t, wit hin on e n1o
nth bu t not exceedin,:
REPORT th~ ee mo ~th s fro m the dat e of the
ref ere nce. Th is Rep011
rais es van ous sub sta nti ve and pro
ced u ral objections.

MEETING TH E Th e _applica:it h as to con1pl y wit h

the o~j ect ion s to pt~l till·
OFFICIAL app lica tion m ord er fo r acc ept a n ce
wit hin 6 rnonlh:- from
OBJECTIONS the da te of the Re po n. T his pe rioci
cou ld be e:xtend nl
b\· an oth er thr ee mo nth s by filing an
ei feet. ;1pp li c,tt ion 10 tlu 1

1,f the ap plic ~nt co mp

GRAN T OF TH E li es wi th obj eni on- .; r.Lisccl 111 tile FiD
~ 1a I em en L of Ol? ject.ion s wit t
PATENT hin n· 11101nhs (L''.\.t c 11dahle b,
,) mo nt h..., ) fro m th e dat e or
Virst SL11c111 c nl. Llsc tht'
~t pp licat.ion is d e ma nd to h aH ' bcl 'n
abn ndo ned .

( POST-GRANT! \-~i d.1i 11 ~)tic ~ }l'd 1. fro _m the dat e ofp

~b lic
P• 1I.u 1_L c1 11, pe t s_on 1n~crcsted 1nay 'l1Je a ;1ti o11 of~III.·a111n\'.:~ ·
1
· OP P() S_ 11l 0~J
n Oppos <
r!H gr 011 ncb cul1sLe d 111 Sec
-- - tio n 25(:3) . ~
1:,!.) 1,, 111
1
!nr/111, \.i-, hith lk-,;1 i ;rnd J\~s oc i;
11 0 ,, ~00 5
 69
n IJj c CL io n Ie t t er \vi t 11 . ..
111
, · monLh (' (T d
oL~Ject1ons has to be se l . I. () 'in g th (' ;.1ppl i(~1tiCJ11 .
n W tl 1111 lh e ~pec ili cd iinH·. A r <·ph I r1 1 li c:-.c

1. .
2. Publication of the A
PP 1cat10n

T he a pplica ti o n is publi shed in ti1 ~ f·r· .·. I

O icia gaz<·I Le· ·1/ t
. t1on
ap p 11ca
. .
· N · l . .e J"'
. ow, t 1e patent is m publi v·., . ' er, () TIJC1 l il r 1 , ,, 1tl iws
L f llw
. ,. ,
oppos1t1ou of the gTa t \"! . l . c i ew tlrH I dlJ >· IH ' J . , ,m r <111 fJI,. f<n
. n . '\ I t 110 36 month s r r· 1· }
app 11Ca nt can request for a11 e rJ rn g I 1( · clfJJJ lir ;.JI JfJfl , tlw
• • ()

xamin atton .
3. First Examina tion Report

T he exa1niner of pate t · fi . .
. n s iss ues a 1rst examrnau on repon , whi c. h ( fJrtl:-.ii n'-1
views
. . on any opposit1·on filI e d t·11
1 d ate. Tl11s
· repon may ra1<ie · a va r ·,et ,. d
objections a nd the applicant has up to six month s to rep ly to Lh e~c <J bj<.:ction -,.
4. Gran t

Patent rights are granted if the applicant complies with all the ol~jection s raised
within six months. Otherwise, the application is de e med to h a, t: hten
abandoned.

5. Post-grant Opposition
Any interested person may file an oppositio n on tenable ground s, wi Lhin ont:
year of the date of publication of gr ant of a patent. :
I ndians cannot file for patents abroad unless any of th e fo llo\,·ing conclirion ~
are m et:
1. \Vritten perm1ss10n · · to do so has been obtained from th e C:orni-olier cJi
Paten ts. . .
c h sa me in vention h as been filed 1n Indi a a L k,l 'l L .;,i~ \ \ t' t k,
2. A patent 1or t e
Jrior to .fi ling it abroad. . . .
l . 1- - tenL use d to be 1-4 ,-car~; n o \, , ll h urnlt irrnh
U. nu·1 r.ecen tl)', the te1
· .
m o ,l pa
Jj
' .
. ! _15 Th<..'. Lt!Til for:, p arcm <.11111, )[ '' l '
for a term of 20 years for a P' oc. uc . .
, circum stan ces.
extended un cl er an)
1
. . l , .· ,J t of r l1 c IJ ~l l l ,11 ll11l<k1 t .1 11 u t·
. . - . . ·s the a bso u1 c , ig l ~ . I
In som e un um str.111cc, . . .· J !' th e p a te111 cd ir1, t · 11f1tJ11 1.111 he i 1.. , 11 1 ft<
. , - I > l a nd c.onipu lsory li ce 11 u1 1g o . .. .
s u.'-ipc r~c <:<. , . Ilic fo llowin g- cirru111..,u11u , . .
t.o. T hi s cc111 !Jc don e i11 . . l . . . I i n tl1l· J>. t tl· 111l'll !ll\l"I l·
. . . I '.-) () f' I h (' p I ti )I t' \ \ I I 1 I ( .., p (. l
J
l. Rc (1son;i!Jlc (( ' (jllJJ C' J JJ{.Jl r·· I
.
(JOl 1
Ii '·,\'c n () I I >("'-' ll ..; ·111,
'
. .
JC ( ·
I
. · i!ilJlclOll t'jJl i ) ll , 1 '
I 1· · t 1 1 l' 1, () 1i.t· IJ I, ·,!l
•
o rd -
· > ·1 1wp;1( c 11<< I
. ! · JJ\ ' ( ' I1ll(>ll J<; ll< JI ,l\, 1 '
1
l .

. 1 I)l (. I' !"It{'.

 '.L T lw p a te ntcJ inve ntion is not aYail able in the ter r itory
of Indi a.
Co rnpu lsorv li ccnc ino- h as been reso rted to in ord e r to
. I I:, m ake avail abl .
\ , t\ ·111 g
•

drug s su ch as m th e case of A IDS m ed icine s . e 1![e,

.--\cco rdin g to the Bola r prov ision , a r ival con1 pany migh
t start resea rch , nd
d c \·e lopr nent of a drug befo re the expi ry of the 1
pate nt to e ns u re th at the
g·e ner ic equi va le nt is avai lable as soon as th e prod uct
go es o ff p aten t.

Infri nge men t

Infr inge men t of pate nt righ ts can resu lt from n1ak
ing , usin g , se lli ng, 0 r
i1np ortin g for these purp oses , the prod uct in Indi a
with out the p e r m ission rJf
the pate nt hold er. On infrin ge11 1ent of his/h er righ ts
, a pate nt hold er can filt
for an injun ction or for dan1 ages on acco unt of prof
i ts lost. Infr in geme nt in
Indi a does not lead to filing of crim inal char ges.
In case the defe ndan t in an infri ngem ent suit can prov
e that he/sh e was not
awar e of the exist ence of the pate nt, the pate ntee is not
awar ded any d am ages.
Only all infri ngin g good s are dest roye d or hand ed over
to the pate ntee .

Licencing of Patents
In case you do not have the finan cial stren gth or the orga
niza tio nal re ach to do
justi ce to your own inve ntion , it is a good idea to licen
ce it to ano ther com pan y.
How ever , an assig nme nt of a pate nt or of a shar e in a
pate nt is valid only if the
follo wing cond ition s are satis fied:
1. The re is a writ ten agre eme nt betw een the parti es cont
ainin g all th e agreed
term s a nd cond ition s.
2. An a pplic ation for the regis trati on of such an agre eme
n t is filed with the
Con troll er of Pate nts with in six n1on ths of the exec
utio n o f th e agree -
men t.
Sjmi larly , it may be poss ible to obta in pate nt right s from
a n inve nro r who is
con st rain e d by the lack of reso urce s. Such an agre
eme n t be tw ee n nr o pJni es
mu st in clu d e rrov i sio n s pert ainin g to the follo wing
facts:
1. ·f he te r m o f the agre e m ent
2. T h e tc rrito ri ;.tl excl us ivity of th e r ights
9
~). I·111,rn
.. u·c1I tc rt w, 1nclt1
· · g paym ents u f· I'1xe cI a ..J
d 1n nu \ ' clrl· ,1 lJ Ie arno un
· · ts ro
· th e
p:i tc n t hol clc r
l. ~pcc il ic;1tio 11 o l" pro d t1r1io11 ca p aciti es tu be set up
and m a rke tjn g bud get
I() lw cn rnmi lt c rl
 l11tellnt110 / Pro/Jnl_y 71

r). Commitm e nts from h

. g p er r·o rrn a nce o t· l 11e m
- <l rn - -
vention · nt hold e r re gar
t e p a te

6. Any other provisions tl 13, t b

· . may e d eemed necessary
P1·oper utilization of patents ne. . . - . . . .
c: f . . cessitates a long-te rm s trat(YY Jo r rcarJing
t I1e b eneuts o patent n hts J d. . _n ,
. . . g · u 1C1ous manageme nt of p atent n ghts can 1 c-;u lt
111 compet1t1ve advantag,e for th .
_ . e e ntrepreneurial venture. T h e va riou s wa \ S an
ent1 epreneunal venture • f. . . . ,
can gam 1om Its patents are d1 scu ssed belo w:
1. Patents can be used t . .
. . o secu1 ea tempor ary technological ]ead but th at. wi ll
be of lun1ted use : If a pro cl uct 1s . will
· success ful, large co mp a111es .
. 1mmcd1- .
atel y c_o~ne up with a substitute that does not violate th e patent r ights of
_ ono-1nal
the o · qmte
produ c t . Th.1s is · common m · the pharma indu · stry, even
after the phasing out of process patents.
2. The technological lead provided by the patent can be used b y the e n tre-
preneur to establish a trademark. In such case, eve n after the product
goes off patent, the trademark continues to provide a competitive advan-
tage. For example, 3M patented sticky adhesive notes in 1968 and enjoyed
a monopoly during the period its patent was in force . I t used this period
to establish the Post-it® trademark as a brand. Now, even afte r it has lost
patent-related rights, it continues to be in a dominant position in the mar-
ket.
3 . The venture can extend the protection given b y a p atent b y marketing
complementary products protected by different patents or it can mar ket
products composed of a number of ~atent-protected_ co mponents . In
such cases, expiration of some patents 1s offset b y th e fac t that th e other
patents are still in place. Many small sports equ ~pment manufactu rers _us_e
this method to stay compe titive. For exampl e, 1f you bu y ZI golf club , 1t is
likely to h ave separate patents cove ring th e grip , shaft. a nd club h ea d .
·1· · n a !)atents to supj)lie rs , it is possibl e to crea te power in th e sup-
ct. B y JCeDCJ b · . . · · ·
ply c h a in by tying in supplie r s. ~ ok1a used Lhi_s strategy el~e~~tl\'t',h 11~ ,1t~
. .ci·n.g u se o f th e ir 1')atents r c la un ~ to m anul actu 1co l cell
car 1y d ays b y 11ce n L

phone loud speakers a nd anten n ae . . . -

·111 - . mb1·11·ous of a n en tre prenclll· to a tr e mp l to use IL.s p tllt'lll" w
5 . Itw1 )cve r yct · · I ·cl ·
· . . . . . 1. - l s Losing th e baul e 10 ne,11t· 1ndt1~ln -" 1,mc ai s
Cr e ·1t (' 1Jl J LI S tJ )'
S ( cl Jl u d I C . . . , . . 13 , . . .
<: l. . .. . st lv e ven lc>r a n es Lahli shed pL1,'('l'. \\ 'hen Soi1Y :i eumcn
C'1Jl ) (_' \'Cl Y < () , I , · . I [ · : It
L \ ,' I i's . bccornill g th e stan d <1rd lc)r th e \'l (ko l°clS Sl' U _c 111 ( us J ), >

lo,t to · 11! ' . l . · . usei ul to take Lhc

. ,, . f'0 1. Sony 10 r eco ve r 1rorn l 11a t J 1O \\ • 11 i s . _
lilok 111;111,· \(: d i " · · . · to set 1nclu s-
. , l ' . r {'S l' thli shcd co m p c1I11 es \\'h en c.l ll l'111p L11 Ig
lwl p nt ~1 11 11111 )ll O - - ._
n st.111cL lrd...,
 GEOGRAPHICAL INDI CAT IONS (GI) Of GOO DS
. .
. . 1
·· ( . I . /\ c I q q q . c; l H · 1111 o <, I k < t i 11 s<
I · .. I l I' · t 1011s o , po{ s
I
'
ll
. .
: J..l 1 .
(,eog rap H G I 1H. tC.l . . .
.
. I ' ntilic s a prod11c1 ;i s <it 1g 1r1 , 1t111 g lr<rni .t . 1111) 11.
•l I\. · r ., phi n tl 1ncl1 ca l )()ll I{ C
20 O,, . , ge-Of:, ltl .
. ,
. Hhcr c h;ir;ic Lcns tH tt llrrl> u la li k 10 it \ d !Jl r1c
·
-ditv rcpuL ;ltJ Oll, 01 < t
LI1:1L Iias ;_1 qu , , , . .
. ·kl . . in c frorn Clia1 npa g 11C' Ill F1 ; 11H <· c ~11, lie · · 1 i, 11 l d(t , ,
. . F . :> xamp le sp,11 ing w . l
ongm . 0 1 e ~ . ' .. · . . . T l'rorn e lse wher e 1s ca l~d b1tl,l)l y rn \ p;ukl
( ,1 I, ,J
. . Clnm p ·wne Lhat ongrn atrng .
' 0 ·
. . I . I . . i,,.,
\\'i ne . In India , there is (_1 ce rLa.in qual1Ly assou aLc c w i t 1 l) ;.11 J<·< ·liri ,, 1 •.
, ' '. ._
"'> r· ,:
Banarasi Saree and Luck nowi Ch1k kan. . . .. .
The GI AcL a II ows 101 C - ti e 1
1
·eg·ist
·
ra Lion a
.
or
(,1. A (,1 GH)
.
be rq~1 st, :1<·d IJ, I
, . 1 ,.,.
. ..
or more co -use1s an d <.1. ll 1.e~a i·ster· ed use rs will. _h ave eq ual right s. lo qu alif,.
, 11
Cl , the following requi reme nts musL be sat1sh ecl:
J. The GI shoul d perta in to a defin ed ~erri tory.
2. A gi"en quali ty or reput ation shou ld be attrib utab le
Lo good s originat1 n~
from that regio n.
Regis tratio n of a GI confe rs the follow ing right s on the regis
tered uscn:
I . Right to use the GI in relati on to good s for whic h GI is regis
tered
2. R.jght to obtai n relief in case of infri ngem ent
One majo r claus e here is that the right s unde r G I Ac t cann
ot be assign ed .
trans fefre d, or trans mitte d. For exam ple, tea grow ers fr om
Darje eling cannot
licenc e farm ers in Kash mir to grow tea and sell it as 'Darj eelin
g' Lea.
- Infri ngem ent of GI can resul t in civil and crim inal charg es.
Infrin ging can
r es ult in injun ction s, seizin g and destr uctio n of infrin ging good
s , paymenL of
dama ges , and impr isonm ent.

DESIGNS

I n India , desig n s are prote cted unde r the Desi gn Act, 2000
. The term dt.'::1
bas been defin ed as 'the featu res of shap e, conf igura tion, p atter
n, orna111l'n i.
or comp ositio n of lines or co lours app li e d to any a rticle '. The articl
e c.ui be in
boL b t\-\'o- dime nsion al a nd three -dim e nsion a l form s. In o rd er
to be rcgi:i tt•rt'J
undt r the-· Act , u-., des1·gn h 'ls t) t. ·[ l f' 11 · · ·
o , < sa 1s y t 1e o owin g criter ia:

l . T li c d c'i ign has to be origi na l.

~- Ir c ;111 lw ~lfJJ)li<'d r0 , . - · ·I \ . e, 111
. turn . - e d as , 11 . •trtiLlt
' · <1 n ct1 lie e. An a rticl , 1s delin ,1 ) '
()f rn ..111t1L w 1t1r(· -111 cf -1 - l . - .
. ' < n y su Js tance , ctrLL J1 ua l or n a Lura .
, ·
l, a uo 1.n c·I udes an)·
.tpri 1 <· o r·i) e 111
· g tllad e
l >arto f a 11 ;1rtill (' c-- · I]
and sold sc p arat:e ly.
.L T lic l· ic 1J1 cnt s of tf 1 , 1 . · . _ .
. . . . . c c u., ign mu st be c 1p ablc of ex1sLc n ce separ 1· om d1t
aLe ir ·
_c1 '. /1c lc (JJl win e.Ii II !wen ap pli ed.
h ;i.1.,
i. l1 1c d( ' l.iW J) 11 111 \ I he <;-f·- 1· - · •
,.. ., c1 c l )t
mcti vc n al ure and m u st appe al to pe()pi e.
 f11 L,-l/1·r11u1/ /' f/J /)I rh 73

Exhibit 3.5
. Copycat
l k ."1g11ci SuneeL V -
a1 m a \Vas upset a bo l .
ki d be e n r e plicated b . Ak· N . . ut Li e fact ll1 at one ()f Ii ," I-a ll ~() ():') outfi1 s
y n i i a1 u la anotl . II k
,vJs wo rn by actress Ra11 1· 1M kl .. '_ 1e1 '"e - n rn vn d c.,siµ,1H: r I lie- cJ 11tfi t
• , . •. c u 1e rJl Ior th ~ B
Yas h Ra] F1Jms . Rani
J • •

. h . e mo, ie J// n ly 11111 l fo h/1 p r()d uc.ul h,

. •r:
c 111 Ion poncho with ··lk
was P oLographed wea · l fi
rin g Li e out it -a do u bk -ld,crc d
·
51 tass e ls te a m e i · l Il k ·
trousers. This photog·.. I .. . c wJL 1 1 ac bootlc: g cnib 1r)i dc rc d
1 ap l a ppea r e d m J ] - J - cl ·1 · .
promptly. e c1c m g a i Y a nd Sun ec t r c~ ct t·d

The followino- des·g

I . ·u . .
not qu alify tor protec trn n un d e r the Design _-\c t:
ti ns w1
.
• Me t bods or principles of construc tion
• Features dictated by functi on
• A mechanical device
• A trademark
• Designs that can b e co nstru e d as immora l
An application for registration of a d e sign is to b e m ad e to th e C ontroller fo1
the Registration of Design s . T h e ap pli cation is m a de in th e prescribed form
;:in d accompanied by the presc rib ed fe e . T h e design sh ould be orig in a l and
should meet all criteria as laid out by th e Ac t . After r egis tra ti o n , th e Controller
publishes the details of th e d es ign ctn cl iL is subj ec t to publi c insp ecti on ancl [b e
public can raise objections against its registratio n . I n fr inge rnen t of reg istered
designs carries both civil and criminal ch a rges. L egal ac tio n is p o -,sibl e e\·e n in
the case of unregistered d esig ns .

OT HER LAWS IN INDIA RELATING TO IPR

T he re a r e 501ne other law s that d eal with other kin ds of int tl lect uJ l prop cn,.
T h es e la ws come into play in th e case of a fe,"· sp ecifi c kinds of busi ne)~ . .) O.
th e se are not disc ussed in d e tail in this book .
The Protection of Plant a ncl Varieties and Farm e r Righ ts A_u , ~0() l. Seekto
l. · ite llect ·u a l pror)ert)1 conn ect ed with Incl1 a 5- hio lo gicil 1 c-
protect ,1n y 11 . _ . ..
sources . Th e rnJin feat ures of this act are ;-1s fo l lo " ".
;·1) IL urot e cts v~ll'ieti es d eve lop ed. throu g h publi c ,ll1 dp 1i \' a lL' 1-e.-;ea1c_'_1 .I
( r 1 1 , hrrn er'i ·1ncl
l 1u 1c1
(h) ll prot ec ts v~1ri c Lies de,·e lo pecl anc. cons e n ·ec )) , ,
c o !ll Jlll I 11 11 JCS . . .
., . ,.__ clc, cloJJmcn t of iH:: vv va r1 e t1es b: rc'ir arch.
lt ( ' l i t ()( ] !. I ~ (